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Spis tre ciSpis zagadnie gramatycznych ......................................................... 7

Wst p .............................................................................................. 9

1. What is Information Technology? .................................................... 151.1. Information technology basics ................................................................................. 151.2. Measuring profitability of IT investments and their prioritization ........................... 161.3. Vocabulary .............................................................................................................. 181.4. Revise and expand your knowledge ........................................................................ 20

1.4.1. Did you know? .............................................................................................. 201.4.2. Latin expressions in English ( aci skie wyra enia w j zyku angielskim) ..... 231.4.3. Irregular plural (nieregularna liczba mnoga) ................................................. 231.4.4. Elements of grammar .................................................................................... 25

1.5. Check your knowledge ........................................................................................... 27

2. Databases ..................................................................................... 312.1. What is a database and DBMS? ............................................................................... 312.2. Common types of DBMS ........................................................................................ 322.3. Database models ...................................................................................................... 332.4. Vocabulary .............................................................................................................. 352.5. Revise and expand your knowledge ........................................................................ 38

2.5.1. Did you know? .............................................................................................. 382.5.2. Data is or data are — a common problem in IT ............................................. 402.5.3. Information is or information are? ................................................................ 412.5.4. Elements of grammar .................................................................................... 41

2.6. Check your knowledge ............................................................................................ 47

3. How well do you know your computer? ........................................... 533.1. Computer hardware vs. computer software ............................................................. 533.2. How does an HD work? ........................................................................................... 553.3. What is the motherboard? ........................................................................................ 563.4. Vocabulary ............................................................................................................. 573.5. Revise and expand your knowledge ........................................................................ 59

3.5.1. Did you know? .............................................................................................. 593.5.2. An HDD or a HDD? ...................................................................................... 603.5.3. Elements of grammar .................................................................................... 61

3.6. Check your knowledge ......................................................................................... 63

4. Computer networks ........................................................................ 694.1. Types of computer networks .................................................................................... 694.2. Computer network architecture and topologies ....................................................... 704.3. Wireless network: how does it work? ...................................................................... 71

Poleć książkęKup książkę



4 English 4 IT. Praktyczny kurs j zyka angielskiego dla specjalistów IT i nie tylko

4.4. Network communication standards .......................................................................... 724.5. Vocabulary .............................................................................................................. 734.6. Revise and expand your knowledge ........................................................................ 75

4.6.1. Did you know? .............................................................................................. 754.6.2. Linking words and phrases (spójniki) ............................................................ 774.6.3. Elements of grammar .................................................................................... 79


5. What’s so big about big data? ........................................................ 875.1. What is big data? ..................................................................................................... 875.2. Challenges in big data analysis ................................................................................ 885.3. What is Hadoop? ..................................................................................................... 885.4. Hadoop vs. conventional relational database ........................................................... 895.5. Vocabulary .............................................................................................................. 905.6. Revise and expand your knowledge ........................................................................ 91

5.6.1. Did you know? .............................................................................................. 915.6.2. What is an issue? ........................................................................................... 955.6.3. Elements of grammar .................................................................................... 96


6. Business Intelligence ................................................................... 1036.1. What is Business Intelligence? .............................................................................. 1036.2. BI system architecture ........................................................................................... 1046.3. Star schema vs. snowflake schema ........................................................................... 1066.4. Gartner Magic Quadrant ........................................................................................ 1066.5. Vocabulary ............................................................................................................ 1076.6. Revise and expand your knowledge ...................................................................... 109

6.6.1. Did you know? ............................................................................................ 1096.6.2. To do the analysis — useful synonyms ....................................................... 1106.6.3. Describing trends ......................................................................................... 1116.6.4. Elements of grammar .................................................................................. 112

6.7. Check your knowledge .......................................................................................... 117

7. Data mining ................................................................................. 1237.1. Introduction to data mining .................................................................................... 1237.2. Data mining methods and techniques .................................................................... 1247.3. Data mining challenges .......................................................................................... 1257.4. Vocabulary ............................................................................................................ 1267.5. Revise and expand your knowledge ...................................................................... 128

7.5.1. Did you know? ............................................................................................ 1287.5.2. Time series: singular or plural? ................................................................... 1297.5.3. Synonyms of the word ‘interesting’ ............................................................. 1297.5.4. Elements of grammar .................................................................................. 130

7.6. Check your knowledge .......................................................................................... 132

8. Software licensing ........................................................................ 1378.1. What is software licensing for? ............................................................................. 1378.2. What is EULA? ..................................................................................................... 1388.3. Common software licensing models ...................................................................... 1388.4. Demoware vs. shareware vs. freeware vs. abandonware ....................................... 1398.5. Vocabulary ........................................................................................................... 1408.6. Revise and expand your knowledge ...................................................................... 142

