Wykład z zakresu dziennikarstwa obywatelskiego Autor ...Wykład z zakresu dziennikarstwa...

14-01-2011 Joanna Szegda, KKM, KUL 1

Wykład z zakresu dziennikarstwa obywatelskiegoAutor: Joanna Szegda

Katedra Kultury MedialnejKatolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II


Media system in Poland


Public media

After The World War II in Poland- national media

Since 1989 – Radio and Television Council: 5 members

All members must be experianced in media area

TV: contains 3 terriestrial programs: TVP1, TVP 2, TVP 3 and satellite Polonia


Common features for all european public media

Accessibility in all country Program goals: pluralism, variety of the

form and content, objectivity Ensuring information, education,

entertainment, promotion of the national culture, values and patterns

Supporting national culture Supporting minorities Controling public sphere, politicians and

their activity


Polish Radio and TV act also pointed the need of taking care of Poles abroad

Public media must impose the highest quality of the programmes others


Differences between public and other media

As a public sphere institution public media must be opened disscusion area, open for citizen society and ngo's

As a democracy element public media must be ruled with democratic rules: freedom, evenness, integrity

As a national institution public media must reflect tradition, culture and national identity

As a noncommercial institution public media must be in opposition to the process of information, knowledge and culture commercialization


Public media finance

Must be: stable, proportional and guaranteed by the gov

According to many researchers the best financing is the licence fee → citizens in most european countries (Spain, Portugal, etc) pay licence fees.

In Poland only about 50% citizens pay licence fee

Other financial sources: advertising, copy rights and gov grants


Participation all polish media in the market

0,04%

0,80%

13,20%

1,40%

14,70%

17,50%

4,80%

21,30%

24,10%

0,00% 5,00% 10,00% 15,00% 20,00% 25,00% 30,00%

TVP 1TVP 2TVP 3TVP PoloniaTVP KulturaPolsat TVNtvnsiedemPozostałe


Financing public media 2006yr

67,20%

31,70%

1,10%

0,00% 10,00% 20,00% 30,00% 40,00% 50,00% 60,00% 70,00% 80,00%

abonament (środki za rok 2005)abonament (środki za rok 2006)środki pozostałe


Public media attributesprof. Dyczewski

All society property Every citizen is the manager of the public media

through Polish Radio and TV Council Must be sponsored by different sources: licence fee,

advertising etc, and that provide its working even when one of the source finishes

Public media works on the basis of the all society mandate

The main goal: duty for society Accessible for all citizens


Commercial media


Commercial media Works on the basis of the licence Licence describes: sender, licence subject,

way of broadcasting, time and the participation of the polish producers programs

First licence went to Zygmunt Solorz – Polsat

Documents about media say: commercial media mostly executs mass audience needs


Two phemones connected with c.m.

„Downhill pressure” (nacisk z góry) → the media ownres influence on the media content. The main goal is to earn money, so they offer low entertaintment: sexuality, mediocrity

„From below pressure” (nacisk z dołu) → the audience expects funny and not very absorbing programes, and media broadcasters follow this expectations


Program flattening spiral→ commercial media broadens our

awareness only in very narrow range of issues, doesn't perfect aesthetic feelings and sensitivity

Commercial media avoids difficult problems, issues important for society, doesn't force the audience to understanding the world, offers only new porducts, entertaints and fills our free time


Social media


Social media

→ directed on the group or local ties building,realises certain gruops' needs, reprezents these groups in public sphare. Its goal is to provide pluralism and every minority its own electronic media

Works in the basis on the licence, that contains: receivers, programs,


Social media receivers

Local community

Community of interests


Social media owners Ngo's Religion movement Minotities movement Students Other movements

Financing Advertising, membership fee, donations,

gov's grants, founds


→ Social media organise in different unions, example:

Community Radio Forum of Ireland, Community Media Association, World Association of Community Radio

Broadcasters


Citizen media


Reasons that put weels in motion citizen media

Media owners expect from journalist being subordinated

Journalists independent and non-compromised meet difficulties in cooperating with media

Problem with defining journalism and journalistLow quality of media content


The definitionCitizen journalizm → is the concept of

members of the public "playing an active role in the process of collecting, reporting, analyzing and disseminating news and information

Authors Bowman and Willis say: "The intent of this participation is to provide independent, reliable, accurate, wide-ranging and relevant information that a democracy requires."


