Personality Ania Syrowatka March08

8/3/2019 Personality Ania Syrowatka March08

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B Y : A N I A S Y R O W A T K A

M A R C H 5 T H, 2 0 0 8

Personality


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Personality

Who we are our uniqueness

Influences our behavior, thoughts, moods,attitudes, emotions, even our unconsciousfeelings

Is reflected in our interactions with otherpeople and the environment around us

Can predict how we would act or react underdifferent situations


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Definition of Personality

A definition of personality:

Personality is a stable set of internal characteristicsand tendencies that determine the psychological

behavior of people. The behavior determined bypersonality is relatively consistent over time.


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Picking up the theme of behavior, this has two classes ofdeterminants: personality and environment

BEHAVIOR (B) = F [PERSONALITY (P), ENVIRONMENT (E)]

Personality variables represent internal causes of behavior,while environmental variables are external causes


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A more detailed formula:

BEHAVIOR = F [(a) HEREDITY or PHYSIOLOGY,(b) PAST LEARNING, (c) FLUCTUATING LEVELS OF

AROUSAL, & (d) the ENVIRONMENT].

(a), (b), and (c) are internal, so personality includesphysiological & learned aspects.

It is generally agreed that personality variables are bothinternal and consistent over time.


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Linking Personality to Disease

Possible routes:

Personality directly causes the disease; personalitydisorders

Personality causes disease indirectly, mediated viahealth behaviors or exposures

Personality moderates the link between the cause andthe illness making the illness worse or better (effectmodifier)


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Personality Disorders

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV)

- Personality Disorders in 3 main clusters or groups

- Cluster A(the Odd Eccentric Group Psychotics)

paranoid, schizoid & schizotypal personality disorders

- Cluster B (Dramatic, Erratic Group Extraverts)

antisocial, borderline, histrionic & narcissistic personality disorders

- Cluster C (Anxious, Fearful Group Neurotics)

avoidant, dependent and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders


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Timeline

1758 Franz Joseph Gall was born. He was the founder of phrenology, which links personality to headshape.

1848 - Phineas P. Gage was injured in a dynamite explosion, which blasted a rod into his brain. Gagesurvived, but his personality was drastically altered.

1902Erik Erikson born. He created Eriksons stages of psychosocial development and described

personality development from birth until death.

1916 - Hans Eysenck born. He created the factor model of personality, which includes Psychoticism,Extraversion, Neuroticism.

1921 - Hermann Rorschach's published his bookPsychodiagnostik, introduced inkblot personality tests.

1923 - Sigmund Freud published The Ego and the Id.

1948 - Robert W. White's classic bookThe Abnormal Personality was published. It is an account ofdisordered behaviour.

1954 Abraham Maslow published his bookMotivation and Personality, describing his theory of ahierarchy of needs.

1963 - Albert Bandura first described the concept of observational learning to explain personalitydevelopment.

1980 - Carl Rogers published A Way Of Being,based in self-actualization theories.
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Behaviourist Theories

Behaviourist theories propose that personality resultsfrom an interaction between the individual and theenvironment.

Behaviourist theorists study observable and measurablebehaviours. They reject theories that include internalthoughts and feelings.

Behaviourist theorists include B. F. Skinner and AlbertBandura.


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Psychodynamic Theories

Psychodynamic theories of personality focus on the influenceof the unconscious mind and childhood experiences onpersonality.

Psychodynamic theorists include Freud and Erickson.

Freud introduced three components of personality; the id,ego, and superego. The id is in charge of needs and urges. Thesuperego is responsible for ideals and morals. The ego

moderates between the id, the superego, and reality.

Erikson proposed that personality progresses via a series ofstages and conflicts arise at each stage. Success in each stageis dependent on overcoming the conflicts.


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Humanist Theories

Humanist theories focus on the importance of freewill and individual experience in the development ofpersonality.

Humanist theorists highlight the concept of self-actualization. This is an innate need for personalgrowth and serves to motivate behaviour.

