Post on 04-Oct-2020
i
tzpfKk;
fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk;
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
juk; 11(2016 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;)
tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw
tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;gg; gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
k`ufk
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tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk;
juk; 11
Mrpupau; topfhl;b
Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2016
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk.
ISBN:
tzpff; fy;tpj;Jiw
tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;g gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
iii
tpla cs;slf;fk;
gf;fk;
gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp iv
gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp v
mwpKfk; vi
Mrpupau; topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;jtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; vii
fiyj;jpl;lf; FO viii
Njrpa ,yf;Ffs; xi
ghlj;jpl;lk; xii - xxiv
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs; 1-92
iv
gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp
,yq;ifapd; ,ilepiyf; fy;tpapy; Gjpa Nju;r;rp ikag; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Kjw;fl;lk; 2007 Mk; Mz;L mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. vl;L Mz;LfSf;nfhUKiwNkw;nfhs;sg;ngWk; fiyj;jpl;l kWrPuikg;gpd; %yk; ,J mwpKfg;gLj;jg;ngw;wJ.Njrpa kl;lj; Nju;r;rpfis mgptpUj;jp nra;Ak; Nehf;fpd; mbg;gilapy; Njrpa fy;tpMizf;FOtpd; tpjg;GiufSf;fika mg;NghJ eilKiwapypUe;j cs;slf;fk;rhu;e;j fy;tp Kiwik ,jd; %yk; khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;lJ.
Nju;r;rp ikaf; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; fl;l kWrPuikg;ghdJ 2016 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J juk; 7> 11 Mfpa tFg;Gf;fSf;F mKy;gLj;jg;glTs;sJ. ,e; Nehf;fj;ijmilAk; nghUl;Lj; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; Ma;it mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lNgWfisAk; Mu;tyu;fSila gy;NtW MNyhridfisAk; gyjug;gl;ltu;fsplkpUe;Jk;ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. mtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; epahag;gLj;jg;gl;lnjhU nrad;KiwiamwpKfg;gLj;jpaJld; mjw;fikthd ghlj;jpl;lq;fisAk; Nkw;gb juq;fSf;fhftpUj;jp nra;;Js;sJ.
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Mrpupau;fSf;Fj; Njitahd topfhl;ly;fis toq;fTk; ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkplTk;fw;gpf;fTk; nraw;ghLfis Kd;ndLf;fTk; mstPL kw;Wk; kjpg;gPLfis Nkw;nfhs;sTk; cjTKfkhf Mrpupau; topfhl;bapw; Gjpa tbtikg;G mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.,t; topfhl;ly;fs; Mrpupau;fs; tFg;giwapy; nkd;NkYk; cw;gj;jpj; jpwDs;sJk;tpisjpwd; kpf;fJkhd tifapw; Jyq;Ftjw;F cjTk;.
Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bfs; khztu;fsJ Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;Ak; tifapw;ju cs;sPLfisAk; Nkyjpf nraw;ghLfisAk; njupT nra;tjpy; Mrpupau;fSf;Fr;Rje;jpuj;ij toq;fpAs;sJ. ,g;Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bfs; ghl cs;slf;fr; RikiatpLj;J> tpje;Jiuf;fg;ngw;w ghlE}y;fspd; %yk; ghl cs;slf;fj;ijg; g+uzg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. MfNt> Mrpupau;fs; Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; mNjNtisfy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhw; jahupf;fg;ngw;w ghlE}y;fisAk; nghUj;jkhdtifapw;; gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
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Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bia cUthf;Ftjpw; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd;fy;tprhu; mYty;fs; rig kw;Wk; Nguit cWg;gpdu;fSf;Fk; midj;J tsthsu;fSf;Fk; vdJ ed;wpfs; cupj;jhfpd;wd.
gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
v
gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp
fle;j fhye;njhl;L fy;tpahdJ njhlu;e;J khw;wq;fSf;Fl;gl;L tUfpd;wJ. mz;kpa
Afj;jpy; ,k;khw;wq;fshdit kpf Ntfkhf Vw;gl;ld. fw;wy; Kiwfisg; Nghd;W
njhopy;El;gf; fUtpfspd; ghtid kw;Wk; mwpTj; Njhw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghfTk; fle;j
,U jrhg;jq;fspy; $basT kWkyu;r;rp Vw;gl;L tUtjidf; fhzf;$bajhf
,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,jw;fika> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfKk; 2016 Mk; Mz;Lf;Fupa fy;tp
kWrPuikg;gpw;fhf vz;zpylq;fhj nghUj;jkhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;L
tUfpd;wJ. g+Nfhska uPjpahf Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghfr; rpwe;j Kiwapy;
mwpe;J cs;ehl;Lj; Njitf;fika ,irTf;Fl;gLj;jp khztu; ikaf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;
Kiwia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Gjpa ghljpl;lk; jpl;lkplg;gl;L ghlrhiy
Kiwikapd; Kftu;fshfr; Nritahw;Wk; Mrpupau;fshfpa cq;fsplk; ,t;thrpupau;
topfhl;bia xg;gilg;gjpy; ngUkfpo;r;rpailfpd;Nwd;.
,t;thwhd Gjpa topfhl;ly; MNyhrid topfhl;bia cq;fSf;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjd;
Nehf;fk;> mjd; %yk; rpwe;j gq;fspg;ig ngw;Wf; nfhLf;f KbAk; vd;w ek;gpf;if
ahFk;.
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cq;fSf;Ff; ifnfhLf;Fk; vd;gjpy; vdf;F vt;tpj re;NjfKk; ,y;iy. mNjNghd;W
,t;topfhl;bapd; Jiznfhz;L eilKiw uPjpahd tsq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jp kpfTk;
Kd;Ndw;wfukhd tplag; gug;gpD}lhf tFg;giwapy; nraw;gLj;J tjw;F cq;fSf;F
KOikahd Rje;jpuKz;L.
cq;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;biar; rpwe;j Kiwapy; tpsq;fp>
kpfr; rpwe;j Mf;fg+u;tkhd khztu; r%fnkhd;iw cUthf;fp> ,yq;ifia
nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f uPjpapy; Kd;Ndhf;fpf; nfhz;L nry;tjw;Fg; nghWg;Gld;
nraw;gLtPu;fs; vd ehd; ek;gpf;if nfhs;fpd;Nwd;.
,t;thrpupau; topfhl;bahdJ ,g;ghlj;JiwAld; njhlu;Gila Mrpupau;fs;>
tsthsu;fs; vd;Nghu;fspd; rpwe;j Kaw;rpapdhYk; mu;g;gzpg;gpdhYk; cUthf;fg;
gl;Ls;sJ.
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nraw;gl;l cq;fs; midtUf;Fk; vdJ kdkhu;e;j ed;wpfisj; njuptpj;Jf;
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vk;. vg;. v];. gp. [atu;jd
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tpQ;Qhd njhopy;El;gg; gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
vi
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,yq;ifapy; nghJf; fy;tpg; ghltpjhdk; njhlu;ghf fw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;s nfhs;if
fSf;fika xt;nthU vl;L tUlq;fSf;FnkhU KiwAk; midj;Jg; ghltpjhdq;
fSk; kWrPuikf;fg;gl Ntz;b cs;sJ. Njrpa kw;Wk; g+Nfhska uPjpapy; Vw;gLk;
khw;wq;fs; rthy;fSf;F Kfk; nfhLf;ff;$bajhd khztu; r%fnkhd;iw ehl;by;
cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vDk; vjpu;ghu;g;gpd; fhuzkhfNt ,g;Gjpa kWrPuikg;gpw;F
cl;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;ba Njit ,Uf;fpd;wJ. fle;j fhyj;jpy; nghUshjhu> murpay;>
r%f thzpak; vd;gdtw;wpy; kl;Lkd;wp g+Nfhska uPjpahfTk; ghupastpyhd
khw;wq;fSf;F cl;gLj;jp te;Js;sJ. vdNt 2015 Mk; Mz;by; vy;yhg; ghltpjhdq;fs;
njhlu;ghfTk;> kWrPuikg;gpw;Fl;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;ba Njit cUthfp cs;shfpAs;sJ.
Nkw;fhl;ba epiyikfisf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L juk; 11w;fhd tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;
fy;tpg; ghlk; njhlu;ghfTk; kpff; FWfpa fhyj;jpDs; Mrpupau; topfhl;bia vOjp
Kd;itg;gJ njhlu;ghf ehd; ngUkfpo;r;rpailfpNwd;.
tpNrlkhf ,g;gzpia g+u;j;jp nra;tjw;fhf mu;g;gzpg;Gld; fUkkhw;wpa vOj;jhsu;
FOtpw;Fk; ,r;nraw;ghl;il kpf ntw;wpfukhf g+uzg;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd
MNyhridfs;> topfhl;ly;fis toq;fpa gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; kw;Wk; cjtpg;
gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; MfpNahu;fSf;Fk; vdJ ,jag+u;tkhd ed;wpiaj; njuptpj;Jf;
nfhs;fpNwd;.
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kpfTk; gaDs;s fw;wy; mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gjw;fhf ghlg; gzpg;ghsu;>
Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> Mrpupau; MfpNahu;fSf;F kpfTk; cWJizahf mikAk;
vd cWjpahf ek;GfpNwd;.
fyhepjp m. rptNdruh[h
gzpg;ghsu;
tzpff; fy;tpj; Jiw
tpQ;Qhd njhopDl;gg; gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
vii
Mrpupau; topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
2016 Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; fy;tpg; nghJj; juhju rhjhuz juj;jpy; eilKiwg;
gLj;jg;glTs;s tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;
juk; 11 ,w;fhf ,e;j Mrpupa topfhl;b jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
khztu;fspd; Nju;r;rpfs; tpUj;jpailAk; Kiwapy; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfisj;
jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;Sk; vjpu;ghu;g;Gld; mjw;fhd topfhl;bnahd;whf ,t;topfhl;bapy;
khjpupr; nraw;ghLfs; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,t;Mrpupa topfhl;bahdJ tFg;giwapDs; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;F ,lk;
ngwNtz;ba xOq;FKiwapNyNa jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpYs;s rfy
Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fSf;Fk; “fw;wy; NgW” fs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mf;fw;wy; NgWfSf;
Fupa Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fisr; rfy khztu;fSk; mile;J nfhs;Sk; Kiwapyhd
khztu; ika fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;nfhd;W cq;fshy; gpd;gw;wg;gLnkd
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mjw;fhd topfhl;lnyhd;whf cq;fSf;F xt;nthU Nju;r;rp
kl;lj;jpd; fPOk; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;F Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. me;j
MNyhridfis mt;thNw gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w fl;lhakpy;iy vd;gJld;>
Nju;r;rpapid tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;Sk; Kiwapy; ePq;fs; nghUj;jkhdnjdf; fUJk;
khztu;fis ikakhff; nfhz;l NtW fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfis gpd;gw;Wtjw;F
Mf;fuPjpahf cq;fSf;Fg; g+uz Rje;jpuKz;L.
mj;Jld; xt;nthU Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpd; fPOk; “ghl cs;slf;fk; nghopg;ghf” ,e;j
Mrpupau; topfhl;bapy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mJ cq;fsJ tFg;giwapy; nraw;ghL
fspD}lhf ntspg;gLj;jg;glNtz;bait njhlu;gpYk; khztu;fSf;F Fwpg;nghd;whf
toq;fNtz;ba ghltplaq;fs; njhlu;ghd topfhl;lnyhd;whfTk; mikAk;.
ghl ,izg;ghsu;
viii
fiyj;jpl;lf; FO
MNyhridAk; mDkjpAk; : fy;tprhu; mYty;fs; rigNjrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
ghl ,izg;G : fyhepjp m. rptNeruh[hgzpg;ghsu;.
gP. vr;. FRkhtjp>rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;.
v];. Nf. gpughfud;>tpupTiuahsu;.
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rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;.
v];. Nf. gpughfud;>tpupTiuahsu;.
v];. Mu;. ,uj;d[Pthcjtp tpupTiuahsu;.
(ntspaf) rpwpkh ehzaf;fhu>Mrpupa MNyhrfu;>tyaf; fy;tpg; gzpkid> my;gpl;ba.
tre;j udJq;f>cjtpg; gzpg;ghsu;>tyaf; fy;tpg; gzpkid> nj`paj;jfz;ba.
ghl xOq;fikg;G : Nguhrpupau; rke;jp Nrdhuj;drpNul;l tpupTiuahsu;>[atu;jdGu gy;fiyf;fofk;.
fyhepjp Fkhu cYtj;j>rpNul;l tpupTiuahsu;>tak;g gy;fiyf;fofk;.
,rpU ejp\h khdkLt>tpupTiuahsu;> gl;laf; fzf;fhsu;.nkhul;Lt gy;fiyf;fofk;.
nkhop xOq;fikg;G : v];. V. B. Fzghy>tpupTiuahsu;>fy;tpkhzp epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk;>Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
Nf. gP. B. Ngu;rpty;>Kd;dhs; tpupTiuahsu; (Xa;Tngw;w)
rp. vy;. vk;. eth];>Nritf;fhy MNyhrfu;> ,g;ghfKt.
vk;. vr;. vk;. G`hup>,isg;ghwpa Nritf;fhy MNyhrfu;
ix
Njrpa ,yf;Ffs;
Njrpa fy;tp KiwikahdJ jdpegu;f;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd ngUk;ghyhd
Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;Fj; jdpegu;fSf;Fk; FOtpdUf;Fk; cjtp nra;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
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jdpegu; NjitfisAk; Njrpa NjitfisAk; epiwT nra;tjw;fhf ,yf;Ffis
epu;zapj;Js;sd. rkfhyf; fy;tp mikg;GfspYk; nrad;KiwfspYk; ntspg;gilahff;
fhzg;gLk; gytPdq;fs; fhuzkhf epiyNgWila kdpj tpUj;jpapd; vz;zf;fUj;
jpl;l tuk;gpDs; fy;tpapD}lhf milaf; $ba gpd;tUk; ,yf;Fj; njhFjpapidj;
Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO ,dq;fz;Ls;sJ.
1. kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; vDk; vz;zf;fUf;Fs; Njrpa gpizg;G>
Njrpa KOik> Njrpa xw;Wik> ,zf;fk;> rkhjhdk; vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;jy;
%yKk; ,yq;ifg; gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; fyhrhu NtWghl;bid mq;fPfupj;jy;
%yKk; Njrj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;GjYk; ,yq;ifau; vDk; milahsj;ij
Vw;gLj;jYk;.
2. khw;wKWk; cyfj;jpd; rthy;fSf;F jf;fthW Kfq;nfhLj;jNyhL Njrpa
ghuk;gupaj;jpd; mjprpwe;j mk;rq;fis mq;fPfupj;jYk; NgZjYk;.
3. kdpj cupikfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;> flikfs;> flg;ghLfs; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T>
xUtu; kPJ xUtu; nfhz;Ls;s Mo;e;j> ,ilawhj mf;fiwAzu;T vd;g
tw;iw Nkk;gLj;Jk; r%f ePjpAk;> [dehaf tho;f;if Kiw epakq;fSk;
cs;slq;fpa Rw;whliy cUthf;FjYk; Mjupj;jYk;.
4. xUtuJ cs> cly; eyidAk; kdpj tpOkpaq;fSf;F kjpg;gspg;gij mbg;gil
ahff; nfhz;l epiyNgWila tho;f;iff; Nfhyj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;jy;.
5. ed;F xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l rkepiy MSikf;Fupa Mf;frpe;jid> jw;WzpT> Ma;e;J
rpe;jpj;jy;> nghWg;G> tif$wy;> cld;ghlhd mk;rq;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
6. jdpeguJk;> Njrj;jpdJk; tho;f;ifj; juj;ij Ngh\pf;ff;$baJk;> ,yq;ifapd;
nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspf;ff;$baJkhd Mf;fg; gzpfSf;fhd fy;tp
a+l;Ltjd; %yk; kdpjts mgptpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;jy;.
7. jdpegu;fspd; khw;wj;jpw;F Vw;g ,zq;fp thoTk;> khw;wj;ij Kfhik nra;aTk;>
jahu;gLj;jTk; tpiuthf khwptUk; cyfpy; rpf;fyhdJk; vjpu;ghuhjJkhd epiyik
fisr; rkhspf;Fk; jifikia tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
8. ePjp> rkj;Jtk;> gu];gu kupahij vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ru;tNjr
r%fj;jpy; nfsutkhdNjhu; ,lj;ijg; ngWtjw;Fg; gq;fspf;ff;$ba kdg;ghq;F
fisAk; jpwd;fisAk; tsu;j;jy;.
Njrpa fy;tpr; Nrit Mizf;FOtpd; mwpf;if (2003)
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Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;F toptFf;Fk;.
(i) njhlu;ghly; Nju;r;rpfs;
njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs; ehd;F Jizj; njhFjpfis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;lit. vOj;jwpT> vz;zwpT> rpj;jpu mwpT> jfty; njhopy; El;gj; jifik.
vOj;jwpT:
ftdkhfr; nrtpkLj;jy;> njspthfg; NgRjy;> fUj;jwpa thrpj;jy;> rupahfTk;
nrk;ikahfTk; vOJjy;> gad;jUtifahd fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wk;.
vz;zwpT:
nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk; vd;gtw;Wf;F vz;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;> vz;Zjy;> fzpj;jy;
msj;jy; vd;gtw;wpw;fhf xOq;FKiwahf ,yf;fq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;.
rpj;jpu mwpT:
NfhL> cUtk; vd;gtw;wpd; fUj;ij mwpjy;> tpguq;fs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs;>
vz;zq;fs; Mfpatw;iwf; NfhL> cUtk;> tu;zk; vd;gtw;why; ntspg;gLj;jYk;
gjpTnra;jYk;.
jfty; njhopy;El;gj; jifik:
fzpdp mwpT> fw;wypy;> njhopy; Rw;whlypy;> nrhe;j tho;tpy; jfty; njhlu;ghly;
njhopy; El;gq;fisg; (ICT) gad;gLj;jy;.
(ii) MSik tpUj;jp njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;
Mf;fk;> tpupe;j rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> jPu;khdk; vLj;jy;> gpur;rpid tpLtpj;jy;>
EZf;fkhd kw;Wk; gFg;gha;Tr; rpe;jid> mzpapduhfg; gzp nra;jy;>
jdpahs; ,iltpidj; njhlu;Gfs;> fz;Lgpbj;jYk; fz;lwpjYk; Kjyhd
jpwikfs;.
Neu;ik> rfpg;Gj;jd;ik> kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; Mfpa tpOkpaq;fs;.
kdvOr;rpfs;> Ez;zwpT
(iii) #oy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;
,j;Nju;r;rpfs; r%fk;> capupay;> ngsjpfk; Nghd;w #oNyhL njhlu;GWfpd;wd.
r%fr; #oy;:
Njrpa ghuk;gupak; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; mq;fj;jtu;fs;
vd;w tifapy; njhlu;GWk; Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk; gfpu;e; jspf;fg;gLk; ePjp>
r%fj; njhlu;Gfs;> jdpegu; elj;ijfs;> nghJthdJk; rl;lg+u;tkhdJkhd
rk;gpujhaq;fs;> cupikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fs;> flikfs;> flg;ghLfs; vd;gtw;wpy;
mf;fiwAk;.
capupay; #oy;:
thOk; cyF> kf;fs;> capupay; #oy; njhFjp> kuq;fs;> fhLfs;> fly;> ePu;>
tsp> capupd jhtuk;> tpyq;F> kdpj tho;T.
xi
ngsjpfr; #oy;:
,lk;> rf;jp> vupnghUs;> rlg;nghUs;> nghUs;fs; gw;wpAk; mit kdpj tho;f;if>
czT> cil> ciwAs;> Rfhjhuk;> nrsfupak;> Rthrk;> epj;jpiu> ,isg;ghWjy;>
Xa;T> fopTfs;> capupd fopTg; nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;Wld; nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;G
gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;Tk;> Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk;.
fw;wYf;Fk;> Ntiy nra;tjw;Fk;> tho;tjw;Fk; fUtpfisAk; njhopy;
El;gq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd;fSk; ,q;F cs;sf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
(iv) Ntiy cyfpw;Fj; jahu; nra;jy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;
mtu;fsJ rf;jpia cr;r epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtjw;Fk; mtu;fsJ Mw;wiyg;
Ngh\pg;gjw;Fk; Ntz;ba njhopy;rhu; jpwd;fs;.
nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspj;jy;.
mtu;fsJ njhopy; tpUg;GfisAk; csr;rhu;GfisAk; fz;lwpjy;.
mtu;fsJ Mw;wy;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Ntiyiaj; njupT nra;jy;.
gadspf;ff;$baJk; epiyNgWilaJkhd [PtNdhghaj;jpy; <Lgly;.
(v) rkaKk; xOfyhWk; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;
md;whl tho;f;ifapy; kpfg; nghUj;jkhdtw;iwj; njupT nra;aTk;> ehshe;j
tho;f;ifapy; xOf;fnewp> mwnewp> rkanewp njhlu;ghd elj;ijfisg; nghUj;jKw
Nkw;nfhs;sTk; tpOkpaq;fisj; jd;kakhf;fpf; nfhs;sYk; cs;thq;fYk;.
(vi) Xa;T Neuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;> tpisahl;L gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs;
mofpaw; fiyfs;> ,yf;fpak;> tpisahl;L> nka;ty;Yeu; Nghl;bfs;> Xa;TNeug;
nghOJNghf;Ffs; kw;Wk; tho;tpd; Mf;fg+u;tr; nraw;ghLfs; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;
,d;g Efu;r;rp> kfpo;r;rp> kdntOr;rpfs; Nghd;w kdpj mDgtq;fs;.
(vii) “fw;wYf;Ff; fw;wy ;” njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;
tpiuthf khWfpd;w rpf;fyhd> xUtupy; xUtu; jq;fp epw;fpd;w cynfhd;wpy; xUtu;
RahjPdkhff; fw;gjw;fhd typikaspj;jYk; khw;wpaikf;Fk; nrad;Kiw Clhf
khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g ,aq;fTk; mjid Kfhik nra;aTk; Ntz;ba czu;itAk;>
ntw;wpiaAk; ngwr; nra;jy;.
xii
ghlj;jpl;lk;
tz
pfKk; f
zf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk;
juk; 11
xii
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
fw;wy; NgWfs;Nju;r;rp
6.0 Jizr;
Nritfspd;
cjtp
apidg;
ngw;W
tzpf
eltbf;if
fisr;
nraw;
gLj;Jk;
Kiw
njhlu;ghd
mbg;gil
mwptpidf;
fl;b
naOg;Gthu;.
6.1 tzpf
eltbf;if
fis tpidj;
jpwdhf;F
tjw;F tq;fpr;
Nritfspd;
gq;fspg;gpidf;
Nfl;lwpthu;.
tq;fp eltbf;iffspd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
tq;fpf; fzf;F
tiffs;
Nrkpg;Gf; fzf;F
eilKiwf;
fzf;F
epiyahd itg;Gf;
fzf;F
,yj;jpudpay; gzk;
njhlu;ghd Nritfs;
fldl;ilfs; toq;fy;
tutl;ilfs; toq;fy;
nlyu; ml;ilfs; toq;fy;.
,yj;jpudpay; gzk;
njhlu;ghd Nritfspd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.
JupjkhdJ
tpidj;jpwd; nfhz;lJ.
midj;Jj; jfty;
fSk; ,yj;jpudpay;
kag;gLj;jp itf;fg;
gly;.
tq;fp Nritfspd; Njitg;ghl;bidr;
Rl;bf; fhl;b tq;fpf; fzf;F tif
fisg; ngaupl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.
Nrkpg;Gf; fzf;nfhd;iw Muk;gpg;gjw;
Fj; Njitahd gbKiwfisf;
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
epiyahd itg;Gf; fzf;nfhd;iw
Muk;gpf;Fk; Kiwfisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf;
fhl;Lthu;.
,yj;jpudpay; gzk; njhlu;ghd
NritfisAk; mitfsJ Kf;fpaj;
Jtj;ijAk; tpsf;Fthu;.
,yj;jpudpay; gzk; njhlu;ghd Nrit
fspy; fhzg;gLk; tiuaiwfisf;
Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.
20
03
tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; - juk; 11 - ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; cs;slf;fk;
tz
pfKk; f
zf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk;
juk; 11
xiii
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
fw;wy; NgWfs;Nju;r;rp
,yj;jpudpay; gzk;
njhlu;ghd Nritfspy;
fhzg;gLk; tiuaiwfs;
njhopDl;gj; jilfs;
etPd Kiwapyhd
Nkhrbfs; ,lk;ngwy;.
Nkhrbfisj; jtpu;g;gjw;
fhd etPd Kiwap
yhd ,yj;jpudpay;
fUtpfspd; Njitg;ghL.
eilKiwf; fzf;nfhd;
wpd; mD$yq;fs;.
fhNrhiyfs; %yk;nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;nra;jy;.
tq;fp Nkyjpfg;gw;W trjpfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.
Neub itg;G trjpfisg;ngwf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.
epiyapaw; fl;lisfiseilKiwg;gLj;j Kbjy;.
ghJfhg;G tq;fpf; $w;wpidg; ngwf;
$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.
6.2 eilKiwf;
fzf;nfhd;
iwg; NgZtjd;
%yk; fpilf;Fk;
mD$yq;fis
Ak; fhNrhiy
njhlu;ghfTk;
Nfl;lwpthu;.
eilKiwf; fzf;nfhd;wpd; mD$yq;
fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
fhNrhiyAld; njhlu;Gila gpuptpdu;
fisg; ngaupLthu;.
eilKiwf; fzf;nfhd;iw Muk;gpg;g
jw;Fj; Njitahd gbKiwfisf;
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
khjpupf; fhNrhiynahd;iwg; g+uzg;
gLj;Jthu;.
fhNrhiynahd;iw tq;fpapy; itg;Gr;
nra;tjw;Fj; Njitahd gbKiw
fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.
04
tz
pfKk; f
zf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk;
juk; 11
xiv
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
fw;wy; NgWfs;Nju;r;rp
fhNrhiyAld; njhlu;
Gila gpujhd gpuptpdu;fs;
tiuNthd;
ngWgtu;
tq;fp (tiuAdp)
fhNrhiynahd;iw
vOJjy;
fhNrhiyfspy;
FWf;Ff; Nfhbly;
fhNrhiyapy; Gwf; Fwpg;gply;.
fhg;GWjp vz;zf;fU
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk;
re;ju;g;gq;fs;.
MAs; fhg;GWjp
nrhj;J / Mjdf; fhg;GWjp
fhg;GWjpj; jj;Jtq;fs;
fhg;GWj;Jk; cupik /fhg;GWjp nra;Ak; cupik.
cr;r ed;ek;gpf;if /mjpcau; ed;ek;gpf;if
,og;gPl;Lj; jj;Jtk;
(f.ngh.j.(rh.j)j;jpy;
fhg;GWjpj; jj;Jtq;fs;
kpf vspikahf
tpsf;FtJ NghJkhdJ).
6.3 fhg;GWjpapd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;
jpidf; Nfl;
lwpe;J ,lu;
Kfhikj;Jtj;
jpw;fhd mbg;
gilfis
xOq;fikj;
Jf; nfhs;thu;.
fhg;GWjp vz;zf;fUit tpsf;Fthu;.
MAs; fhg;GWjpf;Fk; nrhj;J (Mjd)f;
fhg;GWjpf;Fkpilapyhd NtWghL
fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
fhg;GWjpj; jj;Jtq;fis vspikahd
tifapy; tpsf;Fthu;.
03
tz
pfKk; f
zf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk;
juk; 11
xv
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
fw;wy; NgWfs;Nju;r;rp
6.4 njhlu;ghlypd;mbg;gilg;gjq;fspd;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; Nfl;lwpe;Jgad;ghl;bw;Fj;NjitahdKd;dhaj;jj;ij cUthf;fpf; nfhs;thu;.
njhlu;ghly; vz;zf;fU epWtdnkhd;wpy; njhlu;
ghl ,lk;ngWk; Kiwfs; mf / cs;sf Gw / ntspaf
njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fs; tha;nkhop vOj;J ,yj;jpudpay; Kiw rkpf;iQfs;> mil
ahsq;fs; (Fwpfs;) njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fs;
fSf;fhd Kiwfs; njhlu;ghly; nray;Kiw
fSk;> mjd; mbg;gilfSk;. nra;jp mDg;Ggtu; nra;jp Clfk; nra;jpfisg; ngWgtu; Jyq;fis ntspg;
gLj;Jjy;. kPstypAWj;jjy;
tzpfnkhd;W nghUj;jkhd njhlu;ghly; Kiwnahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak;nghOJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sNtz;ba tplaq;fs;.
03 njhlu;ghly; vz;zf;fUittpsf;Fthu;.
epWtdnkhd;wpy; njhlu;ghly; Kiwfisg; ngaupl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.
njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fisAk; KiwfisAk; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
njhlu;ghly; mbg;gilfisf;Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.
njhlu;ghlypd; Kiwfisg;gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
nghUj;jkhd njhlu;ghly; Kiwnahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak; nghOJftdj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;batplaq;fisg; gl;bay;gLj;Jthu;.
tz
pfKk; f
zf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk;
juk; 11
xvi
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
fw;wy; NgWfs;Nju;r;rp
6.5 Nghf;Ftuj;Jr;
Nritfisg;
gad;gLj;jp
tzpf
eltbf;if
fis tpidj;
jpwdhf Nkw;
nfhs;tjw;fhd
mbg;gilj;
jpwd;fisg;
ngw;Wf;
nfhs;thu;.
