Luc AmplemanUniwersytet Jagielloński

ARKTYKA Z PERSPEKTYWY PIERWSZEJ DEKADY XXI WIEKU MIĘDZY RYWALIZACJĄ I WSPÓŁPRACĄ

WROCŁAW 23-24.11.2012.

GEOPOLITICAL CONTROL OF MOBILITY & ARCTIC TRANSPORTATION: WHY LOCAL IS THE NEW GLOBAL?

TRANSPORT IN THE ARCTIC

HOW I SEE IT

HOW MY FRIENDS SEE ITSources: Photo 1: Layne Kennedy/Corbis, www.britannica.com/ ; Photo 2: Transport Québec: www.mtq.qc.ca.

VS.

TRANSPORT ISSUES

Sources: Photo 1: MSoffice/cliparts; Photo 2: Thomas Nilsen, www.barentsinfo.org.

Source: BEAC

VS.

HOW I SEE IT

HOW MY COLLEAGUES TRANSPORT PLANNERS SEE IT

ARCTIC TRANSPORT GEOPOLITICS

VS.

HOW I SEE IT

HOW MY COLLEAGUES GEOPOLITICIANS SEE IT

Sources: Photo 1: Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, www.mil.ru/. ; Photo 2: L. Ampleman 2005

TRANSPORT & WELL-BEING

VS.

This is how we like to travel!

Could be better!

Sources: Photo 1 Ms Office ; Photo 2: Rankin Inlet's airport terminal: (NUNATSIAQ NEWS: www.nunatsiaqonline.ca

COMPLEXITY OF ARCTIC TRANSPORTATION

Classic car washing!

Don’t try this at home!

Sources: Photo 1 ; Photo 2: Drive Steady: http://drivesteady.com/ice-road-truckers.

VS.

THE OFT-OVERLOOKED ARCTIC TRANSPORTATION

TRANSPORT STUDIES ARCTIC STUDIES ARCTIC GEOPOLITICSSources: 1. MS.Office; 2. Norge Airship in Spitzbergen 1926 (http://www.regjeringen.no/) ; 3. Russia's NTV France 24: (www.defencetalk.com/).

ARCTIC GEOPOLITICS-LINKING LOCAL & GLOBAL: HOW?

Sources: 1. www.britannica.com/ ; 2. Icelandic Ministry for Foreign Affairs (published in http://icelandreview.com/.

S2 [(O1˄ S1˅ O2) (O1 ˅ S1˄ O2)]

S2 [(S1 ˄ O1 ˄ S3) (S1 ˅ O1 ˄ S3)]

S2 [(O1˄ S1˅ O2) (O1 ˅ S1˄ O2)]

S2 [(S1 ˄ O1 ˄ S3) (S1 ˅ O1 ˄ S3)]

STRUCTURAL & MORPHODYNAMIC GEOPOLITICS

Source:

SEDENTARISMNOMADISMJOINED DISJOINED

˄ ˅

S2 [(O1˄ S1˅ O2) (O1 ˅ S1˄ O2)]

S2 [(S1 ˄ O1 ˄ S3) (S1 ˅ O1 ˄ S3)]

Source:

S2 [(O1˄ S1˅ O2) (O1 ˅ S1˄ O2)] S2 [(O1˄ S1˅ O2) (O1 ˅ S1˄ O2)]

JOINED DISJOINED

˄ ˅

ACCESS QUITMAINTAIN

˄ S2 = S1 S2 ≠ S1

NOMADISM SEDENTARISM

STRUCTURAL & MORPHODYNAMIC GEOPOLITICS

S2 [(O1˄ S1˅ O2) (O1 ˅ S1˄ O2)]

S2 [(S1 ˄ O2 ˄ S3) (S1 ˅ O2 ˄ S3)]

Source:

S2 [(O1˄ S1˅ O2) (O1 ˅ S1˄ O2)]

S2 [(S1 ˄ O2 ˄ S3) (S1 ˅ O2 ˄ S3)]

S2 [(O1˄ S1˅ O2) (O1 ˅ S1˄ O2)]

S2 [(S1 ˄ O2 ˄ S3) (S1 ˅ O2 ˄ S3)]

S2 = S3 S2 ≠ S3

HEGEMONY CONNIVANCE

STRUCTURAL & MORPHODYNAMIC GEOPOLITICS

S2 [(O1˄ S1˅ O2) (O1 ˅ S1˄ O2)]

S2 [(S1 ˄ O2 ˄ S3) (S1 ˅ O2 ˄ S3)]

GEOPOLITICAL TRAJECTORIES

Source:

S2 [(O1˄ S1˅ O2) (O1 ˅ S1˄ O2)]

