n-Ihpw kmaq-ln-Ihpw Ncn-{X-]-c-hp-amb ASn-Ød

Untπma C≥ Fen-sa‚dn FPyp-t°-j≥DIPLOMA IN ELEMENTARY EDUCATION D.El.Ed.

t]∏¿ ˛ 102 hnZym- ym-k-Øns‚ Zm¿i-\n-Ihpwkmaq-ln-Ihpw Ncn-X-]-c-hp-amb ASn-Ød

kwÿm\ hnZym- ymk Kth-jW]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT)

bqWn‰v 1 ˛ hnZym- ym-k-Øns‚ hf¿®bpw hnIm-khpwbqWn‰v 2 ˛ tIc-f-hn-Zym- ymkw ˛ hf¿®bpw hnIm-khpwbqWn‰v 3 ˛ hnZym- ymkZ¿i-\-ßƒbqWn‰v 4 ˛ A[ym-]IhnZym-`ymkw

ska-Ã¿ ˛ 1

2

hnZym`ymkØns‚ Zm¿i\nIhpw kmaqlnIhpw

NcnX]chpamb ASnØd

bqWn‰v : 1 hnZym`ymkØns‚ hf¿®bpw hnImkhpw

BapJw

hnZymebhpw kaqlhpw XΩnep≈ _‘w, C¥y≥ hnZym`ymØns‚ hf¿®bpw

hnImkhpw, C¥y≥ hnZym`ymkØns‚ hf¿®bv°p klmbIambn h¿Øn®

\nba\n¿ΩmWßfpw hnZym`ymkIΩoj\pIfpw kzmX¥ym\¥cw C¥y≥

hnZym`ymkØn\p≠mb ]ptcmKXn, h¿Øam\ C¥y≥hnZym`ymkw t\cnSp∂ ]iv\ßƒ

F∂nh kaKambn ]Xn]mZn°p∂ bqWn‰mWnXv. C¥y≥ hnZym`ymkØns‚

NcnX]camb hniIe\ØneqsS AXp t\cnSp∂ ]iv\ßƒ Xncn®dn™v Bhiyamb

]cnlmc\n¿t±ißƒ cq]s∏SpØm≥ Igntb≠Xp≠v. CXn\mhiyamb Bib]camb

ASnØdbp≠m°pIbmWv Cu bqWn‰ns‚ e£yw.

]T\t\´w

hnZym`ymkhpw kaqlhpw XΩnep≈ _‘w hniIe\w sNbvXp Is≠Øp∂p.

][m\mibßƒ

-$ hnZymebw Hcp kmaqlnI ÿm]\w.

$ hnZymebhf¿®bn¬ kaqlØn\pw kmaqlnI hf¿®bn¬ hnZymebØn\pw ]¶p≠v.

$ kaqlØns‚ ImgvN∏mSpw BibßfpamWv hnZym`ymkØns‚ D≈S°w

Xocpam\n°p∂Xv.

$ s]mXphnZymebßƒ atXXcP\m[n]Xyÿm]\w.

Xmsgs°mSpØ tNmZyßtfmSp≈ \nßfpsS ]XnIcWw F¥mWv?

$ hnZym`ymkØn\v kmaqlnIe£yßfpt≠m? Ds≠¶n¬ Fs¥ms°?

$ hnZymebw Hcp kmaqlnIÿm]\amsW∂v ]dbp∂Xv F¥psIm≠mWv?

$ \mSns‚ ]ptcmKXn°pw t£aØn\pw hnZym`ymkw klmbIamtWm? F¥psIm≠v?

$ tIcfØnse hnZymebßƒ kmaqlnI C—Iƒ A\pkcn®mtWm ]h¿Øn°p∂Xv?

F¥psIm≠v?

Cu taJebpambn _‘s∏´ Bibßƒ cq]s∏SpØp∂Xn\v hmb\bneqsS Bibßƒ

tiJcn°mhp∂XmWv. CXn\mbn D]tbmKs∏SpØmhp∂ ]pkvXIßƒ.

1. hnZym`ymkØns‚ kmaqly`qanI- sP. tPmk v (tIcf `mjmC≥Ãn‰yq v)

2. Sociology – Principles of Sociology with an itnroduction to Social thought – C.N. Shankar

Rao S. Chand & Company Ltd.

3. hnZym`ymkw- tUm. sI. inhZmk≥]n≈ (Iem\ntIX≥, \µmh\w) D≈S°w

3

Df-f-S°w

hy‡nXzhnIk\]InbbmWv hnZym`ymkw. iniphns‚ hnZym`ymkw amXm]n-

Xm°fpsSbpw kaqlØns‚bpw DØchmZnØamWv. a\pjykaqlØns‚

Bhn¿`mhtØmsSm∏w hnZym`ymkhpw \nehn¬ h∂p. kaqlØns‚ hf¿®bv°pw

hnIk\Øn\pw H∏w hnZym`ymkcoXnbpw AXns‚ D≈S°hpw amdpIbpw

hnIkn°pIbpw sNbvXp. C∂v hnZym`ymkw hyhÿm]nXamhpIbpw Gsd°psd

cmjvSßfpsS DØchmZnØambn amdpIbpw sNbvXncn°p∂p.

kaqlØnemWv hy‡nhfcpIbpw hnIkn°pIbpw sNøp∂Xv. `mj, s]cpam‰coXnIƒ,

hn´phogvN sNbvXv s]mcpØs∏´p Pohn°m\p≈ Ignhv F∂nhsb√mw HmtcmcpØcpw

t\Sp∂Xv kmaqlnIPohnXØneqsSbmWv. hy‡nhnIk\w \S°p∂Xv AXmXv

kaqlØns‚ ]mcºcyw A\pkcn®mWv `mj, aXw, kwkv°mcw, BNmcßƒ,

PohnXcoXnIƒ apXembhbmWv kaqlØns‚ ]mcºcysØ \n¿Wbn°p∂Xv.

]mcºcysØ \n¿Wbn°p∂ CØcw LSIßsf Hmtcm hy‡nbpw hna¿i\m∑Iambn

hnebncpØn kzmwioIcn°pIbpw hy‡nXzhnIk\w t\SpIbpw sNøp∂ ]InbbmWv

hnZym`ymkw.

Hmtcm ImesØbpw kmaqlnImh-iy-ß-fmWv hnZym`ymkØns‚ D≈S°hpw coXnbpw

Xocpam\n°p∂Xv. kaqlPohnXØns‚ ]mcw`L´ßfn¬ D]Poh\am¿Kßƒ

t\Sp∂Xn\p ]cnioen∏ns®Sp°embncp∂p hnZym`ymkw. hymhkmbnIbpKØn¬

sXmgnseSp°p∂Xn\v [mcmfw BfpIƒ Bhiyambn h∂t∏mƒ km¿∆XnIhnZym`ymkw

F∂ Bibw \nehn¬ h∂p. _lpP\hnZym`ymkw i‡ns∏SpIbpw imkvXt_m[hpw

kmaqlyNn¥mcoXnIfpw P\mbØmZ¿ißfpw A°meØv hnZym`ymkØneqsS ]I¿∂p

\¬Is∏SpIbpw sNbvXp. A‘hnizmkßfn√mØ, kmaqlnIt_m[ap≈ hy‡nIsf

cq]s∏SpØp∂XneqsS amXta hymhkmbnIbpKØn\mhiyamb sXmgn¬ tk\sb

kr„n°m≥ IgnbpIbp≈q F∂XpsIm≠mbncn°Ww AØcØnep≈ hnZym`ym-kØn\v

B ImeØv cq]w sImSpØXv.

kaqlØns‚ C—bmWv hnZym`ymkØn\p cq]w \¬Ip∂sX¶nepw B kaqlsØ

]cnh¿Øn∏n°p∂Xn\p≈ A]mcamb i‡n hnZym`ymkØn\p≠v. a\pjyhwisØ

]ptcmKXnbnte°p \bn® I≠p]nSnØßsf°pdn®pw kmaqlnI ]cnh¿Ø\Øn\p

\nZm\ambnØo¿∂ ]h¿Ø\ßsfbpw ]‰n ]Tn°p∂ hnZym¿YnIƒ°v Xßƒ

Pohn°p∂ kaqlØnse ]iv\ßƒ ]cnlcn°p∂Xns\°pdn®p Nn¥n°m\p≈

hna¿i\mflI _p≤n cq]s∏Spw. \nehnep≈ hyhÿIsfbpw coXnIsfbpw

kr„n]cambn \ncq]Ww sNbvXv ]cnh¿Ø\Ønte°p \bn°m≥ Ah¿°p Ignbpw.

Cßs\bp≈ kmaqlye£yßtfmsSm∏w hy‡nPohnXw sa®s∏Sm\pw hnZym`ymkw

klmbn°p∂p. A`ykvXhnZy\mb Hcmƒ°v PohnXmtbm[\w t\Sp∂Xn\p≈ Ignhpw

PohnXsØ BkqXnXambn apt∂m´p \bn°p∂Xn\p≈ t_m[hpw D≠mbncn°pw. C∂v

temIsØºmSpw ZmcnZ\n¿am¿P\Øn\p≈ Hcp ]cn-]m-Sn-bm-bn-°m-Wp-∂Xv \nc-£-

cXm\n¿am¿P\sØbmWv.

4

hnZym-`ymkw F∂ ÿm]\w

kaq-l-im-kvX-Øns‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ hnZym-`ymkw Hcp ÿm]\ (Institution)amWv.

ÿm]\w F∂m¬ Hcp sIń-S-a-√. kaql Pohn-X-Ønse ][m-\-s∏´ e£yßƒ

\nd-th-‰p-∂-Xn-\n-th≠n cq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb Hu]-Nm-cnI kwhn-[m-\-ß-fmWv Ah. IpSpw-

_w, Kh¨sa‚ v, kºZv hyh-ÿ, hnZym- ym-kw, aXw F∂nh-bmWv ][m-\-s∏´ ÿm]-

\-ßƒ.

BZna kaq-l-Øn¬ hnZym-`ymkw F∂ ÿm]-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. A—≥ aIs\

th´bmSm≥ ]Tn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. AXv hnZym- ym-k-a-√, A—s‚ IpSpw-_-]-c-amb DØ-c-

hmZn-Ø-am-bn-cp-∂p. a\p-jy-kw-kvImcw hf¿∂p k¶o¿W-am-b-tXmsS hnZym- ymkw

F√m-h¿°pw Ffp-∏-Øn¬ Int´≠ Ah-ÿ-bp-≠m-bn. kmam-Py-ßƒ hf¿∂-t∏mƒ

\nIpXn ]ncnhpw tcJ-Iƒ kq£n-°epw Bh-iy-am-bn. CXn\v Fgp-Ødn-bp-∂-h¿

thWw. aX-ßƒ hf¿∂-t∏mƒ ]ptcm-ln-X≥am¿ Bh-iy-ambn h∂p. Aßs\ Fgp-

Xm\pw ]ptcm-ln-X-cm-Im\pw th≠n ]Tn-®-hcmWv NcnX-Ønse BZysØ hnZym¿Yn-

Iƒ. CXp hf¿∂p hnI-kn®p ÿncw A[ym-]-I-cp-ff hnZym-e-b-ap-≠m-bn. AhnsS

\n∂pw ÿnc-ambn hnZy-t\-Sp∂ coXn \ne-hn¬ h∂p. Hmtcm Ime-sØbpw

kmaqlyPnhn-Xm-h-iy-a-\p-k-cn-®p-ff ]uc-k-aq-lsØ hm¿sØ-Sp-°p-∂Xv hnZym- ym-k-

Øns‚ Bh-iy-am-bn-Øo¿∂p.

hnZymebw Hcp kmaqlnIÿm]\w

Hu]NmcnIhnZym`ymkw hfscb[nIw i‡n]m]n®ncn°p∂ C°meØv \ΩpsS

\mńep≈ hnZymebßfpsS NcnXw \mw a\ nemt°≠Xp≠v. Hmtcm hnZym-ebØn\pw

Hcp IYbp≠v. Ah sIń∏SpØXv ]mtZinI kaqlambncn°pw. ]tZisØ IpńIfpsS

hnZym`ymkamWv CXn\p≈ t]cIi‡n. Aßs\ F√mhn`m-Khpw hnZym`ymkw

t\SnbXmWv tIcfØns‚ C∂sØ ]ptcmKXn°p≈ ][m\ImcWw. Hmtcm

]tZisØbpw hnZymebßƒ IpńIfpsS hnZym`ymkØn\pth≠n amXa√,

kmaqlnImhiyßƒ°pth≠n°qSn D]tbmK-s∏SpØp∂ ][m\s∏´ tIµßfmWv.

Hmtcm]tZisØbpw hnZymebßƒ ]mtZinIkaqlhpambn G‰hpw _‘s∏´p

]h¿Øn°p∂ CSßfmWv XßfpsS IpńIƒ hnZyt\Sp∂ ÿm]\sa∂ \nebn¬

F√mh¿°pw AXnt\mSp aaXbp≠v. hnZymebØn\p th≠n F¥psNøp∂Xn\pw Ah¿

XømdmWv. BbXn\m¬ ]mtZinIIq´mbvaIƒ hf¿Øp∂Xn\p klmbIamb tIµßƒ

IqSnbmWbh. hnZymebßƒ sIńepw ańepw ]gabpsS K‘w hln°p∂sX¶nepw

\mSns‚ ]ptcmKXn°p ASnØdbn´ ÿm]\sa∂ \nebn¬ kaqla\ n¬

hnZymebtØmSp≈ kvt\lw F∂pw \ne\n¬°pw. kaqlw hnZymebsØbpw hnZymebw

kaqlsØbpw ]ckv]cw cq]s∏SpØp∂ BtcmKyIcamb Hcp ]mcºcyamWv

\ne\n¬°p∂Xv.

hnZymebw Hcp atXXc P\m[n]Xyÿm]\w

Hmtcm hnZymebØnepw AXns‚ kao]ÿ kaqlØnse IpńIfmWv ]Tn°p∂Xv.

PmXnaXh¿Kt`Zsat\y hnZymebw F√m¿°pap≈XmWv. F√mhn`mKßfpw

hnZymebØn¬ tXmtfmSptXmƒ tN¿∂p ]Tn°p∂Xn\m¬ atXXcamb Hcp A¥co£w

5

kr„n°p∂Xn¬ s]mXphnZymebßƒ apJy ]¶phln°p∂p. AXpsIm≠v Ahsb

atXXcP\m[n]Xyÿm]\ßƒ F∂phnfn°mw. C¥y≥ `cWLS\ hn`mh\sNøp∂

atXXcP\m[n]Xy kaqlØns‚ kr„nbn¬ s]mXphnZymebßƒ

][m\]¶phln°p∂p.

XpS¿]h¿Ø\ßƒ-

1. \nehnep≈ kvIqƒ hnZym`ymkØn\v hy‡nXzhnIk\Øn\p Ignbp∂pt≠m?

hna¿i\mflIambn hnebncpØpI.

2. "s]mXphnZymebßfpsS XI¿® kmaqlnIPohnXØn¬ ]XymLmXßfp≠m°pw"

- ]kvXmh\tbm-Sv ]XnIcn°pI.

3. \nßfpsS ]tZiØp≈ Hcp ss]adn hnZymebsØ°pdn®v hnhctiJcWw \SØn

dnt∏m¿ v Xbmdm°pI. At\zjnt°≠ Imcyßƒ.

˛ hnZymebhpw ]mtZinIÿm]\ßfpw XΩnep≈ _‘w.

˛ hnZymebhpw ]mtZinIkaqlhpambp≈_‘w.

˛ c£nXm°fpambp≈ _‘w.

C¥ybnse hnZym`ymkw

]T\t\-´w

- hnhn[Imeßfnse C¥y≥ hnZym`ymkØns‚ ]tXyIXIƒ hniIe\w sNøp∂p.

][m\mibßƒ:

$ C¥y≥ hnZym`ymkØns‚ hf¿®bpw hnImkhpw

$ thZImehnZym`ymkØns‚ khntijXIƒ - D≈S°w, t_m[\coXn.

$ _p≤ssP\ CkvemanIhnZym`ymkw - D≈S°w, t_m[\coXn.

$ _n´ojv hnZym`ymkØns‚ hym]\hpw khntijXIfpw.

$ kzmX¥ym\¥chnZym`ymkØns‚ hf¿®, Du∂¬taJeIƒ, ÿnXn

hnhc°W°pIƒ -hniIe\w sNbvXv hna¿i\m∑IImgvN∏mSv cq]oIcn°¬.

d^d≥kv

1. C¥y≥hnZym`ymkw \q‰m≠pIfneqsS - Xmbm´v i¶c≥ (sI.Fkv.Sn.F

]kn≤oIcWw)

2. hnZym`ymkw - `mcXØn¬ - tUm. Sn.sI. aplΩZv.

3. Education in India (1781-1985) Policies planning and implimentation. (Cetnre for Research in

Rural & Industrial Development – 1985)

4. Development of Education System in India and Statistics – Sujata Acharya. (Mother's Books

International – NewDelhi – 2014)

6

Xmsgs°mSp°p∂ tNmZyßtfmSp ]XnIcn°pI.

$ C¥ybv°p X\Xmb hnZym`ymk]mcºcyw D≠mbncpt∂m? Ds≠¶n¬ AXns‚

kz`mhw F¥mbncp∂p?

$ kzmX¥yw t\Sptºmƒ C¥ybpsS km£cXm\nehmcw F¥mbncp∂p?

$ 14 hb phscbp≈ F√mIpńIƒ°pw \n¿_‘nXhpw km¿hXnIhpamb

hnZym`ymkw \S∏m°pw F∂v cWLS\bpsS \n¿t±iIXØzßfn¬ Dƒs∏SpØm≥

ImcWsa¥v?

