Q Q•m-c-s c -c, -c · le hominum, ita naturale sicut gemitus est signum infirmitatis vel...

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Dicto de significatione terminorum restat dicere de suppoaitione, quae est proprietas conveniens termino sed numquam nisi in propositione. [Ockham, Summa Logicae, pars I, cap. 63, p. 193, I. 2-3]

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Dicitur autem suppositio quasi pro alio positio, itaquod quando terminus in propositione stat pro aliquo, ita quod utimur illo termino pro aliquo de quo, sive de pronomine demonstrante ipsum, ille terminus vel rectus illius termini si sit obliquus verificatur, supponit pro illo. [Ockham, Summa Logicae, pars I, cap. 63, p. 193, 1. 11-14] ~~t §t>nQ bfJ)li, "'t>lf{tHO)bfJ)fJ)~

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Sed quodlibet universale est intentio animae,

quae secundum unam opinionem probabilem ab

actu intelligendi non differt. Unde dicunt quod in

tellectio qua intelligo hominem est signum natura

le hominum, ita naturale sicut gemitus est signum

infirmitatis vel tristitiae seu doloris; et est tale si

gnum quod potest stare pro hominibus in propo

sitionibus mentalibus, sicut vox potest stare pro

hominibus in propositionibus vocalibus. [Ockham,

Summa Logicae, pars I, cap. 15, p. 53, l. 79-85)]

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:tt:R:~~. r:;t-:; iJ L. r::fdfilJ:Eli!~JJ ff:M IJJ , p.

55, l. 4-13)

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1 ~:ft.:%~, r :;;!- -;; h L r Xilllii':f!!l."f: J O)-!iJf9'GJ , :tilJ:)Cf:±, p. 115, 1997

2~:fl.5l~, r:;;1- "/ n L rxilllii':f!!l."f:J O)-!iJf9'G.JJ , :tilJ)Ct±, p.115, 1997 ~~::t5tc Lt-:.

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Suppositio vero est acceptio termini substantivi

pro aliquo. Differunt autem suppositio et signifi

catio, quia significatio est per impositionem vocis

ad rem significandam, suppositio vero est accep

tio ipsius termini iam significantis rem pro aliquo.

[Petrus Hispanus, Summule Logicales, p. 80, l. 8-

11]

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Supposition, on the other hand, is the referring function of terms in propositions, i. e., their relation to things that they are actualle taken to stand for in the context of given proposition, in the manner determined by that context[Johannes Buridanus, Summulae de suppositionibus, p. xlix]

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T 7J: b t, , lj .:Z t? ht::. 1f!tlm 0) )CJ!IJHc t:> " , -c, >c!l* tc ~JI: ~ ho L iPt::.-c" ~~tc~ffe L -Cv> o c. J-}.t.t. ~ ho$'.¥!1 C.:r\'.l: m c. 0) ~{%-c <!'.> o. *~!::'~0Y7Am•u•ffe~mc.~~~fflO)~•i.'~ rZo~tc~O)J:: 7 tJ:mJI:i.'1-1\;~tc:tjL-clj..:t -Cv>o.

Sed suppositio apud logicum proprie dicitur de subiecto vel praedicato propositionis, et aliquando etiam minnus proprie termini obliqui qui sunt partes subiectorum vel praedicatorum conceduntur supponere. Est autem suppositio, prout hie accipitur, acceptio termini in propositione pro aliquo vel aliquibus, quo demonstrato vel quibus demonstratis per ista pronomina hie, hoc, haec vel aequivalentia, ille terminus vere affirmaretur de isto pronomine mediante copula illius propositionis. [Johannes Buridanus, Summulae de practica sophismatum, p. 53, I. 4-10]

L iJ> L1-1\;ffeti, iffiUm!"f:tc t:>v>-C ti, l!!!J:ff7J:;@i9K-Cti1fitlm 0) ±lli-f -C )filrZ t? h, * td~tc ti, <b * I) **1¥1-rti f.t.v'iJ', ±~-?~~0)$7-J'-z"tii'l]~O) t 0) C." ti.'~ t -C -C ~JI:~ ho c. .:. 0 0) !'ll1; o t 0) <!'.> o ",ti !'ll1; o t 0) C." t O)~ v 9 c. L-CC.o.:.c.-c·<bo.

