Term Paper ECO

8/14/2019 Term Paper ECO

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State Bank of Patiala

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HISTORY

Agriculture practices is not a process of 10 yrs or 20 yrs ,it is running with the

development of man and Since its development takes roughly 10,000 years ago,

agriculture has expanded vastly in geographical coverage and yields. Throughout this

expansion, new technologies and new crops were integrated. Agricultural practices such

as irrigation, crop rotation, fertilizers, and pesticides were developed long ago, but have

made great strides in the past century. The history of agriculture has played a major

role in human history, as agricultural progress has been a crucial factor in

worldwide socio-economic change. Wealth-building and militaristic specializations rarely

seen in hunter-gatherer cultures are common place in societies which practice

agriculture. So, too, are arts such as epic literature and monumental architecture, as

well as codified legal systems. When farmers became capable of producing food beyond

the needs of their own families, others in their society were freed to devote themselves

to projects other than food acquisition. Historians and anthropologists have long argued

that the development of agriculture made civilization possible.

ANCIENT ORIGIN OF AGRICULTURE

There is no any record kept that from where first agriculture was started but it is

believed that the origin of agriculture was from the Middle East was the site of the

earliest planned sowing and harvesting of plants that had previously been gathered in

the wild. Independent development of agriculture occurred in northern and

southern China, Africa's Sahel, New Guinea and several regions of the Americas. The

earliest documented grains of domesticated emmer wheat were found at Abu

Hurerya in Turkey and dated to 13,500 BP .Barley has been found in archeological sites

in Levant, and East of the Zagros Mountains in Iran. The eight so-called Neolithic

founder crops of agriculture appear:


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first emmer wheat and einkorn, then hulled barley, peas, lentils, chick peas and flax.

Bitter vetch and lentils along with almonds and pistachios appear in Franchthi

Cave Greece simultaneously, about 9,000 BC. Neither is native to Greece, and they

appear 2,000 years prior to domesticated wheat in the same location. This suggests

that the cultivation of legumes and nuts preceded that of grain in some Neolithic

cultures.

By 7000 BC, small-scale agriculture reached Egypt. From at least 7000 BC the Indian

subcontinent saw farming of wheat and barley, as attested by archaeological excavation

at Mehrgarh in Balochistan. By 6000 BC, mid-scale farming was entrenched on the

banks of the Nile. About this time, agriculture was developed independently in the Far

East, with rice, rather than wheat, as the primary crop. Chinese and Indonesian farmers

went on to domesticate taro and beans including mung, soy andazuki. To complement

these new sources of carbohydrates, highly organized net fishing of rivers, lakes and

ocean shores in these areas brought in great volumes of essential protein. Collectively,

these new methods of farming and fishing inaugurated a human population boom

dwarfing all previous expansions, and are one that continues today.

By 5000 BC, the Sumerians had developed core agricultural techniques

including large scale intensive cultivation of land, mono-cropping, organized irrigation,

and use of a specialized labour force, particularly along the waterway now known as

the Shatt al-Arab, from its Gulf delta to the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates.

Domestication of wild aurochs and mouflon into cattle and sheep, respectively, ushered

in the large-scale use of animals for food/fiber and as beasts of burden.

The shepherd joined the farmer as an essential provider for sedentary and semi-

nomadic societies. Maize, manioc, and arrowroot were first domesticated in the

Americas as far back as 5200 BC. The potato, tomato ,pepper, squash, several varieties

of bean, tobacco, and several other plants were also developed in the New World, as

was extensive terracing of steep hillsides in much of Andean South America.

The Greeks and Romans built on techniques pioneered by the Sumerians but made fewfundamentally new advances. Southern Greeks struggled with very poor soils, yet

managed to become a dominant society for years. The Romans were noted for an

emphasis on the cultivation of crops for trade.

