E k o n o m i d a n K e u a n g a n I n d o n e s i a V o l u m e X L I I N o m o r 4 , 1 9 9 4

Demokrasi dalam Masyarakat Tradisional Jawa

Prijono Tjiptoherijanto

Yumiko M. Prijono

Absrak

In rural Jawa, since 1950 in particular, "democracy" has been limited only in the circle of rural elite or/and farmers who have patro-client with the elite. The authors argue that this phenomenon is backward compared to the "traditional democracy" which had already been known for a long time. To reestablish the "traditional democracy" is not an easy endeavor, especially in the situation where the economic, social, and political inequalities among rural people exist widely.

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Tjipto Herijanio dan Prijatno

I . PENDAHULUAN

S e o r a n g n a s i o n a l i s t e r k e m u k a , a l m a r h u m M o h a m m a d H a t t a , p e r n a h m e n u l i s b a h w a : " d i d e s a - d e s a s i s t e m y a n g d e m o k r a t i s m a s i h k u a t d a n h i d u p s e h a t s e b a g a i b a g i a n a d a t - i s t i a d a t y a n g h a k i k i , d a s a r n y a a d a l a h p e m i l i k a n t a n a h y a n g k o m u n a l , y a i t u s e t i a p o r a n g m e r a s a h a h w a i a h a r u s h e r t i n d a k h e r d a s a r k a n p e r s e t u j u a n h e r s a m a s e w a k t u m e n g a d a k a n k e g i a t a n e k o n o m i " . ' D e n g a n d e m i k i a n , s t r u k t u r d e m o k r a s i y a n g h i d u p d a l a m d i r i h a n g s a I n d o n e s i a h a r u s h e r d a s a r k a n p a d a d e m o k r a s i a s l i y a n g h e r l a k u d i d e s a . " K h u s u s n y a y a n g h a n y a k d i j u m p a i d i d e s a - d e s a d i J a w a p a d a m a s a l a l u .

I d e d a s a r " d e m o k r a s i " h e r u p a p e n g i k u t s e r t a a n r a k y a t d a n p e r s e t u j u a n u m u m d a l a m p e n c a p a i a n k e p u t u s a n d e n g a n m e m e l i h a r a p e r s e t u j u a n h e r s a m a . D e n g a n d e m i k i a n , t i d a k l a i n m e r u p a k a n p e n c e r m i n a n d a r i s u a t u h u h u n g a n s o s i a l y a n g s a n g a t m e n d a s a r y a n g d i t e m u i d i d e s a - d e s a d i I n d o n e s i a d a n p e r n a h m e m h e r i k a n j a m i n a n p e r l i n d u n g a n s e r t a m e r u p a k a n k e p e r l u a n p a l i n g d a s a r h a g i m a s y a r a k a t d e s a . K e t e r i k a t a n s o s i a l - e k o n o m i , y a n g d i w u j u d k a n d e n g a n p e m i l i k a n t a n a h m e r u p a k a n c i r i u t a m a " d e m o k r a s i " y a n g t u m h u h d i d e s a - d e s a s e b e l u m d i a w a l i n y a z a m a n p e n j a j a h a n B e l a n d a . ^

I I . POLA DEMOKRASI TRADISIONAL

P o l a - p o l a d e m o k r a s i t r a d i s i o n a l y a n g d i l a m h a n g k a n o l e h m u s y a w a r a h d a l a m p e n c a p a i a n k e p u t u s a n d a n g o t o n g - r o y o n g d a l a m p e l a k s a n a a n k e p u t u s a n t e r s e h u t , d i p e r k i r a k a n h e r d a s a r k a n s i s t e m s o s i a l e k o n o m i d a l a m m a s y a r a k a t d e s a d a n i n i l a h y a n g d i a n g g a p s e h a g a i d a s a r p e m b a n g u n a n n a s i o n a l . ' ' S e c a r a t r a d i s i o n a l , a d a t - i s t i a d a t m e n g a t u r m a s y a r a k a t p e r d e s a a n J a w a . M e n u r u t a d a t - i s t i a d a t , p e n d u d u k d e s a h e r h a k m e m i l i h k e p a l a d e s a n y a s e n d i r i d a n m e n g g a n t i n y a k a l a u p e r h u a t a n k e p a l a d e s a t e r s e h u t t i d a k m e m u a s k a n

. M o h a m m a d H a t t a , " C o l o n i a l S o c i e t y a n d t h e I d e a l o f S o c i a l D e m o c r a c y " , d a l a m Indonesian Political Thinking 194S-196S, ed. H e r b e r t F e i t h ( I t h a c a : C o r n e l l U n l v e r s l r y P r e s s , 1 9 7 0 ) p . 3 2 .

Ihid, p . 3 7 .

