Index Abbasi, Jan Mohammad 94 Abbu, Husni 130 'Abd-iil Hamid, Sultan 194--5,

208 Abduh, Muhammad 10, 176 'absentees', Israel and 232-3 Abu Ghuddah, Abd-ul

Fattah 116 'Adnan, Sa'd-ud-Din 118 al-Afghani, Jamal ad-Din 10,

50 agrarian sector in Egypt 189 Ahmad, Prof Ghafoor 94 Ahrars 80 Ahl-i-Hadith 80 Ahl-i-Qur'an 80 aid for Egypt 155 Akins, J. 150 Al-Ahram 143 Al-Akhbar 159 Al-Badar 95 Al-Dawa 152 'Alawis 126-7, 129-31 Aleppo

centre of the Muslim Brethren 121

membership of the Muslim Brethren 131

violence in 130 Ali 28, 47 Aligarh (Muslim University) 91 Alignment of Mapai and

Mapam 240 All India Muslim League see

Muslim League Altalena affair 231 Amin, Idi 238 Amin, Mustapha 159 an-Nahlawi 'Abd-ul-Karim

122,123

Anatolia Armenians out of 197, 198-9 famine 194

Ankara 201 anti-absolutism in Turkey 195 Arab 'renaissance' 136-7 Arab Socialist Union 152 Arabs, Palestinian

expropriation of lands 232-4, 236, 238

hostility to Israeli Jews 242-3 hysteria against 235--6 Jewish National Home and

226-8 Argentina 248 Armenians, Turkey and 192,

197-9 army

demoralisation of Iran's 43 Egyptian humiliated 173, 17 4 Israeli: corruption within 238;

dissent 241; generals powerful 244--5

Syrian and the Muslim Brethren 126, 127-8

al-Arqam, House of 121 al-Asad, Hafiz

economic liberalisation 120 head of government 128, 129 Muslim Brethren and 113,

130, 131 al-Asad, Rif'at 113 As-Shams 95 Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal

and Islam 10, 11 and nationalism 11-13, 14--15 see also Kemalism

austerity, generalised in Iran 33 authoritarianism, statist in Turkey

202-6

257

258

Avneri, Uri 249 Awami League 107 AI Azhar 175, 178, 179 Azad, Abu! Kalam 66 Aziz, K. K. 96 az-Za'im, 'Abd-us-Sattar 130

Bakhtiar, Shahpour 37-8 Balfour Declaration ( 1917) 223,

226 Bangia Desh 107 Bani-Sadr, A.-H. 33, 38, 44 banking, interest free 109 al-Banna, Hasan 115 Bar Nir 239 Barelvi, Ahmad Raza Khan

Maulana 81 Barelvi ulama 81, 84-7 Basu, A. 76 Ba'th regime 12&.8

Muslim Brethren against 129-31

bazaar and Iran's finance 41 Bazargan, Mehdi 37-8, 44 Beauvoir, S. de 20 Begin, Menachem 231, 240-1 Beheshti, Mohammad 44 Beirut 133, 222, 238, 241, 251 Ben Gurion, David 223, 227,

228 confrontation with

Sharett 234-5 Bengal

penetration of Islam 74-5, 76 salariat 71 tab, 72-3

Bengali language movement 106, 107

Ben-Porat, Y. 238, 239 Berlin Treaty (1878) 194 Bhutto, Benazir 25, 27, 29 Bhutto, Zulfiqar Ali 15, 29 Bihar see Gangetic Plain Biltmore Declaration (1942) 223 Bir Im 236 Borochov, Ber 224 boucgeoisie, Turkish

created by Young Turks 195-6, 198

Index

traditional bureaucracy and 191-2, 199-201, 204-5, 20&-7, 211

Bourguiba, Pres Habib 18 Brahmo Samaj movement 88 Brecht, B. 243 Brezhnev, L. I. 54 Bumiputra 21 bureaucrats, Turkish

activism 193-9 conflict with bourgeoisie see

bourgeoisie ruling faction 201-4

Cabinet Mission Plan (1946) 103 Cahen, C. 13 Camp David accords 140, 161 capitalism