MORDERNAGE


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CROP ALTERATION

Domestication of plants has, over the centuries increased yield, improved disease

resistance and drought tolerance, eased harvest and improved the taste

and nutritional value of crop plants. Careful selection and breeding have had enormous

effects on the characteristics of crop plants. Average yields of corn (maize) in the USA

have increased from around 2.5 tons per hectare (t/ha) (40 bushels per acre) in 1900

to about 9.4 t/ha (150 bushels per acre) in 2001. Similarly, worldwide average wheat

yields have increased from less than 1 t/ha in 1900 to more than 2.5 t/ha in

1990. South American average wheat yields are around 2 t/ha, African under 1

t/ha, Egypt and Arabia up to 3.5 to 4 t/ha with irrigation. In contrast, the average

wheat yield in countries such as France is over 8 t/ha. Variations in yields are due

mainly to variation in climate, genetics, and the level of intensive farming techniques

(use of fertilizers, chemical pest control, and growth control to avoid lodging) after

mechanical tomato-harvesters were developed in the early 1960s, agricultural scientists

bred tomatoes that were more resistant to mechanical handling. More recently, genetic

engineering has begun to be employed in large parts of the world to speed up the

selection and breeding process. One widely used modification is a herbicide resistance

gene that allows plants to tolerate exposure to glyph sate, a non-systemic (i.e. kills all

plants) chemical used to control weeds in a crop such as oilseed rape

CORPS STATISTICS


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We know that in India our 60% population is engaged in agriculture which is very large

amount than any other country. It gives the food security to the huge population and also

raw materials to many factories which are producing FMGC products. The details of

agriculture product are given below:-

Top agricultural products, by crop types(million metric tons) 2004 data

Cereals 2,263

Vegetables and melons 866

Roots and Tubers 715

Milk 619

Fruit 503

Meat 259

Oil crops 133

Fish (2001 estimate) 130

Eggs 63

Pulses 60

Vegetable Fiber 30

Source:Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)[3

The details of quantity of crops individually produced every year in India are given below.

Top agricultural products, by individual crops(million metric tons) 2004 data

Sugar Cane 1,324

Maize 721

Wheat 627

Rice 605

Potatoes 328

Sugar Beet 249

Soybean 204

Oil Palm Fruit 162

Barley 154

Tomato 120

Source:Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

ENVIORNMENTAL IMPACT OF AGRICULTURE


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Agriculture may often cause environmental problems because it changes natural

environments and produces harmful by-products. Agriculture can also cause a decrease

in biodiversity and the consolidation of diverse biomass into a few species. Intensive

agriculture can create a surplus of nitrogen and

phosphorus in rivers and lakes. Herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, and

other biocides can hurt the environment. As well, air pollution is caused by farm

equipment and transportation powered by fossil fuels, carbon dioxide release

from agricultural lime, as well as industrial input (fertilizers)and output (food,fuel,fiber)

manufacture/processing. Weed Science points to the creation of feral plants and

animals. Finally, agriculture leads to odor from agricultural wastes (e.g., pig

manure),soil salination, and it may contributes to the water crisis.


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Project management support. Accelerating the process of agrarian reform and farm restructuring. Providing advisory services to emerging farmers. Improving access to rural credit. Improving the availability of quality seed. Supporting measures for crop protection and plant quarantine. Establishing an agricultural market information system. Strengthening national agricultural management capacity.

Small-scale farmers have no access to basic inputs and services, such as

seeds, fertilizer, machinery services, market information and credit. They

lack the farming and business skills to manage their farms and market their

products. The project helps them overcome these and other constraints.

PRIVATISATION

Privatization is the incidence or process of transferring ownership of business from

the public sector (government) to the private sector (business). In a broader sense,privatization refers to transfer of any government function to the private sector

including governmental functions like revenue collection and law enforcement.

The term "Privatization" also has been used to describe two unrelated transactions. The

first is a buyout, by the majority owner, of all shares of a public corporation or holding

company's stock, privatizing a publicly traded stock. The second is a demutualization of

a mutual organization or cooperative to form a joint stock company.

SOIL PROPERTIES & MANAGEMENT


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It is well known that one of the chief factors responsible for obtaining satisfactory crop

yields is the presence of essential plant nutrients in the soil in adequate quantities and

in readily utilizable for maximum and rational soil management, knowledge of the

fertility status and fiscal properties of a soil is essential. Soil testing is one of the

methods of determining the fertility status of the soils, so that recommendations in

regard to deficient nutrients or soil amendments can be made.

