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7/31/2019 Term Paper Coa

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SUBMISSION OF TRAM PAPER

TOPIC:- 64bit vs. 32 bit processor

[Are 64 Bit processor is faster than the 32 bit processor? Illustrates this by taking

some real world processing in considerations]

SUBJECT: - Computer System Architecture.

SUBJECT CODE: - CAP503

SUBMITTED TO: - SUBMITTED BY:-

MISS:-Kavisha DugalMam NAME: - Bandana Chopra.

CLASS:-MCA (M. Tech).

SEC:-1207.

ROLL NO:-A24.

REG NO:-11208594.


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TABLE CONTENT OF PROJECT WORK

1).Abstract.

2). Introduction.

3). Difference between 32 Bit And 64Bit Processor.

4). Pros and cons of the 64 bit processor.

5). Pros and cons of the 32 bit processor.

6). Price and latest Avliable in market.

7). The operating system use in nokia mobile.

8). History of operating system.

9). What is Symbian operating system.

10). Device that use Symbian os.

11). Desigen of Symbian operating system.

12). Feature of Symbian operating system.

13). Latest version of Symbian operating system.

14). Advantage of Symbian in nokia mobile.

15). Disadvantage of Symbian in nokia mobile.

16). Reference.

17). Conclusion.


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Abstract : -

Introduction:- Before we get into the details, let us understand first, what this

big fuss of a larger number of bits, is all . A bit is the short form of a binary digit,

i.e. 0 or 1. Computers store and perform operations on these binary digits. So, it can

be very easily concluded that a 32 bit processor can represent numbers from 0 to

232, while 64 bit processors can represent numbers from 0 to 264. Thus, most of us

will simply conclude that, since 64 bit processors can perform calculations on a

greater range of numbers as compared to the 32 bit processors; then, of course, they

are better. But there are some points need to consider, before reach to conclusion.

When we say a 64 bit or 32 bit processor, what we are primarily referring to is the

width of the data bus. In a layman's language, a data bus is a cable that carries

information to and from the computer's memory, to the processor. A 64 bit

processor has a data bus that is 64 bit wide, while a 32 bit processor has a data bus

i.e. 32 bits wide. Thus, a 64 bit processor's data bus can carry in more information

than that which can be done by the 32 bit processor's data bus. So, conclusion come

back is, that 64 bit processors are faster than the 32 bit processors, and hence, they

should be declared the winners. But the point out here is - which of these

processors will actually suit our needs.

Some History:-

AMD launched its first consumer 64-bit processor, the Athlon 64, in 2003,and marketed it as a great performance booster and the future of computing.

Microsoft soon followed with a 64-bit version of Windows XP, however,

this was essentially unusable since a lot of programs and drivers did not yet

work with 64-bit hardware.

Over the past few years, the 64-bit version of Windows Vista has become a

more mature product. A couple of compatibility updates from Microsoft and


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increased industry support, more than 95% of new hardware and software

products now work well with the architecture.

64-Bit ComputingPros:-

More processing power: In very basic terms, 64-bit means that it can handle

twice as many bits per clock cycle.

More memory: The 32-bit consumer version of Windows is only capable of

addressing 3 to 3.5 GB of RAM; therefore, when we use more than 4 GB, the

additional RAM goes to waste. Hitting the 3 to 3.5 GB limit only occurs if

we work with several memory-hungry programs at the same time.

Performance advantage: Practically speaking, applications can make use of

the 64-bit architecture to process huge data operations more quickly. This is

especially important with advanced programs, such as video editing suites,

games, or encryption software. More security: The 64-bit versions of Windows Vista and 7 contain Kernel

Patch Protection which prevents malicious programs from changing the

Windows kernel. The operating systems also boast a Data Execution

Prevention which uses a special processor feature to prevent an application

from running code from a memory region where its not supposed to run.

Overall, the 64-bit edition is more secure than its 32-bit counterpart.

64-Bit Computing-Cons:-

Possible driver issues: 32-bit drivers are not supported; hardware

manufacturers have to provide special 64-bit versions. However, this is not

as much of an issue anymore, as nearly all of the hardware that has been

released over the past few years has shipped with drivers, right out of the

box. If not, these drivers will come via Windows Updates or download from

the companys support Web sites.

Higher memory consumption: All memory addresses are now 64 bits long

instead of 32 bits. This results in a larger memory footprint for Windows and

applications. Weve seen 64-bit versions of Windows Vista and 7 taking up

200-350 MB more RAM than 32-bit versions. If we have at least 3 GB ofmain memory, this is not an issue, but on a low-end machine (1-2 GB), this

causes more access to the hard disk and potentially slows down the machine.

No compatibility with 16-bit software: Support for old 16-bit applications

has been disabled. In most cases, this is not an issue, except when we or our

company uses legacy software that has some 16-bit parts still built into it.