Mark Glaser said in 2006:

The idea behind citizen journalism is that people without professional journalism training can use the tools of modern technology and the global distribution of the Internet to create, augment or fact-check media on their own or in collaboration with others.


How citizen journalism is taking from


Disscusion groupsForum, chat rooms, mailing lists, newsgroupsThe oldestThe most popular form of the participatory

journalismWild range of different forms of groups

(Mailing lists, newsgroups, bulletin boards, and forums )

Wild range of topicsAsynchronous and synchronous

communication


Self-correcting process:

In a discussion group, moderators police the content and actions of participants, sometimes removing and editing parts of the conversations that violate the standards of the community. These moderators are sometimes appointed by the community; in other cases they are appointed by the host or owner of the forums. However, in many discussion communities, the participants police each other, sharing their views of when particular behaviors or actions are inappropriate


Strengths:

relatively low barrier to entry


Weaknesses:

too open, easily garnering flip, reactive comments

large forums can get noisy

some moderated forums require each post to be pre-approved before it appears online, slowing down and smothering the conversation


U s er-g enerated c ontent

Sites, rankings and feedback mechanism

collect content from the audience and redistribute it

the content appears online with or without editorial review, depending on the nature of content and the host policy

provide content through feedback systems



audience submissions go to a traditional editor at the host site, undergo an editing or approval process, and then are posted to the Web. Ranking and feedback mechanisms, however, are typically posted live immediately


Strengths:

a relatively low barrier to entry, with a low level of commitment

A participant can submit (usually on topics that meet a special interest) only once, or few times, and still have a meaningful experience


Weaknesses:

The quality of user-generated content can be uneven, with participants who are not trained writers or fact-checkers.

Relies on the good will of the audience to not exploit the system


Weblog s

A weblog is a web page made up of usually short, frequently updated text blocks or entries that are arranged in reverse chronological order (most recent to oldest).

The content and purpose of weblogs vary greatly, ranging from personal diary to journalistic community news to collaborative discussion groups in a corporate setting.


Blogosphere and the technology supporting it

TrackBackMeta-SitesXML or RSS



Weblogs rely on audience feedback, through weblog commenting forms, e-mail or remarks made on other weblogs, as a method of correction


Strengths:

Easy to set up

Easy to operate

Easy to maintain

Technology is relatively cheap or just free


Weaknesses:

Higher level of commitment and time from the creator than other forms

Difficult for weblogs to attract readers


C ollaborative publis hing

A collaborative publishing environment is designed to enable a group of participants (large or small) to play multiple roles: content creators, moderators, editors, advertisers and readers.

May be owned by an individual creator or host organization, the goal of these systems is distributed ownership and deep involvement from its community of users



the audience ranks other audience members and their comments, moderators police discussions, and moderators are monitored by meta-moderators

the audience acts as editor before and after publishing


Strengths:

Participants can engage multiple roles, or earn the privilege of new roles


Weaknesses:

More difficult to launch and maintain than others, due to technical complexity

Depending on the number of participants in the environment


Peer-to-Peer

Peer-to-peer (P2P) describes applications in which people can use the Internet to communicate or share and distribute digital files with each other directly or through a mediating Web server.

P2P communication: Instant Messaging (IM) and Short Message Service (SMS) are the most pervasive forms of peer-to-peer communication.



Peer-to-peer file sharing doesn’t necessarily need correction


Strengths:

Synchronous communication is a powerful vehicle for immediate news and information. SMS has the advantage of being both synchronous and asynchronous, because if a participant isn’t online, the message is stored for later retrieval.


Weaknesses:

Instant messaging requires participants to be online in order to communicate.


X M L S yndic a tion

The content on many of these forms, especially blogs and collaborative systems, can be syndicated through the use of an XML specification called RSS, Rich Site Summary.

An RSS file typically contains a list of headlines, summaries and links recently published by a given site.


