Notes

Notes to Chapter 1: Introduction

I . Brian S. Dyde, 'The Importance of the Sea and Hydrography to the Islands of the OECS', Bulletin of Eastern Caribbean Affairs, 10 (September­October 1984) pp. 8-21.

2. Humberto Garda Mufiiz and Betsaida Velez Natal, Bibliografia Militar del Caribe (Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico: Universidad de Puerto Rico, 1992).

3. W. Andrew Axline, 'Political Choice and US Strategic Concerns in the Caribbean', Latin American Research Review, 23 (1988) pp. 214-25; Graham Norton, 'Security in the Caribbean: a Reference Bookshelf', The World Today, 41 (January 1991) pp. 17-19.

4. John D. Martz, 'Counterpoint and Concatenation in the Caribbean: The Substance and Style of Foreign Policy', Latin American Research Re­view, 21 (1986) pp. 161-72.

5. Thomas D. Anderson, Geopolitics of the Caribbean: Ministates in a Wider World (New York: Praeger, 1984).

6. Farrokh Jhabvala (ed.), Maritime Issues in the Caribbean (Miami: Uni­versity Presses of Florida, 1983).

7. Lewis M. Alexander (ed.), Gulf and Caribbean Maritime Problems (Kingston, RI: Law of the Sea Institute, University of Rhode Island, 1973).

Notes to Chapter 2: Caribbean Coast-Guard and Naval Capabilities

1. Michael A. Morris, Expansion of Third-World Navies (London: Macmillan, and New York: St Martin's Press, 1987).

2. Pilar Armanet, Politicas Maritimas Sudamericanas (Santiago, Chile: Comisi6n Sudamericana de Paz, Documento de Estudio No. 6, 1991) pp. 9-15.

3. This argument is supported and elaborated in Chapter 8 of Morris, Ex­pansion of Third-World Navies, 'The Caribbean Basin'.

4. Coast Guard: 200 Years of Service (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1991) pp. 6, 8-9.

5. Charles W. Koburger, Jr, Narrow Seas, Small Navies, and Fat Merchantmen: Naval Strategies for the 1990s (New York: Praeger, 1990) p. 86.

6. Morris, Expansion of Third-World Navies, p. 82. 7. Sheila Harden (ed.), Small is Dangerous: Micro States in a Macro World

(London: Frances Pinter Publishers, 1985) pp. 84-6. 8. HQ, US Forces Caribbean, 'The Caribbean Regional Coast Guard Pro­

gram', The DISAM Journal of International Security Assistance Man­agement, 8 (Fall 1985) p. 59.

9. David E. Simcox, 'The Regional Coast Guards', Proceedings, US Naval Institute, 111 (July 1988) p. 47.

217

218 Notes

10. Congressional Presentation for Security Assistance Programs: Fiscal Year 1992 (Washington, DC: Department of State and the Defense Security Assistance Agency, 1991) pp. 135.

II. International Energy Annual 1989 (Washington, DC: Energy Informa­tion Administration, US Department of Energy, 1990) p. 253.

Notes to Chapter 3: Cold-War Maritime Issues

I. Fred Parkinson, Latin America, The Cold War, and the World Powers: 1945-1973 (Beverly Hills, California: Sage Publications, 1974) pp. 25, 27, 40-1.

2. Anthony P. Maingot, 'The United States in the Caribbean: Geopolitics and the Bargaining Capacity of Small States', in Anthony Bryan, J. Edward Greene and Timothy Shaw (eds), Peace, Development and Security in the Caribbean: Perspectives to the Year 2000 (New York: St Martin's Press, 1990) p. 77.

3. Bruce W. Watson, Red Navy at Sea: Soviet Naval Operations on the High Seas, I956-1980 (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1982) p. 48.

4. Bruce W. Watson and Susan M. Watson, 'Looking Toward the Future', in Bruce W. Watson and Susan M. Watson (eds), The Soviet Navy: Strengths and Liabilities (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1986) p. 297.

5. Augusto Varas, 'Moscow and Latin America', Hemisphere (Summer 1989) p. 36.

6. Charles H. Fairbanks, Jr, 'Gorbachev's Global Doughnut: The Empire with a Hole in the Middle', The National Interest, 19 (Spring 1990) pp. 21-3.

7. Tony Thorndike, 'The Militarization of the Commonwealth Caribbean', in Peter Calvert (ed.), The Central American Security System: North­South or East-West? (Cambridge: Cambndge University Press, 1988) p. 146.

8. Andres Serbin, El Caribe, Zona de Paz. Geopo/ftica, integraci6n y seguridad (Caracas: Editora Nueva Sociedad, Comisi6n Sudamericana de Paz, 1989) pp. 157-8.