:: 0) J:: 7 t:, :t '/ 'h L C. i'U~, 1-1\;~T o :r\'.l:!'f ti, :Chi.' :J=l1ffeT M~::f'illll]t:IE L < ~~f'.ttt t? no.:. c. iJ!)Zl},.Z t? n -Cv>o. *t::.:<$:'tii¥11-1\;~tc-:Jv>-CO)l::'~ 1) -7"7 AO)Jli3~iJ, t?, 1itiJ'f\;;ffe C. U1fit)mtj:l t: t::. C. v>.:ZJ:: 7. i::'~ 1) -7"7 AO):<$:'tii¥1~~t:-:J It '-C, I= A/\ 7 A iJ!ffl It >-C It' t::. per se sumptus C. It' 7 N~ i.' i::· ~ 1) -7" 7 A tiffl v >-C v d.t, v >. * tdiiJllllJ-?~lli-f O)~* tc &P L -C C. ~ § L -C It' o. Johannes Buridanus, Summulae de suppositionibus, p. 45, I. 4-10. I i.'~~ ~ht::. It>. -jj -C', I= A .1\ 7 A ti{-1\;~ i.' To~ o JJ!l5'fiJ'1fil O):t:\'.[iS'f c C. t tc t; t aJJ t? t;>t.t. J:: 7 tc, :<$:'1ii¥11-\; * i.'{filO)JjiS'fiJ, t; S!R.lz: Lt::. ~~Jl-c· t -:J{-1\;~t.:· C. ~ .:Z -c v' o. Petrus Hispanus, Summule Logicales, p. 81, I. 1-10 i.' ~ ~-~~ht.:""

1.

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B"lid: Jl'iJfilB"J~f:~N5EB"Jf\~ (immobilis)

13.

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/\ 16. 17.

/\ 18. 19.

/\ 20. 21.

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(suppositio communis)l6. :<$: 111:8/;J{~:ffe (supposi

tio naturalis) 17. f"ti'ff B"J{~~ ( suppositio acciden

talis) 18. ili*i:f!{~~ (suppositio simplex)19. fflili'f"l f~:ffe (suppositio personalis)20. ~N5EB"Jf~~ (sup

positio determinata)2 l. ~F~.N5EB"J{~:ffe (suppositio

confusa)

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tio discreta)26. ~)Ml¥Jf\;5-K (suppositio commu

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tio distrebutiva)31. ~t~ 6?rll.N/El¥Jf\;5-K ( suppo

sitio non distributiva)32. ll.N/El¥Jf\;5-K (suppositio

determinata)

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5Petrus Hispanus, Summule logicales, p. 209, I. 1-2 ~ ~ ~~ht.::v'.

omnis ti±§\§0)$5]-tcf'Fm l 7 6 C. l "Cv}~ 6 .

-c·tJ:, c''O) J: 7 tJ::i][E8il' ~ jjijjirO)~~ilr~ c: 6 O)il'. * -r~ 'Jn L O)?rll.N1Ea"Jf\;/J\.lj,rO)fR7J~s 6-m1¥JtJ:#ll.N1E1¥Jf\;ffe cmJ~1¥JtJ:#ll.NIE s"Jf-t:5-Ktc-:Jv}--c~tf'6 c*O)J: 7 1ctJ:--:J--Cv}6.