Open vs . c los ed four categories of openness that these

forms usually fall within:1. Open Communal:is managed and governed by the

community it serves.

2. Open Exclusive: A group of privileged members, usually the owners of the site, is allowed to post primary content to the site, while the audience creates secondary content through commentary. This is typical of weblogs.

3. Closed: Only a group of privileged members can read, post, edit and comment on content.

4. Partially Closed: some portion of the information created by a closed community is exposed to a public Web space.


Func tion of partic ipa tionC ommentary

Filtering and editing

Fac t-c hec king

G ras s roots reporting

Annotative reporting

Open-s ourc e reporting and peer review

Audio/V ideo broadc as ting

B uying , s elling and advertis ing

K now ledg e manag ement


Functions of our participation in citizen media


1. To gain status or build reputation in a given community.

ego-driven motivation this is viewed as a benefit to the individual These new forms also allow people who

haven’t had a voice — because of educational, economic, social or cultural barriers — to enter the dialogue by building a personal reputation. Online communities have also empowered those with physical or emotional impediments to blossom in a virtual space


NEED Offline (Maslow) Online Communities

Physiological Food, clothing, shelter, health System access; the ability to own and maintain one’s identity while participating in a Web community

Security & Safety Protection from crimes and war; the sense of living in a fair and just society.Protection from hacking and personal attacks; the sense of having a “level playing field”; ability to maintain varying levels of privacy

Social The ability to give and receive love; the feeling of belonging to a group.

Belonging to the community as a whole, and to subgroups within the community.

Self-Esteem Self-respect; the ability to earn the respect of others and contribute to society. The ability to contribute to the community, and be recognized for those contributions.

Self-Actualization The ability to develop skills and fulfill one’s potential. The ability to take on a community role that develop skills and opens up new opportunities.


2. To create connections with others who have similar interests, online and off.

→ People want to feed their obsessions and share them with like-minded individuals

→ According to a study by the Pew Internet & American Life Project, about 45 million participants in online communities say the Internet has “helped them connect with groups or people who share their interests.”

→ The same Pew study revealed that these virtual relationships are transferring to offline interaction.


→ Internet users have employed the Internet to contact or get information about local group

→ it also helps them increase their contact with groups and people they already know and it helps them feel more connected to them


3. Sense-making and understanding.

→ people are increasingly going to online communities to learn how to make sense of things

→ the conglomeration and corporatization of media leaves the mass audience often grasping to make sense of the news and wondering what information to trust

→ a journalism that focuses on the expert elite — the special interests — may be in part responsible for public disillusionment. Such a press does not reflect the world as most people live and experience it


→ Weblogs, forums, usenets and other online social forms have become real-time wellsprings of sense-making from their peers on just about any subject.


4. To inform and be informed.

→ Everyone on the Internet is a potential expert on some subject

→ the participatory forms are great places to find and share not only obscure or rare information, but commentary that might be too controversial for mainstream media


→ these participatory forms attract

“mavens” and “connectors”

people who know a lot of people in diverse settings, they have their feet in many different worlds and are socially motivated to bring them together

information brokers, sharing and trading what they know. They are aggressive collectors of information but are socially motivated to share it as well


5. To entertain and be entertained.

→ Online participation is simply fun — whether a political riff by a deeply committed weblogger, a casual forum discussion, or a one-off album review posted on Amazon

→ The most powerful hybrid of communications and entertainment is ‘particitainment’ — entertaining communications that connects us with some larger purpose or enterprise


6. To create. → Those who participate online usually create content to inform and entertain others

→ creating also builds self-esteem and, in Maslow’s view, it’s an act of self-actualization

“→ Five percent of the populace can create. The others watch, listen, read, consume,” says Marc Canter, one of the founders of Macromedia and now chairman and founder of Broadband Mechanics. “I think one of the destinies of digital technology is to enable the other 95 percent to express their creativity somehow”


Rules of the particiatory media

→ come from:

1. technology – software, host policy, e.g. registration rules

2. community of members e.g. moderator


Reputation system and trust→ A reputation system collects, distributes, and

aggregates feedback about participants’ past behavior, these systems help people decide whom to trust, encourage trustworthy behavior, and deter participation by those who are unskilled or dishonest

→ In participatory forms, trust is built from the bottom up. An anonymous individual enters the environment with no reputation and must gain the trust of others through their behavior and through the information they provide.