8.6.1. Did you know? ............................................................................................ 1428.6.2. Acronyms in business emails and their meaning ......................................... 1438.6.3. Elements of grammar .................................................................................. 144





Spis tre ci 5

9. Software development methodologies ........................................... 1519.1. Present approach to software development ............................................................ 1519.2. Heavyweight vs. lightweight software development methodologies ..................... 1529.3. Agile software development methodologies and frameworks ............................... 1539.4. Vocabulary ............................................................................................................ 1569.5. Revise and expand your knowledge ...................................................................... 159

9.5.1. Did you know? ............................................................................................ 1599.5.2. The team agree or agrees? ........................................................................... 1629.5.3. Elements of grammar .................................................................................. 163


10. The Internet and the World Wide Web ........................................... 17110.1. The Internet: how exactly does it work? .............................................................. 17110.2. Common Internet services ................................................................................... 17310.3. Google search engine: how does it work? ........................................................... 17410.4. Revise and expand your knowledge .................................................................... 17710.5. Vocabulary .......................................................................................................... 175

10.5.1. Did you know? ........................................................................................ 17710.5.2. Elements of grammar ............................................................................... 180

10.6. Check your knowledge ....................................................................................... 183

11. Data governance .......................................................................... 18711.1. What is data governance? .................................................................................... 18711.2. Data governance roles .......................................................................................... 18911.3. Vocabulary .......................................................................................................... 19011.4. Revise and expand your knowledge .................................................................... 192

11.4.1. Did you know? ........................................................................................ 19211.4.2. Elements of grammar ............................................................................... 195

11.5. Check your knowledge ....................................................................................... 198

12. Software testing .......................................................................... 20312.1. What is ISO, IEC and ISO/IEC/IEEE 29119? ..................................................... 20312.2. ISO/IEC 29119-4: Test Techniques ..................................................................... 20412.3. SDLC, STLC and the V-Model ........................................................................... 20512.4. Vocabulary .......................................................................................................... 20612.5. Revise and expand your knowledge .................................................................... 209

12.5.1. Did you know? ........................................................................................ 20912.5.2. How to write and read dates correctly? .................................................... 21212.5.3. Elements of grammar ............................................................................... 213

12.6. Check your knowledge ........................................................................................ 215

English-Polish Glossary ................................................................. 221

Polish-English Glossary ................................................................. 241

Answers ....................................................................................... 265

Bibliografia .................................................................................. 279




2. Databases

2.1. What is a database and DBMS?Database can be defined as a repository for storing data or information which is:

Interrelated: It means that parts of data within the database are associatedwith other parts in it, e.g. data on purchased products must be related tocustomers who bought them.

Organized: It means that data is usually arranged on the basis of applicationrequirements; data with the same properties is e.g. grouped together.

Accessible & exploitable: It means that data must be available for quick dataretrieval by third party applications using a variety of programminglanguages such as Java.

It is the role of database administrator (DBA) to operate, secure, monitor and main-tain the database, whereas data administrator is a non-technical position responsi-ble for defining and implementing consistent principles connected with data, suchas setting data standards and data definitions that apply to all the databases in anorganization.

The simplest type of database is a set of flat files stored on computer disk. A simple data-base usually consists of tables that are managed by a Database Management System(DBMS) used as an interface between a database and its users and other programs whichaccess that database. DBMS helps to define, create, query, update and administer data-base. All database files are integrated into one system, so there are less redundanciesand data management is more efficient. The DBMS can be accessed by the databaseadministrator e.g. through the web interface or Graphical User Interface (GUI).





DBMS vendors such as Oracle®, Microsoft® or PostgreSQL® provide various driversfor different programming languages and platforms which enable access to databaseengine. The main functionalities and objectives for DBMS are the following:

Data availability: It refers to making data available to multiple concurrentusers. Such access is controlled by the DBMS to avoid conflicts and deadlocks.

Data manipulation: This includes alteration of stored data and retrievalof data.

Data integrity: It refers to the assumption that data available in the databaseis reliable and correct, without any inconsistencies in data types, legal values,format, key uniqueness and referential integrity.

Data security: It is connected with preventing unauthorized users fromaccessing the database; in order to ensure security for the database DBMS uses:

Encryption: It refers to converting data in the database to format whichcannot be deciphered by the users who make an attempt to view data.

Authentication: It refers to identification of a user trying to access thedatabase by verifying his username and password.

Authorization: This is a set of rules that DBAs set up to specify accesslevels that individuals or groups of users can have.