D a l a m m a s y a r a k a t p e r d e s a a n t e r d a p a t h u b u n g a n s o s i a l y a n g a g a k e g a l i t a r i a n . - M a s y a r a k a t d e s a d i b a t a s i o l e h t r a d i s i d a n a d a t - i s t i a d a t . Lihat: T j o n d r o n e g o r o , S . , " G r a s s r o o t L e v e l D e v e l o p m e n t S t r a t e g y : T h e R o l e o f J a v a ' s V i l l a g e s R e - E x a m m e d " , Ekonomi dan Keuangan Indonesia, V o l . X X V I N o . 4 , 1 9 7 6 , h a l . 3 2 .

M o h a m m a d H a t t a , o p . c i t , h a l . 3 7 - 3 8 ; S o e k a r n o , " T h e N a t i o n a l S t a t e a n d t h e I d e a l o f I s l a m " , d a l a m Indonesian Political Thinking 1945-1965, e d . H e r b e r t F e i t h ( I t h a c a : C o r n e l l U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1 9 7 0 ) , h a l . 1 6 9 - 1 7 0 , S u p o m o , " T h e I n t e g r a l i s t i c S t a t e " d a l a m Indonesian Political Thinking 1945-1965, h a l . 1 9 0 d . a n W i r o s a r d j o n o , S . , " P e o p l e P a r t i c i p a t i o n a t t h e L o c a l L e v e l " , Prisma, N o . 1 6 , M a r e t 1 9 8 0 , h a l . 6 1 .

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m a s y a r a k a t d e s a . A d m i n i s t r a s i d e s a m e m p u n y a i f u n g s i p e l a k s a n a , y a i t u m e l a k s a n a k a n i n s t r u k s i - i n s t r u k s i y a n g d i b e r i k a n o l e h w e w e n a n g t i n g k a t a t a s , t e r m a s u k p e l a k s a n a a n k e p u t u s a n r a p a t d e s a . ' W e w e n a n g p a l i n g t i n g g i d i d e s a a d a l a h r a p a t d e s a . S e m u a o r a n g d e w a s a d a r i m a s y a r a k a t d e s a h e r h a k u n t u k m e n g h a d i r i r a p a t d e s a t e r s e h u t d a n h e r h i c a r a s e r t a m e m h e r i k a n s u a r a . * S e b e l u m m a s a k e m e r d e k a a n , h a n y a o r a n g - o r a n g d e s a y a n g m e m i l i k i t a n a h , r u m a h d a n s a w a h s a j a y a n g h i s a m e n j a d i a n g g o t a d a n m e n g h a d i r i r a p a t d e s a . ' P e n d u d u k d e s a y a n g h a n y a s e k e d a r m e m i l i k i t a n a h , r u m a h a t a u h a h k a n t i d a k m e m i l i k i t a n a h s a m a s e k a l i , t i d a k h e r h a k u n t u k m e n g h a d i r i r a p a t d e s a t e r s e h u t . N a m u n d e m i k i a n , s e c a r a i n f o r m a l m e r e k a h i s a d i m i n t a i p e n d a p a t n y a . ^ D e n g a n d e m i k i a n , k e l e m h a g a a n i n i h a i k s e c a r a f o r m a l m a u p u n i n f o r m a l p e r n a h a d a d a n m e w a k i l i p e n d a p a t s e r t a p e m i k i r a n p e n d u d u k d e s a d a l a m h a l p e n g a m b i l a n k e p u t u s a n . U s u l - u s u l d i h e r i k a n d a l a m r a p a t d e s a d a n d i h i c a r a k a n s e s u a i d e n g a n a z a s - a z a s m u s y a w a r a h y a n g h e r l a k u p a d a s a a t i t u .

A p a y a n g d i s e h u t k a n d i a t a s m e r u p a k a n p r o s e s d e m o k r a s i t r a d i s i o n a l d a n i d e a l y a n g t u m h u h d i m a s y a r a k a t p e r d e s a a n J a w a . P e r u h a h a n -p e r u h a h a n s o s i a l , p o l i t i k d a n e k o n o m i h a i k y a n g d a t a n g d a r i d a l a m m a u p u n l u a r d e s a s e l a m a s e k i t a r l i m a d a s a r w a r s a t e r a k h i r i n i , m e n i m h u l k a n p e r t a n y a a n a p a k a h d e m o k r a s i d a l a m w u j u d n y a y a n g a s l i s e p e r t i d i u r a i k a n d i a t a s m a s i h t e t a p h i d u p d a n m a s i h t e t a p h i s a h i d u p d a l a m m a s y a r a k a t p e d e s a a n . K a r e n a d e m o k r a s i s e p e r t i i t u a g a k n y a h a n y a t u m h u h d a l a m m a s y a r a k a t d i m a n a p e n g a t u r a n k e k a y a a n d i l a k s a n a k a n d e n g a n h a i k d a n k e t a t s e c a r a k o m u n a l . P e m h e d a a n a n t a r a p e n d u d u k a s l i d a n p e n d a t a n g d i m a n i f e s t a s i k a n d a l a m p e m i l i k a n s e c a r a s e k a l i g u s t i g a h e n t u k k e k a y a a n , y a i t u : t a n a h , r u m a h d a n s a w a h . H a k s u a r a m e n j a d i s e m a t a - m a t a m i l i k p e n d u d u k a s l i y a n g m e m p u n y a i k e t i g a h e n t u k k e k a y a a n t e r s e h u t . D a l a m m a s y a r a k a t s e m a c a m i n i p e k e r j a a n d i h a g i s a m a d a n p e r t i m h a n g a n u n t u k p e n c a p a i a n m u f a k a t d i p e r l u k a n k a r e n a s e m u a a n g g o t a m a s y a r a k a t t e r g a n t u n g s a t u s a m a l a i n , s e h i n g g a k e t e r i k a t a n d a n k e k e r a h a t a n t e r j a l i n . P e r t e n t a n g a n m e n j a d i j a r a n g d a n h i d u p h e r d a m p i n g a n s e c a r a r u k u n d i p e l i h a r a d a n d i p e r l u k a n k e h a d i r a n n y a .