Distributed credibility

→ There are other ways to assess credibility of content. One of the most effective is through hyperlinks. Acting as a decentralized, distributed reputation system, links act as votes, citations and reference to relevant pages on the Web.


Credible by nature

→ egalitarian→ intimacy→ passion→ speed of communication→ free market of media


Challenge of trust

1. lack of portability of virtual identities (and reputations) between systems

2. identity ownership

3. capturing feedback


Functions of citizen media in society

→ alternative media to the mainstream media→ unification and democratizing factor→ stimulating the citizen→ freedom from influences→ source of information for other media→ conduce to the formation of an information society

and a citizen society→ control of the public life and react to it actively


The role of the citizen media in democratic state of law

→ The right to obtain information on the activity of public authorities as well as the people holding public office has been mentioned in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, among the political rights and liberties

→ Access to information is considered one of the fundamental values of a democratic state of law


→ Citizens who are not in possession of information concerning the progress of public affairs, also on a local scale, are incapable of implementing their rights as members of a community to which the supreme authority belongs.

→ this law has been added to the human rights catalogue

→ the citizen media should be regarded as an omnidirectional channel (as opposed to unidirectional traditional media) in the process of communication between individuals, groups of people, institutions and the state


Case studyText blogs

www.mentalacrobatics.com/think/

http://tharum.info/

http://bongocelebrity.com/

http://zonaeuropa.com/weblog.htm

Photoblogs

www.mwenyemacho.wordpress.com/

http://www.khosoof.com/

www.accradailyphoto.blogspot.com/

http://www.mentalacrobatics.com/think/

http://tharum.info/

http://bongocelebrity.com/

http://zonaeuropa.com/weblog.htm

http://www.mwenyemacho.wordpress.com/

http://www.khosoof.com/

http://www.accradailyphoto.blogspot.com/


Videoblogs

http://swajana.com

www.somethingtobedesired.com

www.aliveinmexico.org

Audioblogs

http://www.tangocitytour.com.ar/

http://www.caribbeanfreeradio.com/blog

http://www.bicyclemark.org/blog/

http://indieish.com/revolution/

http://swajana.com/

http://www.somethingtobedesired.com/

http://www.aliveinmexico.org/

http://www.tangocitytour.com.ar/

http://www.caribbeanfreeradio.com/blog

http://www.bicyclemark.org/blog/

http://indieish.com/revolution/


List of citizen journalism websitesGlobal

Websites specifically developed for the building of a global reporter base:

Wording.TV News (Worldwide)http://wording.tv/http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Main_Pagehttp://www.globalreporter.com/http://www.360ne.ws/http://www.flickr.com/groups/photojournalism/http://www.associatedcontent.com/

http://wording.tv/

http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Main_Page

http://www.globalreporter.com/

http://www.360ne.ws/

http://www.flickr.com/groups/photojournalism/

http://www.associatedcontent.com/


From other countries:

http://www.hasseltlokaal.be/http://www.centpapiers.com/http://mybreakingnews.cp24.com/http://mynews.ctv.ca/

http://news.worldsnap.com/http://www.balebengong.net/http://www.youreporter.it/http://www.fainotizia.it/

http://www.nagariknews.com/http://elcomentario.tv/http://www.allvoices.com/

http://h.ua/

http://www.hasseltlokaal.be/

http://www.centpapiers.com/

http://mybreakingnews.cp24.com/

http://mynews.ctv.ca/

http://news.worldsnap.com/

http://www.balebengong.net/

http://www.youreporter.it/

http://www.fainotizia.it/

http://www.nagariknews.com/

http://elcomentario.tv/

http://www.allvoices.com/

http://h.ua/


Mobiles in citizen journalism


Toni Ahonen, a commentator and author on new and social media, has called the mobile phone the “7th Mass Media.”

