M. B. n CTAPOro , D,EHOBOJlA

33
M. B. n Y n A H 0 B CTAPOro , D,EHOBOJlA

Transcript of M. B. n CTAPOro , D,EHOBOJlA

M. B. n Y n A H 0 B

CTAPOro , D,EHOBOJlA

M. B. n Y n A H 0 B

CTAPOrO D~EDOBOJlA

M. B. Jl Y n A H·O 8

CUBE bl C T A P 0 r 0 n~EnOBOlA

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ro.11.a, KOr.ll.a Ha .11.epeBbHX eme He pacnycTMJIHCb JIHCTb5I, oTeu. noiiieJI MOKaTb yJieTeBIIIMX nqeJI. OH noJiaraJJ, qTo

6erJieii.bi, ecJIM OHM He norHr6JII1, HaiiiJIH ce6e .li.YTIJIO B 6JIH:>KaliiiieM Jiecy 11 TaM o6ocHoBaJIHCh Ha 3HMy. O.li.HaKo

OTeii. TIOIIIeJI Ha TIOHCKI1 ntreJI He B JieC, a Ty.ll.a, r.11.e y:>Ke II.BeJI paK!1THHK. 3aMeT!1B Ha HeM nqeJI, OTeii.

Ha II.BeTKH TIOKaTiaJI :>KH.li.KHM Me.li.OM H CTaJI Ha6JIIO.ll.aTb aa npHJieTaiOlii.HMH ntreJiaMH. OtreJibi 6hiCTpo ycBOHJIH Me.ll.. JleT yBeJIHtri1JIC5I. B B03.ll.yxe noHBMJiacb cTpyH niieJI, JieTHIII.Hx 3a B3HTKOM. Onpe.ll.eJIHB HanpaBJiemre rro.heTa nqeJI, OTeii. ITOIIIeJI HCKaTb rHe3.li.O. B Jiecy, Icy.ll.a OH rrpHIIIeJI, 6hiJIH CTa pb!e .li.YTIJIHCThie OCHHhi, • B O.li.HOH 113 KOTOpbiX H oKa3aJIHCh yJieTeBIIIHe noqTH ro.11. Ha3a.ll. nqeJihi. Ha ocnHe

OTeu. C.ll.eJiaJI npoTecKy 11 HarrMcaJI, qTo nqeJibi Hafl.ll.eHhi TaKHM-TO, TIOCTaBI1JI .ll.aTy H BepffYJIC5I .li.OMOH. Tenepb HHKTO

.11.pyroli niieJI y:>Ke He B03bMeT. TaKHe y Hac H3.ll.aBHa cy­mecTBYIOT 06hi~Ial1.

OqeJI c .li.YITJia Mhi c OTII.OM CH5IJII1 TOJihKO 10 aBryCTa 1940 ro.11.a rrepe.11. c6opKoli rHe3.ll. Ha 311My. UJIMHa .li.YTIJia 6hiJia 5 MeTpOB, .li.HaMeTp- 30 CaHTH>MeTpOB, TOJilii.HHa CTeH .li.YTIJia- 15 caHTMMeTpoB. CoTbr B HeM pac.noJiaraJJHCb B 6 p5I.li.OB. Opa paa6opKe .li.YTIJia OKaaaJIOCb, IITO coT, rrocTpoeH­Hbifi B 1939 ro.11.y, BeCb 6hiJI 3aJIHT Me.li.OM H 3aTieiiaTaH, a COT, ITOCTpOeHHhiR B 1940 fO.ll.ry, qaCTHqJ-Io 6hiJI 3aJIHT Me.li.OM, a ocTaJibHa5I IIaCTb aaHHTa .ll.eTKOii:. UJIHHa coTa, nocTpoermoro aa HenoJIHhiX .li.Ba ceaoHa, 6hiJia 150 caHTI1-

MeTpoB. Me.11.y COTOBOro B .li.YITJie 6hiJIO 55 KI1JIOrpaMMOB. B TaKOM .li.YTIJie nqeJibi MOrJIM :>K11Th .li.OJiro, TaK I<aK COTbi, 3aH5ITble Me.li.OM, He CTapeiOT, a paaMepbi .li.YTIJia f103BOJIHJIII fltreJiaM e:>KerO.li.HO npO.li.OJI:>KaTb Hapalii.HBaTb HX.

Upyroii: np11Mep. B HIOJie 1947 ro.11.a )!mTeJib .11.epeBHH fp11ropHoe I1BaH EropoBMtr EropoB, o6Hapy:>KMB B Jiecy

.li.YTIJIO c ntreJiaMH, norrpocMJI MeH5I rroMO% CH5ITh HX. Uo­:>K.ll.aBIIIHCh coJIHeiiHoro .li.H5I, Mhi paHo yTpOM oTrrpaBHJIHCh B Jiec, aaxBaTMB c co6oii: JIMII.eBbie ceTKM, .ll.hiMa ph, 3 To­

napa, IIHJiy, <lJaHepHbiR yJieH, 12 nyCTbiX paMOK 11 He60Jib­

IIIOH JIHCT <lJaHepbi. B Jiecy rrtreJibi o6ocHOBaJIHCb B .li.YITJie TOJICTOii: ocMHbi, CT05IBIIIefl Ha.ll. pyiibeM. KpyroM 6brJio MHoro Me.li.OHOCHbiX paCTeHHH. JleTOK B .li.YIIJie 6biJI TaK 3aMaCKI1-

8

posaH, 'ITO Mbi c TPY.II.OM OTbiCKaJIH ero. CT05IBWaH pH.no~t C OCHHOH eJib aaCJIOHHJia JieTOK CBOHMH paaJianHCTbiMH cy'lhHMH TaK, 'ITO ·era He 6hiJio BH.II.HO.