Data backup & recovery: This means that DBMS provides ways to recovera database if there is a risk of data loss. The easiest way to do this is to makeregular backups of data or replicate database from master server to slaveserver.

2.2. Common types of DBMSPresently, the most widely used DBMS types are the following:

Relational DBMS (RDBMS): This is the most widely used data model whichis based on relational model defined by E.F. Codd. It will be discussed in moredetail in the next part of this chapter. Data in RDBMS is stored in databaseobjects called tables. A table is a collection of related data entries and itconsists of columns (attributes) and rows (tuples). A field is a column ina table which includes specific information about every record in it. Datastored in different tables is related by common fields. Such connection betweentwo tables is called a relationship. The most popular RDBMS are MS SQLServer®, DB2®, Oracle® and MySQL®. Most RDBMS use SQL (StructuredQuery Language) as database query language.To ensure accuracy and consistency of data in a relational database, integrityconstraints are used. Three types of integrity constraints which are an inherentelement of the relational data model are: entity integrity constraints, referentialintegrity constraints and domain integrity constraints.




Rozdzia 2. Databases 33

Object-oriented DBMS (OODBMS): It is used for storing data in the formof objects. An object-oriented database can store data from various sources,such as photographs and texts, and produce output in multimedia format.

Object-relational DMBS (ORDBMS): This is an RDBMS engine withadditional functionality to handle such objects as audio, video and image files.ORDBMS was created as a result of increased usage of object-orientedprogramming languages.

Data in DBMS can be stored in different ways. Having that in mind, the following DBMScan be listed:

In-memory DBMS (IMDBMS): This is a DBMS in which the entire databaseis stored in RAM (Random Access Memory) instead of SSDs (Solid StateDrives) to optimize data storage and speed of data retrieval. Owing to massiveintra-query parallelism on many-core central processing units (CPUs) theexecution time of complex analytical queries can be reduced to seconds.

Cloud-based DBMS: This is a distributed DBMS which is based on cloudcomputing platform. It means that database is stored within a cloud andaccessible remotely.

Distributed DBMS: This is a centralized application which manages databasesdistributed over multiple different computers.

Embedded DBMS: This is a DBMS which is tightly integrated with applicationsoftware which requires access to data. Database is however not accessible forend-users of the application.

Database as a Service (DBaaS): This is a cloud computing service model inwhich database is located on service provider’s servers. It is accessed bythe client over the network. Clients lease use of a database. Administrationof such database is provided by the service provider.

2.3. Database modelsIn order to build database properly and show logical organization of database objects,database designers create a data model. Development of data model involves analyz-ing the data and information needs of an entire organization.

Building a conceptual, logical and physical database model is just one of the stepsin database development process. By and large, it consists of the following phases:

1. Collection of requirements and analysis of needs which the database shouldmeet.

2. Evaluation of DBMS criteria and database selection (Access®, SQL Server®,Oracle®, etc.).





3. Preparation of database design including conceptual, logical and physicaldatabase model.

4. Implementation which involves creation of disk space in the form of tablespaces,tables, etc.

5. Data migration & loading which involves ETL (Extract, Transform, Load)processes in order to load data from different systems.

6. Testing and performance tuning for performance, integrity, concurrentaccess and security constraints.

7. Database release to production environment. A new information systemis accessed by the users, who add new data, modify or delete existing data.Administrators do some performance tuning activities and apply access controlmechanisms. On the basis of information retrieved from the system, users makebusiness decisions.

8. Maintenance which includes modifications to the existing database designas well as maintenance and upgrade of hardware.

In conceptual data model elements of the requirements analysis are grouped into indi-vidual entities presented at the high level. Entities are objects which store data on thesame topic, e.g. sales entity usually stores such information as order number, orderquantity, order value, etc. Conceptual data model also presents relationships betweenthose entities. These relationships include i.a. one-to-many relationships, one-to-onerelationships, many-to-many relationships.

Logical data model includes all entities, their attributes and relationships between thoseentities, with respect to business requirements. The complete logical data model iscalled the Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD). The most popular notations used inERDs are crow’s foot notation and UML (Unified Modelling Language) notation.At the end of the analysis phase, the entities are fully normalized, the unique identifierfor each entity is determined and any many-to-many relationships are resolved intoassociative entities. There are also primary and foreign keys specified for each entity.

Physical database model is a graphical representation of database implementation. Inother words, it shows how the model will be built in the database. It is based on thelogical model and it includes all such information about database structures as tablenames, column names, column data types, constraints (including information whethera column can be null or not), as well as previously defined primary keys, foreign keysand relationships between tables.

In the picture below (see figure 2.1) you will find all three exemplary data modelsdescribed above.