$ kzX¥ym\¥cw C¥y≥ hnZym`ymkcwKØp≠mb hf¿®sb°pdn®p ]dbptºmƒ

FSpØp]dtb≠ hkvXpXIƒ Fs¥ms°? hnZym`ymk ImcyØn¬ kwÿm\ßƒ

hyXykvX\nehmcw ]pe¿Øm≥ ImcWsa¥v?

1. thZImehnZym`ymkw

]mNo\`mcXØnse hnZym`ymkcoXnsb°pdn®v thZßƒ, D]\njØpIƒ,

CXnlmkßƒ F∂nhbn¬ \n∂p a\ nem°mw.

hnZym`ymke£yßƒ

hy‡nbpsS kaKhnIk\amWv e£ywh®ncp∂Xv. imcocnIhpw am\knIhpw Bflo-

bhpamb hnIk\amWv CXv. hy‡nbpsS PohnXsØ _“Ncyw, Km¿lÿyw,

hm\]ÿw, k\ymkw F∂p \mev BiaßfmbnXncn°pIbpw CXneqsS kaKhnImkw

hn`mh\ sNøpIbpw sNbvXncp∂p.

PohnXsØ kêam°m\pw Bflmhn\v tam£w ssIhcn°m\pw DXIp∂

hnZym`ymkamWv BkqXWw sNbvXncp∂Xv. ùXnIamb t\´ßsf°mfp]cn

k\mX\kXysØ Is≠ØpIbpw AXpambn Xmc-Xayw ]m]n°pIbpambncp∂p.

]mNo\`mcXobcpsS PohnXe£yw, hnZym`ymkw Cu e£yw ssIhcn°m\p≈

Hcp]m[nbmbncp∂p. ùXnIkpJßfn¬ apgpIn°gnbp∂h¿°v ap‡n e`n°pIbn√.

hy‡nIfpsS a\ ns\ hn⁄m\w IpØn\nd®v ho¿∏papń°msX AXns\ kwkvIcn

°pIbpw ]h¿Ø\£aam°pIbpamWv th≠sX∂v ]mNo\`mcXob¿°dnbm ambncp∂p.

D≈S°w

thZßƒ, CXnlmkßƒ, ]pcmWßƒ, hymIcWw, PohimkvXw, KWnXw, X¿°w,

cmPyX¥w, i–imkvXw, Oµ v, ambmPmew, \£XhnZy, bp≤apdIƒ, kwKoXw,

\rØw, in¬∏hnZy, Bbp¿thZw apXembh.

hnZym`ymkkºZmbw/A[ym]\coXn

tNmZtymØcßfSßnb kwhmZcoXnbnemWv A[ym]\w \S∂ncp∂Xv. hnhcWßƒ,

IYIƒ, k≥am¿KIYIƒ apXembh D]tbmKn®v Kpcp injy∑m¿°p hn⁄m\w \¬In.

Kpcphns‚ IqsS Xmakn®v hnZyb`ykn°p∂ KpcpIpehnZym-`ymkcoXnbmWv A∂v

s]mXphn¬ \ne\n∂ncp∂Xv.

A[ym]IhnZym¿Yn _‘w

]mNo\`mcXob hnZym`ymkØn¬ A[ym]IhnZym¿Yn_‘Øn\v [m¿anIamb

]cnip≤nI¬∏n°s∏ńcp∂p. tIhew hn⁄m\w ]I¿∂p\¬Ip∂ hy‡nsb∂Xnep]cn

7

k≥am¿KImcyßfnepw kZmNmcyaqeyßfnepw Bflob Imcyßfnepw am¿KZ¿inbpw

D]tZiI\pambncp∂p. injysc Bflobamb ]q¿ÆXbnte°pw XpS¿∂p

km£m¬°mcØnte°pw \bn°pIbmbncp∂p Kpcphns‚ e£yw.

thZImesØ A_m-“W hnZym`ymkw, kvXohnZym`ymkw F∂nhsb°pdn®v

hnhcßƒ e`yamWv. AXp tiJcn°pI. ¢mkvUbdnbn¬ FgpXpI.

2. _p≤ssP\aXIme hnZym`ymkw

lnµpaXØnse PmXnhyhÿbv°pw _m“Wta[mhnXzØn\pw sh√phnfn

bpb¿Øns°m≠v _n.kn. 600 ¬ _p≤aXw Bhn¿`hn®p.

_p≤hnlmcßfmbncp∂p hnZym`ymktIµßƒ PmXn]cnKW\IqSmsX Gh¿°pw

AhnsS ]thi\a\phZn®ncp∂p. X∑qew F√mPmXnbnepw s]´h¿ AhnsS\n∂pw

hnZyt\Sn. _m“Wta[mhnXzØn¬ \n∂pw hnZym`ymkØns‚ IpØI FSpØpam‰n

hnZym-`ymkw P\Iobam°nam‰n F∂Xv _p≤aX hnZym`ymkØnse hnπhIcamb-

hiamWv.

hnZym`ymke£yßƒ

hy‡nbpsS k¿htXmapJamb hnIk\amWv hnZym`ymke£yw. PohnXØns‚ ]caamb

e£yw \n¿hmW]m]vXnbmbXpsIm≠v, hnZym`ymkw Cu e£yØn¬ Du∂nbp≈-

Xmbncp∂p. aqeym[njvTnXambncp∂p hnZym`ymk ]cn]mSnIƒ. B[ymflnImcy-

ßtfmsSm∏w uXnIImcyßfnep≈ ⁄m\Øn\pw _p≤aX hnZym`ymk kºZmbØn¬

]m[m\yw \¬Inbncp∂p.

D≈S°w

FgpØv, hmb\, KWnXw, \q¬\q¬∏v, s\bvØv, Xp∂¬]Wn, IWs°gpØv, s]bn‚nMv,

sshZyw, aXw, XØzimkvXw, bp≤imkvXw apXembh.

A[ym]\coXn

kwkmc`mjbnep≈ hnhcWw, ]`mjWw, N¿® F∂nhbneqsSbmWv A[ym]\w

\SØnbncp∂Xv. A[ym]I¿ ]dbp∂ Imcyßƒ Hm¿abn¬ hbv°pIbpw

a\∏mTam°pIbpw sNbvXncp∂p. hnZym¿YnIfpsS ]`mjWNmXpcyw hnIkn∏n°m≥

CSbv°nsS N¿®Ifpw kwhmZßfpw kwLSn∏n®ncp∂p. ]K¤cmb ]`mjIsc

£Wn®phcpØn aXw, XØzimkvXw F∂o hnjbßsf°pdn®v ]`mjWßƒ

\SØn®ncp∂p.

A[ym]IhnZym¿Yn _‘w

_p≤hnlmcßfn¬ BNmcy∑mcpw injy∑mcpw kaqlambn Pohn®p. X∑qew

kmaqlnIPohnXØns‚ kZvKpWßƒ ]TnXm°ƒ°p e`n®p. injy≥ Kpcphn\v

F√mhn[Ønep≈ tkh\ßfpw sNøWw. Kpcphns‚ Zn\Ncy, `n£mS\w, `£Ww,

hkvX[mcWw F∂o Imcyßsf√mw i≤n°pIbpw At±lsØ ]cnNcn°pIbpw

sNøWw.

8

]mNo\`mcXØnse hnZymtIµßƒ

]mNo\`mcXØn¬ AXn]ikvXßfmb k¿∆IemimeIƒ D≠mbncp∂p.

cmPyØns‚ ]e`mKßfn¬ \n∂pw ssN\, Xn_Øv, P∏m≥, _¿a, ioe¶, sX°pIng°≥

Gjybnse cmPyßƒ apXemb CSßfn¬ \n∂pw Dff hnZym¿YnIƒ ChnsS

Xmakn®p]Tn®ncp∂p.

X£ine

_n.kn. Fgmw\q‰m≠n¬ Km‘mccmPyØns‚ Xeÿm\amb X£ine ]kn≤amb

Hcp hnZymtIµambncp∂p. sshZyw, cm„X¥w, in¬∏hnZy, kwKoXw, hmWnPyimkvXw,

hymIcWw, kpIpamcIeIƒ F∂nhbnse√mw ]K¤cmb A[ym]I¿

AhnsSbp≠mbncp∂p. A[ym]I¿ Hmtcm hnZym¿Ynsbbpw ]tXyIw i≤n®ncp∂p.

hnZym¿YnIƒ°v F´ph¿jw hnZym`ymkw t\Sp∂Xn\p≈ kuIcyw ChnsS D≠mbncp∂p.

]thi\Øn\v PmXobamb ]cnKW\Iƒ D≠mbncp∂n√.

\fµ

_olmdnse ]m‰v\bpsS ASpØp ÿnXnsNøp∂ \fµ ]kn≤amb

hn⁄m\tIµambncp∂p. F.Un. 414 apX¬ 454 hsc cmPmhmbncp∂ IpamcKp]vX-\mbn-

cp∂p \fµbpsS ÿm]I≥. GXm≠v 1½ In.ao‰¿ \ofhpw ap°m¬ In.ao hoXnbpap≈-

Xmbncp∂p \fµ k¿∆Iemime hf∏v. henb sse_dnbpw F´phenb lmfpIfpw

ap∂qtdmfw apdnIfpw ChnsSbp≠mbncp∂p. hnZym¿YnIƒ°pw A[ym]I¿°pw ChnsS

`£Ww kuP\yambncp∂p. AKm[]finX∑mcpw ]kn≤cmb KŸImc∑mcpambncp∂p

A[ym]I¿. Ch¿ hnZym¿YnIfp-sS kplrØp°fpw am¿KZ¿inIfpambncp∂p. \fµbn¬

GXm≠v ]Xn\mbnctØmfw hnZym¿YnIfp≠mbncp∂p. Bdphb n\p apºv FgpØpw

hmb\bpw ]Tn®ncp∂p. CXn\ptijap≈ c≠mw L´Øn¬ ]mWn\obkqXßfmbncp∂p

]Tn®ncp∂Xv. 11 apX¬ 15 hb phscbp≈ ]mbØn¬ a‰p]ehn⁄m\imJIfpw

]Tn∏n®p t]m∂p. hcsamgn hnIkn®n´n√mØ A°meØv ]`mjWw, hnhcWw, N¿®Iƒ,

kwhmZw apXembcoXnIfmbncp∂p hnZym`ymkØn\v Ahew_n®ncp∂Xv.

hnIaine

F.Un F´mw \q‰m≠n¬ KwKmXocsØ hnIainebn¬ ÿm]n°s∏´p hn⁄m-\-tIµw

]kn-≤-amWv. _p≤-aXm\pbmbnbmb [¿Ω]mecmPmhmbncp∂p CXns‚ ÿm]I≥.

XØzimkvXw, hyIcWw, X¿°imkvXw, almbm\_p≤aXZ¿i\w apXemb

hnjbßƒ ChnsS ]Tn∏n®ncp∂p. AKm[]finX∑mcm-bn-cp∂p Cu ÿm]\Øns‚

A[n]≥.

3. CkvemanIhnZym`ymkw

F.Un 12˛-mw \q‰m≠ns‚ Ahkm\Øn¬ apkveow`cWw ÿm]n°m\nSh∂tXmsS

C¥ybn¬ CkvemanIhnZym`ymkw ]Ncn°m\nSbmbn. ap…oßƒ°p aX-]-camb

t_m[\w \¬IpIbpw t]¿jy≥, Xp¿°n apXemb `mjIfn¬ hn⁄m\ap≈hsc

kr„n°pIbpambncp∂p CXns‚ ][m\ e£yw. hnZym`ymk ÿm]\ßfpsS \SØn∏n\v

[\klmbw \¬IpIbpw [mcmfw a‡_Ifpw aZkIfpw ÿm]n°s∏SpIbpw sNbvXp.

hnZym`ymke£yßƒ

9

Ckvemans‚ hnZym`ymkho£Ww ùXnIXbpw BflobXbpw XΩnep≈

BtcmKyIcamb ka\zbamWv. hn⁄m\kºZmbw, kz`mhcq]h¬°cWw,

CkvemanIXØz-ßƒ°-\pkrXamb ]mtbmKnIPohnXw apXemb CkvemanI

hnZym`ymkØns‚ e£yßfmWv. kXyk-‘X, kvt\lw, klnjvWpX, ss[cyw,

tZikvt\lw, klPohnkvt\lw, kuµcyt_m[w apXemb KpWßfpw aqeyßfpw

hnIkn∏ns®-Sp°p∂Xn\pw CXp i≤n®p.

D≈S°w:-

CkvemanIhnZym`ymkw \S∂ncp∂Xv a‡_Ifnepw aZkIfnepambncp∂p.

]mYanIhnZym`ymkÿm]\ßfmb a‡_Ifn¬\n∂pw FgpØv, hmb\, Jp¿ B≥

]mcmbWw, ]hmNIhN\ßƒ, CkvemanINcnXhpw IYIfpw ]mYanIKWnXw

apXembh]Tn∏n®p. hnhcWhpw ]`mjWhpambncp∂p A[ym]\coXn.

sk°≠dnhnZy`ymkw \¬Inbncp∂ aZkIfn¬ Jp¿ B≥ kq‡ßfpsS hymJym\w,

`mj, hymIcWw, kmlnXyw, KWnXw, hm\imkvXw, `qanimkvXw, sshZyw,

X¿°imkvXw, NcnXw, hmkvXpin¬∏hnZy, IsøgpØphnZy F∂nh ]Tn∏n®p.

A[ym]IhnZym¿Yn_‘w:-

CkvemanIhnZym`ymkØn¬ ]finX∑m¿°pw A[ym]I¿°pw ]tXyIamb BZchpw

ÿm\hpw \¬Is∏ńcp∂p. kaqlØn\p t\XrØzw \¬tI≠ NpaXe

]finX∑m¿°msW∂v Ckvemw IcpXp∂p. DZvt_m[\w ]finX∑mcpsSbpw

A[ym]IcpsSbpw IYbmWv. A[ym]I¿°pw ]finX¿°pw th≠ kuIcyhpw

kwc£Whpw \¬tI≠Xv kaqlØns‚bpw `cWm[nImcnIfpsSbpw NpaXebmbn

IW°m°nbncp∂p. hy‡nt_m[\Øn\pw sNdpkwLßfmbn Xncn®p≈

t_m[\Øn\pw A[ym]\coXnbn¬ ÿm\ap≠mbncp∂p. Hcp ]mTw ]Tn°mØ

hnZym¿Yn°p ASpØ]mTw ]Tn°m\p≈ A¿lXbp≠mbncp∂n√. AXpsIm≠v

]T\Øn¬ anSp°cmbh¿°v thKØn¬ ]T\w ]q¿Ønbm°m\pw Db¿∂]T\w

\SØm\pw Ahkcw e`n®ncp∂p.

4. _n-ójv ImehnZym`ymkw

1498 -¬ hmkvtImUKma tImgnt°msSØnbtXmsS aX]NmcWw e£yam°n anj\dnam¿

C¥ybnseØnØpSßn. t]m¿®pKokpIm¿ tKmh, Zma≥, Znbp, sIm®n apXemb CSßfn¬

hnZymebßƒ ÿm]n®p. ^©pIm¿ t]m≠nt®cn, amln. Nµ\K¿ F∂nhn--Sßfn¬

hnZymebßƒ Bcw`n®p. Cw•ojv CuÃn¥ymIº\nbpw hnZymebßƒ Xp-Sßn.

C¥ybn¬ anj\dn]h¿Ø\ßƒ btY„w \SØp∂Xn\pw C¥ysb kmaqlnIambpw

kmºØnIambpw D≤cn°p∂Xn\pw ChnsS ]m›mXy hnZym`ymkw ]Ncn∏n°Wsa∂v

Ah¿ Xncn®dn™p. 1813- se Nm¿´¿ BIvSv ]Imcw ssIkvXhanj\dnam¿°v

aX]NmcWw \SØp∂Xn\p≈ kzmX¥yw e`n°pIbpw C¥y≥P\Xsb hnZym`ymkw

sNøn°p∂Xn\p≈ DØchmZnØw Iº\nbptSXmbnØocpIbpw sNbvXp.

1835 se sa°mfbpsS an\nSvkv B[p\nIC¥y≥hnZym`ymkØns‚ \btcJbmbn-Øo¿∂p.

"`cWI¿Øm°fmb \Ωfpw \m´pImcmb C¥y°mcpw XΩn¬ Bibhn\nabw sNøm≥

klmbn°p∂ Hcp h¿KsØ -c‡Ønepw h¿WØnepw C¥y°mcmsW¶nepw

A`ncpNnbnepw ho£WØnepw kZmNmc t_m[Ønepw Cw•ojpImcmb Hcp h¿KsØ-

10

kr„n°m≥ Ignbp∂sX√mw sNtø≠nbncn°p∂p'' F∂p ]kvXmhn®psIm≠v

C¥ybnse _nójv hnZym`ymkØns‚ e£yw At±lw hniZam°n.

XmaknbmsX C¥ybpsS hnhn[]tZißfn¬ hnZym`ymkhIp∏pIƒ Xp--SßpIbpw

kvIqfpIfpw tImtfPpIfpw ÿm]n°pIbpw sNbvXp. kzImcyGP≥knIƒ°v kvIqfpw

tImtfPpw \SØm≥ [\klmbw \¬In. kvXohnZym`ymkw t]m’mln ∏n°p∂Xn\p≈

\S]SnIƒ kzoIcn®p. Cw•ojv hnZym`ymkØns‚ ]NmcWtØm-sS B[p\nI

ImgvN∏mSpIfpsSbpw en_d¬at\m`mhØns‚bpw hym]\hpw \S∂p. CXns‚ êambn

hnZym`ymkcwKØv henbam‰ßƒ D≠mbn.