Egypt: new 155-7; state 137-8, 142-4, 145-53

international and colonial legacy 3

Carter, J. E. 53-4 Charter of National Action

(1962) 135, 141 Chhotu Ram, Sir 101 Choudhury, G. W. 106 Christian minorities, Turkey

and 192, 197-9 cities

Egyptian 188-9 importance of in new

states 4-5 migration into, Turkey 212 Muslim Brethren and 123, 126

civilisation, Egypt and 159-60 class, social

basis of ideology 14-15 divisions in Israel 244-6 Islamisation in India 75-6 see also bourgeoisie;

bureaucracy; salariat; traders; working class

clergy, Iranian and revolution 44, 45 dominating society 5&. 7 financial bases 48 see also Khomeini

Index

colonialism British and Deobandi

ulama 81-2 legacy and states 3-4

Committee of Union and Progress see CUP

Communist Party Egyptian 141, 172 Indian 65

Comtians, French 195 concentration of Jewish

people 223 Congress Party 97-8, 99-100,

103 conspiracy mentality,

Iranians' 52 Constitutional Revolution

(1906-8) 35 consumption, conspicuous, and

religion 179, 181 contingency of ideologies 6-7 conversions to Islam, India 74-8 corruption, Khomeini and 50 CUP 196-9

see also Young Turks

Damascus 122, 126-7 Dars-e-Nizami 81 Davar 237 Dawn 29 Dayan, Moshe 235, 237, 238,

247 Deir Y as in 231 democracy, Egypt and 151-3 Democrat Party (Turkey) 205-6,

211-13, 214 demonstrations

Iranian Revolution 44-5 Tel Aviv 222

demotic tendency of Islam 47 Deobandi ulama 81-4, 86-7 dependency theory 2 Deutscher, I. 238 discrimination, ethnic in

Israel 232-4, 237-8 distribution of income 214-15 DMC 240--1 Documents and Speeches on the

Constitution of Pakistan (Choudhury) 106

domination, ideologies of 5-6 Dow, Sir Hugh 102

259

ductility, ideological see flexibility

Eban, A. 239 'economic crossing plan' 150--1 Egypt

Islam and 17-18, 167-90 Mubarak 162-3 Nasser 134-45: ideologies

138-41;modemisation 141-4; state capitalism 137-8, 145

Sadat 146-62: democracy 152-3; economic liberalisation 146-7, 148-9, 150--1; peace 158-62; rentier economy 153-8

emigration from Egypt 157 entrepreneurs, Egypt and 155-6 Eshkol, L. 235 ethnicity, Muslim in

Pakistan 70--3 Europe, Young Turks and 195-6

Fahmi, Ismail 150 falsehood, Zionists' 242 Fanon, Franz 50 faqih, Khomeini as 34, 38, 49-50 Fatah 128 Fawzi, Dr Hussein 139 Fazl-i-Husain, Sir 101 Fazlul Haq, A. K. 76 Fedayin 44, 46 15121 19 Fiqh Ja'faria 79-80 flexibility of ideologies 6-7, 46-7 Foucault, M. 20 Free Officers 134-6, 169-70 freedom

Muslim Brethren and basic 114-15

of expression in Egypt see repression

French Revolution 32 fundamentalism, Islamic 92-7

and Iranian revolution 32-4

260

fundamentalist Zionism 222-3, 224-5, 240, 251-2

see also nationalism (Israeli)

Galili, I. 238 Gan-Shmuel 235--6 Gandhi, M. K. 83, 97 Gangetic Plain

penetration of Islam 74-5 salariat 72

Gankovsky, Y. 65 General Confederation of Unions

see Histadrut General Zionists 240 Genovese, E. 222 Ghalib, Mirza 89 Ghulam Admad Parvaiz 105 Gokhale, G. K. 97 Gordon, A. G. 224 Gordon-Polanskaya, L. 65 Gramsci, A. 5, 32 Great Britain

and Israel 226 Deobandi ulama and

colonialism 81-2 Greater Israel Movement 237 Greeks, Christian and

Turkey 192, 197-9 Grillparzer, F. 225 Gujerat

penetration of Islam 76-7 traders and Muslim

movement 65

Haaretz 238 Habannakah, Shaikh Hasan 127 Hadid, Marwan 128 Hafez, Abdel Halim 161 al-Hafiz, Amin 127 Haganah 228, 230 Hamah, violence in 130, 131 Hamdan, Gamal 139 Haolam Haze 249 Hasan Ahmad Madani,