Suppositio personalis confusa tantum est quando terminus communis supponit personaliter et non contingit descendere ad singularia per disiunctiuam, nulla uariatione facta a parte alterius extremi, sed per propositionem de disiuncto praedicato, et contingit earn inferri ex quocumque singulari. Verbi gratia in ista 'omnis homo est animal', li animal supponit confuse tantum, quia non contingit descendere sub animali ad sua contenta per disiunctiuam; quia non sequitur 'omnis homo est animal, igitur omnis homo est hoc animal, uel onmis homo est illud animal, uel omnis homo est aliud animal' et sic de singulis. Sed bene contingit descendere ad propositionem de disiuncto praedicato ex singularibus, quia bene sequitur 'omnis homo est animal, igitur omnis homo est hoc animal uel illud', et sic de singulis; quia consequens est una categorica, composita ex hoc subiecto 'homo' et hoc praedicato 'hoc animal uel illud uel illud', et sic de singulis. Et manifestum est quod hoc praedicatum uere praedicatur de omni homine, ideo illa uniuersalis est simpliciter uera. Et similiter ista infertur ex quolibet contento animalis, nam bene sequitur 'omnis homo est hoc animal', quocumque animali demonstrato, 'igitur omnis homo est animal'. [Ockham, Summa Logicae, pars I, cap. 70, p. 211, 1. 44-61]

-;JSl'l~P';d!"~.!Ui:B"Jf\;ffe c ti, #Jm.JJi11i'fil~@B"J fi;ffe~rrv", (-) ifiJfil!~1fiJ~T Q, b 7-1f<l)±.

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6 0ckham, Summa Logicae, pars II, cap. 4, p. 259, I. 16-20 z.~m~nt.::v'.

- 26 -

~--=>i!J@-" C. lE L \ T~i-t o: C. ti--C' ~ 0. T i:ct. v 't, <T "'- -C 0 AFl3, iilb:'fm--C' S 0. KP ;Z t;:, ~ -CIJ)AFl3,ii, C 0lb:'fmiP, S0lb:'fmiP, ...... --C'S .:s. > c. JE L < m~ ~ n .:s.

Suppositio confusa et distributiua est quan

do contingit aliquo mododescendere copulatiue, si

habeat multa contenta et ex nullo uno formaliter

infertur. Sicut est in ista 'omnis homo est animal',

cuius subiectum supponit confuse et distributiue:

sequitur enim 'omnis homo est animal, igitur iste

homo est animal et ille homo est animal', et sic

de singulis; et non sequitur formaliter 'iste homo

est animal', quocumque demonstrato, 'igitur om

nis homo est animal'. [Ockham, Summa Logicae,

pars I, cap. 70, p. 211, 1. 62-68]

ml~ IY-"PfllUE 1¥Jfi; 5F C. ii , t L ~H 7'.J'-:C- 0 ~~ 0 7 't t;:~ \ 0fli'i!4 0 t 0 ~13-t! C. L h: G, 7c IJ)

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~Fll.&5EakJ~ffe tc --:J", -c ~O) J:: 7 t:Jfil~ -c", 6.

Confusa suppositio est acceptio termini com

munis pro pluribus mediante signo universali. Ut

cum dicitur'omnis homo est animal', iste termi

nus 'homo' mediante signo universali tenetur pro

pluribus, quia pro quolibet suo supposito. [Petrus

Hispanus, Summule logicales, p. 82-83, I. 30-3]

~plll:U£1¥Jfi;!Fti~Jffi:rJ'ii5'f~?}t,t Qt <J)IJ)fi;b

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7Petrus Hispanus, Summule logicales, p. 83.1. 4-19 Z.~ ~~nt.::~'-

- 27 -

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Aliter dividitur suppositio in materialem et

personalem. (2)Et vocatur suppositio personalis

quando subiectum vel predicatum propositionis

supponit pro suis ultimatis significatis vel pro

suo ultimato significato, ut iste terminus 'homo'

pro hominibus in ista propositione 'homo currit'

(3)Sed suppositio materialis dicitur quando vox

supponit pro se aut sibi simili aut pro suo signi

ficato immediato, quod est conceptus secundum

quern imposita est ad significandum, ut iste termi

nus 'homo' in ista propositione 'homo est species'

[Johannes Buridanus, Summulae de suppositioni

bus, p. 38, I. 11-18]

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8Petrus Hispanus, Summule Logicales, p. 86-82, I. I 0-5 ~~l&~ht.::v>.

c v'-) JY!i5'f (7):1:JE-i5'(7) J: 7 IC.

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Suppositio simplex est quando terminus suppo

nit pro intentione animae, sed non tenetur signifi

cative. Verbi gratia sic dicendo 'homo est species'

...... [Ockham, Summa Logicae, pars I, cap. 64, p.