Figure 2.1. Example of conceptual, logical and physical data model

2.4. Vocabulary ENGLISH — POLISH ENGLISH — POLISH

access control mechanism — mechanizmkontroli dost puaccess level — poziom dost puaccessible — dost pnyaccessible remotely — dost pny zdalnieaccuracy — dok adno /precyzyjno /trafno(to) administer database — administrowa bazdanychalteration — zmiana(to) apply (to something) — odnosi si(do czego )/ dotyczy (czego )/mie zastosowanie(do czego )(to) arrange — organizowa /porz dkowaassociative entity — encja asocjacyjnaassumption — za o enieattribute — atrybut

authentication — uwierzytelnienie/po wiadczenieauthorization — upowa nienie/uprawnienie/autoryzacjabackup — kopia zapasowaby and large — ogólnie rzecz bior ccentral processing unit (CPU) — procesorcloud computing platform — platforma opartana chmurze obliczeniowejcloud-based DBMS — system zarz dzania bazdanych w chmurzecollection of requirements — zbiór wymagacolumn — kolumnaconceptual database model — konceptualnymodel bazy danychconcurrent access — równoczesny dost pconsistency — spójno





ENGLISH — POLISH ENGLISH — POLISH

consistent — spójnyconstraint — ograniczenieconstraints — wi zy(to) convert (something to something) —przekszta ca (co w co )crow’s foot — kurza stopkadata administrator — administrator danychdata availability — dost pno danychdata backup — data integrity — integralnodanychdata loading — adowanie danychdata loss — utrata danychdata management — zarz dzanie danymidata manipulation — operowanie/manipulowanie danymidata migration — migracja danychdata model — model danychdata need — zapotrzebowanie na danedata recovery — odzyskiwanie danychdata retrieval — wyszukiwanie danychdata security — bezpiecze stwo danychdata standards — standardy zwi zane z bazamidanychdata storage — przechowywanie danychdata type — typ danychkopia zapasowa danychdatabase administrator (DBA) — administratorbaz danychdatabase as a service (DBaaS) — baza danychjako us ugadatabase design — projekt bazy danychdatabase designer — projektant bazy danychdatabase engine — silnik bazy danychdatabase management system (DBMS) —system zarz dzania baz danychdatabase object — obiekt bazodanowydatabase query language — j zyk zapytado bazy danychdeadlock — zakleszczenie/blokada wzajemna(to) decipher — rozszyfrowa /odcyfrowadisk space — przestrze dyskowa

distributed DBMS — system zarz dzaniarozproszon baz danychdomain integrity constraints — wi zyintegralno ci domenydriver — sterownikembedded DBMS — system zarz dzaniawbudowan baz danych(to) enable — umo liwiaencryption — szyfrowanieend-user — u ytkownik ko cowy(to) ensure — zapewniaentity integrity constraints — wi zyintegralno ci encjientity relationship diagram (ERD) — diagramzwi zków encjientity — encjaETL (extract, transform, load) process —proces ETL/proces ekstrakcji, transformacji,i adowaniaevaluation — ocenaexecution time — czas wykonaniaexploitable — nadaj cy si do wykorzystaniafield — poleflat file — plik p askiforeign key — klucz obcygraphical user interface (GUI) — graficznyinterfejs u ytkownikainconsistency — niespójnoinformation need — potrzeba informacyjnainherent — nieod cznyin-memory DBMS — system zarz dzania bazdanych in-memoryintegrity — integralnointegrity constraints — wi zy integralno ciinterface — interfejsinterrelated — wzajemnie powi zanyintra-query parallelism — wykonaniepojedynczego zapytania przy równoleg ym u yciukilku procesorów(to) involve — dotyczy /obejmowakey uniqueness — unikalno na poziomie kluczy






(to) lease — wydzier awilegal value — dozwolona wartological database model — logiczny model bazydanych(to) maintain — utrzymywamaintenance — utrzymanie(to) make an attempt — podj próbmany-core central processing unit (CPU) —procesor wielordzeniowymany-to-many relationship — relacja wieledo wielumaster server — serwer g ównymultimedia format — format multimedialnymultiple concurrent users — wielurównoczesnych u ytkownikównormalized — znormalizowanynotation — notacjaobject-oriented database management system(OODBMS) — obiektowy system zarz dzaniabaz danychobject-oriented programming language —obiektowy j zyk programowaniaobject-relational database management system(ORDBMS) — obiektowo-relacyjny systemzarz dzania baz danychone-to-many relationship — relacja jeden do wieluone-to-one relationship — relacja jedendo jednego(to) operate — obs ugiwaperformance tuning — dostrajanie wydajno ciperformance — wydajnophysical database model — fizyczny model bazydanych(to) prevent (someone from doing something)— powstrzymywa (kogo przed czym /kogoprzed zrobieniem czego )/ uniemo liwia(komu co /komu zrobienie czego )primary key — klucz g ównyprinciple — zasadaprogramming language — j zyk programowania(to) provide — dostarcza /zapewnia