$ ]mYanIhnZym`ymkw Kh¨sa‚ns‚ _m[yXbmsW∂p AwKoIcn®p. AXn\mbn

Xt±ikzbw`cWÿm]\ßfpw Kh¨sa‚pw ^≠p\o°n hbv°m≥ Xocpam\n®p.

$ A[ym]I]cnioe\w \¬In ka¿Ycmb A[ym]Isc kr„n°pI.

$ kvXohnZym`ymkw t]m’mln∏n°pI.

$ k¿∆IemimeIfpsS ta¬t\m´Øn¬ D∂XhnZym`ymkw hym]n∏n°pI.

$ ]mhs∏´ hnZym¿YnIƒ°v kvtImf¿jn∏v, D®`£W]cn]mSn.

$ hnZym`ymkw kuP\yhpw \n¿_‘nXhpam°pI.

$ A[yb\am[yaw amXr`mjbmbncn°Ww.

$ bphm°sf D∂XhnZym`ymkØn\pw sXmgnen\pw ]m]vXcm°p∂ sk°≠dn

hnZym`ymkw.

apXemb ImgvN∏mSpItfmSpIqSnb ]h¿Ø\ßƒ°v hnZym`ymkcwKØv XpS-°w Ipdn®Xv

_nójv cWImeØmWv. B[p\nI hnZym`ymkØn\v ASnØd bnSp∂ hºn®Im¬hbv∏p-

Ifmbncp∂p A∂p \S∂Xv. C∂sØ C¥y≥ hnZym`ymkØns‚ D≈S°w, A[ym]-

\coXn, hnebncpØ¬ kºZmbw F∂nhbpsSsb√mw BZycq]ßƒ Cu ImesØ

hnZym`ymk kºZmbØn¬ Is≠Øm≥ Ignbpw.

5. kzX¥ym\¥chnZym`ymkw

C¥ykzmX¥ywt\Sptºmƒ 36 tImSntbmfw hcp∂ P\ßfn¬ 83% BfpIfpw

\nc£ccmbncp∂p. mcXobs‚ icmicn Bbq¿ssZ¿Lyw 32 hb pw Btfmlcnhcpam\w

237.5 cq]bpambncp∂p. kmºØnIambpw hnZym`ymk]cambpw BtcmKy]cambpw hfsc

timN\obamb AhÿbmWv \nehnep≠m bncp∂Xv.

Hcp tkmjy-enÃpkaqlw sIń∏Sp°pI F∂ e£ytØmsSbp≈ ]h¿Ø\amWv

`cWLS\ \nehn¬h∂Xn\ptijw C¥ybn¬ \S∂Xv. kmºØnIhpw cm„obhpw

kmaqlnIhpamb hf¿®bv°v hnZym`ymkw IqSntb Ignbq. kmaqlnI ]cnh¿Ø\w

km[yam°m\p≈ i‡amb D]m[nbmbn hnZym`ymksØ Xncn®dn™XpsIm≠mWv

`cWLS\bn¬Øs∂ km¿∆P\o\ hnZym`ymkw \n¿_‘nXambn ]Jym]n®ncn°p∂Xv.

hnZym`ymkhym]\Øn\pth≠n kzX¥C¥ybn¬ kp][m\amb ]e NphSphbv∏pIfpw

\-S∂p.

$ tIµkwÿm\Xeßfn¬ hnZym`ymk`cWkwhn[m\ßƒ cq]s∏SpØn.

11

$ ]©h’c]≤XnIfn¬ IqSpX¬ XpI hnZym`ymkØn\pth≠n \o°nh®p.

$ hnZym`ymkcwKsØ ]iv\ßƒ ]Tn°p∂Xn\v hnZKv[kanXnIsf \ntbmKn®p.

$ hnZKv[IΩ‰nIfpsS \n¿t±ißƒ \S∏m°p∂Xn\v ]tXyI ]≤XnIfpw

]cn]mSnIfpw \S∏m°n.

$ CXns‚ êambn C¥ybnse hnZym`ymkcwKØv h≥ ]ptcmKXnbp≠mbn.

XpS¿]h¿Ø\ßƒ

(1) thZImehnZym`ymksØ°mƒ P\Iobambncp∂p _p≤ssP\ hnZym`ymkw F∂p

]dbp∂Xv F¥psIm≠mWv?

(2) _nójv hnZym`ymkamWv C¥ybnse B[p\nI hnZym`ymkØn\v ASnØdbn´Xv

F∂ A`n]mbtØm-Sv tbmPn°p∂pt≠m? -F¥psIm≠v?

(3) "sa°msfbp--sS hnZym`ymk ImgvN]mSn¬ \n∂pw tamN\w t\Sm≥ C¥y≥

hnZym`ymkØn\v CXphsc Ign™n---ń√" - hkvXpXIsf hniIe\w sNbvXv

A`n]mbw tcJs∏SpØpI.

(4) kzX¥C¥ybn¬ kvIqƒ hnZym`ymkØns‚ hnIk\Øn\mbn \S∂

]cniaßƒ kwKln°pI.

(5) ]mNo\`mcXØnse kvXohnZym`ymkØns‚ Ahÿsb¥mbncp∂p?

kntºmknbw

C¥y≥ hnZym`ymkØns‚ ][m\s∏´ Hmtcm L´ßsf°pdn®pw - thZIme

hnZym`ymkw, _p≤ssP\hnZym`ymkw, CkvemanIhnZym`ymkw, _nójv

hnZym`ymkw, kzX¥ym\¥chnZym`ymkw - ]tXyIw t]∏dpIƒ Xbmdm°n

AhXcn∏n®p \SØp∂ N¿®. N¿®bn¬ DcpØncnbp∂ Bibßƒ

tImUoIcn®p knwtºmknbØns‚ dnt∏m¿´pw Xbmdm°pat√m.

temIhnZym`ymkw

]T\t\´w

hnhn[ImeL´ßfnse temIhnZym`ymkØns‚ ]tXyIXIƒ XmcXayw sNøp∂p.

hnZym`ymkØns‚ hf¿®bv°p t]cIamb kmaqlnIhpw kmºØnIhpamb ImcWßƒ

Xncn®dnbp∂p.

][m\mibßƒ:-

$ CuPn]vXv, saks]m--t´manb, Kokv Xp-Sßnb ]mNo\\mKcnIXIfn¬ X\Xmb

hnZy`ymkkºZmbw D≠mbncp∂p.

$ a[yImehnZym`ymkØn¬ aXØns‚ kzm[o\w D≠mbncp∂p.

$ km¿∆XnIhnZym`ymksØ°pdn®p≈ Nn¥Iƒ i‡ambXv hymhkm

bnIbpKØnemWv.

12

$ Ccp]sØm∂mw \q‰m≠nse sXmgn¬ tk\bv°p≠mtI≠ IgnhpIƒ ]cºcmKX

hnZym`ymkØneqsS t\SnsbSp°m\mhn√. Db¿∂\nebnep≈ hniIe\tijn

]iv\hniIe\tijn F∂nh B¿Pn°m\p≈ Ahkcw F√mh¿°pw e`yam°Ww.

N¿®sNøpI

(1) C¥ybpsS hnZym`ymk]mcºcyw t]mse temIsØ a‰p ]tZißfnepw

]mNo\ImeØpXs∂ hnZym`ymk kºZmbw \nehnencp∂ncp∂p. CXn\v C¥y≥

hnZym`ymkkºZmbØn¬ \n∂pw Fs¥¶nepw hyXymkw D≠mbncpt∂m?

(2) hymhkmbnI hnπhw hnZym`ymkØn¬ sNepØnb kzm[o\w F¥mbncp∂p?

(3) temIhnZym`ymkØn¬ kaImenI ]hWXIƒ tIcfhnZym`ymkØn¬ FXamXw

ZriyamWv?

D≈S°w

temIØv hyhÿm]nXamb hnZym`ymkcoXn \nehn¬ h∂n v 150 - 200 sIm√w amXta

Bbn´p≈q. NnecmPyßfn¬ tIhew 50 sIm√w amXw.

temIsØ ]pcmX\ \mKcnIXIfnse√mw AhcptSXmb hnZym`ymkcoXn D≠mbncp∂p.

3500 _n.knbn¬ Xs∂ CuPn]vXn¬ hnIknXamb lntcm•n^nIvkv en]nIƒ D]tbmKn®v

FgpXnbncp∂p. ]m∏ndkv CeIfnembncp∂p A∂v FgpXnbncp∂Xv.

1. ]mNo\CuPn]vXnse hnZym`ymkw

CuPn]vXnse hnZym`ymkØn\v 3000 _n.kn apX¬ Dff NcnXap≠v. hnZykº∂cpw

_p≤nimenIfpamb ]ptcmlnX∑mcmbncp∂p hnZym`ymksØ \nb¥n®ncp∂Xv.

]utcmlnXy ]cnioe\Øn\p≈ hnZymebßfpw ]I¿s∏gpØpIm¿°p≈ (Scribes)

hnZymebßfpw CuPn]vXnep≠mbncp∂p. 5 hb n¬ Bcw`n°p∂ ]T\w 16,17 hb phsc

\o≠p\n∂ncp∂p. CXn¬ 13,14 hb mIptºmƒ ]mtbmKnI]cnioe\w \¬InØp-Sßpw.

]utcmlnXy ]cnioe\w \-S°p∂ t£XIemeb (Temple College) ßfn¬ 17-˛mw

hb nemWv ]T\w Bcw`n®ncp∂Xv. AXv Bhiym\pkcWw \o≠p\n¬°pambncp∂p.

ImWm]mTw ]Tn°en\pw Hm¿ai‡n h¿[n∏n°p∂Xn\pw hnZym`ymkØn¬ henb

]m[m\yw D≠mbncp∂p.

FgpØv,hmb\, KWnXw, aXImcyßƒ, ZqanimkvXw, \£XimkvXw, sshZyw apXemb

hnjbßƒ BWv kvIqfn¬ \n∂pw ]Tn®ncp∂Xv. Ch ]Tn®Xn\ptijw IpńIƒ AhcpsS

IpesØmgnepIƒ A`ykn®ncp∂p.

ac∏eIIfnembncp∂p sNdnbIpńIƒ FgpXnbncp∂Xv. apXn¿∂ IpńIƒ ]m∏ndkv

CeIfnepw FgpXnbncp∂p.

I¿i\amb A®-S°w hnZymebßfn¬ \n¿_‘ambncp∂p. kmwkvImcnIhpw

hnZym`ymk]chpamb hn\nabØn¬ hogvNIƒ kw`hn°mXncn°m\mWv Cßs\ A®-

S°w ]men®ncp∂Xv. ]cºcmKXcoXnbn¬ \n∂pw Nn¥Iƒ hyXnNen°p∂Xn\v ]pcmX\

CuPn]vXnse hnZym`ymkØn¬ A\phmZap≠mbncp∂n√. kaqlØnse D®\oNXzw

hnZym`ymkØnepw AtXt]mse ]men®pt]m∂p.

13

2. saks∏mt´manbbnse hnZym`ymkw:-

]pcmX\ CuPn]vXnse hnZym`ymkØn\p kam\amb coXnbnep≈ hnZym`ymkambncp∂p

saks]mt´manb≥ kwkvImcØnepw \ne\n∂ncp∂Xv. hnZym`ymkcwKØv t\XrXzw

hln®ncp∂Xv ]ptcmlnXh¿Kambncp∂p. hnZymebßƒ ]h¿Øn®ncp∂Xv

t£XßtfmS\p_‘n®mbncp∂p. F√mt£Xßfnepw sse_dn ]h¿Øn®ncp∂p.

saks∏mt´manb≥ hnZym`ymkØn¬ FgpØn\p henb ]m[m\yap≠mbncp∂p. _n.kn.

3000Ønse Iyq\nt^mw FgpØv hfsc k¶o¿Æambncp∂Xn\m¬ AXv ]Tn°m≥ 12

sIm√tØmfw th≠nbncp∂p. ]Wap≈h¿°v amXambncp∂p A∂v hnZym`ymkw e`n®Xv.

]`pIpamc∑m¿, kº∂I®hS°m¿, ]ptcmlnX∑m¿ apXembhcmWv A∂v ]Tn®ncp∂Xv.

s]ÏpńIƒ hnZymebØn¬ t]mbn hnZyb`ykn®ncp∂n√.

IpńIsf FgpØv, hmb\, KWnXw, NcnXw, F∂nh ]Tn∏n®p. `mhnbnse sXmgn¬

km[yX ap≥\n¿Øn sshZyw, kwJymimkvXw, F≥Pn\obdnMv, P¥pimkvXw,

\£XimkvXw, hmkvXphnZy F∂nhbpw ]Tn∏n®p.

IpńIƒ°v ac°jvWßfpsS ]pdØmbncp∂p A[ym]I¿ FgpXns°mSpØncp∂Xv.

injy∑m¿ AXv Bh¿Øn®v ]I¿Øn FgpXn ]Tn°pIbmbncp∂p ]Xnhv.

hnZym`ymkØn¬ I¿i\amb A®S°Øn\v ]m[m\yap≠mbncps∂¶nepw A[ym]I¿

Hcp apXn¿∂ ktlmZcs\t]mse hnZym¿Ynsb ]T\Øn¬ klmbn®p.

3. ]pcmX\Koknse hnZym`ymkw

temIhnZym`ymkNn¥bv°v Aaqeyamb kw`mh\ \¬Inb alØmb ]mcºcyamWv

Kokn\p≈Xv. Koknse \KccmPyßfpsS Bhn¿`mhtØmsS hnZym`ymkØn\v hy‡hpw

\n›nXhpamb cq]w ssIh∂p. ][m\ \KccmPyßfmb kv]m¿´bpw GY≥kpw c≠pXcw

hnZym`ymksØbmWv ]Xn\n[m\w sNbvXncp∂Xv. A\pkcWbpw Iqdpw kXyk‘-

Xbpap≈ [oc∑mcmb amXrImtbm≤m°sf hf¿ØnsbSp°pI F∂Xmbncp∂p kv]m¿´≥

hnZym`ymkØns‚ e£yw. Hcp Ipń Ggp hb phsc amXmhns‚ ta¬t\m´Ønem-

bncn°pw. AXn\ptijw k¿°m¿ sNehn¬ hnZymebßfn¬ h®v Hm´w, Nm´w,

a¬∏nSpØw, ssk\nI IhmØv apXemb ImbnIm`ymkßƒ ]cnioen°p∂p.

]Xns\´papX¬ Ccp]Xp hb phsc ssk\nI imkvXhpw Bbp[hnZybpw

A`ykn°p∂p. ]ns∂ ]ØpsIm√w ssk\nItkh\w \SØWw. ap∏XmasØhb n¬

Ah\p ]q¿W]ucXzhpw hnhmlØn\p≈ A\paXnbpw e`n°p∂p. s]ÏpńIƒ°pw

C]Imcap≈ hnZym`ymkamWv e`n®ncp∂Xv. ssk\nImIaWßƒ km[mcWambncp∂-

Xn\m¬ CØcØnep≈ hnZym`ymkw A∂p ]k‡ambncp∂p.

GY≥kn¬ IpńIfpsS hnZym`ymk®paXe apJyambpw IpSpw_Øn\mbncp∂p.

s]mXphnZymebßƒ A∂n√mbncp∂p. Ggphb nemcw`n°p∂ hnZym`ymkw

IpSpw_Øn\v kmºØnI ÿnXnbps≠¶n¬ 15,16 hb phsc XpS¿∂ncp∂p. ][m\ambpw

kwKoXhnZymebw, ImbnIm`ymkhnZymebw F∂v c≠pXcw hnZymebßƒ AhnsS

D≠mbncp∂p. kwKoXhnZymebßfn¬ XpS°Øn¬ kwKoXhpw Imhyhpw amXw

]Tn∏n°p∂p. XpS¿∂v \mSIw, NcnXw, ]`mjWIe, imkvXw F∂nhbpw ]Tn∏n°pw.

IfnIfpw hymbmaapdIfpw ImbnIa’cßfpw a‰pambncp∂p ImbnIm`ymkhnZym-

ebßfn¬ ]Tn∏n®ncp∂Xv. 16˛mw hb n¬ _me∑m¿ CØcw ]T\ßƒ \n¿Ønh®v

14

kvt‰‰v \nb¥WØnep≈ Pnwt\jyØn¬ ]thin°pIbpw AhnsS ]Tn°pIbpw

sNøp∂p. ImbnI a’cßƒ, cmjvSob kwhmZßƒ, apXn¿∂hcpambp≈ kº¿°w

F∂nhbn¬ IqSn Ah¿ ]mb]q¿ØnbmbhcpsS NpaXeIƒ \n¿∆ln°m≥ ]m]vXn

t\Sp∂p. ]n∂oSv hnhn[ ]co-£-Iƒ hnPbn®p Ign™m¬ Ah¿ ]q¿Æ]ucXzØn\v

A¿lcmIp∂p.

D∂X hnZym`ymkw

Koknse kmaqlnI kmºØnI cm„ob]cnh¿Ø\ßfpsS `mKambn hnZym`ymkw

IqSpX¬ ss[jWnIambnØo¿∂p. tkm^nÃpIƒ F∂dnbs∏Sp∂ ]pXnb hn`mKw

A[ym]I¿ Bhn¿`hn®p. ChcpsS ]bXv\^eambn c≠p-Xcw hnZym-e-b-ßƒ

Bhn¿`hn®p.

1. ]`mjW]cw

2. Zm¿i\nIw

_p≤nPohnIƒ°p ]mtbmKnI ]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ ]cnioe\w \¬IpIbmbncp∂p

]`mjW]camb hnZymebßfpsS e£yw. c≠matØXmIs´ \ymbhmZØn\pw

Zm¿i\nI Nn¥bv°pw ]m[m\yw sImSpØp tπt‰m ÿm]n® A°mZanbpw

Acnkvt‰m´nens‚ sseknbhpw c≠matØXn\v DZmlcWamWv. GY≥kv,

AeIvkm≠nb XpSßnb k¿∆IemimeIƒ hf¿∂p h∂Xv Cu c≠n\w

hnZymebßfn¬ \n∂mWv.

