'Social Psych lec 1'”

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Vokart et al., (1983)

-Social Isolation Psychological

problems

-Naturalistic observation

-Found: Hallucination, fear,

depression, suicidal tendencies

Kiecolt-Glaser et al., (1992)

-Social Isolation health

problems

-Naturalistic observation

-Found: adverse health and

well-being comparable to

smoking/being obese/high

blood pressure

Schacter (1959)

Social isolation similarity

-Laboratory experiment

-Different participants

Naturalistic observation Natural setting


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Archival Studies Archives/records

Surveys e.g silent treatment

Experimental methods

Involve attempts to measure or

records thoughts, feelings,

through laboratory

Social facilitation Tripplett

(1898)

Contradictory findings

-Social facilitation vs Social

inhibition


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Zajonc (1965)

Mere presence theory

-Explained interference and

inhibition-Increased arousal

-Caused social facilitation with

easy/well learned tasks

-Caused social inhibition with

hard/poorly learned tasks

Tripplett

Proved mere presence with

cockroach maze

AROUSAL FACILITATES

THE DOMINANT

RESPONSE

Evaluation Apprehension

theory

Cotrell, wack et al.,

Jogger ran faster with

confederate

Social Loafing-Working less effectively in a

group than alone


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Alan Ingham

Tug o war, proved social

loafing

-less force exerted whenthought they were in a group

Reasons for loafing -Evaluation potential-Dispensability of effort

-Matched effect

Factors which effect social

loafing

-Gender, more prevalent in

males

-Boring task

-Relationship within group

Conformity

People tend to confrom

-Milgram et al., Found: 4%

copied one person looking,

40% copied 15 people


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Solomon Asch -Confederate line matching

Informational Social response - Conform because we arewilling to accept others

judgement as correct

Normative Social influence- Conform to avoid

disapproval or gain approval

Unanimity

-When the group is not

unanimous there is 80% less

conformity


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Bystander effect

- Kitty Genevese

- When the presence of others

inhibits social influence

Intercom seizure

-90% likely to help alone

-60% likely with 1 other-50% with 2 others

-40% with 3 others

-30% with 4 others

Smoke room

75% chance of leaving alone

38% with 2 strangers

10% with 2 confeds ignoring

the smoke

Pluralistic ignorance

-Diffusion of responsibility

-Ambiguity

-Mood

-Victim characteristics


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Deindividuation -Arousal + Anonymity

Mann (1981) Jumper suicides

10 out of 21 people would yell

jump when:

- Part of a large crows

- It was dark

- Victim and crowd are distant

Deindividuation occurs;

When there is arousal andanonymity which causes

reduction of normal

constraints against deviant

behaviour

Zimbardo believed

deindividuation occurs

because of arousal and

anonymity and is always bad

- 2 cars

- big and small city

- both ransacked

- small city zimbardo had to

start the damage


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Laboratory deindividuation

-electric shocks

-put people in outfits

-kkk shocked more

nurses shocked less than nondeindividuated people

found: deindividuation is not

always negative

Gergen, gergen and burk

(1973)

-people in dark room 1 hour

- love intimacy

-80% felt sexual arousal

light room was boring

-when anonymity was

removed (meet people after the

hour in dark room) was sam

effects as light room

People are highly obedient

-gave severe shocks

-felt bad/disturbed

reasons

-novelty, pre-existing

perceptions of authority-immediacy of experimenter

-when experimenter was out of

room obedience dropped

highly

-Recreated aschers line


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But minor individuals make abig difference

matching study

-With 1 confederate

disagreeing with group people

were much more likely to

object-if someone agreed to shock

the man, so would the

participant (obedience

increased)

-if someone objected

obedience would greatly

decrease


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Attributions and stereotypes -causes

-Consensus: extent to which

others react the same way to

the same stimuli

-Consistency: the extent anindividual reacts over time

-Distinctiveness: The extent to

which the same response

occurs to different stimuli

Fundamental Attribution error

Tendency for observers to

underestimate the impact of

the situation and overestimate

the impact of personal

disposition

Actor - Observor bias

We attribute our own

behaviour to external

(situational) causes, but we

attribute the behaviour of

others to internal

(dispositional) causes

Attractiveness biaspeople are more forgiving of

attractive people


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Cognitive heuristics

A tendency to overestimate the

probability that an event will

occur based on the availability

of examples

e.g: which occurs more -

words that start with r, or have

r as the third letter: because it's

easier to think of examples of

words that start with r

attitudes can effect behaviourwomen working in an office

become more male

cognitive dissonance can occur

between action and behaviour

cafes served asians people

despite saying they wouldn't


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