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\`ocgajld ojil ro}ican

Ji`on| jil }y{teti `{ty}eyUa` tasa `il{}aln si& sris|dc s}dl }srnjiljia t M{jlm fs`a* R{amjln u}{tyekltsu{jjy k{at ulm {lmij| r 17

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Sta{fld i Ril`a{y fs`il;

Jil |{oetiln si ja M{jyn fs`|& flct }l ]{ca}i|& afl my nialn ctul{y faua& ni {ticlr}{cifi ja s}d {tijj m{jfs` tilni* Jad}ctljildstl ndl }srnjiljia tactyjad simtil } `ficacg {`| 17

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Sta{fld {otrocil{a si& dlfi k{tl skil r{tyrnijan& ja r{tlsu{tlji

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R rcgyfjiacg gan|fc}ycg r{|stay si }t| ua{as}& a ja san j `{y}`i& taa}ajlmafnajln }ty* Raniuan& l `ay r|suy }t }lrcgjiuy ja rnsu }ijy sudcy k` {kuji`jarlji } tl tjad|dclm si uan kaslj|& ta rnc |mild {|{y i ril{ }uly sr|stcta ja* Tarl}jl } ulj srsk u}{tj r{tlci}}am fa }yrljijld |{k`iln `fldjld s`{tyjiu{ajsr{u}ajld m{y*

Raniuan ul& l } Sta{fld| rtjaln sua{stlm raja jat}is`iln Scga{j}& lnl{yu}ajlm|{tji`a& `u{y rctas }dlj }yt}floctycg a}ajs}a a surjia hicl{a c& da` }ian& }uanuycg ctasacg fa `m rcgtclm t jistycg shl{ ky {tlct r{a`uyctjil jilsimafj* Dlm{tija s|{} lmtl`}}aa& lkyny ny tilci sua{stlm raja jil t}{acay si jimy ijactld da`uyf`o rl{ rajil ro{|ctji`|*Afl noda ranie r{tlcg}aa t Sta{flda {}jil k{aty rljl m{ty* T da`ilm r}| k|}aju| r{ty m{ajicy {} r{tlci}r}ti}y i slu`i {kuji`} tilnjycg& `u{ycg |f`}aj mtil }rkfi|& taduycg ky u r{ac* Dltljil fa jicg r{ty{ttaj } msrtil& } `u{ld nilst`afiny*Uan ul kyfi }yracaji r{tlt s}icg stycgnisu{t}& a }uly c sku cgti jil|ji`jiojycgkdl`* @ily& }ymfadc r{tlt `j jastlm nilst`ajia& sualn si jil ca`iln k{}fjyn}ia`iln ua`ild kidauy`i& rctas `u{ld }afcty tl sk cgyka }icld ji su sk* ]y{ajil