9. Paul Sutton (ed.), Europe and the Caribbean (London: Macmillan, 1991) pp. 8-9, 19-23, 234-9.

Notes to Appendix 3: Analytical Chronology, 'Historical Evolution of Cold-War Maritime Issues in the Caribbean'

I. Rear Admiral J. A. Moriarty (Commander, Fleet Air Caribbean), 'Re­marks for American Bar Association Conference on Peace and Security in the Caribbean' (unpublished manuscript, 28 January 1989) pp. 6, 10.

2. Rafael Hernandez, 'La 16gica de Ia frontera en las relaciones EU-Cuba', Cuadernos de Nuestra America, 4 (Havana, Cuba, 1987) p. 8.

Notes 219

Notes to Chapter 4: Caribbean Boat People

1. David P. Forsythe, The Politics of International Law: US Foreign Policy Reconsidered (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1990) p. 99.

2. Karen Branch, 'Haitianos camino a Miami rescatan a cubanos', El Nuevo Herald (Miami), 8 July 1991, p. lB.

3. 'Critica a "privilegios" para cubanos en PR', El Nuevo Herald (Miami), 28 December 1991, p. 3A.

4. Robert Pastor, 'Caribbean Emigration and US Immigration Policy', in Jorge Heine and Leslie Manigat (eds), The Caribbean and World Poli­tics: Cross Currents and Cleavages (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1988) p. 313.

5. Juan Clark, Angel de Fana, and Amaya Sanchez, Human Rights in Cuba: An Experiential Perspective (Miami, Florida: Saeta Ediciones, 1991) pp. 1, 3.

6. Olga Miranda Bravo, 'Las relaciones migratorias entre Cuba y Estados Unidos', in Agresiones de Estados Unidos a Cuba Revolucionaria: Anuario de 1984 (Havana, Cuba: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, 1989) pp. 179, 186-7.

7. Harold Maass and Karen Branch, 'Interdicted Haitians Caught in Legal Limbo', Miami Herald, 5 November 1991, p. lA.

8. Leon Bouvier and David Simeox, Many Hands, Few Jobs: Population, Unemployment and Emigration in Mexico and the Caribbean (CIS Paper no. 2, November 1986, Center for Immigration Studies, Washington, DC) p. 47.

9. Howard W. French, 'Haitians Still Determined to Get Out', New York Times, 25 May 1992, p. 4.

10. Anthony Payne, The International Crisis in the Caribbean (London: Croom Helm, 1984) p. 28.

11. Christopher Marquis, 'Dominicanos encaran Ia muerte en salto clandestino a Puerto Rico', El Nuevo Herald (Miami), 12 May 1991, pp. 1A and 4A.

12. Daniel LaLiberte, 'Our Porous Caribbean Border', Proceedings, US Naval Institute, 117 (Feb. 1991) pp. 92-3.

13. Christopher Marquis, 'Dominicanos encaran Ia muerte', en salto clandestino a Puerto Rico', El Nuevo Herald (Miami), 12 May 1991, p. 4A.

14. 'Republica Dominicana: Detenidos por tnifico de ilegales a EU', El Nuevo Herald (Miami), 16 May 1992, p. 3A.

15. Daniel LaLiberte, 'Our Porous Caribbean Border', pp. 92-3. 16. Interviews by the author with US Coast-Guard officials in San Juan,

Puerto Rico, June 1990. 17. Interview by the author with a leading officer in the Dominican Repub­

lic Navy, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. 31 July 1990. 18. Admiral Victor Francisco l.iarcia Alecont, Compendia Aaministrativo de

Consulta para la Marina de Guerra Dominicana (Santo Domingo, Domi­nican Republic: Editora Corripio, 1990), p. 302.

19. Interview by the author with a high-ranking Dominican Republic naval officer, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, 31 July 1990.

220 Notes

Notes to Appendix 4: Analytical Chronology, 'Major Flows of Caribbean Boat People'

1. Juan M. Clark, 'The Exodus from Revolutionary Cuba (1959-1974): A Sociological Analysis' (Ph.D. diss., University of Florida, 1975) p. 150.

2. Alex Larzelere, Castro's Ploy - America's Dilemma: The 1980 Cuban Boatlift (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1988) p. 348.

3. 'Balseros festejan en Cuba antes de partir, dice testigo', El Nuevo Her­ald (Miami), 18 May 1991, p. 4A.

4. Congress House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere Affairs, Recent Developments in United States-Cuban Re­lations: Immigration and Nuclear Power, 102nd Cong., 1st sess., 5 June 1991, p. 16. (Prepared statement by Gene McNary, Commissioner, Im­migration and Naturalization Service.)

5. Ana E. Santiago, 'Odio advierte contra 2do Mariel', El Nuevo Herald (Miami), 4 May 1991, p. lB.

6. 'Guardacostas auxilian a 12 balseros', El Nuevo Herald (Miami), 3 January 1992, p. lB.

