DOBÓR SILNIKÓW ELEKTRYCZNYCH – INDUKCYJNYCH KLATKOWYCH … · DOBÓR SILNIKÓW ELEKTRYCZNYCH...

Zeszyty Problemowe – Maszyny Elektryczne Nr 81/2009

Maciej Bernatt, Jakub Bernatt BOBRME Komel, Katowice

DOBÓR SILNIKÓW ELEKTRYCZNYCH – INDUKCYJNYCH KLATKOWYCH

DLA PRZEMYSŁOWYCH NAPĘDÓW ŚREDNIEJ I DUśEJ MOCY

ELECTRIC MOTORS SELECTION FOR MIDDLE AND LARGE CAPACITY INDUSTRIAL DRIVES

Abstract: Selection of electric motors used in various kinds of industrial drives is realized at designing stage of that drives.

But the exploitation condition of the machine not always can be properly foreseen at designing stage. And the exploitation

condition (especially starting conditions) heavily influence electric motor’s working reliability. For middle and large capacity

d.o.l. started induction motors the frequency and duration of their starts is of crucial importance for motor’s reliability. The

motors for high frequency of starts and for long starting time (driving equipment of large inertia moment) should be specially

designed. Proper design of the rotor cage for this motors is of high importance. Komel Center elaborated own methods and

computer programs for designing rotor cages of large induction motors for heaviest starting conditions.

Bogusław Zwoliński, Marcin Dziurman, Elektrownia Turów S.A., Bogatynia Andrzej Białas, BOBRME Komel, Katowice

PROBLEMY EKSPLOATACYJNE TURBOSPRĘśAREK TYPU TA48

OPERATION PROBLEM WITH TURBOCOMPRESSOR TYPE TA48

Abstract: The paper presents operation problems with turbocompressor TA48, 3000 RPM and their solving possibilities.

System, which we describe consist of electric motor, coupling and turbocompressor. Users usually have problems with:

� coupling, which have to be maintained every six months. � motor, because of rotor and bearing plates failures. � costs of spare parts and delivery time.

The paper describes two ways to avoid mentioned above problems:

� only motor replacement. This is connected with reconstruction of sound absorbing chamber. � replacement both the motor and its coupling.

Tomasz Zawilak, Jan Zawilak Politechnika Wrocławska, Wrocław

ŁAGODNY ROZRUCH SILNIKÓW PRĄDU PRZEMIENNEGO

DUśEJ MOCY

GENTLE START OF LARGE POWER AC MOTORS

Abstract: This paper presents opportunities to alleviate process during start-up AC motors. Methods based on stator starter

and autotransformer applications are described. A new concept of gentle start based on pole-changing winding is shown.

This method enables effective run up current reduction and smooth synchronization of the synchronous motors.

Jan Mróz Politechnika Rzeszowska, Rzeszów

ROZRUCH SILNIKA GŁĘBOKOśŁOBKOWEGO W UKŁADZIE

ŁAGODNEGO ROZRUCHU – ASPEKT ENERGETYCZNY


START-UP OF THE DEEP-BAR MOTOR WITH THE USE OF THE SOFT START-UP- AN ENERGETISTIC FACE

Abstract: During the soft start-up of the induction motor, various negative phenomena connected with considerable heat

emissions in the motor’s winding are observed. They may, particularly in the case of the prolonged start-up, result in a

damage to the squirrel – cage winding. What is more, torque impulses may be harmful to the elements of the driving system.

The article discusses the use of the soft start-up and indicates that it helps to minimize only some of the negative phenomena.

There are cases in which the soft start – up proves to be an additional risk to the motor. The distribution of the energy emitted

in particular elements of the motor’s winding has been calculated, both during the start-up with the use of the soft start-up and

during the direct on-line start-up, in the deep-bar 320 kW motor. There are giving laboratory tests: time-current, speed, torque

and temperature rise of the rotor’s bar in the low-power induction motor during start-up.