}itialn& da` dllj t {kuji`} }ki r{tlci}ji`}i& `u{lm u{tyna fl} {` ta ma{& rau }ctast`& ua` l jilstctji` s|j si ja tilni* R mtijil tkactyln ulm su{astfi}ilr`aflctjlm ct}il`a flclm }l }asjld `{}i ja rsatcl r{afji tk|}ajld k` h{ju}lmk|yj`|* ]itialn& da` m{ct`a r{ty{ajja }su{tsaa dlm cialn& `ac n| }y`jy}aem}au}jl r{ymi* Srlcdafjyn }tln sr{}atj fl`a{ta t Kyunia& afl jin r{tyky& ci`{ajjy ky d| na{u}y* O uld r{y ti mja `ujia i scljy kdl` }r{a}iad njil }l }tk|{tljil&`u{lm jil dlsuln } suajil raj}ae* St& i u r{tlt }srnjiljil uanuld su{astfi}ld scljy&`u{ld }ia`iln kyln da` tilc`* Raniuan ul ka{t `ajil& c }uly n}ij4 m{ji`jimy jil rt}fiky rhfm}ae ua` k{|uafjyn& ti`in {|cgn* Nity {kouji`ani tilnjyniky dlja`& da` u i ti ky}a& njsu} rld{tajld guy* N|silfi ul kye }{ jicg ut}*nja{cg}il4 }y`fldlocy& {lr{ltljuacdi }stysu`icg }a{su} srlctjycg& {jyn rcgtlji| i}y`stuaclji|* My uyf` s`octj k|} `aja|& {kujicy tilnji tactfi }iu}ae u}ya{tljil i }iu}afi dl ua` r{tlt u{ty ji klt |suaj`|& } ctyn ji`u jil r{k}a in r{tlst`tie&rficdi jil ky ja}lu ja fl`a{su}* ]yk{afi skil `{fa& `u{ln| jayfi raril{} ctar`&lrfluy i {}jil t raril{| t{kij sta{h* U}a{tystyfi n| ai|uajci i na{sta`}il* @{fa i dlm}iu k}j } }|`}ycg uact`acg& }ymastaj {acdl } dty`| jilnilc`in i rfs`in& t`u{ycg u{lci }yji`a& l n}cy s }y`stuacjyni f|ni* U{ty ji u{}a ulj cy{`& r` i {okoujicyjil {tu{}jifi i jil r{tlrifi }stysu`icg riljity* ]uly rda}ia si aja{n i `octy |{ctysuci*Jilsano}iul dlsu efa njil {}jil }srnjiljil }ilf`ilm ra{|& `u{y }yk|cg } rl}j jiltilfr r|ji| } Ril`a{acg jar{tlci} `cia rilfm{tyn`}lm* Estctujil srj }}ctas& tr}| k{a`| }y mastljia& }|riu{}y k|yjl`& mtil nilci si }ilf`i s`flr t u}a{ani`ofjiafjyni* ]acicilf n| ky |kltrilctjy& c suaj}i }}ctas }ilf` {ta`e* Rctasra{|& sudc } u|nil& |systaln& lf|tin& `u{ty s |kltrilctlji& jil }fj jictlm {au}ae tls}dlm kyu`|& l n|st ji rt}fie& ky }stysu` stctujil srj& da` l u{tynad}y{}jajil st` u}a{tysu}a |kltrilctlji}lm* Nd dcilc& `u{lm rr{siln }ydajiljil uld sr{a}y r}iltia ni& l r{tlci}jil& jafly rsurie `ajil }{ujil*\kltrilctlji s tk}itaji {au}ae tl s}dlm kyu`|& ifl uyf` tad* R{a} n}ic& jilka{t njil u r{tl`jy}a* Stctfi}yn u{ahln ra{ ulj jil }yk|cg } `u{yn t ji }ilf`ilmr|su|& `ily tilsiu`i uysicy f|ti tad } |{ctysuld r{clsdi c|ani syjclm k{at|Nau`i Kos`ild Ril`a{s`ild* D| } sku r{tl ua`in jiln t jadafstycg ta`u`}& {}jil t uanuldsu{jy& tta rfs`ild m{ajicy& t mjyni ril}ani i n|ty`& t {t}ijiuyni cg{m}iani& t `{tyanir{tyky}ay r{}atjl jadctcild r{tlt s}icg |cg}jycg rilfm{tyn`i } fictkil u{tyetilsu|&ctul{tilsu|& a ctsu i su| afk }|su| sk& } }i`stci tjl t `kilu* ] jiltilf r{tlr|jiln rda}iaa si }ilf`a r{clsda t Kyunia* Ky u }i` mjy rti}| i }a{u taraniuajia*R{tyky}a }uly nl t uysic sk& t `if`na cg{ani& t n|ty`& t st|nicyni& ka{}jyni&

dl}akjyni r{r{cani& t til}ctyj`ani } kiaycg s|`jiacg& }imadcyni ja {anijacg jsia t

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Nyso}icl& @auo}icl3

] {`| 17

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Rfs`i* R fl}ld su{jil }t{` tau{tyny}aa g|ua Anafia` Nys}ic* My } fluji jc dlcgasi } sts& t uanuld su{jy& Rfs`i& jis si nlfajcgfidjl lcg u{kl` symja}ycg{ji`} 'tjactjil rjild ul symja}`i }r{}atj {}jil ja @fli M{jfs`ild)* Ja r{a}u| ta `aniljinani {ma r{}atia Daj}a* R{tl Nys}icani& ja uld sanld }ys`ci&r{tlcija si @fld M{jfs`* Ja fl} }iae ky }uly ny r{tlnilcia ja Rias`|& ic afld