7. Robert H. McBride, Harry E. Jones and David D. Gregory, 'Issues for US Policy in the Caribbean Basin in the 1980s: Migration', in James R. Greene and Brent Scowcroft (eds), Western Interests and US Policy Options in the Caribbean Basin (Boston, MA: Oelgeschlager, Gunn and Hain, Publishers, 1984) p. 249.

8. Maryse Fontus and Laura B. Sherman with Arthur C. Helton, Refugee Refoulement: The Forced Return of Haitians under the US-Haitian Inter­diction Agreement (New York: Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, 1990) p. 10.

9. Ibid., pp. 3, 23. 10. Digest of Law Enforcement Statistics (Washington, DC: US Coast Guard,

10 April 1992) p. 41. 11. Christopher Marquis, 'Cae drasticamente fuga de haitianos a EU', El

Nuevo Herald (Miami), 20 March 1991, p. lA. 12. Digest of Law Enforcement Statistics, p. 41. 13. Christopher Marquis, 'Dominicanos encaran Ia muerte en salto clandestine

a Puerto Rico', El Nuevo Herald (Miami), 12 May 1991, pp. lA and 4A. 14. Digest of Law Enforcement Statistics, p. 41.

Notes to Chapter 5: Caribbean Drug Trafficking

1. James M. Van Wert, 'The US State Department's Narcotics Control Policy in the Americas', Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, 30 (Summer/Fall 1988) p. 4.

2. Anthony P. Maingot, 'Laundering the Gains of the Drug Trade: Miami and Caribbean Tax Havens', Journal of lnteramerican Studies and World Affairs, 30 (Summer/Fall 1988) pp. 168, 180.

3. Congress House, Drugs and Latin America: Economic and Political Im­pact and US Policy Options, Report of the Select Committee on Nar-

Notes 221

cotics Abuse and Control, prepared statement by Anthony P. Maingot, 'The Drug Threat to Caribbean Nations', 101 Cong., 1st sess. (1989) p. 129. Two more recent sources cite the same estimate of 70 per cent of the drug traffic coming through the Caribbean, of which less than 20 per cent is interdicted. Anthony P. Maingot, 'The Offshore Carib­bean', and Paul Sutton, 'US Intervention, Regional Security, and Militarization in the Caribbean', both in Anthony Payne and Paul Sutton (eds), Modern Caribbean Politics (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Uni­versity Press, 1993) pp. 261, 289.

4. Department of State, Bureau of International Narcotics Matters, Inter­national Narcotics Control Strategy Report (Washington, DC: US Depart­ment of State, April 1993) p. 2.

5. Digest of Law Enforcement Statistics (Washington, DC: US Coast Guard, 10 April 1992) p. 4.

6. Ron Sanders. 'Narcotics. Corruption and Development: The Problems in the :smaller Islands', Caribbean Affairs, 3 (January-March 1990) p. 79.

7. Ibid., pp. 82, 87-9. 8. Van Wert, 'US State Departments's Narcotics Control Policy', p. 12. 9. Daniel A. Laliberte, 'Measuring Drug-interdiction Effectiveness', Pro­

ceedings: US Naval Institute, 118 (June 1992) p. 94. 10. John C. Trainor, 'Coping with the Drug Runners at Sea', Naval War

College Review, 40 (Summer 1987): 77. 11. Ibid., pp. 78, 80. 12. Department of State, Bureau of International Narcotics Matters, Inter­

national Narcotics Control Strategy Report (Washington, DC: US De­partment of State, March 1991) pp. 57, 58.

13. Frank Ault, 'Closing the Border to Drugs: Customs or Coast Guard Mission?', Armed Forces Journal International (November 1986) p. 54.

14. Joseph B. Treaster, 'US Will Expand Anti-Drug Efforts in Caribbean', New York Times, 2 June 1992, page SA.

15. International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, April 1993, p. 188. 16. Cuba against International Drug Trafficking (Havana, Cuba: Editorial

Jose Marti, 1988). 17. Castro and the Narcotics Connection: The Cuban Government's Use of

Narcotics Trafficking to Finance and Promote Terrorism (Washington, DC: The Cuban American National Foundation, 1984).

18. Congress House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, US Response to Cuban Government Involvement in Narcotics Trafficking and Review of World­wide Illicit Narcotics Situation, 98th Cong., 2nd sess., 21 February 1984, p. 29.

19. Ibid., p. 34. Also see Congress House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Cuban Involvement in International Narcotics Trafficking, lOlst Cong., 1st sess., 25 July 1989, pp. 64-5.

20. International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, March 1991, p. 184. 21. Ibid., p. 197. 22. Department of State, Bureau of International Narcotics Matters, Inter­

national Narcotics Control Strategy Report (Washington, DC: US Depart­ment of State, March 1990) p. 208.