Nghf;Ftuj;J vz;zf;fUit
tpsf;Fthu;.
Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; mbg;gilfisg;
ngaupl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.
nghUj;jkhd Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiw
nahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak; nghOJ
ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;ba fhuzp
fis Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
gy;NtW Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwfspd;
mD$yq;fs;> gpujp$yq;fisr; Rl;bf;
fhl;Lthu;.
03 Nghf;Ftuj;J vz;zf;fU
Nghf;Ftuj;jpd;
mbg;gilfs;
Clfk;
top / tPjp tY / rf;jp jupg;gplk;
tzpfnkhd;W nghUj;j
khd Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiw
nahd;iwj; njupT nra;
Ak; nghOJ ftdj;jpw;
nfhs;s Ntz;ba
fhuzpfs;.
fpuak; / nryT nghUj;jg;ghL
ghJfhg;G
fpilg;gdT
tzpf eltbf;iffis
tpidj;jpwdhf Nkw;nfhs;
tjw;F Nghf;Ftuj;J
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; Kiw.
tz
pfKk; f
zf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk;
juk; 11
xvii
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
fw;wy; NgWfs;Nju;r;rp
6.6 cs;ehl;L>
ntspehl;L
tpahghuq;fspy;
<LgLk;
gpuptpdu;fsh
tjw;Fj; Njit
ahd mbg;
gilj; jpwd;
fis ntspg;
gLj;jpf;
fhl;Lthu;.
gy;NtW Nghf;Ftuj;J
KiwfSk;> mtw;wpy;
fhzg;gLk; mD$yq;
fSk;> gpujp$yq;fSk;.
ngUe;njU
Gifapuj top
thd; top
ePu; top
cs;ehl;L tpahghuk;
rpy;yiw tpahghuk;
gz;Gfs; / jd;ik
nkhj;j tpahghuk;
gz;Gfs; / jd;ik
rpy;yiw nkhj;j tpah
ghuq;fSf;fpilNa
fhzg;gLk; NtWghLfs;
ntspehl;L tpahghuk;
04 cs;ehl;L tpahghuj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
rpy;yiw tpahghuj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
rpy;yiw tpahghuq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;
Jtj;jpidr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
nkhj;j tpahghuj;jpid tpsf;Fthu;.
nkhj;j tpahghuj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;
Jtj;jpidr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
nkhj;j tpahghuj;jpw;Fk; rpy;yiw
tpahghuj;jpw;Fkpilapy; fhzg;gLk;
NtWghLfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
ntspehl;L tpahghuj;jpid tpsf;Fthu;.
ntspehl;L tpahghuj;jpw;fhd cjhu
zq;fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
tz
pfKk; f
zf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk;
juk; 11
xviii
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
fw;wy; NgWfs;Nju;r;rp
7.1 Kfhikj;Jtj;
jpd; mbg;gilj;
jpwd;fisg;
ngw;Wf;
nfhs;thu;.
7.2 re;ijg;gLj;j
ypd; mbg;gil
fisj; Njb
awpthu;.
“Kfhikj;Jtk;” vDk;
vz;zf;fU
Kfhikj;Jtg; gzpfs; /fUkq;fs;.
jpl;lkply;
xOq;fikj;jy;
newpg;gLj;Jjy;
fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
“re;ijg;gLj;jy;” vDk;
vz;zf;fU.
re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyit (4p) cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;
tpiyaply;
,lk;
Nkk;gLj;jy;
Kfhikj;Jt vz;zf;fUtpid
vspikahf tpsf;Fthu;.
Kfhikj;Jtf; fUkq;fs; ehd;fpidg;
ngaupl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.
re;ijg;gLj;jy; vz;zf;fUtpid
vspikahf tpsf;Fthu;.
re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyitf;Fupa
cUg;gbfis ($Wfisg;) ngaupl;Lf;
fhl;Lthu;.
06
03
03
7.0 tzpf
Kfhikj;
Jtj;jpd;
mbg;gilj;
jpwd;fis
tpUj;jp
nra;J
nfhs;thu;.
tz
pfKk; f
zf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk;
juk; 11
xix
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
fw;wy; NgWfs;Nju;r;rp
8.0 tzpf
nkhd;wpd;
epjpf;$w;Wf;
fisj;
jahupg;ghu;.
54
05
10
8.1 tzpfnkhd;
wpd; tpahghuf;
fzf;ifj;
jahupg;ghu;.
8.2 tzpfj;jpd;
,yhg el;lf;
fzf;ifj;
jahupg;ghu;.
epjpf; $w;Wf;fs;
tpahghuf;fzf;F
Muk;g kPjp
nfhs;tdTfs;
cl;Rikf;$ypfs;
,Wjp ,Ug;G
tpw;gidfs;
tpw;gidf; fpuak;.
nkhj;j ,yhgk; / el;lk;
,yhgel;lf; fzf;F
tpw;gid tpepNahfr;
nryTfs; / tpepNahfnryTfs;
epiya epUthfr;
nryTfs; / epUthfnryTfs;
epjp kw;Wk; Vida
nryTfs;
nkhj;j ,yhgk; /el;lj;ij mwpf;ifg;
gLj;Jjy;
Vida tUkhdq;fs;
Njwpa ,yhgk; / el;lk;
epjpf; $w;Wf;fisg; ngaupl;Lf;
fhl;Lthu;.
tpw;gidf; fpuaj;jpidf;
fzpg;gpLthu;.
tpahghuf; fzf;ifj; jahupj;J
nkhj;j ,yhgk; my;yJ el;lj;ijf;
fzpg;gpLthu;.
,yhg el;lf; fzf;if tpsf;Fthu;.
tpw;gid tpepNahfr; nryTfis
mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
epiya epUthfr; nryTfis
mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
epjpAk; Vida nryTfis
mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
Vida tUkhdq;fis nkhj;j
,yhgj;Jld; Nru;g;ghu;.
Njwpa ,yhgk; my;yJ el;lj;ijf;
fzpg;gpLthu;.
Njwpa ,yhgk; my;yJ el;lj;ij
%yjdf; fzf;fpw;F khw;Wk;
Kiwapidr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
tpahghu ,yhg el;lf; fzf;if /tUkhdf;$w;iwj; jahupg;ghu;.
tz
pfKk; f
zf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk;
juk; 11
xx
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
fw;wy; NgWfs;Nju;r;rp
8.3 epjpahz;Lf;
Fupa nrYj;j
Ntz;ba nryT
fs;> ngwNtz;
ba tUkhdq;
fisr; nrk;ikg;
gLj;Jthu;.
8.4 epjpahz;Lf;
Fupa mwtpl
Kbahf;
flidr;
nrk;ikg;
gLj;Jthu;.
8.5 epjpahz;Lf;
Fupa eil
Kiway;yhr;
nrhj;Jf;
fSf;F
ngWkhdj;
Nja;tpLthu;.
ml;LWr; mbg;gil
nrYj;j Ntz;ba
nryTfs;
ngwNtz;ba
tUkhdq;fs;
mwtplKbahf; fld;
mwtplKbahf; flidg;
gjptopj;jy;.
mwtplKbahf; fld;
nryT
mwtplKbahf; fld;
fhuzkhfr; nrhj;Jf;
Fiwtiljy;.
eilKiway;yhr; nrhj;
Jf;fSf;Fg; ngWkhdj;
Nja;tply; (Mjdk;> nghwp>
cgfuzk;).
nrhj;Jf;fSf;F ngW
khdj; Nja;tpLtjw;fhd
fhuzq;fs;.
Neu;Nfhl;L Kiwapy;
ngWkhdj; Nja;tply;.
ml;LW mbg;gilfis vspikahf
tpsf;Fthu;.
nrYj;j Ntz;ba nryTfisr;
nrk;ikg;gLj;Jthu;.
ngwNtz;ba tUkhdq;fisr;
nrk;ikg;gLj;Jthu;.
mwtplKbahf; flid mwpKfg;
gLj;Jthu;.
mwtplKbahf; flidr; nrk;ikg;
gLj;Jthu;.
mwtplKbahf; flidr; nrk;ik
ahf;Ftjw;Fupa ,ul;ilg;gjptpid
Kd;itg;ghu;.
eilKiway;yhr; nrhj;Jf;fSf;Fg;
ngWkhdj; Nja;tplYf;fhd fhuzq;
fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
Neu;Nfhl;L Kiwapy; nrhj;Jf;fSf;F
ngWkhdj; Nja;tpLthu;.
ngWkhdj; Nja;Ntw;ghl;Lf; fzf;nfhd;wp
D}lhf Nja;tpw;F fzf;F itg;ghu;.
ngWkhdj; Nja;T nrynthd;whf ,Ug;g
jdhy; ,yhgj;jpYk; nrhj;Jf;fspYk;
Vw;gLk; jhf;fj;ijr; tpsf;Fthu;.
05
03
05
tz
pfKk; f
zf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk;
juk; 11
xxi
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
fw;wy; NgWfs;Nju;r;rp
ngWkhdj; Nja;tpw;fhdfzf;F itg;G ngWkhdj; Nja;Ntw;
ghl;Lf; fzf;F(f.ngh.j. (rh.j.)tFg;gpy; eilKiway;yhr; nrhj;Jf;fSf;F ngWkhdj;Nja;tply; njhlu;ghfNeu;Nfhl;L Kiw>ngWkhdj; Nja;tply;>fzf;F itj;jy;vd;gd kl;Lk; NghJkhditahFk;).
epjpepiyikf;$w;W /Ie;njhif
cupik eilKiwg; nghWg;Gf;fs eilKiway;yhg;
nghWg;Gf;fs;; eilKiwr; nrhj;Jf;fs; eilKiw my;yhr;
nrhj;Jf;fs; tpahghu ,yhgel;lf;
fzf;Fk; Ie;njhifAk; /tUkhdf;$w;Wk; epjpepiyikf;$w;Wk;
8.6 tzpfj;jpd;,yhgj;jd;ikiaAk;epjp epiyikiaAk; ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
Ie;njhifapy; / epjpepiyikf;$w;wpy; %yjdj;ijg; gjpT nra;thu;.
Ie;njhif / epjpepiyikf;$w;WcUg;gbfis eilKiw> eilKiwmy;yhjJ vd tifg;gLj;jpf;fhl;Lthu;.
Ie;njhifia / epjpepiyikf;$w;iwj; jahupg;ghu;.
nrk;ikahf;fYld; $ba epjpf;
$w;Wf;fisj; jahupg;ghu;.
07
tz
pfKk; f
zf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk;
juk; 11
xxii
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
fw;wy; NgWfs;Nju;r;rp
8.7 ,yhg Nehf;
fw;w epWtdq;
fspd; epjpf;
$w;Wf;fisr;
Rl;bf;fhl;b>
ngWtdTf;
nfhLg;gdTf;
fzf;fpidj;
jahupg;ghu;.
8.8 ,yhg Nehf;
fw;w epWt
dq;fspd;
tUkhdr;
nryTf;
fzf;fpidj;
jahupg;ghu;.
,yhg Nehf;fw;w
mikg;Gf;fs;
,yhg Nehf;fw;w epWtdq;
fsJ Nehf;fq;fs;.
,yhg Nehf;fw;w epWtdq;
fspd; epjpf; $w;Wf;fs;.
ngWtdT nfhLg;gdT
(nfhs;sy; nfhLj;jy;)
fzf;F
tUkhdr; nryTf;
fzf;F.
tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;F
Nkyjpfk; my;yJ FiwT
,yhg Nehf;fw;w epWtdq;fis
mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.
,yhg Nehf;fw;w epWtdq;fspd;
Nehf;fq;fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
,yhg Nehf;fw;w epWtdq;fspd;
epjpf; $w;Wf;fisg; ngaupl;Lf;
fhl;Lthu;.
ngWtdTf; nfhLg;gdTf;
fzf;ifj; jahupg;gjd; Nehf;fj;
jpidr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
ngWtdT nfhLg;gdTf; fzf;ifj;
jahupg;ghu;.
tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;if
mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.
tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;fpidj;
jahupg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Rl;bf;
fhl;Lthu;.
tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;fpidj;
jahupg;ghu;.
Nkyjpfk; my;yJ Fiwtpidf;
fzpg;gpLthu;.
05
04
tz
pfKk; f
zf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk;
juk; 11
xxiii
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
fw;wy; NgWfs;Nju;r;rp
8.9 cw;gj;jpf; fpua
ml;ltiz
iaj;
jahupg;ghu;.
cw;gj;jpf; fpuak;
%yf;fpuak;
Neu;nghUs;
Neu; $yp
Neu; Vida
nryTfs;
cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf;
fpuak;
Neupy; nghUs;
Neupy; $yp
Neupy; Vida
nryTfs;
cw;gj;jp mynfhd;wpw;
fhd fpuak;
mynfhd;wpw;fhd ,yhg
vy;iy.
mynfhd;wpw;fhd
tpw;gid tpiy
tpupjhis (Excel spreadsheet) gad;gLj;jp cw;gj;jpf;
fpuaj;ijAk; mynfhd;wpw;
fhd tpw;gid tpiyap
idf; fzpg;gpLk; Kiw
njhlu;gpy; mwpKfg;
gLj;jy;.
cw;gj;jpf; fpuaj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
cw;gj;jpf; fpua %yq;fspd;
ngau;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L tpsf;Fthu;.
%yf; fpuaj;ijf; fzpg;gpLthu;.
cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf; fpuaj;ijf;
fzpg;gpLthu;.
nkhj;j cw;gj;jp fpuaj;ijf;
fzpg;gpLthu;.
cw;gj;jp mynfhd;wpw;fhd fpuaj;
ijf; fzpg;gpLthu;.
mynfhd;wpw;fhd tpw;gid tpiyap
idj; jPu;khdpg;ghu;.
tpupjhis my;yJ nghUj;jkhd
Kiwnahd;iwg; gad;gLj;jp
cw;gj;jpf; fpuaj;ijAk; mynfhd;
wpd; tpw;gid tpiyiaAk; fzpg;gpLk;
Kiwapid vspikahd Kiwapy;
Kd;itg;ghu;.
10
tz
pfKk; f
zf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk;
juk; 11
xxiv
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; tpla cs;slf;fk; ghl
Ntisfspd;
vz;zpf;if
fw;wy; NgWfs;Nju;r;rp
9.1 KjyPl;bd;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid Njbawpthu;.
9.2 gq;Fr; re;ijapy; KjyPLnra;tjd;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidj; Njbawpthu;.
KjyPL njhlu;ghdmwpKfk;.
gy;NtW KjyPl;LtopKiwfs; Nrkpg;Gf; fzf;Fk;
epiyahd itg;Gf;fzf;Fk;.
nrhj;Jf;fis(Mjdq;fs;)f;nfhs;tdT nra;jy;.
gq;Fr; re;ijapy;KjyPL nra;jy;.
nghUj;jkhd KjyPl;LtopKiwnahd;iwj;njupT nra;jy;.
gq;Fr; re;ijapy; KjyPLnra;jy; njhlu;ghdmwpKfk;.
gq;Fr; re;ijapy; KjyPLnra;Ak; topKiwfs; rhjhuz gq;Ffisf;
nfhs;tdT nra;jy;. jpiwNrup cz;bay;
fisf; nfhs;tdTnra;jy;.
gpizfs; gupkhw;WMizf;FOtpd;Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.
KjyPl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidj;njspTgLj;Jthu;.
gy;NtW KjyPl;L topKiwfisr;Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
nghUj;jkhd KjyPl;L topKiwnahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak; nghOJKf;fpakhff; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;bafhuzpfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
gq;Fr; re;ijapy; KjyPL nra;tjd;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lthu;.
rhjhuz gq;Ffspy; KjyPL nra;tjd;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidf; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
jpiwNrup cz;bay;fspy; KjyPLnra;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidFwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.
gpizfs; gupkhw;W Mizf;FOtpd;Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
1005
05
90
9.0 KjyPLfs;njhlu;ghff;Nfl;lwpe;JnghUj;jkhd jPu;khdq;fSf;FtUthu;.
tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11xxv
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd
MNyhridfs;
1tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
Nju;r;rp 6.0 : Jizr;Nritfspd; cjtpapidg; ngw;W tzpf
eltbf;iffisr; nraw;gLj;Jk; Kiw njhlu;ghd
mbg;gilawptpidf; fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.1 : tzpf eltbf;iffis tpidj;jpwdhf;Ftjw;F tq;fpr;
Nritfspd; gq;fspg;gpidf; Nfl;lwpthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 03
fw;ww; NgWfs; : ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
tq;fp eltbf;iffspd; Njitg;ghl;bidr; Rl;bf;fhl;b tq;fpf; fzf;F tif
fis tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
Nrkpg;Gf; fzf;nfhd;iw Muk;gpg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd gbKiwfisr; Rl;bf;
fhl;Lthu;.
epiyahd itg;Gf; fzf;nfhd;iw Muk;gpg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd eilKiwfisf;
Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.
,yj;jpudpay; gzk; njhlu;ghd NritfisAk;> mtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid
Ak; tpsf;Fthu;.
,yj;jpudpay; gzk; njhlu;ghd NritfsJ tiuaiwfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:
gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)
tq;fp eltbf;iffs;
tq;fpf; fzf;F tiffs; ,yj;jpudpay;gz tiffs;
Nrkpg;Gf;fzf;Ffs;
eilKiwf;fzf;Ffs;
gy;NtW fzf;Ftiffisxg;gpLjy;
epiyahditg;Gf;fs;
fldl;ilfs;
tutl;ilfs;
,yj;jpudpay;gzk; njhlu;ghd
NritfsJKf;fpaj;Jtk;
,yj;jpudpay; gzq;fspd; tiuaiwfs;
etPdKiwapyhdNkhrbfs;
juTfs;mopTWjy;
Nkhrbfisj; jtpu;g;gjw;FupaghJfhg;G Kiwfs; gw;wpa
mwpTf;FiwT
nlyu; ml;il
2tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
nghJthf tzpf tq;fpfspy; gpd;tUk; fzf;F tiffs; Ngzg;gLfpd;wd.
Nrkpg;Gf; fzf;Ffs;
eilKiwf; fzf;Ffs;
epiyahd itg;Gf; fzf;Ffs;.
jw;fhyj;jpy; tq;fpfs; ,yj;jpudpay; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp
jkJ thbf;ifahsu;fSf;F cr;r Nritnahd;wpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fpd;wd.
,jw;fhf tq;fpfs; gpd;tUk; Nritfisg; gutyhd Kiwapy; Nkw;nfhz;L
tUfpd;wd.
fldl;il (Credit Card)tzpf tq;fpnahd;wpD}lhf fld; vd;w mbg;gilapy; toq;fg;gLk; ,t;tl;il
%yk; tzpf tq;fpapd; mDkjpapidg; ngw;Ws;s epWtdq;fspypUe;J thbf;if
ahsu;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l njhiff;Fl;gl;ljhfg; nghUl;fs;> Nritfisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;s KbAk;. mNjNghd;W jd;dpaf;f nlyu; ,ae;jpuj;jpd; (A.T.M) %yk;
Fwpg;gpl;l njhif tiuaiwf;Fl;gl;l Kiwapy; gzj;jpidAk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s
KbAk;. ,jw;fhf tq;fpf; fzf;nfhd;W Ngzg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;gJ mtrpakpy;iy.
c+k;: tPrh fldl;il> kh];lu; fldl;il
tutl;il (Debit Card)tq;fpf; fzf;fpy; fhzg;gLk; gzj;jpid mbg;gilapy; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fis
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; tifapy; tzpf tq;fpfs; jkJ thbf;ifahsu;fSf;F tutl;il
fis toq;Fk;. ,q;F mDkjp toq;fg;gl;Ls;s epWtdq;fspypUe;J tq;fpf; fzf;fpy;
fhzg;gLk; gz kPjp tiuapy; nghUl;fs;> Nritfisf; nfhs;tdT nra;a
KbtJld; Fwpj;j epWtdj;jpd; (tpw;gidahsu;) fzf;fpw;F tuT ml;il
cupikahsupd; fzf;fpypUe;J gzk; khw;wg;gLk;. tuT ml;iliag; gad;gLj;jp
gzj;ij kPsg;ngwTk; KbAk;. c+k;: PET tPrh tutl;il> BOC tPrh tutl;il
jd;dpaf;f nlyu; ml;ilfs; (ATM Card)nghJthfr; Nrkpg;Gg; Gj;jfj;jpypUe;J thbf;ifahsu;fSf;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;
$ba NritfSf;F xj;j Nritfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$bathW tzpf
tq;fpfspdhy; my;yJ Vida tq;fpfspdhy; toq;fg;gLk; ml;il tifnahd;Nw
,JthFk;. ,q;F midj;Jr; NritfSk; fzpdpapd; JizAld; jd;dpaf;f
nlyu; ,ae;jpuj;jpd; (A.T.M) %yk; ,lk;ngWk;.
,jd; %yk; tpidj;jpwdhfTk; Kiwikg;gLj;jf;$baJkhd Nritfis
toq;ff;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. mNjNtis> ,yj;jpudpay; gzk; njhlu;ghd Nrit
fspy; rpy Fwpg;gpl;l tiuaiwfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. mjhtJ midj;Jj;
juTfSk; fzpdp kag;gLj;jg;gl;bUg;gjdhy; njhopDl;gj; jilfs;> ,ufrpa
,yf;fj;ij kwe;Jtply;> ATM ,ae;jpuj;jpdJ gpiofs; vd;gd ,lk; ngWtjw;Fupare;ju;g;gq;fs; vd;gd ,q;F $Ljyhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vdNt> njhlu;ghly;
njhopDl;g Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjdhy; Vw;gLk; rpukq;fisj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhd
topKiwfisj; Njbawpa Ntz;ba Njitg;ghLk; NknyOe;Js;sJ.
nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;: ,j; Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;FupathW Kjyhtjhfg; ghl myfpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk;NghJ
tq;fpf; Nritnahd;wpd; Njitg;ghL njhlu;ghf khztu;fis mwpar; nra;J
tzpf tq;fpnahd;wpdhy; Ngzg;gLk; fzf;F tiffs; njhlu;ghd tpsf;f
nkhd;iw RUf;fkhf toq;fTk;
,yj;jpudpay; gzk; njhlu;ghd rpW tpsf;fnkhd;iw toq;fTk;.
3tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
Nrkpg;G> epiyahd itg;Gg; Nghd;w fzf;F tiffis Muk;gpg;gjw;Fj;
Njitahd khjpupg; gbtq;fslq;fpa njhFjpia xt;nthU khztUf;Fk;
ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fTk;.
Mrpupau; tq;fpahfTk;> khztu;fs; fzf;if Muk;gpf;Fk; thbf;ifahsu;fshfTk;
nraw;gLk; tifapy; khjpupg; gbtq;fisg; g+uzg;gLj;jpf; fzf;if Muk;gpg;gjw;
fhd Kiwapidr; nraw;ghl;L uPjpahf mwpar; nra;aTk;.
g+uzg;gLj;jg;gl;l khjpupg; gbtj;jpD}lhfg; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLkhW
fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;gTk;.
- tq;fpapdhy; fzf;Fg; Gj;jfnkhd;W toq;fg;gLk; vdTk; (tq;fpg; Gj;jfkw;w
fzf;F tiffSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.)
- kpd;fhe;jg;Gy ml;iliag; g+uzg;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
- khjpupf; ifnahg;g ml;ilnahd;W toq;fg;gLk; vdTk;>
- milahs ml;il NjitahdJ vdTk;>
,izg;G 6.1.1 ,idg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fTk;. ,q;F juk; 11y; ghlE}ypy; cs;slf;fg;
gl;Ls;s ghl tplaq;fspy; tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;wjd; gpd;du; Nfl;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fSf;F
tpilaspg;gjw;F MNyhrid toq;fTk;.
,izg;G 6.1.1:(1) gpd;tUk; ml;ltiziag; g+uzg;gLj;jTk;.
epajpfs; Nrkpg;Gf; fzf;Ffs; epiyahd
itg;Gf; fzf;Ffs;
1. tl;btPjk; ...................................... .........................................
2. fzf;Fj; njhlu;gpy;
tq;fpapdhy; toq; ...................................... .........................................
gLk; Mtzq;fs;
3. fhR itg;gpyply; ...................................... .........................................
4. fhR kPsg; ngwy;. ...................................... .........................................
5. Vida trjpfs; ...................................... .........................................
(2) gpd;tUk; ml;ilfspd; gz;GfisAk; NritfisAk; gl;baw;gLj;jTk;.
ml;il tiffs; gz;Gfs; Nritfs;
tutl;il ...................................... .........................................
...................................... .........................................
...................................... .........................................
...................................... .........................................fldl;il ...................................... .........................................
...................................... .........................................
...................................... .........................................
...................................... .........................................jd;dpaf;f ...................................... .........................................nlyu; ml;il ...................................... .........................................
...................................... .........................................
...................................... .........................................
4tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.
fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;: Nrkpg;Gf; fzf;nfhd;iw Muk;gpg;gjd; gbKiwfisf; fhl;Lthu;.
epiyahd itg;Gf; fzf;nfhd;iw Muk;gpg;gjd; eilKiwfisf; fhl;Lthu;.
Nrkpg;Gf; fzf;fpw;Fk; epiyahd itg;Gf; fzf;fpw;FkpilNa fhzg;gLk; NtWghL
fisf; fhl;Lthu;.
,yj;jpudpay; gzk; njhlu;ghf tq;fpapdhy; toq;fg;gLk; Nritfs; %d;iwf;
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
,yj;jpudpay; gzk; njhlu;ghd Nritfspy; fhzg;gLk; tiuaiwfs;
,uz;bidr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
5tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
Nju;r;rp 6.0 : Jizr;Nritfspd; cjtpapidg; ngw;W tzpf
eltbf;iffisr; nraw;gLj;Jk; Kiw njhlu;ghd
mbg;gilawptpidf; fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.2 : eilKiwf; fzf;nfhd;iwg; NgZtjd; %yk; fpilf;Fk;
mD$yq;fisAk; fhNrhiyfs; njhlu ;ghfTk;
Nfl;lwpthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 04
fw;ww; NgWfs; : ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
eilKiwf; fzf;nfhd;wpd; mD$yq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
fhNrhiyAld; njhlu;GWk; gpuptpdu;fisg; ngaupLthu;.
eilKiwf; fzf;nfhd;iw Muk;gpg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd gbKiwfisf;
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
khjpupf; fhNrhiynahd;iwg; g+uzg;gLj;Jthu;.
fhNrhiyfis tq;fpapy; itg;gpypLtjw;Fj; Njitahd gbKiwfisr; Rl;bf;
fhl;Lthu;.
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:
gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
,jd; vz;zf;fUg;glk; mLj;j gf;fj;jpy; cs;sJ
6tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)
eilKiwf;fzf;F
eilKiwf;fzf;nfhd;wpd;mD$yq;fs;
fhNrhiyg; Gj;jfk;fpilf;fg; ngwy;
Nkyjpfg; gw;Wtrjpfisg; ngwy;
fhNrhiy %yk;nfhLf;fy;
thq;fy;fisNkw;nfhs;sy;
Neub itg;Gtrjpfs;
epiyapaw;fl;lis trjp
gpuptpdu;fs; fhNrhiytiujy;
ngWgtu;nrYj;Jgtu;
(tq;fp)tiugtu;
FWf;Ff; Nfhbly;
nghJKiwf;FWf;Ff;Nfhbly;
rkhe;jpukhf ,UNfhLfs; nghJthf
mtrpakhdJ.
rpwg;G Kiwf;FWf;Ff;Nfhbly;
tzpf tq;fpxd;wpd; ngau;
Fwpg;gpl;bUj;jy;.
jpfjpaply;
gzj;njhifia,yf;fj;jpYk;vOj;jpYk;vOJjy;
gpwg;gpg;gtupd;ifnahg;gkply;
ngWgtupd; ngau;vOJjy; / fhR
eilKiwf;fzf;nfhd;iwMuk;gpj;jy;
,lk;ngw;w nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fiscs;slf;fpa tq;fpf;$w;wpidg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;
tzpf tq;fp
ghJfhg;G
7tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
eilKiwf; fzf;nfhd;iwg; NgZtjdhy; fpilf;Fk; mD$yq;fs;:
fhNrhiyfs; %yk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; nra;tjhdJ fhRf; nfhLf;fy;
thq;fy;fis tpl kpfg; ghJfhg;ghdjhfTk;> ,yFthdjhfTk;> Neuj;ijr;
Nrkpf;ff;$bajhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.
gy;NtW tifapyhd tUkhdq;fs;> Vida ngWtdTfs; Nghd;w fpilg;gdT
fis Neubahf eilKiwf; fzf;fpy; nryT itf;f KbAk;. ,it Neub
itg;Gf;fs; vd miof;fg;gLk;.
tzpfnkhd;wpdhy; nrYj;j Ntz;ba fld; jtizf; fl;lzk;> fhg;GWjpj;
jtizf; fl;lzk; Nghd;wdtw;iw tq;fpapd; eilKiwf; fzf;fpD}lhf
nrYj;Jk;gb eilKiwf; fzf;Fupikahsd; tq;fpf;F mwptpj;jy; toq;f
KbAk;. ,it epiyapaw; fl;lisfspd; %ykhd nfhLg;gdTfs; vd;wiof;
fg;gLk;.
eilKiwf; fzf;fpy; Nghjpastpyhd gzk; ,y;yhj re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; $l
tq;fpapd; mDkjp ngw;Wf; fhNrhiyfSf;fhd nfhLg;gdTfisr; nra;a
KbAk;. ,t;trjpahdJ FWq;fhyf; flndhd;whFk;. mj;Jld; ,J tq;fp
Nkyjpfg; gw;W vdf; fUjg;gLk;.