Maulana 83 Hashomer Hatzair 228, 235, 236 Hassan son of Ali 47 Hassan, Wazir 98 Hawran 126-7

Index

Hawwa, Sa'id 114 Hegazi, AbdelAziz 147, 150 Heikal, Mohammed 138, 141,

149 Herald, The 29 Herut Movement 231, 240--1 Hidayatullah, Ghulam

Hussain 102 Hindu Renaissance 88--9 Histadrut 229, 230 history, Khomeini's rejection

of 33--4 House of al-Arqam 121 Hussein son of Ali 28, 47, 48

Ibrahim, Anwar 21 ideologies

contingency of 6-7 variation in role 5-6 what defines 13-15

ijma 92, 96-7 ijtihad 87, 92, 95-6 imam 116-17 IMF 151 import -substituting

industrialisation, Turkey 213-18

income distribution, Turkey 214-15

independence, Egypt's struggle for 169

India Islamic state and Muslim

state 66-8 Muslims: ideologies 78--105;

penetration of Islam 73-8; salariat 68--73

see also Pakistan Indian Federal Union 103 Indian Nationalist Party 65 Indonesia 24-5 Indus Plain 7 4-5

see also Pakistan industrialisation,

import-substituting in Turkey 213

inequality Egypt 157-8, 188--9 Iran 40--1

Index

infitah 150--1, 153 capitalists and 156, 159

intellectuals, Egyptian and Islam 182-3 restricted 144

Iqbal, Mohammad 91-2, 95, 101-2

Iran growth of nationalism 10,

11-13 Islamism encouraged by

suppression 17 Iranian Revolution (1978-9)

causes: international context 51-4; Islam 45-51; monarchy politically weak 41-3; opposition forces 43--5; rapid uneven economic development 39-41

course 36--9 interaction of traditionalism and

modernity 31-6, 55-6 Iraq 56, 57 Irgun Tzvai Leumi 230, 231 'Isam a!-' Attar 116, 122, 128 Islahi, Maulama 96 Islam

and secularism 9-13, 14-15 Egypt 148, 162, 175-90 India: fundamentalist 92-7;

modernist 87-92; penetration 74-7; positions 78-80; traditionalist 80--7

Iranian Revolution 45-51, 55-6

Pakistan 105-10 reified force 1-2 Syria see Muslim Brethren Turkey: banned 201-2; taken

up by bourgeoisie 207-11, 217, 219

variable strength 15-30 /slami-1 amiyat-e-Tulaba 95 Islamic Liberation Party 19 Islamic Republic, Khomeini's

concept 50 opposition to 56

Islamic socialism 112 Islamic state

Maududi and 93 Muslim state and 66--8

Islamic Tendency Movement 19--20

Israel 222-53 fundamentalism:

government 240--2; growth 232-6

nationalism 242-4: class

261

244-6; emotions 248-50; external support 247-8; paradoxes and future 250--3; political parties 246--7

Palestinian Arabs 232-4, 237-8

war with Egypt 144, 149--50, 158-61, 240

Zionism(s) 222-32 Istanbul University 204

Jabotinsky, Vladimir 224, 226, 227, 230

Jadid, Salah 127-8 Jalal, A. 104 Jamaat-e-Islami 64, 66, 92-7 Jamiat-ul-Ulama-e-Hind 66, 84 Jamiat-ul-Ulama-e-Islam 66, 84,

86--7 J amiat-ul-Ulama-e-Pakistan 86--7 Jewish national home 223, 226

varied interpretation 227-8 Jinnah, Mohammed Ali

commanding personality 67-8 Khilafat movement 83 Muslim movement 65, 77,

97-105 Jinnah-Sikander Pact (1936) 101 julahas 82 JUI see Jamiat-ul-Ulama-e-Islam July Revolution 133, 134 June War (1967) 144, 145, 236--8 JUP see

J amiat -ul-Ulama-e-Pakistan Justice Party 214, 218

Karmiel 233 Kasravi, Ahmed 10 Katzenelson, Bert 227, 228 Kemalism 201, 208, 210

262

see also Ataturk Kepel, G. 18 Kermani, Aqa Khan 10 Khaksars 80 Khan, Syed Ahmad, Sir 10,