4. a[yIme hnZym`ymkw

bqtdm∏n¬ ItØmen°cpsS samWmkvSnIfmbncp∂p a[yImesØ hnZymtIµßƒ

F.Un. 312 ¬ tIm¨Ã≥‚nbn≥ NIh¿Øn InkvXpaXw kzoIcn®tXm-sS InkvXpaXw

tdmamkmamPyØnse AwKoIrXaXambnØo¿∂p. saUn‰td\nb≥ XSØnse an°

hnZymebßfpw InkvXpaX]NmcWw Gs‰SpØp. hnZyt\Snbh¿°v kaqlØnepw

`cWØnepw ][m\s∏´ ÿm\w e`n®ncp∂Xn\m¬ hnZym`ymkØns‚

]m[m\ysØ°pdn®v F√mhcpw t_m[hm∑mcmbncp∂p,

12˛ -mw \q‰m≠nse a[yIme \thm∞m\tØmsS hnZym`ymkcwKØv

]cnh¿Ø\ßfp≠mbn. k\ymkhrØn ]Tn°m\pt±in°p∂h¿°v 15 hb n\p

apºpXs∂ [mcmfw ]Tn°m\p≠mbncp∂p. hmb\, [ym\w, ]m¿Y\ F∂nhbmbncp∂p

][m\ambpw ]T\hnjbßƒ. \Kc]tZißfn¬ PohnXØn\v Ipsd°qSn

D]Imc]Zamb hnjbßƒ ]Tn°m\p≠mbncp∂p. em‰n≥, hymIcWw, ]`mjWw,

\ymbw, t£XKWnXw, Aw¶KWnXw (Arithematic) Du¿PX¥w, cm„X¥w,

kmºØnIimkvXw apXemb hnjbßƒ AhnsS ]Tn∏n®ncp∂p. IqSmsX \q¬\q¬°¬,

Irjn, sshZyw XpSßnb sXmgnepIfpw ]Tn∏n®ncp∂p.

C‰en, ^m≥kv, Cw•≠v XpSßnb cmPyßfn¬ k¿∆IemimeIƒ DZbw sIm≠Xpw

C°meØmWv.

bqtdm∏n\pw ]pdØpw a[ybpKßfn¬ hnZym`ymkhf¿®bp≠mbncp∂p. _mKvZmZv

CØcØnep≈ Hcp tIµambncp∂p. _mKvZmZnse 'House of Wisdom' F∂ KŸime 9

apX¬ 13- mw \q‰m≠phsc Adnhns‚ tIµambncp∂p. AhnsS ss]ØtKmdkv, tπt‰m,

15

Acnkvt‰m´n¬, lnt∏mIn‰kv, bp¢nUv, kpipX≥, NcI≥, Bcy`´≥, _“Kp]vX≥

XpSßnbh¿ temIØn\p \¬Inb hn⁄m\w apgph≥ ]I¿ØnsbgpXn kq£n®ncp∂p.

Hcp e£tØmfw P\kwJymbp≠mbncp∂ _mKvZmZv A°meØv sshZyimkvXw,

ckX¥w, PohimkvXw, `qanimkvXw F∂nhbpsS ]ikvXamb ]T\tIµambncp∂p..

5. hnZym`ymkw hymhkmbnIbpKØn¬

F√mh¿°pw hnZym`ymkw F∂ Bibw i‡amIp∂Xv hymhkmbnIbpKØnemWv.

hnizmkßfpsSbpw BNmcßfpsSbpw temIØv IpSpßn°nS°p∂ kaqlsØ AXn¬

\n∂pw tamNn∏n®v ]pXnbsXmgn¬ taJebn¬ AWn\ncØp∂Xn\p hnZym`ymkw

AXymhiyambncp∂p.

_n´\n¬ 1833-- ¬ D≠mb ^mŒdn BŒv A\pkcn®v ^mŒdnsØmgnemfnIfpsS a°ƒ°v

Znhkw 2 aWn°q¿ kabsØ \n¿_‘nX hnZym`ymkw sImSp°Wsa∂p Xocpam\n®p.

1880 BIptºmtg°pw 10 hb phscbp≈ apgph≥ Ip´nIƒ°pw \n¿_‘nX hnZym`ymkw

sImSp°m≥ _n´\n¬ Xocpam\n®p. C°meØmWv A[ym]I]cnioe\ßƒ

Bcw`n°p∂Xv.

Ccp]Xmw\q‰m≠n¬ temIbp≤ßƒ°ptijw hnZym`ymktaJebn¬ hºn®

]cnh¿Ø\ßƒ D≠mbn. Adnhns‚ hnkvt^mS\w \S°pIbpw imkvXm[njvTnX

hyhkmbßƒ hym]n°pIbpw sNbvXp. kwLSnXsXmgnemfnh¿Kw, sSenhnj≥

F∂nhbpsS hchpw kmaqly cmjvSob PohnXsØ BgØn¬ kzm[o\n® kw`hß

fmbncp∂p. bp≤m\¥cw an°hmdpw cmPyßƒ kzmX¥yw t\SpIbpw AhnSßfn¬

hnZym`ymkcwKØv FSpØp]dbØ° am‰ßfp≠mhpIbpw sNbvXp. hymhkmbnI

]ptcmKXn°v hnZym`ymkw IqSntb Ignbq F∂mbnØo¿∂p.

˛ hnZym¿YnIfpsS FÆw h¿[n®p.

˛ D∂XhnZym`ymkØn\v ]m[m\yw IqSn.

˛ hnZym`ymkhpw kºØpw XΩnep≈ _‘w ]I-S-ambn

˛ KpWta∑bp≈ hnZym`ymkw F∂ Nn¥ i‡ambn.

˛ hnZym`ymk a\»mkvXØns‚ kzm[o\w h¿[n®p,

F∂nhbpw C°mesØ FSpØp]dbØ° am‰ßfmWv.

6. temIhnZym`ymkØnse kaImenI]hWXIƒ:-

temIsØ an° cmPyßfnepw \n¿_‘nX hnZym`ymkw \ne\n¬°p∂p F∂XmWv

h¿Øam\ImeØns‚ Hcp ][m\khntijX. 30 sIm√ßƒ°p≈n¬ NcnXØn¬

C∂phscbp≈Xn¬ IqSpX¬ BfpIƒ°p Hu]NmcnI hnZym`ymkw e`n°psa∂v

bps\kvtIm \nco£n®n´p≠v.

\nc£ccpsSbpw kvIqfn¬ t]mImØhcpsSbpw FÆw IpsdZiIßfmbn

Ipd™psIm≠ncn°pIbmWv. 1960- ¬ 36% \nc£ccp≠mbncps∂¶n¬ 2000 ¬ AXv 25%

Bbn.

16

World Declaration as Education for All UNESCO – 1990

1990 - ¬ Xmbe‚ nse tPmavXo\n¬ h®p \S∂ temIhnZym`ymk

tIm¨^d≥kv ASnÿm\ hnZym`ymkßƒ \ndth‰p∂Xn\p≈ Hcp

]h¿Ø\cq]tcJ Xbmdm°n, Ip´nIƒ, sNdp∏°m¿, apXn¿∂h¿

F∂nßs\ Bcpambns°m≈s´, Ah¿s°√mw hnZym`ymkØn\p≈

AhImiap≠v F∂v tIm¨^d≥kv ]Jym]\w \SØn.

hnIkzccmPyßfn¬ 1970- ¬ \n∂pw 2000 BbtXmsS \nc£ccpsS FÆw ]IpXnbmbn.

hnIknX \mSpIfnemIs´ 6% F∂Xv 1% Bbn Ipd™p. Ccp]Xmw\q‰m≠ns‚

]IpXnbmIptºmtg°pw temIw kmt¶XnIambpw kmºØnIambpw hf¿∂p. CXv

sXmgn¬taJebnepw PohnXØnepw henb ]cnh¿Ø\ßƒ hcpØn. 1980 ItfmsS

Kh¨sa≥dpIfpw hnZym`ymk hnZKv[cpw ]apJcmb sXmgn¬ZmXm°fpw UnPn‰¬ (Digital)

sXmgnen-Sßƒ°mhiyamb sshZKv[yw. hnZym`ymkØneqsS D≠m°p∂Xns\°pdn®p

Nn¥n®pXpSßn. Ccp]sØm∂mw \q‰m≠n\v Cu taJebnep≈ sshZKv[yw

AXy¥mt]£nXamWv.

]cºcmKXamb A°mZanI AdnhpIfpsS ÿm\Øv hniIe\mflNn¥,

]iv\]cnlcWtijn, Sowh¿°v F∂nh Bhiyap≈XmWv ]pXnb ImesØ

sXmgnepIƒ.

hnIknXcmPyßfnse hnZym`ymkamXrIIƒ

1. ^n≥em‚ v

$ 6 hb p apX¬ Hcp sIm√sØ ]oss]adn hnZym`ymkw

$ 7 hb p apX¬ 16 hb phsc 9 sIm√sØ ASnÿm\ kvIqƒ hnZym`ymkw.

$ cmhnse 8, 9 aWn apX¬ kvIqƒ Zn\ßƒ Bcw`n°p∂p. 1, 2 aWn°v

Ahkm\n°p∂p.

$ A[ym]Is‚ icmicn hm¿jnI iºfw 70000 tUmf¿.

$ 9 sIm√sØ hnZym`ymkØn\ptijw A°mZanItam sXmgne[njvTnXtam

Bb D∂XhnZym`ymkw Xncs™Sp°mhp∂XmWv.

$ t_m[\am[yaw ^n\njv `mj. (Finish)

$ kzoUnjv, Cw•ojv `mjIfpw ]Tn°p∂p.

$ temIØv KWnXw, kb≥kv, `mj F∂nhbn¬ ap∂n´p \n¬°p∂p.

$ anI® A[ym]I¿, kvIqfpIƒ°v kzb`cWm[nImcw F∂nh ^n≥e‚ v

hnZym`ymkØns‚ ]tXyIXbmWv.

17

P∏m≥

$ P\\w apX¬ kvIqƒ]mbw Bcw`n°p∂p F∂p IcpXp∂ cmPyamWv P∏m≥.

$ ]okvIqƒ hnZym`ymkw P∏m\n¬ i‡n]m]n®phcp∂p.

$ Fensa‚dn hnZym`ymkw - 6 h¿jw

$ anUn¬ kvIqƒ - 3 h¿jw

$ sslkvIqƒ - 3 h¿jw

$ k¿∆Iemime - 4 h¿jw

Cßs\bmWv hnZym`ymkImew. CXn¬ Fensa‚dn anUn¬ kvIqƒ hnZym`ymkw

(9 h¿jsØ) \n¿_‘amWv.

$ t_m[\am[yw - Pm∏\okv `mj.

¢mkpIƒ cmhnse 8.45 apX¬ D®bv°v 3.15 hsc.

(6½ aWn°q¿ ]h¿Øn kabw)

$ kvIqfn¬ t]mjI kar≤amb `£Wap≠v.

$ ¢mkvapdnIƒ hrØnbm°p∂Xv hnZym¿YnIfpsS NpaXebmWv.

$ kvIqƒ kabØn\ptijw Ip´nIƒ ]eXcw h¿°vtjm∏pIfn¬ t]mbn

sXmgnepIƒ ]Tn°p∂p.

$ kvIqƒ ]thi\w - 100%

$ km£cX - 100%

$ IqSpX¬ cmPyßfnse hnZym`ymk kºZmbsØ°pdn®v hnhcßƒ tiJcn®v

N¿® sNøpat√m?

XpS¿]h¿Ø\ßƒ-

1. C‚¿s\‰v D]tbmKn®v temIhnZym`ymkØnse \qX\ ]hWXIƒ Is≠Øn

¢mkn¬ s]mXphmbn AhXcn∏n°pI.

2. Gjy, bqtdm∏v, B^n°, Atacn°≥, h≥IcIfnse hnIknX hnIkzccmPy-

ßƒ°nS--bnse hnZym`ymk]hWXIƒ Is≠Øn XmcXayw sNøpI.

3. thZImehnZym`ymkhpw ]mNo\\mKcnIXIfnse hnZym`ymkhpw XΩn¬ XmcXayw

sNøpI.

4. hyhkmbnIbpKw hnZym`ymkØn¬ ]cnh¿Ø\w hcpØnbn´pt≠m? AXns‚

ImcWw F¥mWv?

5. temIcmPyßfnse kvIqƒ hnZym`ymk LS\, kz`mhw F∂nh tiJcn°pI.

Ref:- 1. Encyclopaedia Britanica – Volume – 6

2. hnizhn⁄m\tImiw - N.B.S volume 9

3. History of Education – Wikipedia,

4. History of Education – Nirmalkaur, Mittal Publications –NewDelhi 2005.

18

C¥y≥hnZym`ymkw IΩoj\pIƒ dnt∏m¿´pIƒ

BapJw

C¥ybpsS kzmX¥yØn\p apºpw ]nºpambn \nch[n hnZym`ymk IΩo-j-\p-Iƒ

cq]s∏´n´p≠v. Ahsb hna¿i\mflIambn kao]n°m≥ Hcp `mhnA[ym]I\v

IgnbWw. F¶n¬ amXta h¿Øam\ hnZym`ymk ]iv\ßsf IrXyXtbmsS

kao]n°m\pw hniIe\w sNbvXv ]cnlmcßƒ cq]s∏SpØn \S∏nem°m\pw Ignbq.

GsX√mw IΩoj\pIfmWv kzmX¥yØn\p apºv C¥ybn¬ \nehn¬ h∂Xv?

AhbpsS \n¿t±ißfpw ip]m¿iIfpw C¥ybpsS hnZym`ymk ]h¿Ø\ßsf

FXamXw [\mflIambn (Positive) apt∂dm≥ klmbn®p?

kzmX¥Øn\ptijw h∂ hnZym`ymk IΩoj\pIfpw \nba\n¿ΩmWßfpw

GsX√mw?

\mw t\cnSp∂ hnZym`ymkkakyIsf Ah Fßs\ ]Xntcm[n®p?

Ahbnse \n¿t±ißfpw ip]m¿iIfpw \S∏nem°p∂Xn¬ \mw hnPbn®n´pt≠m?

F¥psIm≠v?

XpSßnb \nch[n tNmZyßƒ kzbw tNmZn®psIm≠p thWw Ahsb kao]n°m≥.

H∂mw bqWn‰n¬ C¥y≥ hnZym`ymkØns‚ hf¿®bv°pw hnImkØn\pw klmbIamb

\nch[n \nba\n¿ΩmWßƒ, hnZym`ymk IΩoj\pIƒ, dnt∏m¿´pIƒ F∂nh

Dƒs∏Sp-Øn-bn´p≠v. AhbpsS D≈S°w Adnbm\pw hniIe\w sNøm\pamWv Cu

L´Øn¬ e£yanSp∂Xv.

ChnsS N¿® sNøs∏Sp∂ tcJIƒ

1. sa°msf an\pSvkv - 1835

2. hpUvkv sUkv]m®v - 1854

3. l≠¿ IΩoj≥ dnt∏m¿ v - 1882

4. l¿tSmKv IΩ‰n dnt∏m¿ v - 1929

5. km¿P‚ v dnt∏m¿ v - 1944

6. C¥y≥ `cWLS\ - 1950

7. sk°‚dn hnZym`ymk IΩoj≥ - 1953

8. C¥y≥ hnZym`ymk IΩoj≥ - 1966

9. tZiob hnZym`ymk\bw - 1968

10. tZiob hnZym`ymk\bw - 1986

11. t]mKmw Hm v B£≥ - 1992

12. biv ]m¬ IΩ‰n dnt∏m¿ v - 1993

13. tZiob]mTy]≤Xn N´°qSv - 2005

19

14. hnZym`ymk AhImi\nbaw - 2009

15. F≥.kn.F v.Sn.C ñ 2009

F∂o IΩoj≥ dnt∏m¿´pIfpsS ]k‡n, ]m[m\yw, AhbpsS hniIe\w F∂nh

]T\hnjbam°pIbmWv.

1. sa°msf an\pSvkv (1835)

B[p\nI C¥y≥ hnZym`ymksØ cq]s∏SpØp∂Xn¬ henb ]¶phln®

\nba\n¿ΩmW tcJbmWv 1835 se sa°msfbpsS an\pSvkv. h¿Øam\Ime

hnZym`ymksØt∏mepw kzm[o\n°p∂ Cu tcJbpsS hniIe\w A[ym]I

hnZym¿YnIsf kw_‘n®nStØmfw ][m\amWv. Cw•ojv hnZym`ymkØn\pw ]m›mXy

Bibßƒ°pw Du∂¬ \¬Ip∂Xn\v ]m[m\yw \¬Ins°m≠mWv \n›nXtcJ

ASnÿm\am°nb hnZym`ymkw \S∏nem°nbXv. kzm`mhnIambpw Cu tcJ

sImtfmWnb≥ Xm¬∏cyßfpsS `mKamWv.

kzmX¥ym\¥c `mcXØn¬ amXr`mjbneq∂nb ]T\sØ \ncmIcn°p∂

]hWXbmWv \ap°v ImWm≥ IgnbpI. almflmKm‘n, SmtKm¿, XpSßnb

hnZym`ymkNn¥IcpsS Bibßsf adnI--S∂v C∂pw ]m›mXy`mjtbmSpw

hnZym`ymk coXntbmSpw D≈ A`n\nthiw F¥psIm≠v F∂ tNmZyw \mw

D∂bnt°≠nbncn°p∂p. hniZamb ]T\hpw N¿®Ifpw hniIe\hpw

A\nhmcyamIpIbmWnhnsS.