nida si }yjisl tak|}ajia j} }tjilsijlm striuafa Sr`i K{ac`ild& `u{yn ta{tta {Anljl* U| ta striuafln r fl}ld su{jil ja s`{ty}aji| {mi r{}atcld t Striljic r{tltRiasl` Nys}ic sua nay& nikctjy `cil` r }lt}ajiln }* @{tya* Ja r{a} stl{lmsu cimj si a ril{}stld msry } Nys}icacg t}ajld } dty`| f|| Osuaujin M{ostln*E{ma r{}atia u| jilc } & cge r fl}ld su{jil ul{lj }ima si e su{n* Uan ja}tjilsilji| sua } ra{`| tanl`* Ic cay ctas r{tl silkil {m& nja ky de `cia`auofic`ilmo& ouoctjlm n|{ln& `il{|dc si k` jilm } fl} ta& cil{a si {yj`|* Cgccde }{ca& u{tlka ky r{tlde } r{a}* ] fijil {s fasl`& r{tlt `u{y cgti si S|rjld i afld nildsca& mtil | tkilm| Cta{jld i Kiald R{tlnsty suy`ay si tl sk u{ty m{ajicl4R{|s& [sdi i A|su{ii* Nys}icl 'da` ja }l ctasy) sr{a}iay e k{l }{aljil* ]ilf`i {t`}iur{tyjisa niasu| }dja `{yns`a '17

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] dlejyn t ril{}stycg eji suyctjia 1781 {o`| odcilc ro ro|ji| }{ci n| i r}iltia4. @{f jil ydl& dlm jasurc tsua `si {lmlju* Nda nau`a ka{t si r{tlsu{astya i ta}aa4. Nd Kl& u tjacty& l ktil }dja! Ta `ayn {atln& my |nil{a `{f& tactyja si }dja!Odcilc sua{a si nau` |sr`ie i }ykie dld t m}y ulj }dljjy f`& afl nau`a niaa jilsuluy {acd*Ky jan ajl r{tlye dlstctl uyf` `if`a nilsicy r`d|* Ruln nilfiny uan ja fl& u| r{ty

a|su{iac`o.{syds`ild m{ajicy& } jadka{tild ja }scg flcyn ta`u`| fs`a rtjae }dj } `aldt nfi}ycg dld rsuaci*

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O roctcil& `ofldacg i ua{yhacg '1782.1785)

Etisildsta mljl{acda jil na jau|{afjil ajlm }yk{aljia o }ctlsjycg srskacg ctjci&u{ajsr{u| cty ua{yhacg i }a{uci riljita* Orauy rctu}l tsuay r `jilc fau rietilsiuycgtnjildstojl* ] 178< {o`| nilfiny ua{yh u{dsu{lh}* Fisu ja flme 12 nif $=< `n+ `stu}a 1s{lk{jy m{ost . 12 hljim}& ja flme ;2 nif . ; s{lk{jl m{stl& ja flme }i`st ji ;2 nif . 3s{lk{jl m{stl* Ua ua{yha k}ity}aa& {tlct dasja uyf` r{ty r{tlsycl t}y`lmfisu|& utj* }aclmjil }icld ji |u $1;&7m+* Dlfi }ama kya }i`sta ji |u& fisu `stu}a }a {aty uyfl* Oflme ]{ca}ia }yjsia }icld ji ;2 nif& c tjacty& l fisu t M{jlm fs`a ]{ca}ia `stu}a32 hljim} tisildstlm riljita& a dlfi ky u fisu r}djy . 82 hljim}* Dasjl }ic& l sua{ajjil

|ji`aj }ysyajia fisu} r}djycg i |y}aj& dlfi d| u{tlka ky `{lsrj}ae& jilsycgajilcilj`ilm raril{| fisu}lm* Afl h{aj`}ajy fisu }ynama dlstctl au`}ld rauy ta {ctljilt}astcta& my u{tlka ky m sua{ctye mtil afl` ja }il* @stu}a u r}y dljlms{lk{jlm m{sta* Jic ti}jlm }ic& l }a {aty si }uly tasuaja}iaj& jin tlcy}aj si}ysae `m fisu*O ro}stlcgjyn `o{tysuaji| t ulflm{ah| } omfl jil ky n}y& my }l|m tisildstycg rde cljykyy g{{ljafjl* O {`| 17

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U|uad ulflm{an t ;2 s}ani `stu}a ja flme 12 nif 7 s{lk{jycg m{sty& rojae 12 nif . 18s{lk{jycg m{sty* Ta `al 12 s} rja u racj au`} 5 s{lk{jl m{stl ta ril{}st su{lhi 7 s{lk{jycg m{sty ta {|m su{lh* A }ic ulflm{an t ;< s}ani t M{jlm fs`a ]{ca}ia`stu}a ;&52 na{`i* Afl r{ty uld ijul{r{|s`ild ua{yhil ulflm{ahictjld isujia rl}ilj gacty`* Jil}stysu`il nildsc}ci rsiaay suacdl ulflm{ahictjl* Ua` }ic& r|m }ialcu}a }ctlsjlm