(to) purchase — naby /zakupiquery — zapytanie(to) query database — odpytywa baz danychquery language — j zyk zapytaRAM (random access memory) — pamio dost pie swobodnym/pami RAMrecord — rekord/zapisredundancy — nadmiarowo /redundancjareferential integrity constraints — wi zyintegralno ci referencyjnejreferential integrity — integralnoreferencyjnarelational database management system (RDBMS)— system zarz dzania relacyjn baz danychrelational model — model relacyjnyrelationship — relacja/zwi zekrelease to production environment —uruchomienie w rodowisku produkcyjnym(to) replicate — powiela /replikowarepository — repozytoriumrequirements analysis — analiza wymaga(to) resolve (into something) — rozk ada (na co )retrieval of information — wyszukiwanieinformacjirow — wierszsecurity constraints — ograniczeniaze wzgl dów bezpiecze stwaservice provider — dostawca us ugislave server — serwer zapasowy(to) set standards — wyznacza standardySQL (structured query language) —strukturalny j zyk zapytaSSD (solid state drive) — dysk SSD/dyskpó przewodnikowy(to) store — przechowywa /sk adowastored data — przechowywane/sk adowane danetablespace — obszar tabelithird party application — aplikacja producentazewn trznego/zewn trznego dostawcy






tuple — krotkaUML (Unified Modelling Language) —zunifikowany j zyk modelowaniaunauthorized user — nieautoryzowany/nieuprawniony u ytkownikunique identifier — unikalny identyfikator

upgrade — aktualizacjavendor — dostawcaweb interface — interfejs wwwwhereas — podczas gdywith respect to (something) — odno niedo (czego )

2.5. Revise and expandyour knowledge

2.5.1. Did you know?RELATIONSHIP TO (SOMETHING) vs. RELATIONSHIP WITH (SOMEBODY)

Definition:

We talk about a relationship to something when we want to express that two or morethings are connected in some way.

Example sentence:

Data in database is interrelated which means that e.g. data on purchased products musthave relationship to customers who bought them.

Dane w bazie danych s ze sob powi zane. Oznacza to, e np. dane dotycz ce naby-tych produktów musz by powi zane z danymi o klientach, którzy je kupili.

Definition:

We talk about a relationship with somebody when we want to say that there is a wayin which two people or groups behave towards each other.

Example sentence:

I established a good working relationship with my boss.

Dobrze mi si wspó pracuje z moim prze o onym./Mam dobre relacje w pracy z moimprze o onym.

AUTHENTICATION vs. AUTHORIZATION

Definitions & example sentences:

Authentication means identification of a user trying to access the database by veri-fying his username and password.

Uwierzytelnianie oznacza identyfikacj u ytkownika, który próbuje uzyska dost p dobazy danych, poprzez weryfikacj jego nazwy i has a.





Authorization is a set of rules that DBAs set up to specify the levels of access thatindividuals or groups of users are allowed to have.

Autoryzacja oznacza zestaw regu formu owanych przez administratorów baz danychw celu okre lenia poziomów dost pu, jakie mog zosta nadane poszczególnym osobomlub grupom u ytkowników.

INTEGRITY vs. INTEGRATION

Definition:

Integrity is the state of a thing which indicates that it is not divided and it exists asa whole.

Example sentence:

Data integrity means that data available in the database are reliable and correct, withoutany inconsistencies in data types, legal values, format, key uniqueness and referentialintegrity.

Integralno danych oznacza, e dane dost pne w bazie danych s wiarygodne i po-prawne, nie zawieraj adnych niespójno ci w zakresie typów danych, dozwolonychwarto ci, formatu, unikalno ci na poziomie kluczy i integralno ci referencyjnej.

Definition:

Integration is the process of joining two or more things so that they work together.

Example sentence:

In Database Management System (DBMS) all database files are integrated into onesystem, so there are less redundancies and data management is more efficient.

W systemie zarz dzania baz danych wszystkie pliki bazy danych s zintegrowane w jedensystem, aby zmniejszy ilo danych nadmiarowych, a tak e aby zarz dzanie danymiby o bardziej efektywne.

DOWNLOAD vs. UPLOAD vs. RETRIEVAL

Definition:

A download is an activity of moving data from a large computer system to a smaller one.

Example sentence:

A free trial of data backup software is available for download.

Bezp atna wersja próbna oprogramowania do tworzenia kopii zapasowej danych jestdost pna do pobrania.