In fact, soil-testing forms an essential part of any scheme of

agricultural development. Soil-testing laboratories have been established in almost all

the states, covering all districts in them, where soils are analyses quickly and

recommendations are made in respect of the fertilizer requirement for different crops.

Successful farming does not merely depend on the knowledge of physical, chemical and

biological properties of the soil. It is a matter concerning both soil and soil

management. The most important consideration in soil management is the correct

application of the relationship between the soil and the crops to be grown.

Although the problems of soil management vary according to

the soils and their situations the climatic conditions and the crops to be grown, yet

there are fundamental factors which govern the choice of a soil management practices.Good soil tilts is the first feature of good soil management. It means a suitable physical

condition of the soil and implies, in addition, a satisfactory regulating of soil moisture

and air. The maintenance of soil organic matter which encourages, granulation is an

important consideration of good tilts. Tillage operations and timings should be so

adjusted as to cause the minimum destruction of soil aggregates. A good tilt minimizes

erosion hazards.First, undertake soil health enhancement through integrated measures

in improving organic matter and macro- and micro-nutrient content, as well as thephysics and the microbiology of the soil. Gujarat has already issued soil health cards to

farm families and other States can do likewise.

Secondly, promote water harvesting, conservation, and

efficient and equitable use by empowering gram sabhas to function as "Pani


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Panchayats." Such "pani panchayats" should foster the establishment of community

managed water banks and the recharge of the aquifer. A sustainable water security

system should be put in place, particularly in rain fed areas lacking assured irrigation

facility. This will be facilitated by mandatory water harvesting and greater attention to

dry land farming.

Source: - The Hindu-Wednesday/24-May-2006

INDIANAGRICULTURE MACHINERY

India is worlds largest pool of engineers and technologies. It is 100% true and can be

seen with the wide range of agricultural implements and machinery being manufactured

in the country. Not only India is self sufficient in this field but that sizable exports aretaking place. Indian machinery is finding markets not only in developing countries but in

developed countries as well. The history of agricultural machinery manufacturing can

date back the good old days when Kirloskars had started manufacturing iron-ploughs.

In those days farmers feared iron ploughs. They feared soil would get poisoned with

iron, because they were accustomed to use wooden ploughs. India agricultural

machinery industry has traveled a long distance from those old days of beginning of

industrialization in India. Now, after liberalization, most of the world renowned tractormanufacturers have either opened their shop in India or are planning the same. Ford

and John Deere are here along with many others. But already established tractors

manufacturers are not afraid to fight the battle in the market place. Marketing of

tractors is a different cup of tea. It requires solid base to offer after-sales service.

Another interesting aspect in this business is dumping of small tractors and pumping

sets by china and other countries. Is this dumping, good for Indian farming? I do not

know. I am too small to comment. I can only tell you that pump industry in Coimbatore,Kolhapur, Rajkot and Agra have suffered badly in these days of session. Mini power

tillers carriers out many farm operations and has became the friends in need for many

small farmers. With the support from state and central govt. sophisticated harvesting

machines like combines have made their mark on Indian farming scene. Once upon a


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time bullock power was the power available at farm sites. Now most of the farms are

electrified. Not only that there is always controversial views expressed about subsidized

electricity. It is true that electricity to the farmers is subsidized but it is available in odd

hours of nights does not it quality for subsidy and certainty farmers will like assured

supply and assured voltage.

Due to low voltage farmers have to repair their motors many times. The uses of hybrid

seeds, irrigation and modern practices of agriculture have changed the farming picture.

Now with more yield of crop per acre, you can see variety of threshing machines

operating in the farms during harvesting time. While talking about farm machinery let

us look to the alarming figure of farm accidents. Due to either negligible or over

confidence operators of these machines give scant respect to safety. Many farmers

have got their fingers cut, just for not ensuring cover over moving parts. And yes there

are many tractor accidents as tractors and trolleys have become preferred mode of

travel particularly for marriage parties. As far as micro irrigation systems are concerned

all the advanced world class technologies in drip, sprinkle and other systems are

available in India. Non-conventional energy sources like Gobar gas wind energy, solar

pumps, and protection systems of electrified fences can be seen at many places.