Sris| Ulflm{ah} } 1783 {`| ua`a suacda isujiaa }r{a}til } Nys}icacg& afl jil } @au}icacg*Dlfi }ic }ysya si t ]{ca}ia ulflm{an @au}ic& }uly jil ky u nfi}l ta rnculflm{ah| raosu}}lm uyf` rr{tlt ulflm{ah `fld}y* A ulflm{an r{tlsyajy {|uani `fli`stu}a a`|{au uyfl& ifl } jilnilc`.a|su{iac`in u}a{tysu}il4 ta su{lh 1; s{lk{jycg m{osty eo ;2s}* l } uycg }a{|j`acg jaa}aj ulflm{any uyf` } suaulctjci& u cgyka ca`iln t{t|nial*Dlfi uly j{nafjlm r{y}aujlm n| sua{ctj ulflm{an& }y}y}a j jauycgniasum{nj raji`* U jil nm tjactye jic ijjlm& da` uyf` r{tyral` nil{ci } {tijil* R{tlcilfa ijjld r{tyctyjy jil u{}jij ky riljity ja ulflm{an!R{tyd{tydny si ul{at kfild `n|ji`acdi styj}ld& ua` da` }ymfaa ja }}ctas ja @fliM{jfs`ild rnity ]{ca}iln a Nys}icani* Ja uld u{asil isujiay jasur|dcl suacdl4]{ca}& Oa}a& K{tlm& Fl}ij& Orofl& Mmfij& @til{tyj& @fl& [|tiljilc& Mfi}icl& Tak{tl& [|a&

Cglktil& }iucg}icl& @au}icl& Nys}icl* Rcim r`jy}a ja uld u{asil flme 33 i e}il{enifi* Coetiljjil t ]{oca}ia Nys}ic i t r}{uln `|{s}a 1 rcim rsrilstjy i 3 sk}l*[|cg f`afjy ks|mi}ay rcimi nilstajl& `u{l jsiy }uly jat} u}a{}ycg t r{tl}tlnsk}yn& a rasal{}il jaty}afi dl k|nlfc|mani* Rcim rsrilstjy t ]{ca}ia cgti}ctljil {aj mtijil 8*

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suors|y rnaf}ajy ja ctl{}j `st } `stuacil klct`i& `u{y ta rnc fij i {fl` }cimaj}t| nastu|* Dlfi tjad}a si ja }ys`ci r nastu|& tjacty u dlcgae r}fi& a mey}cimjiuy ky ja san m{ tjacta u fa nastyjisuy sur! tau{tynae si!* ]stysu`il r{tldatey is`{ty}ajia t sts kyy ja uyn sanyn rtinil& c u{y `fld}l& a ka{il{ jil |{|cganiajsuaf}yni fijani& flct r|stctaj i rjstj {ctjil ta rnc `{ky* Jaty}aj dl r|m

h{ajc|s`ilm `{lfljia arrl{liffl . ar{ldfani* Dlfi falnadsul{ nia r{tlsajia t}il{tcgji`n Nys}ic cty @au}ic da` fisu}j ijh{nacd& }uly r{tl r{tykyciln rcim| u}a{}lm}cimaj `st symja}y ja r nastu|& k{aj {`i |mi {m t }yciu ja dljyn `oc| stra{&} `u{ }uy`aj fisu i my ra{}t r}fi nida n {ji`a& nastyjisua afk rafact cima fisu t{ma i takil{a tl sk ja nildscl r{tltjactljia* Srlctjci Striljic i [tiljia a}jar{siy& ky } Striljicacg tk|}aj r{tysuajl` @fli M{jfs`ild& y{l`cda `fli }yfictya dlja`&l tau{tynajil rcim| rr{tlt t|ycil gan|fc} i styj ta `ayn {atln `stu|dl ` 12 uafa{}&a `stua ul jadrl}jild jil k t}{cjl r{tlt l}lju|afjl tys`i t kiflu}* @u }uly r{tl}itia&l nildsc}e ua silln fau rjild ktil niaa a }il suacdl? Ctiljjil t Nys}ic ja jast{anr r{tydlay rdlyjctl f`nuy}y& cimjcta sk r|sul }mfa{`i clfln taa}ajia icgja {anril& }ilct{ln ta }tiy dl t r}{uln Nys}ic& ky uan tlsua}ie t jicg s`a rcim|

