Aula Wundt

8/14/2019 Aula Wundt

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Wundt e depois...Alemanha

Universidade de Berlim (1810): Modelo humboldtiano: Ensino e pesquisa

Kant Herbart Weber LotzeInglaterra

Decadncia do associacionismo

mentalistaEvolucionismo

EUAPragmatismo


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Psicologia de WundtMtodo

Descrio dos elementos da experinciaimediata por indivduos treinados emintrospeco

Analisar os elementos que constituem osprocessos conscientes Objeto: contedo da conscincia imediata Evidncia: experimental e observacional Contexto: laboratrio

Relao entre estmulos sensoriaisexperimentalmente controlados e estadossubjetivos relatados - psicofsica

Teoria Atomismo associacionista Paralelismo sicofsico


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Laboratrio Leipzig (1879)

Centro internacional de pesquisas empsicologia

Presena de estudantes estrangeiros:franceses, russos, ingleses, norte-americanos

Traduziram a obra de Wundt para vrios

idiomasDeu um lugar psicologia

At 1900 foram fundados 42laboratrios em universidades dos EUA

e Canad


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Psicologia Experimental

Instrumentos


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Wundt's eye motion demonstrator

Demonstrations-Ophthalmotrop nach Wundt)

Description: This model wasused to demonstrate theaction of the extraocular

muscles to move theeyeball. There are 6 cordsattached to the points whichcorrespond to the muscleinsertions. Each of the 6cords can be moved singly

or in combination to showhow the muscles cause eyemovements.(Expanded caption Copyright 1998,Edward J. Haupt)(Source: Wundt Grundzge, 5th ed.,vol. II, p. 534)


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Eye motion (Model of eye muscles)

Ophthalmotrop(Augenmuskelmodell))Description: This complextwo-eye model was used todemonstrate the

coordinated action of theeye muscles as theyfunctioned to move botheyes together in trackingand convergence.(Expanded caption Copyright 1998,Edward J. Haupt)(Source: None given.)Source of illustration: Zimmermann,E. (1903).XVIII. Preis- Liste berpsychologische und physiologischeApparate (p. 1). Leipzig: EduardZimmermann.


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Rotations-Apparat fr FarbscheibenDescription: This hand-held apparatus was usedto rotate stimulus disks

with differing proportionsof two or more colors todemonstrate theprinciples of color mixing.Disks which demonstrate

other color and lightnessphenomena, such asMach bands are includedin the catalog


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(Wirth's) mirror tachistoscope

Description: Thisis a device

designed topresent a largervisual stimulus fora very shortadjustableexposure time byusing a complex

mirror-opticals stem.


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Metronome with (pair of) mercury contacts

Description: This is ametronome with a leverattached to the

pendulum. Wires at eachend dip into mercury-filled cups to closeelectrical contacts thatwill not burn shut and

may be used to controlother apparatus orstimuli. This providesprecise alternating at aspecific rate up to

several times persecond.


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Description: A platinum contactis made and broken by asolenoid to drive a tuning forkat 50, 100, or 250 Hz. The

repetitive pulses are countedand a time is calculated by thenumber of cycles and fractionalparts of cycles which areinscribed on the kymographdrum. This was the timerecording method, considerablycheaper than a Hippchronograph, which was usedby Donders (1867?) to measurereaction time in his experimentwhich determined thecomponents of reaction time bysubtraction of the durations ofdifferent procedures

Electromagnetic tuning fork


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Wundt's Beat(making) Apparatus

Description: A drum,rotated by weights,turns in a completecircle in 4 seconds.Pins on the drum areset in rows atdifferent distancesso that placing thecontact on the slidercan select differenttime intervals andthus different

intervals betweencontact closures


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Colored papers

Description: Thesepapers come in "all"colors of the spectrum in

16 levels, usable forequations/equivalences.Color circles are madefrom intense pure huepapers without any

glossiness.


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Mller's rotator for memory studies

Description: This apparatuswas used for thepresentation of syllables atvarious rates. (Theillustration erroneouslyshows a word-pair, a type ofstimulus that was not usedby Mller with thisapparatus.) While Mllerand his colleagues

(Schumann, etc.) originatedmany types of apparatus,this appears to be the onlyone which is available,possibly because Baltzar(Zimmermann'spredecessor) made theoriginal apparatus.


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Wundt-style chronograph (precision [event] timer).

Description: This deviceclaims to be capable of timemeasurement to .0001 sec.