Fwpj;j fhy ,Wjpapd;NghJ eilKiwf; fzf;fpD}lhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fspd; RUf;fnkhd;W eilKiwf; fzf;FupikahsUf;Ff;
fpilf;fg; ngWk;. mjid> tq;fpf;$w;W (tq;fpf; fzf;F tpguk;) vd miog;gu;.
tq;fpf; $w;W fpilj;jjd; gpd;du; fzf;FupikahsDf;F fhR Kfhikj;Jtk;
nra;tjw;fhd jpwd; fpilf;Fk;.
eilKiwf;fzf;F:
fhNrhiyfs; %yk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; nra;tjw;fhf tzpf tq;fpfspy;
Muk;gpf;fg;gLk; fzf;F eilKiwf; fzf;F MFk;. ,jw;fhf> tzpf tq;fpfs;
eilKiwf; fzf;Fupikahsu;fSf;Ff; fhNrhiyg; Gj;jfj;jpid toq;Ffpd;wd.
tq;fpf;$w;W tpguk; (tq;fpf;fzf;F tpguk;):
Fwpj;j fhy ,Wjpapy; (khjj;jpw;nfhU Kiw) tq;fpapdhy; eilKiwf;
fzf;FupikahsUf;F> mtuJ fzf;Fj; njhlu;ghf vOj;J %yk; mDg;gg;gLk;
jfty;fspd; RUf;fNk ~tq;fpf;$w;W| vd miof;fg;gLk;.
fhNrhiy:
“eilKiwf; fzf;FupikahsnuhUtu; Fwpj;j gzj; njhifapid Fwpj;j
egnuhUtUf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;gb tzpf tq;fpf;F toq;Fk; vOj;J %ykhd
fl;lisNa” fhNrhiyahFk;.
fhNrhiyAld; njhlu;GWk; gpuptpdu;fs;:
tiugtu; / fl;lis ,Lgtu; : eilKiwf; fzf;Fupikahsd;
nrYj;Jgtu; / fl;lisiag; ngWgtu; : Fwpj;j tzpf tq;fp
gzk; ngWgtu; : fhNrhiyapy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s
ngaiuAila egu; / fhtp
8tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
fhNrhiyia tiujy;:
fhNrhiyia tiuAk;NghJ Fwpj;j epge;jidfs; gpd;gw;wg;glhjpUg;gpd; Fwpj;j
fhNrhiyahdJ nfhLg;gditr; nrYj;Jtjw;Fupa fhNrhiynahd;whff;
fUjg;glkhl;lhJ.
me;epge;jidfshtd:
tq;fpapy; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;l khjpupf; ifnahg;gj;Jld; nghUe;jf;$bathW
xg;gkpLjy;.
fzf;Fupikahsu; Fwpj;j njhifapid ,yf;fj;jpYk; vOj;jpYk; vOJjy;.
njspthd vOj;Jf;fspy; vOJjy; / jl;lr;R nra;jy;. rupahd Kiwapy; jpfjp ,ly;.
jpUj;jq;fSf;Ff; ifnahg;gkply;.
fhNrhiynahd;wpy; FWf;Ff; Nfhbly;:
fhNrhiyapd; Kd;Gwj;jpy; ,U rkhe;jukhd NfhLfis tiujy; “FWf;Ff;Nfhbly;” vdg;gLk;. rpy fhNrhiyfspy; FWf;Ff; NfhLfs; mr;rplg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
FWf;Ff; Nfhblg;gl;l fhNrhiynahd;iwf; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; nra;tjw;F tq;fpf;
fzf;nfhd;W mtrpakhdJ vd;gjdhy; Nkhrbfis ,opTgLj;jpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
nfhLf;fy; thq;fypd; ghJfhg;Gf; fUjp fhNrhiyapy; Nfhblg;glyhk;. FWf;Ff;
Nfhbly; Kiwfs; ,U tifg;gLk;. mitahtd>
nghJKiwf; FWf;Ff;Nfhbly;:
fhNrhiyapd; Kd;Gwj;jpy; ,U rkhe;juf; NfhLfs; tiujy; nghJKiwf;
FWf;Ff;NfhblyhFk;. ,jidg; gpd;tUkhW fhNrhiyapd; Kd;Gwj;jpy;
fhl;l KbAk;.
rpwg;G Kiwf; FWf;Ff;Nfhbly;:
fhNrhiynahd;wpd; Kd;Gwj;jpy; ,U rkhe;juf; NfhLfs; my;yJ NfhL
fspd;wp tzpf tq;fpnahd;wpd; ngaiuf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Ljy; rpwg;G
Kiwf; FWf;Ff; NfhblyhFk;. ,jidg; gpd;tUk; Kiwapy; fhl;lyhk;.
my;yJ
ifkhwj;jfhjJ
.
ngWNthd;
f/F kl;Lk;
,yq;i
f tq
;fp
,yq;i
f tq
;fp
9tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
fhNrhiyapy; Gwf;Fwpg;gply;:
fhNrhiyapd; Kd;Gwj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s ngaiu mt;thNw fhNrhiyapd;
gpd;gf;fj;jpw;Fupa gFjpapy; vOJtJ Gwf; Fwpg;gply; vd;wiof;fg;gLk;.
fhNrhiyia ,d;ndhUtUf;Ff; ifkhw;wk; nra;Ak;NghJ my;yJ tq;fpapy;
itg;gpypLk;NghJ fhNrhiyapy; Gwf;Fwpg;gpLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;: ,j; Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;Fupa ghl myfpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; NghJ gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fis
khztu;fSf;F toq;fpr; rpW fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gq;fs;.
- jdpegnuhUtu; Muk;gpf;ff;$ba fzf;F tiffs; vit?
- tzpfu;fSf;F kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd fzf;F tiffs; vit?
- mf;fzf;Ffs; %yk; tzpfu;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; mD$yq;fs; vit?
- mf;fzf;fpD}lhf vt;thW nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; nra;a KbAk; vd;gijf;
Fwpg;gpLf.
juk; 11 ,w;Fupa ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghlmyif ed;whf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjpy;
khztu;fis <LgLj;jTk;.
,q;F gpd;tUk; ghl tplaq;fspy; $ba ftdk; nrYj;JkhW njupag;gLj;jTk;.
jpfjp
gzk; ngWgtu;
ngWkhdk; / njhif
fl;lisiag; ngWgtu;
fl;lisapLgtupd; ifnahg;gk;
fhNrhiyapd; ,yf;fk;
tq;fpapd; ,yf;fk;
tq;fpf;fpisapd; ,yf;fk;
eilKiwf; fzf;F ,yf;fk;
FWf;Ff; Nfhbly; (nghJ> rpwg;G)
fhe;j ikf; FwpaPl;L epuy;
mbapjo;
Gwf;Fwpg;gply;
ngupJgLj;jg;gl;l khjpupf; fhNrhiynahd;wpid (mb ,jOld;) jahupj;Jf;
fUk;gyifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jTk;. ,izg;G 6.2.1 ,d; tpla Ma;tpidiaAk;
fUk;gyifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp mt;tpla Ma;tpid midj;J khztu;fSf;Fk;
Gyg;gLkhW Kd;itf;fTk;.
,izg;G 6.2.2y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s khztu; mwpTWj;jy; gj;jpuj;ij khztu;
fSf;F toq;fp mjd; tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd Neuj;ijg;
ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fTk;.
gpd;tUk; MNyhridfisg; gpd;gw;wp> nraw;ghl;by; khztu;fis <Lglr; nra;aTk;.
mwpTWj;jy; gj;jpuj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s tpdhf;fs; xt;nthd;iwAk; xUtUf;F
xU tpdh tPjk; Kd;itj;J mjw;Fupa tpilapid fUk;gyifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;
gl;bUf;Fk; fhNrhiyapy; vOJtjpy; (g+uzg;gLj;Jtjpy;) <LgLj;jTk;. khztu;
vz;zpf;ifiag; nghWj;Jg; nghUj;jkhdthW fhNrhiyiag; g+uzg;gLj;Jtjpy;
khztu;fis <LgLj;jTk;.
10tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
khztu;fs; midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpilaspj;jjd; gpd;du; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs;
njhlu;ghff; fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.
fhNrhiynahd;wpy; fhzg;gLk; Kf;fpakhd gFjpfs;
fhNrhiyAld; njhlu;Gila gpuptpdu;fs;
fhNrhiyia tiujy; / vOJjy;
fhNrhiyapy; Gwf;Fwpg;gply;
fhNrhiyapy; FWf;Ff; Nfhbly;
,izg;G 6.2.1:
fkyehjd; gpugy;akhd tpahghupnahUtuhthu;. mtu; 2014.05.30 Mk;
jpfjpapy; nfhs;tdT nra;j &gh 50 000 ngWkjpahd nghUl;fs;
njhlu;ghf tpkYf;F 200125 Mk; ,yf;fk; nfhz;l ,yq;if tq;fpf;
fhNrhiynahd;wpD}lhf mj;njhifapidr; nrYj;JkhW jdJ
,ypfpjuhd tpy;gl;bw;F fl;lisapl;lhu;. NkYk; tpky; nrYj;j
Ntz;ba nfhLg;gdnthd;wpw; fhf ,f;fhNrhiyia NtnwhUtUf;Fr;
rhl;Ljy; nra;tjw;fhd NjitAk; tpkYf;F ,Ue;jJ.
,yq;if tq;fp ,y. 7010 fpis ,y. 055
,izg;G 6.2.2:
khztu; mwpTWj;jy; gj;jpuk;
fUk;gyifapy; fhzg;gLk; tpla Ma;tpid ed;whf thrpf;fTk;.
mt;tpla Ma;tpid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fis ed;F
,dq;fz;L tpilaspf;fTk;.
ngWgtupd; ngaupid vOjTk;.
gzj;njhifia ,yf;fj;jpy; vOjTk;.
gzj;njhifia vOj;jpy; vOjTk;.
gpwg;gpg;gtupd; / fl;lis ,Lgtupd; ifnahg;gj;ij ,lTk;.
fhe;j ik epuiy milahsg;gLj;jTk;.
fhNrhiy toq;fpa jpfjpiaf; Fwpf;fTk;.
tq;fpapd; ,yf;fj;ij ,dq;fz;L mjid milahskplTk;.
tq;fpf; fpisapd; ,yf;fj;ijf; Fwpf;fTk;.
fhNrhiyapd; ,yf;fj;ijf; Fwpf;fTk;.
fhNrhiyapdJ mbapjiog; g+uzg;gLj;jTk;.
ngWgtu; ahu; vd;gijf; Fwpf;fTk;.
,f;fhNrhiyapy; rhjhuz Kiwapyhd FWf;Ff; Nfhblnyhd;iw ,lTk;.
mjid tpNrl FWf;Ff; Nfhblyhf khw;wTk;.
,f;fhNrhiy gpwpnjhU egUf;Ff; rhl;Ljy; nra;a Ntz;ba Njit Vw;gl;
Ls;sJ. ,jw;fhd Gwf;Fwpg;gplnyhd;iwr; nra;aTk;.
cq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;fg; ngw;w tpdhf;fSf;Fupa tpilapid fUk;gyifapy;
fhzg;gLk; fhNrhiyapy; Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; vOjpf; fhl;Lq;fs;.
Vida khztu;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilapidg; g+uzg;gLj;Jk;/vOJk; KiwahdJ rupahdjh vd;gjid Nkw;ghu;it nra;aTk;. tpilahdJ
gpioahapd; mjidj; jpUj;Jk; Kiwapid ePq;fs; Kd;itf;fTk;.
11tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.
fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;: eilKiwf; fzf;nfhd;iwg; NgZtjd; %yk; fzf;FupikahsUf;Ff; fpilf;Fk;
mD$yq;fs; Ie;jpid vOjpf; fhl;Lthu;.
fhNrhiynahd;iw tq;fpapy; itg;Gr; nra;tjw;fhd gbKiwfisf; fhl;Lthu;.
toq;fg;gl;l khjpupf; fhNrhiyf;fikag; gpd;tUk; Ie;J jfty;fis khjpup
fshff; nfhs;thu;.
nghUj;jkhd jpfjpnahd;iwf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
ngWgtupd; ngau; (fUJNfhshff; nfhs;sg;gl;ltupd; ngaiu) vOJthu;.
njhifia vOj;jpYk;> ,yf;fj;jpYk; vOJthu; (fUJNfhs; ngWkhdk;).
njspthf vOJjYk;> gpwg;gpg;gtupd; / fl;lis ,Lgtupd; ifnahg;gj;ij
,Lthu; (fUJNfhs; ifnahg;gk;).
fhe;j ikf; FwpaPl;L epuiy milahsg;gLj;Jthu;.
fhNrhiy ngWgtiu milahsg;gLj;Jthu;.
tq;fpapd; ,yf;fk; my;yJ toq;fg;gl;l ,yf;fj;ij vOJthu;.
mbapjiog; g+uzg;gLj;Jthu;.
nghJ my;yJ rpwg;G FWf;Ff; Nfhbly;
Gwf;Fwpg;gply;
12tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
Nju;r;rp 6.0 : Jizr;Nritfspd; cjtpapidg; ngw;W tzpf
eltbf;iffisr; nraw;gLj;Jk; Kiw njhlu;ghd
mbg;gilawptpidf; fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.3 : fhg;GWjpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidf; Nfl;lwpe;J ,lu;
Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;fhd mbg;gilfis xOq;fikj;Jf;
nfhs;thu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 03
fw;ww; NgWfs; : ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
fhg;GWjp vz;zf;fUtpidj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
MAl; fhg;GWjpf;Fk; nrhj;J / Mjd fhg;GWjpf;Fk; ,ilapy; fhzg;gLk;
NtWghLfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
fhg;GWjpj; jj;Jtq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:
gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)
fhg;GWjp
MAs; fhg;GWjp nrhj;J /Mjd fhg;GWjp
cau;ek;gpf;if
fhg;GWjpnra;Ak; cupik
,og;gPl;Lj;jj;Jtk;
fhg;GWjpj; jj;Jtq;fs;
fhg;GWjpapd;Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
fhg;GWjpiatpsf;Fjy;
fhg;GWj;JNthUf;Fk;fhg;GWjp nra;gtUf;Fk;,ilapy; fhzg;gLk;Kf;fpa jfty;fisntspg;gLj;Jjy;.
fhg;GWjpnra;tjw;Fs;s
rl;luPjpahd cupik
,lk;ngw;wNrjj;jpw;fhd
,og;gPl;bid khj;jpuk;nrYj;Jjy;
13tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
fhg;GWjp:
,lu;fis xd;wpizj;J xU gpuptpdUf;F Vw;gLk; ,og;gpid / el;lj;jpid
xUikg;ghl;Lld; gfpu;e;J nfhs;tNj fhg;GWjpahFk;.
MAs;:
capUf;F Vw;glf;$ba gy;NtW ,lu;fs; njhlu;gpy; fhzg;gLk; fhg;GWjp
tifNa MAs; fhg;GWjpahFk;.
nrhj;J (Mjd):
nrhj;Jf;fSf;F Vw;gLk; ,lu;fspd; ,og;Gf;fSf;fhd fhg;GWjp nrhj;Jf;
fhg;GWjpahFk;.
fhg;GWjpj; jj;Jtq;fs;
fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jnkhd;iw eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;NghJ gpd;tUk; jj;Jtq;fs;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd.
fhg;GWjp nra;Ak; cupik:
capUf;F my;yJ nrhj;njhd;wpw;Ff; fhg;GWjp nra;tjw;F fhzg;gLk; rl;luPjpahd
cupikiaNa ,q;F ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gLk;. MAspd; my;yJ nrhj;jpd;
epiyg;Gj; jd;ikapdhy; nghUshjhu mD$ynkhd;Wk;> mit mopTWtjdhy;
nghUshjhug; gpujp$ynkhd;Wk; Vw;glf;$bajhf ,Ug;gNj ,q;F Fwpg;gplg;
gLfpd;wJ.
cr;r ek;gpf;if:
fhg;GWjp njhlu;ghf ,U gpuptpdu;fSk; fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jj;jpw;Fupa Kf;fpakhdit
vdf; fUjf;$ba midj;J jfty;fisAk; xspTkiwtpd;wp ntspg;gLj;Jjy;
Ntz;Lnkd;gJ ,jd; fUj;jhFk;.
,og;gPl;Lj; jj;Jtk;:
nrhj;Jf;fSf;F ,og;gPL Vw;gLk; re;ju;g;gj;jpd;NghJ> nrhj;jpid Kd;gpUe;j
epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtjw;Fupa ,og;gPNl toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd;gJ ,j;jj;J
tj;jpd; fUj;jhFk;. (,j;jj;JtkhdJ MAl; fhg;GWjpf;Fk; nghUj;jkw;wjhFk;.)
(ftdpf;fTk;: f.ngh.j. (rh.j) ,y; ,k;%d;W jj;Jtq;fs; kl;Lk; fye;Jiuahlg;
gLk;.)
nrhj;Jf; fhg;GWjp (Mjd)
fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jj;jpd; ngWkhd
khdJ nrhj;Jf;fspd; ngWkhdj;
jpw;fika jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;.
fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jj;ijf; ifkhw;wk;
nra;a KbAk;.
,og;G Vw;gl;lhy; kl;LNk Vw;gl;l
,og;gPl;bw;fika ,og;gPl;Lj; njhif
toq;fg;gLk;.
,og;g Pl ;Lj ; jj;Jtk; ,q;F
nry;thf;Fg; ngWk;.
Vida mD$yq;fSf;F cupik
fpilahJ.
FWfpa fhyk; nfhz;lJ.
MAs; fhg;GWjp
fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jj;jpd; ngWkhd
khdJ jdpegupd; tpUg;gk;> ,aYik
apdbg;gilapy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;.
fhg;GWjp xg;ge;jj;ijf; ifkhw;w
,ayhJ.
,og;G Vw;gl;lhYk;> Vw;glhtpbDk;
,og;gPlhdJ toq;fg;gLk;.
,og;gPl;Lj; jj;Jtj;jpw;F cl;glh
jpUf;Fk;
Vida mD$yq;fisAk; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;s KbAk; (cgfhug;gzk;).
ePz;l fhyj;jpw;FupaJ.
14tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;: ,j; Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;Fupa ghl myfpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk;NghJ NrjKw;w
thfdq;fisf; nfhz;l glf; fhl;rpfisAk;> tzpfnkhd;W jPapdhy;
mopTWk; fhl;rpnahd;wpidAk; tFg;giwapy; Kd;itf;fTk;.
,q;F tzpfq;fSf;F Vw;gLk; ,t;thwhd ,lu;fSf;F Kfq; nfhLg;gjw;fhf
vLf;ff;$ba topKiwfis khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahlTk;.
gpd;du;> gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;gpy; RUf;fkhd tpsf;fnkhd;iw toq;fTk;.
fhg;GWjp
fhg;GWjpj; jj;Jtq;fs;
nrhj;Jf; fhg;GWjp
MAs; fhg;GWjp
,izg;G 6.3.1y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l mwpTWj;jy; gbtj;ij khztu; FOf;fSf;Fg;
ngw;Wf; nfhLj;J nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.
mwpTWj;jy; gbtj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s $w;Wf;fSf;F mika ed;whf
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;SkhW khztu;fis thrpg;gpy; <LgLj;jTk;.
gpd;du; gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fis khztu;fSf;F toq;fTk;.
cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j mwpTWj;jy; gj;jpuj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s $w;Wf;fs;
MAs; ,lnuhd;wh my;yJ nrhj;J ,lnuhd;wh vd;gjid Fwpg;gpl;Lf;
fhl;lTk;.
juk; 11 ,d; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghlmyfpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s tplaq;fsp
D}lhf NkNy ePq;fs; tifg;gLj;jpa MAs;> nrhj;Jf; fhg;GWjpfSf;Fupa
fhg;GWjpj; jj;Jtq;fisg; ngaupl;Lf; fhl;Lq;fs;.
MAs;> nrhj;Jf; fhg;GWjpfspy; fhzg;gLk; NtWghLfisg; gpd;tUk; Kiwapy;
xg;gpLtjpy; <LgLj;jTk;.
MAs; fhg;GWjp nrhj;Jf; fhg;GWjp
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
15tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
,izg;G 6.3.1:
mwpTWj;jy; gj;jpuk;
jpBnud Vw;gl;l jPapdhy; efuj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l
ngUk;ghyhd tzpf epiyaq;fSf;Fg; ghupa Nrjk;.
mjpf kio fhuzkhf tpisepyq;fSf;Fk;
tPLfSf;Fk; ghupa Nrjk;.
,b> kpd;dy; fhuzkhf
,U egu;fs; capupoe;Js;sdu;.
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.
; gy;NtW fhg;GWjpf; fk;gdpfs; %yk; toq;fg;gl;l jftw; gbtq;fs;.
fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;: fhg;GWjp vz;zf;fUtpidj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
fhg;GWjpapd; tiffisg; ngaupl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.
fhg;GWjpf; jj;Jtq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.
16tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
Nju;r;rp 6.0 : Jizr;Nritfspd; cjtpapidg; ngw;W tzpf
eltbf;iffisr; nraw;gLj;Jk; Kiw njhlu;ghd
mbg;gilawptpidf; fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.4 : njhlu;ghlypd; mbg;gilg; gjq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf;
Nfl;lwpe;J gad;ghl;bw;Fj; Njitahd Kd;Maj;jj;ij
cUthf;fpf; nfhs;thu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 03
fw;ww; NgWfs; : ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
njhlu;ghly; vz;zf;fUit tpsf;Fthu;.
njhlu;ghly; ,lk;ngWk; Kiwapidg; ngaupl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.
njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
njhlu;ghlw; nrad;Kiwfisg; gl;baw;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
njhlu;ghly; Kiwnahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak; nghOJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl
Ntz;ba tplaq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:
gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
,jd; vz;zf;fUg;glk; mLj;j gf;fj;jpy; cs;sJ.
17tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)
njhlu;ghly;
tifg;gLj;Jk; Kiw mbg;gilfs;
nra;jp
Jyq;fy;
mDg;Ggtu;
ngWgtu;
Clfk;
mf / cs;sf
Gw / ntspaf
Clfk;
rkpf;iQfSk;FwpaPLfSk;
tha;nkhop%yk;
vOj;J%yk;
,yj;jpudpay;
Kiwfs; Kiwfs; Kiwfs; Kiwfs;
- $l;lq;fs;- fye;Jiuahly;- nrayku;T- fUj;juq;F
- xypngUf;fp- fl;Gy nrtpg;Gyr; rhjdq;fs;- njhiyNgrp- vz;khdg; gjhif- kpd;dQ;ry; (Email)- ,d;lnfhk; (Inter Com)
- fbjk;- mwptpj;jy;- mwptpj;jy; gyif- mwpf;iffs;- Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fs;
- tPjpr; rkpf;iQfs;- gy;NtW milahsq;fSk; FwpaPLfSk;
Clfk;
rkpf;iQfSk;FwpaPLfSk;
tha;nkhop%yk;
vOj;J%yk;
,yj;jpudpay;
Kiwfs; Kiwfs; Kiwfs;Kiwfs;
- njhiyefy; (Fax)- vz;khdg; gjhif- ,izak;- kpd;mQ;ry; (Email)- thndhyp- njhiyf;fhl;rp- KfE}y; (Face book)- xypngUf;fp- njhiyNgrp
- $l;lq;fs;- fye;Jiuahly;- nrayku;T- fUj;juq;F
- fbjk;- Rw;wwpf;iffs;- Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fs;- Rtnuhl;b
- gjhif- tPjpr; rkpf;iQfs;- nghjpaply; Fwpfs;
kPstypAWj;jy;
18tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
njhlu;ghly;:
nra;jpfs;> jfty;fs;> fUj;Jf;fs; vd;gd ,U gpuptpdu;fSf;fpilapy; ahNjDk;
Clfnkhd;wpd; %yk; gupkhw;wk; nra;ag;gLjNy njhlu;ghlyhFk;.
Kiwfs;:cs;sfj; njhlu;ghly;:
epWtdj;jpYs;s gy;NtW Clfq;fspD}lhf ,lk;ngWk; nra;jpfs;> jfty;fs;>
fUj;Jf;fs; vd;gd ,U gpuptpdu;fSf;fpilNa gupkhw;wg;gLjy; cs;sfj;
njhlu;ghlyhFk;.
ntspafj; njhlu;ghly;:
egnuhUtu; my;yJ epWtdnkhd;W NtNwhu; egUld; my;yJ epWtdnkhd;Wld;
nra;jp> jfty;. fUj;Jf;fs; vd;gdtw;iwg; gupkhw;wk; nra;jy; ntspafj;
njhlu;ghliyf; Fwpf;Fk;.
njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fs; Kiwfs;
tha;nkhop %yk; $l;lq;fs;> fye;Jiuahly;
vOj;J %yk; fbjk;. mwptpj;jy;> Rw;wwpf;if
,yj;jpudpay; njhiyf;fhl;rp> thndhyp> xypngUf;fp>
fzpdp> tiyaikg;G> njhiyNgrp
rkpf;iQfSk; FwpaPLfSk; tPjpr; rkpf;iQfs;> nghjpaply; Fwpfs;
njhlu;ghly; nrad;Kiwapd; mbg;gilfs; (%yq;fs;):
nra;jp mDg;Ggtu;
nra;jp
Clfk;
nra;jpiag; ngWgtu;
Jyq;fiy ntspg;gLj;Jjy;
kPstypAWj;jy;
njhlu;ghly; Kiwnahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak; nghOJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sNtz;ba tplaq;fs;:
rupahdJ / nghUj;jkhdJ tpiuT
nryT
njspthd jd;ik
gad;gLj;Jtjd; ,yFj;jd;ik
tpsf;fpf; nfhs;sf;$baJ / Gupe;J nfhs;sf;$ba jd;ik
nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;: ,j; Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;Fupa ghl myfpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; nghOJ ghlrhiyapy;
nra;jpfs;> fUj;Jf;fisg; gupkhw;wk; nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
Kiwfis khztu;fsplk; Nfl;lwpe;J mtw;iw cs;sf> ntspaf vd tifg;
gLj;j KbAnkdTk;> mj;Jld; vOj;J> tha;nkhop %yk; vd;wthWk; tifg;gLj;j
KbAk; vdTk; tpsf;fTk;.
gpd;du; njhlu;ghly; vd;why; vd;d vd;gJ njhlu;ghfr; RUf;fkhd tpsf;fj;ij
toq;fTk;.
njhlu;ghlyhdJ xU nrad;KiwahFk; vd;gjidj; njspTgLj;jTk;
19tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
,izg;G 6.4.1y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s khjpup ml;ltizia khztu;fs; /FOf;fSf;F toq;fp> juk; 11w;fhd ghlE}ypy; Fwpj;j ghlmyfpd; tpsf;fj;ijg;
ngwr; nra;aTk;.
tpilaspf;f Ntz;ba ml;ltizapy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpdhf;fSf;F tpil
aspf;fr; nra;tjpy; <LgLj;jTk;.
khztu;fspdhy; toq;fg;gLk; tpilfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gpd;tUk;
ghl tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;ij toq;fTk;.
njhlu;ghliy mwpKfk; nra;jy;.
njhlu;ghly; KiwfisAk; njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fisAk; ngaupl;Lf; $Wjy;.
njhlu;ghlypd; mbg;gilfis njhlu;ghly; nrad;KiwapD}lhf ntspg;gLj;
jpf; fhl;Ljy;.
njhlu;ghly; Kiwnahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak;nghOJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s
Ntz;ba tplaq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.
,izg;G 6.4.1:
tpilaspf;f Ntz;ba ml;ltiz
(1) ePq;fs; mwpe;j njhlu;ghly; Kiwfis ,aYkhdstpy; vOjpf; fhl;lTk;.
(2) mj; njhlu;ghly; Kiwfis tzpfnkhd;wpid ikakhff; nfhz;L gpd;tUk;
,U Kiwfshf NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;l KbAk;.
(3) KjyhtJ ml;ltizapy; cs;slf;fg;gl;l njhlu;ghly; Kiwapid njhlu;
ghly; Clf mbg;gilapy; NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;lTk;.
cs;sf ntspaf
vOj;J tha;nkhop ,yj;jpudpay; rkpf;iQ / FwpaPL
20tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
(4) tzpfnkhd;W njhlu;ghly; Kiwnahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak;nghOJ ftdj;jpw;
nfhs;s Ntz;ba tplaq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;lTk;.
(5) gpd;tUk; tpla Ma;tpid ed;whf thrpf;fTk;.
2015.03.14 Me; jpfjp K.gfy; 10.30 kzpf;F fpis Kfhikahsu;fspd; $l;l
nkhd;W gpujhd kz;lgj;jpy; eilngWk; vdTk;> mjw;Ff; fl;lhakhf rKf
kspf;f Ntz;Lk; vdTk;> kpd;dQ;ry; (E-mail) %yk; fpis Kfhikahsu;fSf;F
fk;gdpapd; Kfhikahsuhy; mwpTWj;jy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Nkw;fhl;ba tpla Ma;tpd; %yk; njhlu;ghly; nrad;Kiwapy; cs;slq;Fk;
mbg;gilfSf;Fupa cjhuzq;fisr; rl;lfj;jpy; vOjpf; fhl;lTk;.