23. International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, March 1991, p. 3.

222 Notes

24. International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, April 1993, p. 206. 25. 'Noticiero de Puerto Rico: Isla principal enlace para zares de la droga',

El Nuevo Herald (Miami), 27 July 1992, p. 3A. 26. Paul Sutton, 'Introduction', in Paul Sutton (ed.), Europe and the Carib­

bean (London: Macmillan, 1991) p. 9. Anthony Payne, 'Britain and the Caribbean', in Europe and the Caribbean, p. 30.

27. Anthony Payne, 'Britain and the Caribbean', pp. 26-9. 28. Ibid., p. 28.

Notes to Chapter 6: Caribbean Straits

1. Michael McGwire, 'Changing Naval Operations and Military Interven­tion', in E. P. Stem (ed.), The Limits of Military Intervention (Beverly Hills, California: Sage Publications, 1977) p. 165.

2. J. E. Lacouture, 'Seapower in the Indian Ocean: a Requirement for Western Security', US Naval Institute Proceedings, 105 (August 1979) p. 36.

3. Lewis M. Alexander, 'Indices of National Interests in the Oceans', Ocean Development and International Law Journal (1973) pp. 21-49. 0. P. Sharma, 'Navigation through International Straits', in R. P. Anand (ed.), Law of the Sea: Caracas and Beyond (New Delhi, India: Radiant Pub­lishers, 1978) p. 144. Laurent Lucchini and Michel Voelckel, 'Les Etats et Ia mer: le nationalisme maritime', Notes et Etudes Documentaires, 451-4 (} January 1978) pp. 86-7.

4. lbid. 5. George E. Stanford, Jr, Strategic Passages (NSTL, Mississippi: Require­

ments and Assessment Office, Naval Ocean Research and Development Activity, 1987).

6. Robert J. Hanks, The Unnoticed Challenge: Soviet Maritime Strategy and the Global Choke Points (Cambridge, MA: Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis, 1980). J. StJohn, The Panama Canal and Soviet Imperialism: War for the World Waterways (Washington, DC: Heritage Foundation, 1978).

7. Wesley MclJonald, 'Atlantic Security- the Cuban Factor', Jane's De­fence Weekly, 2 (22 December 1984). A. J. Tellis, 'The Soviet Navy, Central America and the Atlantic Alliance', Naval Forces, 8 (no. 4, 1986). Tony Velocci, 'The Cuban Threat', National Defense, 69 (July-August 1984).

8. Ronald Reagan, 'Central America and US Security', Current Policy, no. 805 (Washington, DC: United States Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, March 1986) p. 4.

9. Assessment of Factors Affecting the Availability of US Oil Supplies from the Caribbean (Washington, DC: US General Accounting Office, GAO/ NSIAD-85-127, 13 September 1985) p. 1.

Notes to Chapter 7: Local Maritime-Security Issues

1. Gerald B. Blake, 'World Maritime Boundary Delimitation: The State of Play', in Gerald B. Blake (ed.), Maritime Boundaries and Ocean Re-

Notes 223

sources (Totowa, New Jersey: Barnes and Noble Books, 1987) p. 7. 2. Caribbean maritime boundary lines in these maps were derived primarily

from the following two sources: (1) Thomas D. Anderson, Geopolitics of the Caribbean: Ministates in a Wider World (New York: Praeger, 1984) p. 110 (Map 4, 'Negotiated and Hypothetical Marine Boundaries of Gulf/Caribbean Countries'); and (2) Gerald Blake, 'Worldwide Mari­time Boundary Delimitation: the State of Play', in Gerald Blake (ed.), Maritime Boundaries and Ocean Resources (Totowa, NJ: Barnes and Noble Books, 1987) p. 6 (Figure 1.2, 'Maritime boundaries in the east­em Caribbean'). Data on the Caribbean hierarchy of naval and coast­guard capabilities were presented in Tables 3, 11 and 12 of Chapter 2 of this study, and are related, respectively, to maritime-boundary divisions in Maps 9, 10 and 11.

Both sources cited above for Maps 9-11 distinguish between Carib­bean maritime boundaries that have been negotiated and those that remain to be negotiated (or 'hypothetical equidistant lines'). This distinction is useful but is not made here, since only a rough approximation of mari­time boundary lines was desired in order to be able to correlate them with coast-guard and naval capabilities. Data on Caribbean maritime bound­ary lines in both sources need updating but this has not been attempted here.

3. Lennox F. Ballah, 'The Caribbean and the Emerging Law of the Sea', in Farrokh Jhabvala (ed.), Maritime Issues in the Caribbean (Miami: Uni­versity Presses of Florida, 1983) pp. 73-4.