89-91 khatibs 117-18 Khilafat movement 83, 97, 99 Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah

emergence as leader 44, 48-51 Iranian Revolution 36--9 legitimising power 7, 33-4,

49-50 Muslim Brethren and 113-14 Pahlavis as usurpers 42 popularity 22-3, 28, 29-30 regime established 57 undermining army 43 US and 54

Khrushchev, N. S. 140, 142 Kopf, D. 89 Krishak Proja Party 76

labour movement, Israel 229, 240, 247

see also Histadrut landed magnates, Muslim 68,

100-3 lawyers' associations,

Pakistan 28-9 Lebanon, Syrian intervention

in 129 legitimacy, political

Islam and 7 Khomeini and 7, 33-4, 49-50 Pahlavi regime 42 Zia regime in search

of 108-10 Lenin, V. I. 65 Liaquat Ali Khan 106 Likud party coalition 240-1 List, F. 143 Louis XVI, King 41 Lucknow Pact (1916) 97

Mahmud, 'Abd el Halim 178 Majithia, Sunder Singh, Sir 101 Malaysia 20-2, 23

Maloney, C. 88 Manifesto of Independence

(1948) 232 Mapai 231, 234 Mapam 231, 234, 249 market liberalism,

Turkey 206--7, 211-13 Marriott, M. 75

Index

Maududi, Maulana 66, 92-3, 95-6

Meir, Golda 237, 238 'men of religion'

Syrian 115-19 see also ulama

Mian Tufail Mohammed 95 middle class

alienation in Iran 42-3 see also bourgeoisie; salariat

Middle East Supreme Command 134

Miritt Butros Ghali 135 moderate Zionism

confrontation with fundamentalists 226--32

defiant 241-2 end of ideology 250-1 future 251-3 government adopting

nationalism 232-40 poor in crises 248-9 universalism 222-3, 225-6

modernisation, Western model in Egypt 141-4, 152-3

modernisation theory 2 modernism, Islamic 89-92 modernity

Iranian Revolution 35-6, 55 Khomeini and 50-1 tradition and in Egypt 136--7

Mohammed Ali 137 Mojahidin 46 monistic Zionism see

fundamentalist Zionism Mosaddeq, Mohammad 36, 46 mosque building programme,

Egypt 184--6 Movement for the Restoration of

Democracy 29

Index

MTI 19-20 Mubarak, H. 18

realism 162-3 Mubarak, Mohammad a!- 115 muftis 117, 119 muhajirs, Sindhi movement

and 94-5, 108 Mulk, Mohsin-ul 98 Mulk, Vigar-ul 98 mullahs 116 mureeds 85-6 Muridiya 24 Muslim, The 29 Muslim Brethren

Egypt: popularity 175; proscription 176; re-emergence 152, 189; release by Sadat 148; sheikhs 179; suppression 170, 172

human rights 18 Syria: Ba'th 12~31;

history 121-6; programme and ideas 112-15; roots 115-19; small traders 119-20

Yemen 17 see also Qutb, Sayyid

Muslim Chamber of Commerce 77

Muslim League Gujeratis and 65 Jinnah and 97-105 Khilafat movement 83 Muslim state 6~8

seized by salariat 78 ulama 84

'Muslim Nation' see Pakistan Muslim Renaissance 88-92 Muslims

Indian formation of society 73-8; ideologies 78-97; salariat and ethnicity 68-73

Turkish 197, 198 Mustafa Kamil 10

Nahda movement 13~7

Nasser, Gamal Abdel Muslim Brethren and 122 nationalism 14-15 regime 13~5

Nasserism 152, 169-74, 177, 179-80

National Awami Party 107 National Progressive Unionist

Party 161 National Salvation Party 217 nationalism

Egypt 136, 138-9, 148 India 70, 82-3 Iran 11, 50

263

Israel: class-based 245-6; degeneration due to 243-4; emotions and 249-50; growth of 232-4; non-Zionist solution 253; policy of extreme 237-40

secular 10 secular Muslim (Pakistan)

97-105 Turkey 11-12, 197-9, 209,

217-18 Nationalist Action Party 217-18 Naveed-e-Fikr (Sibte Hassan) 105 Nicholas II, Emperor 41 Nigeria 20, 22-4 North Yemen Republic 16, 17