Definition:

An upload is a process of moving data from a smaller computer system to a larger one.





Example sentence:

This tool enables you to upload data from external data resources like databases toHadoop.

To narz dzie umo liwia za adowanie danych do Hadoopa z zewn trznych róde danychtakich jak bazy danych.

Definition:

A retrieval of data takes place when you find information or data and get it from thememory of a computer or from a disk.

Example sentence:

In-memory DBMS is a DBMS in which the entire database is stored in RAM insteadof SSDs to optimize data storage and speed of data retrieval.

System zarz dzania baz danych in-memory to system, w którym ca a baza danychprzechowywana jest w pami ci RAM zamiast na dyskach SSD w celu zoptymalizowa-nia przechowywania danych i przyspieszenia wyszukiwania danych.

2.5.2. Data is or data are— a common problem in IT

The word data, meaning a given fact, originates from Latin. Its singular is datum, butthis form is rarely used.

In the nineteenth century, data gained new meaning — facts, statistics and figures —and it is used both as plural and singular, depending on the intention of the speakeror his personal preference.

Therefore all sentences below are correct.

Data is usually treated as uncountable noun in non-scientific texts (including IT texts).It can be replaced by the word information.

Example sentence:

This data is useless because it was collected 2 years ago.

Te dane s bezu yteczne, gdy pochodz sprzed 2 lat.

Data stored in different tables is related by common fields which are database tablecolumns.

Dane przechowywane w ró nych tabelach s ze sob powi zane za pomoc wspólnychpól, b d cych kolumnami w tabeli w bazie danych.

Much of the data used in the project was out of date, so the testers were unable to testthe solution properly.

Wiele danych wykorzystanych w tym projekcie by o nieaktualnych, wi c testerzy niebyli w stanie odpowiednio przetestowa rozwi zania.





Data is usually treated as countable noun in specialized scientific fields. It can be replacedby the word facts or figures.

Example sentence:

A correlation coefficient value of zero means that data are randomly scattered and thereis no linear correlation between the variables.

Warto wspó czynnika korelacji równa zero oznacza, e dane s losowo rozproszonei nie istnieje liniowa zale no mi dzy zmiennymi.

2.5.3. Information is or information are?Information is an uncountable noun which is singular. We use a singular verb with it,so we say information is.

Example sentence:

The information is stored in separate data marts.

Te informacje s przechowywane w wydzielonych tematycznych hurtowniach danych.

2.5.4. Elements of grammar

2.5.4.1. Countable nouns (rzeczowniki policzalne)

It’s important to distinguish between countable and uncountable nouns in English asthere are separate rules for their usage.

Countable nouns are the things we can count. They have a singular and a pluralform. In the table below there are some hints on their proper usage:

SINGULAR PLURAL

Positive Positive Negative Question

There is a primaryand a foreign keyspecified for eachentity.

There are primaryand foreign keysspecified for eachentity.

There aren’tprimary and foreignkeys specified foreach entity.

Are there anyprimary and foreignkeys specified foreach entity?

Administratorsdo a performancetuning activity.

Administratorsdo some performancetuning activities.

Administrators don’tdo any performancetuning activities.

How manyperformance tuningactivities do theadministrators do?

We can use a/anbefore the nounin singular.

We can use somebefore the noun.

We can use anybefore the noun.

We can use any/howmany before the noun.





2.5.4.2. Uncountable (mass) nouns (rzeczowniki niepoliczalne)Uncountable nouns usually have no plural — they are used with a singular verb.These are the things which we cannot count using numbers and we cannot use a/anwith these nouns. These are:

Abstract nouns which refer to states, concepts, feelings, emotions, etc., which do notexist physically, e.g.: freedom, happiness, truth, darkness, humour, idea, music, love,behaviour, luck, life.

Physical objects that are too small to be counted — liquids, gases, powders, sub-stances in grains, e.g.: coffee, sugar, milk, salt, rice, sand, water.

Materials, e.g.: wood, plastic, glass.

Other general categories, e.g.: money, information, software, knowledge, time, mail,work, equipment, advice, progress, help.

Non-plurals with -s, e.g.: economics, mathematics, physics, news, ethics.

Here are some examples of uncountable nouns used in a sentence.

Example sentences:

Users make business decisions on the basis of information which is retrieved fromthe system.

U ytkownicy podejmuj decyzje biznesowe na podstawie informacji pobranychz systemu.

Lack of errors in the new information system is good news.

Brak b dów w nowym systemie informacyjnym to dobra wiadomo .

Database management software is used to manipulate and manage data in order to findand present useful information.

Oprogramowanie do zarz dzania bazami danych jest wykorzystywane do operowaniai zarz dzania danymi w celu odszukania i zaprezentowania u ytecznych informacji.