(1) (2) (3)
mDg;Ggtu; nra;jp Clfk;
(6) (5) (4)
kPstypAWj;jy; Jyq;fy; ngWgtu;
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.
---------------- ---------------- ----------------
----------------------------------------
21tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;: fPNo fhl;lg;gl;l njhlu;ghly; Kiwfs; cs;slf;fg;gl;l ml;ltizapd;
tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;W njhlu;ghly; Clfq;fs;> njhlu;ghly; Jiwfis ,dq;
fz;L () milahsj;ij ,Lq;fs;.
Clfk; Jiwfs;
njh. njhlu;ghly;
,y. Kiwfs;
01. fbjk;
02. fzpdp tiyg;gpd;dy;
03. $l;lq;fs;
04. njhiyf;fhl;rp
05. gjhif
06. thndhyp
07. kpd;dQ;ry;
08. fye;Jiuahly;
09. njhiyefy;
10. xypngUf;fp
11. Jz;Lg;gpuRuk;
12. njhiyNgrp
13. mwptpj;jy; gyif
14. Rw;wwpf;iffs;
15. Rtu;g; gj;jpupif
16. KfE}y; (Face book)
17. nrayku;T
18. vz;khdg; gjhif
19. fUj;juq;F
20. kzp
21. C.C.T.V (Gifg;glf;fUtp)
22. ,yj;jpudpay; kzp
njhlu;ghly; nrad;Kiwfis cjhuzq;fSld; Kd;itg;ghu;.
njhlu;ghly; Kiwnahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak; nghOJ ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;ba
tplaq;fs; Ie;jpidf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
vOj;J
tha;nkhop
,yj;jpud
pay;
rkpf;i
QfS
k;
FwpaPLfS
k;
mf
Gw
22tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
Nju;r;rp 6.0 : Jizr;Nritfspd; cjtpapidg; ngw;W tzpf
eltbf;iffisr; nraw;gLj;Jk; Kiw njhlu;ghd
mbg;gilawptpidf; fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.5 : Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nritfisg; gad;gLj;jp tzpf eltbf;if
fis tpidj;jpwdhf Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd mbg;gilj;
jpwd;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 03
fw;ww; NgWfs; : ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
Nghf;Ftuj;J vz;zf;fUit tpsf;Fthu;.
Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; mbg;gilfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
nghUj;jkhd Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwnahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak; nghOJ ftdj;jpw;
nfhs;s Ntz;ba fhuzpfisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.
gy;NtW Nghf;Ftuj;J KiwfsJ mD$yq;fs;> gpujp$yq;fisf; fye;Jiu
ahLthu;.
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:
gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)
Nghf;Ftuj;J:
ahNjDk; Xu; ,lj;jpypUe;J kw;Nwhu; ,lj;jpw;Fg; nghUl;fs; my;yJ gpuahzp
fis vLj;Jr; nry;Yk; nray;KiwNa Nghf;Ftuj;jhFk;.
Nghf;Ftuj;J
Nghf;Ftuj;jpd;mbg;gilfs;
Clfk; top tY jupg;gplk;
- Nkhl;lhu;- Giftz;b- fg;gy; ts;sk;- Mfha tpkhdk;
nghUj;jkhd Nghf;Ftuj;JKiwnahd;iwj; njupT
nra;jy;
fpuak; ,aysT
fpilg;gdT
- ngUe;njU- ePu; top- thd; top- Gifapujg; ghij
- krF vz;nza;- kpd;rhuk;- epyf;fup- thA
- tpkhd epiyak;- Gifapuj epiyak;- JiwKfk;- Ng&e;Jj; jupg;gplk;
ghJfhg;G
tpiuT
23tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; mbg;gilfs;:
Nghf;;Ftuj;J Kiwikia Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fj; Jizahf mikAk; fhuzpfNs
Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; mbg;gilfshFk;.
top / khu;f;fk;: Nghf;Ftuj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gpuahzg; ghijiaf;
Fwpf;Fk;.
Clfk;: gy;NtW Nghf;Ftuj;Jg; ghijfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rhjdj;
ijf; Fwpf;Fk;.
rf;jp / tY: Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rhjdj;jpw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rf;jpNa
tYthFk;.
jupg;gplk;: Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; rhjdq;fs; jupj;J epw;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;
gLk; ,lNk jupg;gplq;fshFk;.
nghUj;jkhd Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwnahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak;NghJ ftdj;jpw;
nfhs;s Ntz;ba fhuzpfs;:
nghUj;jg;ghL
nryT / fpuak; nfhs;ssT / ,aysT nghUj;jg;ghLk; ghJfhg;Gk;
Ntfk; / tpiuT
fpilg;gdTj;jd;ik
gy;NtW Nghf;Ftuj;J topKiwfspy; fhzg;gLk; mD$yq;fSk;
gpujp$yq;fSk;:
gpujp$yq;fs;
tPjpj; jilfs; Vw;glyhk;.
tPjp tpgj;Jf;fs; Vw;gl ,l
Kz;L.
#oy; khriltjpy;
jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;.
rpyNtisfspy; gpuahzk;
KbAk; tiuapy; gad;gLj;j
KbahJ ,Uf;Fk;.
Fwpj;j fhy ml;ltizf;
fika nraw;gLjy; fhuzkhf
gpuahzpfSf;F Njitahd
Neuj;jpy; gad;gLj;j Kbah
jpUj;jy;.
mD$yq;fs;
gpuahz KbT tiuapy; gad;
gLj;jf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.
ve;jnthU re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; gad;
gLj;jf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.
xNu jlitapy; mjpfstpyhd
nghUl;fisAk;> $bastp
yhd gpuahzpfisAk; nfhz;L
nry;y Kbjy;.
gpuahzpfSf;Fg; gy;NtW
trjpfs; fpilf;fpd;wd.
ePz;l J}ug; gpuahzpfSf;fhd
tpNrl trjpfs; fhzg;gly;.
nrytpdk; / fpuak; FiwT.
Nghf;Ftuj;JKiwfs;
(1) njU / tPjp
(2) Gifapuj tPjp
24tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;: khztu;fs; ghlrhiyf;Fr; r%fkspf;Fk; Kiwapidf; Nfl;lwptjd; %yk;
Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; mbg;gilfis ntspg;gLj;jTk;.
toq;fg;gl;Ls;s ,izg;G 6.5.1 ,y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s ehd;F glq;fisAk;
ehd;F FOf;fSf;Fg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;J> mit njhlu;gpy; rpwe;j tpsf;fj;ijg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;sr; nra;aTk;.
,izg;G 6.5.1 ,y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s glq;fspy; cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j
glj;jpw;F 1> 2> 3> 4 vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l ,lq;fspy; Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; mbg;gil
fis vOjp> mjw;Ff; fPo; cs;s ntw;wplj;jpw;F kpfg; nghUj;jkhd cjhuzq;
fis gpd;tUk; ml;ltizapypUe;J njupT nra;J Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;lTk;.
Mfha tpkhdk;> ts;sk;> cyq;F thD}u;jp> kUjhid Gifapuj epiyak;>Bry;> nfhOk;G - gJis Gifapuj tPjp> kpd;rf;jp> fg;gy;> fl;Lehaf;f - by;ypMfha tpkhdg; ghij> epyf;fup> nfhOk;G kj;jpa Ng&e;Jj; jupg;gplk;>`k;ghe;Njhl;ilj; JiwKfk;> fLtiy - khj;jiw mjpNtfg; ghij> ngw;Nwhy;>fl;Lehaf;f tpkhd epiyak;> nfhOk;G - jpUNfhzkiy flw; Nghf;Ftuj;Jg;ghij> kpd;rhuj; njhl&e;JJ.
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.
fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;: Nghf;Ftuj;J vDk; vz;zf;fUit tpsf;Fthu;.
Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; mbg;gilfisg; ngaupLthu;.
nghUj;jkhd Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwnahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak; nghOJ ftdj;jpw;
nfhs;s Ntz;ba fhuzpfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
gy;NtW Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwfspd; mD$yq;fs;> gpujp$yq;fisf; fye;Jiu
ahLthu;.
gpujp$yq;fs;
nghUl;fisf; nfhz;Lnry;tjw;F $ba fhyk;vLf;Fk;.
midj;Jr; re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; ,k;Kiwapidg;gad;gLj;j KbahJ.cjhuzk;: fly;fsw;wehLfspYk;> gpuNjrq;fspYk; ,k;Kiwiag;gad;gLj;j KbahJ.
$ba nryT nfhz;lJ. tpgj ;Jf ;fs ; Vw ;gLk ;
nghOJ Nrjq;fs; ghupastpy; Vw;gLk;.
$ba epiw nfhz;lnghUl;fisf; nfhz;Lnry;y Kbahik.
mD$yq;fs;
xNu jlitapy; mjpfnghUl;fisAk; $basTgpuahzpfisAk; nfhz;Lnry;y KbAk;.
fl;lzk; FiwT. ru;tNjr tpahghuj;jpw;Fj;
Jizahf mikjy;. $ba vil nfhz;l nghUl;
fisAk; nfhz;L nry;yKbAk;.
tpiuthdJ. gpuahzpfSf;F trjpfs;
mjpfkhff; fhzg;gly;. ru;tNjr tpahghuj;jpw;Fj;
Jizahf mikAk;.
Nghf;Ftuj;JKiwfs;
(3) fly; / ePu; topg; Nghf;Ftuj;J
(4) Mfha tpkhdg; ghij
25tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
,izg;G 6.5.1:
glk; A
glj;jpw;FnghUj;jkhdNghf;Ftuj;J cjhuzk;
%yq;fs;
1 -------------
2 --------------
3 --------------
4 --------------
26tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
glk; B
glj;jpw;FnghUj;jkhdNghf;Ftuj;J cjhuzk;
%yq;fs;
1 -------------
2 --------------
3 --------------
4 --------------
27tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
glj;jpw;FnghUj;jkhdNghf;Ftuj;J cjhuzk;
%yq;fs;
1 -------------
2 --------------
3 --------------
4 --------------
glk; C
28tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
glj;jpw;FnghUj;jkhdNghf;Ftuj;J cjhuzk;
%yq;fs;
1 -------------
2 --------------
3 --------------
4 --------------
glk; D
29tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
Nju;r;rp 6.0 : Jizr;Nritfspd; cjtpapidg; ngw;W tzpf
eltbf;iffisr; nraw;gLj;Jk; Kiw njhlu;ghd
mbg;gilawptpidf; fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.6 : cs;ehl;L ntspehl;L tpahghuq;fspy; <LgLk; gpuptpdu;
fshtjw;Fj; Njitahd mbg;gilj; jpwd;fis ntspg;
gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 04
fw;ww; NgWfs; : ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
cs;ehl;L tpahghuj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
rpy;yiw tpahghuj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
rpy;yiw tpahghuj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij njspTgLj;Jthu;.
nkhj;j tpahghuj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
nkhj;j tpahghuj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
nkhj;j tpahghuj;jpw;Fk;> rpy;yiw tpahghuj;jpw;Fkpilapyhd NtWghLfisf;
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
ntspehl;L tpahghuj;ijj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
ntspehl;L tpahghuj;jpw;fhd cjhuzq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:
gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)
cs;ehl;L tpahghuk;:
xU ehl;L vy;iyf;Fs; eilngWk; tpahghu eltbf;iffs; midj;Jk; ,t;tif
apDs; cs;slq;Fk;.
rpy;yiw tpahghuk;:
gz;Gfs;: ,Wjp Efu;Tf;fhf tpw;gid nra;jy; tpahghuk;.
nghUl;fs; rpwpastpy; Njitg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Efu;Nthdpd; Njitfs; epiwT nra;ag;gLk;.
Efu;NthDf;F ,yFthfg; nghUl;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.
tpahghuk;
cs;ehl;Lntspehl;L
nkhj;j rpy;yiw ,wf;Fkjp Vw;Wkjp
NtWghLfs;gz;Gfs; cjhuzq;fs; cjhuzq;fs;gz;Gfs;
30tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
re;ijahdJ Efu;NthDf;F kpf mz;kpj;jjhf ,Uf;Fk;. gy;NtW tifg; nghUl;fs; fhzg;gly;.
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;: Efu;NthDf;Fj; Njitahd ehshe;j Njitfisg; g+u;j;jp
nra;jy;.nkhj;j tpahghuk;:
kPs tpw;gid nra;Ak; Nehf;fpy; ,lk;ngWk; tpahghukhFk;.
nkhj;j tpahghuj;jpd; gz;Gfs;:
kPs tpw;gid nra;tjw;fhf nfhs;tdT nra;ag;gLk;.
ghupastpy; nfhs;tdT nra;jYk; tpw;gid nra;jYk;.
xg;gPl;L uPjpapy; myFf;fhd tpiy Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;.
njupT nra;ag;gl;l nghUspd; msTfSld; khj;jpuk; njhlu;GilaJ.
nkhj;j rpy;yiw tpahghuq;fSf;fpilapyhd NtWghLfs;:
ntspehl;L tpahghuk;:
xU ehL Vida ehLfSld; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; tpahghukhFk;. ,jid ,wf;Fkjp>
Vw;Wkjp vd ,Utifg;gLj;j KbAk;.
,yq;ifapd; Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjpg; nghUl;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fs;:
,wf;Fkjp Vw;Wkjp
czTg;nghUl;fs; ijf;fg;gl;l Mil
Mil tif (%yg;nghUs;) Njapiy
Nkhl;lhu; thfdk; ,wg;gu;
,ae;jpuk; Njq;fha;j; JUty;
kpd;rhu cgfuzq;fs; thridj; jputpaq;fs;
NfhJik kh ,uj;jpdf; fw;fs;
kUe;J tiffs; fhuPak;
ghy; kh lau; (Lotus)vz;nza;
eWkzg;nghUl;fs;
lau;
jq;fk;
gyif
rPnke;J
,Uk;G
rpy;yiw tpahguk;
,Wjp Efu;Tf;fhf tpw;gid ,lk;
ngWk;.
gy;NtW tiffisf; nfhz;l
nghUl;fs; fhzg;gLk;.
nghJthf tpiy mjpfkhf
,Uf;Fk;.
nghJthff; fopTfs; toq;fg;
gLtjpy;iy.
nkhj;j tpahghuk;
kPs; tpw;gid Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf
tpw;gid ,lk;ngWk;.
tiuaWf;fg;gl;ljhf nghUl;fspd;
tiffs; fhzg;gLk;.
nghJthf tpiy Fiwthff;
fhzg;gLk;.
nghJthf fopTfs; toq;fg;gLk;.
31tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;: Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; nghOJ ghlrhiyf; $l;LwTr; rq;f tpw;gid
afj;jpypUe;J khztnuhUtUf;F mg;gpahrg; Gj;jfq;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;jy;>
mr;rq;fj;jpdhy; mt;tg;gpahrg; Gj;jfq;fis tpw;gid nra;tjw;fhf cw;gj;jp
epWtdnkhd;wpypUe;J nfhs;tdT nra;jy; njhlu;ghd nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;
njhlu;gpy; khztu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisf; Nfl;lwpaTk;.
,jw;fika rpy;yiw> nkhj;j tpahghuq;fs; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fq;fis vspik
ahd Kiwapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jTk;. NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l mg;gpahrg; Gj;jfq;fis
ntspehnlhd;wpypUe;J ,wf;Fkjp nra;tjhapd; ntspehl;L tpahghuj;Jld;
njhlu;Gwf;$ba KiwfisAk; tpgupf;fTk;.
,izg;G 6.6.1 ,y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s khztu; MNyhridg; gbtj;ij
khztu;fSf;Ff; nfhLj;J nraw;ghl;by; mtu;fis <Lglr; nra;aTk;.
khztu;fsJ tpilfs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;ljd; gpd;du; ghl tplaq;fs; ntspg;gL
khW fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;Sq;fs;.
,izg;G 6.6.1:
khztu; MNyhridg; gj;jpuk;
(1) cq;fsJ gpuNjrj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; tpahghu epiyaq;fspd; ngau;g;gl;ba
nyhd;iwj; jahupAq;fs;.
(2) mt;tl;ltizapD}lhf nkhj;j> rpy;yiw tpw;gidafq;fshf mtw;iw
tifg;gLj;jp vOJq;fs;.
(3) mt;thW mtw;iw NtWgLj;jp ,dq;fhz;gjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gl;l mbg;gilfs;
vit vdf; $Wf.
(4) rpy;yiw> nkhj;j tpahghuq;fSf;Fupa gz;Gfisg; gl;baw;gLj;jTk;.
(5) Nkw;fhl;ba mtjhdpg;gpD}lhf rpy;yiw tpahghuj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidf;
Fwpg;gpLf.
(6) Nrfupf;fg;gl;l jfty;fis Kd;itg;gjw;F Maj;jg;gLj;jTk;.
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.
fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;: cs;ehl;L tpahghuk; vd;gij mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.
rpy;yiw tpahghuj;jpidj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
rpy;yiw tpahghuj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijf; fhl;Lthu;.
rpy;yiw tpahghuj;jpw;fhd %d;W cjhuzq;fis vOjpf; fhl;Lthu;.
nkhj;j tpahghuj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
nkhj;j> rpy;yiw tpahghuq;fSf;fpilapyhd NtWghLfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
ntspehl;L tpahghuj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
ntspehl;L tpahghuj;jpw;fhd ehd;F cjhuzq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
32tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
Nju;r;rp 7.0 : tzpf Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd ; mbg;gilj;jpwd;fis
tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;thu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.1 : Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilj; jpwd;fisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;thu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 03
fw;ww; NgWfs; : ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
Kfhikj;Jt vz;zf;fUf;fis vspikahf tpsf;Fthu;.
Kfhikj;Jtf; fUkq;fs; ehd;fpidg; ngaupLthu;.
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:
gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)
Kfhikj;Jtk;:
mikg;nghd;wpd; Nehf;fq;fis / ,yf;Ffis epiwNtw;Wk; nghUl;L tsq;fis
tpidj;jpwdhfTk; tpisjpwd; nfhz;ljhfTk; gad;gLj;Jk; El;g KiwNa
“Kfhikj;Jtk;” vdf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. tsq;fspypUe;J cr;r mstpyhd
gad;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tJ tpidj;jpwd; vdTk;> Fwpj;j fhyj;jpDs; Fiwe;j
nryTld; Nehf;fj;ij epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;sy; tpisjpwd; vdTk; Fwpg;gpl
KbAk;;.
Kfhikj;Jtf; fUkq;fs;:
jpl;lkply;
xOq;fikj;jy;
newpg;gLj;Jjy;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;
Kfhikj;Jtk;
fUkq;fs;
fl;Lg;gLj;jy;
xOq;fikj;jy;
newpg;gLj;Jjy;jpl;lkply;
mwpKfk;
33tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
jpl;lkply;:
mikg;nghd;wpd; Nehf;fq;fisj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;Fk;> mt;thW jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;l
me;Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fk; kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd nrad;Kiwiaj;
jPu;khdpj;jy; ~jpl;lkply;| vdg;gLk;. nghUj;jkhd jpl;lkplyhdJ vjpu;fhyj;Jld;
tzpf eltbf;iffs; njhlu;GgLk; Kiwapidr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
xOq;fikj;jy;:
mikg;nghd;wpd; Nehf;fq;fis ikakhff; nfhz;L mjid mile;J nfhs;Sk;
tifapy; mjpfhuq;fisAk;> nghWg;Gf;fisAk; xg;gilf;Fk; nrad;KiwNa
~xOq;fikj;jy;| vdf; $wg;gLk;. tzpf mikg;gpy; fhzg;gLk; tsq;fisf;
nfhz;L xt;nthU Nehf;fq;fisAk; ntw;wpfukhf mile;J nfhs;Sk; tifapy;
xJf;fPL nra;jy; xOq;fikj;jypy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.
newpg;gLj;Jjy;:
mikg;nghd;wpd; Nehf;fq;fis mile;J nfhs;Sk; tifapy; eltbf;iffis
Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ kdpj tsq;fisr; rupahd Kiwapy; <LgLj;Jk; nghUl;L
mjpfhuq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk; nrad;Kiw ~newpg;gLj;Jjy;| vdg;gLk;. mikg;gpd;
Nehf;fq;fis mile;J nfhs;tjw;F kdpj tsq;fisr; rupahd Kiwapy;
newpg;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk; vd ,q;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;:
mikg;nghd;wpdhy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;l ,yf;fpid mile;J nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njit
ahd eltbf;iffs; ,lk; ngWfpd;wjh vd;gijj; Njbawpe;J> mt;thW ,lk;
ngwhjpUg;gpd; mjw;Fj; Njitahd gupfhu eltbf;iffis xOq;fikj;Jf;
nfhs;Sk; nray;Kiwiaf; ~fl;Lg;gLj;jy;| vd vspikahff; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;:
,j; Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;fhd ghlmyfpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; nghOJ ,izg;G 7.1.1
,y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kfhikj;Jtk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Kiwapidf; fhl;Lk;
ml;ltizapD}lhf fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gq;fs;. mjD}lhf
Kfhikj;Jtf; fUkq;fs; njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;Jq;fs. ,jw;fhf
,izg;G 7.1.1 ,y; khztu;fSf;Fj; njspthf tpsq;FkhW ngupJgLj;jp
Kd;itf;fTk;.
ve;jnthU epWtdj;jpYk; my;yJ Ntiyj;jpl;lnkhd;wpYk; Kfhikj;JtkhdJ
nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ vdTk;> ,jw;fhf Kfhikj;Jtf; fUkq;fs; epiwNtw;wg;
gl Ntz;Lk; vdTk; khztu;fSf;F vspikahd Kiwapy; njspTgLj;jTk;.
,q;F ghlrhiynahd;wpd; tFg;giwapy;> tpQ;Qhd Ma;T $lj;jpy;> E}yfj;jpy;>
rpw;Wz;br;rhiyapy;> fy;tpr; Rw;Wyh kw;Wk; tpisahl;L tpoh Nghd;witfspy;
Kfhikj;Jtk; nraw;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jTk;. mNjNghd;W tzpfq;
fshd rpy;yiw tpahghu epiyak;> itj;jparhiy Nghd;wtw;wpYk; Kfhikj;
Jtk; ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ vd;gjid cWjpg;gLj;jTk;.
34tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
,jidg; gw;wp kpfTk; $ba tpsf;fj;jpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf ,izg;G
7.1.2 ,d; nraw;ghl;by; khztu;fis <LgLj;jr; nra;aTk;. ,q;F ghlrhiyf;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd tifapy; khztu;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; jiyg;Gf;fisj; jPu;khdpf;fTk;.
khztu;fspd; nraw;ghl;bd; gpd;du; FOf;fspd; jfty;fisg; nghUj;jkhd
tifapy; tFg;gpy; Kd;itg;gjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;fTk;.
khztu;fspd; Njbawpjy;fis kjpg;gPl;bw;Fl;gLj;Jq;fs;.
,izg;G 7.1.1:
ghlrhiynahd;wpd; Kfhikj;Jtf; fUkq;fs;.
(1) jpl;lkply;
ghlrhiynahd;wpd; Nehf;fq;fisj;
jPu;khdpj;jy;.
rpwe;j ew;gpuirfis cUthf;Fjy;.
ew;gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l
khztu;fis cUthf;Fjy;.
jiyikj;Jtj; jpwd; nfhz;l
khztu;fis cUthf;Fjy;.
#oiy Nerpf;Fk; khztu;fis
cUthf;Fjy;.
#oiy Nerpf;ff;$bajhd
mikg;gpy; ghlrhiyr; #oiy
cUthf;Fjy;.
Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhfg;
gad;gLj;jf;$ba kpfTk; nghUj;j
khd topKiwfisj; jPu;khdpj;jy;.
tpisahl;Lg;Nghl;b
fiy tpohf;fs;
rka epfo;r;rpfs;
rq;fq;fs;> fofq;fsJ Ntiyj;
jpl;lq;fs;
rpwe;j fw;wy; #oy;
r%fj;jpw;F rpwe;j MNyhrid
fis ngw;Wf; nfhLf;Fk;
Ntiyj; jpl;lq;fs;.
(2) xOq;fikj;jy;
Nkw;fhl;ba Nehf;fq;fis epiw
Ntw;Wtjw;fhf ghlrhiynahd;
wpy; ,Uf;Fk; gpuptpdu;fspilNa
fUkq;fs; gfpu;jy;. (gjtpfisg;
gpupj;J toq;fy;.)
mjpgu;
gFjpj;jiytu;
ghlj;jiytu;
ghlg; nghWg;ghrpupau;
khztu; jiytu;
tFg;Gj; jiytu;
vOJtpidQu;
mYtyf cjtpahsu;
fhtyhsp
mjpgu ;
cg mjpgu; cg mjpgu;
(mgptpUj;jp) (epUthfk;)
ghlj; jiytu; ghlj; jiytu;
khztu; jiytu; khztu; jiytu;
tFg;Gj; jiytu; tFg;Gj; jiytu;
35tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
,izg;G 7.1.2:
khztu;fSf;fhd MNyhridg; gj;jpuk;
gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gf;fspypUe;J cq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; jiyg;gpid ,dq;fhzTk;.
rpy;yiw tpw;gid epiyak;
nerTj; njhopw;rhiy
jdpahu; itj;jparhiy
ghlrhiy tFg;giw
cq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; jiyg;gpw;Nfw;wthW gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;fhd
jfty;fisf; Nfhitg;gLj;jTk;.
cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j jiyg;gpw;fhd ,lj;jpd; / epWtdj;jpdJ Nehf;fq;
fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;F kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd nrad;Kiwfisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf;
fhl;lTk;.
cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j epiyaj;jpd; / ,lj;jpd; fUkq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;
fhf mjpy; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;s gjtpfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
cq;fsJ epiyaj;jpd; / epWtdj;jpd; Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs; xOq;FKiwahf
vt;thW newpg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gjidf; Fwpg;gpLf.
Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs; rupahd Kiwapy; ,lk; ngWfpd;wjh? vd;gjid vt;thwhd
Kiwapy; Njbawpag;gLfpd;wJ.
jiyg;Gf;Nfw;wthW cq;fshy; Nfhitg;gLj;jg;gl;l jfty;fSf;fika
Kfhikj;Jtk; vdf; fUjg;gLtJ ahJ? vd;gjid RUf;fkhff; Fwpg;gpl;Lf;
fhl;lTk;.
(3) newpg;gLj;jy; xt;nthU gjtpfspdbg;gilapy;
xg;gilf;fg;gl;l Ntiyfis
rupahd Kiwapy; epiwNtw;wpf;
nfhs;tjw;Fj; jiyikj;J
tj;ij Vw;W eltbf;if Nkw;
nfhs;sy;.
mjpgu; %yk; ghlrhiyia
newpg;gLj;Jjy;.
Mrpupau; %yk; khztu;fis
newpg;gLj;Jjy;.
tFg;G khztu;fis tFg;Gj;
jiytu; %yk; newpg;gLj;Jjy;.
(4) fl;Lg;gLj;jy; ghlrhiynahd;wpy; Nehf;fq;
fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l topKiwfs;
rupahd Kiwapy; ,lk; ngW
fpd;wjh vd;gjidj; Njbawpjy;
fl;Lg;gLj;jy; %ykhf ,lk;ngWk;.
md;whl Rj;jpfupg;G eltbf;if
fs; ,lk;ngWfpwjh vd;gjid
khztu; jiytu;fs; %yk; Njb
awpjy;.
ghlrhiyapy; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;
nrad;Kiwfs; cupathW ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sjh vd;gjidg; guPl;irg;
ngWNgWfs; %yk; Njbawpjy;.
ghlrhiyapy; ,y;y tpisahl;L
tpoh rupahd Kiwapy; ,lk;
ngw;Ws;sjh vd;gjidj;
Njbawpjy;.
36tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
,izg;G 7.1.3:
jpl;lkply;:
mikg;nghd;wpdJ Nehf;fq;fisj; jPu;khdk; nra;tjw;Fk;> mtw;iw epiwNtw;wpf;
nfhs;tjw;F kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd topKiwfisj; jPu;khdk; nra;Ak; topKiwNa
jpllkply; vdf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. jpl;lkplyhdJ vjpu;fhyj;Jld; tzpf
eltbf;iffs; njhlu;GgLk; Kiwapid Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
xOq;fikj;jy;:
mikg;nghd;wpd; Nehf;fq;fis mile;J nfhs;Sk; tifapy; mikg;gpd; njhopy;
mjpfhuq;fs;> nghWg;Gf;fs; vd;gtw;iw toq;Fk; nrad;KiwNa xOq;fikg;G
vdf; $wg;gLk;. tzpf mikg;gpy; fhzg;gLk; tsq;fis mjdJ Nehf;fj;ij
mile;J nfhs;sf;$bathW xJf;Fjy; xOq;fikj;jy; Fwpj;J epw;fpd;wJ.
newpg;gLj;Jjy;:
mikg;nghd;wpd; Nehf;fq;fis mile;J nfhs;tjw;F khdpl tsq;fisr;
rupahd Kiwapy; <LgLj;Jk; nghUl;L mjpfhuq;fis cUthf;Fk; nrad;
KiwNa newpg;gLj;jy; vd miof;fg;gLk;.
fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;:
jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;l ,yf;Ffis mile;J nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd eltbf;iffs;
,lk;ngWfpd;wjh vd;gjidj; Njbawpe;J> mit cupa Kiwapy; ,lk; ngwh
jpUg;gpd; Njitahd fUkq;fis xOq;fikg;Gr; nra;Ak; nray; KiwNa
fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;.