4. Ibid., pp. 40-2. 5. Ibid., pp. 73-4. 6. Anselm Francis, 'Relevant Issues of Delimitation in the Eastern Carib­

bean', paper presented at the Caribbean Studies Association meeting, Havana, Cuba, 21-4 May 1991, p. 11.

7. Ibid., p. 21. 8. Ballah, 'The Caribbean and the Emerging Law of the Sea', pp. 73-4. 9. Carl W. Dundas, 'Caribbean Community States and Boundary Delimita­

tion', in B. G. Ramcharan and L. B. Francis (eds), Caribbean Perspec­tives on International Law and Organization (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1989) pp. 163-4, 167.

10. See notes 6 and 7, Chapter 2. 11. 'Guardacostas: Limpiar el Golfo no es posible sin los paises caribeiios',

El Nuevo Herald (Miami), 12 December 1992, p. 4B. 12. Michael A. Morris and Robert S. Pomeroy, 'Third-World Offshore Re­

source Management and Protection', in Michael A. Morris (ed.), North­South Perspectives on Marine Policy (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1988) pp. 95-8.

13. Arsenio Rodriguez, 'Marine and Coastal Environmental Stress in the Wider Caribbean Region', Ambio, 10 (1981) p. 291.

14. Gillian Cambers (ed.), Coastlines of the Caribbean (New York: Amer­ican Society of Civil Engineers, 1991).

15. Robert W. Knecht et al., The Management of Ocean and Coastal Re­sources in Colombia: An Assessment (Woods Hole, MA: Marine Policy and Ocean Management Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Technical Report WHOI-84-21, June 1984).

224 Notes

16. James D. Theberge (ed.), Soviet Seapower in the Caribbean: Political and Strategic Implications (New York: Praeger, 1972).

17. W. R. Edeson and J.-F. Pulvenis, The Legal Regime of Fisheries in the Caribbean Region (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1983) p. 158.

Notes to Chapter 8: Conclusions and Comparisons

1. Michael A. Morris and Victor Millan, 'Introduction', in Michael A. Morris and Victor Millan (eds), Controlling Latin American Conflicts: Ten Ap­proaches (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1983) pp. 1-10.

2. Ibid., pp. 4, 5 and 9. 3. Abraham F. Lowenthal, Partners in Conflict: The United States and

Latin America (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987) pp. 157-70.

4. Department of State and Defense Security Assistance Agency, Congres­sional Presentation for Security Assistance: Fiscal Year 1993 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1992) pp. 153-4.

5. Neil C. Lewis, 'Combined Operations: A Commonwealth Caribbean Per­spective' (MA thesis, US Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 1988).

6. Edgar Gold (ed.), A New Law of the Sea for the Caribbean: An Examin­ation of Marine Law and Policy Issues in the Lesser Antilles (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1988) p. 275.

7. Interviews with US diplomats and military advisors in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, 30-31 July 1990.

Index Anguilla

coast guard, 31 maritime interests, 48, 54-5

Antigua and Barbuda coast guard, 29, 36, 40 and drug trade, 145, 159 maritime interests, 46, 51-2

arms control, 208-10 arms transfers

to Caribbean states, 39 from Eastern bloc, 86-7 see also United States, military

assistance Aruba

coast guard, 32 and drug trade, 145 maritime interests, 48, 54-5

Bahamas and boat people, 97-8, 107,

109-11, 124 coast guard, 29, 36, 40 and drug trade, 124, 138, 142,

144-6, 152, 154-5, 163 fisheries conflict, 197 maritime boundaries, 187, 189-90 maritime interests, 46, 51-2 as a straits state, 167-9, 177

Barbados coast guard, 18, 29, 36-7, 39-40,

59 and drug trade, 145, 158 maritime interests, 46, 51-2

Bay of Pigs (1961), 65-7, 70-1, 82 Belize

coast guard, 18, 29, 36, 40 defence, 214 and drug trade, 136, 145,

159-60, 163 maritime interests, 50, 56

Bermuda coast guard, 31

boat people and Caribbean straits, 179-81

and Cold War in Caribbean, 100-2, 201-11

similarities in Caribbean, 94-104 and US Coast Guard, 102-3 see also Camarioca boatlift,

Marie! boatlift, Cuba, the Dominican Republic and Haiti

Bolivia and drug trade, 134, 136, 145

Brazil and drug trade, 156

British Virgin Islands coast guard, 32 and drug trade, 145 Hurricane Hugo, 195 maritime interests, 48, 54-5 see also US Virgin Islands