D e w a s a i n i k e a d a a n s e p e r t i i n i h a m p i r h i s a d i k a t a k a n t i d a k d i j u m p a i

W . F . H o f s t e e d e , Decision Making in Four West Javanese Villages, ( N i j r n e g e n O f f s e t d r u n k k e r i j F a c u l t e i t d e r W i s k u n d e e e n N a t u u r W e t e r s c h a p p e n , 1 9 7 1 ) , h a l . 5 2 . Ibid.

J . E . I s m e d , " S o c i a l C h a n g e a n d R u r a l W e l f a r e i n I n d o n e s i a " d a l a m Social Research and Problems of Rural Development in South-East Asia, ( P a r i s : U N E S C O , 1 9 6 3 , h a l . 2 5 9 d a n d i s e h u t k a n d a l a m H o f s t e e d e , op.cit, h a l . 5 2 .

R o h e r t V a n N i e l , The Emergence of the Modem Indonesian Elite, ( T h e H a g u e : W . V a n H o e v e n , 1 9 6 0 ) , h a l . 2 2 - 2 3 .

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l a g i p a d a s e b a g i a n b e s a r m a s y a r a k a t p e r d e s a a n d i J a w a . P e n g a r u h l u a r d e s a t e r l a l u h a n y a k m e n y e h a h k a n p e r u h a h a n . D e m o k r a s i t r a d i s i o n a l y a n g a d a p a d a w a k t u l a l u h a n y a h i s a s e c a r a e f e k t i f d i l a k s a n a k a n p a d a m a s y a r a k a t t e r t u t u p y a n g s e c a r a r e l a t i f m a s i h h e r s a t u . P a d a s a a t i n i d e s a - d e s a d i J a w a t i d a k l a g i t e r p e n c i l d a n p e n g g a b u n g a n d e n g a n k e p e n t i n g a n n a s i o n a l s e j a k d i p e r o l e h n y a k e m e r d e k a a n , m e n y e h a h k a n d e s a t i d a k h i s a t e r l e p a s d a r i r e n c a n a n a s i o n a l y a n g b e r a n e k a r a g a m d a n complicated s i f a t n y a i t u .

I I I . BEBERAPA P E N G E R T I A N DEMOKRASI

P e r k e m h a n g a n " d e m o k r a s i " y a n g t e r j a d i d a l a m m a s y a r a k a t I n d o n e s i a s a n g a t t e r h a t a s d i b a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n p e n g e r t i a n d e m o k r a s i B a r a t . D a s a r d e m o k r a s i d a l a m a l a m p i k i r a n B a r a t d i k e m h a n g k a n o l e h t u j u a n d a n c a r a u n t u k m e n c a p a i t u j u a n t e r s e h u t . T u j u a n i n i d i d e f i n i s i k a n s e h a g a i k e a d i l a n s o s i a l d a n e k o n o m i s e r t a k e h e h a s a n p o l i t i k . I n i l a h t u j u a n y a n g i n g i n d i c a p a i d a l a m m a s y a r a k a t y a n g s e c a r a e k o n o m i , p o l i t i k d a n s o s i a l m e m u n g k i n k a n s e t i a p w a r g a n y a u n t u k m e m p e r h a i k i p o s i s i n y a t a n p a p e m h a t a s a n o l e h o r a n g l a i n , k e c u a l i m e l a l u i p e r s a i n g a n y a n g w a j a r . " T u j u a n d e m o k r a s i d a l a m m a s y a r a k a t s e m a c a m i n i a d a l a h p e n c a p a i a n h a s i l y a n g m e n g u n t u n g k a n r a k y a t s e h a n y a k m u n g k i n social welfare.