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :
juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.
fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:
Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;why; vd;d vd;gJ njhlu;ghf RUf;fkhf tpsf;Fthu;.
Kfhikj;Jtf; fUkq;fisg; ngaupLthu;.
37tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
Nju;r;rp 7.0 : tzpf Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd ; mbg;gilj;jpwd;fis
tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;thu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.2 : re;ijg;gLj;jypd; mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghl;bidj; Njbawpthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 03
fw;ww; NgWfs; : ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
re;ijg;gLj;jy; vz;zf;fUtpid vspikahf tpsf;Fthu;.
re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyitf;Fupa cUg;gbfisg; ngaupLthu;.
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:
gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)
re;ijg;gLj;jy;
re;ijg;gLj;jy;:
kdpj Njitfs; tpUg;gq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf ngWkjpfSld; $bajhd
nghUnshd;iw cUthf;fp toq;Fk; nrad;KiwNa ~re;ijg;gLj;jy;| vdf;
Fwpg;gpl KbAk;.
kdpj Njitfs; tpUg;gq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhfg; nghUl;fisAk;>
NritfisAk;>
cw;gj;jpia mwpKfg;gLj;jy;>
tpiy Fwpj;jy;>
tpepNahfpj;jy;>
Nkk;gLj;jy;>
Nghd;w fUkq;fspd;NghJ tpUg;gq;fisr; rupahd Kiwapy;
g+u;j;jp nra;jy; re;ijg;gLj;jy; %ykhf ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.
midj;J tzpfq;fSk; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba kpf Kf;fpakhd vz;zf;fUthf
~re;ijg;gLj;jy;| mikfpd;wJ.
cw;gj;jpg;nghUs;
product
Nkk;gLj;jy;
Promotiontpiy
Price
,lk;
Place
re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyit
38tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyit:
,yf;Fr; re;ijapd; Njitfis epiwNtw;Wk; nghUl;Lr; rhjfkhd Jyq;fiy
Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; epWtdnkhd;wpdhy; fl;Lg;gLj;jf;$ba
khwpfsJ njhFjpnahd;wpd; fyitNa ~re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyit| vdf; Fwpg;gplg;
gLk;.
tpUg;gq;fis g+u;j;jp nra;J nfhs;tjw;F vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; Efu;Nthu;fisf; nfhz;l
njhFjpNa ~,yf;Fr; re;ij| vdf; fUjg;gLk;. re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyitahdJ
gpujhdkhf ehd;F gpupTfisf; nfhz;lJ.
cw;gj;jpg;nghUs;: Efug;gLtjd; / ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjd; %yk; Njitfs;>
tpUg;gq;fs; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; tifapy; re;ijapy; Kd;itf;
fg;gLk; ve;jnthd;Wk; cw;gj;jpg; nghUs; vd miof;fg;
gLk;. mjhtJ> mit nghUs; my;yJ Nrit vDk;
tifapy; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;l KbAk;.
tpiy: ahNjDk; nghUs; my;yJ Nritnahd;iwf; nfhs;tdT
nra;tjw;F Efu;Nthd; nrYj;Jtjw;F tpUk;Gk; gzg;
ngWkhdNk ~tpiy| vdf; Fwpf;fg;gLk;.
,lk;: nghUs; my;yJ Nritapid Efu;NthUf;Fk; ngw;Wf;
nfhLf;Fk; Kiw ~,lk;| vd miof;fg;gLk;.
Nkk;ghL: tzpfj;jpdhy; tpw;gidia mjpfupf;fr; nra;tjw;fhfg; gad;
gLj;jg;gLk; cgha topKiwfs; ~Nkk;gLj;jy;| vd;W
miof;fg;gLk;.
nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;:,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;ij epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf ghl myfpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; NghJ ,izg;G
7.2.1y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s ifalf;fj; njhiyNgrpapd; glj;jpid khztu;fSf;F
Kd;itj;Jf; fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gq;fs;.
fyitf;Fupa gpupTfs; njhlu;gpy; fye;Jiuahlg;gLk;. mjhtJ kdpj Njitfs;>
tpUg;gq;fis epiwNtw;Wk; nghOJ ,q;F re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyitahdJ kpf
Kf;fpakhdJ vdTk;> mjd; gpujhd gpupTfshf>
cw;gj;jpg;nghUs;>
tpiy>
,lk;>
Nkk;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk; vd;gjid njspTgLj;jTk;.
mjd; gpd;du; ,izg;G 7.2.3y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyitapid
Ak;> ,izg;G 7.2.2y; khztu; MNyhridg; gj;jpuj;jpidAk; khztu;fSf;F
toq;fp nraw;ghl;by; <Lglr; nra;aTk;.
khztu;fis ehd;F FOf;fshfg; gpupj;J (MrpupauJ tpUg;gj;jpdbg;gilapy;)
xU FOtpd; rhu;gpy; (ghy;khg; nghjp xd;W> Ngidnahd;W> Gj;jfnkhd;W)
Nghd;w cw;gj;jpfspy; xt;nthU nghUl;fis khztu;fSf;F toq;fTk;.
39tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
,izg;G 7.2.1:
,izg;G 7.2.2:
khztu; MNyhridg; gj;jpuk; re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyit njhlu;ghd glj;jpd; tpsf;fj;jpid njspthfg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;sTk;.
re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyitapy; cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j jiyg;Gj; njhlu;ghff;
fye;Jiuahlypy; <LglTk;.
cw;gj;jpg;nghUs;
tpiy
,lk;
Nkk;gLj;jy;
cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j nghUSf;Fupa re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyitapd; cq;fsJ
jiyg;Gj; njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;Fupa tpilfisf; Nfhitg;gLj;jTk;.
cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j jiyg;gpidr; RUf;fkhf mwpKfg;gLj;jTk;.
cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j jiyg;Gj; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj;j Ntz;ba
tplaq;fis re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyitg;glj;jpd; / ghlE}ypd; Jiznfhz;L
Kd;itf;fr; nra;aTk;.
cq;fshy; Nfhitg;gLj;jg;gl;l tplaq;fis Mrpupau; topfhl;bapdbg;gilapy;
tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fr; nra;aTk;.
,tw;iwr; re;ijg;gLj;J
tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;
gLk; cgha topKiwfs;
vit?
,jid Efu;NthDf;F
tpepNahfpg;gjw;fhfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
Kiwfs; vit?
,t;Tw;gj;jpg; nghUis
Efu;NthDf;F tpw;gid
nra;jy; njhlu;ghf
cw;gj;jpahsd; cw;gj;jp
nra;Ak;NghJ
ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s
Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;
vit?
,tw;wpw;F cw;gj;jp
ahsu; vt;thW tpiy
njhlu;ghd epge;jidfs;>
fopT> gzk; nrYj;j
Ntz;ba fhyk;>
Vida nfhLg;gdTfs;
vd;git ahit?
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9
0
40tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.
fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;: re;ijg;gLj;jy; vd;why; vd;d vd;gjidr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Fthu;.
re;ijg;gLj;jy; fyitapd; $Wfisg; ngaupLthu;.
,izg;G 7.2.3:
tpepNahfpj;jy;
miktplk;
,Ug;G
Nghf;Ftuj;J
cs;thq;fg;gLk; gFjp
tpsk;guk;
jdpahu; tpw;gidfs;
kf;fs; njhlu;G
tpw;gid Nkk;ghL
juk;
gz;Gfs;
tbtikg;G
nghjpaply;
tpahghuf;Fwp
msT
nghWg;G
Nritfs;
fopTfs;
nfhLg;gdTfs;
gl;bay; tpiy
fld; epge;jidfs;
nfhLg;gdTfs;
re;ijg;gLj;jy;fyit
Nkk;gLj;jy;
t piy
,lk;
cw;gj;j pg ;
nghUs;
41tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
Nju;r;rp 8.0 : tzpfnkhd;wpd; epjpf;$w;Wf;fisj; jahupg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 8.1 : tzpfnkhd;wpd; tpahghuf; fzf;fpidj; jahupg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 05
fw;ww; NgWfs; : ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
epjpf; $w;Wf;fisg; ngaupLthu;.
tpw;gidf; fpuaj;jpidf; fzpg;gpLthu;.
tpahghuf; fzf;ifj; jahupj;J nkhj;j ,yhgj;ij / el;lj;ijf; fzpg;gpLthu;.
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:
gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)
epjpf;$w;Wf;fs;:
fzf;fPl;Lr; nrad;Kiwapd; ,Wjp tpisthf epjpf; $w;Wf;fs; fhzg;gLk;.
,t;tifapy; tzpfnkhd;wpdhy; tUkhdf;$w;Wk; (tpahghu ,yhg el;lf; fzf;F)
epjpepiyikf;$w;Wk; (Ie;njhif) jahupf;fg;gLk;.
tpahghuf; fzf;F:
tzpfnkhd;wpd; Fwpj;j fzf;fPl;Lf; fhy ,Wjpapy; nkhj;j ,yhgk; / el;lj;jpidf;
fzpg;gpLtjw;fhf tpahghuf; fzf;Fj; jahupf;fg;gLk;. ,jpy; tpw;gid tUkhdq;
fSk;> ,t;tpw;gid tUkhdq; fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf Vw;gl;l tpw;gidf;
fpuaq;fSk; cs;slf;fg;gLk;.
epjpf;$w;Wf;fs;
tUkhdf;$w;W
Njwpa ,yhgk; / el;lk;
,yhg el;lf; fzf;F
epjp epiyikf;$w;W
>>
tpahghuf; fzf;F>
42tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
tpahghuf; fzf;nfhd;wpd; khjpup
......................................................... tzpfk;
.............. jpfjpapy; Kbtile;j tUlj;jpw;fhd tpahghuf; fzf;F
nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;: ,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;Fupa ghl myfpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk;nghOJ ,izg;G 8.1.1 ,y;
cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s tzpfj; jfty;fis khztu;fSf;F toq;fp ,U tzpfq;
fspd; ngWNgw;wpidf; fzpg;gpLtjw;fhff; fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iw elj;jTk;.
tzpfnkhd;wpd; nkhj;j ,yhgj;ij my;yJ el;lj;ijf; fzpg;gpLjYf;fhf
tzpfj;jpd; nraw;ghl;L tUkhdkhfpa tpw;gid tUkhdq;fSk;> mt;tpw;gidg;
nghUl;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;fhf Vw;gl;l fpuaq;fs; kl;Lk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
vd;gij khztu;fSf;Fj; njspTgLj;jTk;. ,q;F tpw;gidf; fpuaj;ijf;
fzpg;gpLk; Kiwapid khztu;fSf;F njspTgLj;jTk;;.
gpd;du; tzpfnkhd;wpy; ,lk;ngw;w nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fspD}lhf tpahghuf;
fzf;nfhd;iwj; jahupg;gjpy; khztu;fis <LgLj;jTk;. ,jw;fhf toq;fg;gl;Ls;s
,izg;G 8.1.2 ,y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s jfty;fspYk; MNyhridfspYk;
ftdk; nrYj;jTk;.
khztu;fspdhy; Nfhitg;gLj;jg;gl;l jfty;fs; rupah vd;gjid mwpe;J
nfhs;Sq;fs;. gpioahapd; mtw;wpidj; jpUj;Jtjw;F topfhl;Lq;fs;.
,t;thwhd tifapy; gy gapw;rpfspy; khztu;fis <LgLj;jTk;.
,izg;G 8.1.1:
Muk;g ,Ug;G
nfhs;tdTfs;
$l;Lf: cl;Rikf;$yp
fop: ,Wjp ,Ug;G
tpw;w ruf;fpd; fpuak;
nkhj;j ,yhgk; (,yhg
el;l fzf;fpw;F nfh/nr)
tpw;gidfs;xxx
xxxxx(xx)xxx
xxxxx
xxxx
xxx
xxx
rhe;jd; tzpfk;
uk;ah tzpfk;
tpw;gidfs; nfhs;tdTfs;t;
&gh 75 000 &gh 60 000
cl;Rikf;$yp &gh 25 000
tpw ;gidfs; nfhs;tdTfs;
&gh 100 000 &gh 60 000
cl;Rikf;$yp
&gh 25 000
43tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
,izg;G 8.1.2:
epY}fh tzpfj;jpd; 2015.12.31 Mk; jpfjpapy; Kbtile;j tUlj;jpw;fhd jfty;fs
gpd;tUkhW:
&gh
tpw;gidfs; 150 000
2015.01.01y; ,Ug;Gf;fs; 45 000
2015.12.31y; ,Ug;Gf;fs; 15 000
nfhs;tdTfs; 88 000
cl;Rikf;$yp 2 000
khztu;fSf;fhd MNyhridfs; ,t;tzpfj;jpd; tpw;gid tUkhdj;jpidf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
,t;tzpfj;jpd; tpw;gidf; fpuaj;jpidf; fzpg;gplTk;.
2015.12.31 Mk; jpfjpapy; Kbtile;j tUlj;jpw;fhd nkhj;j ,yhgj;jpidf;
fzpg;gplTk;.
ghlE}ypd; JizAld; 2015.12.31 Mk; jpfjpapy; Kbtile;j tUlj;jpw;fhd
tpahghuf; fzf;fpidj; jahupf;fTk;.
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.
fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;: tpahghuf; fzf;fpidj; jahupg;gjd; Nehf;fj;jpid tpsf;Fthu;.
Muk;g ,Ug;G> nfhs;tdTfs;> cl;Rikf;$yp> tpw;gidfs; vd;gdtw;iw
tpahghuf; fzf;fpy; gjpT nra;thu;.
tpw;gidf; fpuaj;jpidf; fzpg;gpLthu;.
toq;fg;gl;l jfty;fspd; mbg;gilapy; tpahghuf; fzf;fpidj; jahupj;J nkhj;j
,yhgj;ij my;yJ nkhj;j el;lj;ijf; fzpg;gpLthu;.
44tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
Nju;r;rp 8.0 : tzpfnkhd;wpd; epjpf;$w;Wf;fisj; jahupg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 8.2 : tzpfj;jpd; ,yhg el;lf; fzf;fpidj; jahupg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 10
fw;ww; NgWfs; : ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
,yhg el;lf; fzf;F vd;gjid tpsf;Fthu;.
tpepNahfr; nryTfis mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
epu;thfr; nryTfis mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
epjp Vida nryTfis mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jthu;.
nkhj;j ,yhgj;Jld; Vida tUkhdq;fis ,izg;ghu;.
tUkhdf;$w;iwj; jahupg;ghu;.
Njwpa ,yhgk; / Njwpa el;lj;ijf; fzpg;gpLthu;.
Njwpa ,yhgk; / el;lk; %yjdj;jpy; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fj;ijr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:
gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)
tUkhdf;$w;W
(tpahghu ,yhgel;lf; fzf;F)
tpahghuf;fzf;F
nkhj;j ,yhgk; / nkhj;j el;lk;
>
,yhgel;lf; fzf;F
>
- tpepNahfr; nryTfs;
- epu;thfr; nryTfs;
- epjp> Vida nryTfs;
$l;Lf:
Vida tUkhdq;fs;
>
%yjdf; fzf;fpw;F khw;Wjy;
Njwpa ,yhgk; / Njwpa el;lk;
>
45tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
,yhg el;lf; fzf;F,yhg el;lf; fzf;fpd; %yNk tzpfnkhd;wpd; cz;ikahd nraw;ghl;Lg; ngWNgWfzpg;gplg;gLk;. tzpfnkhd;W ,yhgk; cioj;Js;sjh? my;yJ el;lkile;Js;sjhvd;gjidj; jPu;khdpg;gjw;fhf ,yhg el;lf; fzf;Fj; jahupf;fg;gLk;. tpahghuf;fzf;ifj; jahupj;jjd; gpd;du; vQ;rpAs;s tUkhdq;fs; nryTfs; fzf;Ffismbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,yhg el;lf; fzf;Fj; jahupf;fg;gLk;. tpahghuf; fzf;fpd;%yk; ngwg;gl;l nkhj;j ,yhgk; my;yJ nkhj;j el;lj;Jld; epjpahz;Lf;fhdtUkhdq;fs; nryTfis xg;gpLtjd; %yk; Njwpa ,yhgk; my;yJ Njwpa
el;lk; fzpf;fg;gLk;.
tpahghu ,yhg el;lf; fzf;nfhd;wpd; khjpup
Nfhriy tzpfk;.....12.31 Mk; jpfjpapy; Kbtile;j tUlj;jpw;fhd
tpahghu ,yhg el;lf; fzf;F
&gh &gh &gh
xxx
xxx
xxxxx
xxx
20......01.01y; ,Ug;G
nfhs;tdTfs;
$l;Lf:- cl;Rikf;$yp
fop:- .........12.31y; ,Ug;G
tpw;gidf;fpuak;
nkh.,yhgk; (,yhgel;l fzf;fpw;F
nfh.nr.)
tpepNahfr; nryTfs;tpsk;gur; nryTfs;
nfhLj;j fopT
tpw;gidahsu; rk;gsk;
mwtplKbahf; fld;
Nkhl;lhu; thfdg; ngWkhdj;Nja;T
epu;thfr; nryTfs;
fl;ll thlifAk; ,iwAk;
fhg;GWjpf; fl;lzq;fs;
epu;thfr; nryTfs;
vOJfUtpfSk;mr;rbj;jYk;
fl;llg; ngWkhdj;Nja;T
epjp kw;Wk; Vida nryTfs;tq;fp Nkyjpfg; gw;W tl;b
tq;fpf; fl;lzk;
tq;fpf; fld; tl;b
Njwpa ,yhgk; / el;lk;%yjdf; fzf;fpw;F khw;wpaJ.
tpw;gidfs;
nkh.,yhgk; fP.nfh.t.
ngw;w fopTfs;
ngw;w juF
KjyPl;L tUkhdq;fs;
xxx
xxxxx(xx)xxx
xxxxx
xx
xx
xx xxx
xx
xxx
xxxx
xxxxx
xxxxxx
xxx
46tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
tUkhdf;$w;W khjpup:......................................................... tzpfk;
.............. jpfjpapy; Kbtile;j tUlj;jpw;fhd tUkhdf;$w;W
tpahghu ,yhg el;lf; fzf;F
tpahghuf; fzf;ifAk; ,yhg el;lf; fzf;ifAk; jdpj;jdpahfj; jahupg;gJ
njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;whYk;> nghJthf tzpfq;fs; tpahghu> ,yhg
el;lf; fzf;Ffisj; njhlu;r;rpahfj; jahupf;Fk;.
nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;: ,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;Nfw;wthW Kjyhtjhfg; ghlmyfpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk;nghOJ
,izg;G 8.2.1y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s Rtu;zh tzpfj;jpd; jfty;fs; kPJ
ftdj;ijr; nrYj;jp tpahghuf; fzf;ifj; jahupg;gjpy; khztu;fis <LgLj;jTk;.
gpd;du; ,izg;G 8.2.2y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpdhf;nfhj;jpid khztu;fSf;Fg;
ngw;Wf; nfhLj;J nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jr; nra;aTk;.
khztu;fspd; tpilfs; rupahditah vd;gjidf; fz;lwpe;J toq;fg;gl;l
jfty;fspD}lhf tpahghu ,yhg el;lf; fzf;fpidj; njhlu;r;rpahditahfj;
jahupg;gjpy; <LgLj;jTk;.
xxx
(xx)xxxxxx
(xx)
xx
xx
xxxx
(xx)xx
x
x
x
&gh
tpw;gidfs;
tpw;gidf;fpuak;:Muk;g ,Ug;G
nfhs;tdTfs;
$l;Lf: cl;Rik$ypfs;
,Wjp ,Ug;G
tpw;gidf; fpuak;
nkhj;j ,yhgk;
Vida tUkhdq;fs;
fop: - tpepNahfr; nryTfs;
tpsk;gur; nryTfs;
nfhLj;j fopT
tpw;gidahsu; rk;gsk;
mwtplKbahf; fld;
Nkhl;lhu; thfdg; ngWkhdj;Nja;T
epu;thfr; nryTfs;
fl;ll thlifAk; ,iwAk;
fhg;GWjpf; fl;lzq;fs;
epu;thfr; nryTfs;
vOJfUtpfSk;mr;rbj;jYk;
fl;llg; ngWkhdj;Nja;T
epjp kw;Wk; Vida nryTfs;
tq;fp Nkyjpfg; gw;W tl;b
tq;fpf; fld; tl;b
tq;fpf; fl;lzk;
Njwpa ,yhgk; %yjdf; fzf;fpw;F khw;wpaJ
&gh
xxxx
xxxxx
xxxxx
xxx
&gh
47tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
,izg;G 8.2.1:Rtu;zh tzpk;
2015.12.31 Mk; jpfjpapy; Kbtile;j
tUlj;jpw;fhd guPl;ir kPjp
ftdpf;fTk;:- nfhs;tdT nra;ag;gl;l midj;Jg; nghUl;fSk; tpw;gid nra;ag;
gl;Ls;sd.
,izg;G 8.2.2:khztu;fSf;fhd MNyhridfs;:
(1) guPl;ir kPjpapy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s tUkhdq;fis nryTfs; ntt;Ntwhf tifg;
gLj;jpf; fhl;Lq;fs;.
(2) tpw;gidf;fpuaj;ijf; fzpg;gpLf.
(3) nryTg;gl;baiyg; gpd;tUk; Jiwfspd; mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lq;fs;.
tpepNahfr; nryTfs;
epu;thfr; nryTfs;
epjp kw;Wk; Vida nryTfs;
fzf;fpd; ngau;
fhR kPjp
tq;fp kPjp
rpy;yiwf; fhR kPjp
fl;llk;
,Ug;G 2015.01.01
nfhs;tdTfs;
tq;fpf;fld;
tpw;gidfs;
fld;gl;Nlhu;
fld;nfhLj;Njhu;
nfhLj;j fopT
ngw;w fopT
rk;gsKk; $ypAk;
jsghlk;
fhg;GWjp
Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; fl;lzk;
kpd;fl;lzk;
Vida tUkhdq;fs;
vOJfUtpfs;
tq;fpf; fl;lzk;
fl;llk; gOJghu;j;jy;
Nkhl;lhu;
%yjdk;
tpsk;gur; nryTfs;
tq;fpf; fld; tl;b
tuT&gh
6 0003 000
10020 0004 000
30 000--
12 000-
2 000-
5 50015 0001 200
8001 000
-500900
2 00025 000
-1 000
500130 500
nryT&gh
------
15 00055 000
-20 000
-4 000
-----
1 500----
35 000--
130 500
48tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
(4) ghlE}ypy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s fpilmikg;G khjpupiag; gad;gLj;jp 2015.12.31
Mk; jpfjpapy; Kbtile;j tUlj;jpw;fhd tpahghu ,yhg el;lf; fzf;fpid
jahupf;fTk;.
(5) ,t;tzpfj;jpd; epjpahz;bd; Njwpa ,yhgj;jpid my;yJ Njwpa el;lj;jpid
%yjdf; fzf;fpw;F khw;Wtjw;fhd Fwpg;Ngl;Lg; gjptpid vOjpf; fhl;Lq;fs;.
(6) tFg;gpYs;s Vida khztu;fspdhy; fzpg;gplg;gl;l Njwpa ,yhgk; my;yJ
el;lj;Jld; ckJ tpilahdJ rupahf mike;Js;sjh vd;gjid xg;gpl;lwpAq;fs;.
(7) tpahghu ,yhg el;lf; fzf;fpd; jfty;fis tUkhdf;$w;wpd; %yk;
(epiyf;Fj;J tbtpy;) Kd;itf;fTk;.
tpilfs;:
epjp kw;Wk; &ghVida nryTfs;
tq;fpf;fl;lzk; 900
tq;fpf; fld;tl;b 500
1 400
(3) epu;thfr; nryTfs; &gh
rk;gsKk; $ypAk; 5 500
fhg;GWjpf; fl;lzk; 1 200
kpd;fl;lzk; 1 000
vOJfUtpfs; 500
fl;llk; gOJghu;j;jy;
nryTfs; 2 000
10 200
tpepNahfr; nryTfs; &gh
nfhLj;j fopTfs; 2 000
Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; fl;lzk; 800
tpsk;guk; 1 000
3 800
nryTfs; &gh
nfhs;tdTfs; 30 000
2015.01.01 ,y; ,Ug;G 4 000
nfhLj;j fopTfs; 2 000
rk;gsKk; $ypAk; 5 500
fhg;GWjpf; fl;lzk; 1200
Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; fl;lzk; 800
kpd;fl;lzk; 1 000
vOJfUtpfs; 500
tq;fpf;fl;lzk; 900
fl;llg; gOJghu;j;jy; nryTfs; 2 000
tpsk;gur; nryTfs; 1 000
tq;fpf; fld; tl;b 500
(1) tUkhdq;fs; &gh
ngw;w fopTfs; 4 000
Vida tUkhdq;fs; 1 500
nkhj;j ,yhgk; 21 000
26 500
(2) tpw;gidf;fpuak; &gh
2015.01.01 ,Ug;G 4 000
nfhs;tdTfs; 30 000
34 000
49tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
Rtu;zh tzpfj;jpd; 2015.12.31 Mk; jpfjpapy; Kbtile;jtUlj;jpw;fhd tpahghu ,yhgel;lf; fzf;F
(5) ,yhg el;lf; fzf;F tuT 11 100
%yjdf;fzf;F nryT 11 100
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :
juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.
fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:
tUkhdf;$w;wpidj; jahupg;gjd; Nehf;fj;jpid tpsf;Fthu;.
nkhj;j ,yhgj;ij my;yJ nkhj;j el;lj;ij ,yhg el;lf; fzf;fpw;F khw;Wthu;.
Fwpj;j tUkhdk; nryTfis ,yhg el;lf; fzf;fpy; gjpT nra;thu;.
toq;fg;gl;l jfty;fisg; gad;gLj;jp tzpfnkhd;wpd; tUkhdf;$w;wpidj;
jahupg;ghu;.
2015.01.01y; ,Ug;G
$l;Lf: nfhs;tdTfs;
tpw;gidf;fpuak;
nkh.,yhgk; kP.fP.nfh.nr.
tpepNahfr; nryTfs;nfhLj;j fopTfs;
Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; fl;lzk;
tpsk;guk;
epu;thfr; nryTfs;rk;gsKk; $ypAk;
fhg;GWjpf; fl;lzk;
kpd;fl;lzk;
vOJfUtpg; nghUl;fs;
gOJghu;j;jy; nryTfs;
epjp kw;Wk; Vida
nryTfs;tq;fpf; fl;lzk;
tq;fpf; fld; tl;b
Njwpa ,yhgk; %yjdf;
fzf;fpw;F khw;wpaJ
&gh
2 000800
1 000
5 5001 2001 000
5002 000
900500
&gh
4 00030 00034 00021 00055 000
3 800
10 200
1 40015 40011 100
26 500
&gh
4 0001 500
&gh
55 000
55 000
21 000
5 500
26 500
tpw;gidfs;
nkh.,yhgk; kP.fP.nfh.t.
ngw;w fopTfs;
Vida tUkhdq;fs;
(4)
50tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
Nju;r;rp 8.0 : tzpfnkhd;wpd; epjpf;$w;Wf;fisj; jahupg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 8.3 : epjpahz;Lf;Fupa nrYj;j Ntz;ba nryTfisAk; ngw
Ntz;ba tUkhdq;fisAk; nrk;ikg;gLj;Jthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 05
fw;ww; NgWfs; : ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
ml;LW / epYit mbg;gilapid vspikahf tpsf;Fthu;.
epjpahz;Lf;Fupa nrYj;j Ntz;ba nrytpdq;fisr; nrk;ikg;gLj;Jthu;.
epjpahz;Lf;Fupa ngwNtz;ba tUkhdq;fisr; nrk;ikg;gLj;Jthu;.
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:
gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)
ml;LW mbg;gil:
tzpfnkhd;wpd; Fwpj;j epjpahz;Lf;Fupa cz;ikahd tUkhdq;fSk; nryT
fSk; fhrhfg; ngwg;gl;lhYk;> ngwg;glhtpbDk;> fhrhf nrYj;jg;gl;lhYk;>
nrYj;jg;glhtpl;lhYk;> Fwpj;j epjpahz;Lf;Fupajhf ,Ug;gpd; Njwpa
,yhgj;ijf; fzpg;gpLk; nghOJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ ml;LW
mbg;gilahFk;.
nrYj;j Ntz;ba nrytpdq;fs;:
epjpahz;bw;Fupajhff; fhzg;gl;lhYk; me;epjpahz;bd; ,Wjp tiu nrYj;jg;
glhjpUf;Fk; nryTfs; nrYj;j Ntz;ba nrytpdq;fs; vd miof;fg;gLk;.