Egypt and 142, 143, 144 Numeiry, Jaafar 26

occupied territories, Egypt's, by Israel 144, 237-8

October War (1973) 128, 149, 158

oil as Arab weapon 150 Iran and 39-40, 53

opening, economic of Egypt see infitah

oppositional ideologies 5-6 organised labour in

Turkey 215-16, 218 Oriental Jews in Palestine 229,

240, 246 Osman, Osman Ahmed 156, 159

264

Osman, Rashad 156 Ottoman Empire 191, 192, 196,

199

Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza ideology 14--15 Iranian Revolution 36-9 political weakness 41-3 reliance on foreign support 53

Pakistan ethnic identities 70-1 formation 103-5 Islam in 25-6, 105-10 'Muslim Nation' 66-8

Pakistan movement 64--8 Pakistan People's Party 29, 107 Palestine

Egypt and 139 Jewish national home 223;

Arabs against 226-7, 228--30, 237-8

market for Damascene traders 122

Syrian intervention against 129

see also PLO Palestinian Research Centre 145 Palmyra 131 pan-Turanianism 10 Parliament, Syrian pre-Ba'th

123-6 Parvaiz, Ghulam Admad 105 PAS 21-2 Pasha, Mustafa El Nahas 134 peace, Egypt and 158-62 Peres, S. 241, 247 Pherozeshah Mehta, Sir 97 Philosophy of the Revolution. The

(Nasser) 139 Pirbhai, Sir Adamjee 77-8 pirs 84-6 PLO, destruction in Beirut 241 Poalei-Zionists 224 populism in Turkey 210-13 power

cities and 4--5 ideologies of 5-6

PPP see Pakistan People's Party

Index

Prarthna Samaj 88 productivisation in Israel 223-4 progressive Islamists 19 property, Israeli expropriation of

Arab 233-4, 238 proscriptions in Turkey 203-4 prosperity, peace and in Egypt

159 provincial magnates, Muslim 68,

100-3 Public Debt Administration 194 Punjab

Islam into 76 Jinnah-Sikander Pact 101-2 salariat 71, 72, 73

Punjabis, dominant in Pakistan 105, 108

qadis 117, 119 Qutb, Sayyid 186, 187

Rafi Ahmad Kidwai 66 Rajai, Mohammad Ali 38 Ram Mohan Roy 88, 89-90 Rashid Rida, Muhammad 10 realism, Egypt and 162-3 reformism

Islamic 10 Turkish bureaucrats and 193-4

refugees, Israel's creation of Arab 232-3

regression, Iranian Revolution and 33

religion men of see men of religion over-emphasis on 1-2 see also Islam; Muslim

Brethren; Zionism rentier economy in Egypt 153-8 repression in Egypt 144, 145,

160-1, 172 Republican People's Party

and economy 214 and organised labour 215-16 single party regime 203, 204-6

restorationism in Turkey 194--5 Return, Law of (1950) 232 Revisionist Party 227, 228--9,

229-31

Index

Reza Shah 10, 11, 12-13, 42 right-wing currents in

Turkey 217-18 riots

in Egypt 153, 154 see also strikes; student revolts

Rogers Plan 145 Rothschild, Baron Edmond

de 159 Rostow, E. 143 Robinson, F. 98, 99 Rosenthal, E. I. J. 105 Russian Revolution 32 Russian War (1877-8) 194

Sabri Abdallah, Ismail 150 Sadat, Anwar al­

assassination 162 Egyptians' perception of 17-18 Free Officer 180 peace with Israel 158-61 regime 146-9, 177-9; and

Islam 184--6 Sajjada Nashins 84-5 Salafiya movement 10 Salah ash-Shash 115 Salah-el-Din (film) 139 salariat, Muslim 67, 68-70

and Muslim ethnicity 70-3 and the Muslim League 98-9,

100-1 religious reform movements

and 90 Salimullah Khan, Nawab 99 Sapir, P. 239 secular Muslim

nationalism 97-105 secularism

and religion 7, 14; Islam 9-13 concept excluded in Iran 46,

55-6 Turkey 210, 219

Sedki, Aziz government 146-7 Senegal 24 Senghor, L. 24 Shabbir Ahmad Usmani,

Maulana 66 Shahin, Yussef 161

shaikhs Egyptians and 179 see also ulama

Shakhsiyat Masr (Gamal Hamdan) 139

Sharett, M. 234-5 Sharia courts, Pakistan 109 Shariati, Ali 27, 50 Sharriat Madari, Ayatollah

