Compartison of Selected Compartison of Selected Polish and English Polish and English TransformationsTransformations

on the basis of

Saloni, Z., Świdziński M. (1999), Składnia współczesnego języka polskiego, Warszawa:PWN

Alexander, L.G., (1988), Longman English Grammar, London:Longman.

Harrison, Z.,Structural Linguistics, (1989)

Bąk ,P Gramatyka Języka Polskiego ,(1984 ) Warszawa, Wiedza Powszechna

Aleksandra Misiak

Grammatical features considered Grammatical features considered for particular categoriesfor particular categories

P: NP(Gender, Person, Case, Number )E: NP( _ , Person, Case, Number ) P: VP(Gender, Person, Number, Tense) E: VP( _ , Person, Number, Tense)P: AP(Gender, _ , Case, Number, Pred, Degree) E: AP( _ , _ , _ , _ , Pred, Degree) P: PERS_PRON(Gender, Person, Case, Number )E: PERS_PRON( _ , _ , Case, _ )P: REL_PRON(Gender, Case, Number)E: REL_PRON(Case , _ , _ )

Polish transformationsPolish transformationsPASSIVIZATION NP(G1, P1, nom, L1) VP(g1, l1, p1, t) NP(G2, P2 , acc, L2) Żołnierz strzeże granic

NP2(G2, P2 , nom , L2) (g2, l2, p2, t) v-n(nom, g2, l2) Granice są strzeżone

NP1 (G2, P2 , przez+Acc, L2) przez żołnierza

BYĆBYWAĆZOSTAĆ

ZOSTAWAĆ

English passive transformationsEnglish passive transformations

NP1 ( _, P1, C1, N1 ) VP(_, p1, n1, t ) NP2 (_, P2, C2, N2)

The soldier guards the border

NP2 (_, P2, C1, N2) BE (_, p2, n2, t ) + ppraet

The border is guarded

BY-agent - NP1 ( _, P1, C2, N1 )

the soldier

Negative TransformationsNegative Transformations

vf [n(acc)] nie vf [n(gen)]Dziecko ma katar Dziecko nie ma

kataruPrzyglądano się Piotrowi Nie

przyglądano się PiotrowiPies coś zjadł Pies czegoś nie

zjadł

English transformationsEnglish transformations

do

t VP (_, p1, n1,t ) u t have (_, p1, n1,t ) not v(n)

be

Exceptions: may/might, can/could, should, ought to,will/would, must

ExamplesExamples

A child has a cold A child does not have a cold

Peter was observed Peter was not observed

A dog ate something A dog ate nothing

Polish transformations with indefinite pronounsPolish transformations with indefinite pronouns

ktoś (c) nikt (c)

coś (c) nic (c) któryś (c,g,l ) żaden (c,g ,l)

pewien (c, g,l) nie vf żaden (c,g,l) nie vf gdzieś nigdzie kiedyś nigdy

ExamplesExamples

Pies czegoś nie zjadł Pies niczego nie zjadł

Pies czegoś nie zjadł Pies nic nie zjadł

Gdzieś go nie ma Nigdzie go nie ma

English transformations with indefinite pronounsEnglish transformations with indefinite pronouns

something nobody

something nothing

t AUX not v one (c,l) v(_,p1,n1,t) neither of

some (c,l) none of

somewhere never

once nowhere

e.g A dog did not ate anything A dog ate nothing

He is not here He is nowhere

Transformations of the conditional Transformations of the conditional sentencessentences

cond1 { S1;S2 } jeśli S2 [ to ] S1

P: { Maria jest dumna; Maria urodziła syna }

Jeśli Maria urodziła syna, to Maria jest dumna cond1 { S1;S2 } if S2 [ then ] S1

E:{Mary is proud ; Mary has given birth to a child } If Mary has given birth to a child, she is proud.

Conditionals second and thirt; polish Conditionals second and thirt; polish transformationstransformations

cond2,3 { t v1-ł (g1, n1, p1 ) u ; w v2-ł (g2 , n2, p2 ) z }

jeśliby -m ( n2,p2 ) w v2-ł (g2, n2 ) z, [to] t v1-ł (g1, n1, p1)-by u

gdyby

e.g { Przyszedłem; Zaprosiłeś mnie }

Jeślibyś zaprosił mnie, przyszedłbym

Conditionals second and thirt; english Conditionals second and thirt; english transformationstransformations

t v1( t1) w ; z v 2 ( t2 ) u if z v2 ( t2 ) u then t v1( t1) w

e.g { I came; you invited me}

1) If you had invited me, I would have come

2) If you had invited me, I would come

3) If you invited me, I would come

4) If you invited me, I came

5) If you would invite me, I would came

Conditional sentences;comparison of Conditional sentences;comparison of Polish and EnglishPolish and English

E: 1st part

2nd part P: 1 st part 2nd part

Past perf Fut perf. in the past

Tryb przypusz.

Tryb przypusz.

Past perf. Fut in the past + +

Simple past Fut in the past + +

Simple past Simple past + +Fut in the past Fut in the

past + +

Polish predicative transformationsPolish predicative transformations

{ NP( G1, P1, C1, N1 ) VP ( t1 ) ; NP( G1, P1, nom, N1)

BYĆ (g1, n1, p1, t1 ) AP( nom, g1, n1 )}

NP( G1, P1, C1, N1 ) VP ( t1 ) AP( c1, g1, n1 )

e.g { Pies wrócił do domu ; Pies był wycieńczony }

Pies wrócił do domu wycieńczony

English predicative transformationsEnglish predicative transformations

{ NP( _, P1, C1, N1 ) VP ( t1 ) ; NP( _, P1, nom, N1 )

BE (_, p1, n1, t1 ) AP(_,_,_,_, Pred,_ )}

NP( _, P1, C1, N1 ) VP ( t1 ) AP(_,_,_,_, Pred,_ )

e.g {A dog came back home ; A dog was worn-out }

A dog came back home worn-out

Transformations Rhem; polish Transformations Rhem; polish transformationstransformations

t x u to x t u

Chłopiec ma psa To chłopiec ma psa

a( c, g, n ) NP( G, C, N ) To a( c, g, n ) NP( G, C, N ) t u

e.g Maria zjadła tamten kawałek

To tamten kawałek Maria zjadła

Transformations Rhem ; English Transformations Rhem ; English transformationstransformations

t NP(_, P, C, N ) u It`s NP(_, P, C, N )

Rel_ Pron (_, C, _, ) t u

e.g A boy has a dog It`s a boy who has a dog

t D_ Pron ( n ) NP(_, P, C, N ) u It`s D_Pron ( n ) Rel_Pron(_,c ) NP(_, P, C, N ) u t

e.g Mary ate that piece It`s that piece Mary ate