K 10 qacaM Mbi cnHJIHJIH ocHHy, a K 12 qacaM pac­

KpbiJIH BCIO rrpoBH3b coTa. B .nyrrJie .II.JIHHOH 5 MeTpoB 11

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.li.OB Ha 4 MeTpa B .II.JIHHy. COTbi nOCTpOeHbi Ha XOJIO)l.Hb!H 3aHOC. JleTOK HaXO.li.HJICH nocepe.II.HHe COTOB C IO)KHQH CTO·

poHbi .nepesa. TOJIIli.HHa CTeH .nynJia- 25 caHTHMeTpos.

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paiOT TaKHe .nynJia. B HHX He 6hmaeT CKB03HHKOB, 11 n'leJibi

MOI)'T B HI1X 6JiaronOJIY'lHO )KHTb BO BCe nepHO.ll.bl fO)l.a.

0KOJIO .nynJia Mbl rrpopa6oTaJIH nOJITOpa .II.HH. JI.eTKOH

HarroJIHI1JIH see 12 paMOK. MaTKY y.naJIOCb 6hiCTpo o6Hapy~ )KJ1Tb 11 noca.nHTb B <lJaHepHbiH yJieii. Il'leJibi oco6biX noMe~ HaM He npH'li1HHJIH. 0HH CaMH lUJIH 113 .II.YIIJia B yJieH

K MaTKe. Ty.na )Ke JieTeJII1 11 pa6otJHe n'leJihi, soaspamaiO­

ml1ecH C B3HTKOM. COTOBOfO Me.II.a Mbl HapeaaJII1 10 Be!ll.ep.

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KaMH, Ha KOTOpb!X nqeJibl IIOMeCTI1JIHCb C 60JiblUI1M Tpy­

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H3 JieCa Mbl BbiHeCJIH Ha TpeTHH ,li.eHb, paHO yTpOM.

~ CHRTME n~En C nYnEn nEPEBbEB MHome, .na)Ke O>IhiTHbie, n'leJIOBOJI.bi, CTpeMHCb co­

xpaHHTb CHJIY II'leJIHtiOH CeMbH, CH11MaiOT n'leJI C .II.YIIeJI .nepesbeB seqepoM, Kor.na aaKaH'lHBaeTCH JieT H see nt.IeJibi

Haxo.zr.HTCH B .zr.ynJie. Kor.zr.a H cTaJI n'leJIOBO.D.OM, TO no CJIO­

)KHBrueiicH Tpa.nmum .nsa paaa TO)Ke CHHMaJI nt.IeJI

c .nyneJI seqepoM. Ho no MHe He noHpaBI1JIOCb, noTOMY 'ITO B 3TO BpeMH MHOfO n'leJI 3aJIHBaeTC51 Me.D.OM .zr.a 11

MaTKa HaXOil11TCH B 60JiblUOH onaCHOCTH.

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c .nyneJI He neqepoM, a yTpoM H B xopowy10 norony, Kor.na nqeJibi pa6oTaiOT, co6HpaiOT HeKTap. Ha naceKe se.zr.b Mhl

pa6oTaeM paHo yTpoM, Kor.na nqeJibi yJieTeJIH aa B3HTKOM.

B TpeTHH paa, o6Hapy)KHB nqeJI B nynJie, H CHHMaJI HX

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Bhie CeTKH, ,li.biMapb, 2 ne.zr.pa, BMeCTO poeBHH B3HJI JierKHH

9

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60'IeK HHTOK, He60JI!)Ill0H JIHCT <tJaHepbl, 2 Metpa M3pJH1,

BepeBKY H IIOIIpOCHJI ABYX rrpHHTeJieif IIOMO'Ib MHe B 3TOM )J,eJie.

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AYIIJIO BCKphiJIH, BhiKOJIOB qactb ApesecHHbi Me2Kft-y rrpo­

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CTaBHJIH nepeJJ. cotoM Ha crrHJieHHYIO ocHHy. B AYIIJie

C HH)KHeH '!3CTH COTa II'Ie.Jl OT)I.biMHJIH; OHH IIO COTY CT3JIH

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Csepxy rrorrepeK aarroJIHeHHOH coTaMH c AeTI<aii paMKH npo­

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11

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Harrop a.

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12

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13

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15

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16

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17

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18

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1--------------

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20

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21

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22

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24

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25

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27

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28

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