Adam Pozowski Siemens Sp. z o.o., Katowice

ZASTOSOWANIE NAPĘDÓW REGULOWANYCH Z ELIMINACJĄ

PRZEKŁADNI DO NAPĘDÓW SZYBKOOBROTOWYCH I NAPĘDÓW WOLNOOBROTOWYCH

VARIABLE SPEED DRIVES WITHOUT MECHANICAL GEARS IN HIGH SPEED AND HIGH TORQUE APPLICATIONS

Abstract: In this article we want to describe the newest solutions of variable speed drives, which allow to achieve high

output speeds without mechanical gear for high power units. Additinally we will describe also solutions of drive

applications without mechanical gear for high output torque drives. These solutions increase efficiency of the driven

equipment.

Emil Król, Robert Rossa BOBRME Komel, Katowice

SILNIKI Z MAGNESAMI TRWAŁYMI O DUśEJ PRZECIĄśALNOŚCI

MOMENTEM

PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR WITH HIGHT TORQUE OVERLOAD

Abstract: The different shapes of stator electrical sheets are compared and their influence on the motor parameters is

discussed. Especially the influence on heat capacity and torque overload is discussed. The PMSMs designed basing on

standard shapes of stator electrical sheets taken from 3-phase induction motors are characterized by lower manufacturing

cost, but such motors are not optimized for high torque overload capability. To get the advantage of high torque overload and

the best performance of PMSM, the stator and rotor sheets should be specially designed.

Włodzimierz Koczara, Zdzisław Chłodnicki Politechnika Warszawska, Warszawa

ZASTOSOWANIE MASZYNY O MAGNESACH TRWAŁYCH O POLU

OSIOWYM W UKŁADACH WYTWARZANIA ENERGII ELEKTRYCZNEJ

APPLICATION OF THE AXIAL FLUX PERMANENT MAGNET GENERATOR TO POWER GENERATION SYSTEMS

Abstract: Conventional generation systems, made from wound rotor synchronous generator, have limited possibility to

further improvement. The demand of precise fixed speed does not permit to any reduction in mass and quality of produced

voltage. The paper presents adjustable/variable speed generation system producing sinusoidal AC voltage. The system consist


of driving engine, permanent magnet generator and power electronic converter. The axial flux permanent magnet generator

produces AC variable frequency and amplitude whereas an AC/AC. power electronic converter provides quality standard

voltage. The paper presents basic relations in the new generation system. An axial flux permanent magnet generator 16 poles

generator is used. The system operates in wide speed range and speed variability may be applied for efficient operation.

Jerzy Hickiewicz, Rafał Matusik, Politechnika Opolska, Opole Andrzej Wieczorek, Cantoni Group F.S.E. “BESEL” S.A., Brzeg

SILNIK INDUKCYJNY PRZEZNACZONY DO PRACY W PODWYśSZONEJ TEMPERATURZE OTOCZENIA

INDUCTION CAGE MOTORS DESIGNED FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE ENVIRONMENT

Abstract: This paper presents examples of motors working at high temperature. Construction of the induction cage motor,

designed to work in high temperature environments, is described. Results of laboratory investigations of these motors of

different temperatures are presented. A method of estimating the mechanical characteristics of these motors has been

proposed. An assessment of savings on running costs, by using motors designed to work in high temperature environments,

has been conducted. Final conclusions have been formulated based on these investigations.

Andrzej Morawski, Robert SkarŜyński BIAP, Wrocław

PRZEMIENNIKI PRĄDOWE ŚREDNIEGO NAPIĘCIA W POMPOWNIACH DUśEJ MOCY

MV CURRENT SOURCE CONVERTERS APPLIED TO HIGH POWER PUMPING STATIONS

Abstract: Selected applications of medium voltage frequency converter (MVFC) to pump drives are presented. Two

examples of pumps drive aplication and one fan drive are shown. Type of applied current source frequency converters. basic

parameters and main schemes are given. Some remarks and conclusions are enclosed.