1813 apX¬ \m¬∏Xp h¿j°mew C¥y≥ hnZym`ymkNcnXØn¬ hnhmZßfpsS

Imeambncp∂p. 1806 -1813 hsc C¥ybn¬ Kh¿W¿ P\dembncp∂Xv ant‚m ]`phmbncp∂p.

Cw•ojpIm¿ `mcXob kwkv°mcØn\v th≠X t]m’ml\w \¬IWsa∂v At±lw

i‡ambn hmZn®p. Aßs\ ]uckvXyhmZnIfmb Iº\n DtZymKÿmcpw anj\dnamsc

A\pIqen°p∂ ]m›mXyhmZnIfpw c≠ptNcnbmbn amdn. Iº\n UbdŒ¿ t_m¿Unepw

Cu c≠p ho£Wßƒ°pw GXm≠v Xpey]mXn\n[yamWv D≠mbXv. 1835- ¬ Cu ]iv\w

A∂sØ Kh¿W¿P\dembncp∂ hneyws_‚n°v ]`phns‚ Xocpam\Øn\v hnSm≥

t_m¿Uv Xocpam\n®p.

A∂v ]_vfn°vC≥kvS£≥ P\d¬IΩ‰nbpsS ]knU‚pw Kh¿W¿ P\dens‚

Imcy\n¿∆lWkanXnbnse \nbaImcymwKhpw sa°msf ]`phmbncp∂p.

At±lsØbmWv Cu hnhmZhnjbØn¬ Xocpam\saSp°m≥ NpaXes∏SpØnbXv.

Aßs\bmWv sa°msfbpsS ]kn≤amb 'an\nSvkv' P∑saSpØXv.

1835 s^_phcn amkØnemWv C¥y≥ hnZym`ymk NcnXØnse ASnÿm\

tcJIfnsem∂mb "sa°msf an\pS vkv' ]pdØph∂Xv. 1813 -˛se Nm¿´dnse

hyhÿbvs°mØv GXpXcØnep≈ hnZym`ymkamWv `mcXØn¬ \S∏nemt°≠Xv

F∂v hy‡ambn \n¿hNnt°≠Xv sa°msfbpsS NpaXebmbncp∂p. sa°msfbpsS

hmZßƒ Cßs\ kwKln°mw.

$ 1813 se Nm¿´dn¬ D]tbmKn®ncp∂ "kmlnXyw' F∂Xv Cw•ojv kmlnXyamsW∂pw

"]finX\mb C¥y°mc≥' F∂XpsIm≠v A¿Yam°nbXv tem°ns‚ XXzim-

20

kvXw, an¬´s‚ IhnX F∂nßs\ Cw•ojv hn⁄m\Øn¬ Bg-Øn¬ Adnhp

t\Snb hy‡nbmsW∂v At±lw hymJym\n®p.

$ imkvXhn⁄m\w Cw•ojv mjbneqsS amXta t\Sm\mIq F∂v Xd∏n®p ]d™p.

$ ]uckvXy hnZym`ymkÿm]\ßƒ XpS¿∂p \SØp∂Xnt\mSv hntbmPn∏p

tcJs∏SpØn.

$ C¥y≥ \m´p`mjIsf Cw•ojv kmlnXyØn¬ \n∂pw imkvXØn¬ \n∂pw

sXcs™SpØ ]Zßfp]tbmKn®v kº∂am°pI.

$ C¥y°mcpsS CSbn¬ bqtdm]y≥ kmlnXyhpw imkvXhpw ]Ncn∏n°Ww.

$ ]T\am[yaw Cw•ojv B°p∂Xn¬ Hcp hn`mKØn\pw FXn¿∏ns√∂p

]tXyIw ]kvXmhn®p.

$ "C¥ybnsebpw, Atd_ybnsebpw kIekmlnXysØ°mfpw hneaXn°s∏´XmWv

Hcp AeamcbnsemXpßp∂ bqtdm]y≥ kmlnXyw' F∂v A`n-]m-b-s]- p.

$ Cw•ojv `mjbpsS A]mcamb Ignhpw hnZym`ymk am[yaambn AwKoIcn°s∏Sm≥

AXn\p≈ F√m A¿lXbpw FSpØp ]d™p.

$ `cWcwKsØ C¥ybnse D∂XIpePmX¿°v `cW`mjbmb Cw•ojn¬

]mhoWyap≠v. Cw•ojv ]uckvXy\mSpIfnse apgph≥ ]tZisØbpw `mjbmIm≥

km[yXbp-≈XmWv.

$ "`cWI¿Øm°fmb \Ωfpw \m´pImcmb C¥y°mcpw XΩn¬ Bib hn\nabw

sNøm≥ klmbn°p∂Xpw c‡Ønepw h¿ÆØnepw C¥y°mcmsW¶n-epw

ho£WØnepw _p≤ni‡nbnepw kZmNmct_m[Ønepw Cw•ojpImcpamb Hcp

h¿KsØ kr„n°m≥ Ignbp∂sX√mw \mw sNtø≠nbncn°p∂p,' F∂ ]kvXmh\-

bneqsS C¥ybnse _nójv hnZym`ymkØns‚ e£yw At±lw hy‡am°n.

sa°msfbpsS e£yw C¥ybn¬ \S∏nembXns‚ ê-ambn D]cnh¿KsØ Cw•ojns‚

kzm[o\Øn\v Hcp ]cn[nhsc C∂pw ASnas∏SpØm≥ Ignbp∂p≠v. h¿Øam\-ImeØv

Cu an\nSvkv hniIe\hnt[bam°n. AXns‚ kzm[o\Øn¬ \n∂pw C¥y≥

hnZym`ymksØ tamNn∏n°m\p≈ iaßƒ \SØntb Xocq.

2. hpUvkv Ukv]m®v (1854)

C¥y≥ hnZym`ymkØns‚ as‰mcp \mgnI°√mWv 1854 se hpUvkv Ukv]m®v F∂

tcJ. 1853 ñ ¬ CuÃn¥ym Iº\nbp-sS Nm¿´¿ ]pXp°p∂tXmS\p_‘n®v C¥ybpsS

hnZym`ymk\nesb∏‰n _nójv ]m¿esa‚ns‚ skeIvSv IΩn‰n Hcp kaKAt\zjWw

\SØnbncp∂p. Ign™ ImesØ hnZym`ymk\bßƒ AhtemI\w sNøpIamXa√

`mhnhnZym`ymk\bw cq]oIcn°pI IqSnbmbncp∂p AXns‚ apJye£yw. B

At\zjWØns‚ êambmWv CuÃv C¥ymIº\nb-p-sS UbdŒ¿am¿ 1854 Pqsse 19 \v

NcnX]kn≤amb hpUvkv sUkv]m®v F∂ tcJbneqsS C¥ybnse _nójv Kh¿W¿

P\den\v hnZym`ymk]camb am¿K\n¿t±ißƒ \¬InbXv. A∂sØ CuÃn¥ym-

Iº\nbp-sS I -tSmƒt_m¿Uns‚ A[y£\mbncp∂ NmƒkvhpUns‚ t]cnemWv B

tcJ Adnbs∏Sp∂Xv.

21

A°mewhsc hnZym`ymkcwKØv AhKWn°s∏´ ]e Imcyßƒ°pw ]m[m\yw

\¬Ins°m≠mWv 1854-se \bw cq]h¬°cn®n´p≈Xv.

$ ]m›mXyimkvXßfptSbpw hn⁄m\Øns‚bpw kwkv°mcØns‚bpw alØmb

]tbmP\ßƒ C¥y≥ P\Xbv°v FØn®psImSp°Ww.

$ CXv C¥y≥P\XbpsS I¿Ωtijnbpw k∑m¿§nIt_m[hpw hnIkn∏n°pw.

C¥ybn¬ e`yamb hn`hßfpsS hnImkØn\v CXv klmbn°pw. AXphgn

kmºØnIh¿[\hn\pw hmWnPyhnImkØn\pw hgnsXfn°pw.

$ bqtdm]y≥ hn⁄m\w Dƒs°m≈p∂ IeIƒ, imkvXßƒ, Z¿i\w, kmlnXyw

F∂nhbpsS A`yk\amWv hnZym`ymkw sIm≠pt±in°p∂Xv.

$ Cw•ojv `mjbneq-sS ]T\w \SØm\mKln°p∂hscsb√mw AXn\p klmbn°pw.

$ km[mcW°m¿°v ]mtZinI`mjbn¬ hnZym`ymkw \SØm≥ Ahkcap≠v.

F∂m¬ ]mtZinI`mjbn¬ hnZym`ymkw \SØp∂hcpw Cw•ojv `mj

\n¿_‘ambpw ]Tn®ncn°Ww.

$ Cu tcJ ]uckvXyhnZym`ymksØ X≈n∏dbp∂n√. F∂m¬ AXv A_≤

PSneamsW∂pw B[p\nI ssh⁄m\nI [mcWIƒ hy‡am°m≥ Ignbns√∂pw

]Xn]mZn°p∂p.

Cu tcJsb B[mcam°nbp≈ Nne ]h¿Ø\ßfpw \n¿t±ißfpamWv NphsS

tN¿°p∂Xv.

$ _wKmƒ, aZmkv, t_mws_, ]©m_v, hS°p]Sn™md≥ ]hniy F∂nhnSßfn-

temtcm∂nepw hnZym`ymkhIp∏pIƒ XpSßn.

$ Hmtcm kwÿm\Ønepw Cu hIp∏ns‚ Xeh\mbn s]mXphnZym`ymk UbdŒsdbpw

At±lsØ klmbn°m≥ ]cntim[t\mZtymKÿ≥amscbpw \nban®p.

$ I¬°Ø, t_mws_, aZmkv F∂o kwÿm\ßfn¬ k¿∆IemimeIƒ

ÿm]n°m\p≈ \n¿t±iw \¬In.

$ cmPyØpS\ofw kvIqfpIfpw tImtfPpIfpw ÿm]n°m\p≈ \n¿t±ihpw hpUvkv

Ukv]m-®nep≠mbncp∂p.

$ Cw•ojntem C¥y≥`mjIfntem A[ym]\w \SØp∂ sslkvIqfpIfpw anUn¬

kvIqfpIfpw ]mtZinI`mjIƒ A[yb\am[yaambp≈ ]mYanI hnZymebßfpw

\msSm´p°pw ÿm]n°pIbmbncp∂p e£yw.

$ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ kmºØnI _m[yX Ipdbv°p∂Xn\mbn kzImcy GP≥knIƒ°v

Km‚ v -C≥ FbvUv \¬In hnZym`ymkÿm]\ßƒ -Bcw`n®p.

$ Kh¨sa‚ v klmbw ]‰p∂ kzImcy hnZym`ymkÿm]\ßfn¬ ]cntim[\°mbn

DtZyKÿ∑msc G¿s∏SpØn.

$ A≤ym]I]cnioe\ tIµßƒ Hmtcm kwÿm\Øpw XpSßm≥ \n¿t±in®p.

$ Kh. DtZymKßfn¬ Cw•ojv ]mhoWyap≈hsc \nban°m≥ \n¿t±in®p.

22

$ kvXo hnZym`ymkw t]m’mln∏n°phm≥ th≠\S]SnIƒ kzoIcn°m≥ \n¿t±in®p.

$ hpUvkv Ukv]m®neqsS XpSßnb ]e]cnjvImcßfpw C∂pw C¥ybn¬

\ne\n¬°p∂p≠v.

3. l≠¿ IΩoj≥ dnt∏m¿ v (1882)

1882- ¬ CuÃv C¥yIº\nbpsS cm„ob A[nImcw Ahkm\n∏n°pIbpw cWw _nójv

cmPmhv t\cn´v \SØm≥ Xocpam\n°pIbpw sNbvXp. ]Xn\meph¿jßƒ°p tijw

1882 -¬ C¥y≥ hnZym`ymksØ°pdn®v ]Tn®v dnt∏m¿´v ka¿∏n°m≥ C¥y≥

hnZym`ymkIΩoj≥ \nbanXambn. 1854 -se hpUvkv Ukv]m®v ]Imca√ C¥ybnse

hnZym`ymkw \S∂psIm≠ncn°p∂sX∂ ]cmXnIfpw i‡ambncp∂p. CsX√mw

IW°nseSpØv hneyw l≠dpsS t\XrXzØn¬ 21 AwKßfSßnb Hcp IΩ‰n

hnZym`ymksØ°pdn®v ]Tn°m≥ \nban®p.

IΩojs‚ ][m\ ip]m¿iIƒ

1. ]mYanIhnZym`ymkw Dd∏mt°≠Xv Kh¨sa‚ns‚ _m[yXbmWv. AXns‚ Dt±iyw

kmam\y P\Øn\p hnZym`ymkw \¬IpIbmbncn°Ww. D∂XhnZym`ymk-Øn\p≈

Nhn´p]Snbmb√ ]mYanI hnZym`ymksØ ImtW≠Xv. ]mYanIL- Øn¬ A[yb\

am[yaw ]mtZinI`mjIƒ Xs∂bmbncn°Ww.

2. ]n∂m° kapZmbßfn-te°pw tKmXh¿Kßfnte°pw hnZym`ymkw hym]n∏n °m≥

th≠X[\w \o°nhbv°Ww. ]mYanI hnZym`ymkØns‚ ]mTy]≤Xn _nójv

`cW]tZiØv H∂p Xs∂bmbncn°Ww.

3. ]mYanI hnZym`ymkw sa®s∏SpØm≥ F√m Xt±ikzbw`cW ÿm]\ßfpw

]tXyI ^≠v G¿s∏SpØWw. Ahbv°v Kh¨sa‚ v [\klmbw \¬IWw.

4. F√m ss]adn A[ym]Icpw A[ym]I ]cnioe\w kn≤n®nhcm-bn-cn-°-Ww.

AXn\pth≠ \S]SnIƒ kzoIcn°Ww.

5. kvXohnZym`ymkw t]m’mln∏n°m≥ th≠n s]¨]≈n°qSßƒ°v th≠X

[\k--lmbw \¬tI≠XmWv.

XpSßn \nch[n \n¿t±ißƒ IΩoj≥ _nójv Kh¨sa‚n\p ap∂n¬ ka¿∏n®p.

4. l¿tSmKv IΩn‰n (1929)

Ccp]Xmw \q‰m≠ns‚ Bcw`tØmsS C¥ybn¬ tZiob ]ÿm\w i‡nbm¿Pn®ncp∂p.

1921- ¬ \n lIcW ]ÿm\sØ XpS¿∂v ]£pœamb C¥y≥ cm„obcwKw temI

i≤ ]nSn®p]‰n. 1919 -se \nba]Imcap≈ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ ]h¿Ø\ßsf∏‰n

At\zjn°m≥ 1927 -¬ \nbanXamb sska¨ IΩojs\ C¥y≥ t\Xm°ƒ

_lnjvIcn®p. F¶nepw C¥y≥ hnZym`ymksØ°pdn®v At\zjn®p dnt∏m¿´v

ka¿∏n°m≥ A∂v Um°m bqWnthgvkn‰nbnse sshkvNm≥kedmbncp∂ k¿ ^nen∏v

l¿tSmKv sNb¿am\mbn IΩ‰nsb NpaXes∏SpØn. C¥y≥ hnZym`ymksØ apt∂m´p

\bn°m≥ ]m]vXamb \nch[n ip]m¿iIƒ IΩ‰n dnt∏m¿ń¬ D≠mbncp∂p.

][m\ ip]m¿iIƒ

23

1. ]mtbmKnI PohnXØn\v hnZymYnIsf Xbmdm°p∂ sXmgne[njvTnX tImgvkpIƒ

anUn¬ kvIqƒ XeØn¬ XpStß≠XmWv.

2. hnZym`ymkcwKsØ A]hybw (Wastage) KXntcm[w (Stagnation) aqeap≠mIp∂

\„w, hnZym`ymkImcyØn¬ kvXo ]pcpj≥am¿ XΩnep≈ A¥cw F∂nh

ZqcoIcn®v Imcy£aX h¿[n∏n°Ww.

3. kvXohnZym`ymkØn\pw kvXoIƒ°p hnZym`ymktaJebnse hnhn[ Xeßfn¬

]mXn\n[yw Dd∏m°p∂Xn\pw th≠\S]SnIƒ kzoIcn°m≥ ip]m¿i sNbvXp.

4. A[ym]IcwKtØ°v ka¿∞cmbhsc BI¿jn°phm≥ ]cnioe\w, thX\w,

tkh\ hyhÿIƒ F∂nh sa®s∏SpØm≥ ip]m¿i sNbvXp.

5. ]mYanI hnZym`ymkw \meph¿jam°pI, ]mtZinI kuIcyßƒ°pw

Imemhÿbv°pw A\pkrXambn kvIqƒ kabhpw HgnhpImehpw \n¿Wbn°pI,

]mTy]≤Xnsb KmaoW PohnXhpambn _‘n∏n°pI XpSßnb ip]m¿iIfpw \¬In.

F∂m¬ \n¿`mKysa∂p]dbs´ InbmflIamb Cu \n¿t±ißƒ ê]Zambn

\S∏m°p∂Xn\v 1930 ˛ -31 ImesØ BtKmf kmºØnIamµyw XS ambn.

5. km¿P‚v dnt∏m¿ v (1944)

C¥ybnse hnZym`ymk\bßƒ F¥mbncn°Wsa∂Xns\∏‰n Hcp dnt∏m¿´v

ka¿∏n°m≥ A∂sØ hnZym`ymk D]tZjv-Smhmbncp∂ k¿ tPm¨ km¿P≥dnt\mSv

Kh¨sa‚ v Bhiys∏´p. 1944- ¬ At±lw ka¿∏n® dnt∏m¿´mWv km¿P‚ v dnt∏m¿´v

F∂dnbs∏Sp∂Xv. Cu dnt∏m¿ńs‚ `mKamb ip]m¿iIfn¬ C¥y≥ tZiob

t\Xm°fpsS ho£Whpw kzm[o\hpw ]Xnên®ncp∂p F∂ ]tXyIX ImWm\mhpw.

