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SINGLE PILOT CRM

Sun-N-Fun

FAA Safety Center

Lakeland, Florida

April 17, 1999

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WHY ARE WE HERE?

FLY-INFUNFUTUREA/CRAIN?

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IT WON’T HAPPEN TO ME!

“WHEN ANYONE ASKS ME HOW I CAN BEST DESCRIBE MY EXPERIENCE IN NEARLY FORTY YEARS AT SEA, I MERELY SAY, UNEVENTFUL. OF COURSE THERE HAVE BEEN WINTER GALES, AND STORMS AND FOG AND THE LIKE, BUT IN ALL MY EXPERIENCE I HAVE NEVER BEEN IN AN ACCIDENT OF ANY SORT WORTH SPEAKING ABOUT. I HAVE SEEN BUT ONE VESSEL IN DISTRESS IN ALL MY YEARS AT SEA....I NEVER SAW A SHIPWRECK AND HAVE NEVER BEEN SHIPWRECKED, NOR WAS I EVER IN ANY PREDICAMENT THAT THREATENED TO END IN DISASTER OF ANY SORT.”

E.J. SMITH

ON 14 APRIL 1912 RMS TITANIC SANK WITH THE LOSS OF 1500 LIVES - ONE OF WHICH WAS IT’S CAPTAIN....... E.J. SMITH

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WHAT IS CRM?

“THE EFFECTIVE USE OF ALL AVAILABLE RESOURCES…

HUMAN HARDWARE INFORMATION

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WHY CRM?

1. OPTIMIZE HUMAN PERFORMANCE

2. REDUCE HUMAN ERROR

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QUICK HISTORY...

1940’S - MILITARY 1970’S - ACCIDENT STUDIES/ASRS 1980’S - GENERAL AVIATION - PILOT

JUDGMENT TRAINING 1980’S - AIRLINES - “COCKPIT

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT” 1990’S - INTEGRATION AND

APPLICATION

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CHANGES IN ACCIDENT CAUSAL FACTORS OVER TIME

HUMAN FACTORS CAUSES

MECHANICAL CAUSES

TIME (31 YEARS)

RELATIVEPROPORTIONOFACCIDENTCAUSES(HUMAN VSMECHANICAL)

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HUMAN FACTORSDEFINITION

HUMAN FACTORS“A MULTIDISCIPLINARY FIELD DEVOTED TO OPTIMIZING HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND REDUCING HUMAN EROR”

(OOOPS!)

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HUMAN ERRORS LEADING TO ACCIDENTS...

HOW MANY ERRORS NEED TO OCCUR BEFORE WE HAVE AN ACCIDENT?

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TOTAL ACCIDENT RATE FOR AIRCRAFT 1959-1998

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS PER MILLION DEPARTURES

YEAR

ANNUAL-RATES

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PRIMARY CAUSAL FACTORS OFAIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS

0 20 40 60 80

Misc

Airport/ATC

Weather

Maintenance

Airplane

Cockpit Crew

1987-98 1959-98

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PROBABLE CAUSE IN 80% OF ALL ACCIDENTS (NTSB)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

UNKNOWN CAUSES

IMPROPER OPERATION OFEQUIPMENT

INFLIGHT JUDGMENT ORDECISION

PILOT TECHNIQUE

VISUAL PERCEPTIONMISJUDGMENT

UNPROFESSIONALATTITUDES 47%

19%

21%

5%

6%

4%

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LET’S TAKE A CLOSER LOOK...

CRM

INTEGRATION AND

APPLICATION

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PRACTICAL TEST STANDARDS REQUIREMENTS

“CRM is not a single TASK. CRM is a set of skill competencies which must be evident in all TASKS in this PTS as applied to the single pilot or the multicrew operation.”

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WHAT MAKES A PILOT?

“A PILOT MUST HAVE A MEMORY; BUT THERE ARE TWO HIGHER QUALITIES WHICH HE MUST ALSO HAVE. HE MUST HAVE GOOD AND QUICK JUDGMENT AND DECISION, AND A COOL, CALM COURAGE THAT NO PERIL CAN SHAKE. GIVE A MAN THE TRIFLE OF PLUCK TO START WITH, AND BY THE TIME HE HAS BECOME A PILOT HE CANNOT BE UNMANNED BY ANY DANGER…BUT ONE CANNOT QUITE SAY THE SAME FOR JUDGMENT. JUDGMENT IS A MATTER OF BRAINS, AND A MAN MUST START WITH A GOOD STOCK OF THAT ARTICLE OR HE WILL NEVER SUCCEED AS A PILOT.”

MARK TWAIN “LIFE ON THE MISSISSIPPI”

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CRM MARKERS

COMMUNICATION DECISION MAKING PLANNING WORKLOAD MANAGEMENT SITUATION AWARENESS

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CRM MARKERSCOMMUNICATION

WORDS TONE BODY LANGUAGE TWO EARS, ONE MOUTH

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CRM MARKERSDECISION MAKING

DECISION TO MAKE GATHER INFORMATION IDENTIFY ALTERNATIVES EVALUATE ALTERNATIVES CHOOSE ALTERNATIVE EVALUATE CHOICE RETURN TO THE BEGINNING

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CRM MARKERSPLANNING

MAKE A PLANFOLLOW THE PLANMODIFY THE PLAN, IF

NECESSARY

Critical Flight Window

CRM MARKERSWORKLOAD MANAGEMENT

2,000 2,000

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CRM MARKERSSITUATION AWARENESS

THE ACCURATE PERCEPTION OR KNOWLEDGE A PILOT MAINTAINS TO THEIR OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT IN ORDER TO ANTICIPATE CONTINGENCIES AND TAKE THE NECESSARY ACTIONS.

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RECOGNIZING THE LOSS OF SITUATION AWARENESS

(AKA THE ERROR CHAIN)

FAILURE TO MEET TARGETS

UNDOCUMENTED PROCEDURES

VIOLATING MINIMUMS OR LIMITATIONS

NO ONE FLYING A/C NO ONE LOOKING

OUT OF THE WINDOW (HUMAN TCAS)

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RECOGNIZING THE LOSS OF SITUATION AWARENESS

(AKA THE ERROR CHAIN)

NO CHECKLISTS INCOMPLETE

COMMUNICATIONS AMBIGUITY UNRESOLVED

DISCREPANCIES FIXATION OR

PREOCCUPATION EMPTY FEELING OR

CONFUSION

BREAK THE ERROR CHAIN

2Ambiguity

7No one looking

4.Use of Undoc.Procedures

3.Unre . Discrepancies

6

No one flying

8Confusion

1

Incomplete Comm.

9

Deviation from SOPs

5P

reoccu

pati o

n o

rF

i xat i o

n

10

Violations of ...

11Fa

ilure

to m

eet .

..

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IMPROVE YOUR CRM SKILLS...

ESTABLISH AND FOLLOW YOUR SOP’S

COMMUNICATE YOUR SOP’S (BRIEF PASSENGERS)

BE AWARE!

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THE END

QUESTIONS??? THANK YOU

FOR YOUR TIME!

REMEMBER…..MAKE CRM PART OF YOUR SOP!