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Additional Windows layer: 32-bit applications run under the Windows on

Windows 64 (WoW64) environment, which emulates the old 32-bit

Windows systems. This means that all 32-bit programs need to go through an

additional layer in Windows before they can be processed. Although this

layer is very thin, it usually results in a 2% performance loss.

Pros and cons : -

Pros: -

A common misconception is that 64-bit architectures are no better than 32-bit

architectures unless the computer has more than 4 GB of random access memory.

This is not entirely true:

Some operating systems and certain hardware configurations limit thephysical memory space to 3 GB on IA-32 systems, due to much of the 34

GB region being reserved for hardware addressing; see 3 GB barrier; 64-bit

architectures can address far more than 4 GB.

Some operating systems reserve portions of process address space for OS

use, effectively reducing the total address space available for mapping

memory for user programs. For instance, 32-bit Windows reserves 1 or 2 GB

(depending on the settings) of the total address space for the kernel, which

leaves only 3 or 2 GB (respectively) of the address space available for user

mode. This limit is very much higher on 64-bit operating systems.

Memory-mapped files are becoming more difficult to implement in 32-bit

architectures as files of over 4 GB become more common; such large files

cannot be memory-mapped easily to 32-bit architecturesonly part of the

file can be mapped into the address space at a time, and to access such a file

by memory mapping, the parts mapped must be swapped into and out of the

address space as needed. This is a problem, as memory mapping, if properly

implemented by the OS, is one of the most efficient disk-to-memory

methods.

Some 64-bit programs, such as encoders, decoders and encryption software,

can benefit greatly from 64-bit registers, while the performance of other

programs, such as 3D graphics-oriented ones, remains unaffected when

switching from a 32-bit to a 64-bit environment.


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Some 64-bit architectures, such as x86-64, support more general-purpose

registers than their 32-bit counterparts (although this is not due specifically

to the word length). This leads to a significant speed increase for tight loops

since the processor does not have to fetch data from the cache or main

memory if the data can fit in the available registers.

Example in C:

int i, b, c, d, e;

for (i=0; i


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general reasonably effective. For example, the Z/OS operating system takes this

approach, requiring program code to reside in 31-bit address spaces (the high order

bit is not used in address calculation on the underlying hardware platform) while

data objects can optionally reside in 64-bit regions.

The difference between 64 and 32 bit processors: -

In the future, the battle Between 64 bit vs. 32 bit processors will inevitably yield the

64 bit processor as the victor, but this transition is going to take some time.

First, we will talk about the pure mathematics and structure of the processors that

are involved that. We will keep this part short and sweet.

A bit is short for binary digit. It is basically how a computer stores and makesreferences to data, memory, etc. A bit can have a value of 1 or 0, thats it. So binary

code is streams of 1s and 0s, such as this random sequence 10010010011. These

bits are also how our processor does calculations. By using 32 bits our processor

can represent numbers from 0 to 4,294,967,295 while a 64-bit machine can

represent numbers from 0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615. Obviously this means

our computer can do math with larger numbers, and be more efficient with smaller

numbers.

Now see, that description wasnt too bad, but the question is how does this affect

us, the average PC owner? The largest benefit will go to academic institutions andprivate companies, where large calculations are being performed, huge databases

are being accessed, and complex problems are being solved.

Everyone that doesnt fall into that category will see some benefit of using 64 bit

processors over 32 bit processors, but not much in todays marketplace. The AMD

Athlon 64-bit processor is completely backward compatible, meaning we can

currently use it with 32-bit operating systems and software programs. We will see

some benefits by using this setup, but because the programs werent written to take

advantage of the extra power, they wont use much of it.

The true benefits of this set up dont come from the amount of bits, but by the

improved structure of the 64 bit vs. 32 bit processor's older structure. A 64-bit

processor is made with more advanced silicon processes, have more transistors, and

faster speeds. This is currently where the true benefit of switching to a 64-bit


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processor lays.

As for 64-bit operating systems and software, many are in the works, but nothing is

in final version. Microsoft has released a beta version of Windows XP that takes

advantage of the 64 bit technology, but there are still issues. The problem is whenyou run 32-bit software programs in the environment of a 64-bit operating system.

Many programs wont work properly, such as Adobe Acrobat and Windows Media

Player, for example. Another issue is Ram. We really need about 4 GB of RAM to

take full advantage of the capabilities offered by a 64-bit processor, while most PC

owners have less than 1 GB under their computers hood.

32-bit refers to the number of bits (the smallest unit of information on a machine)

that can be processed or transmitted in parallel, or the number of bits used for

single element in a data format. The term when used in conjunction with amicroprocessor indicates the width of the registers; a special high-speed storage

area within the CPU. A 32-bit microprocessor can process data and memory

addresses that are represented by 32 bits.