He points out that the convergence of mobiles combining voice, text, video, audio, geo-location, and a host of applications, pose “similar to the introduction of the Internet before it, an "inherent

threat" mass media channel. Today the mobile phone can replicate everything that all previous six mass media can do. So from an abilities point-of-view, cellphones can be at least as disruptive as the Internet has been so far.”


Mobile phones can be utilized to collect and broadcast written, audio, and video media to the Internet and to other mobile devices. While some types of mobile media dissemination such as video are costly,

requiring high-speed bandwidth and are subject to expensive data tariffs, others are inexpensive and need little bandwidth, such as text messaging.


S MS Text MessagingSMS is the main news delivery channel for many people

in the world--for receiving information on news-breaking events as well as for “live reporting.”

SMS news services exist around the world.Many larger media outfits like the BBC and CNN have

been offering SMS news alerts in the last few years as well for urgent updates or topical news on specific subjects.

Community organizations also use SMS as a way to deliver news to their constituents. In Brazil, for example, a community SMS news program--Alô Cidadão! (Hello Citizen!)--brings information about jobs, educational and cultural events, and local news to low-income people in Belo Horizonte in southern Brazil.


In the days both leading up to and after the election in Malaysia in March 2008, SMS messages flew between the mobile phones of the voters, relaying political jokes, messages about speeches and political events, and election results. The use of SMS and alternative media was largely credited with helping the opposition party to dramatically

increase its seats in Parliament.


Voice and Audio

With the assistance of some free or low-cost applications, a phone call can become a recorded audio file that can be published online. There are a number of companies that provide applications for mobile phones to create instant podcasts. One of these is Utterli, a free commercial service that allows anyone to call a country-specific number and record a podcast that that can then easily be published on a web site. Utterli also recently

announced free text messaging from Utterli users to others in several popular social networks, including Facebook.


Talkshoe is a service that allows users to create, join, or listen to live discussions, conversations, podcasts or audioblogs. Any user can sign up and host a free Community Call for discussions, conversations, talk shows, press conferences, or podcasts. Recorded Community Calls can be listened to, downloaded, or subscribed to.

Developed by Kubatana, with a grant from the Knight Foundation, Freedom Fone will provide a voice database where users can access news and public-interest information via land, mobile or Internet phones.

http://www.talkshoe.com/talkshoe/web/main.jsp?pushNav=1&cmd=home


Photos

Mobile phones that have cameras can use MMS (multi media messaging services), email, or bluetooth to send images to other phones. Many popular photo sharing websites allow users to send and publish mobile photos on their sites. Flickr, the popular Yahooowned photo and video repository and community, gives every account a mobile email address to send photos to from a mobile device.


This feature is used by The People’s 311, a citizen-created website that encourages New York City locals to document non-emergency conditions around the city. New Yorkers are asked to take a mobile picture of a public nuisance and send it (along with the location) to a public Flickr account. The information is posted on a map, encouraging the local city government offices to respond.

NowPublic is a Vancouver based worldwide citizen journalism site where anyone can publish news

stories via a mobile phone. NowPublic uses an email address to send a text, photo, or video directly to NowPublic.

http://www.nowpublic.com/


VideoMobile video is still the most expensive and least

available mobile citizen media options. Streaming, recording, and sending video requires a higher-end handset with video capture and consumes

significant bandwidth.

Yet, mobile video can also be one of the mosteffective ways to share important information and

current events not covered by conventional media. Individuals can record and send short videos to popular video sharing sites such as YouTube.


Recently, the Associated Press broke a story videos taken by mobile phones about Afghan children killed by US military forces. Similar stories were reported from Kashmir where hundreds of people, touted by the BBC as “Kashmir’s mobile phone chroniclers’, used their mobile phones to document atrocities during recent demonstrations that were then posted on YouTube.


Bluetooth and WiFi

interesting effort is a project out of the University of Capetown dubbed “Big Board” and devised by Gary Marsden, a usability expert and professor at the University. The Big Board is a multi media screen that can be queried for information by taking a picture of an icon and then sending that picture via bluetooth to the board to, in turn, receive information.