Thanks to IREDA and their state agencies. Agricultural engineering institutes in the

country have developed various tools and tackles and equipments to meet the needs of

common farmer. Indian scientists and small entrepreneurs do not lag behind. They

have developed many small tools, which are envied by scientists in developed countries.

CFTRI, Mysore is a leading organization in food processing. They have developed a host

of technologies to suit modern life style. Defence research organization has developed

various food technologies to meet the needs of defence personnel.

CATTLE AND CROPS INSURENCE

Cattle are delicate animals. They suffer from many diseases, accidents, etc. If the death

occurs to animals due to these causes, there is tremendous loss to the owner of the


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animal or dairyman. But if there is insurance of the animal the owner gets some

compensation and his loss is shared by the insurance company.

As a dependable insurance company for the past 50 years and as such we

have customer oriented insurance covers for the following crops. 1). grape, 2). Citrus

(orange, lime, sweet lime), 3). Chickoo (sapota), 4). Pomegranate, 5). Apple, 6).

Banana, 7). Strawberry.

A standard horticulture / plantation policy undertake to cover to the extent of loss or

damage to the insured item occasioned by operation of any one or more of the

following perils either in isolation or in concurrence;

1). Fire (including forest fire and bush fire), 2). Lightening, 3). Storm, Hailstorm,Cyclone, Typhoons, Tempest, Hurricane, Tornado whilst in direct and immediate

operation over the insured area, 4). Flood and inundation (inspection report is

necessary to cover these risks).

KNOWLEDGE OF FERTILIZERS

Natural Kieserite

Specification: Soluble water Mgo: 25%min; S:18%min; Moisture:2%max

Detail: Natural Kieserite, as the high quality farm fertilizer, contain elements of

Magnesium and Sulphur essential for crops

Fused Magnesium Phosphate FMP

Specification: 18-20%

Detail: As one of the TOP suppliers of Rock Phosphate RP, Mono-Ammonium Phosphate

MAP fertilizer, Fused Magnesium Phosphate FMP fertilizers.

Mono-Ammonium Phosphate MAP fertilizer

Specification: 11-44-0, 12-52-0, 12-61-0 TECH GRADE


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Detail: As one of the TOP suppliers of Rock Phosphate RP, Mono-Ammonium Phosphate

MAP fertilizer, Fused Magnesium Phosphate FMP fertilizers.

Rotten Leaves

Specification: all

Detail: Rotten Leaves Also called Humous Leaves, a nutrient soil made from Oak leave,

by ferment and decomposing.

Eaweed fertilizer, biological organic fertilizer

Specification: Seaweed fertilizer, biological organic fertilizer

Detail: "Power" has the following advantages over traditional fertilizers:

(1) Benefit to environmental protection

Potassium nitrate

Specification: potassium nitrate Agr.Grade

Detail: Re: Potassium Nitrate Spec: Purity: 99.0pct.min. K2O 46.0pct min N 13.0pct min

Magnesium sulphate or MgSO4 7H2O

Specification: mgso47H2O 99.5%minDetail: It is a stable quality agricultural fertilizer that is made from Magnesium Oxide of

good quality. It is widely used in agriculture.

Urea N46%

Specification: N 46%

Detail: Product Type-Urea 46% Granular Character: 1/ Nitrogen-46% minimum 2/Biuret

-1% Maximum 3/Moisture-0.5% Maximum by method o.

BIO FERTILISERS


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Bio-fertilizers are the preparations containing live or latent cells of efficient

strains of nitrogen fixing, phosphate solubilizing or cellulolyotic micro-

organisms used for application to seed or composting areas with theobjective of increasing the numbers of such micro-organisms and

accelerating those microbial processes which augment the availability of

nutrients that can be easily assimilated by plants. Bio-fertilizers harnessatmospheric nitrogen with the help of specialized micro-organisms whichmay be free living in soil or symbiotic with plants. Microbial inoculants arecarrier based preparations containing beneficial micro-organisms in a viable

state, intended for seed or soil application, designed to improve soil fertility

and help plant growth by increasing the number of desired micro-organisms

in plant rhizosphere.