Kazem 44 Sharon, A. 240, 241 Shi-ism 47-8

Pakistan 27-8, 79-80 as-Siba'i, Mustafa 116, 122 Sibte Hassan, S. 105

265

Sikander Hayat Khan, Sir 101-2 Sinbad al-masri (Fawzi) 139 Sindh

Jinnah and 102 salariat 71, 73, 76

Sindhi movement 107-8 Sirat-e-Faridiyah (Syed Ahmad

Khan) 90 Skocpol, T. 43 socialism

Egypt and 140-1 Islamic 112, 175

Socialist Labour Party 161 Somoza, Anastasio 238 Stalin, J. 50 strikes, Iranian Revolution 37,

45 student revolts, Egypt 145, 146,

147-8 student radical Islam 22-3 Suez Canal Company 135 Suez Canal Crossing (1973) 145,

149, 177 sufi shaikhs see pirs Sufism 175, 181-2 Sumatra, West 24-5 Sunni Islam 47-8

Muslim Brethren 113-15, 126-7, 129-30

Pakistan 28, 80 ulama 81-7

Syed, G. M. 102 Syria

266

and Egypt 142, 176 Islamism 25 see also Muslim Brethren

Tabenkin, J. 227 taqlid 81, 91 Tal az-Za'tar camp 129 takfir wa higra 186--8 Taylor, E. 159 Tel Aviv 222 Third immigration 226 Third World countries and

socialism 140 Tijaniya 24 Tobacco Protest (1891) 35 towns, upheaval in Turkish 216 traders, Syrian 117-18, 119-20,

128 tradition

and modernity: Egypt 136--7; Iran 35-6, 55

Sadat and 148, 184-6 traditionalist Islam 80--7 transformation, Iran's

socio-economic 39-41, 55 Tulu-e Islam 105 Tunisia 18-20 Turkey 191-220

creation of Republic 199-202 demise of liberal populism

211-13 growth of nationalism 10,

11-13 ideology of 1950 revolution

206--11 import-substituting

industrialisation 213-18 19th-century reformism 193-5 statist authoritarianism 202-6 Young Turks 195-9

Turkish Hearts 203 Turkish Women's Association

204 Twelfth Imam, Khomeini as 49 'Two Nations Theory' 68, 70

'Ubayd, Hamad 127 ulama

Index

Deobandi and Barel vi 80--7; doctrine attacked 91-2

Ottoman 208 see also men of religion

Urn Khalthum 161 Unionist Party 101 United Arab Republic 122

renamed Egypt 148 United Provinces see UP universalism

and moderate Zionism 225--6, 230

and nationalism 232-4, 235-40 UP

penetration of Islam 75- 6 salariat 71 tab, 72

Uqlah, 'Adnan 130 USA

and Iranian Revolution 51, 53-4

and Turkey 205 Jews and Israel 247-8

USSR and Third World countries

140 Egypt and 176 Israel's hostility to 248

Uttar Pradesh see UP

Vedic Samaj 88 Venizelos, E. 197 violence, Muslim Brethren

and 129-30

Wafd Party alliance with Muslim Brethren

18 bourgeois 167 independence as aim 134 nationalism 152 secularist 17 6

Wavell, A. P. 102 Wealth Levy (1942) 204-5 Weber, M. 5 Weizmann, Chaim 226, 227, 228 women

Egypt 18

Index

Malaysia 21 Nigeria 23 North Yemen 16 Pakistan 26-7, 109 partial liberation 11, 12 Tunisia 19-20 West Sumatra 25

Women's Action Forum 26-7 working class in Israel 245-6 World Bank 151 World Zionist Organisation 225

Yalta arrangements 52

Yan lzala group 22 Young Turks 10, 193, 195-7

see also CUP

267

Zayn-ud-Din Khayr-ul-Lah 130 Zhdanov, A. 140 Zia Ul-Haq, General Mohammad

26-9, 64-5, 108-10 Zionism 2

clashes in Israel 222-53 Egypt and 139-40

Zionist Labour Party 227-8