Location-Based S ervices and Mapping

Some NGOs and community-based organizations are using mobile phones and GPS devices to engage communities in social mapping activities for advocacy as well as local reporting linked to locations. The best-known is Ushahidi, a platform used during the Kenyan election to crowdsource and map incidences of violence. The software is now being rebuilt and will be open-sourced and thus available to other efforts that aim to combine SMS/mobile content submitted by a public with geo-mapping.


The mobile WebAccording to the Economist, “the number of mobile

phones that can access the internet is growing at a phenomenal rate, especially in the developing world. In China, for example, over 73 million people, or 29% of all internet users in the country, use mobile phones to get online. And the number of people doing so grew by 45% in the six months to J une —far higher than the rate of access growth using laptops.”


Short history of CJ


1988 U.S. presidential election → journalists themselves began to question the predictability of their coverage of such events. Those journalists became part of the public, or civic, journalism movement, a countermeasure against the eroding trust in the news media and widespread public disillusionment with politics and civic affairs.


1999 – WHO Summit in Seatle → activists in Seattle created a response to the WTO meeting: Independent Media Centre (Indymedia)


2000 → OhmyNews became popular and commercially successful with the motto, "Every Citizen is a Reporter"


2001 → ThemeParkInsider.com became the first online publication to win a major journalism award for a feature that was reported and written entirely by readers


2004 → U.S election, both the Democratic and Republican parties issued press credentials to citizen bloggers covering the convention, marking a new level of influence and credibility for nontraditional journalists. Some bloggers also began watchdogging the work of conventional journalists, monitoring their work for biases and inaccuracy.


Risks to implement citizenjournalism


Production processes and technologyMain risks in the production process:

✟✟ Vandalism and Threats✟✟ Legal issues


Technical mechanisms that might protect before risk

1. During the upload process, the special designed tool informs users that they may not upload content that infringes (naruszać) on their terms of use, and that, by uploading content, they affirm(potwierdzać)that such uploading complies (zgadza się) with the UGC Service's terms of use

2. Through effective content identification technology all infringing user-uploaded content with Copyright will be removed immediately or blocked.

3. Registration obligation 4. maintain an (online) news room of professional journalists,

who screen, edit, and fact-check stories from ordinary folks to filter out inaccuracies and potentially libelous

claims (skarga o znieważenie) in addition


Financial costs

1. setting up the infrastructure2. integrating site into existing websites and

back-office systems for, e.g.content management

3. integrating the new workflows (postępy w pracy) into the overall news-related process landscape

4. setting-up a special news room for vetting (prześwietlania) and validating (zatwierdzać)the content


Risk in marketing

Three steps to achieve readers trust and loyalty

1. Relevance: it is important to secure quality and consistency (zgodność)on a website through relevant topics and tools

2. Reach: Covering sufficient readers3. Revenue: through enough traffic for

merchandise (handel) advertisement


1. Risks in introducing UGC from a marketing perspective → By introducing user-generated content under a company’s own brand, media organizations enter unfamiliar terrain, where customers’ acceptance and their reactions are not predictable. Long-built reliability and trust in the media brand could be damaged though vandalism and legal issues and companies could loose their valuable reputations among loyal customers.


SolutionsSuccessful user-generated content

marketing campaign

Risk of negative UGC


Criticism of CJ1. Citizen journalists may be activists within

the communities they write about2. only trained journalists can understand the

exactitude and ethics involved in reporting news

3. lack of quality and content (the sites with the weakest editorial content were able to aggressively expand because they had stronger financial resources) - http://www.ojr.org/ojr/stories/051006/

http://www.ojr.org/ojr/stories/051006/


4. the site has only attracted limited citizen contributions

5. unpaid bloggers who write as a hobby cannot replace trained, professional, seasoned (zahartowany, wprawiony) journalists

6. higher vulnerability (wrażliwość, podatność)of unprofessional journalists in court compared to the professional ones

7. the word "citizen" has a conterminous relation (pokrywające relacje) to the nation-state


How to be a CJ?

Wykład z zakresu dziennikarstwa obywatelskiego Autor ...Wykład z zakresu dziennikarstwa...

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