Microbial Inoculants: - In soil the activities of Nitrogen fixation,mobilization of plant nutrients and degradation of ligno-cellulotic wastes are

being carried out by a large number of micro-organisms. Artificiallymultiplied cultures of selected micro organisms augment the natural

recycling of organic resources. There are different types of microbial

inoculants.

A. Nitrogen fixers

1. Symbiotic: - Rhizobium, inoculants forLegumes.

2. Non-symbiotic: - For cereals, millets, and vegetables.

a) Bacteria:-

i). Aerobic:-Azatobacter, Azomonas, Azospirillum.

ii) Anaerobic: - Closteridium, chlorobium

iii) Facultative anaerobes- Bacillus, Eisherichia

b) Blue green algae- Anabaena, Anabaenopsis, Nostoe

A. Phosphate solubilizing micro-organisms.

B. Cellulolytic and lignolytic micro-organisms.

C. Sulphur dissolving bacteria.


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D. Azolla.

1. Rhizobium Inoculants

Inoculation: - Carrier based inoculants are mixed with little water to form

slurry (sugar or gum added to enhance survival of Rhizobia) and seeds areuniformly coated with the inoculants, dried and sown immediately. Otherspecialized methods include-pelleted seed (for acidic soils), per-inoculated

seeds, liquid and frozen concentrates, granular soil inoculants, porous

gypsum granules and natural peat granule.

Agronomic importance: - Response to Rhizobium inoculation has been

amply demonstrated with most of the legumes-ahar, urd, mung, gram,

soybean, etc. Besides, legume cultivation also leaves behind a naturally

nitrogen enriched soil for subsequent cultivators...

2.Azotobacter Inoculants

Inoculation: - slurry of the carrier based inoculants is made with minimumamount of water and seeds are mixed with the slurry, dried in shade andsown; seedling dip (10-13 min) in slurry is done for transplanted crops andplanted immediately. For sugarcane etc. secondary inoculation with slurry

near the root zone in early stages of plant growth are also recommended.

The inoculants can also be mixed with FYM and broadcast near the root

zone.

Crop response: - Azotobacter inoculants on onion, wheat, rice, brinjal,tomato, cabbage, sugarcane, oat, barely, maize, potato can increase 7-12 %

crop yields. Azotobacter spp. Increase plant yield primarily by fixingmolecular nitrogen in soil, but it is also reported to synthesize auxins,

vitamins, growth substances and antifungal antibiotics, which have beneficial

effects of this bacterium on seed germination etc.

3.Azospirillum Inoculants

Occurrence in soil: - Soil pH in range of 5.6- 7.2 registers Azospirillumactivity with optimum at 6.7 to 7.0; below pH 5.6 the soil is devoid of

Azospillium and presence of organic matter in soil generally favorsmultiplication of this bacterium. Powdered and sterilized FYM+soil, FYM alone

or FYM+charcoal are used as carriers.

4. Blue Green Algal Inoculants:


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The inoculants are specially recommended for paddy crop grown in wet land

conditions which also favor the growth of blue green algae. These algae also

possess photosynthetic activity. Besides they excrete vitamin B12, auxins and

ascorbic acid which contribute to growth of rice plants.

5.Azolla- An Organic Manure

Methods of application: - It is applied as green manure prior to rice

planting and as dual cropping with rice, when fern grows side by

side with paddy.Crop response: -Soil application is more beneficial than dual culture

method; 10 tones fresh Azolla/ha is equivalent to 25-30 kg N/ha and

increasing application rate from 5-20 tones/ha has direct response in grain

yield of paddy.

WATER-PRIVATISATION

Water privatization involves transferring of water control and/or water management

services to private companies. The water management service may include collection,

purification, distribution of water and waste water treatment in a community.

Traditionally this service has been provided by the local governmental infrastructure

such as the municipality and local city council. The pro privatization lobby including

water corporations, the World Bank and IMF has aggressively campaigned for waterprivatization on the grounds that, while water subsidies promote wasteful practices,

commodification of water should allow market forces (supply and demand) to set the

water tariff, which in turn will reduce water consumption and promote water

conservation. Furthermore, it is argued that opening this sector to private providers will

bring in badly needed capital for upgrading and development of infrastructure. There

are several models of water privatization that are currently in vogue in different parts of

the world (Citizens Network, 2003).Depending on the degree of privatization, thesemodels can be broadly categorized into: Service Contracts In this model, public

authority retains overall responsibility for the operation and maintenance of the system,

and contracts out specific components. Service contracts last 1-3 years and include

services such as meter reading, billing and maintenance. While public ownership is


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maintained and community accountability structures remain in place, the transparency

of operation can be limited. Contracts are often not openly negotiated and regulation

and oversight is usually lacking.