K e a d a a n m a s y a r a k a t s e p e r t i i n i s a n g a t m o h i l d a n d i n a m i s d e n g a n p e r s a i n g a n d i a n t a r a o r a n g - o r a n g y a n g h e r m i n a t d a n m e m p u n y a i p e n d a p a t h e r h e d a . C a r a d e m o k r a s i y a n g p e n t i n g , y a i t u p e n g i k u t s e r t a a n (participation,) m e m h e r i k a n s e t i a p o r a n g k e s e m p a t a n u n t u k m e n y a m p a i k a n k e i n g i n a n m a s i n g - m a s i n g . S e h a g a i c o n t o h p e r w u j u d a n d e m o k r a s i i n i a d a l a h k e n y a t a a n h a h w a h a m p i r s e m u a k e h i j a k a n p e m e r i n t a h d e n g a n s e n g a j a d i h i a r k a n t e r h u k a u n t u k m e n d a p a t p a n d a n g a n - p a n d a n g a n s e r t a p e n d a p a t r a k y a t (public opinion). K e p u t u s a n m e r u p a k a n h a s i l r a m u a n a n t a r a p e n d a p a t - p e n d a p a t y a n g h e r h e d a . P e n d a p a t r a k y a t d i d a k d i t e t a p k a n s e h e l u m n y a , m u n g k i n h a n y a d i p e n g a r u h i s a j a . K e p u t u s a n t i d a k d i c a p a i h a n y a o l e h p e r m u f a k a t a n a n t a r a s e k e l o m p o k g o l o n g a n p e m i m p i n d a l a m m a s y a r a k a t . ' "

G a m h a r a n d i a t a s m e r u p a k a n w a j a h i d e a l d e m o k r a s i . D a l a m s i s t e m i n i s e t i a p o r a n g h e r h a k m e m p u n y a i k e s e m p a t a n y a n g s a m a (equality of opportunity). T e t a p i d a l a m k e n y a t a a n , s e l a l u t i m h u l m a s a l a h u n t u k

I r v i n B a b b i t t , Democracy and Leadership, ( B o s t o n d a n N e w Y o r k : H o u g h t o n M i f f i n C o m p a n y , 1 9 9 2 ) d a n b a b p e n d a h u l u a n A s c o l i d a n L e h m a n n , Political and Economic Democracy, ( N e w Y o r k : W . W . N o r t o n 8 c C o m p a n y , I n c . ) , h a l . 1 3 - 1 9 .

B a n d i n g k a n d e n g a n B r o o n a n d S e l z u i c k , Sociology: A Text With Adapted Readings, ( N . Y . E r a n s t o n , S a n F r a n c i s c o d a n L o n d o n : H a r p e r a n d R o w P u b l i s h e r , 1 9 5 5 ) , h a l . 2 3 7 -6 1 9 .

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m e n c a p a i p e r s a m a a n h a s i l {equality of results). H a l i n i y a n g d a p a t m e n g h a n c u r k a n s i s t e m d e m o k r a s i t e r s e h u t d i a t a s k a l a u k e t i g a a s p e k d e m o k r a s i i t u , y a i t u s e g i s o s i a l , e k o n o m i d a n p o l i t i k t i d a k h e r k e m h a n g b e r s a m a - s a m a . D e n g a n k a t a l a i n , d e m o k r a s i h a n y a h i s a d i t e r u s k a n h i l a t e r d a p a t k e s e i m b a n g a n (balanced) k e k u a t a a n d a l a m d i r i s e t i a p o r a n g h a i k s e c a r a s o s i a l , p o l i t i k m a u p u n e k o n o m i . S e d a n g k a n k e s e i m b a n g a n t e r s e h u t h a n y a h i s a d i c a p a i h i l a k e g i a t a n - k e g i a t a n s e t i a p o r a n g m e m a n g d i a r a h k a n u n t u k m e m e l i h a r a p e r s a m a a n (equality) i t u .