Humanist theorists include Carl Rogers andAbraham Maslow.


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Attributional Style

Attribution

Aspect of personality that explains how individualsinterpret the cause of their, or other peoples,

behavior. Can be relevant to interpersonal relations,and thereby indirectly affect health

Internalizing vs. externalizing attributional styles

Internalizing individuals: adopt health-enhancingbehaviours, take interest in health promotionmessages, and accept control over their health status

Health locus of control: internal vs. powerful others

vs. chance


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Type A Personality

Time Urgency and Impatience,

e.g. individuals who are frustrated by waiting,

interrupt conversations, walk or talk very quickly, etc.

Free-Floating Hostility or Aggressiveness

e.g. impatience, rudeness, easily upset by minuteissues, have a short fuse, etc.


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Type A Personality

Strenuous worker Poor sleep pattern Compulsive tendencies

Aggressive Depressive and neurotic tendencies Angry Impatience Low on introspection Anxious Hard driving Little time for relaxation Conscientious


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Type A Personality

Physical Characteristics:

Facial Tension (Tight lips, clenched jaw, etc.) Tongue Clicking or Teeth Grinding

Dark Circles Under Eyes

Facial Sweating (on forehead or upper lip)


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Type A Personality

Adverse Effects of Type A Personality:

Hypertension Heart Disease

Job Stress

Social Isolation


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Type A Personality

Fixed Characteristic vs. Situational Reaction?

Type A personality characteristics are considered to be a reaction tothe environment. Hence, it may be relevant in understanding link

between job stress and ill health

For example,Many jobs put heavy demands on time

Some workplaces put heavy penalties on mistakes

Some jobs create forms of stress that make employees less patient

Some individuals have a natural tendency of being more intense, thiscan be exacerbated by environmental stress, or mitigated by consciouseffort and lifestyle changes.


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Type B Personality

- relaxed- not prone to outbursts of rage or anger- non-competitive & less driven- easy-going

- patient- optimistic- have a sense of humor- at peace with their environment and themselves- able to express their emotions appropriately

- pleasant demeanor- temporary fearlessness in face of trauma- hence able to cope with stress effectively- less susceptible to disease- though not driven over-achievers, they are often successful

in their professions


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Type A/B Personality Research Article

The Association between Type A Behaviour andChange in Coronary Risk Factors among Young

Adults (Garritty et al, 1990)

Individuals with a Type A personality had significantincreases in:

- systolic/diastolic blood pressure

- cigarette smoking

Type B personality experienced no change.


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Type C Personality

Suppression of emotion

Depression

Learned helplessness

Low emotional expressiveness


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Type C Research Article

Colon cancer: personality factors predictive of onsetand stage of presentation (Kavan et al, 1995)

The Type C Personality factors were significantlycorrelated with an increased risk of colon cancer

The matched control sample less likely to developcancer


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Type C Research Article

Personality factors and breast cancer risk: a 13-yearfollow-up (Bleiker et al, 2008)

Personality factors not statistically significantlycorrelated with increased risk of breast cancer, withor without adjusting for the risk factors

Therefore, the cancer-prone personality was notrelated to breast cancer development.


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The Constitutional Predisposition Model


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The Personality Induced Hyper-Reactivity Model


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Precipitator Of Dangerous Behavior Model


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Risk Taking Personality Models


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Risk Taking Summary

The perception of risk produces a cascade ofphysiological changes that cause high arousal andanxiety.

Psychoanalytic theorists conclude that individualswho chose to take risks are illogical or pathological

It can be argued that we have evolved as a species totake risks in order to survive

Contemporary psychologists understand that alltypes of risk takers rate higher in the SensationSeeking personality trait


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Risk Taking Research Article

The Role of Personality Characteristics in YoungAdult Driving (Patil et al, 2006)

Greater risk-taking propensity, physical/verbalhostility, aggression, and tolerance of deviance

predicted a competitive attitude toward driving, risk-taking during driving, high-risk driving, drivingaggression, and drink & driving

Greater risk taking propensity, physical/verbal

hostility, aggression and expectations forachievement predicted a higher numbers of offences,more serious offences, and more points lost


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Addictive Personality

Impulsive behaviour

e.g. difficulty in delaying gratification, antisocial

personality characteristics and sensation seeking.