(Design), Build, Operate, Own and Transfer or (D) BOOT- this model of privatization is

usually used for system infrastructure development such as water treatment plans that

require significant finance. The private operator is required to finance, construct,

operate and maintain the facility for a specific period of time (usually more than 20

years). At the end of the term the infrastructure may turned over to the municipality or

the contract is renewed. This model is more prevalent in developing countries.

Examples of (D) BOOT include Tiruppur Project in Tamil Nadu India and Cochabamba

experience in Bolivia.

Divestiture- in this model, the government or public authority awards full ownership and

responsibility of the water system including the water source to a private operator

under a regulatory regime. This is also done in the form of 10-20 year renewable

contracts on the entire system. The government moves operation to private hands thus

improving efficiency. Competition is limited through the process of bids on the

divestiture. The private sector firm is than expected to take the risks and recoup

investment/profits. This model cedes tremendous power over an essential resource to

corporations. Examples of divestiture include the Rasmada scheme, under which a 22-

year lease over a stretch of the Shivnath River in Chattisgarh was accorded to Radius

Water, Inc.

Water privatization has been recommended by the Indian Governments national water

policy (National Water, 2002) to address the issue of water scarcity. In its article 13

titled, Private sector participation the policy says that private sector participation

should be encouraged in planning, development and management of water resources

projects for diverse uses, wherever feasible. This has placed water privatization at the

forefront of developmental policies implemented by several state governments (Ghotge,

2002).while the policy is silent on the kinds of privatization models that will be adopted

as can be seen from the case studies below, most of the privatization that has been

done in India follows the (D)BOOT model. The national water policy also encourages


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interlinking of rivers to improve water availability in water scarce areas (interlinking,

2005).the proposed river linking scheme has water privatization at its heart of funding,

which will further isolate the water source and responsible water management from

local communities. Many sate governments and, neighboring nations sharing river

waters with India and experts have questioned the merits of such a scheme on

numerous grounds including lack of feasibility and impact studies on the project,

ecological disasters from river diversion schemes around the world, as well as adverse

environmental impact due to

submergence soil salinity and water logging.

SERICULTURE INDUSTRY

SERICULTURE, the technique of silk production, is an agro-industry, playing an eminent

role in the rural economy of India. Silk-fiber is a protein produced from the silk-glands

of silkworms.

Silkworm larvae are fed cut-up mulberry leaves, and, afterthe fourth molt, climb a twig placed near them and spin their silken cocoons. The silk isa continuous-filament fiber consisting of fibroin protein, secreted from two salivaryglands in the head of each larva, and a gum called sericin, which cements the twofilaments together. The sericin is removed by placing the cocoons in hot water, whichfrees silk filaments and readies them for reeling. The immersion in hot water also killsthe silkworm larvae. Single filaments are combined to form yarn. This yarn is drawn


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under tension through several guides and wound onto reels. Finally, the yarn is dried,and the now raw silk is packed according to quality.

Mulberry silk is produced extensively in the states of

Karnataka, West Bengal and Jammu and Kashmir. About 85 per cent of the country's

production is contributed by the Karnataka state by rearing multivoltine hybrids of

silkworm and this activity enables the Seri culturists to harvest five to six corps a year.

Jammu and Kashmir, owing to its salubrious climate during autumn and spring, is

producing silk by rearing univoltine silkworms. Other states, namely, Andhra Pradesh,

Assam, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab, contribute roughly

1.8 percent to the total production of mulberry silk in India. The State wise silk

production in the country is given in Table.

Raw Silk Production in India (2006)

StateProduction(in tonnes)

Production(in tonnes)



Mulberry Tasar Eri Muga

1.AndhraPradesh

.. 1 .. ..

2.Assam 7 .. 87 41

3.Bihar .. 234 3 ..