K o n s e p d e m o k r a s i t e r s e h u t d i a t a s , t i d a k c o c o k h e n a r d e n g a n k e a d a a n m a s y a r a k a t J a w a y a n g h e r s i f a t t r a d i s i o n a l . D a l a m m a s y a r a k a t d i m a n a w i h a w a m a s i h m e n u m h u h k a n h u h u n g a n - h u h u n g a n y a n g h e r s i f a t k e k e l u a r g a a n , s a l i n g h e r g a n t u n g s e c a r a e k o n o m i s , k e a d a a n s o s i a l y a n g k u r a n g s e i m b a n g d a n h e r h a g a i k e p i n c a n g a n l a i n , k o n s e p d e m o k r a s i B a r a t . s u l i t d i k e m h a n g k a n . D a l a m m a s y a r a k a t J a w a , p i m p i n a n p o l i t i k s e r i n g h e r p e r a n s e h a g a i a h a n g a t a u a y a h . I n i h e r a r t i s a n g p e m i m p i n m e n g h a r a p k a n k e p e m i m p i n a n m e r e k a m e n j a d i t e t a p (permanent) d a n b e r l a n g s u n g t e r u s -m e n e r u s (constant), stable d e n g a n s e n i o r i t a s d a n s i i p e r i o r i t a s s e h a g a i a l a s a n , s e p e r t i y a n g d i t e m u k a n d a l a m k e h i d u p a n k e k e l u a r a a n y a n g h e r s i f a t t r a d i s i o n a l . H u h u n g a n a n t a r a a y a h d a n a n a k , a t a u a h a n g d a n a d i k s e l a l u h e r s i f a t vertical d a l a m k e h u d a y a a n J a w a . H u h u n g a n i n i h u k a n l a h d i d a p a t a t a s d a s a r p e m i l i k a n s e n d i r i (self consciousness) t e t a p i d i p e r o l e h s e c a r a t u r u n - t e m u r u n (ascribed). I n i y a n g m e m h e d a k a n d e n g a n s i s t e m d e m o k r a s i B a r a t d i m a n a s e o r a n g m e m i m p i n h e r d a s a r k a n p a d a p e r j a n j i a n (contractual) d a n p e n c a p a i a n n y a s e n d i r i (self-attained).

P e r h e d a a n m e n d a s a r a n t a r a d e m o k r a s i B a r a t d e n g a n d e m o k r a s i m e n u r u t p a h a m m a s y a r a k a t p e r d e s a a n J a w a i n i d i t e r i m a d e n g a n h a i k o l e h m a s y a r a k a t J a w a i t u s e n d i r i . B a h k a n p e r h e d a a n y a n g a d a , t i d a k h o l e h d i t a f s i r k a n h a h w a d e m o k r a s i t i d a k a d a d a l a m m a s y a r a k a t J a w a , k h u s u s n y a y a n g h e r t e m p a t t i n g g a l d i d a e r a h p e r d e s a a n . M o h a m m a d H a t t a m e n y e h u t k a n d i d e s a s i s t e m y a n g d e m o k r a t i s m a s i h k u a t h e r a k a r d e n g a n d a s a r p e m i l i k a n t a n a h s e c a r a k o m u n a l . " B a h k a n p r e s i d e n y a n g p e r t a m a , S o e k a r n o , p e r n a h m e n g a n j u r k a n k o n s e p " d e m o k r a s i t e r p i m p i n " y a n g m u n g k i n m e n g a c u p a d a s i f a t d e m o k r a s i t r a d i s i o n a l i n i . N a m u n d e m i k i a n , w a l a u p u n k o n s e p d e m o k r a s i i n i h e r m a c a m - m a c a m d a n j u g a p e r k e m h a n g a n n y a h e r a g a m , t e t a p i p a d a d a s a r n y a h a i k d e m o k r a s i B a r a t m a u p u n " d e m o k r a s i t r a d i s i o n a l J a w a " t e r s e h u t m e m p u n y a i t u j u a n y a n g s a m a , y a i t u m e n c a p a i p e r s a m a a n (equality). K a l a u p u n m e k a n i s m e u n t u k m e n c a p a i t u j u a n i n i h e r h e d a , i t u m a s a l a h l a i n l a g i .

M o h a m m a d H a t t a , op.cit.

3 9 9

Tjipto Herijanto dan Prijatno

D a s a r d a r i k o n s e p d e m o k r a s i J a w a b e r t i t i k t o l a k p a d a k o n s e p s i o r a n g J a w a t e r h a d a p d u n i a y a n g m e n g a k u i h a h w a s e m u a o r a n g m e m p u n y a i s i f a t , k e m a m p u a n , n a s i h d a n k e m a l a n g a n , s t a t u s , g e n g s i d a n k e d u d u k a n y a n g h e r h e d a . D e n g a n d e m i k i a n p e r h e d a a n a n t a r a p i m p i n a n ( k e l o m p o k e l i t e ) d e n g a n p e n g i k u t ( r a k y a t ) j u g a h a r u s d i t e r i m a h a h k a n d i t e k a n k a n h a h w a p e r h e d a a n i t u a d a . K e h e h a s a n h e r t i n d a k d a n h e r p i k i r y a n g h e r h e d a d i p e r h o l e h k a n s e p a n j a n g m e m p e r h a t i k a n h a t a s a n y a n g a d a d a n t i d a k m e n g g a n g g u h u h u n g a n k e r u k u n a n s e c a r a m e n y e l u r u h . ' ^ O p o s i s i t e r h a d a p p e m i m p i n s a n g a t s u l i t d i t e r i m a d a l a m m a s y a r a k a t J a w a . S e c a r a m o r a l s e t i a p a n g g o t a m a s y a r a k a t J a w a d i h a r u s k a n m e m e l i h a r a k e k u r u n a n d e n g a n o r a n g l a i n d a n s e k a l i g u s m e n j a d i t u g a s h a g i s e o r a n g p e m i m p i n u n t u k m e n j a g a ( n g a y o m i ) p e n g i k u t n y a . " O l e h k a r e n a i t u p e r a n a n p e m i m p i n s a n g a t m e n e n t u k a n d a l a m k e h i d u p a n m a s y a r a k a t J a w a .