Camarioca boatlift (1965), 104-6, 117-18, 121, 125-6

Canada and Caribbean coast guards, 43

Caribbean Basin initiative, 180 Caribbean coast guards, 4, 6,

11-13, 24-35, 44-5, 58-61, 207, 211-12, 214

ana arug traae, 144-5, 154-5, 157-8, 161, 164-5

and Caribbean straits, 175-9, 181 Caribbean coastlines, 51, 54, 56 Caribbean colonies

see metropolitan dependencies Caribbean corruption, 151, 153-4,

159 Caribbean dependencies

see metropolitan dependencies Caribbean drug trade

and Caribbean straits, 179-81 and Cold War in Caribbean,

201-11 methods, 139-41

225

226 Index

routes, 136-9 US responses, 141-6 see also drug trade

Caribbean economies, 183-4 Caribbean fisheries, 52, 55-6, 187,

193-5 Caribbean geography, 2-5 Caribbean history, 1-2 Caribbean hurricanes, 195-6 Caribbean marine pollution, 193-5 Caribbean marine transportation,

195 Caribbean maritime boundaries, 51,

54, 56, 182, 184-91, 197-9 Caribbean merchant marines, 52,

55-6 Caribbean navies, 4, 6, 11-13, 17,

19, 58-61, 196, 211-12 and drug trade, 144 and Caribbean straits, 175-9, 181

Caribbean ocean management, 182, 192-9

Caribbean offshore areas, 51, 54, 56, 182-99

Caribbean oil, 52, 55-6, 180, 194-5 Caribbean states

coast guard hierarchy, 29 indicators of maritime interest,

51-6 national power indicators, 46-50 naval hierarchy, 18

Caribbean straits see straits, names of straits

Caribbean tourism, 193 Carter administration

and Caribbean, 69 Cayman Islands

and boat people, 97 coast guard, 31 maritime interests, 48, 54-5

Central America and Cold War, 173, 211, 214 and drug trade, 136, 138, 148-9 migration, 111

chokepoints see straits

Cienfuegos agreement (1970), 67, 71, 85

coast guards Caribbean hierarchy, 29 functions, 25-6 of metropolitan dependencies,

31-2 personnel, 36 vessel classification, 26

Cold War and Caribbean, 2, 62-3, 80-93,

201-10 Colombia

and drug trade, 133, 135-6, 139, 142, 144, 146-9, 153, 155-7, 159

and Korean war, 64 maritime boundaries, 185-7 maritime interests, 50, 56-8 navy, 18, 22-3, 35, 37, 39-40,

61, 175 ocean management, 196 see also Guajira peninsula

corvettes, 14 Cuba

and Africa, 69, 72, 85-6, 174 boat people, 104-9, 121-2, 125-7 and Cold War, 65, 68-9, 72-3,

79, 210, 215 and drug trade, 149-53, 158 fisheries conflict, 197 maritime boundaries, 185-7. maritime interests, 58 navy, 18, 23-5, 35, 37, 39, 72-3,

79, 175, 215 ocean management, 196-7 oil, 57 and Soviet Union, 60-1, 72-3,

82-7 as a straits state, 167-9, 172-6 and United States, 81-3, 85, 87,

91-3 see also Camarioca boatlift,

Marie! boatlift, Cuban rafters Cuban missile crisis ( 1962), 62, 67;

70, 82-3, 173, 177 superpower understanding, 65-7,

71, 73, 83 Cuban rafters, 95, 101-3, 107-8, 127

see also Cuba, boat people

Index 227

Curacao and drug trade, 145

Dominica coast guard, 29, 36, 40 and drug trade, 145, 159 maritime boundaries, 189-90 maritime interests, 46, 51-2 as a straits state, 167-70

Dominican Republic boat people, 115-20, 123, 131 and drug trade, 145-6, 149-50 maritime boundaries, 185-6 maritime interests, 46, 51-2 navy, 18, 23-5, 35, 37, 39-40,

58, 61, 118-20, 175, 177, 215

as a straits state, 167-70, 176 US intervention, 84

drug interdiction mission (coast guards), 142-6

drug trade Latin American perspectives,

134-5, 164 US perspectives, 132-4, 164 see also Caribbean drug trade

Eastern Caribbean states and Britain, 163, 214 and Cold War in Caribbean,

74-6, 79, 89-90 coast guards, 4, 61, 76, 90, 192,

198, 213-16 and drug trade, 149, 157-9, 162,

177 fisheries, 194 and hurricanes, 195-6 maritime boundaries, 187, 189-90 as straits states, 172, 177 and United States, 61, 70, 92,