,jd; ,ul;ilg; gjpthdJ
Fwpj;j nrytpdf; fzf;F tuT
nrYj;j Ntz;ba nrytpdf; fzf;F nryT
fhuzk;:- Fwpj;j nryTfs; mjpfupg;gjdhy; ~tuthf| ,Ug;gJld;> Fwpj;j
epYitr; nryTfs; nghWg;nghd;whf ,Ug;gjdhy; mJ ~nrythf|
mikAk;.
epjpf; $w;Wf;fs;
ml;LW mbg;gilapy;
nrYj;j Ntz;ba nrytpdq;fs; ngw Ntz;ba tUkhdq;fs;
c+k;: nrYj;jNtz;ba epWtd thlif c+k;: ngwNtz;ba epWtd thlif
nrYj;jNtz;ba kpd;fl;lzk; ngwNtz;ba juFf; fl;lzk;
^
51tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
ngw Ntz;ba tUkhdq;fs;:
epjpahz;Lf;Fupajhff; fhzg;gl;lhYk; me;epjpahz;L ,Wjp tiuapy; NjwhJs;s
tUkhdq;fs; ngwNtz;ba tUkhdq;fs; vd;wiof;fg;gLk;.
,jd; ,ul;ilg; gjpT
ngwNtz;ba tUkhdf;fzf;F tuT
Fwpj;j tUkhdf; fzf;F nryT
fhuzk;:- ngwNtz;ba tUkhdq;fs; nrhj;jhf ,Ug;gjdhy;. nrhj;J mjpfupg;G
tuthfTk;> tUkhdq;fs; mjpfupg;gjdhy;> mt;tUkhdq;fs; nrythf
Tk; mikAk;.
nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;: ,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;Fupa ghl myfpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk;NghJ ,izg;G 8.3.1y;
cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s tPnlhd;wpy; ,lk;ngw;w nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs; mlq;fpa
gl;banyhd;iw khztu;fSf;F toq;fp khjhe;j nkhj;j tUkhdq;fs;
nrytpdq;fis fzpg;gjw;fhf mtu;fisr; rpe;jidf; fpswnyhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;t
jpy; <Lglr; nra;aTk;. khztu;fspd; Jyq;fy;fis fUk;gyifapy; xOq;FgLj;jp
vOjTk;.
,jd; gpd;du; khztu; Jyq;fisf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L Nkw;fhl;ba tPl;bd;
[dtup khjj;jpw;fhd nkhj;j tUkhdq;fs;> nryTfisf; fzpg;gjw;F ,Jtiu
apy; ngwNtz;ba tUkhdq;fs;> nrYj;j Ntz;ba nryTfs; vd;gtw;iwr;
nrk;ikg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gjid khztu;fSf;Fj; njspTgLj;jTk;.
mt;tPl;bd; ,yhgj;ij kPz;Lk; fzpg;gplTk;.
,izg;G 8.3.2 ,y; cs;slf;fg;gl;l fpU\;zh tzpfj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w nfhLf;fy;
thq;fy;fs; mlq;fpa gl;baiy khztu;fSf;F toq;fp> mjid thrpg;gjw;Fj;
Njitahd Neuj;ij toq;fTk;.
,r;nraw;ghL ehd;F gbKiwfspdbg;gilapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. ,jw;fika
xU gbKiw Kbtile;jjd; gpd;du;> ,uz;lhtJ gbKiwia Muk;gpf;fg;gLk;
KiwfSf;fika khztu;fisr; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.
gpd;tUk; MNyhridfSf;fika khztu;fisr; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.
tpil vOJk;nghOJ ,izg;G 8.3.3y; fhl;lg;gl;l Kiwf;fika ml;ltiz
nahd;iwj; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F khztu;fSf;F MNyhrid toq;fTk;.
mt;thwpd;Nwy; ePq;fs; xU gpujp nra;j gbtnkhd;iw toq;fTk;.
Mrpupau;fSf;fhd MNyhridfs;: KjyhtJ tpdhtpw;F tpil mspj;j gpd;du; mt;NtisapNyNa ,izg;G
8.3.4y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s ,jw;fhd tpilAld; xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;g;gjpy; khztu;fis
<Lglr; nra;aTk;.
khztu; tpilfsJ rup. gpiofis cWjp nra;jjd; gpd;du; mtw;wpy; gpiofs;
,Ug;gpd; rup nra;tjpy; <LglTk;.
,k;KiwfSf;Nfw;g gbKiw xOq;fpw;fika Fwpj;j xt;nthU tpdhf;fSf;Fk;
tpilia vOjp rupahd tpilAld; xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;g;gjpYk; rup nra;tjpYk;
khztu;fis <Lglr; nra;aTk;.
52tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
,izg;G 8.3.1:
tPnlhd;wpy; ,lk; ngw;w nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs; mlq;fpa gl;bay;:
[dtup khjj;jpw;F nrYj;jpa kpd;rhuf; fl;lzj; njhif &gh 12 000 MFk;.
mk;khjj;jpw;fhf NkYk; 1 000 &gh nrYj;j Ntz;b cs;sJ.
khjk; &gh 5 000 tPjk; thliff;F tplg;gl;l tPl;bw;F &gh 4 000 kl;LNk
fhrhfg; ngwg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,izg;G 8.3.2:
fpU\;zhtpd; tzpfk;
2015.12.31 Mk; jpfjpapy; Kbtile;j tUlj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs;
gpd;tUkhW:
(A) khjk; &gh 2 500 fhg;GWjpj; jtizf; fl;lzj;jpy; tUlj;jpDs; nrYj;jg;gl;l
fhg;GWjp fl;lzj; njhif &gh 25 000 MFk;.
(B) tzpfj;ij elj;jpr; nry;Yk; fl;llj;jpd; khjhe;j thlif &gh 15 000
MFk;. tUlj;jpDs; &gh 150 000 thlif nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
(C) tzpfj;jpw;Fr; nrhe;jkhd fhzpnahd;W khjhe;jf; Fj;jif &gh 10 000
tPjk; ,d;ndhU tzpfnkhd;wpw;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. tUlj;jpDs; ngw;w
nkhj;jj; njhif &gh 100 000 khFk;.
(D) NtW tzpfnkhd;wpw;F Nkhl;lhu; thfdnkhd;W &gh 60 000 khjhe;j
thlif apdbg;gilapy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJld; mjd; %yk; mt;tUlj;jpDs;
ngw;w Nkhl;lhu; thlif tUkhdk; &gh 500 000 khFk;.
,izg;G 8.3.3:tpilaspg;gjw;fhd ml;ltiz:
1k; gbKiw:
1k; tpdh:
nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fSf;Fupa rupahd tpilf;F “ ” vDk; milahsj;ij
,lTk;.
nfhLf;fy; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;ba ngwNtz;ba
thq;fy; nrytpdnkhd;whFk; tUkhdnkhd;whFk;
A
B
C
D
(tpilaspj;jjd; gpd;du; toq;fg;gl;l tpilAld; xg;gplTk;.)
53tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
2k; gbKiw:
2k; tpdh:
nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fSf;Fupa ngWkhdq;fSld; nrk;ikahf;fg;glNtz;ba
ngWkhdq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lq;fs;.
nfhLf;fy; nrk;ikahf;fg;gl Ntz;ba
thq;fy;fs; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs; (ngWkhdj;Jld;)
A
B
C
D
(tpilaspj;jjd; gpd;du; toq;fg;gl;l tpilAld; xg;gplTk;.)
3k; gbKiw:
rupahd ,ul;ilg; gjpT.
nfhLf;fy; tuT itf;fg;gl nryT itf;fg;gl
thq;fy;fs; Ntz;ba fzf;F (&gh) Ntz;ba fzf;F (&gh)
A
B
C
D
(tpilaspj;jjd; gpd;du; toq;fg;gl;l tpilAld; xg;gplTk;.)
54tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
4k; gbKiw:
,t;tpul;ilg; gjptpid NgNul;Lf; fzf;FfSf;F khw;Wf.
nfhLf;fy; fzf;Ffs;
thq;fy;fs;
A
B
C
D
(tpilaspj;jjd; gpd;du; toq;fg;gl;l tpilAld; xg;gplTk;.)
55tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
,izg;G 8.3.4:
khztu;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; tpilfslq;fpa ml;ltiz:
1k; gbKiw:
1k; tpdh: nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fSf;Fupa rupahd tpilf;F “ ” vDk; mil
ahsj;ij ,lTk;.
nfhLf;fy; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;ba ngwNtz;ba
thq;fy;fs; nrytpdnkhd;whFk; tUkhdnkhd;whFk;
A
B
C
D
(cq;fsJ tpilAld; xg;gplTk;.)
2k; gbKiw
2k; tpdh:
nfhLf;fy; nrk;ikahf;fg;gl Ntz;ba ngWkhdq;fs;
thq;fy;fs;
A nrYj;j Ntz;ba fhg;GWjpf; fl;lzk; &gh 5 000
B nrYj;j Ntz;ba fl;ll thlif &gh 30 000
C ngwNtz;ba Fj;jif tUkhdk; &gh 20 000
D ngwNtz;ba Nkhl;lhu; thfd tUkhdk; &gh 220 000
(cq;fsJ tpilAld; xg;gplTk;.)
56tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
3k; gbKiw:
3k; tpdh:
nfhLf;fy; tuT itf;fg;gl nryT itf;fg;gl
thq;fy; Ntz;ba fzf;F (&gh) Ntz;ba fzf;F (&gh)
A fhg;GWjpf; fl;lzf; nrYj;j Ntz;bafzf;F &gh 5 000 fhg;GWjpf; fl;lzf;
fzf;F &gh 5 000
B fl;ll thliff; fzf;F nrYj;j Ntz;ba fl;ll&gh 30 000 thliff; fzf;F
&gh 30 000
C ngwNtz;ba Fj;jif Fj;jif tUkhdf; fzf;FtUkhdf; fzf;F &gh 20 000&gh 20 000
D ngwNtz;ba Nkhl;lhu; Nkhl;lhu; thfd tUkhdf;thfd tUkhdf; fzf;F fzf;F &gh 220 000&gh 220 000
(cq;fsJ tpilAld; xg;gplTk;.)4k; gbKiw:
nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fSf;Fupa ,ul;ilg; gjpTfis NgNul;Lf; fzf;FfSf;F khw;Wjy;.
(cq;fsJ tpilAld; xg;gplTk;.)
fhg;GWjpf; fl;lzf; fzf;F
fhR
nr.Nt.fh.f/F25 0005 000
nrYj;j Ntz;ba
fhg;GWjpf; fl;lzf; fzf;F
fhg;GWjp 5 000
fl;ll thliff; fzf;F
fhR
nr.Nt.th.f/F150 00030 000
nrYj;j Ntz;ba
fl;ll thliff; fzf;F
thliff;
fzf;F
30 000
Fj;jif tUkhdf; fzf;F
fhR
ng.Nt.F.f/F100 00020 000
ngwNtz;ba Fj;jif tUkhdf; fzf;F
Fj;jiff;
fzf;F
20 000
Nkhl;lhu; thfd tUkhdf; fzf;F
fhR
ng.Nt.
Nkhl;lhu;.f/F
500 000220 000
ngwNtz;ba
Nkhl;lhu; thfd tUkhdf; fzf;F
Nkhl;lhu;
tUkhdf;
fzf;F
220 000
&gh &gh
&gh &gh
&gh &gh
&gh &gh
&gh &gh &gh &gh
&gh &gh &gh &gh
57tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.
fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;: ml;LW epYit mbg;gilia tpgupg;ghu;.
nrYj;j Ntz;ba nryTfs; njhlu;ghd nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs; %d;wpid
nrk;ikg;gLj;Jthu;.
ngw Ntz;ba tUkhdq;fSld; njhlu;Gila nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs; %d;wpidr;
nrk;ikg;gLj;Jthu;.
58tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
Nju;r;rp 8.0 : tzpfnkhd;wpd; epjpf;$w;Wf;fisj; jahupg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 8.4 : epjpahz;Lf;Fupa mwtplKbahf; flidr; nrk;ikg;
gLj;Jthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 03
fw;ww; NgWfs; : ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
mwtplKbahf; fld; vd;gjid tpsf;Fthu;.
mwtplKbahf; flidr; nrk;ikahf;Fk; Kiwiaj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.
mwtplKbahf; flidr; nrk;ikahf;Ftjw;Fupa ,ul;ilg; gjptpid
Kd;itg;ghu;.
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:
gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)
mwtplKbahf;fld;:
fld;gl;NlhuplkpUe;J flid mwtpLjy; ,ayhJ vd cWjpahf mwpag;gl;ljd;
gpd;du; mf;fld; ngWkhdkhdJ mwtplKbahf; fldhfg; gjptopf;fg;gLk;.
mwtplKbahf; fldhdJ tzpfj;jpd; nrytpdnkhd;whff; fUjg;gLk;.
fld;gl;Nlhu; kuzkiljy;> Kwptiljy; Nghd;w fhuzq;fspdhy; gzk;
fpilf;fhjpUg;gpd; tzpfj;jpw;F mwtplKbahf; fld; vDk; nrytpdnkhd;W
Vw;gLk;. NtW tifapy; Fwpg;gpLtjhdhy; fld;gl;Nlhu; vDk; nrhj;Jf; Fiw
tilAk;. ,jw;fika Fwpg;Ngl;by; gpd;tUkhW ,ul;ilg; gjpT nra;ag;gLk;.
,ul;ilg;gjpT tpsf;fk;
mwtplKbahf; fld; fzf;F tuT mwtplKbahf;fld; nry
fld;gl;Nlhu; fzf;F nryT nthd;whFk;.
nryT mjpfupj;jy; tuthFk;.
fld;gl;Nlhu; nrhj;njhd;whFk;.
nrhj;Jf; Fiwjy; nrythFk;.
mwtplKbahf; fld;
fld;gl;Nlhu; vDk; nrytpdk; mjpfupf;Fk;.
nrhj;Jf; FiwtilAk;.
tpepNahfr;nryTfs; mjpfupf;Fk;.
59tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;: ,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;F Vw;wthW Kjyhtjhfg; ghl myfpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; nghOJ
gpd;tUk; $w;wpid khztu;fSf;F Kd;itj;J mtu;fSld; fye;Jiuahlypy;
<LglTk;.
“tzpfnkhd;W flDf;F tpw;gid nra;jjd; %yk; ngwNtz;ba gzkhdJcWjpahff; fpilf;fg; ngwhJ vdj; njupatupd; mjw;F vd;d nra;a KbAk;”.
,g; ngWkhdkhdJ mwtpl Kbahf; fldhff; fUjp> tzpfj;jpd; nrytpd
nkhd;whf gjpT nra;ag;gLk; vd tpsf;fTk;.
,e;epiyikapid NkYk; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,izg;G 8.4.1y; cs;slf;fg;
gl;l khztu; MNyhridg;gbtj;ij khztu; FOf;fSf;F toq;fp> gpd;tUk;
nraw;ghl;by; <Lglr; nra;aTk;.
,izg;G 8.4.1:
khztu;fSf;fhd MNyhridfs;
gpd;tUk; tpla Ma;tpypUe;J cq;fsJ FOtpw;Ff; fpilf;Fk; tpla Ma;tpd;
kPJ ftdQ; nrYj;jTk;.
tpla Ma;T I tpla Ma;T II tpla Ma;T III
cq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l tpla Ma;tpypUe;J rpwe;j tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;sTk;.
tpla Ma;tpypUe;J Nknyof;$ba gpur;rpidfspd; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jf;$ba
fhuzq;fs; vit vdf; Fwpg;gpLf.
mg;gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;F cq;fshy; Kd;itf;fg;gLk; jPu;Tfs; vit
vdf; $Wf.
,g;gpur;rpid fhuzkhf tzpfj;jpd; nraw;ghl;Lg; ngWNgw;wpYk; nrhj;Jf;fspYk;
Vw;gLk; jhf;fj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
cq;fsJ gpur;rpidiaf; fzf;Ffspy; gjptjw;fhd Fwpg;Ngl;Lg; gjpTfisAk;
NgNul;Lf; fzf;FfisAk; Fwpg;gpLf.
,izg;G 8.4.2:tpla Ma;T - I
Mde;jd; Kjyhsp “Mde;jh ];Nlhu;];” vDk; ngaupy; tzpfnkhd;iw elj;jpr;
nry;fpwhu;. mtu; cld; fhRf;F kl;Lkd;wp jd;dhy; ed;fwpe;jtu;fSf;F flDf;Fk;
tpw;gid nra;tJz;L. flDf;F tpw;gid nra;ag;gl;l gupr;rakhd thbf;ifahsu;
fsplkpUe;J &gh 20 000 ngwNtz;b ,Ue;jJ.
ry;khd; vDk; jdJ thbf;ifahsnuhUtu; ,Uja Nehapd; fhuzkhf jpBnud
,we;J tpl;likapdhy; mtuplkpUe;J ngwNtz;ba 4 000 &ghtpid mwtpl;Lf;
nfhs;s KbahJs;sJ.
60tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
tpla Ma;T - II
Fkhupd; tzpfkhdJ cld; fhRf;F kl;Lkd;wp flDf;Fk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs;
Nkw;nfhs;tJld; flDf;fhd tpw;gidfspd; ngWkhdk; &gh 35 000 Mf ,Ue;jJ.
cld; fhR tpw;gidfs; &gh 80 000 Mff; fhzg;gl;lJ.
tzpfj;jpd; fld;gl;Nlhu; xUtuhd jPgdpd; Kiwaw;w gof;ftof;fq;fspd; fhuzkhf
mtu; jdJ nrhj;Jf;fis ,of;fNtz;ba epiy Vw;gl;lJ. ePjpkd;wj;jpdhy;
toq;fg;gl;l jPu;g;nghd;wpd; %yk; ,tu; Kwptile;jtu; vd;gJ cWjpahfptpl;lJ.
tzpfj;jpw;F mtuplkpUe;J &gh 1 000 fpilf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
tpla Ma;T - III
jduh[; Kjyhsp cld; fhRf;F kl;Lkd;wp flDf;Fk; nghUl;fs; tpw;gid
nra;Ak; tzpfuhthu;. fld; tpw;gid %yk; ngwNtz;ba fhR &gh 24 000
vdTk;> cld; fhR tpw;gidfs; %yk; &gh 60 000 ngwg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gJk;
fzf;F ,ypfpju; %yk; mwpaf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ.
fld;gl;Nlhu; xUtuhd fkhy; vd;gtu; ePz;l fhykhfj; jiykiwthfp cs;shu;.
mtuplkpUe;J &gh 4 000 ngwNtz;b ,Ug;gjhf fzf;F ypfpjuhd milf;fyehjd;
Kjyhspf;F mwptpj;J tpl;lhu;.
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.;
,izg;G 8.4.1 ,d; gpujpfs;
fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;: mwtplKbahf; fld; vd;gjid mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.
mwtplKbahf; fld; Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; %d;wpid Kd;itg;ghu;.
mwtplKbahf; flidr; nrk;ikg;gLj;jk; ehl;Fwpg;ig Kd;itg;ghu;.
mwtplKbahf; flidf; fzf;Ffspy; gjpthu;.
mwtplKbahf; fldhdJ ,yhgj;jpYk;> nrhj;Jf;fspYk; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fj;
jpid Kd;itg;ghu;.
61tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
Nju;r;rp 8.0 : tzpfnkhd;wpd; epjpf;$w;Wf;fisj; jahupg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 8.5 : epjpahz;Lf;Fupa eilKiway;yhr; nrhj;Jf;fSf;Fg;
ngWkhdj; Nja;tpLthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 05
fw;ww; NgWfs; : ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
eilKiway;yhr; nrhj;Jf;fSf;Fg; ngWkhdj; Nja;T Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;
fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
Neu;Nfhl;L Kiwapyhd ngWkhdj; Nja;tpidf; fzpg;gpLthu;.
ngWkhdj; Nja;T Vw;ghl;Lf; fzf;fpD}lhfg; ngWkhdj; Nja;itf; fzf;Ffspy;
gjpT nra;thu;.
ngWkhdj; Nja;thdJ ,yhgj;jpYk; nrhj;jpYk; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fj;jpidj;
njspTgLj;Jthu;.
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:
gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)
eilKiway;yhr; nrhj;Jf;fSf;Fg; ngWkhdj; Nja;tply;:
kPs; tpw;gid Nehf;fpd;wp tzpfj;jpd; cw;gj;jp my;yJ epu;thf eltbf;if
fSf;fhf ePz;l fhyk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa nrhj;Jf;fs; eilKiway;yhr;
nrhj;Jf;fs; vd miof;fg;gLk;. fl;llk;> ,ae;jpuhjpfs;> Nkhl;lhu;> jsghl
cgfuzq;fs; Nghd;witfs; tzpfj;jpd; ePz;l fhyj; Njit fUjpg; gad;gLj;jg;
gLk; nrhj;Jf;fshFk;. fhyq; flg;gjdhy; my;yJ gad;gLj;Jtjdhy; gad;jU
MAl;fhyg; gFjpfspy; nrhj;jpd; FiwtilAk; ngWkjpahdJ nkhj;jg; ngWkhdj;
Nja;T vdg;gLk;.
eilKiway;yhr; nrhj;Jf;fSf;Fg;ngWkhdj; Nja;tply;
ngWkhdj; Nja;tpLtjw;fhdfhuzq;fs;
Neu;Nfhl;L KiwapyhdngWkhdj; Nja;tply;
fpuak; ,opTg;ngWkhdk;
gad;jUMAl;fhyk;
fhyk; fle;jitahjy;ngsjPf mopTfs;ghtidf; fopTgoikahjy;
>>>>
62tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
ngWkhdj; Nja;tpw;fhd fhuzq;fs;:
nghUshjhuf; fhuzpfs; fhyf;fopT / fhyq; fle;jitahjy;.
ngsjPff; fhuzpfs; mopTWjy;> mupj;jy;> JUg;gpbj;jy;.
Neu;Nfhl;L Kiwapy; Nja;tpidf; fzpj;jy;:
xU tUlj;jpw;fhd ngWkhdj; fpuak; - ,opTg; ngWkhdk;
Nja;Tg; ngWkhdk; nrhj;jpd; gad;jU MAl;fhyk;
ngWkhdj; Nja;tpidf; fzf;Ffspy; gjptjw;fhd Fwpg;Ngl;Lg; gjpTfs;:
ngWkhdj; Nja;Tf; fzf;F tuT
ngWkhdj; Nja;T Vw;ghl;Lf; fzf;F nryT
(ftdpf;fTk;: f.ngh.j rhjhuz ju kl;lj;jpy; eilKiway;yhr; nrhj;Jf;
fSf;Fg; ngWkhdj; Nja;tply;> Neu;Nfhl;L Kiwapyhd ngWkhdj;
Nja;tpLjy;> ngWkhdj;Nja;Tf;Ff; fzf;F itj;jy; vDk; %d;W tplaq;fs;
kl;Lk; vspikahff; fye;Jiuahlg;gLjy; NghJkhdJ.)
nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;: ,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; nghOJ gpd;tUk; $w;wpid khztu;fSf;F
toq;fTk;.
“,w;iwf;F Ie;J tUlq;fSf;F Kd;du; 200 000 &ghtpw;Ff;nfhs;tdT nra;j Nkhl;lhu; thfdj;jpd;jw;Nghija epiy vt;thW ,Uf;Fk;”
khztu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisf; fUk;gyifapy; Kiwahf vOJq;fs;.
,jD}lhfg; ngWkhdj;Nja;T Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fis ntspf;nfhzu;tjw;F
Kaw;rpf;fTk;.
ngWkhdj; Nja;tpidf; fzf;Ffspy; gjpT nra;a Ntz;LnkdTk;> mjidg;
gjptjw;fhd Fwpg;Ngl;Lg; gjptpid Kd;itg;gjw;Fk; topfhl;lTk;.
ngWkhdj;Nja;T njhlu;ghf NkYk; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,izg;G 8.5.1 ,d;
tpla Ma;tpidAk;> ,izg;G 8.5.2 ,d; khztu; MNyhridg; gbtj;jpidAk;
mtu;fSf;F toq;fp nraw;ghl;by; <Lglr; nra;aTk;.
khztu;fs; Jyq;fy;fis ntspg;gLj;jpajd; gpd;du; mit njhlu;ghff; fzf;F
itg;G Kiwapidf; fye;JiuahlTk;.
=
63tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
,izg;G 8.5.1:tpla Ma;T
fhq;Nfrd;JiwapYs;s fjpu;fhku; rPnke;Jf; fy; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; njhopw;rhiy
nahd;wpw;F cupikahsuhf ,Uf;fpd;whu;. mtu; jdJ cw;gj;jp eltbf;if
fSf;fhf ,ae;jpunkhd;W &gh 30 000 j;jpw;Ff; nfhs;tsT nra;jhu;. mt;tpae;
jpuj;jpid Ie;J tUlq;fSf;Fg; gad;gLj;j KbAnkd me;epWtdj;jpdhy;
cWjp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. Ie;J tUl ,Wjpapd; gpd;du; mt;tpae;jpuj;jpid
&gh 5 000 j;jpw;F tpw;gid nra;a KbAnkd mtu; fUJfpd;whu;.
%yg;nghUl;fis njhopw;rhiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtjw;fhf if coT ,ae;jpu
nkhd;W &gh 80 000j;jpw;Ff; nfhs;tdT nra;ag;gl;lJ. tzpfj;jpdJ fUj;Jg;gb
mjidg; gj;J tUlq;fs; tiuapy; gad;gLj;j KbAk;. gj;J tUl ,Wjpapy;
&gh 10 000j;jpw;F tpw;gid nra;tjw;F mtu; vz;Zfpwhu;. tzpfk; tpuptilAk;
nghOJ ,t;coT ,ae;jpuj;jpid tpw;gid nra;J Gjpa nyhwpnahd;iw
thq;Ftjw;F mtu; vz;zpAs;shu;.
,izg;G 8.5.2:
khztu;fSf;fhd MNyhridfs;
gpd;tUk; jiyg;GfspypUe;J cq;fsJ FOtpw;Ff; fpilf;Fk; jiyg;Gj; njhlu;gpy;
ftdk; nrYj;jTk;.
rPnke;Jf; fy; cw;gj;jp ,ae;jpuk;
if coT ,ae;jpuk;
tpla Ma;tpid ed;whf thrpf;fTk;.
cq;fSf;Ff; fpilj;j jiyg;gpw;Fupa nrhj;Jf;fs; vj;Njit fUjpf; nfhs;tdT
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd vd;gjidr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lq;fs;.
nrhj;njhd;iw ePz;lfhyg; gad;ghl;bd; gpd;du; mr;nrhj;jpd; ngWkhdj;jpy;
Vw;gLk; jhf;fk; njhlu;ghf cq;fshy; ahJ $wKbAk;.
cq;fsJ tpilf;Fupa fhuzq;fis Kd;itf;fTk;.
Fwpj;j eilKiway;yhr; nrhj;jpd; ngWkhdk; Fiwtiltjw;fhd fhuzq;fis
Kd;itf;fTk;.
Fwpj;j nrhj;Jf;fspd; tUlhe;jg; ngWkhdj; Nja;tpd; mstpid fzpg;gplTk;.
ngWkhdj; Nja;tpd; mstpid fzf;Ffspy; gjptjw;fhd Fwpg;Ngl;Lg; gjpTfisf;
fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s fzf;Ffspy; gjpe;J fhl;Lq;fs;.
,ae;jpuf; fzf;F ,ae;jpug; ngWkhdj;Nja;Tf; fzf;F
,ae;jpug; ngWkhdj;Nja;T Vw;ghl;Lf; fzf;F
64tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :
juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.
Fwpj;j ,izg;Gf;fsJ gpujpfs;
fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:
eilKiway;yhr; nrhj;njhd;W Nja;TWtjw;fhd fhuzq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
Neu;Nfhl;L Kiwapy; nrhj;njhd;wpd; ngWkhdj; Nja;tpidf; fzpg;gpLthu;.
tUlhe;jg; ngWkhdj; Nja;tpidg; NgNul;Lf; fzf;Ffspy; gjpthu;.
tUlhe;jg; ngWkhdj; Nja;thdJ ,yhgj;jpYk; Fwpj;j nrhj;jpYk; Vw;gLj;Jk;
jhf;fj;jpid tpsf;Fthu;.
65tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
Nju;r;rp 8.0 : tzpfnkhd;wpd; epjpf;$w;Wf;fisj; jahupg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 8.6 : tzpfj;jpd; ,yhgj;jd;ikiaAk; epjp epiyikiaAk;
ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 05
tpNrl fw;ww; NgWfs; : ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
epjpepiyikf;$w;wpy; / Ie;njhifapy; %yjdj;ijg; gjpT nra;thu;.
epjpepiyikf;$w;wpd; / Ie;njhifapd; cUg;gbfis eilKiw my;yhjit>
eilKiwahdit vd tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
epjpepiyikf;$w;iw / Ie;njhifiaj; jahupg;ghu;.
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:
gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)
epjpepiyikf;$w;W / Ie;njhif
Fwpg;gpl;l jpfjpapy; tzpfnkhd;wpd; nrhj;Jf;fs;> nghWg;Gf;fs;> %yjdk; vd;gtw;wpd;
ngWkjpfisf; fhl;Lk; $w;W epjpepiyikf;$w;W / Ie;njhif vdg;gLk;.
tUkhdf; $w;wpidj; jahupj;jjd; gpd;du; vQ;rpAs;s midj;Jf; fzf;F kPjpfSk;
mjhtJ nrhj;Jf;fs;> nghWg;Gf;fs;> %yjdk; vDk; kPjpfis mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L epjpepiyikf;$w;W / Ie;njhif jahupf;fg;gLk;.
epjpepiyikf;$w;W / Ie;njhif
cs;slf;fk;fUj;Jf; $wy;
Fwpg;gpl;l jpfjpapy;nrhj;Jf;fs;
eilKiwr;nrhj;Jf;fs; eilKiw my;yhr;
nrhj;Jf;fs;
Fwpg;gpl;l jpfjpapy;nghWg;Gf;fd;
Fwpg;gpl;l jpfjpapy;cupik
ePz;lfhyKjyPLfs;
Mjdk; nghwpcgfuzq;fs;
eilKiwmy;yhg;
nghWg;Gf;fs;
cupikahsupd;cupik
%yjdk;
gw;Wf;fspdhy;%yjdk;
FiwtilAk;.