IV. PUDARNYA DEMOKRASI TRADISIONAL

P e r k e m h a n g a n p e n g e r t i a n d e m o k r a s i y a n g l e h i h m o d e r n d a l a m m a s y a r a k a t J a w a s e i r i n g d e n g a n p r o s e s m o d e r n i s a s i y a n g d i h a w a o l e h p e r k e m h a n g a n d a l a m k o m u n i k a s i , t r a n s p o r t a s i , u r h a n i s a s i d a n p e n d i d i k a n . P r o s e s p e r k e m h a n g a n i n i t e l a h m e m h a w a p e n i n g k a t a n m o h i l i t a s a n t a r p e n d u d u k s e c a r a u m u m d a n k h u s u s n y a m e n u m h u h k a n s i k a p d i n a m i s d a l a m m a s y a r a k a t i t u s e n d i r i . P a d a g i l i r a n n y a , s i f a t t r a d i s i o n a l m a s y a r a k a t p e r d e s a a n J a w a m u l a i m e m u d a r . D e m i k i a n j u g a s i f a t k e p e m i m p i n a n n y a y a n g s e h e l u m n y a h e r s i f a t a g a k f e o d a l d a n a r i s t o k r a t i s . " K e l o m p o k y a n g m e n d a p a t (privileges) a t a u p u n m a s y a r a k a t y a n g e k s k l u s i f (elite) m e n j a d i h e r o h a h k e a r a h y a n g l e h i h t e r h u k a d a n d e m o k r a t i s . M e s k i p u n p e r l u d i c a t a t , t u m h u h p u l a k e l o m p o k e l i t e " h a r u " y a n g m e w a r n a i p e r j a l a n a n p e m b a n g u n a n .

M e l e h a r n y a j u r a n g e k o n o m i s e c a r a h e r k e l a n j u t a n a n t a r a k e l o m p o k k a y a d a n g o l o n g a n m i s k i n s e j a k j a m a n p e n j a j a h a n , j u g a m e r u h a h k o n s e p d e m o k r a s i y a n g a d a . P e n i n g k a t a n k e k u a t a a n e k o n o m i d a r i o r a n g - o r a n g k a y a y a n g j u g a d i p e r c e p a t o l e h a d a n y a " R e v o l u s i H i j a u " s e k a l i g u s m e n y e h a h k a n d a y a t a w a r - m e n a w a r (bergaining power) o r a n g - o r a n g m i s k i n h e r k u r a n g . D e n g a n d e m i k i a n , p e n g i k u t s e r t a a n r a k y a t d a l a m p e n c a p a i a n k e p u t u s a n

K e r u k u n a n i n i d i w u j u d k a n d a l a m i s t i l a h - i s t i l a h " o j o h d u m e h " " r u m o n g s o b i s a , k o k o r a b i s a r u m o n g s o " " a d i g a n g - a d i g u n g - a d i g u n o " a t a u p u n " a j a n g g u r u i , a j a n d i s i k i , a j a n g r i b e t i " d a n b e r b a g a i u n g k a p a n l a i n n y a .

P a r s u d i S u p a r l a n , " D e m o c r a c y i n R u r a l J a w a " , Prisma, N o . 5 , M a r e t 1 9 7 7 , h a l . 4 - 5 .

S a r t o n o K a r t o d i r j o , " T h e D e v e l o p m e n t a n d D e m i s e o f t h e T r a d i t i o n a l J a v a n e s e A r i s t o c r a c y " d a l a m " A n t l o v " , H a n s , a n d C e d e r r o t h , S v e n ( e d s . ) . Leadership on Java, C u r z o n P r e s s , l t d . , N o r d i c I n s t i t u t e o f A s i a n S t u d i e s , G r e a t B r i t a i n ; 1 9 9 4 ; p p . 2 7 - 3 1 .