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Mental tests andmeasurements

J. Mck. Cattell(1890)Mind, 15, 373-381

Dinammetro de Presso (Dynamometer Pressure)Avaliao de Movimento (Rate of Movement)reas de sensaes (Sensation-areas)Presso que causa dor (Pressure Causing Pain)

Menor Diferena Perceptvel de Peso (LeastNoticeable Difference in Weight)

Tempo de Reao para o Som (Reaction-time forSound)

Tempo para nomeo de cores (Time for naming

Colours)Diviso de uma linha em 50 cm (Bi-section of a50 cm Line)

Julgamento em 10 segundos (Judgment of 10seconds time)

Nmero de Letras Lembradas aps ouvidasuma vez (Number of Letters remembered on once


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Alunos de WundtPsicologiaexperimental

Clark University(1909), Harvard(1917) Cornell

1867-1927E. B.Titchener

Clnica Psicolgica

para Crianas

Pensilvnia1867-1956L. Witmer

Moral e PedagogiaIowa1857-1949G. W. Patrick

TestesPsicolgicos

1884-1942R. Pintner

PsicologiaIndustrial

Northwestern1869-1955W. D. Scott

PsicologiaEscolstica eAristotlica

The CatholicUniversity ofAmerica

1861-1938E. A. Pace

EducaoChicago1873-1946H. Judd

Psicologia doDesenvolvimento

Johns Hopkins eClark

1844-1924G. S. Hall

Estatstica e testesindividuais

Pensilvnia eColumbia

1860-1944JamesMcKeenCattell


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Laboratrio concorrenteHermann Lotze: Sucessor de Herbart naUniversidade de Gottingen (1844-1881)Psicologia Mdica fisiologia da mente(1852)Discpulos:

Franz Brentano Psicologia do ato, intencionalidade

Karl Stumpf Percepo: Wertheimer, Klpe, Kofka,Khler (Gestalt)


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Inglaterra

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)A origem das espcies (1859)Expresso das emoes no homem e nos animais(1872)

Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)

A vida como um ajustamento contnuo (1855)Principles of Psychology (1855/1897)

Francis Galton (1822-1911)Gnio Hereditrio (1869)

George John Romanes (1848-1894)A inteligncia animal (1882)

James Sully (1842-1923)Laboratrio de Psicologia na Universidade de Londres(1894)

James Ward (1843-1925)Laboratrio de Psicologia na Universidade deCambrid e 1897


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FranaAuguste Comte (1798-1857) - PositivismoHipolytte Taine (1828-1893)

Psicologia positivista e determinista

Thodule Ribot (1839-1916)

Primeiro Laboratrio na Sorbonne (1889)Psicopatologia e faculdades

Alfred Binet (1857-1911)Testes psicolgicos, inteligncia

Pierre Janet (1859-1947)Psicopatologia dinmicaDebate com Freud

Henri Bergson (1859-1941)Vitalismo (lan vital), conscincia


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EUAWilliam James (1842-1910)Funcionalismo

Pragmatismo

James McKeen Cattel (1860-1944)Testes psicolgicos 16 PF

Edward L. Thorndike (1874-1949)Aprendizagem animal ensaio e erro; prmio ecastigoConexionismo repetio: lei do efeito

J. M. Baldwin (1861-1934)Princpio biogentico (filognese => ontognese)Laboratrio Toronto (1890)

G. Stanley Hall (1846-1924)Evolucionismo desenvolvimento humano


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RssiaIvan P. Pavlov (1849-1936)

Condicionamento clssico: reflexocondicionado

Experimentos com animaisNeurose experimental em ces:excitao x inibio

Vladimir M. Bechterev (1857-1927)Aluno de Helmholtz neurologia


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Experincia Conscincia Comportamentosensao vontade

Idias

EU

Percepo

Emoo

PaixoDesejo

Apetites

Afeto

Ambiente

Imaginao

Memria

Hbitos

Inatismo?Tbula rasa?

Associaes

Mente

Corpo

Inconsciente Inconsciente

Gestalt

Behaviorismo

Psicanlise

Estruturalismo

Fragmentao em Escolas


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Perodos do sc. XX

1900-1935 - Grandes sistemasEstruturalismos Wundt, Titchener

Funcionalismos James, Thorndike,Dewey

Behaviorismos Pavlov, WatsonGestalt Wertheimer, Kofka, Khler

Psicanlise Freud, seguidores edissidentes

1935-1955Mtodo e operacionalismo lgico

1955-presenteRedescoberta da conscincia e retorno ao

cognitivismo


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Matrizes no sc. XXNomottica quantificadora

Atomista mecanicista

Funcionalista e organicistaAmbientalismo vs. nativismo

Idiogrfica qualitativa

(compreenso)Estruturalismo, fenomenologia,existencialismo

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