High value placed on nonconformity and a weakcommitment to goal achievement

Sense of social alienation and tolerance for deviance

Sense of heightened stress


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Spiral of Addictions


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Enneagram Basics

The Enneagram is "a

geometric figure thatdelineates the nine basicpersonality types of humannature and their complex

interrelationships."


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Evaluate your Personality

Please take the next few minutes to fill out thepersonality test to determine your Enneagram type.


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Enneagram Types

Type One (The Reformer) is principled, purposeful, self-controlled, andperfectionistic.

Type Two (The Helper) is demonstrative, generous, people-pleasing, andpossessive.

Type Three (The Achiever) is adaptive, excelling, driven, and image-conscious.

Type Four (The Individualist )is expressive, dramatic, self-absorbed, andtemperamental. Type Five (The Investigator) is perceptive, innovative, secretive, and

isolated. Type Six (The Loyalist) is engaging, responsible, anxious, and suspicious. Type Seven (The Enthusiast) is spontaneous, versatile, distractible, and

scattered. Type Eight (The Challenger) is self-confident, decisive, wilful, and

confrontational. Type Nine (The Peacemaker) is receptive, reassuring, agreeable, and

complacent.


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Enneagrams Applied to Health

Type 1 The ReformerExcessive use of diets, vitamins, and cleansing techniques (fasts, diet pills, enemas). Under-eating for self-control: in extreme cases anorexia and bulimia. Alcohol to relieve tension.

Type 2 The HelperAbusing food and over-the-counter medications. Bingeing, especially on sweets andcarbohydrates. Over-eating from feeling "love-starved." Hypochondria to look for sympathy.

Type 3 The AchieverOver-stressing the body for recognition. Working out to exhaustion. Starvation diets.

Workaholism. Excessive intake of coffee, stimulants, amphetamines, cocaine, steroids orexcessive surgery for cosmetic improvement.

Type 4 The IndividualistOver-indulgence in rich foods, sweets, alcohol to alter mood, to socialize, and for emotionalconsolation. Lack of physical activity. Bulimia. Depressants. Tobacco, prescription drugs, or

heroin for social anxiety. Cosmetic surgery to erase rejected features.

Type 5 The InvestigatorPoor eating and sleeping habits due to minimizing needs. Neglecting hygiene and nutrition.Lack of physical activity. Psychotropic drugs for mental stimulation and escape, narcotics foranxiety.


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Enneagram Application

Type 6 The LoyalistRigidity in diet causes nutritional imbalances ("I don't like vegetables.") Working excessively.Caffeine and amphetamines for stamina, but also alcohol and depressants to deaden anxiety.Higher susceptibility to alcoholism than many types.

Type 7 The EnthusiastThe type most prone to addictions: stimulants (caffeine, cocaine, and amphetamines), Ecstasy,psychotropics, narcotics, and alcohol but tend to avoid other depressants. Wear body out with

effort to stay "up." Excessive cosmetic surgery, pain killers.

Type 8 The ChallengerIgnore physical needs and problems: avoid medical visits and check-ups. Indulging in richfoods, alcohol, tobacco while pushing self too hard leads to high stress, strokes, and heartconditions. Control issues central, although alcoholism and narcotic addictions are possible.

Type 9 The Peacemaker

Over-eating or under-eating due to lack of self-awareness and repressed anger. Lack of physicalactivity. Depressants and psychotropics, alcohol, marijuana, narcotics to deaden loneliness andanxiety.


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Conclusion

Personality has varying influence on:

Health and associated health behaviours in direct andindirect ways

The main areas of study have been in heart disease andcancer; chiefly Types A and C personalities

IMPORTANT: Personality effects do not mean thatindividuals bring illnesses upon themselves.

Personality Ania Syrowatka March08

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