4 0 0

Demokrasi dalam Masyarkat Tradisional Jawa

k o m u n a l , y a n g m e r u p a k a n f a k t o r p a l i n g p e n t i n g b a g i t u m b u h n y a d e m o k r a s i d e s a , j u g a m u l a i b e r u b a h c i r i - c i r i n y a . D i t a m b a h d e n g a n k e t e r g a n t u n g a n l u r a h , s e b a g a i p e m i m p i n d i d e s a , t e r h a d a p s u m b e r - s u m b e r d a r i l u a r d e s a , m e n y e h a h k a n " n y a l a " d e m o k r a s i t r a d i s i o n a l s e m a k i n m e r e d u p . C a m p u r t a n g a n d a r i k e l o m p o k d i l u a r d e s a , k h u s u s n y a w e w e n a n g d a r i k e k u a s a a n a t a s a n d e s a (supra-village), t e r u t a m a s e t e l a h d a s a w a r s a 1 9 6 0 a n , m e n y e h a h k a n m e l e m a h n y a w e w e n a n g t r a d i s i o n a l l u r a h . S e k a l i g u s o t o n o m i d e s a d a n d e m o k r a s i d e s a j u g a m e n g a l a m i k e m u n d u r a n . P e n g a m b i l a n k e p u t u s a n l e h i h h a n y a k d i w a r n a i o l e h k e p e n t i n g a n " k e l o m p o k e l i t e " y a n g s e r i n g k a l i h e r a d a d i " l u a r " d e s a . P e n d u d u k d e s a h i a s a , t e r u t a m a p e t a n i y a n g t i d a k m e m i l i k i t a n a h , d i k e l u a r k a n d a l a m p r o s e s p e n g a m b i l a n k e p u t u s a n i n i . P r o g r a m - p r o g r a m p e m b a n g u n a n p e r t a n i a n d a n m o d e r n i s a s i p e r d e s a a n t e l a h h e r h a s i l m e m i s a h k a n p e r h e d a a n w a w a s a n d e s a - k o t a . S e k a l i g u s m e r u h a h w a r n a d e m o k r a s i t r a d i s i o n a l d e s a . " D e n g a n d e m i k i a n i n s t r u k s i - i n s t r u k s i d a r i w e w e n a n g a t a s a n d e s a (supra-village) s e r i n g l e h i h m e r u p a k a n l a n d a s a n p o k o k d a r i s u a t u k e p u t u s a n k e t i m h a n g h e r d a s a r p a d a k e p e r l u a n d a n k e i n g i n a n m a s y a r a k a t d e s a i t u s e n d i r i .

V. PENUTUP

P e l a k s a n a a n d e m o k r a s i d i d a e r a h p e r d e s a a n J a w a , t e r u t a m a s e t e l a h d a s a w a r s a 1 9 6 0 a n , c e n d e r u n g m e m h a t a s i p a r t i s i p a s i h a n y a d i k a l a n g a n e l i t e p e r d e s a a n d a n p a r a p e t a n i y a n g m e m p u n y a i h u h u n g a n patron-client d e n g a n k e l o m p o k e l i t e t e r s e h u t . S e m a k i n h a n y a k l u r a h h e r g a n t u n g p a d a o r a n g -o r a n g l u a r d e s a u n t u k m e n d a p a t k a n h a n t u a n d a n p e t u n j u k . S e h i n g g a s e m a k i n j e l a s k e c e n d e r u n g a n h e r g a n t u n g k e a t a s d e s a supra-village. O l e h k a r e n a n y a " d e m o k r a s i " h a n y a d i l a k s a n a k a n o l e h s e k e l o m p o k o r a n g d a l a m m a s y a r a k a t d e s a . B a g i s e h a g i a n h e s a r p e t a n i m i s k i n , h a l i n i h i s a d i a n g g a p s e h a g a i k e m u n d u r a n d a r i d e m o k r a s i t r a d i s i o n a l y a n g p e r n a h t u m h u h d i d a e r a h p e r d e s a a n i t u .

D e m o k r a s i J a w a s e h e n a r n y a s a n g a t m e n g a n d a l k a n p a d a k e t e r g a n t u n g a n e k o n o m i s d a n h e r u s a h a m e n g i s i h e n t u k i n i s e c a r a r e l a t i f . A r t i n y a , k e k a y a a n t i d a k h a r u s d i h a g i k a n s a m a r a t a , t e t a p i h a r u s a d a n o r m a -n o r m a s o s i a l y a n g m e n g h a l a n g i a d a n y a p o l a r i s a s i k e k a y a a n s e c a r a h e s a r -h e s a r a n . J u s t r u t u g a s u t a m a s e o r a n g l u r a h y a n g k e b a p a k a n d a n t r a d i s i o n a l u n t u k m e n g h i n d a r i a d a n y a p o l a r i s a s i i n i . S e k a l i g u s m e n g h i n d a r i c a m p u r -

U n t u k p e m b a h a s a n l e b i h l a n j u t d a n p e r b a n d i n g a n , b a c a : S a y o g y a , " P e n g a r u h S o s i a l -B u d a y a T e r h a d a p P e m b i n a a n M a s y a r a k a t D e s a " d a n W i r o s a r d j o n o , S o e t j i p t o " P e r u b a h a n S o s i a l , M o d e r n i s a s i d a n P e m b i n a a n M a s y a r a k a t " d a l a m P a r s u d i S u p a r l a n ( e d . ) Pembangunan yang Terpadu dan Berkesinambungan, ( J a k a r t a , B a l i t b a n g , D e p a r t e m e n S o s i a l R . I . , . M a r e t ' 1 9 . 9 4 ) , h a l . 1 3 9 - 1 4 3 d a n 1 6 0 - 1 6 2 .