u}a{}lm* Dffy i da }`{ucl ja|ctyfiny si }{ary}ae ja f`nuy}y i nilfiny m{nj|cilcg& }c si jini uan i t ro}{ouln*Eo ijjycg r{tydlnjoci jafla `atljil u{da`a ja styjy& ky r{tldlcga r jin rcim rsrilstjy&`u{y nida jas r r|ji|* U{da` ky ruln {t}afc}ajy }ilf`ci r{tl`{actadcld c jadnjild r} ril{}ujl {tnia{y* Sro{u|r{a}iajy r{tlt ndlm Dffy-lm rflma jauniasu ja uyn&l rti j da` stafjy ja sru`ajil `alm jadladclm rcim| u}a{}lm f|k sk}lm&r ctyn cima si t jin& kilmjc k` i stctl`|dc m tadafl& ua` |m& da` uyf` ky u nfi}l*]styscy hacg}cy r{{`}afi rs| r{tl}ctlsjl tldcil& my |r{a}iajil ulm sr{u| n|sia si &icg tajiln& s`octye klt}a{|j`} u{amictjil* Afl r{{cu}a {ta` si srljiad i Dffy `jay}ua } srsk tjactjil ka{tild rsrfiuy i r{tytilnjy& niaj}icil } k{yuhajjil* Ky ua`}yrasijy& l {kujicy clmilfji r{ty `rafji No{mlj{ougsryfi m `u{ld jiltilfi } cga{a`ul{tl}iulctjld rilctlji* E|m st|`aln s}dlm rsa& {tractadc i ractc& a }{lstcil ja nd r{krl}ilj stuyma{ eo`oja {l}itdi } ka{a`acg clmfa{ty& `u{ty |ctci}sty |st| jil jafllfi }yk{aoc}ja{|* Tjafltijl jilka}ln kia.cta{jl h|u{ Dffy-lm }iacty ta }jil& l ry {madc `{ls }stlf`ild naul{ii*[okoujicy& `u{ycg tau{|jia nd dcilc& }styscy ci a}actl i gan|fc}i& kyfi u } r{tl}aadcldnil{tl t m{|ju| synrauyctji i r{ac}ici f|til* Srtil}afi si rau{ia{cgafjlm silkil sus|j`| ikyfi `a{ji i rs|stji& cguji {kuy `ald r{tl& ja}lu }uly& my jilc rja nia{ |masifir{amjiljil* Sua{sty {kuji` jat}is`iln Ra}fi` ctas| ctas| }raa } elfi{i|n u{lnljs*\da}jia si } suaj r{tll }stysu`in } ulj srsk& l Ra}fi` }cgti n|& mtil nilci siki|{ ndlm dca& t}yctadln r{tyduyn jmi } uycg su{jacg |dn}a m r `faja& ca}a dl&r ctyn tactyja si s`a{ye& l r {anr taa}ct s da`il cgry& `u{l n| {ki ja te*]ysaj }uly r {anr ijjlm {kuji`a& ky r{tlt rl}ilj ctas }afi `idln } klf`i rnsu|taa}ctlm* R cg}ifi }{aca j t nlf|j`iln& l cgr} d| jil na* Ra}fi` |sr`ada sijauycgniasu* Afl r sl{ii ua`icg }yctyj} dcilc }{cta n| `a{u` i ja`aty}a ie striuafak{ac`ilm } Nys}icacg& mtil ul Ra}fi` rs|stjil t `a{u` } {`| si }ykil{a* R `if`| jiacgnlfeo}a si t r}{uln& |t{}ijy& kldn}a `faja& ca}a i f|k}a jil k{ae aji `{rfi}`i |su* Ctasani u{tyny}a r{ty{tlctljia r{tlt u{ty& a ky}a ja}lu& l i r{tlt ctul{ymoetijy*

] uanuycg ctasacg ja M{jyn fs`| ky ka{t | ti`ild t}il{tyjy* R{tlri{`i fauln i dlsiljianay skil s`{tya ja {|uacg ulflm{ahictjycg afk r{tlfau|dc } rtil i }raadc ja jil&cijay skil m}y* My jacgtia dlsilo& }ilfl rua`} r{tlfujycg `octy ycil ja {|uacgulflm{ahictjycg* [okoujicy& r{tyky}adcy u| r{acy t ka{t flmycg ctsu nildsc}ci&tjad}afi jil{at ja u{acg `fld}ycg {tdlcgajl ja r r{tlt rcim tadcl& `u{yn k{a` kym}y afko fjld ctci u|}ia* T}il{tua r{k}ay jc r{tls`ctye r{tlt u{y& a my jadlcgarcim& r{tl{ajl gaasln i flrijl }iauani& tasuymay jadril{} } klt{|cg|& r ctyn |si}ay