][m\ ip]m¿iIƒ

1. Btfmlcn 11 cq]sb¶nepw hnZym`ymkØn\pth≠n C¥ybn¬ sNehnSWw. (CXv

_n´Wn¬ 33 cq]bmWv)

2. hnZym`ymkw kuP\yhpw \n¿_‘nXhpam°Ww.

3. 3- apX¬ 6 hb phscbp≈ IpńIƒ°mbn ]oss]adn hnZym`ymk kuIcyw ss]adn

hnZymebßfpsS `mKambn G¿s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. sk°‚n L´Øn¬ icmicn Ignhn¬

anI®p \n¬°p∂-h¿°p amXw ]thi\w \¬IWw. kmt¶XnIhpw

A°mZanIhpamb tImgvkpIƒ \S∏m°Ww.

4. A[yb\am[yaw amXr`mjbmbncn°Ww. F∂m¬ Hcp `mjsb∂\nebn¬ Cw•ojv

]Tn°Ww.

5. ]mhs∏´h¿°v kvtImf¿jn∏v \¬IpI, F√mh¿°pw BtcmKy]cnc£, IpńIƒ°v

D®`£Ww, imcocnIhpw am\knIhpamb sh√phnfn t\cnSp ∂h¿°v ]tXyI

]T\ kuIcyw Dd∏m°pI.

6. A[ym]I]cnioe\w sa®s∏SpØpI.

7. hnZym`ymkw Kh¨sa‚ns‚ A\nhmcyamb DØchmZnØamsW∂pw cmjvSØns‚

24

hnImkw hnZym`ymksØ Bibn®ncn°p∂p F∂pw dnt∏m¿ v \nco£n°p∂p.

8. ss]adn-, anUn¬ L´Ønep≈ hnZym`ymkØn\p Km‘nPnbpsS ASnÿm\

hnZym`ymk Bibßƒ \S∏nem°m≥ ip]m¿i sNbvXp. Cu dnt∏m¿ńs‚

ASnÿm\Øn¬ tIµØn¬ Hcp hnZym`ymkImcya¥mebw ÿm]nXambn. C¥y≥

bqWnthgvkn‰n Km≥dv IΩoj≥, Bƒ C¥ym Iu¨kn¬ t^m¿ sS°\n°¬

FPypt°j≥, P\d¬ _yqtdm Hm v FPypt°j≥ F∂o ÿm]\ßfpw cq]o-

Icn-°s∏´p.

Cu dnt∏m¿ńse ip]m¿iIƒ ê]Zam°m≥ _nójv Kh¨sa‚n\v km[n®ns√¶nepw

]n∂oSp≈ hnZym`ymk ]h¿Ø\ßƒ°v hgnImńbmhm≥ km¿P‚ v dnt∏m¿´v

klmbIambn.

6. C¥y≥ `cWLS\ (1950)

kzmX¥ym\¥c`mcXØns‚ hnZym`ymk e£yßƒ \n›bn°p∂Xn\v A-Snÿm\ambXv

C¥y≥`cWLS\bmWv. Hcp tkmjyenÃv P\m[n]Xy-atXXc cm„Ønse ]uc≥amcpsS

\m\mhn[Ønep≈ P\m[n]XyAhImißƒ kwc£n°pIbpw sI´pd∏p≈ Hcp cm„w

]SpØpb¿Øm\p≈ hyhÿIƒ Dƒs°m≈pIbpw sNøp∂ AXn][m\tcJbmWnXv.

`cWLS\ apt∂m´phbv°p∂ e£ykm£mXv°mcØn\v P\XbpsS hnZym`ymkw

A\nhmcyamWv. AXpsIm≠pXs∂ `cWLS\bnse Nne hIp∏pIƒ hnZym`ymk Øn\v

hfscb[nIw ]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂Xv.

][m\ `cWLS\mhyhÿIƒ NphsS tN¿°p∂p.

1. kuP\yhpw \n¿_‘nXhpamb ]mYanI hnZym`ymkw

2. \yq\]£ßfpsS ]tXyI hnZym`ymk AhImißƒ

3. aX]camb hnZym`ymkw

4. Zp¿_ehn`mKßfpsS hnZym`ymkw

5. hnZym`ymkImcyØn¬ tIµkwÿm\k¿°mcpIfpsS ]¶v.

6.1. kuP\yhpw \n¿_‘nXhpamb ]mYanIhnZym`ymkw

`cWLS\bpsS 45-˛mw hIp∏mWv kuP\yhpw \n¿_‘nXhpamb km¿∆XnI

hnZym`ymksØ∏‰n ]Xn]mZn°p∂Xv. `cWLS\ \S∏nem°p∂Xp apX¬ ]Øp-

h¿jØn\p≈n¬ cm„Ønse F√mIpńIƒ°pw ]Xn\mephb p ]q¿Ønbm°p-

∂Xphsc kuP\yhpw \n¿_‘nXhpamb hnZym`ymkw \¬IWsa∂mWv Cu hIp∏v

A\pim-kn°p∂Xv. F∂m¬ Cu e£yw ]q¿ØoIcn°m\p≈ iaßƒ C∂pw

XpScpIbmWv.

6.2. \yp\]£ßfpsS ]tXyI hnZym`ymk AhImißƒ

XßfptSXmb ]tXyI`mjtbm en]ntbm kwkv°mctam D≈ GXp hn`mKw `mcXob

]uc∑m¿°pw Ahkwc£n°m\p≈ AhImiap≠v F∂v `cWLS\bpsS 29(1) hIp∏n¬

hy‡am°p∂p.

cmjvSØns‚ DSaÿXbnep≈tXm AXns‚ kmºØnI klmbØm¬

25

\SØs∏Sp∂tXm Bb Hcp hnZym`ymkÿm]\Ønepw aXØns‚tbm PmXnbptStbm

h¿KØns‚tbm `mjbpsStbm t]cntem at‰sX¶nepw ImcWhimtem Hcp ]uc\pw

]thi\w \ntj[n°m≥ ]mSns√∂v 29(2) hIp∏v A\pimkn°p∂p.

`cWLS\bpsS 30- mw hIp∏nepw \yp\]£ kapZmbßƒ°v hnZym`ymk ÿm]\ßƒ

\SØm\p≈ AhImißsf∏‰n ]dbp∂p≠v. 1) aXtØtbm `mjtbtbm

ASnÿm\am°nbp≈ F√m \yp\]£ßƒ°pw AhcpsS C„m\pkcWw hnZym`ymk

ÿm]\ßƒ ÿm]n°m\pw \SØm\pap≈ AhImiw D≠mbncn°pw. 2) aXØns‚tbm

`mjbpsStbm ASnÿm\Øn¬ \yp\]£ßƒ \SØp∂ ÿm]\ßƒ°v kmºØnI

klmbw \¬Ip∂Xn¬ cm„w hnthN\w ImWn°m≥ ]mSns√∂pw `cWLS\

A\pimkn°p∂p.

`mj, \yp\]£kapZmbØn¬s∏´hcpsS IpńIƒ°v ss]adnXeØn¬ AhcpsS

amXr`mjbn¬ hnZym`ymkw \¬Im-\p≈ DØchmZnØw kwÿm\ßƒ°p≠v.

Bhiysa¶n¬ CØcw kuIcyw e`yam°m≥ kwÿm\ßƒ°p \n¿t±iww \¬Im≥

]knU‚n\v A[nImcaps≠∂pw 350 F hIp∏p hyhkvY sNøp∂p.

6.3. aX]camb hnZym`ymkw

`cWLS\bpsS 28˛-mw hIp∏nemWv aXhnZym`ymkw ]cma¿in°p∂Xv. F∂m¬

aXkzmX¥yw hmKvZm\w sNøp∂ps≠¶nepw k¿°m¿ hnZymebßfn¬ bmsXmcphn[

aXt_m[\hpw ]mSns√∂p hyhÿsNøp∂p.

6.4. Zp¿_ehn`mKßfpsS hnZym`ymkw

`cWLS\bpsS 46 -mw hIp∏v ]ńIPmXn, ]ńIh¿Kw apXemb Zp¿_ehn`mKßfpsS

hnZym`ymk]chpw kmºØnIhpamb Imcyßfn¬ Xm¬∏cyw ImWn°m\pw Ahsc

F√mhn[ NqjWØn¬ \n∂pw kwc£n°m\pw kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚pIsf D]tZin

°p∂tXmsSm∏w CXv AhcpsS _m[yXIqSnbmsW∂v A\pimkn°p∂p.

17 -mw hIp∏v AbnØw \ntcm[n°pIbpw AXv XpS®pam‰pIbpw sNøp∂p. 378 -mw hIp∏n¬

]ńIPmXn ]ńIh¿K°m¿°p `cWLS\ \¬Ip∂ kwc£Ww kw_‘n® Imcyßƒ

Dd∏m°m≥ ]tXyI DtZymKÿs\ \nban°m≥ hyhÿ sNøp∂p.

6.5. hnZym`ymkImcyØn¬ tIµkwÿm\ DØchmZnØw

`cWLS\bn¬ hnZym`ymkw kwÿm\ßƒ ssIImcyw sNtø≠hnjbambmWv

\n¿t±in®ncn°p∂Xv. 1976 -se 42- mw `cWLS\mt`ZKXn ]Imcw AXp tIµØns‚bpw

kwÿm\Øns‚bpw Iq´pØchmZnØap≈ hnjbambn AwKoIcn®ncn°p∂p. (IÏd‚ v

enÃv) tIµ`cW]tZißfnse hnZym`ymkw tIµKh¨sa‚ns‚ t\cn´p≈ ta¬

t\m´ØnemWv.

7. sk°≠dn hnZym`ymk IΩoj≥ (1953)

\nehnep≈ sk°≠dn hnZym`ymksØ ]cntim[n®v AXns\ sa®s∏SpØp∂Xn\m-

hiyamb ip]m¿iIƒ ka¿∏n°m≥ aZmkv k¿∆Iemime sshkv Nm≥kne¿

tUm.e£vaW kzman apXenbmcpsS A[y£Xbn¬ Hcp IΩojs\ 1952 -¬

C¥ymKh¨sa‚ v \nban®p. sNb¿am≥ Dƒs∏sS 9 AwK IΩoj≥ Hcp h¿jw sIm≠v

]h¿Ø\w ]q¿Æambn 1953 ¬ dnt∏m¿ v ka¿∏n®p.

26

sk°≠dn hnZym`ymk IΩoj≥ (1953)

][m\ip]m¿iIƒ

$ Hcp P\m[n]XykaqlØnse ]uc\v Bhiyamb ioeßƒ, kao]\ßƒ,

kz`mhKpWßƒ F∂nh sk°≠dn hnZym`ymkØns‚ `mKambn hf¿∂phcWw.

sk°≠dn kvIqƒ ]mTy]≤Xn hn\nabØneqsS Nn¥bnepw FgpØnepw

kwkmcØnepw hy‡XssIhcn°Ww. imkvXob Aht_m[w, \qX\mißƒ

Dƒs°m≈m\p≈ Ignhv, Hmtcm hy‡nbpsSbpw A¥ ns\bpw alXzsØbpw Ipdn®p≈

t_m[w, klPohnItfmsSmØv sskzc-ambn Ignbm\p≈ Ignhv F∂nh B¿Pn°Ww.

$ 4/5-+3+4+3 F∂ IaØn¬ hnZym`ymkL´ßƒ \n›bn®p. (bYmIaw ss]adn

Pq\nb¿t_kn°v, lb¿ Fen-sa‚-dn, ko\nb¿ t_knIv, lb¿sk°≠dn, _ncpZw)

$ C‚¿ aoUntb‰v \n¿Øem°n. C‚¿ aoUntb‰v L´Øn¬ \n∂pw -Hcp h¿jw

lb¿sk°‚dnbnte°pw Hcp h¿jw D]cn]T\Ønte°pw tN¿Øp.

$ lb¿sk°‚dn tImgvkv ]q¿Ønbm°nbhcpw Hcp h¿jsØ bqWnthgvkn‰n tImgvkv

]q¿Ønbm°nbhcpw saUn°¬ F©n\obdnMv XpSßnb sXmgne[njvTnX

hnZym`ymkØn\v ]thi\w e`n°m≥ A¿lcmbncn°pw.

$ ]_vfnIv kvIqfpIƒ XpScWw. F∂m¬ AhnSsØ hnZym`ymkw kmam\y

hnZym`ymkØns‚ coXnbpambn HØpt]mIWw.

$ Kma]tZißfn¬ dknU≥jy¬ kvIqfpIƒ ÿm]n°Ww.

$ sk°≠dn hnZym`ymkw ]p\:kwhn[m\w sNøp∂Xn\v tIµßƒ [\klmbw

\¬tI≠XmWv.

$ 200 ]hrØnZnhkw Dd∏m°Ww. BgvNbn¬ Bdp ZnhksØ ]T\Znhkw.

Imemhÿ, ]mtZinI Bhiyßƒ F∂nhbv°v CWßpw hn[w ]T\kabw

IaoIcn°m≥ hnZymebßƒ°v kuIcyw \¬IWw.

$ Kh. ]Jym]n°p∂ s]mXpAh[n°pw 2 amksØ a[yth\¬ Ah[n°pw ]pdsa

15 Znhkw \o≠p\n¬°p∂ 2 HgnhpImew IqSn D≠mbncn°Ww.

$ anUn¬ kvIqfn¬ 2 `mj, Pq\nb¿ t_kn°ns‚ BZyZibn¬ Cw•ojpw lnµnbpw

Htc h¿jw c≠p ]pXnb `mj XpSßcpXv. sslkvIqƒ, lb¿ sk°≠dn ImeØv

Ipd™Xv c≠p`mj. Chbn¬ H∂v amXr`mjtbm ]mtZinI mjtbm Bbncn°Ww.

$ sk°≠dn L´Øn¬ apgps° A[yb\ am[yaw amXr`mjbmbncn°Ww/

]mtZinI`mj. AtXmsSm∏w `mjm\yq\]£Øn\v tIµhnZym`ymk

D]tZiIt_m¿Uv \n¿t±in® hn[Ønep≈ kuIcyw thWw.

$ A[yb\coXnbn¬ am‰w hcpØWw. AdnhpIƒ sImSp°pI F∂ e£yw amXw

t]mc A`ncpNnbpw aqeyhpw hfcWw, hmNm-in-£Ww, a\x∏mTw ]Tn°¬

F∂nhbn¬ \n∂pwamdn Dt±iy]q¿∆hpw aq¿Øhpw bYm¿Y kmlNcyhpambn

_‘s∏´Xpambncn°Ww A[ym]\coXn.

$ hnZymebßfn¬ aX]T\w XnI®pw "hf≠dn" A-Snÿm\Øn¬ amXambncn°Ww.

AXv kvIqƒ ]T\kabØn\p tijambncn°Ww. CXv c£nXm°fptSbpw

amt\Pvsa‚ns‚bpw kΩXtØmsSbmbncn°Ww.

27

$ sSIvÃv ]pkvXIØns‚ \nehmcw Db¿Øp∂Xn\v D∂Xm[nImcap≈ Hcp sSÃv

_pIv IΩ‰nsb \nbant°≠XmWv.

$ ]co£mcoXnbn¬ am‰w htc≠XmWv. C∂sØ ]co£mcoXn Icn°peØns‚

kz`mhw \n¿Wbn°p∂p. A√msX Icn°pesØ Bkv]Zam°nb√ ]co£

\S°p∂Xv.

$ hnZymebØn\v ]pdØv Cu A[nImcnIƒ \SØp∂ s]mXp]co£IfpsS FÆw

Ipdbv°pI. H_vPŒohv ssS∏v ]co£ G¿s∏SpØpI.

$ sk°≠dnhnZym`ymkt_m¿Uv cq]oIcn°pI.

$ 1:30 F∂ A\p]mXØn¬ ¢mkpIƒ \n¿Wbn°pI. Hcp kvIqfn¬ ]camh[n 500-- ˛

750 IpńItf ]mSp≈q.

$ sSbn\nMv tImtfPnse ]T\w kuP\yam°Ww. ssÃ∏‚ v \¬IWw. tkh\Ime

]cnioe\w \¬Ip∂h¿°v iºfw \¬IWw.

$ kvIqƒ sset_dnbpw sset_dnb\pw D≠mIWw.

$ kvIqfns‚ cWm\paXn, A[ym]IcpsS tkh\ thX\ hyhÿIƒ F∂nh A°mZ

anI \nehmcw Db¿Øp∂Xn\v klmbIamb coXnbnemhWw.

$ A[ym]IcpsS s]≥j≥ ]mbw 60 B°Ww.

$ slUvamÃ¿ Bbn anIhp≈ BfpIsf e`n°m≥ thX\w h¿[n∏n°Ww.

$ kvIqƒ C≥kvs]£\n¬ A°mZanI Imcyßƒ°v ap¥nb ]cnKW\ \¬IWw.

sk°≠dn hnZym`ymkØn\v kzX¥`mcXØn¬ Znimt_m[w \¬Ip∂Xn\v - Cu

IΩoj\v km[n®p. hfsc ImenIamb hnZym`ymk ]iv\ßƒ°p IqSn ]cnlmcamIp∂

XcØn¬ Zo¿L ho£Wap≈ ip]m¿iIƒ apt∂m´phbv°m≥ Cu IΩoj\p Ign™n-

- p≠v.