401

Tjipto Herijanto dan Prijatno

t a n g a n y a n g b e r l e b i h a n d a r i l u a r d e s a s e r t a m e n g u s a h a k a n t e t a p t u m b u h n y a k e h e h a s a n d i k a l a n g a n m a s y a r a k a t d e s a . P a d a s a a t e l e m e n - e l e m e n y a n g p o k o k i n i m u l a i d i m u s n a h k a n , m a k a d e m o k r a s i d e s a j u g a m e n g a l a m i k e m u n d u r a n . F a k t o r e k o n o m i d a n p o l i t i k a g a k n y a t u r u t h e r p e r a n d a l a m k e m u n d u r a n d e m o k r a s i t r a d i s i o n a l d i p e r d e s a a n i n i .

D e m o k r a s i d i d e s a - d e s a J a w a p a d a a w a l n y a d i m a k s u d k a n u n t u k m e n e r u s k a n t a t a n a n s o s i a l y a n g d i a t u r o l e h a d a t - i s t i a d a t d a n n o r m a - n o r m a s o s i a l y a n g d i t u j u k a n u n t u k m e m b e r i k a n k e a m a n a n k e p a d a p a r a p e t a n i k h u s u s n y a p e t a n i - p e t a n i m i s k i n , m e l a l u i u p a y a p e m h a g i a n y a n g w a j a r a t a s k e k a y a a n d a n s u m b e r d a y a y a n g a d a d i d e s a . D e m o k r a s i t r a d i s i o n a l y a n g h e r d a s a r p a d a h u h u n g a n s o s i a l a t a s p e r s a m a a n d e r a j a t s e c a r a r e l a t i f i n i m u l a i m u n d u r d e n g a n a d a n y a p o l a r i s a s i e k o n o m i s e r t a p o l i t i k y a n g m e l a n d a d a e r a h p e r d e s a a n . D e n g a n d e m i k i a n , d e m o k r a s i d e s a y a n g p a d a a w a l n y a d i w u j u d k a n d a l a m h a l d a r i s e t i a p o r a n g , d a r i h e r h a g a i g o l o n g a n d a n j a h a t a n , u n t u k i k u t s e r t a h u k a n h a n y a d a l a m p e r u m u s a n m a s a l a h , t e t a p i t e r l e h i h - l e h i h l a g i d a l a m p e n g a m b i l a n k e p u t u s a n m e n g e n a i p e l a k s a n a a n k e h i j a k a n y a n g a k a n m e m p e n g a r u h i k e h i d u p a n n y a , j u g a m u l a i m e m u d a r . ' * U p a y a u n t u k m e n g e m h a l i k a n w u j u d d e m o k r a s i s e m a c a m i t u , h u k a n l a h p e k e r j a a n y a n g m u d a h . A p a l a g i m e n g i n g a t k e s e n j a n g a n s o s i a l , e k o n o m i d a n p o l i t i k y a n g s e m a k i n m e l e h a r d a n a d a n y a j u r a n g a k s e s a h i l i t a s d i a n t a r a k e l o m p o k - k e l o m p o k d a l a m m a s a y r a k a t , t e r m a s u k m a s y a r a k a t d e s a , y a n g s e m a k i n s u r a m d e w a s a i n i .

Ina Slamet Velsink, "Traditional Leadership in Rural Java" d.alam Hans Antlov and Sven Cederroth, L e a d e r s h i p o n J a v a , (Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 1994), p.52-53.

4 0 2

C o n t r i b u t o r s t o T h i s I s s u e

E l f i n d r i

H u l u , E d i s o n

P e i e t R i e t v e l d

S u p r a m o n o

T j i p t o h e r i j a n t o , P r i j o n o

Y u m i k o , M . P r i j o n o

Y u w o n o , P r a p t o

Lecturer, F a c u l t y o f E c o n o m i c s , A n d a l a s U n i v e r s i t y , P a d a n g .

Lecturer, F a c u l t y o f E c o n o m i c s , M o m m e n s e n U n i v e r s i t y , M e d a n .

Researcher, V r i j e U n i v e r s i t e i t A m s t e r d a m , A m s t e r d a m .

Lecturer, F a c u l t y o f E c o n o m i c s , Saty^a W a c a n a C h r i s t i a n U n i v e r s i t y , S a l a t i g a .

Deputy Chariman, T h e N a t i o n a l A g e n c y f o r S t a t e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ( L A N ) , J a k a r t a .

Recearcher

Lecturer, F a c u l t y o f E c o n o m i c s , S a j y a W a c a n a C h r i s t i a n U n i v e r s i t y , S a l a t i g a . L e c t u r e r , F a c u l t y o f E c o n o m i c s ,