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|n`je r{tl rcimiln& kilmjc nity u{ani* My njsu{|n tkfiy si d| jatkyu& } suaujildcg}ifi {tractfi}yn s|sln sua{ay si s`ctye } fl} cty } r{a} i }uly rcim dl {tdla*Tea{tya si } }yn ctasil {}jil `auasu{ha `fld}a ja @fli ]a{sta}s`.]illos`ild u| r{ty

dld }fcil ja fiji @fli M{jfs`ild* U{}is` na uan jil}ilf`i sra* Ci`i rcim u}a{}ycimjiuy r{tlt }il f`nuy}y jadlcga su{jy [sdi* Dllj t }amj} } {`| s`a|

}y`fli si i dacl ta jin }amjy jauycgniasu sriu{tyy si r u{ty& ctul{y& dllj ja {|min*St`y naul{iafjl kyy m{njl i r{tyrnijan skil dlstctl jadladcl su{jy Ssj}ca iStoriljic f`nuy}y& `u{l ta rnc rujycg aoc|cg} {t{y}ay sctlrijl tl sk }{a`i}y`fldjycg }amj}* Ja rf| ta k` u{} flay {tl{}ajl }{`i tl tkln& s`{tyjil&ranajl ra`i i r|a& `u{ycg ta}a{ue `fictja f|je jauycgniasu ru{a`u}aa da` jaflj

dld r{yt*Etisildsta mljl{acda jil na tilfojlmo rodcia& da`ild tay}a }ymy ti`i dljfiuln| sysuln}injlua{jln| i dljfiuyn nia{n i }amn } klcjld [tlsty* ] uanuycg ctasacg t}itajl t uynkyy m{njl `nrfi`acdl* ] tiltijilnia{ i }am {at riljita raj}a sysuln |lcynafjy& }r{a`uycl dlja` }cafl jil u{a`u}ajy dljficil* Rsua}} njlu ky s{lk{jy uafa{* Ulj tilfisi ja 32 s{lk{jycg m{sty& s{lk{jy m{st ta s`aa si t 1; hljim}* ] cayn fs`| s{lk{jy m{ost

josi jat} ctls`i'Kgn) r r{su| faulm& l ril{}stl m{stl }ykiu } {`| 1322 } R{atl tactas} `{fa ]aca}a II* U `{lfljil ctls`ifa s{lk{jlm m{sta ky `jilctjl {}jil faulm&l r{ct m{osty s{lk{jycgisujiay {}jil t}y`l m{ostl* Kyy u t ca rl}jci k{l m{stl} rinil tatjactaj dl e *m{* Ul eok{l m{ostlrcgtiy tl sua{lm rtia| uafa{a ja ;5 m{stl0k{y m{st }a{u ky }ic 1&;< m{sta s{lk{jlm* Kiu njluy dljuafa{}l '{ta` rda}iay sinojluy e}|uafa{}l)& `u{l da` lhl`u da`ild `j}ljcdi njlua{jld t r|ji}yni raosu}anijilnilc`ini }l }stysu`icg rjcjycg i r|ji}jilnilc`icg `{adacg kiul kyy r|m uld sanldsury nljjictld0 jasurjil kyy njluy nim{st}l& }a{uci njild }icld uyfl co etisildsta

dlja na{`a& njluy ctul{m{st}l }a{uci tisildstycg

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R{|sacg ky cluja{* Afl {t{jiaj }a dlm {tadl4 cluja{ clfjy .122 h|ju} '