163, 213 and Venezuela, 210, 214-5 see also Organisation of Eastern

Caribbean States, Regional Security System, Special Service Units

eastern Caribbean straits, 171 and Cold War, 172

and drug trade, 142, 155 Europe

communist threat, 17 4 and drug trade, 136, 138, 156-7,

161-3, 165 and military cooperation with the

United States, 163 see also metropolitan

dependencies

fast-attack craft, 14 flags of convenience, 52, 55, 58 Florida

and drug trade, 143, 150-1, 155 also see Miami, Florida

France and Caribbean, 2, 77-8, 189-90 and Caribbean straits, 178 and drug trade, 162-3 also see metropolitan

dependencies French Guiana

coast guard, 31 maritime interests, 48, 54-5

French West Indies coast guard, 31, 48-9, 54-5

frigates, 14 and Cuba, 68, 86

Great Britain and Belize, 160, 163 and Caribbean, 77-8, 189-90 and Caribbean coast guards, 43 and drug trade, 162-3 and military cooperation with the

United States, 163, 212 see also metropolitan

dependencies Grenada

and Cold War in Caribbean, 68-9, 74-6, 89, 174-6

coast guard, 18, 29, 36, 40 and Cuba, 73 and drug trade, 145, 158 maritime interests, 46, 51-2 US intervention, 39, 74, 88,

90-1, 174, 177, 195, 207, 214

228 Index

Guadaloupe maritime boundaries, 189-90 as a straits state, 168-70

Guajira peninsula (Colombia), 147-8, 151, 175

Guantanamo base (USA) and Cuban boat people, 95, 97,

108, 125 and Haitian boat people, 113-14,

122, 129-30 US policy, 212-13

Guatemala and Belize, 160 and drug trade, 145-6 US intervention, 64

Gulf of Mexico maritime boundaries, 185-6 oil, 195 threats to shipping, 68

Gulf of Paria, 157, 175 Gulf of Venezuela, 187 Guyana

coast guard, 18, 29, 36-7, 39-40, 59

and drug trade, 145, 156-7, 159 maritime interests, 50, 56

Haiti boat people, 109-15, 122-4,

128-30, 161 coast guard, 18, 29, 36-7, 39-40 and drug trade, 145, 160-1 maritime boundaries, 187 maritime interests, 46, 52 as a straits state, 167-9, 176 US-Haitian interdiction agreement

(1981), 111-12, 118, 124, 128

Jamaica coast guard, 18, 29, 36-7, 39-40,

59 and drug trade, 136, 143, 145-6,

158-9 maritime boundaries, 187 maritime interests, 46, 51-2

law-enforcement mission (coast guards), 102-3, 105, 123

Marie! boatlift (1980), 101, 104-6,

117-18, 121, 126, 177 and drug trade, 151

Martinique and drug trade, 145 as a straits state, 168-70

metropolitan dependencies, 1-2, 4, 44, 57, 60, 212-13

coast guards, 31-2 and Cold War in Caribbean, 76-9 and drug trade, 158, 161-3 fisheries, 194 maritime boundaries, 189-90 see also France, Great Britain,

the Netherlands and the United States

Mexico and drug trade, 136, 138, 143,

146-9 and Korean war, 64 maritime boundaries, 185-7 maritime interests, 50, 56, 58 navy, 18, 22-3, 35, 37, 39-40,

61, 175, 214-15 oil, 53, 57, 214 as a straits state, 167-9, 175-6

Miami, Florida and boat people, 105-7, 127 and drug trade, 138, 153 see also Florida

military assistance, 40 US to eastern Caribbean, 90

Mona Passage, 171 and Cold War, 174 and Dominican boat people, 97,

115-20 and drug trade, 143, 155, 162 and US capabilities, 177 see also straits

Monroe Doctrine, The and Caribbean, 66-7, 70, 76

Montserrat coast guard, 32 maritime boundaries, 189-90 maritime interests, 49, 54-5

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation)

Caribbean exercises, 88

Index 229

and Caribbean threats, 8, 68, 73, 77, 91-2

naval hierarchies Caribbean, 29 Latin American, 18 Third World. 15-16, 21

naval warship classifications, 14 Netherlands, the

and Caribbean, 2, 77-8, 189-90 and drug trade, 162-3 -relations with Suriname, 156 see also metropolitan

dependencies Netherlands Antilles

coast guard, 32 maritime interests, 49, 54-5

Nicaragua adjacent US naval exercises, 88 and Cold War, 68-9, 74, 90-1,

174-6 and Cuba, 73 maritime boundaries, 186-7

North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA), 216

and Enterprise for the Americas initiative, 180

OPBAT (Operation Bahamas, Turks and Caicos), 144, 155, 163

Organisation of American States embargo of Haiti, 160

Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States, 213

Panama coast guard, 18 and drug trade, 145 US invasion, 81, 92, 133, 175

Panama Canal, 170-1 and Caribbean straits, 175 and Cold War, 86, 174 threat to, 69 US policy, 213

Panama Canal treaties (1977), 175 Peru

and drug trade, 134-6 Puerto Rico boat people, 97, 115-20

coast guard, 32, 121, 177 and Cold War in Caribbean,

78-81, 213 and drug trade, 142, 146, 161-2 Hurricane Hugo, 195 maritime boundaries, 185-6,