Stanisław Rawicki, Jacek Koczorowski, Marcin Nowak Politechnika Poznańska, Poznań Radosław Mirski, Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Poznaniu, Poznań

BADANIE SPEKTRUM DRGAŃ TRÓJFAZOWEGO SILNIKA

INDUKCYJNEGO PRZY USZKODZENIACH UZWOJENIA STOJANA

INVESTIGATION OF VIBRATION SPECTRUM OF THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR AT STATOR WINDING DAMAGES

Abstract: The paper deals with the diagnostics of windings damages in three-phase induction motors basing on the machine

vibration analysis. By means of the computer program, the vibration spectrum has been analysed and the essential diagnostic

harmonics of vibration of the three-phase slip-ring induction motor were chosen. The following damages: the internal short-

circuit of the winding to the frame, the internal shorting between two phases and the shorting of the stator coil have been

investigated. Within the comparative diagnostics, the data of the symmetrical three-phase induction motor are the basis for a

state valuation of the machine. It was shown that the change of vibration spectrum can correspond with the technical state of

the motor. The extended strategy of vibration research is connected with measurements for frequencies of a wide range. In

this paper, the acceleration amplitude has been taken into account for the assessment criterion and thanks to this choice

vibrations of great frequencies were more visible. Measurements have been done for the motor placed on the work-stand.


Adam Decner, Artur Polak BOBRME Komel, Katowice

KRYTERIA OCENY ZUśYCIA IZOLACJI ZWOJOWEJ

WEAR ESTIMATION CRITERIA OF TURN TO TURN INSULATION

Abstract: This article describes test of turn to turn insulation. Shows new diagnostic method to determinate condition of this

insulation. Suggested method can be used in any kind of induction machine and it is easy to use. This method is based on

breaking passage of current in the circuit with tested coil or winding. Break 10% of nominal current generate voltage on the

terminals of the winding. This voltage is registered by digital scope. The frequency of this voltage determinate condition of

turn to turn insulation.

Sławomir Szymaniec Politechnika Opolska, Opole

„ŚCIEśKI POMIAROWE” DO POMIARU DRGAŃ WZGLĘDNYCH

W MASZYNACH ELEKTRYCZNYCH

“MEASUREMENT PATHS” USED TO MEASURE RELATIVE VIBRATIONS IN ELECTRIC MACHINES

Abstract: The article presents the problem of preparing measurement surfaces, the so-called “measurement paths” of electric

machine rotors to measure relative vibrations. Measurement of relative vibrations of the rotor shaft is recognised as the most

diagnostically useful measurement of machines on slide bearings. Contactless eddy-current sensors used to the measurements

are sensible to local mechanical, physiochemical and magnetic anomalies of surface layer of the shaft. The sensors can

result in serious interference in measurement of relative vibrations referred to as the runout. Because the runout has two

principal sources: the magnetic and the electromagnetic source, there is the mechanical runout and electrical runout.

The author carried out own tests to reduce the runout. Reduction of the mechanical and the electric runout succeeded as a

result of the following actions:

1. On the shaft of the motor, one has to precisely determine the location of the so-called measurement paths, i.e. places that

will be “visible” to relative vibration sensors; beforehand, the place of eddy-current sensors in the motor needs to be

anticipated very precisely. The places should be “metrologically” correct. For example, these should not be nodal points

of the rotor; they have to be freely accessible during motor operation, etc.

2. Initially deviations in shape of the shaft should be reduce, eliminating burrs, roughness, scratches, indentations, whipping

in places expected as measurement paths. It is worth bringing about reduction of shaft whipping while it is rotating in a

turning lath to the level of 0.5/100÷1/100 mm.

Further reduction of the mechanical runout, reduction of residual stresses, heterogeneity of the structure of shaft surface layer,

reduction of the electrical runout, i.e. reduction of residual magnetic field is obtained by successive surface roller burnishing.

It is done using a diamond burnisher during slow shaft rotations on a turning lathe.

Marek Trajdos, T-System Projekt Sp. z o.o., Łódź Mariusz Rudziński, Helukabel Polska Sp. z o.o.

ZNACZENIE POJEMNOŚCI KABLA W UKŁADACH ZASILAJĄCYCH

SILNIKI INDUKCYJNE ZA POŚREDNICTWEM PRZEKSZTAŁTNIKÓW CZĘSTOTLIWOŚCI

IMPORTANCE OF CABLE’S CAPACITY IN MOTOR - FREQUENCY CONVERTER

CONFIGURATION Abstract: The paper shows the influence of capacity of motor cables on proper functioning of system included frequency

converter. Its shows the methods of reduction of cables capacity and results of using a cables about incorrect parameters. Its

shows also all the conditions which has to be comply by the cables functioning of system included frequency converter.