S2 [(S1 ˄ O2 ˄ S3) (S1 ˅ O2 ˄ S3)]

S2 [(O1˄ S1˅ O2) (O1 ˅ S1˄ O2)]

S2 [(S1 ˄ O2 ˄ S3) (S1 ˅ O2 ˄ S3)]

S2 = S3 S2 ≠ S3

HEGEMONY CONNIVANCENOMADISM SEDENTARISM

DIFFUSING

POLARIZING

The trajectory leads to a RENUNCIATION of O2

The trajectory leads to a DISPOSSESSING of O2

The trajectory leads to a APPROPRIATION of O2

The trajectory leads to a ATTRIBUTION of O2

GEOPOLITICAL POSITIONS

Source:

EVASION DISPERSION

NOMADISM SEDENTARISM

GATHERING CONCENTRATION

DIFFUSING

POLARIZING

TRANSPORT NETWORKS…IN THE HIGH NORTH

MAINTAINED DEVELOPED ABANDONEDSources: 1 ; 2. http://www.mamut.ne/; 3.Tshiuetin Rail: www.tshiuetin.net/.

CONCLUSION

Physical mobility of people & goods

depends on transport, but

transport depends on political control

of mobility & trajectories

Political trajectories =

structured and can be analyzed

globally & locally: evolution /

conflict/ cooperation

patterns

This work deserves to be undertaken in the High North

--Towards a real Arctic transport

portrait ???

Geopolitics of Transport

Structural & M-D Geopolitics

Arctic Transport Diplomacy

THANKS

Source: Photo Credit:US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: http://gimp-savvy.com/

Luc Amplemanluc.ampleman@uj.edu.pl

Source: Photo Credit:US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: http://gimp-savvy.com/

APPENDICES

Kuujjuaq

AN ARCTIC TRANSPORT STORY : ROCK- PAPER- FUEL!

THE KUUJJUAQ CASE

TRANSPORT NETWORKS…IN THE HIGH NORTH

Geopolitical control of mobility & Arctic transportation: why local is the new global?

Source:

s1

s2 s1

s2R

E D

C

Industrial districts /

Wild Suburbs

WorkingCountryside

CITIESSumptuary areas

Ressort Fronts Urban

Sprawl

SelectDistricts

Scattered village areas

R/C

R/E C/D

E/D

Geopolitical control of mobility & Arctic transportation: why local is the new global?

Source:

s1

s2 s1

s2R

E D

C

Mining Towns

Traditional migration

Large citiesSumptuary place

Exclusive Outfiters

Touristic Honey Pot

Quartier select

Fishing village/

Army bases

R/C

R/E C/D

E/D

Mining Towns

Trad. Herd./gaz plants,

drilling platforms

Large citiesSumptuary place

Exclusive Outfiters

Touristic Honey Pot

Quartier select

Fishing village/

Army bases

TYPE CHARACTERISTICS

CAR OWNER

SHIP

HOUSEHOLD within 13

min of hours bus

service

Proportion of

journeys made by

car

Key transport issues includeContribution of transport

to social exclusion

A1 Rural peri-conurbation 75-85% Up to 80% 65-75% increasing traffic levels and lorry weights the deteriorating condition of the non-trunk

road network road safety and congestion the local impact of park-and-ride schemes. Etc.

Partial/ Secondary

A2

Rural locality surrounding a freestanding city 75-85% Up to 80% 65-75% Partial/

Secondary

B1

Market town and hinterland with proximate urban centre

75-85% Up to 60% 70-75%

Decline of retail and service provision in market town and smaller village

Low incomes Proportion of weekly expenditure account

for by transport Failing demand for existing bus services Etc.

Partial /Significant

B2

Market town with dispersed hinterland

75-85% Up to 50% 70-75% Significant

C1 Remote rural ‘honeypot’ 80-90% Under 35% 70-80% Absence of local shop Absence of alternative to the car High fuel price and absence of filling stations Etc.

substantial

C2Remote rural village and hinterland

85-95% Under 20% 75-85% substantial

C3

Extremely isolated settlement or households well removed from main road and bus routes

90-100% 0% 80-90% Fundamental

RURAL TRANSPORT TYPOLOGY (GRAY, 2004)

1. Legislation2. Regulation3. Financial allocation4. Plan approval5. Target setting6. Inspection7. Intervention8. Guidance9. White Papers10. Ministerial policy statements &

speeches11. Advice from civil servant12. Press release 13. Other process of persuasion

Tend to be based on authoritative directive

Tend to be based on influence

TYPO

LOG

Y O

F PO

LIC

Y IN

STR

UM

ENTS