Njwpa ,yhgj;jpdhy;%yjdk; mjpfupf;Fk;.
cjhuzq;fs;: tq;fp kPjp fhR ruf;fpUg;Gf;fs; fld;gl;Nlhu; fpilf;fNtz;ba tUkhdq;fs;
eilKiwg;nghWg;Gf;fs;
cjhuzq;fs;: fhzp fl;llk; Nkhl;lhu;; ,ae;jpuk;
tq;fpf;fld;cjhuzq;fs;: fld;nfhLj;Njhu; nrYj;jNtz;ba nryTfs;
Njwpa el;lj;jpdhy;%yjdk;
FiwtilAk;.
66tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
epjpepiyikf; $w;wpd; khjpupaikg;G fpilaikg;G> epiyf;Fj;J tbtq;fspy;
KiwNa gpd;tUkhW fhzg;gLk;.......................................................... tzpfj;jpd;
.............. jpfjpapy; cs;sthwhd Ie;njhif / epjpepiyikf;$w;W
......................................................... tzpfj;jpd;.............. jpfjpapy; cs;sthwhd epjpepiyikf;$w;W
xxx
xx
x
xxxxx
xxxxx
xxxxxx
xxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxx
cupikahz;ik
%yjdk;
$l;Lf:
Njwpa ,yhgk;
fopf;f:
gw;Wf;fs;
eilKiw
my;yhg;
nghWg;Gf;fs;tq;fpf;fld;
eilKiwg;
nghWg;Gf;fs;fld;nfhLj;Njhu;nrYj;j Ntz;ba
nryTfs;
eilKiw my;yhr;
nrhj;Jf;fs;fhzpAk; fl;llKk;
,ae;jpu cgfuzk;
KjyPLfs;
eilKiwr;
nrhj;Jf;fs;,Ug;Gf;fs;
fld;gl;Nlhu;
ngwNtz;ba tUkhdq;fs;
tq;fp kPjp
fhR kPjp
xxx
xxxxx(xx)
xx
xx
xxxx
xxxxx
xxx
fpuak;(&gh)
j puz;lngWkhdj;
Nja ;T(&gh)
Njw pangWkj p(&gh)
njhif(&gh)
eilKiw my;yhr; nrhj;Jf;fs;fhzpAk; fl;llKk;,ae;jpu cgfuzq;fs;KjyPLfs;
eilKiwr; nrhj;Jf;fs;,Ug;Gf;fs;fld;gl;Nlhu;
ngwNtz;ba tUkhdq;fs;tq;fp kPjpfhR kPjp
nkhj;jr; nrhj;Jf;fs;
%yjdKk; nghWg;Gf;fSk;%yjdf; fzf;F
$l;Lf: Njwpa ,yhgk;
fopf;f: gw;Wf;fs;eilKiw my;yhg; nghWg;Gf;fs;
tq;fpf;fld;eilKiwg; nghWg;Gf;fs;
fld;nfhLj;Njhu;nrYj;j Ntz;ba nryTfs;
xxxxx
xxx
xxxx
xxxx
xxxxx
xxx
(x)
xxx
xxxxxxx
xxxxxx
xxx
xx
xxxxx
&gh &gh&gh
xxxxx
xxx
jpuz;l ng.Njfpuak; Njwpa nfWkjp
67tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;: ,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;Fupa nraw;ghl;by; gpuNtrpg;gjw;fhf gpd;tUk; fzf;fPl;Lr;
rkd;ghl;bidf; fUk;gyifapy; vOjp mjidg; gl;banyhd;whf Kd;itf;Fk;Kiw njhlu;ghf khztu;fs; mwpar; nra;aTk;.
nrhj;Jf;fs; = %yjdk; + nghWg;Gf;fs;fl;llk; + fld;gl;Nlhu; + fhR91 000 + 37 000 + 21 000 = 140 000 + 9 000
,izg;G 8.6.1w;Fupa up\;thd; tzpfj;jpdJ jfty;fis khztu;fSf;Ftoq;fTk;.
mf;nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fspy; ftdQ; nrYj;jp tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd Neuj;ij toq;fp ,izg;G 8.6.2y; cs;slf;fg;gl;l ml;ltizia toq;fTk;.
mt;tl;ltizapd; KjyhtJ gbKiwf;fhf khztu;fSf;F tpilnaOJtjw;FMNyhrid toq;fp mjw;Fj; Njitahd Neuj;ij toq;fTk;.
gpd;du; ,izg;G 8.6.3y; cs;slf;fg;gl;l tpil ml;ltizapypUe;J KjyhtJgbKiwf;Fupa tpilapid kl;Lk; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;J khztu;fspd; tpilAld;xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;g;gjw;F MNyhrid toq;fTk;.
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lthW MW gbKiwfSk; KbAk; tiuapy; gbKiw gbKiwahfkhztu;fisf; nfhz;L tpilapidg; ngw;W xt;nthU gbKiwfSf;Fk;Vw;wthW cq;fshy; toq;fg;gl;l tpilAld; xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;g;gjpy; mtu;fis<LgLj;jTk;.
,izg;G 8.6.1:
up];thd; tzpfj;jpd; 2015.12.31 Mk; jpfjpapy; fhzg;gl;l nrhj;Jf;fs;> nghWg;Gf;fs;>cupik vd;gd gpd;tUkhW fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
&ghfhzp 400 000fl;llk; 200 000,ae;jpuk; 300 000Nkhl;lhu; 400 000jsghl cgfuzq;fs; 150 000KjyPL 100 0002015.12.31y; ng.Nja;T Vw;ghL: - fl;llk; 20 000 - ,ae;jpuk; 60 000 - Nkhl;lhu; 80 000 - jsghl cgfuzq;fs; 15 000
,Ug;Gf;fs; 220 000fld;gl;Nlhu; 80 000tq;fp kPjp 65 000fhR kPjp 34 000tq;fpf; fld; 400 000fld;nfhLj;Njhu; 51 000nfhLf;f Ntz;ba kpd;fl;lzk; 4 000ngwNtz;ba epWtd thlif 6 0002015.01.01y; %yjdk; 1 000 000Kbtile;j tUlj;jpd; Njwpa ,yhgk; 349 000gw;Wf;fs; 24 000
Nkw;fhl;ba jfty;fspD}lhf up];thd; tzpfj;jpd; 2015.12.31 Mk; jpfjpapy;
cs;sthwhd epjpepiyikf;$w;wpidj; jahupf;fTk;.
68tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
khztu;fSf;fhd MNyhridfs;
,q;F cq;fSf;F fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;s tpilapid toq;Ftjw;fhd ml;ltiz
apy; gbKiw gbKiwahf tpdtg;gl;Ls;s tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;fTk;.
,q;F KjyhtJ gbKiwf;F tpilaspf;fg;gl;ljd; gpd;du; Mrpupaupdhy; toq;fg;
gl;l tpilAld; rupahf mike;Js;sjh vd;gjid xg;gpl;Lg; ghUq;fs;.
,k;Kiwf;fika gbKiw gbKiwahf Mrpupaupd; MNyhridapd; fPo;
tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfSld; xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;j;J nraw;ghl;by; <LglTk;.
,izg;G 8.6.2:
tpilaspf;fg;gl Ntz;ba ml;ltiz:
1k; gbKiw:
eilKiw my;yhr; fpuak; jpuz;l ngWkhdj; Njwpa ngWkhdk;
nrhj;Jf;fs; (&gh) Nja;T (&gh) (&gh)
fhzp 400 000 - 400 000fl;llk; 200 000 20 000 180 000,ae;jpuk; - 60 000 -Nkhl;lhu; 400 000 - -jsghl cgfuzq;fs; - - -
............. ............... .................ePz;lfhy KjyPL .................
2k; gbKiw:
eilKiwr; nrhj;Jf;fs; (&gh)
,Ug;Gf;fs; 220 000fld;gl;Nlhu; .............ngwNtz;ba fl;ll thlif .............tq;fp kPjp .............fhR kPjp .............
3k; gbKiw:
(&gh)
2015.01.01y; %yjdk; 1 000 000$l;Lf: Njwpa ,yhgk; ................
fopf;f: gw;Wf;fs; (24 000)2015.12.31y; %yjdk; .................
69tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
4k; gbKiw:
eilKiw my;yhg; nghWg;Gf;fs; (&gh)
tq;fpf;fld; ............
5k; gbKiw:
eilKiwhg; nghWg;Gf;fs; (&gh) (&gh)
fld;nfhLj;Njhu; ............nfhLf;f Ntz;ba kpd;fl;lzk; ............ ............
(&gh)
...........
...........
..........
..........
..........
..........
............
............
............
............
............
............
............
............
............
............
2015.01.01y;
%yjdk;
(+) Njwpa ,yhgk;
(-) gw;Wf;fs;
2015.12.31y;
%yjdk;
eilKiw
my;yhg;
nghWg;Gf;fs;
tq;fpf;fld;
eilKiwg;
nghWg;Gf;fs;
fld;nfhLj;Njhu;
nfhLf;fNtz;ba
kpd;fl;lzk;
eilKiwmy;yhr ;nrhj ;Jf ;fs;
fhzp
fl;llk;
,ae;jpuk;
Nkhl;lhu;
jsghlk;
KjyPL
eilKiwr;
nrhj;Jf;fs;
,Ug;Gf;fs;
fld;gl;Nlhu;
ngwNtz;ba
fl;ll thlif
tq;fp kPjp
fhR kPjp
(&gh)
...........
..........
............
............
............
............
............
f puak ;(&gh)
ngWkhdj;Nja ;T(&gh)
Njw pangWkhdk;
(&gh)
............
............
............
............
............
............
6k; gbKiw:up];thd; tzpfj;jpd;
2015.12.31 ,y; cs;sthwhd epjpepiyikf;$w;W
70tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
,izg;G 8.6.2:tpil njhlu;ghd ml;ltiz:
1k; gbKiwf;fhd tpil:
eilKiw my;yhr; fpuak; ngWkhdj;Nja;T Njwpa ngWkhdk;
nrhj;Jf;fs; (&gh) (&gh) (&gh)
fhzp 400 000 - 400 000fl;llk; 200 000 20 000 180 000,ae;jpuk; 300 000 60 000 240 000Nkhl;lhu; 400 000 80 000 320 000jsghlk; 150 000 15 000 135 000
1 450 000 175 000 1 275 000KjyPL 100 000
2k; gbKiwf;fhd tpil:
eilKiwr; nrhj;Jf;fs; (&gh)
,Ug;Gf;fs; 220 000fld;gl;Nlhu; 80 000ngwNtz;ba fl;ll thlif 6 000tq;fp kPjp 65 000fhR kPjp 34 000
405 000
3k; gbKiwf;fhd tpil:
eilKiwr; nrhj;Jf;fs; (&gh) (&gh)
2015.01.01y; %yjdk; 1 000 000$l;Lf: Njwpa ,yhgk; 349 000fopf;f: gw;Wf;fs; (24 000)2015.12.31y; %yjdk; 1 325 000
4k; gbKiwf;fhd tpil:
eilKiw my;yhg; nghWg;Gf;fs; (&gh) (&gh)
tq;fpf;fld; 400 000
5k; gbKiwf;fhd tpil:
eilKiwg; nghWg;Gf;fs; (&gh) (&gh)
fld;nfhLj;Njhu; 51 000nfhLf;f Ntz;ba kpd;fl;lzk; 4 000 55 000
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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71tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.;
,izg;Gf;fsJ gpujpfs;
fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;: epjpepiyikf;$w;wpy; %yjdj;ijg; gjpthu;.
epjpepiyikf;$w;wpd; cUg;gbfis eilKiw> ei;Kiway;yhj vDk; jiyg;G
fspd; fPo; tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
toq;fg;gl;l jfty;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Ie;njhifiaj; jahupg;ghu;.
tUkhdf;$w;W> epjpepiyikf;$w;W vd;git mlq;fpa gapw;rpfs;
rpytw;iw khztu;fSf;F toq;fTk;.
6k; gbKiwf;fhd tpil:up];thd; tzpfj;jpd;
2015.12.31 Mk; jpfjpapy; cs;sthwhd epjpepiyikf;$w;W
Njw pangWkhdk;
(&gh)
400 000180 000240 000320 000135 000
1 275 000
100 000
405 000
1 780 000
20 00060 00080 00015 000
175 000
220 00080 000
6 00065 00034 000
(&gh)
1 000 000
349 000
(24 000)
51 0004 000
2013.01.01y;
%yjdk;
Njwpa ,yhgk;
gw;Wf;fs;
2013.12.31y;
eilKiw
my;yhg;
nghWg;Gf;fs;tq;fpf;fld;
eilKiwg;
nghWg;Gf;fs;fld;nfhLj;Njhu;
nfhLf;fNtz;ba
kpd;fl;lzk;
eilKiwmy;yhr ;nrhj ;Jf ;fs;
fhzp
fl;llk;
,ae;jpuk;
Nkhl;lhu;
jsghlk;
KjyPL
eilKiwr;
nrhj;Jf;fs;,Ug;Gf;fs;
fld;gl;Nlhu;
ngwNtz;ba
fl;ll thlif
tq;fp kPjp
fhR kPjp
400 000200 000300 000400 000150 000
1 450 000
f puak ;(&gh)
j puz;lngWkhdj;
Nja ;T(&gh)
(&gh)
1 325 000
400 000
55 000
1 780 000
72tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
Nju;r;rp 8.0 : tzpfnkhd;wpd; epjpf;$w;Wf;fisj; jahupg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 8.7 : ,yhg Nehf;fw;w epWtdq;fspd; epjpf;$w;Wf;fisr; Rl;bf;
fhl;b ngWtdT nfhLg;gdTf; fzf;fpidj; jahupg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 05
fw;ww; NgWfs; : ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
,yhg Nehf;fw;w epWtdq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.
,yhg Nehf;fw;w epWtdq;fspd; Nehf;fq;fisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
,yhg Nehf;fw;w epWtdq;fspd; epjpf; $w;Wf;fisg; ngaupl;Lf; fhl;Lthu;.
nfhs;sy; nfhLj;jy; fzf;fpidj; jahupg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijr; Rl;bf;
fhl;Lthu;.
nfhs;sy; nfhLj;jy; fzf;fpidj; jahupg;ghu;.
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:
gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)
,yhg Nehf;fw;w mikg;Gf;fs;
Nehf;fq;fs;
mq;fj;jtu;fspdJk;r%fj;jpdJk;
eyd;Gupr; Nritfs;
epjpf;$w;Wf;fs;
nfhs;sy; nfhLj;jy;fzf;F
fhR ngWtdTfSk;fhRf; nfhLg;gdTfSk; epjpahz;Lf;Fupa
tUkhdq;fSk;nryTfSk;
tUkhdr; nryTf;fzf;F
tUkhd topfs;
cjhuzq;fs;: mq;fj;Jtf;
fl;lzq;fs; ed;nfhilfs;
rkar; rq;fq;fs; ,isQu; fofq;fs; tpisahl;Lf; fofq;fs; eyd;Gupr; rq;fq;fs; ghlrhiy mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fq;fs;
cjhuzq;fs;
73tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
,yhgNehf;fw;w mikg;Gf;fs;:
,yhg Nehf;fpyy;yhJ r%f eyd;fis Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L elhj;jpr; nry;yg;
gLk; tpisahl;Lr; rq;fq;fs;> eyd;Gupr; rq;fq;fs;> fofq;fs;> jUk epWtdq;fs;
Nghd;w mikg;Gf;fs; ,yhg Nehf;fw;w mikg;Gf;fs; vd miof;fg;gLk;.
,yhg Nehf;fw;w mikg;Gf;fspd; epjpf; $w;Wf;fs;:
nfhs;sy; nfhLj;jy; fzf;F:
,J tzpf epWtdq;fspdhy; jahupf;fg;gLfpd;w fhNrl;bd; RUf;fj;ij xj;jjhFk;.
tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;F:
epjpahz;Lf;Fupa midj;J tUkhdq;fs;> nryTfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
,f;fzf;Fj; jahupf;fg;gLk;. ,f;fzf;fpidr; rkg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;Sk; kPjp Nkyjpfk; my;yJ FiwT vd miof;fg;gLk;. ,J ml;LW
mbg;gilapy; jahupf;fg;gLk;. nghJthf ,J ,yhgNehf;f tzpfnkhd;wpd;
,yhgel;lf; fzf;fpid xj;jpUf;Fk;.
mq;fj;Jtf;fl;lzk;:
tUlhe;jk; mq;fj;jtu;fsplkpUe;J mwtplg;gLk; fl;lzj;ij ,J Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
,r;re;jhthdJ ,t;tikg;Gf;fspd; gpujhd tUkhd topnahd;whff; fhzg;gLk;.
nfhs;sy; nfhLj;jy; fzf;nfhd;wpd; khjpup mikg;G:
......................................... VL......................... jpfjpapy; KbtilAk; tUlj;jpw;fhd
nfhs;sy; nfhLj;jy; fzf;F
ngWtdT &gh nfhLg;gdT &gh
fhR kPjp x thlif x
mq;fj;Jtr; re;jh x cgfuzf; nfhs;tdT x
ed;nfhilfs; x cgruizr; nryT x
nyhj;ju; rPl;bOg;G x kPjp (fP.nfh.nr) x
xx xx
nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;: ,r;nraw;ghl;by; gpuNtrpf;Fk;NghJ ghlrhiy khztu; rq;fj;jpy; ,lk;ngwf;
$ba nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fSf;F xj;jjhf nghJthf tzpfnkhd;wpy; ,lk;ngwf;
$ba nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fSf;FkpilNa fhzg;gLk; njhlu;gpidf; Nfl;lwpe;J
,yhg Nehf;fw;w mikg;Gf;fSk;> mtw;wpd; Nehf;fq;fs; Ngzpr; nry;Yk;
fzf;FfSld; ngWtdTfs; nfhLg;gdTfs; vd;gtw;iw fzf;F itj;jy;
njhlu;ghf vspikahd tifapy; mwpKf nkhd;iwr; nra;Aq;fs;.
,izg;G 8.7.1y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s jfty; gj;jpuj;jpid ed;whf tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;tjw;F khztu;fSf;F re;ju;g;gj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fTk;
,izg;gpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s jfty;fisg; gw;wpa tpsf;fj;jpidg; ngw;wjd;
gpd;du; ,izg;G 8.7.2y; cs;slf;fg;gl;l fzf;fpid khztu;fSf;F toq;fp
,izg;G 8.7.1 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l jfty;fspdbg;gilapy; tpilaspf;FkhW
Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.
NkYk; khztu;fspd; Njly;fis njspTgLj;jp nghUj;jkhdthW ghltplaq;
fisf; Nfhitg;gLj;jp itg;gjw;fhd re;ju;g;gj;ij toq;fTk;.
74tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
,izg;G 8.7.1:
fy;Kid tpisahl;Lf; fofj;jpd; 2015.12.31y; Kbtile;j tUlj;jpw;fhd jfty;fs;
fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
&gh
(1) nfhLg;gdTfs;
Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; nryTfs; 1 500ghJfhtyu; rk;gsk; 7 500jghw; fl;lzk; 500tpisahl;Lg; nghUl; nfhs;tdT 2 000nyhj;ju; rPl;L mr;rply; nryT 2 000fhg;GWjp 1 500
ngWtdTfs;
mq;fj;Jtu; re;jh 4 000ed;nfhil 9 000nyhj;ju; rPl;L tpw;gidfs; 5 000
(2) fhR kPjp 2015.01.01 ,y; &gh 2 000
(3) tpisahl;Lf; fofj;jpy; mq;fj;jtu;fsJ vz;zpf;if 100 Ngu;fshf ,Ug;g
Jld; xUtuplkpUe;J tUlhe;j mq;fj;Jtf; fl;lzkhf &gh 50 mwtplg;gLk;.
(4) 2015.12.31 Mk; jpfjpapy; rk;gsk;> fhg;GWjp vd;gtw;wpw;F KiwNa &gh 500
tPjk; nrYj;j Ntz;b cs;sJ.
,izg;G 8.7.2:
fPNo Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s fzf;fpy; Fwpj;j ,ilntspfspy; rupahd tpilapid
vOjpf; fhl;Lq;fs;.
ngWtdT nfhLg;gdTf; fzf;F
&gh &gh
kP.fP.nfh.t. 2 000 .........
......... .........
......... .........
kP.fP.nfh.nr. .........
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.
,izg;Gf;fsJ gpujpfs;
fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:
,yhg Nehf;fw;w mikg;Gf;fis mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.
,yhg Nehf;fw;w epWtdq;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fs; ehd;fpidf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
,yhg Nehf;fw;w epWtdq;fspd; Nehf;fq;fis vOjpf; fhl;Lthu;.
nfhs;sy; nfhLj;jy; fzf;fpidj; jahupg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
toq;fg;gl;l jfty;fspdbg;gilapy; nfhs;sy; nfhLj;jy; fzf;ifj; jahupg;ghu;.
.
................ ...............
75tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
Nju;r;rp 8.0 : tzpfnkhd;wpd; epjpf;$w;Wf;fisj; jahupg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 8.8 : ,yhg Nehf;fw;w epWtdq;fspd; tUkhdr; nryTf;
fzf;ifj; jahupg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 04
fw;ww; NgWfs; : ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;if mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.
tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;nfhd;iwj; jahupg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijr; Rl;bf;
fhl;Lthu;.
tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;nfhd;iwj; jahupg;ghu;.
Nkyjpfk; my;yJ Fiwtpidf; fzpg;gpLthu;.
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:
gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)
tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;F / tUkhdf;$w;W
epjpahz;Lf;Fupa midj;J tUkhdq;fs; nryTfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L
,f;fzf;Fj; jahupf;fg;gLk;. epjpahz;bw;fhd Nkyjpfk; my;yJ Fiwtpidf;
fzpg;gij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Nl ,f;fzf;Fj; jahupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;F / tUkhdf;$w;W
Nehf;fk; nryTfs;tUkhdq;fs;
Nkyjpfk; / FiwT
- thlif- kpd;rhuk;- Vida nryTfs;
- mq;fj;jtu; re;jh- ed;nfhilfs;- Vida tUkhdq;fs;;
76tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;nfhd;wpd; khjpup mikg;G:
................... epWtdj;jpd;............. Kbtile;j tUlj;jpw;fhd tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;F
nryTfs; &gh &gh
tUkhdq;fs;:
mq;fj;jtu; fl;lzk; x
ngw;w ed;nfhil x
Vida tUkhdq;fs; x
gioa gj;jpupif tpw;gid x xx
nryTfs;:
thlif x
rk;gsk; x
kpd;rhuk; x
njhiyNgrp x (xx)
Nkyjpfk; / FiwT xxx
nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;:
Kd;ida nraw;ghl;bw;FupathW ,izg;G 8.7.1y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s fw;wy;-
fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;bdbg;gilapy; fhzg;gLk; MNyhridfis ,q;F gpd;gw;wp
tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;ifj; jahupg;gjpy; khztu;fis <LgLj;jTk;.
,t;thwhd Kiwapy; gapw;rpfs; gytw;iw khztu;fSf;F toq;fp nfhs;sy;
nfhLj;jy; fzf;ifAk;> tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;ifAk; jahupg;gjpy; mtu;fis
<LgLj;jTk;.
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :
juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.
,izg;Gf;fsJ gpujpfs;
fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:
tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;if mwpKfg;gLj;Jthu;.
tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;ifj; jahupg;gjd; Nehf;fj;ijr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;nfhd;wpy; cs;slf;fg;gLk; 06 nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fis
vOjpf; fhl;Lthu;.
tUkhdr; nryTf; fzf;ifj; jahupg;ghu;.
77tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
Nju;r;rp 8.0 : tzpfnkhd;wpd; epjpf;$w;Wf;fisj; jahupg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 8.9 : cw;gj;jpf; fpua ml;ltiziaj; jahupg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 10
fw;ww; NgWfs; : ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
cw;gj;jpf; fpuaj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
cw;gj;jpf; fpuaj;jpd; %yq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;L tpsf;Fthu;.
%yf; fpuaj;ijf; fzpg;gpLthu;.
cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf; fpuaj;jpid fzpg;ghu;.
cw;gj;jp mynfhd;wpw;fhd fpuaj;ijf; fzpg;ghu;.
mynfhd;wpw;fhd tpw;gid tpiyiaj; jPu;khdpg;ghu;.
tpupjhisg; gad;gLj;jp my;yJ NtW nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; cw;gj;jp mynfhd;
wpd; tpw;gid tpiyiaf; fzpf;Fk; Kiwapid vspikahf Kd;itg;ghu;.
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:
gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)
fpuaj;jpd; $Wfs;
cw;gj;jpf;fpua tiffs;
Neu;r; nryTfs;
Neu;$yp
%y / Kjd;ikf; fpuak;
Vida Neu; nryTfs;
cw;gj;jpNke;jiyf; fpuak; Neu;nghUs;
nkhj;jcw;gj;jpf;fpuak;
Neupy; nryTfs;
mynfhd;wpw;fhdcw;gj;jpf;fpuak;
mynfhd;wpw;fhdtpw;gid tpiy
Neupy;nghUs; Neupy; $yp Vida Neupy; nryTfs;
<
78tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
tzpfnkhd;wpdhy; nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhf Vw;gLk; fpuaq;fis
cs;slf;fpajhf cj;Njr cw;gj;jpf; fpua ml;ltiznahd;W jahupf;fg;gLk;.
Neu;r; nryTfs;: cw;gj;jp nghUnshd;Wld; Neubahf,dq;fhzf;$ba
nryTfs;. ,r;nryTfs; Neupy; nghUl;fs;> Neupy; $ypfs;>
Vida Neupy; nryTfis cs;slf;Fk;.
Neu;nghUs;: nghUnshd;wpd; cw;gj;jpapd;NghJ xt;nthU myF njhlu;
gpYk; njspthf ,dq;fhzf;$bajhd ngsjPf tsq;fspd;
ngWkhdkhFk;.
Neu;$yp: nghUnshd;iw cw;gj;jp nra;tjpy; Neubahf gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;fpd;wtu;fSf;Fr; nrYj;jg;gLk; $ypahFk;.Vida
Neu; nryTfs;: nghUs; mynfhd;Wld; Neubahf ,dq;fhzf;$ba nghUs;>
ciog;G my;yhj Vida nryTfs;.
%yf;fpuak;: nghUnshd;iw cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhf Vw;gLk; midj;J
Neu;r;nryTfspdJk; $l;Lj;njhifahFk;.
Neupy; nryTfs;: nghUnshd;wpd; cw;gj;jpAld; Neubahf ,dq;fhz Kbahj
nryTfs;.
cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf; fpuak;:
cw;gj;jp mynfhd;Wld; njspthf ,dq;fhzKbahj> vdpDk; nkhj;j cw;gj;jpf;
fpuaj;jpd; rhu;gpy; Vw;gLk; nryTfs; cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf; fpuak; vd miof;fg;
gLk;. ,J Neupy; nryTfs; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;.
nkhj;j cw;gj;jpf;fpuak; = %yf;fpuak; + cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf;fpuak;
Gj;jfnkhd;iw mr;rpLjYf;fhd cw;gj;jpf;fpuak;
Neu;nghUl; fpuak; - fljhrp> epwg;g+r;R / tu;zik
Neu;$ypf; fpuak; - ,ae;jpuj;ij ,af;FgtUf;fhd rk;gsk;
Vida Neu; nryTfs; - vOj;jhsUf;F toq;fg;gLk; gjpg;Gupik
mr;rply; ,ae;jpuj;jpw;fhd cuha;T vz;nza;
cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf;fpuak; Nkw;ghu;itahsu; rk;gsk;
njhopw;rhiyapd; kpd;fl;lzk;
nkhj;j cw;gj;jpf;fpuak;cw;gj;jp mynfhd;wpw;fhd fpuak; =
cw;gj;jp myFfspd; vz;zpf;if
mynfhd;wpw;fhd tpw;gid tpiy:
mynfhd;wpw;fhd fpuaj;Jld; ,yhg vy;iyiar; Nru;j;Nj
myfpw;fhd tpw;gid tpiy jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;. mg;nghOJ>
mynfhd;wpw;fhd = mynfhd;wpw;fhd + myfpw;fhd ,yhg vy;iy
tpw;gid tpiy cw;gj;jpf;fpuak;
>
79tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
cw;gj;jpf; fpua ml;ltiz:
&gh &gh
epjpahz;Lf;Fupa cw;gj;jpf;fpuak;
Neu;nghUs; x
Neu;$yp x
Neu; Vida nryTfs; x
%yf;fpuak; / Kjd;ikf; fpuak; xx xx
,iwf; fl;lzk; x
Nkw;ghu;itahsu; rk;gsk; x
,ae;jpu ngWkhdj;Nja;T x
cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf;fpuak; xx xx
nkhj;j cw;gj;jpf;fpuak; xxx
nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;: ,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;fhd ghl myfpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; nghOJ Mrpupau; Nkir /
fjpiu / fUk;gyif / mYkhup / Gj;jfk; / Ngid Nghd;w nghUl;fspd;
xd;iwg; ngaupl;L my;yJ mjidf; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp ,jid cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;
fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l tsq;fs; njhlu;ghff; Nfl;lwpe;J Neu;nghUs;> Neu;$yp>
Neu; Vida nryTfs;> nghJ Nke;jiyf;fpuakhfpa Neupy; fpuak; vDk;
cUg;gbfis ntspg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lq;fs;.