Barbara Górnicka, Lech Górecki Instytut Elektrotechniki, Wrocław

BADANIA WPŁYWU ZALEśNOŚCI TRWAŁOŚCI ORAZ NAPIĘCIA

ZAPŁONU WYŁADOWAŃ NIEZUPEŁNYCH IZOLACJI PRZY NAPIĘCIU IMPULSOWYM OD JEJ WYMIARÓW

INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE INTERTURN INSULATION SIZE ON THE

PARTIAL DISCHARGES INCEPTION VOLTAGE AND LIFETIME Abstract: The phenomena that appear in electrical motors insulation due to pulse voltage coming from inverters can depend

on both the pulse voltage parameters as dimensions and characteristics of insulation. The result of investigation of dielectric

properties as well durability and PDIV of various models of turn insulation (the twisted pairs and parallel wound helical coils

with different number of coils) are presented in this paper. The “size effect” observed by group of Japan researchers under

very short pulse duration have been not confirmed in our results under other pulse voltage. Because the size effect could be

important for inverter-fed motors, the testing should be performed under pulse voltage that followed the real conditions.

Probably the existing standard IEC 62068-1 specifies too extensive parameters of test pulse voltage.

Bronisław Drak, Piotr Zientek, Roman Niestrój, Andrzej Boboń Politechnika Śląska, Gliwice Józef Kwak, Zabrzańskie Zakłady Mechaniczne, Zabrze Jan Marek Lipiński, Zakład Maszyn Elektrycznych EMIT S.A., śychlin

WPŁYW ASYMETRII SZCZELINY POWIETRZNEJ NA WARTOŚĆ NAPIĘĆ I

PRĄDÓW WAŁOWYCH W SILNIKACH INDUKCYJNYCH DUśEJ MOCY

INFLUENCE OF THE AIR GAP ASYMMETRY ON THE VALUES OF SHAFT VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS IN HIGH POWER INDUCTION MOTORS

Abstract: The paper presents the influence of the air gap asymmetry on the values of shaft voltages and currents. The

investigations were performed with use of high power induction motor dSKgw 315 L-4 of 300 kW rated power and 1000 V

rated voltage. In the section 1 are presented sorts of threats caused by bearing currents. Sorts of eccentricity of electrical

machines are presented in section 2. In the section 3 the laboratory measurement system is described and applied

measurement methods are presented as well. The results of laboratory investigations are presented in section 4. Conclusions

drawn from investigations are placed in section 5.

Paweł Zalas, Jan Zawilak Politechnika Wrocławska, Wrocław

SKUTECZNOŚĆ PROCESU SYNCHRONIZACJI SILNIKA

SYNCHRONICZNEGO Z UKŁADEM ZAMKNIĘTEJ REGULACJI PRZEMIENNEGO PRĄDU WZBUDZENIA

EFFECTIVENESS OF SYNCHRONIZATION PROCES IN SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR WITH

CLOSE-LOOP AC EXCITATION CURRENT CONTROL SYSTEM

Abstract: The work presents calculation results of synchronization process of high power synchronous motor trough AC and

DC excitation voltage. The calculations were based on the examined circuit model for the one−speed, silent−pole motor type

GAe 1716t. The influence of AC or DC excitation voltage on stator currents, angle δ, excitation current, electromagnetic

torque and rotational speed during synchronization process have been compared. The influence of single-phase voltage

inverter in excitation circuit on synchronization process has been investigated. The results of calculations were presented as

time curves of state variables.