4.HimachalPradesh

2 .. .. ..

5.Jammu andKashmir

68 .. .. ..

6.Karnataka 2,036 .. .. ..

7.MadhyaPradesh

1 117 .. ..

8.Maharashtra .. 1 .. ..

9.Meghalaya 1 .. .. ..

10.Orissa .. 19 .. ..

11.Punjab 1 .. .. ..

DAIRY INDUSTRY


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A dairy is a facility for the extraction and processing of animal milkmostly from goatsor cows, but also from buffalo, sheep, horses or camels for human consumption.Typically it is a farm (dairy farm) or section of a farm that is concerned with theproduction of milk, butter and cheese.

Terminology differs slightly between countries. In particular,in the U.S. a dairy can also be a facility that processes, distributes and sells dairy

products, or a room, building or establishment where milk is kept and butter or cheese

is made. In New Zealand English a dairy means a corner convenience store, or

Superetteand dairy factory is the term for what is elsewhere called a dairy.

As an attributive, the word dairy refers to milk-based

products, derivatives and processes, and the animals and workers involved in their

production: for example dairy cattle, dairy goat. A dairy farm produces milk and a dairy

factory processes it into a variety of dairy products. These establishments constitute the

dairy industry, a component of the food industry.

PRIVATISATION OF DAIRY FARMS INA.P.

Chief Minister Y S Rajasekhara Reddy, who advocated privatization of cooperative

dairies in the state and led a campaign against the previous regime, is now understood

to have recommended corporatisation of cooperative milk dairies and poultry units in

the country. Reddy, who is the chairman of a sub-committee on dairy development andfisheries, constituted by PM Man Mohan Singh, recently submitted a report to the

Centre suggesting corporatisation of dairies to increase milk production. He is also

understood to have recommended the government to off 25% of its stakes in these

dairies.

CPM sources said that the committee, headed by the CM, felt that the government

should promote the dairy industry and if necessary, also give incentives to the private

sector. Among other recommendations was government-private participation in poultry

industry. The panel felt that private entrepreneurs should be given incentives like

concessional tariff in water and power as well as some tax concessions.

Source: - Business Line-Thursday/08-May-2008


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POULTRY INDUSTRY

Poultry farming is the practice of raising poultry, such as chickens, turkeys, ducks,and geese, as a subcategory of animal husbandry, for the purpose of farming meat oreggs for food. The vast majority of poultry are raised using modern farming techniques.

According to the World watch Institute, 74 percent of the world's poultry meat, and 68percent of eggs are produced this way.

The contrasting method of poultry farming is free range farming.

Friction between these two main methods has led to long term issues of ethicalconsumerism. Opponents of modern farming argue that it harms the environment andcreates health risks, as well as abusing the animals themselves. Advocates of modernfarming say that their highly efficient systems save land and food resources due toincreased productivity, stating that the animals are looked after in state-of-the-artenvironmentally controlled facilities.

PRIVATISATION OF POULTRY INDUSTRY

Syria's poultry industry is a major component of the agricultural sector andof the country's economy. The industry has the opportunity to grow further.It is encouraging to note that initial steps are being made to adopt a moremarket-based economy, by creating an attractive environment for foreigninvestors.

The Israeli poultry breeding company Kabir Chicks has beentaken over by the Italy-based Kabir International. This joint venture between


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Kabir Chicks and Avizoo will allow the breed to improve in commercial traitsand to become available in all parts of the world.

Sourse: - The Times of India- World poultry/ Headlines of vol. 21 no. 8

FLORICULTURE INDUSTRY

Floriculture, or flower farming, is a discipline of horticulture concerned with the

cultivation of flowering and ornamental for gardens and for floristry, comprising

the floral industry. The development breeding of new varieties is a major occupation of

floriculturists.

Floriculture crops include bedding plants, flowering plants,

foliage plants or houseplants, cut cultivated greens, and cut flowers. As distinguished

from nursery crops, floriculture crops are generally herbaceous. Bedding and garden

plants consist of young flowering plants (annuals and perennials) and vegetable plants.

They are grown in cell packs (in flats or trays), in pots, or in hanging baskets, usually

inside a controlled environment, and sold largely for gardens and landscaping.