,izg;G 8.9.1y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,izg;G njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;jpidg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd msT Neuj;ij khztu;fSf;F toq;fTk;.
,izg;G 8.9.1y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpdhf;nfhj;jpidAk; ,izg;G 8.9.2w;Fupa
tpilapidj; jahupg;gjw;F MW gbKiwfisf; nfhz;l gj;jpuj;jpidAk;
khztu;fSf;F toq;fTk;.
xt;nthU gbKiwapYk; tpilnaOJk; nghOJ fye;Jiuahly; ,lk;ngwy;
Ntz;Lk;.
Kjyhk; gbKiwapy; cs;slf;fg;gl;l tpdhtpw;F khztu;fspdhy; tpilaspf;Fk;
nghOJ Mrpupaupdhy; toq;fg;gl;l ,izg;G 8.9.3y; cs;slf;fg;gl;l KjyhtJ
gbKiwf;Fupa tpilapid khztu;fSf;F toq;fp mjid xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;g;g
jw;fhd re;ju;g;gj;ij toq;fTk;. ,jw;fhf Mrpupau; jdJ KOikahd>
Mf;fuPjpahd gq;fspg;gpid toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.
,t;thW ,uz;lhk; gbKiwapypUe;J Mwhk; gbKiw tiuapy; khztu;fSf;F
tpilnaOJtjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;fp gpd;du; ,izg;G 8.9.3y; cs;slf;fg;gl;l
tpilapid khztu;fspd; tpilAld; xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;f;fTk;. ,jw;fhf Mrpupaupd;
Mf;fuPjpahd gq;Fgw;wyhdJ kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ.
,jw;fhf tpupjhs;fs; %yk; fpua ml;ltiziaj; jahupg;gjw;fhd khjpup
mikg;G fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
80tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
,izg;G 8.9.1:
jr;Rj; njhopyhspahd tpkyd; gyiffisf; nfhz;L jsghlj;
njhopw;rhiynahd;iw Muk;gpg;gjw;fhf &gh 120 000 nrytpl;L
jr;Rr; njhopYf;Fj; Njitahd cgfuzq;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;j
Jld;> mjid elhj;jpr; nry;tjw;fhf khjk; &gh 20 000 thlifapy;
fl;llnkhd;iw ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhd;. jr;Rj; njhopw;rhiyapy; Ntiy
nra;tjw;fhf jr;Rj; njhopyhsp xUtiuAk; fhtyhsp xUtiuAk;
khjk; 10 000 &gh rk;gsj;jpy; ,izj;Jf; nfhz;lJld; rk;gskhdJ
cupathW nrYj;jg;gl;lJ.
tpkyd; mYkhup cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhf &gh 90 000 ngWkjpahd
Njf;Fg; gyiffis nfhs;tdT nra;jJld; 2015 [dtup khjj;jpy;
cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l 10 mYkhupfSf;F jr;Rj; njhopyhspf;F rk;gs
khf &gh 50 000 nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. ,NjNghd;W mYkhup tbtikg;gpw;
fhf &gh 10 000 nrYj;jg;gl;lJ.
mYkhupia nkU$l;Ltjw;fhf kzw;fljhrp> epwg; g+r;Rf;fisf;
nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;F &gh 8 000 Kk; Mzpfs; nfhs;tdtpw;F
&gh 2 000 Kk; nrytplg;gl;lJ.
gbKiw nraw;ghL
(1) fzpdpapd; Excell work sheetxd;wpidj; jpwj;jy;.
(2) Excell work sheet xd;wpy; fpuaml;ltiznahd;iwj;
jahupj;jy;.
%yf;fpuak;> Nke;jiyf;fpuak;
vd;gtw;wpd; $l;Lj;njhif
iag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf
()my;yJ (Sum) vDk; fl;lis
iag; gad;gLj;jTk;
(3) myfpw;fhd fpuaj;ijf;
fzpg;gply; = (nkhj;jf;fpuak;nkhj;j cw;gj;jp myFfspd;
vz;zpf;if) vd;gtw;iw
cs;slf;fpf; fl;lisapidg;
ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fTk;.
epiyfhl;b (fl;lis)
Start Ms Excell, work sheet
Neu;nghUs; x
Neu;$yp x
Neu; Vida nryTfs; x
%yf;fpuak; xx
njhopw;rhiy ,iwf;fl;lzk; x
Nkw;ghu;itahsu; rk;gsk; x
,ae;jpug; ngWkhdj; Nja;T x
cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf;fpuak; xx
nkhj;j cw;gj;jpf;fpuak; xx
nkhj;j cw;gj;jpf; fpuak;
cw;gj;jp myFfspd; vz;zpf;if
81tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
2015 [dtup khjj;jpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l mYkhupfSf;fhd
kpd;rhuf; fl;lzkhf &gh 6 000 nrYj;j Ntz;b Vw;gl;lJld; jr;R
,ae;jpug; gOJghu;j;jYf;fhf &gh 4 000 Kk; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ.
,t;thNw ,ae;jpuj; Nja;tpw;fhf jr;R cgfuzf; fpuaj;jpy; 10%j;ij
ngWkhdj; Nja;tpLtjw;Fk; Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
Nkw;fhl;ba tpla Ma;T njhlu;ghd rupahd tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;wjd; gpd;du;
gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilapid ,izg;G 8.9.2d; ml;ltizf;fika
vOJq;fs;. xU gbKiwf;F tpilaspf;fg;gl;l gpd;du; Mrpupaupdhy; toq;fg;gLk;
tpilfSld; xg;gplTk;.
(1) ,t;tzpfj;jpdhy; nrytplg;gl;l fpuag; gl;banyhd;iwj; jahupf;fTk;.
(2) NkNy ,dq;fhzg;gl;l fpuaq;fis fpua cUg;gbfSf;fika tifg;gLj;jpf;
fhl;Lq;fs;.
(3) NkNy ,dq;fhzg;gl;l fpua cUg;gbfSf;fika mYkhup cw;gj;jpf;fhf
Vw;gLk; %yf;fpuak;> cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf; fpuak; vd;gtw;iwf; fzpg;gpLf.
(4) 2015 [dtup khjj;jpw;fhd fpua ml;ltiziaj; jahupj;J> nkhj;j cw;gj;jpf;
fpuaj;jpidf; fzpf;fTk;.
(5) xU mYkhup cw;gj;jpf;fhd fpuaj;jpidf; fzpg;gplTk;.
(6) mYkhup xd;wpd; cw;gj;jpf; fpuaj;jpw;F 40% ,yhg vy;iy Nru;f;fg;gl;L
mjd; tpw;gid tpiyiaj; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLkhapd; xU mYkhupf;fhd tpw;gid
tpiy ahJ?
,izg;G 8.9.2:tpilaspg;gjw;fhd ml;ltiz:
1tJ gbKiw:
fpuag;gl;bay;
nryTfs; ngWkhdk;
(&gh)
1.
2.
3.
82tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
2k; gbKiw:
Neu;nghUs; - gyif ............
Neu;f;$yp - jr;Rf;$yp ............
Vida Neu;r; nryTfs; - tbtikg;ghsUf;fhdJ 10 000
cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf;fpuak; - ................................. .............
cuha;T vz;nza; 2 000
................................. .............
................................. .............
................................. .............
................................. .............
................................. .............
................................. .............
................................. .............
,ae;jpug; ngWkhdj;Nja;T 1 000
nra;if:-
,ae;jpug; ngWkhdj;Nja;tpd; ngWkjp= ,ae;jpuj;jpd; fpuak; x ngWkhdj;Nja;T tPjk;= ..........................................................................= ..........................................................................
3k; gbKiw:
%yf;fpuak;:
(................. + ............... + .................) = &gh ...................
cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf;fpuak;
(................. + ............... + .................) = &gh ...................
4k; gbKiw:
2015 [dtup khjj;jpw;fhd fpua ml;ltiz
&gh &gh
Neu;nghUs; ...........
Neu;f;$yp 50 000
Vida Neu;nryTfs; ...........
%y / Kjd;ikf;fpuak; ...........
,ae;jpug; ngWkhdj;Nja;T
cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf;fpuak;
.................... ...........
.................... ...........
.................... ...........
nkhj;j cw;gj;jpf; fpuak; ........... ..........
&gh%yf;fpuak;
83tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
5k; gbKiw:
mynfhd;wpw;fhd cw;gj;jpf;fpuak; = nkhj;j cw;gj;jpf; fpuak;
nkhj;j cw;gj;jp myFfspd; vz;zpf;if
= .................................................
/ mYkhup xd;wpw;fhd cw;gj;jpf;fpuak; = &gh ................................................
6k; gbKiw:
mynfhd;wpw;fhd tpw;gid tpiy = mynfhd;wpw;fhd + mynfhd;wpw;fhd
fpuak; ,yhg vy;iy
= .............. + ................
/ mYkhup xd;wpw;fhd tpw;gid tpiy = &gh ................................................
,izg;G 8.9.3:
tpilfspd; ml;ltiz
1k; gbKiwf;fhd tpil:
&gh
,ae;jpuq;fs; 120 000
gyif 90 000
njhopw;rhiy fl;ll thlif 20 000
fhtyu; rk;gsk; 10 000
jr;ru; $yp 50 000
tbtikg;ghsu; 10 000
kzw; fljhrp> epwg;g+r;R 8 000
Mzpfs; 2 000
kpd;rhuk; 6 000
,ae;jpu ngWkhdj;Nja;T 1 000
,ae;jpuk; gOJghu;j;jy; 4 000
84tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
2k; gbKiwf;fhd tpil:
&gh
Neu;nghUs; - gyif 90 000
Neu;$yp - jr;ru; $yp 50 000
Neu; Vida nryTfs; - tbtikg;G 10 000
cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf;fpuak; - kzw; fljhrp
epwg;g+r;R 8 000
Mzpfs; 2 000
fhtyu; rk;gsk; 10 000
njhopw;rhiy thlif 20 000
njhopw;rhiy kpd;rhuk; 6 000
,ae;jpuk; gOJghu;j;jy; 4 000
,ae;jpug; ngWkhdj;Nja;T 1 000
nra;if:
,ae;jpuj;jpd; ngWkhdj;Nja;tpd; ngWkjp = ,ae;jpuf;fpuak; ngWkhdj;Nja;T tPjk;
=10 1
120 000100 12
= &gh 12 000 1
12
= &gh 1 000
3k; gbKiwf;fhd tpil:
%yf;fpuak; (90 000 + 50 000 + 10 000) = &gh 150 000
(10 000 + 10 000 + 31 000) = &gh 51 000
4k; gbKiwf;fhd tpil:
2015 rdtup khjj;jpw;fhd fpua ml;ltiz
&gh &gh
Neu;nghUs; - gyif 90 000Neu;f;$yp - jr;ru; $yp 50 000Neu; Vida nryTfs; - tbtikg;G 10 000%y / Kjd;ikf;fpuak; 150 000
cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf;fpuak;: - kzw;fljhrp / epwg;g+r;R 8 000- Mzp 2 000- njhop. fhtyu; rk;gsk; 10 000- njhop. thlif 20 000- kpd;rhuk; 6 000- ,ae;jpuk; gOJghu;j;jy; 4 000- ,ae;jpu ngWkhdj;Nja;T 1 000 51 000
nkhj;j cw;gj;jpf;fpuak; 201 000
85tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
5k; gbKiwf;fhd tpil:
mynfhd;wpw;fhd cw;gj;jpf;fpuak; = nkhj;j cw;gj;jpf; fpuak;
cw;gj;jp myFfspd; vz;zpf;if
= 201 000
= 20 10010
/ mYkhup xd;wpw;fhd cw;gj;jpf;fpuak; = &gh 20 100
6k; gbKiwf;fhd tpil:
mynfhd;wpw;fhd tpw;gid tpiy = mynfhd;wpw;fhd + mynfhd;wpw;fhd
fpuak; ,yhg vy;iy
= 20 100 + (20 100 40%)
= &gh 20 100 + 8 040= &gh 28 140
/ mYkhup xd;wpw;fhd tpw;gid tpiy = &gh 28 140
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :
juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.
,izg;Gf;fsJ gpujpfs;
fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:
cw;gj;jpf; fpuaj;jpid tpgupg;ghu;.
cw;gj;jpf; fpua cUg;gbfis ngaupl;L tpsf;Fthu;.
%yf;fpuaj;ijf; fzpg;gpLthu;.
cw;gj;jp Nke;jiyf; fpuaj;ijf; fzpg;gpLthu;.
cw;gj;jp myFf;fpuak;> myFf;fhd tpw;gid tpiy vd;gtw;iwf; fzpg;gpLthu;.
tpupjhisg; gad;gLj;jp my;yJ NtW nghUj;jkhd Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp
vspikahd tifapy; mynfhd;wpw;fhd tpw;gid tpiyiaf; fzpg;gpLk;
Kiwia Kd;itg;ghu;.
86tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
Nju;r;rp 9.0 : KjyPLfs; njhlu;ghfj; Nfl;lwpe;J nghUj;jkhd
jPu;khdq;fSf;F tUthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 9.1 : KjyPl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijj; Njbawpthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 05
fw;ww; NgWfs; : ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
KjyPl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
gy;NtW KjyPl;L topKiwfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
nghUj;jkhd KjyPl;L topKiwnahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak; nghOJ ftdk;
nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;ba mbg;gilf; fhuzpfisr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:
gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)
KjyPL
nghUshjhu mD$ynkhd;iwg;ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; vjpu;ghu;g;gpy;
gzj;ij Kjyply;
KjyPl;L topKiwfs;
rpw;wsTtzpfnkhd;iw
Muk;gpj;jy;
gq;Fr; re;ijapy;KjyPL nra;jy;
tq;fpnahd;wpy;gzj;ij
itg;gpyply;
nrhj;Jf;fs; /Mjdq;fisf;
nfhs;tdT nra;jy;
Nrkpg;Gf;fzf;F
epiyahditg;Gf;fzf;F
fhzpnahd;iwf;nfhs;tsTnra;jy;
thfdq;fisf;nfhs;tdT
nra;jy;
jq;f Mguzq;fisf;nfhs;tdT nra;jy;
jpiwNrupcz;bay;fisf;
nfhs;tdTnra;jy;
rhjhuzgq;Ffisf;nfhs;tdT
nra;jy;
87tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
KjyPL
egnuhUtu; jhd; cioj;j tUkhdj;jpy; Nrkpj;j gzj; njhifapypUe;J mD$yq;
fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; vjpu;ghu;g;Gld; mjid VjhtJ KjyPnlhd;wpy;
<LgLj;Jjy; KjyPL vd vspikahff; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;l KbAk;.
gy;NtW KjyPl;L topKiwfs;
Nrkpg;G itg;Gf; fzf;nfhd;wpy; itg;gpyply;.
tq;fpnahd;wpy; epiyahd itg;Gf; fzf;nfhd;iwg; Ngzy;.
fhzp> Mguzq;fs; Nghd;w nrhj;Jf;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;jy;.
gq;Fr; re;ijapy; KjyPL nra;jy;.
(,g;ghl tplaq;fs; nraw;ghL 9.1.2y; fye;Jiuahlg;gLk;.)
KjyPl;L topKiwnahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak;nghOJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;ba
Kf;fpa fhuzpfs;:-
Nehf;fk;
,lu;
mD$yq;fs;
xt;nthU KjyPl;L topKiwfspd; %yKk; nghJthf ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba
mD$yq;fs;:-
tl;b tUkhdk;
ghJfhg;G
%yjd ,yhgk;
gq;fpyhgk; fpilj;jy;
gpiz cWjpfshf Kd;itf;f Kbjy;.
gy;NtW KjyPl;L topKiwfspdJk; mD$yq;fs;:
Nrkpg;Gf; fzf;F:
tl;b tUkhdk; fpilf;fg;ngwy;.
gzj;jpw;Fg; ghJfhg;Gf; fpilj;jy;.
Vida mD$yq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbjy;.
cjhuzk;:- gupR fpilj;jy;> nyhj;ju; rPl;bOg;Gf;fspdhy; ntw;wp tha;g;Gf;
fpilj;jy;.
epiyahd itg;Gf;fs;:
nghJthf cau; tl;b tUkhdk; fpilj;jy;.
gzj;jpw;Fg; ghJfhg;Gf; fpilj;jy;.
gpizahf itj;Jf; fld; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbjy;.
nrhj;Jf;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;jy;:
eilKiway;yhr; nrhj;jpw;fhd cupik fpilj;jy;.
mr;nrhj;jpidg; gad;gLj;j Kbjy;.
ve;jnthU re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; fhrhf khw;wf;$ba epiy fhzg;gly;
(%yjd ,yhgj;jpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbjy;.)
gpizahf itj;Jf; fld; ngw Kbjy;.
thliff;F my;yJ Fj;jiff;F tplKbAk;.
88tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd MNyhridfs;: ,j;Nju;r;rp kl;lj;jpw;fhd ghl myfpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; nghOJ gpd;tUk; nrhw;
nwhliu vy;yh khztu;fSf;Fg; Gyg;glf;$bathW nghUj;jkhd tifapy;
Kd;itf;fTk;.
rPl;bOg;gpd; %yk; cq;fSf;F &gh 1 000 000 fpilf;fg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
,J njhlu;gpy; khztu;fspd; Jyq;fy;fis fUk;gyifapy; gl;bay;gLj;jp
,jw;fhd fhuzq;fisf; Nfl;lwpaTk;.
,jw;fika KjyPL vd;why; vd;d vd;gJ njhlu;ghf RUf;fkhf tpsf;fTk;.
gpd;du; KjyPl;L topKiwfs; njhlu;ghf NkYk; tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;fhfg; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.
,izg;G 9.1.1 ,d; tpla Ma;tpidAk; ,izg;G 9.1.2 ,d; khztu; MNyhridg;
gj;jpuj;jpidAk; khztu; FOf;fSf;F toq;fp nraw;ghl;by; <Lglr; nra;aTk;.
,jw;fhf juk; 11 ,w;fhd ghlE}ypy; Fwpj;j ghl myfpd; tpsf;fj;ijg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;sr; nra;aTk;.
Nfhitg;gLj;jg;gl;l jfty;fis tFg;gpy; Kd;itg;gjw;F khztu;fis
Maj;jg;gLj;jTk;.
khztu;fspdhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l jfty;fSld; Nkyjpfg; ghl tplaq;fisAk;
Nrfupj;J khztu;fspd; mwptpid tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;tjw;F KbAkhd
tifapy; nghUj;jkhd Fwpg;Gf;fis toq;fTk;.
,izg;G 9.1.1:tpla Ma;T
mur Copauhd rk;ge;jd; jdJ 35 tUlr; Nritapd; gpd;du; Xa;T ngw;whu;.
mtuJ kfshd rhtpj;jpup mur tq;fpnahd;wpy; Nrit Gupfpd;whu;. kfd; Kusp
tzpf Kfhikj;Jtg; gl;ljhupahthu;. mtu; gy;NtW tzpf eltbf;iffspy;
<LgLfpd;whu;.
rk;ge;jdpd; Xa;t+jpar; rk;gskhf xNu Kiwapy; fpilf;fg; ngw;w &gh 1 000 000
Tld;> mtupd; Nrkpg;gpypUe;j &gh 2 000 000 Tk; mtuplk; fhzg;gl;lJ.
,tu; ,g;gzj;jpidf; $ba mD$yj;jpidj; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; tifapy; KjyPL
nra;tJ njhlu;ghfr; rpe;jpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;. MapDk; KjyPL njhlu;ghf
mtUf;Fr; rpwe;j tpsf;fkpUf;ftpy;iy. ,t;ntz;zj;jpidj; jdJ FLk;g
mq;fj;jtu;fSld; fye;JiuahLk;nghOJ gy;NtW fUj;Jf;fs; NknyOe;jd.
mjhtJ>
,e;ehl;fspy; tq;fp tl;bahdJ cau;e;J nry;fpd;wJ. epiyahd itg;ngd;iw
Muk;gpg;gJ nghUj;jkhdJ vd rhtpj;jpup $wpdhs;. vdpDk; ,e;ehl;fspy; fhzp>
jq;fk; vd;gtw;wpd; tpiyahdJ Fiwe;Js;sjhy; mJ njhlu;gpYk; rpwpJ rpe;jpj;Jg;
ghu;j;J epiyahd itg;nghd;iw Muk;gpg;gJ njhlu;ghf vz;zpdhy; vd;d vd
Kusp tpdTfpwhu;.
89tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
,izg;G 9.1.2:
khztu; MNyhridg; gj;jpuk;
(1) cq;fSf;Ff; fpilf;fg; ngw;w tpla Ma;tpid thrpj;J rpwe;j tpsf;fj;jpidg;
ngWq;fs;.
(2) Fwpj;j ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myfpd; tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;W KjyPL vd;why;
vd;d vd;gjidr; RUf;fkhfj; njspTgLj;jTk;.
(3) ,t;tpla Ma;tpypUe;J ntspg;gLk; KjyPl;L topKiwfs; %d;wpd; ngau;fisf;
Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.
(4) gpd;tUk; KjyPl;L topKiwfis ,dq;fz;L xt;nthU KjyPl;L topKiw
fspd; %yKk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba mD$yq;fs; ,uz;L tPjk; vOJf.
tq;fp itg;Gf;fs;
nrhj;Jf;fspy; KjypLjy;
(5) xUtu; jdJ gzj;jpid KjyPL nra;Ak; nghOJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s Ntz;ba
tplaq;fs; ,uz;bidf; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.
(6) rk;ge;jd; jdJ gzj;jpid KjyPL nra;af;$ba NtW KjyPl;L topKiw
fisg; ngaupLq;fs;.
(7) cq;fshy; Nfhitg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s jfty;fis tFg;giwapy; Kd;itg;gjw;F
Maj;jg;gLj;jTk;.
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.
,izg;Gf;fsJ gpujpfs;
fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;: KjyPl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid tpsf;Fthu;.
KjyPL nra;af;$ba gy;NtW topKiwfisg; ngaupLthu;.
khw;W KjyPl;L topKiwfSs; kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd KjyPl;L topKiwapidj;
njupT nra;Ak; Kiwapidf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
KjyPl;L topKiwnahd;iwj; njupT nra;Ak; nghOJ ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl
Ntz;ba fhuzpfis vOjpf; fhl;Lthu;.
90tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
Nju;r;rp 9.0 : KjyPL njhlu ;ghfj ; Njbawpe ;J nghUj ;jkhd
jPu;khdq;fSf;F tUthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 9.2 : gq;Fr; re;ijapy; KjyPL nra;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijj;
Njbawpthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 05
fw;ww; NgWfs; : ,r; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztu;fs; gpd;tUk; fw;ww; NgWfis mile;J
nfhs;s KbAk;.
gq;Fr; re;ij KjyPl;bid mwpe;J nfhs;thu;.
gq;Ffisf; nfhs;tdT nra;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijr; Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
jpiwNrup cz;bay;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidr; Rl;bf;
fhl;Lthu;.
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpw;fhd MNyhridfs;:
gpujhd gjq;fSk; vz;zf;fUf;fSk;:
vz;zf;fUg;glk; (Concept Map)
gq;Fr; re;ijapy;KjyPL nra;jy;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; KjyPl;L topKiwfs;
gq;Ffisf;nfhs;tdT nra;jy;(rhjhuz gq;Ffs;)
jpiwNrup cz;bay;fisf;nfhs;tdT nra;jy;
mD$yq;fs;
VidamD$yq;fs;
%yjd,yhgk;
gq;Fyhgk;fpilj;jy;
gpizfshf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gly;
mD$yq;fs;
epiyahd tl;b Fiwe;j ,lu;
fk;gdpapd;jPu;khdnkLg;gjpy;
njhlu;Ggly;
gzpg;ghsu; rigapy;mq;fj;Jtk; ngWtjw;fhd
jifik fpilj;jy;
91tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
gq;Fr; re;ijapy; Kjyply;:
,yq;ifapy; gq;Ffisg; gupkhw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhfg; nfhOk;Gg; gq;Fr; re;ij
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,r;re;ijapy; gjpT nra;ag;gl;l fk;gdpfs; kl;LNk tpahghu
eltbf;iffis ,q;F Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd. nfhOk;Gg; gq;Fg; guptu;j;jid
epiyaj;jpd; %yk; nfhOk;Gg; gq;Fr; re;ijapd; eltbf;iffs; Nkw;ghu;it
nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. mNjNghd;W ,yq;ifg; gpizfs; nryhtzp Mizf;FOtpd;
%yk; ,jd; eltbf;iffs; Nkw;ghu;it nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
gq;Ffisf; nfhs;tdT nra;jy;:
fk;gdpfspd; gq;Ffisf; nfhs;tdT nra;jy; gzj;jpid KjyPL nra;af;$ba
kw;Nwhu; KjyPl;L topnahd;whFk;. gq;Fr; re;ijapD}lhf me;eltbf;iffs;
,lk;ngWfpd;wd. tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpnahd;W jdJ gq;Ffis toq;Fk;
re;ju;g;gnkhd;wpy; my;yJ nraw;gLfpd;w nghJf; fk;gdpnahd;wpd; gq;Ffisf;
nfhs;tdT nra;j xUtiu mg;gq;Ffis tpw;gid nra;Ak;NghJ my;yJ
gq;Ffis nfhs;tdT nra;Ak;NghJ ,g;gq;Fr; re;ijapy; gq;Fgw;wyhk;.
,jw;fhfg; gq;FyhgNk mD$ykhff; fpilf;fpd;wJ. fk;gdpapdhy; toq;fg;gLk;
gq;F tiffSs; rhjhuz gq;Ffs; kpf Kf;fpa ,lj;jpid tfpf;fpd;wJ.
rhjhuz gq;Ffs;:
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fk;gdpfs; %yjdj;ij jpul;bf; nfhs;tjw;fhf gq;fhsu;fSf;F
toq;Fk; gq;F tifNa ,JthFk;. ,g;gq;Ffspy; Kf;fpakhd gz;Gfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
rhjhuz gq;Ffisf; nfhs;tdT nra;tjd; %yk; fpilf;Fk;
mD$yq;fs;:
thf;fspf;Fk; cupik
gq;fpyhgk; fpilj;jy;
%yjd ,yhgk; fpilj;jy;
gq;Ffis tpw;gid nra;tjd; %yk; mtw;iwg; gzkhf khw;wpf; nfhs;s Kbjy;.
gpizfshf Kd;itf;f Kbjy;.
Vida eyd;fs; fpilj;jy;.
,af;Fdu; rigapy; mq;fj;Jtk; ngWk; jifik fpilj;jy;.
fk;gdpAld; njhlu;Gila jPu;khdq;fs; vLg;gjw;fhd ,aYik fpilj;jy;.
gq;Fyhgk; toq;fy;:
fk;gdpapy; ciof;fg;gLk; ,yhgj;jpd; mbg;gilapNyNa gq;Fyhgk; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;.
nghJthf ,yhgkw;w re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gq;F yhgk; gpufldg;gLj;jhJ ,Ug;gJld;>
$ba ,yhgk; fpilf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; $ba gq;Fyhgk; ngwf;$bajhf
,Uf;Fk;.
fk;gdpapy; fhzg;gLk; mjpfhuq;fSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk; fpilj;jy;:
fk;gdpapd; KfhikahdJ ,af;Fdu; rig %yNk Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
rhjhuz gq;fhsu;fspypUe;Nj mt; ,af;Fdu; rigahdJ njupT nra;ag;gLk;.
,it Neubahf rhjhuz gq;Fjhuu;fs; ,af;Fdu; rigf;Fj; njupT nra;t
jw;fhd re;ju;g;gk; fpilf;fpd;wJ.
jpiwNrup cz;bay;fs;:
murpd; FWq;fhy epjpj; Njitiag; g+u;j;jp nra;Ak; nghUl;L murpdhy;
toq;fg;gLk; Mtzk; jpiwNrup cz;bay;fs; vd miof;fg;gLk;. ,tw;wpidg;
gq;Fr; re;ijapD}lhfTk; nfhs;tdT nra;a KbAk;.
92tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf;fy;tpAk; juk; 11
jpiwNrup cz;bay;fspy; KjyPL nra;tjdhy; fpilf;fg; ngWk; mD$yq;fs;:
jpiwNrup cz;bay;fspd; %yk; $ba tl;b fpilj;jy;.
KOikahd ghJfhg;Gf; fpilj;jy; (,lu; FiwT)
tpiuthfg; gzkhf khw;w Kbjy;.
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : juk; 11 ,d; tzpfKk; fzf;fPl;Lf; fy;tpAk; ghlE}ypd; Fwpj;j ghl myF.
fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;: gq;Fr; re;ijapy; KjypLtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij njspTgLj;Jthu;.
gq;Fr; re;ijapy; KjyPL nra;af;$ba gy;NtW Kiwfisg; ngaupLthu;.
khw;W KjyPl;L topKiwfspy; gq;Ffspy; KjyPL nra;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
Rl;bf; fhl;Lthu;.
jpiwNrup cz;bay;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Rl;bf;
fhl;Lthu;.