Krystian Ternka ABEG Germany, Karlsruhe

ZASOBY OSZCZĘDNOŚCI I TECHNICZNEJ WYDAJNOŚCI TKWIĄCE W

TECHNICE ŁOśYSKOWANIA

POTENTIAL FOR MORE ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Abstract: Bearings provide mechanical movement in countless applications and are an important factor when it comes to

energy efficiency. Used materials, lubricants, seals - the factors which Tribology and thus influence energy consumption,

depending on the application are quite different to assess. Users will benefit from this background of suppliers such as

bearings, in addition to product diversity and the corresponding consulting expertise in terms of energy saving opportunities.

Energy savings are being optimized by a bearing design to achieve. Potentials for the improvement of components, for

example in material and surface condition of rolling elements and rings, career profile and geometry, the ball or roller set, and

its interaction with special cage designs. A lighter course by reduced friction and a lower inertia weight reduced by design -

the energy consumption can be reduced in different ways without having to sacrifice in terms of performance and service life

must be made. By using the right machine elements can be for example energy-efficient propulsion realize, in addition to

cost saving in consumption due to lower demand also reduces CO2 emissions. But what options users have this in detail, they

often do not know. Seals and lubricants are other design elements that affect energy efficiency of bearings. They are also in a

variety of models available. For example, results from the labyrinth seals a lower power dissipation, they are usually

particularly good sealing effect of energy saving. Deep groove ball bearings with low friction seals are not abrasive to the

operation of a plant consumption significantly reduced. Compared with a premium solution with grinding of mass of product

provides a solution with bearings non abrasive seals not only an efficient operation of the system, but is also a cheaper

solution, a further argument for applying the method ABEG in the search for savings potential. The same is true for the

lubricants used, which in terms of performance, functionality and durability of the camp plays a key role in the mechanical

propulsion role. ABEG Holding Germany advises a holistic and competent around bearings, lubricants and seals. To get users

simultaneously powerful and energy efficient storage solutions for the specific purpose.

Kazimierz KuŜaj, Adam Szczęsny, Jerzy Kolloch, Paweł Mościbroda Witold Brzózka, Wojciech Kubera, Wojciech Rumiński Polski Koncern Naftowy ORLEN S.A., Płock

ZAPEWNIANIE POPRAWNEJ EKSPLOATACJI URZĄDZEŃ

ORAZ SYSTEMÓW ELEKTRYCZNYCH W PRZESTRZENIACH ZAGROśONYCH WYBUCHEM - PODSTAWOWE ZAGADNIENIA

STANDARDÓW TECHNICZNYCH UśYTKOWNIKA ZAKŁAD PRODUKCYJNY PKN ORLEN S.A. W PŁOCKU

ENSURENESS OF PROPOER EXPLOITATION OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT AND

SYSTEMS IN HAZARDOUS AREAS - BASIC ISSUES OF END-USER TECHNICAL STANDARDS

MAIN PRODUCTION UNIT OF PKN ORLEN S.A., PŁOCK

Abstract: To ensure proper exploitation of electrical equipment and systems in hazardous areas is one of the most important

item in maintenance process. This paper presents basic issues of End-User technical standards in the scope of electrical

branch, expressed on the basis of the Main Production Unit of PKN ORLEN S.A. located in Płock. Based on experiences

obtained during the implementation of End-User technical standards the paper describes selected aspects of applied standards,

as accessibility of electrical equipment and systems, or some questions of detailed engineering, erection process or

installation and commissioning processes in interaction with maintenance process. Appropriate Directives of European

Parliament and the Council and their transposition into polish law rules, some CENELEC standards harmonized with

mentioned directives, released according to polish law regulations by Polish Committee for Standardization are the

background to present the synergy effects of applied End-User technical standards.


Constandinos Tony Pirgousis, Andrew Nafalski, Zorica Nedic and Özdemir Göl University of South Australia

STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMICAL EFFECTS

OF USING ELECTRIC VEHICLES

ROZWAśANIA NAD ŚRODOWISKOWYMI I EKONOMICZNYMI EFEKTAMI UśYWANIA POJAZDÓW ELEKTRYCZNYCH

Abstract: Carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels have a lasting detrimental effect on the environment, compounding the

green house emissions. The transport industry is a major contributor to the problem; more specifically private transportation

in the form of internal combustion engine (ICE) driven motor vehicles. Electric vehicles (EVs) are being considered as a

promising alternative, but they will have an effect on the infrastructure they rely on, namely “the grid”. This paper discusses

and analyses this effect. The load forecast is based on the energy consumption of a concept car developed by the University

of South Australia (UniSA), code-named TREV (Two-seater Renewable Energy Vehicle). The paper gives a brief overview

of TREV and estimates the impact of adopting such an electric vehicle on the environment in terms of the reduction in carbon

released due to the replacing ICE vehicles.