8. C¥y≥hnZym`ymk IΩoj≥ (1964- 66)

iniphnZym`ymkw apX¬ _ncpZm\¥c KthjWwhscbp≈ hnZym`ymksØ AXns‚

kaKXbn¬ I≠psIm≠v ]iv\ßƒ a\ nem°p∂Xn\pw ]cnlmcßƒ

\n¿t±in°p∂Xn\pw th≠n Hcp hnZym`ymkIΩojs\ \nban°p∂Xn\v 1964-¬

C¥ymKh¨sa‚ v Xocpam\n®p. A∂sØ bp.Pn.kn sNb¿am\mbncp∂ tUm.Un. Fkv.

tImØmcnbmbncp∂p IΩojs‚ sNb¿am≥. 17 AwKßfmWv IΩoj\n¬ D≠mbncp∂Xv.

IΩoj≥ ]¥≠p SmkvIvt^mgvkpIsfbpw Ggp ]h¿Ø\ Kq∏pIsfbpw \nban®p.

PohnXØns‚ hnhn[ XpdIfnep≈ 9000 t]cn¬ \n∂v hnhcßƒ tiJcn®p. 2400

satΩmdm≠ßƒ kzoIcn®p. 1966 Pq¨ 29 \v dnt∏m¿ v ka¿∏n®p. Iaaoj≥ dnt∏m¿ń\v

\¬Inb t]cv "hnZym`ymkhpw tZiob hnIk\hpw' -F∂m-bn-cp-∂p.

aq∂p`mKßfmbmWv dnt∏m¿´v Xbmdm°nbn´p≈Xv. dnt∏m¿ńs‚ BZysØ `mKw

hnZym`ymkØns‚ e£ysØbpw F√m kvt‰‰pIƒ°pw _m[Iamb Nne

s]mXpXØzßsfbpw ]Xn]mZn°p∂p. tZiobe£yw h®v hnZym`ymkcoXnsb

28

\hoIcnt°≠ BhiyIX, LS\m]camb ]p\xkwhn[m\w, hnZym¿YnIsf

tN¿°p∂Xn¬ A\ph¿Ønt°≠ s]mXp\bw, A[ym]IcpsS ]Zhn Db¿Ø¬,

hnZym`ymkØn\p≈ AhkckaXzw Dd∏m°¬ XpSßnb Imcyßƒ hniZambn N¿®

sNøp∂p.

IΩojs‚ \n¿t±ißƒ

_rlØmb aq∂p ]≤XnIfmWv IΩoj≥ \n¿t±in®Xv.

1. hnZym`ymkØns‚ B¥cnI]p\:kwLS\

a\pjys‚ PohnXhmhiyßfpambn A`nejWobambn s]mcpØs∏Sp∂ coXnbn¬

hnZym`ymkØns‚ B¥cnILS\bn¬ am‰w hcpØWw. F∂m¬ amXta AXv

kmaqlnIhpw kmºØnIhpw kmwkvImcnIhpamb ]cnh¿Ø\ßƒ°p≈ Hcp]m[n

bmbnØocpIbp≈q. AXn\v IΩoj≥ A©pam¿KßfmWv \n¿t±in®n´p≈Xv.

$ hnZym`ymksØ D¬∏mZ\hpambn _‘n∏n°pI. (]hrØn ]cnNb

sXmgne[njvTnX hnZym`ymkØneqsS)

$ hnZym`ymk]≤XnIfneqsS kmaqlnIamb DZvKY\hpw tZiob DZvKY\hpw

i‡am°pI. `mjm\bw, ]T\am[yaw-, amXr`mj, CXc`mjm]T\w, s]mXp-

hnZymebw.

$ kmaqlnI aqeyßƒ hnIkn∏n®v P\m[n]Xyw i‡am°pI. kuP\y hnZym`ymkw,

htbmP\hnZym`ymkw, ]T\Øn¬ Ignhp≈h¿°v XpS¿]T\mhkcw. Xm¬∏cyhpw

Ignhpw D≈ taJeIfn¬ ]tXyI]cnioe\w, kvXoIƒ°v XpeyAhkcw.

$ hnZym¿YnIfpsS Pn⁄mk DW¿ØpI. imkvXkmt¶XnI ]T\ßfneqsS

B[p\nIh¬°cWw Dd∏m°pI.

$ hnZym¿YnIfn¬ aqeyt_m[w, icnbmb at\m`mhßƒ, ASnÿm\ ss\ ]pWnIƒ

F∂nh hnIkn∏n°pI. kmt¶XnI hn⁄m\hpw [m¿ΩnI aqeyßfpw

]qcIambncn°Ww.

2. hnZym`ymkØns‚ KpW\nehmcw sa®s∏SpØpI

hnZym`ymk \nehmcw HmtcmL´Ønepw hnIkn°Ww.

Nne taJeIfn¬ A¥mcm„ \nehmcw t\SWw

3. hnZym`ymk kuIcyßfpsS hnIk\w

cm„Øn\pth≠ a\pjyhn`hßfpsS \n¿Wbhpw F√mh¿°pw AhkckaXzw

e`yam°m\p≈ cmPyØns‚ _m[yXbpw IW°nseSpØmbncn°Ww hnZym`ymk

hnIk\ BkqXWw \StØ≠Xv.

2. ]mYanIhnZym`ymksØ°pdn®p≈ ip]m¿iIƒ

$ 7, -8 h¿jw \o≠p\n¬°p∂ ]mYanI hnZym`ymkØns‚ ]thi\]mbw 6 hb n¬

IpdbcpXv.

$ ss]adnL´Øn¬ ]mTy]≤Xn efnXambncn°Ww. Cu L´Øn¬ `mjm, KWnXw

Chbn¬ Du∂nbm¬ aXn.

29

$ A∏¿ss]adnL´Øn¬ ]mTy]≤Xn Kl\hpw hnimehpambncn°Ww.

$ ]T\e£yhpw ]T\\nehmchpw hy‡am°nbncn°Ww.

$ `cWLS\ A\pimkn°p∂ \n¿_‘nXhpw kuP\yhpamb ]mYanI

hnZym`ymkw Dd∏m°Ww.

$ 1975 -76 BIptºmtg°pw 11 hb v ]mbamb F√mIpńIƒ°pw 5 h¿jsØ sa®s∏-

´Xpw Imcy£ahpamb hnZym`ymkhpw 1985 -86 BIptºmtg°pw 7 h¿jsØ hnZym`ym-

khpw e`n®ncn°Ww.

$ A]hybhpw (drop-out) KXntcm[hpw (detention) Ignbp∂X Ipd®p sIm≠phcnI.

$ sXmgn¬]cnioe\Øn\v Ahkcw Hcp°Ww.

$ ]mtZinI XeØn¬ ]mYanIhnZym`ymk hnIk\Øn\v ]≤Xn Xbmdm°Ww.

$ ]mYanIhnZymebßƒ H∂cIntemao‰¿ Np‰fhn¬ Dd∏m°¬, 2- -5 I ntemao‰¿

Np‰fhn¬ A∏¿ss]adn hnZymebhpw.

$ F√mIpńIsfbpw hnZymebØn¬ ]thin∏n°pI.

$ ]pXnb ]thi\Øn\v ImteIqń cPnÃ¿ sNøp∂ kºZmbw

BhnjvIcn°pI.

$ ¢mkv Ib‰w (F¬.]n, bp]n) 80 -100 iXam\ambn Db¿ØpI.

$ sImgn™pt]m°v XSbp∂Xn\p≈ am¿Kßfpw IΩoj≥ \n¿t±in®p.

""C∂v Bhiyap≈ Imcyßfn¬ G‰hpw ][m\amb H∂v C∂sØ hnZym`ymk

coXnbnep≈ \o°pt]m°n√mØ kz`mhØn\pam‰w hcpØpIsb∂XmWv. AXn

thKw amdns°m≠ncn°p∂ Cu temIØn¬ Hcp Imcyw Xo¿®. C∂sØ

hnZym`ymkkºZmbw C∂ns‚ Bhiyw \ndth‰p∂nSw \mfsØ BhiyØn\v

AXv AXbpw ]‰pIbn√''. (Un.Fkv. tImØmcn)

9. tZiobhnZym`ymk\bw (1968)

hnZym`ymk IΩoj≥ dnt∏m¿ńs‚ (1964) ASnÿm\Øn¬ tIµKh¨sa‚ v 1968 tZiob

hnZym`ymk\bw ]Jym]n®p. \n¿_‘nX kuP\yhnZym`ymkw DSs\ \S∏nem°pI

F∂Xpw tZiob hnZym`ymk \bØns‚ AXn][m\amb Hcp hiambn

AwKoIcn®ncn°p∂p. "kvIqfn¬ tNcp∂ Hmtcm hnZym¿Ynbpw tImgvkv ]q¿Ønbm-

°p∂pt≠m F∂v Dd∏phcpØphm≥ ]‰nb ]cn]mSnIƒ BhnjvIcnt°≠ XmWv F∂v

hyhÿ sNbvXncp∂p.

]Tn∏p \n¿Ønt∏mIp∂ IpńIƒ°v th≠n ]tXyI A\u]NmcnI hnZym`ymk-

]≤XnIfpw BhnjvIcn°s∏´p.

"\ΩpsS hnZym`ymk e£yßfn¬ hfsc ]m[m\ya¿ln°p∂ H∂v ]n∂m°w

\nev°p∂hcpw A[x-ÿnXcpamb kaqlßsfbpw hy‡nIsfbpw AhcpsS

Zb\obÿnXnbn¬ \n∂pw IcIb‰phm\p≈ Hcp ]nSnh≈nbmbn

hnZym`ymksØ D]tbmKn°m\pXIpw hn[w AhkckaXzw

e`yam°pIbmWv "

- hnZym`ymkIΩoj≥-

30

$ AhkckaXzw F∂ e£yw Dd∏m°m≥ hnZym`ymk\bw apt∂m´p sh®

\n¿t±ißƒ

1. \memw ]©h’c ]≤Xn°p apºpØs∂ ]mYanI L´Øn¬ okv kºZmbw

Hgnhm°pI.

2. ]mYanIXeØnse hnZym¿YnIƒ°v ]mT]pkvXIßfpw ]Tt\m]IcWßfpw

kuP\yambn \¬IpI.

3. ]Tn∏n¬ Xm¬∏cyhpw tijnbpap≈hsc t]m’mln∏n°pI. kvtImf¿jn∏v

\¬IpI.

4. ]n∂m°kapZmbw, Fkv.kn, Fkv.Sn, hnIemwK¿ F∂nhcpsS hnZym`ymkØn\v

]tXyI t]m’ml\w \¬IpI.

Cu e£yw km£mXv°cn°m≥ Nne am¿Kßƒ AwKoIcn®ncp∂p, Ahbn¬ NneXv

NphsS tN¿°p∂p.

$ hnZym`ymkkuIcyßfpsS ImcyØnep≈ ]mtZinIAkaXzßƒ

ZqcoIcn°p∂Xn\v Kma]tZißfnepw a‰p ]n∂m° taJeIfnepw kvIqƒ

ÿm]n°pI.

$ s]mXphnZymebßƒ XpSßpI.

$ s]ÏpńIfpsS hnZym`ymkØn\v Du∂¬ \¬IpI.

$ imcocnIhpw am\knIhpambn sshIeyap≈ hnZym¿YnIfpsS hnZym`ymkØn\v

kuIcysamcp°pI.

tZiobhnZym`ymk\bw 1968

Cu \bw tZiob hnIk\w e£yw hbv°p∂Xmbncp∂p. tZiotbmZvKY\w

i‡ns∏SpØm\pw hnZym`ymk kwhn[m\Øns‚ hnπhmflIamb

]p\¿\n¿ΩmWw Dd∏m°p∂Xn\pw F√mtaJebnepw KpWX

h¿[n∏n°p∂Xn\pw imkvXkmt¶XnIhnZy°v henb i≤ \¬Ip∂Xn\pw

aqeyt_m[w hnIkn∏n°p∂Xn\pw hnZym`ymksØ PohnXhpambn

_‘n∏n°p∂Xn\pw e£yan´p.

Cu \bw \S∏m°nbXneqsS Xmsg∏dbp∂ KpWêßƒ C¥y≥hnZym`ymk

taJebn¬ D≠mbn.

$ hnZym`ymk kuIcyßfpsS henbtXmXnep≈ hym]\w C¥ybnepS\ofw kw`hn®p.

C¥ybnse 90% Kmaßfnepw Hcp Intemao‰dn\p≈n¬ hnZym`ymk ÿm]\ßƒ

D≠mbXv Cu \bØns‚ `mKambmWv.

$ as‰mcp ][m\Imcyw hnZym`ymkØns‚ LS\ C¥ybn¬ Gsd°psd F√m

kwÿm\ßfpw AwKoIcn®p. 10+2+3 F∂ ]T\ kwhn[m\w an° kwÿm\ßfnepw

\nehn¬ h∂p.

31

$ kvIqƒ ]mTy]≤Xn, imkvXw, KWnXw F∂nh \n¿_‘nX hnjbambn. ]h¿Øn

]cnNb ]T\Øn\v hnZymebØn¬ Hcp ÿm\w e`n®p.

$ _ncpZ]q¿∆ tImgvkpIƒ ]p\xIaoIcn®p. _ncpZm\¥c ]T\Øn\pw

KthjWØn\pw kuIcysamcp°n.

10 tZiob hnZym`ymk\bw (1986) (F≥.]n.C. 1986)

1968 se tZiob hnZym`ymk\bw hnπhmflIamb \nch[n \b]cn]mSnIƒ apt∂m´p

h®p. F∂m¬ c≠p Zim–w XnIbp∂Xn\p apºpXs∂ 1986 -¬ ]pXnb tZiob hnZym`ymk

\bw cq]oIcn°pIbp≠mbn.

F¥psIm≠mWv CX sNdnb CSthfbn¬ ]pXnb tZiob hnZym`ymk\bw

cq]s∏SptØ≠n h∂Xv?

hnZym`ymktaJebn¬ ]ISamb F¥pam‰amWv ]pXnb tZiobhnZym`ymk

\bw 1986 apt∂m´p hbv°p∂Xv?

1968 se tZiob hnZym`ymk\bØns‚ `mKambn AhXcn∏n°s∏´ ]≤XnIƒ

\S∏nem°p∂Xn\v kq£vahpw hniZhpamb X¥ßfpw kv]„amb NpaXeIfpw

kmºØnI IaoIcWßfpw A\nhmcyambncp∂p. AXv ê]Zambn \n¿hln°m≥

Ign™ncp∂n√. X¬êambn KpW]cX, KW]cX, e`yX, D]tbmKw F∂o

taJebneq≠mbncp∂ ]iv\ßƒ Ip∂pIqSpIbpw C∂v ASnb¥nc ]m[m\yw \¬In

]cnKWnt°≠ Hcp Imcyambn amdpIbpw sNbvXp. ]pXnb tZiob hnZym`ymk\bw

cq]s∏SpØn apt∂dpI F∂Xn¬ Ipd™ Hcp ]cnlmchpw Cu L´Øn¬ C√ F∂

\neh∂p.

1985 BKÃn¬ "Challenges of Education - A policy perspective'' F∂ tcJ tIµ Kh¨sa‚ v

]kn≤oIcn®p. Cu tcJbpambn _‘-s∏´ N¿®IfpsS XpS¿®bmWv tZiob

hnZym`ymk\bw 1986.

1986- ¬ C¥y≥ ]m¿esa‚ v AwKoIcn® tZiob hnZym`ymk\bw C¥ybpsS XpS¿∂p≈

hnZym`ymkØns‚ ]ptcmKXnsb kKuchw kzm[o\n®n´p≠v. Cu tcJ ]¥≠v

`mKßfnembmWv hnIkn∏n®n´p≈Xv. AhbpsS hniZmwißfmWv NphsS tN¿°p∂Xv.

BapJw:-

hnZym`ymkhym]\Øns‚ BhiyIXsb°pdn®pw kaImenI sh√p

hnfnIsf AXnPohnt°≠Xns‚ A\nhmcyXsb°pdn®pw ]dbp∂p. cmPyw

t\Snb KpWêßƒ F√mh¿°pw e`n°m≥ hnZym`ymkw F√mh¿°pw

Dd∏mt°≠Xp≠v. Cu e£ykm£m¬°mcØn\v ]pXnb tZiob

hnZym`ymk\bw cq]oIcn°m≥ \msSm´p°pw kwhmZßƒ

kwLSn∏n°pIbpw PohnXØns‚ kakvXtaJeIfn¬ D≈hcn¬ \n∂pw

A`n]mbßfpw \n¿t±ißfpw kzoIcn°pIbpw sNbvXp.

1968 se \bØns‚ anIhpw ]cnanXnIfpw Is≠Øn. \m¬°hebn¬

FØn\n¬°p∂ C¥y≥ hnZym`ymkØn\v hnIk\Øns‚ ]pØ≥

32

amXrIbneqsS apt∂dp∂Xn\p≈ ]≤XnIƒ A\nhmcyam°n. ]pXnb

\nch[n sh√phnfnIsf AXnPohn°p∂Xn\v ]pXnb hnZym`ymk\bw

\n¿_‘am°pIXs∂ sNbvXp.

$ hnZym`ymkØns‚ kØbpw ]¶pw hniZam°phm\mWv ASpØ L´Øn¬

ian°p∂Xv. F√mhcptSbpw hnZym`ymkw Dd∏m°p∂Xn\pw AXphgn Hmtcm

hy‡nbptSbpw k¿∆tXmapJamb hf¿® km£mXvIcn°p∂Xn\pw CXp e£yw

hbv°p∂p. hnZym`ymkw C∂tØ°pw `mhnbnte°pap≈ khntijamb

\nt£]amsW∂XmWv tZiob hnZym`ymk\bØns‚ kØ.