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Eon& `|cgjia& ri}jica '1782.1785)

yfiny }}ctas } }ilcil rau{ia{cgafjyn& } }yn u{tl}yn& stctjyn& s`{njyn ctasil& `u{yky `jilctjy& ky u{tsje si tl su{astfi}ycg s`|u`} lr`i jarflos`ild i }dlj }yt}floctycg*Rietilsiu fau r`d|& da`il ajl kyy }uly Jilncn& }y}a{y jil}urfi}il {}jil ja M{jyfs` s}d |syriadcy }ry}& nin l tilnia ua flaa rjil` rta uyn& c si jaty}a }iaulncy}ifit}ajyn* ]stysu` ky r{yniuy}jl& ja}lu } nacg |{tji`} jil ky uarlu* Itky rr{osu| kilfojo afko nafo}ajo ha{kani `fldo}yni& a jilkils`i& ctl{}ojy f|k fifio}y rasl` u| rs|hiuln ky dlyj l`{acd }ju{ta* Rnaf}ajil ciaj ha{kani fldjyni |}aaj ta f|`s|s*Nlkfl kyy jilsycgajil s`{njl& r{sul& s|{}l& afl sfijil }y`jajl* R{tlcgtiy jl t

r`fljia ja r`fljil* Nl nalosu}a rsiaay sr{tuy& `u{l s|yy dlstctl icg tia`n*Stu|`a } tisildstyn {t|nilji| ulm s}a& a t}astcta stu|`a fa n| . ctlm ua`ilm } mfljil ky* Jil tjaj dlstctl }uly rdcia l`{acda }ju{t& a dlyjl {lm|y& da`icg r{tlsu{tlmaj&u uajie i |yulctje*Nlkfl kyy sr{ttjl jadctcild t {l}ja k{tt}lm i ssj}lm*Nlkfl t nagji| suaj}iy c ja }y{at }ysua}jlm& f|`s|s}lm* Jaty}aj }}ctas {l}jnagojio}l T|c`l{`isuljgoft'{l}jln tl s`{tyo c|`{}ycg) jil klt {acdi& my jil{ahij}ajyc|`il{ sr{}atajy jmi t Anl{y`i& r{tl }r{}atljiln r{|`cdi c|`{| t k|{a`}& ra`}aj }s`{tyjil sr{ttjl t {l}ja nagji}lm& t `u{lm jasurjil {kij nlkfl*Om{onj {f }ci dlstctl m{y}aa sha . jadka{etild jokfi}y nlklf } nilst`aji|* ] 1753 {o`||`ataa si } Firs`| skfi}a `si`a* Sus|j`i m{jfs`il mfajl } }fj sudcyn f|su{tl mofljia& r{tlt {* H* ]lilnajja& `nisa{ta s}lm r{ty @{fl}s`in Stil Tilns`in }

[aciko{t|* Ua `si`a& ti}actja& rlja `a{y`au|{afjycg& jilkil`uy}jycg rijii }ctlsjynM{jyn fs`|& jarisaja r{tlt ct}il`a& `u{y s}d rkyu u|uad |}aa ta tlsajil& r{tyjisar{tlcil njsu} ijul{ls|dcycg ksl{}acdi* ] jil}ilf`icg {tnia{} uni`| a|u{ tanilciskjy {ttia& `u{y jsi uyu| Suau|s shy ja M{jyn fs`|*Sha m{y}a ja M{jyn fs`| }l }stysu`icg `{macg u}a{tys`icg m}j {f i nl |cgtie taka{nlu{ rtin| srlctjlm |tjajia* ] `ayn u}a{tysu}il u}{ty ja c ja `stuau u{j|tadn}ajlm t ncy r{a}a ta}stl r{tlt u an& `u{ |}aa si ta jad}ajildst sr{klcjycg* Dlfi nildscl u tsua }ctljild tadul r{tlt ijjl rajil |tjajld rtycdi& a safj|}`{cty ana }ystld {ajtl& uanul jauycgniasu |sur|d dld nildsca* Jil}y`jajil ulm& c sictasani ta{ta& |tjaj ky ta hauafjy k{a` } }ycg}aji|& k{at k{ycg kyctad}& ka&ru{a`u}aj ky }{ct da` }iany lsrl`u*

]ilfo`{oujil |si}aj } cl{lnjiafjy nlklf } fictjycg `{macg u}a{tys`icg rtka}ie dlmclju{afjld rtycdi* ] cga{a`ul{tl sjy nadcld tkaae jasu{dl i rijil |sua}iaj u `ajary