Jarrad Cody, Özdemir Göl, Zorica Nedic, Andrew Nafalski, Aaron Mohtar University of South Australia

REGENERATIVE BRAKING IN AN ELECTRIC VEHICLE

ODZYSKIWANIE HAMOWANIA W POJAZDACH ELEKTRYCZNYCH

Abstract: Electric vehicles have been attracting unprecedented attention in light of the volatile market prices and prospect of

diminishing supplies of fuel. Advances in battery technology and significant improvements in electrical motor efficiency

have made electric vehicles an attractive alternative, especially for short distance commuting. This paper describes the

application of Brushless DC (BLDC) motor technology in an electric vehicle with special emphasis on regenerative braking.

BLDC motors are being encountered more frequently in electric vehicles due to their high efficiency and robustness; however

a BLDC motor requires a rather complex control to cope with the reversal of energy flow during the transition from motoring

regime to regenerative braking. In an electric vehicle, regenerative breaking helps to conserve energy by charging the battery,

thus extending the driving range of the vehicle. There is a number of different ways to implement regenerative braking in a

BLDC motor. This paper describes the Independent Switching scheme for regenerative braking [1] as applied to a

developmental electric vehicle at the University of South Australia.

Karel Chmelík, Stanislav Mišák Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava

SMALL POWER GENERATOR FOR WIND POWER PLANTS

GENERATORY MAŁEJ MOCY DO ELEKTROWNI WIATROWYCH

Abstract: the most important Renewable Energy Sources in the Czech Republic are: water plants, biomass, biogas, wind

power plant, liquid biofuel and photovoltaic systems. Most progressive RES production growth we can observe in past ten

years at biomass, biogas and water plants. But most dynamically grows Wind Power Plants electric energy production.

Systems of Wind Power Plant with generators with nominal power more than 2 MW grows mostly.

Systems of Wind Power Plant with nominal power more than 15 kW are developed at present too. These systems are used for

production of electric energy in autonomous electric systems for single-family house, remote areas and so on.


Robert Rossa, Emil Król BOBRME „Komel”, Katowice

DWUSTREFOWA REGULACJA PRĘDKOŚCI OBROTOWEJ

W NOWOCZESNYCH NAPĘDACH ELEKTRYCZNYCH OPARTYCH NA SILNIKACH SYNCHRONICZNYCH Z MAGNESAMI TRWAŁYMI

TWO-ZONES SPEED CONTROL IN MODERN ELECTRIC DRIVES WITH PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS

Abstract: The papers deals with the two-zones speed control of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) in modern

electric drives dedicated for variable speed applications. The electromechanical characteristic curves of variable speed drives

are presented. Two speed control zones can be distinguish in these characteristic curves: the constant torque zone and the

constant power zone. The principles of PMSM operation in each speed control zone are described. The constant power zone

utilizes the flux weakening technology based on a constant-current-constant-voltage control strategy.

Jarosław Mielczarek, Maciej Sałasiński Biuro Projektów i Usług Inwestorskich PRO-MAC, Łódź

ZARZĄDZANIE BEZPIECZEŃSTWEM ELEKTRYCZNYM

W OBIEKTACH PRZEMYSŁOWYCH

ELLECTRICAL SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS

Abstract: This article describes new conditions that must be fulfilled to provide sufficient degree of electrical safety in

industrial buildings. The most significant step is monitoring of all nominal and fault currents in individual parts of electrical

installation and continuous checking neutral and protective wires continuity. After sending all information to the building

automation system we can say about introducing electrical safety management system in building that means continuity from

the field level up to the management level.

Tadeusz Glinka BOBRME Komel, Katowice

MIECZYSŁAW JAKUBIEC

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