64-bit therefore refers to a processor with registers that store 64-bit numbers. A

generalization would be to suggest that 64-bit architecture would double the

amount of data a CPU can process per clock cycle. Users would note a performance

increase because a 64-bit CPU can handle more memory and larger files. One of

the most attractive features of 64-bit processors is the amount of memory the

system can support. 64-bit architecture will allow systems to address up to 1terabyte (1000GB) of memory. In today's 32-bit desktop systems we can have up to

4GB of RAM (provided our motherboard that can handle that much RAM) which is

split between the applications and the operating system (OS).

Comparison real life example:-

When we come down to comparing the speeds of both the processors, at our home

or office level, we will find no significant change in it. The spreadsheets won't loadany faster, browsing speed over the Internet stays the same, and there will be no

change in the booting time of your computer. So, what makes the difference then?

64 bit processors turn out to be very useful for the scientific organizations,

universities and major software development firms. They will also prove to be of

much use, if our work is that of animation or graphic designing. They can perform

calculations on a wider range of data and can give more accurate and precise


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information for smaller numbers. On the other hand, if we do not need our

computer to perform these processes, then a 32 bit processor will solve most of our

needs. Besides, when we come down to the cost, 32 bit processors have definitely

hit the bottom line.

In fact, what makes the 64 bit processor better than the 32 bit processor, at home oroffice level, is not that they can access and process data better, but the advanced

silicon technology, with which they are manufactured. When 64 bit processors hit

the market, the major factors that made them suffer a lot, were that there were not

many software compatible with them. However, this is not a deciding factor

anymore when you are planning to buy a new processor. With companies like

AMD, that has been sticking to the 64 bit technology, the software developers have

come down with a solution by developing software, which are compatible with

both the 32 bit and 64 bit processors. Another important point that needs to be

mentioned is that a multicore processor resembles in features, more to a 64 bitprocessor than a 32 bit processor. Again, speaking in a layman's language, one has

to use more than one 32 bit processor to match the performance of a 64 bit

processor. One more important factor that needs to be considered is that, if we

really need our 64 bit processors to work well, then we will definitely need a RAM

with more storage capacity. Even, a 512 MB or 1 GB RAM will not show any

significant improvement in the processing speed, when working with a 64 bit

processor.************************************

The world length of a computer or the microprocessor is given as n bits, where n

may be 8,16,32 or 64.A binary digit 0 or 1 is called a bit . An 8 bit microprocessorcan process 8 bit data at a time. If data consists if the more than 8 bits ,the

processor take up 8 bits of data forts and makes its processing ,then the next group

of 8 bits of data are taken up one by one for processing. Its ALU is designed to

process 8 bits data. Its general purpose register which hold data for processing, are

8 bit register. Similarly, 16 bit of data at a time, its ALU processes the 16 bits data

and general purpose register hold 16 bit data. Similarly 32 and 64 bit processors

process the 32 and 64 bit data at a time respectively. A processor of longer world

length more powerful and can process data at faster speed as compared to a

processor of shorter word length. A change from a 32-bit to a 64-bit architecture isa fundamental alteration, as most operating systems must be extensively modified

to take advantage of the new architecture, because that software has to manage the

actual memory addressing hardware. Other software must also be ported to use the

new capabilities; older 32-bit software may be supported through either a hardware

compatibility mode in which the new processors support the older 32-bit version of

the instruction set as well as the64bit version, through software emulation, or by the


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actual implementation of a 32-bit processor core within the 64-bit processor, as

with the Itanium processors from Intel, which include an IA-32 processor core to

run 32-bit x86 applications. The operating systems for those 64-bit architectures

generally support both 32-bit and 64-bit applications. There are 3 most obvious

advantages of 64-bit processors over their 32-bit counterparts:

Extended address space,

Capacity increase

Bigger number of general- purpose registers.

The extended 64-bit address space theoretically allows the processor to work with

16 bytes of physical memory within the flat memory model. Although

contemporary 64-bit processors can address only 1 byte (2^40) of memory in

practice, it is still much higher than in case of 32-bit addressing. A larger amount of

available memory in its turn allows us to eliminate or greatly reduce sluggish

operations of data swapping to the disk.

The bigger number of registers and increase of their size allow the processor to

handle large memory areas simultaneously, to handle variables and arrays more

effectively and to pass function arguments in registers instead of the stack.

Keep in mind that you must port your program using the 64-bit version of the

compiler and consider changes of the data model (new type capacities) to get a real

performance gain on a 64-bit processor. Launching an application not adapted forthe 64-bit platform might on the contrary cause great performance loss depending

on the specifics of the architecture of the processor being used.

Conclusion:-

So, we finally conclude that the choice lies entirely on the type of work we need to

do. If our work is not related to very heavy calculations and graphics or we are not

interested in playing big multimedia games, then of course, the 32 bit processors

will solve our purpose. Moreover, we can save some bucks for buying some other

component, like an extra RAM, which would definitely prove to be of more use.But, with a 64 bit processor, we will definitely not need a better processor for quite

some time.

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