196,1.1-3]

!t!*IH{~ffe c Ii, \3Hil'1L1(7)fm,~ (intentio animae)

:{rftffeL,~ffec~t~~:{rTobO)cL-CM

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Aliter autem vocant alii9 suppositionem simpli

cem quando terminus supponit pro conceptu se

cundum quern imponitur, et materialem quando

supponit pro se ipasa vel consimili. Et hoc potest

permitti, sed non curo, quia utrumque voco suppo

sitionem materialem. [Johannes Buridanus, Sum

mulae de suppositionibus, p. 38-40, 1. 11-4]

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9 ;::. nti:t-:; fJ L. ~t!il L -C v' iS C. ~ho. Johannes Buridanus, Summulae de suppositionibus, Ria van der Lecq, ed., 1998.p.40 ~~l&~ht.::v>.

- 28 -

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Naturalis suppositio vocatur secundum quam terminus indifferenter supponit pro omnibus pro quibus potest supponere tam prasentibus quam praeteritis vel futuris. Et hac suppositione utuntur in scientiis demonstrativis. Suppositio accidentalis vocatur secundum quam terminus supponit solum pro praesentibus, vel pro praesentibus et praeteritis, vel pro praesentibus et futuris secundum exigentiam verborum et praedicatorum, ut post dicetur. [Johannes Buridanus, Summulae de suppositionibus, p. 45, 1. 4-10]

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Secundo, hoc etiam apparet in tali propositionc 'omne quod est vel fuit vel erit, currit'. Subiectum enim supponit pro praesentibus, praetertis et futuris, sive propositio sit vera sive falsa. [Johannes Buridanus, Summulae de suppositionibus, p. 45, 1. 19-21] ~=t:it.:, ::0):: cti 11 <06J, S0v}li,

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.:Z Q 0)-C·, {i;!F c wm~~f* 1: b ~*!Ft=~") --c O)~k O)~jjff 1: lf Q ;::-. c i: J::-:> --c, -z- n GO)}@; v)iJ> G JmAJliJ~-c·~ G iJ>1:~~-t l tc v). ;::-. ;::-. ;t -c· c IITJ~ tc ~ffe{'F ffl tc ~ v) --c b :t '9', :t "! fJ L O)*/Ff'Ffflt=~i.)--c§RL. t:7..1\J 7', J::'.:i. lJ

?1"9 7.1:~tfG. ~c:t"J fJl>.O)*/F{'Ffflti.:C O)~~M*1:~kO)f~tm-c·sQ c~.:Z --ci.)tc c ~ hG. ~!FM* 1: ;::-. 0) J:: 7 t:m~ L tc 0) ti,~ ~ 10 tc J:: G c :t :; fJ l>. tc J:: G 2.)(~ 0) -~ -c· S -:> --C, :t "! fJ l>. ~fill tc ti -(- 0) J:: 7 t: ~ t tc b 0) ti J!G h~v) c Jill~Gn "(PQ. ~t= t: 7..1\ J A

ti, 5'Gt=*m-c·~tftc ;::-. c tctm ;Z --c, JJii!i'fO)~/F ff'fflt:~v)--C~O)J:: 7 t:JfilrZ--Cv)Q.

Quare significatio prior est suppositione. Neque

sunt eiusdem, quia significare est vocis, supponere

vero est termini iam quasi compositi ex voce et

significatione. Ergo suppositio non est significatio.

[Peturus Hispanus, Summule Logicales, p. 80, I. 1-

4]

.:c-niJ&*mi:tf-tmt::%rrL -cs 6. *m c ~ m Ii Ft1J t t 0) ~ :tl'~ c T 0 ~{* ~ t t.: fot v}. fot ~'tot G, *mli'lf)'!i c ~b I), {-tmtiTl:'tCt'fFf c *mt: J: ") -cfiii'i-~ nt.=JJit'ft:~v 6 ;0, G -z: s 6 . .:c- -J --c·s 6 ;0, G, f-t~1:t*m--c·1:ttotv}.