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} clf} `|cgljjycg afk ky si dld t}yctadjil jarie*] o`{m| r{tlnys}yn y si } {yunil ctas}yn& {lm|f}ajyn r{tlt r{tlnys* Cgujilrs|cgakyn& c ctj`}il tisildstlm Su}a{tystljia Ajuygaas}lm nilfiky r}iltljia&myky }}ctas n|silfi ye } `u{ld t sa M{jfs`ilm O`{m| R{tlnys}lm! My jc ja{anril taa}ctld ndlm dca r{tla}y}aj cyj` t g|uy ]ifglfnija& msy uld r{acy

sycgae ky } r{nilji| `if`| `ifnlu{}* Taa|jl` ky}a si ta}stl jc& my } cim| jianildscl u tadul ky r{tlt }amjy ja }milf* Cyj` r{tl}j }s`u{} `fld` t g|uy]ifglfnijaja jis`icg rfauh{nacg& r ctyn taa}y}aj m `{yuycg }amj} `ofldo}ycg&|y}ajycg u{ajsr{u| }arja& aky jic t a|j`| jil |fuji si } ctasil r{y*S{lk{tycil.jilkils`a} fjicl ryuy cyj`}l niay `aa r c jadnjild e}il{e dljld u{tlcildcluja{a }ami* T{t|caj dl ja ls`i simadcl t {anry sanlmo }amoj|*@aa ryua |l{taa t m{njyn g|`iln }y`atij t lfatjld kfacgy& `u{ kiul ky }ju{tl&ky jil |st`tie ciaj }amj}& k|}ajycg }}ctas r{a}il }yctjil t {l}ja* Eril{& my}{t|cj ua`ilm }amj| `if`aslu ryu& {kij ra|t&ruln |sua}iaj dl msu& dlja k`{|mild* C tilsiu ryu }ys|}aj jilc r{t|& r ctyn dlstctl {at s`{|r|faujil r{tlfictaj

dl* Falnadsul{ r{tldn}a }amj& tany`a m i rfnk}a* ]uly ril{ jarljiaj jasurjy

}amj i r{tl{afi}y g|` u{}a } ulj srsk mtijani* Afl ct}il` r{tyt}yctada si }stysu`ilm&ja}lu ulm& ky srae& my r dlm `jani jc jiu|d `uy* Dlsu u }i`& `u{y ru{ahikyk|tie |na{ycg t m{k|& }i`& `u{y uyn ka{tild u{u|{|dl |sty riclm& l r `aeld sl{ii}afljia nu} u{}a `{u`a cg}ifa cisty* Radl si }}ctas {tm{tajy jiu tjad|dcln| si }l}ju{t| `ua `}af}i& a ulj }s|}a jiu }y}il{cjycg } kfacgacg `ua u}{}* ] uynnnljcil jasur|dl `if`a styk`icg jl{}}ycg |l{tlo nalm nu`a& a ril{ ruln |jicl&t}fjijl }afljil rujlm nua*T|rljil cicg jil ky } uanuycg fauacg } jcy jimy* R{ty t}i`stjyn rrycil {}jil } jcy t`rafji } su{j {anry dlcgay }amjy t }mfln* Rctas my ja `rafjiacg t}jy }ty}adcl jatniaj stycgu t}jiy {aj i }ilct{ln

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san* Rl}ilj `ru sr{a}iaa g}fa `actl` i msi& rjil}a k{a`}a }y& }sttilr}stlcgjil u{tynaj dlja` `|{y i mkil* Nas i dada r{tyjsiy }ilds`il kaky& t}astcta r{tltm{ajic t [sdi* Nja ky ul jiltkjl } `|cgji {`i `|rie ja ua{m|& afl ulj ky}a si }Nys}icacg i ja }iltljil m rajil n| i s|cl ru{tlk}ayky }icld ji r jia* ]t jilta}stl ky ysrtycdi& ja}lu myky si ua`}y cgcia ryctye ta rau& my `u nia `jia i

h|{& ulj }yjadn}a dl ja ru{tlky r{tlnys|*Tarl}jl }srctlsj raji n| taijul{ls|dl }ilta r{|`uacg sry}ctycg uanuycg ctas}*Cljy kyy& da` ja }ctlsjl sus|j`i& }ys`il& da` l nilst`aocy san s} fictk }y{ajil rjsifirtin rryu|* T tisildstld rl{srl`uy}y rau{tc& cljy ul kyyky }sta`l cimfl dlstctl ka{tjis`il* Nis }}l `stu}a 3 . 5 ctls`il 's{lk{jl m{stl)& cilfcija . 3 ctls`il& ka{ajija . 5ctls`il& }ijija . < ctls`icg& `|{a . 7 m{osty 'dleja na{`a } etisildstld }af|cil)& `act`a . 7 eo 12eok{ycg m{osty '1 . 1&;< na{`i)& m& jiltkyu u|sua& 1< . ;2 ctls`icg* R{|s`a `}a{ua nasa 1; .1