Geraniums, impatiens, and petunias are the best-selling bedding

plants. Chrysanthemums are the major perennial garden plant in the United States.

Flowering plants are largely sold in pots for indoor use. The

major flowering plants are poinsettias, orchids, florist chrysanthemums, and finished


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florist azaleas. Foliage plants are also sold in pots and hanging baskets for indoor and

patio use, including larger specimens for office, hotel, and restaurant interiors.

Cut flowers are usually sold in bunches or as bouquets

with cut foliage. The production of cut flowers is specifically known as the cut flower

industry. Farming flowers and foliage employs special aspects of floriculture, such as

spacing, training and pruning plants for optimal flower harvest; and post-harvest

treatment such as chemical treatments, storage, preservation and packaging. In

Australia and the United States some species are harvested from the wild for the cut

flower market.

PRIVATISATION OF FLORICULTURE INDUSTRY

Floriculture industry needs more technological and marketing support from the

government as the industry is booming as well as the return is very high, speakers said

at a seminar on Wednesday.

Most of the farmers now engaged in flower production have

shifted from rice production where per unit return is very low, they said, adding that

marigold production is profitable much higher than rice production so they collaborate

with European Union, who helps them to export their product in international market.


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REFRECNCES

To complete this term paper following portal site, New paper, Articles, Books and

magazines are visited or read.

1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sericulture2) www.indiaagronet.com/indiaagronet/DAIRY/Dairy.htm - 2k3) www.indiabizclub.com/qxzpmd/products.php?q=;c0w3eoh0np00aki - 15k

4) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floriculture5) www.maurya.in/odp.php?browse=/Business/Agriculture_and_Forestry/Hor

ticulture/ - 21k

6) www.searchbin.com/niche/open_directory.php?browse=/Business/Agriculture_and_Forestry/Horticulture/ - 25k

7) www.answers.com/topic/floriculture8) http://calorielab.com/news/categories/milk-controversy/9) www.indiaagronet.com/indiaagronet/DAIRY/Dairy.htm - 2k10)www.indiabizclub.com/qxzpmd/products.php?q=;c0w3eoh0np00aki - 15k

11)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture

12)http://www.financialexpress.com/news/Govt-may-bail-out-cotton-industry/391981/

13)http://www.indianexpress.com/news/New-agriculture-practices-to-be-showcased-at-Agro-Tech-2008/390965

14)http://www.indiaagronet.com/indiaagronet/agronet_home/service.htm15)

www.netutopia.com/farmingequipment.htm16k

16)http://business.mapsofindia.com/india-planning/agriculture.html17)http://www.domainb.com/economy/agriculture/20040713_marketing.html18)http://www.hindu.com/2008/06/18/stories/2008061859540200.htm


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Following books are visited:-

o Jay, J.M. (1992). Modern Food Microbiology. Fourth Edition. New York: Chapman& Hall. pp. 237-9.

o Potter, N.N. & J. H. Hotchkiss. (1995). Food Science. Fifth Edition. New York:Chapman & Hall. pp. 279-315.

o Swasigood, H.E. (1985). "Characteristics of Edible Fluids of Animal Origin: Milk."In Food Chemistry. Second Edition. Revised and Expanded. O.R. Fennema, Ed.New York: Marcell Dekker, Inc. pp. 791-827.

o Saltini A.Storia delle scienze agrarie, 4 vols, Bologna 1984-89, ISBN 88-206-2412-5, ISBN 88-206-2413-3, ISBN 88-206-2414-1, ISBN 88-206-2414-X

o Watson, A.M (1974), 'The Arab agricultural revolution and its diffusion', in TheJournal of Economic History, 34,

o Watson, A.M (1983), ' Agricultural Innovation in the Early Islamic World',Cambridge University Press

o Wells, Spencer: The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey. Princeton UniversityPress, 2003. ISBN 0-691-11532-X

o Wickens, G.M.(1976), 'What the West borrowed from the Middle East', inIntroduction to Islamic Civilization, edited by R.M. Savory, Cambridge University

Press, Cambridge

Given News paper are consulted:-

1. The Hindu2. The Times of India3. Economics Times4. Business Line

Term Paper ECO

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