;::-. 0) J:: 7 t:, t: 7'.1\ J 7' ti{i;ffe{'Fffl c IZ53U l --c b t:> v) G n G J:: 7 tJ:*ffe1'Fffl ti, :ffFf t: gx; Q t 0) 1: ~IF~ -tt Q 1'F ffl ti c Jill,,.,z --c v) --c, ;::-. nti Jj'* c 'ff Ff c 1: *l'ilf~ tt Q {'f ffl-c· s Q c \,) ;Z

J:: 7' .:c O)~-ti-C'~ffe{'Fffl ti'fr?'i c $it?z] c 1: *l'i lf~ it Q fj}j ~ -c· s Q c v) ;Z J:: 7 . -(- l --C ;::-_ 0) ~~IF9 G-xt*tif!PJtm-c·titJ: < --c .:cO)~*El-c·s G, {JIJ;ZtJ r .A.J c v) 7 J][~'fO):!:~i';-ti r .A.J 0) *IFM~Hi.A.O)~*El-c· S ") --c, flPJ k 0) .A.k -c·ti ~v) c v) 7 ;::-. c ii~, D""jjjjff:f!ll.~*$d~.n ~7\~tct0

v )"(}ill~ G n lV) Q ;::-_ c t:Wfi't1li1: b tc-tt Q tc &!:> tc*Elfit l v) c J~,;b;flQ. ;t tc, ~~tc ~v)--Ci!J Jmi:f:itCSGiJ'.:C 7-C'ti7'd:v)iJ,1:Fll5Jmc l--Cv)~ PO) c IITJ~t:, *IF{'Fffl tc ~v) --c b Fll5Jm c L --C id: v). i tc !::' .:i. 1) ?'" 9 7' O)t~i';-ti*IF{'Fffl tc ~ v) --c JJi~'f 0) 00:t§:}*1FM* c , :~U~B\J~IFM* 1: t'li1f 7E l , ~ 0) J:: 7 t: }ill rZ Q .

Propter alias clauslas rememorandum est quod

ante dictum fuit, videlicet quod dictiones catego

rematicae innatae supponere significant res ali

quas mediantibus conceptibus earum, secundum

quos conceptus vel similitudines impositae fuer

unt ad significandum. Sic ergo res illas illis con

ceptibus conceptas vocamus ultimata significata in

proposito. Illos autem conceptus vocamus signi-

tolf(~%~, W;t 'J jJ .b. Wj(ilifll.f!ll."f:~ 0)-liJfJ'G.1 , 1iUJ'.C1i, 1997. P. 11 9-171.

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ficata immediata. Et ex hoc satis potest secunda

clausla. [Johannes Buridanus, Summulae de sup

positionibus, p. 39, I. 13-18] {th iJ) ti 7 ~---.:> iJ) ~.J'.fi iJ) h:. Cl)';::, .t}f,}L '"'.) l j§ ;b

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tiJJil5'F0>*~Xf~0> 7 -s t::mifllf?zJiJi-@ii ;hQ (:_ 9 Q O)\.'', 1:: _7..,1\ 7 7' C. IPJ t J: 7 !J:f±n--C'i>:'li 1¥Jfi;~~:Ji)E L tc C. 9 Q;: C. ti-? ti fJ ft L v>, ih, l::'.:i 1) ,y•7 :AiJif7lJ~9Qis:'lii¥J~~ti, ;;c tliJiBJJfii t:: irr@i:ft t:: s Q %--c-~ ~ n -c "' Q c. "' 7 g '\.'', 1:: 7' ,1\ 7 7' O>is:'lii¥J~~ C. ti BJ] i; iJ> t:: ~ iJ: Q , .f ;: '\.'' ::t :; j] L. C. t:' .:i 1) y• 7 7' , flID ~ 0) ;: O)~~ti, *~-?~~t::009 Q~ ;tO)~v>iJ> i;~ttcO)"C'tit~ < -C, .f 7 --c·til'J: < -C (1) t::'.:i