189-90 maritime interests, 49, 54-5 as a straits state, 168-70

Reagan administration and Caribbean, 69

Regional Security System (RSS), 30-1, 59, 61, 89-90, 179, 213-14

and Cold War in Caribbean, 74-6 and drug trade, 157-9, 164

Russia ties with Cuba, 71-2, 197 see also Soviet Union

St Kitts and Nevis coast guard, 18, 29, 36, 40 and drug trade, 145, 158 fisheries, 194 maritime boundaries, 189-90 maritime interests, 47, 51-2

St Lucia coast guard, 18, 29, 36, 41 and drug trade, 145, 159 maritime interests, 4 7, 51-2 as a straits state, 167-70

St Vincent and the Grenadines coast guard, 18, 29, 36, 41 and drug trade, 145, 158 maritime interests, 47, 51-2 as a straits state, 167-70

El Salvador and Caribbean, 74 and drug trade, 145

sea lanes Caribbean threats, 86, 91-2 Cuban threats, 91-2 Nicaraguan threats, 91

search-and-rescue mission (coast guards), 102-3, 105, 119, 123, 126-7, 214

230 Index

South America and drug trade, 132, 136, 138-9,

142, 152, 155 navies, 17, 19, 43-5, 58

Soviet Union, the and Caribbean straits, 166, 172-4 and Cold War in Caribbean, 70-2 and Cuba, 60, 196-7 naval presence in Caribbean, 68,

84-5 and oil, 57 see also Russia

Special Service Units (SSUs), 31 see also Regional Security

System Straits

and Cold War in Caribbean, 166, 172-4, 178-81, 202

comparisons, 166-72 and drug trade, 143, 149, 151-2,

155, 202 threats from Cuban straits, 86-7,

91-2 see also names of straits

Straits of Florida, 170-2 and boat people, 104-9 and Cold War, 174, 176 and US capabilities, 177 see also straits

submarines, 14 and Cuba, 68, 86 German submarine threat, 66 Soviet submarine threat, 66-8, 70,

85 Suriname

coast guard, 18, 29, 36-7, 39 and drug trade, 138, 153, 156-7,

163 foreign assistance, 61 maritime interests, 50, 56

Trinidad and Tobago coast guard, 18, 29, 36-7, 39, 41,

214 and drug trade, 145, 157-8 foreign assistance, 61, 214 maritime boundaries, 187, 190 maritime interests, 47, 51-2 oil, 53, 57

as a straits state, 167-70, 175, 177

Turks and Caicos Islands coast guard, 32 and drug trade, 144, 153, 155,

163 maritime interests, 49, 54-5

United States boat people, 99-103, 121-4,

208-11 and Caribbean, 21-2 and Caribbean navies, 60-1 and Caribbean straits, 166, 172-4,

178-81 and Caribbean oil, 180 and Central America, 90-1 and Cold War in Caribbean, 66-70,

208-13 and Cuba, 81-5, 87-9, 91-3, 208,

210 and drug trade, 134-6, 141-6,

163-5, 208-11 and eastern Caribbean, 89-90 and Grenada, 39, 90 and Haiti, 42-3 fisheries conflict, 197 maritime boundaries, 185-7,

189-90 and metropolitan powers, 76-8, 163 military assistance, 21, 40, 60,

157-9, 160-1, 163-4, 173, 177, 213

as a straits state, 170-2, 177 US Coast Guard

and boat people, 102-3, 111-12, 114, 119, 121, 126-31

and Caribbean straits, 177-8 and drug interdiction, 140-50,

152, 154-5, 159-62 and hurricanes,' 196

US Customs Service, 145 US Drug Enforcement

Administration, 143, 151, 162 US Navy

and Caribbean straits, 177-8 and drug interdiction, 103, 118,

121, 126, 130, 133, 141-7, 149-50, 152, 154-5, 162

US Virgin Islands coast guard, 32 and drug trade, 146, 162 Hurricane Hugo, 195-6 maritime interests, 49, 54-5 see also British Virgin Islands

Venezuela and Cuban interference, 73, 83 and drug traffic, 145-9, 157 and eastern Caribbean, 210,

214-15 maritime boundaries, 185-90 maritime interests, 50, 56-8 navy, 18, 22-3, 35, 37, 39, 41,

61, 175-6, 214-15 oil, 53, 57, 174, 176, 195, 214

Index 231

as a straits state, 167-70, 175-7 Vieques Island (Puerto Rico)

US presence, 81

Windward Passage and Cold War, 174 and drug traffic, 142, 151-2, 155,

158, 161-2 and Haitian boat people, 111,

116, 130 see also straits

Yucatan channel, 170-1 and Cold War, 174 and drug traffic, 142-3, 151-2,

155, 158, 175-6