Notice!

You can make some uncountable nouns countable by adding quantifiers (okre lnikiilo ciowe). Below you will find some quantifiers used in connection with the abovegiven uncountable nouns:





SINGULAR FORMS OF UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Abstractnouns

Liquids,powders, etc. Materials General

categoriesNon-pluralswith -s

a piece of music(utwór muzyczny)a stroke of luck( ut szcz cia)a senseof humour(poczuciehumoru)a momentof truth(chwila prawdy)

a cup of coffee(fili anka kawy)a pinch of salt(szczypta soli)a handfulof rice(gar ry u)a glass of water(szklanka wody)

a pieceof plastic(kawa ekplastiku)a plankof wood(deska z drewna)

a piece ofinformation(informacja)a pieceof advice(porada)an areaof knowledge(dziedzinawiedzy)an elementof software(elementoprogramowania)

a piece of news(wiadomo )a fieldof economics(dziedzinaekonomii)

Here is a set of quantifiers and their possible application in countable and uncountablenouns:

QUANTIFIER COUNTABLENOUNS

UNCOUNTABLENOUNS EXAMPLE

no/none + + no hope/none of the peoplefew/a few*/fewer + a few information systemslittle/a little/less/least* + a little timea number of + a number of data modelsa bit of + a bit of lucksome/any + + some hintsmany/several + many change requestsmuch + much informationa lot of/lots of + + a lot of practicea great deal of/a largeamount of

+ a great deal of work

plenty of + + plenty of programmersa great number of/a large number of

+ a large numberof instructions

* few/little = not much/not many/not enough a few/a little = some/a small number/a small amount





2.5.4.3. Passive voice (strona bierna)

Passive voice is generally used when the speaker wants to focus on the action, not onthe person performing this action. It is more common in written English and often usedin formal language, especially when the audience is unknown. In order to build a sentencein passive voice, apply the following pattern:

SUBJECT + FORM OF TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE(3rd column of irregular verbs)

Example:

ACTIVE SENTECE

Database administrator operates, secures and maintains the database.

subject verb object

PASSIVE SENTENCE

The database is operated, secured and maintaind by the database administrator.

subject verb (past participle) objectform of to be

Here are some of the rules of building passive sentences for each tense with simplifiedtranslation into Polish.Here are some alternative ways to form passive voice sentences.

Example sentences:

ACTIVE: The database administrator specifies proper levels of access for database users.

Administrator bazy danych okre la odpowiednie poziomy dost pu dla u ytkownikówbazy danych.

PASSIVE: Database users have proper levels of access specified by the databaseadministrator.

U ytkownicy bazy danych maj okre lone odpowiednie poziomy dost pu przez admi-nistratora bazy danych.

ACTIVE: The project manager believed that the database administrator specifiedproper levels of access for database users.

Kierownik projektu s dzi , e administrator bazy danych okre li odpowiednie pozio-my dost pu dla u ytkowników bazy danych.

PASSIVE: The database administrator is believed to have specified proper levels ofaccess for database users.

Wydaje si , e administrator bazy danych okre li odpowiednie poziomy dost pu dlau ytkowników bazy danych.





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z dan

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eni

ej, w

ic

wcz

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wsz

ystk

o dz

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o ja

k na

ley)





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SE

SU

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TOPO

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TO P

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curi

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az d

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a b

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dany

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(do

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, a w

czor

ajpo

jaw

i si

pro

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)

had

been

bein

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cure

d

Bazy

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ora

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djto

dec

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o ty

m)

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data

base

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dat

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dan

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ACTIVE: The project manager obliged the database administrator to specify properlevels of access for database users at once.

Kierownik projektu zobligowa administratora bazy danych do natychmiastowego okre-lenia odpowiedniego poziomu dost pu dla u ytkowników bazy danych.

PASSIVE: The database administrator was obliged to specify proper levels of accessfor database users at once by the project manager.

Administrator bazy danych zosta zobligowany przez kierownika projektu do natychmia-stowego okre lenia odpowiedniego poziomu dost pu dla u ytkowników bazy danych.

2.6. Check your knowledge A. Solve the crossword and find its final solution.





ACROSS DOWN

1. A __________ identifier makes eachrow in an entity one of a kind.

2. Another word for repository for dataor information. 3. A type of database which runson a virtualized computing platform. 4. A central processing ______ is a corepart of every computer. 5. A connection between two tablesin a relational database.

1. A type of relationship between twoentities in which each row in one tablecan be related to many rows in therelating table. 2. A copy of data from database that canbe used to reconstruct it. 3. A single row of data from a table.