1) y• 7 0) IFFicti%F::k~J ti 1:: :A ,1\ 7 :A 0) IF~~~ ~~ J O)fil:[W (:_ "} 7 i;> tc -s (.''gc ~ n l V} Q ;: (:_ iJiffi(1Z9 ti (:_ ~ :Z Q 0) iJi~ ~'\.''ti iJ: "}ti 0 7 iJ>.

kii'iliifli tf,J::O);: C. iP i;, (-) is:'liB"J~~~:Ji)E9 Q

iJ>=@iJ>t:: J:--::> -c, ~:ttwui¥J:vJ~~ c. Q O)iJ>, ;;c 7 '1.'' iJ:" '0) iJ' ~ -fU~9 Q ;: c. iJ1--c- ~ Q c. ~ :Z Q ;: c. ti, ti~jj§l!~--c-s Q c. ~ :.z Q. ~ -c, c=) ~ ~~)Ei[r@O)}ffi~i}i;H~.*iti~~ ~ ~--:> c ~ :Z Q ;: c ~~tt A.tlQ iJ>t:: J:--::> -C~tE~i¥J:vJ~~ c Q O)iJ>, .:C 7 --c·t;J:t~PO)iJ>~~Ultlf9 Q;: c iJi--C'~ Q , t::--:>"' -c ~ t:: § Ez 9 Q . tc L iJ> t::, ti. J:: t:: ~ Vftc[lljj~O)Fsi--C'ti, ~tE~i¥J}'[:f:~~ c ~ 1:: _7..,1\

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~--:>;: c. ~~&':>, .f O){filO)-=-~tiJ:l. c. &)-Cvd~ "'· tc tiflf*fi"Jf-\~t!.rt:: B:7t~ nQf-\~~ ~ --:>C.9~0)7-;--rSQ.;:O)~~~~~Q~t)--r

ti;: n~ L -c~Ji~t::--:>v >-C O)Jf'X IJ t&v>nO>fJl n --c- s Q c. 9 ~ ;: c. t;1--c, ~ Q J: 7 --c, tis ~ .

• Guillelmus de Ockham Summa Logicae, eds. Philitheus Boehner, Gedeon Gal et Stephanus Brown, 1974, N. Y. Summe der Logik, trans. Peter Kunz, 1999, Hamburg • Johannes Buridanus

Summulae de suppositionibus, ed. Ria van der Lecq, 1998, Nijmegen. Summulae de Dialectica, trans. Gyula Klima, 2001, New Haven & London. • Petrus Hispanus Portugalensis

Petrus Hispanus Portugalensisi, TRACTATUS, called afterwards Summule Logicales, First Critical Edition from the Manuscripts with an introduction, ed. de Rijk, L. M. 1972, Assen. Pietro lspano, Trattato di logica, Trattato di logicaSummule logicales, trans. Augusto Ponzio, 2004, Milano. Peter of Spain: Language in Dispute, An English translation of Peter of Spain's Summulae Logicales called afterwards Summule Logicales, on the basis of the critical edition established by L. M. de, Rijk, trans. Dinneen Francis., 1990, Amsterdam/Philadelphia. • de Rijk, L. M.

"The Development of Suppositio Naturalis in Mediaeval Logic 1. Natural supposition as non-contextual supposition", Vivarium, 9, 71-107, 1971. "The Development of Suppositio Naturalis in Medieval Logic. Part II", Vivarium, 11, 43-79, 1973 . . 7 7 / . f' . 1) ~ 7, IFJ:j:ttl!:!f"]tJ/:..n , ~$~"§1,

7l<.ffrr~, 7J<.ff ¥ ful'lR, 1999, !fJf~wur±. ·~tl-~~ IT":;t-:; iJ L IT'_:kwu:E!!!."F.n !J):iiJfJ'C.n , 1997, ~U:>ct±. IF:;t-:; iJ L. IT'_:k~ffil:E!!!."F.n g!M I.n , 1999, ~IJXt±. IF:;t '/ iJ L. IF_:kfujU:fll!.~.JJ ~!M II.Ji , 2000, ~IJ:>ct±.

(~~Iv td>lf}J ~' $ ~*~*~1%:>c"F&3'Ef41'±~ fi!WM [t!f~J)

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