4. A request for information froma database. 5. A volatile type of data storagein a computer.

6. A DBMS which is used for storing datain the form of objects is called_______-oriented DBMS. 7. In order to improve system operation,administrators usually do some________ tuning activities. 8. Processes connected with retrievingdata from database, data modificationand loading into target database.

6. A detailed study or examination ofsomething in order to understand it.

7. A synonym to simultaneous.

8. A set of rules set up by the databaseadministrator which specify the levels ofaccess that individuals or groups of usersshould have to use the computer system.

9. A type of data model which includesall entities, their attributes andrelationships between those entities,with respect to business requirements. 10. An object which represents data relatedto the same topic.

11. A modelling language with rich notationand set of diagrams available forvarious purposes. 12. A complete logical data model with allentities, their attributes and relationshipsbetween those entities. 13. A tool which allows humans to interactwith computers. 14. A type of DBMS which stores the entiredatabase in RAM to improve speed ofdata retrieval.

9. Duplication of data in a database.

10. A column or combination of columnswhich uniquely identifies a record ina database is called a __________ key. 11. A person that actually uses theinformation system is called theend-_______.





B. Find mistakes in the sentences below and correct them. The first one has beendone for you.

1. Most popular notations which are used in Entity Relationship Diagrams

is crows foot notation or UML notation. 2. Owing to CPUs with much cores, the execution times of a complex querycan be reduced to little seconds...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. A number of crucial informations were written down in the requirementanalysis...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

4. Database administrators perform a great deal of performance tuningsactivities to make the use of database more effective...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

5. Embedded databases are databases who are integrated within applicationsoftwares and are accessible for the end-users of the application...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

6. The simplest type of databases is a set of flat files which are being storedon computer disk...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

C. Match the word from the left with the one from the right to build full expressionfrom the text and translate it into Polish.

1) key 2) unauthorized 3) data 4) integrity 5) data 6) production 7) concurrent 8) performance 9) foreign 10) unique

a) recovery b) migration c) uniqueness d) access e) identifier f) tuning g) user h) key i) environment j) constraints

..........................................................................

..........................................................................

..........................................................................

..........................................................................

..........................................................................

..........................................................................nieautoryzowany/nieuprawniony u ytkownik..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

The

andare ‘





D. Fill in the gaps with appropriate prepositions from the box. The first one hasbeen done for you.

1. Data in database is interrelated which means that parts of data within thedatabase are associated with other parts in it.

2. Logical data model includes all entities, their attributes and relationships............ those entities, ............ respect to business requirements.

3. ............ the end of the analysis phase, the entities are fully normalized,the unique identifier for each entity is determined and any many-to-manyrelationships are resolved ............ associative entities.

4. Data stored ............ different tables is related ............ common fields. 5. A distributed DBMS is a centralized application which manages databasesdistributed ............ multiple different computers.

6. Database as a Service (DaaS) is accessed ............ the client ............ thenetwork and its administration is provided ............ the service provider.

7. Data administrator is a non-technical position responsible ............ definingand implementing consistent principles connected ............ data, suchas setting data definitions that apply ............ all the databases in anorganization.

8. Encryption refers ............ converting data in the database ............ formatwhich cannot be deciphered ............ the users who make an attempt............ view data.

at by (x4) to (x4) between in for with (x2) over (x2) into

E. Rewrite the sentences below using the passive voice. The object to be used assubject in passive voice has been underlined for you.

1. Logical data model includes entities, their attributes and relationshipsbetween those entities........................................................................................................................

2. E.F. Codd created a definition of relational model........................................................................................................................

3. The project manager has accepted the release of database to productionenvironment........................................................................................................................

4. Database administrator was recovering the database from backup whenthe power went off........................................................................................................................

5. The system analyst identified primary and foreign keys for each entity........................................................................................................................





F. Translate the following sentences into English. 1. Informacje wyszukane w bazie danych s wykorzystywane przez u ytkownikówdo podejmowania decyzji biznesowych...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

2. Wi zy integralno ci s wykorzystywane w celu zapewnienia dok adno cii spójno ci danych w relacyjnej bazie danych...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3. System zarz dzania baz danych w chmurze to system zarz dzaniarozproszon baz danych bazuj cy na platformie opartej na chmurzeobliczeniowej, a wi c jest dost pny zdalnie......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

4. Dostawcy systemów zarz dzania bazami danych dostarczaj rozmaitesterowniki, które umo liwiaj dost p do silnika bazy danych...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

5. Aby zminimalizowa ryzyko utraty danych, najpro ciej jest wykonywaregularnie kopie zapasowe danych zawartych w bazie danych lub dokonywareplikacji danych z serwera g ównego na serwer zapasowy......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................




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