$ tZiob hnZym`ymk kwhn[m\w : bmsXmcp hn[Ønepap≈ hnthN\an√msX

F√mh¿°pw hnZym`ymkw Dd∏m°p∂ kwhn[m\amWnXv. 10+2+3 F∂ hnZym`ymk

LS\ Gsd°psd F√mhcpw AwKoIcn®p. BZysØ 10 h¿jsØ 5+3+2 F∂p

XcwXncn°m\pw ChnsS Dt±in®p.

tZiobhnZym`ymkkwhn[m\w Hcp tZiob]mTy]≤Xn N´°qSns\ ASnÿm\am°n-

bmbncn°pw. CXn¬ s]mXphmb Hcp `mKhpw ]mtZinIhpw Abhp≈Xpamb Hcp CShpw

D≠mbncn°pw.

kam[m\]camb klh¿ØnØw A¥¿tZiob klIcWw F∂o Bibßƒ

bphXeapdbnte°v FØn°pI, AhkckaXzw Dd∏m°pI, F√m Ip´nIfpw ASnÿm\

ss\]pWnIƒ t\Sp∂p F∂pd∏m°pI, kmt¶XnI ]T\Øn\pw D]cn]T\Øn\pw

kuIcysamcp°¬, KthjWw t]m’mln∏n°¬, km¿∆XnIamb

Fensa‚dnhnZym`ymkw, km£cXm ]cn]mSn, htbmP\ hnZym`ymkw F∂nh

t]m’mln∏n°¬ F∂n-hbv°v tZiob hnZym- ym-k-\bw Du∂¬ \¬Ip-∂p.

Imºv ]mTy]≤Xn (Core elements of curriculum) LSIßƒ

1. C¥ybpsS kzmX¥ykac NcnXw

2. `cWLS\ XØzßƒ

3. P\m[n]Xyhpw atXXcXzhpw

4. C¥ybpsS ]mcºcyhpw kwkvImchpw

5. kaXzhmZw

6. enwKkaXzw

7. ]cnÿnXn kwc£Ww

8. kmaqlnI AkaXz \n¿am¿P\w

9. sNdnb IpSpw_sa∂ k¶¬∏w

10. imkvXob at\m`mhw

bp.Pn.kn, kmt¶XnI hnZym`ymk Iu¨kn¬ (AICTE), Im¿jnI KthjW Iu¨kn¬

(ICAR), C¥y≥ saUn°¬ Iu¨kn¬ (IMA) F∂nh i‡ns∏SpØn. NCERT, NIEPA

XpSßn \nch[n tZiob ÿm]\ßsf tZiob hnZym`ymk\bw \-S∏nem°p∂Xn\mbn

]s¶Sp∏n®p.

33

$ kaXzØn\pth≠nbp≈ hnZym`ymkw

hnZym`ymktaJebnse AkaXzw C√mbvasNøp∂Xn\pw CXphsc Ahkcw

\ntj[n®hcpsS khntij Bhiyßsf A`nkwt_m[\sNøp∂Xn\pw ]pXnb tZiob

\bw ]m[m\yw \¬In.

$ kvXokaXzØn\pth≠nbp≈ hnZym`ymkw

kvXoIfpsS PohnXØn¬ ASnÿm\ am‰ßƒ hcpØp∂Xn\p≈ Hcp GP≥knbmbn

hnZym`ymksØ D]tbmKn°m\p≈ Ahkcsamcpßn.

kvXoIfpsS \nc£cX \n¿am¿P\w sNøp∂Xn\pw sImgn™pt]m°v XSbp∂Xn\pw

\nch[n kwhn[m\w hn`mh\w sNbvXp.

$ ]ńIPmXn/]ńIh¿K hn`mK°mcpsS hnZym`ymkw

]ńIPmXn hn`mK°mcpsS hnZym`ymkØn¬ a‰p≈hcpsS hnZym`ymkØn\v Xpeyamb

\ne Dd∏m°pI, CXn\mbn kmºØnI klmbßƒ kvtImf¿jn∏pIƒ, tlmÃ¬

kuIcyw, -A[ym]I \nba\w XpSßn \nch[n ]≤XnIƒ BhnjvIcn°s∏´p.

]n∂m° hn`mKw, \yq\]£w, `n∂tijn°m¿, htbmP\ßƒ ChcpsSsb√mw

khntijXIsf ]cnlcn°m\p≈ \n¿t±ißƒ ]cn]mSnIƒ F∂nh \n¿t±in®n´p≠v.

$ hnhn[ L´ßfnse hnZym`ymkw

]q¿∆ ssiihIme kwc£Whpw hnZym`ymkhpw (Early Childhood care and Educa-

tion)

iniphnImkØn\mbn. ]tXyIn®v ]T\Øn¬ H∂mwXeapdbn¬s∏´hcpsS

hf¿®bv°pth≠n tZiob hnZym`ymk]≤Xn ]tXyIw Du∂¬ \¬Ip∂p. IpńbpsS

hnIk\Øns‚ kaKkzm`mhw Xncn®dn™v ]q¿∆ssiihIme hnZym`ymkØn\v henb

]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂p.

CXn\mbn km[yamb DZvKYnX tkh\ßfpw ]cn]mSnIfpw apt∂m´phbv°p∂p. (Daycare

Centre........) IpńbpsS hy‡nXzhnImkØn\p klmbn°p∂ Ifnbneq∂nb

A\p`hßƒ°v Du∂¬ \¬Ip∂p. A£c-˛A°]T\w Cu L´Øn¬ \ncp¬kml-

s∏SpØp∂p.

$ Fensa‚dn FPypt°j≥

]Xn\mep hb phscbp≈ IpńIfpsS kºq¿Æ kvIqƒ ]thi\Øn\pw

sImgn™pt]m°v C√mXm°n Fesa‚dnhnZym`ymkw ]q¿Ønbm°p∂Xn\pamWv Du∂¬

\¬Ip∂Xv. AtXmsSm∏w hnZym`ymkØns‚ KpWta∑ Db¿Øp∂Xn\pw e£yw

hbv°p∂p.

iniptIµnXkao]\w: ]h¿Ø\m[njvTnXhpw ]Inbm _‘nXhpamb ]T\coXnbmWv

ss]adnXeØn¬ th≠Xv. H∂mw Xeapdbn¬s∏´ IpńIfpsS ]T\thKX

]cnKWn°pIbpw Bhiyamb ]cnlmct_m[\w \SØpIbpw thWw. ss]adnL´Øn¬

kºq¿Æ ¢mkv Ib‰w (non-detention policy) Dd∏m°Ww. imcocnIamb in£

hnZym`ymkkwhn[m\Øn¬ \n∂pw I¿i\ambpw Hgnhm°Ww. IpńIfpsS

kuIcym\pkcWw kvIqƒ ]h¿Ø\kabw, Ah[n°mew F∂nhbn¬ am‰w hcpØWw.

34

$ hnZymeb kuIcyßƒ : hnZymebßfn¬ ASnÿm\ kuIcyßƒ Hcp°¬, Hcp

hnZymebØn¬ c≠v A[ym]Iscsb¶nepw Dd∏n°¬ (AXn¬ Hcmƒ

h\nXbmbncn°Ww) Bhiyamb ]T\kmaKnIƒ e`yam°¬.

hnZymebØn¬ \n∂pw sImgn™pt]mbh¿°v A\u]NmcnI hnZym`ymkkuIcyw

Hcp°n. tZiob]mTy]≤Xn N´°qSv cq]oIcn°m\p≈ \S]SnIƒ kzoIcn°pw.

sk°≠dn hnZym`ymkw: Cu L´Øn¬ kb≥kv, kmaqlyimkvXw, am\hnI

hnjbßƒ F∂nhbn¬ A\p`hsamcp°mw. sXmgne[njvTnXhnZym`ymkØn\v Cu

L´Øn¬ Ahkcsamcp°pw. sk°≠dn hnZymebßfpsS hym]\w tZiobhnZym`ymk

\bØns‚ `mKamWv. ]XnÌfmb IpńIfpsS hf¿®bv°mhiyamb Ahkcsamcp°pw.

\n¿[\cmb IpńIƒ°pw Ahkcw e`n°pw. CXns‚ `mKambn D∂X\nehmcap≈

anIhns‚ tIµamb hnZymebßƒ ÿm]n°pw. dknU≥jy¬ kz`mhap≈ ôkvclnX

hnZymebß-fmbncn°pw ÿm]n°pI.

sXmgne[njvTnX hnZym`ymkw: a\pjyhn`htijnbpw ss\]pWnIfpw hnIkn∏n

°p∂Xn\pw sXmgne[njvTnXhnZym`ymkw Dd∏m°p∂Xn\pw e£yw hbv°p∂p.

Fensa‚dn hnZym`ymkØn\ptijw sshhn[yam¿∂ sXmgn¬]T\Øn\v Ahkc-

samcp°pw. BtcmKytaJe, Irjn, kmaqlytkh\ taJe, hmWnPytaJe XpSßnb

CSßfnse sXmgn¬km[yX ]cnKWn°mw. CXn\mbn sXmgn¬]T\tIµßƒ k¿°m¿,

kzImcytaJeIfn¬ ÿm]n°mhp∂XmWv.

$ D]cn]T\w -˛ KthjW]T\w - D]cn]T\Øn\pw KthjW ]T\Øn\pw henb

]m[m\yamWv tZiob hnZym`ymk\bw 1986 ñ \¬Inbn´p≈Xv. am\hcmin t\cnSp∂

kmaqlnIhpw kmwkv°mcnIhpw ss\\nXIhpw Bflobhpamb ]iv\ßƒ

]Xnên∏n°m≥ Ahkcsamcp°p∂XmhWw D]cn]T\w. ]T\hnjbßfpw

tImgvkpIfpw ]p\¿\n¿hNn°Ww. KthjW]T\ßƒ k¿∆IemimemXeØn¬

t]m’mln∏n°pIbpw Ahbv°v klmbßƒ \¬IpIbpw sNbvXp. AsXmsSm∏w

KthjWØns‚ \nehmcw Db¿ØpIbpw thWw.

Hm∏¨bqWnthgvkn‰nIfpw hnZqchnZym`ymkhpw D∂X]T\Øns‚ P\m[n]Xy

h¬°cWhpw hym]\hpw Dd∏m°pw. Cu e£ykm£m¬°mcØns‚ `mKambm-Wv

CµncmKm‘n Hm∏¨ bqWnthgvkn‰n ÿm]nXambXv. AtXmsSm∏w KmaoW

bqWnthgvkn‰nIƒ F∂ Bibhpw ]pXnb hnZym`ymk\bw apt∂m´ph®p.

kmt¶XnI hnZym`ymkw, hnZym`ymkamt\Pvsa‚ v -F∂nhbpsS hnIk\w e£yw

hbv°Ww. hnZym`ymkkwhn[m\sØ ê]Zambn Nen∏n°p∂Xn\p≈ X¥ßfpw

]InbIfpw tZiob\bØn¬ hniZam°p∂p≠v.

hnZym`ymkØns‚ D≈S°w, ]Inb F∂nhbn¬ \ΩpsS kmwkv°mcnIØ\na

\ne\n¿Øm≥ ian°Wsa∂pw IpńIfpsS kuµcyZ¿i\mht_m[w, tbmPn∏v

(Harmony) ip≤oIcWw (Refinement) F∂nhbv°v ]m[m\yw \¬IpIbpw thWw.

Hu]NmcnI tbmKyXIƒ°∏pdw ]Xn`m[\cmb hy‡nIfpsS tkh\w hnZymebßfn¬

e`yam°Ww. `mjm]T\w, ]hrØn]T\w, ]cnkc]T\w, KWnX]T\w, imkvX ]T\w,

ImbnI aqeyhnZym`ymkw F∂nh°v Du∂¬ \¬IWw. sse_dnIƒ, B[p\nI-

kmt¶XnI hnZy. hnhn[am[yaßƒ F∂nh hnZymebØn¬ ]tbmP\s∏SpØWw.

35

aqey\n¿Wbw

aqey\n¿Æb ]Inbbnepw ]co£bnepw am‰ßƒ \n¿t±in°p∂p≠v.

]co£Iƒ hnZym`ymkØn¬ KpW]camb am‰ßƒ hcpØm≥ klmbn

°p∂XmhWw.

]T\DtZiyhpw ]co£mkºZmbhpw XΩn¬ ]ckv]c]qcIambncn°Ww. A X v

IpńbpsS hnImkØn\pw ]T\t_m[\ ]Inb \hoIcn°p∂Xn\pw

klmbn°Ww.

Hm¿a]cntim[\°v ]m[m\yw IpdbWw. \nc¥chpw kaKhpamb aqey

\n¿ÆbØn\v F√mtaJebnepw Du∂¬ \¬IWw.

aqey\n¿Wbw Ipń°pw A[ym]I\pw c£nXmhn\pw klmbIamhWw.

am¿°n\p]Icw tKUv kºZmbw \S∏nem°Ww.

A[ym]I≥

A[ym]Is‚ sXcs™Sp∏v, A[ym]IkwLS\IfpsS ]¶v, A[ym]I

hnZym`ymkw Hcp XpS¿]Inb, \qX\kwcw`ßƒ, Ub‰pIƒ XpSßnb

Imcyßƒ tZiob hnZym`ymkØn¬ hy‡am°p∂p≠v. IqSmsX hnZym`ymk

amt\Pvsa‚ v, hn`hßƒ, `mhnhnZym`ymk Z¿i\w F∂nh AhXcn∏n°p∂p.

lkzsa¶nepw hnZym`ymkØns‚ kakvX taJeIsfbpw kv]¿in°p∂p.

tZiobhnZym`ymk\btcJ ñ 1986 se `mhn C¥ybpsS Hcp hgnImńbmWv.

11. t]mKmw Hm v B£≥ 1992.

1986 - se tZiobhnZym`ymk\bw hnebncpØp∂Xn\mbn 1990 \hw_¿ 7 \v

BNmcycmaaq¿Øn A[y£\pw a‰p 16 AwKßfpaSßp∂ Hcp IΩ‰nsb tIµKh¨

sa‚ v cq]oIcn®p.

AXns‚ ]cnKW\mhnjbßƒ ChbmWv.

1. 1986 se tZiob hnZym`ymk\bhpw AXns‚ \S∏m°epw hnebncpØpI.

2. hnZym`ymk\bØnse ip]m¿iIfn¬ hcptØ≠ am‰ßƒ \n¿t±in°pI.

3. ]cnjvIcn® \bw \n›nXkabØn\Iw \S∏m°p∂Xn\p≈ ]h¿Ø\]≤Xn

ip]m¿i sNøpI.

CXn\mbn 6 k_vIΩ‰nIƒ cq]oIcn®v ]h¿Ø\w Bcw`n®p.

BNmcy cmaaq¿Øn (1913-˛2010) kmaqly ]h¿ØI≥,

Km‘nb≥, hnZym`ymk hnN£W≥, 1990 se cmaaq¿Øn

dnhypIΩn‰n A[y£≥ imw`mcXn (Shrambharathi) bpsS

UbdŒ¿ (NGO) ]Zvaio Ahm¿Uv e`n®p (1999)

][m\ iq]m¿iIƒ

$ s]ÏpńIfpsS km¿∆XnI hnZymeb ]thi\w Dd∏m°p∂Xn\v ]mtZinIamb

sshPmXyßƒ IW°nseSpØp thWw BkqXWw \StØ≠Xv.

36

$ hnZym`ymk tImπIvkv XeØn¬ thWw BkqXWw \SØp∂Xv. hntIµnIrXhpw

]¶mfnØ]chpamb BkqXWw ]mtZinI Bhiyßƒ ]cnKWn°p∂Xn\v

klmbn°pw.

$ ]mTy]≤Xnbn¬ kvXoIsf [\mflIambn AhXcn∏n°p∂ kµ¿`ßƒ

D≠mIWw. DZmlcWambn NcnX]T\Øn¬ kzX¥ykacØnep≈ kvXoIfpsS

]¶mfnØw FSpØp ]dbWw.

$ KWnXw, imkvXw F∂nh Db¿∂ ]m[m\ytØmsS s]ÏpńIsf ]Tn∏n°Ww.

$ B¨, s]¨ hyXymkan√msX ]mTy]≤Xn \S∏m°Ww.

$ ASnÿm\ \nbaßƒ kw_‘n® Adnhv (kvXoIfpsSbpw IpńIfpsSbpw kpc£

kw_‘n®v) `cWLS\ \¬Ip∂ ]cnc£ F∂nh kw_‘n® Bibßƒ

N¿® sNøs∏Sp∂p.

$ enwKkaXzw Dd∏m°Ww. ]mT]pkvXIØnse enwK AkaXzw Hgnhm°p∂Xn\v

]tXyI ]cnKW\\¬IWw.

$ s]ÏpńIƒ°pth≠n sXmgn¬ hnZym`ymkw hnZym`ymktImπIvkv hgn \¬Im≥

BkqXWw sNbvXv \S∏nem°mw.

$ A[ym]I ]cnioe\w, A[ym]I hnZym`ymkw ]p\¿\hoIcn°Ww.

$ tkh\Ime ]cnioe\w Ub‰pIƒ kvIqƒ tImπIvkpIfpambn IqSnbmtemNn®v

\S∏nem°Ww.

$ kvXoIfpsS ]T\tIµhpw kmaqlyimkvX KthjWtIµhpw F√m k¿∆Iem

imeIfnepw F´mw ]©-h-’c]≤Xnbp--sS `mKambn cq]oIcn°Ww.

$ kvXoIsf kw_‘n®v ]T\ KthjWßfnse Is≠ØepIƒ ]mTy]≤Xnbn¬

Dƒs∏SpØWw.

$ kvXoim‡oIcWØn\mbn "alnf kamJy' t]mep≈ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ Bcw`n°pI.

$ ]ńIPmXn, ]ńIh¿K, ]n∂m°hn`mKßƒ, `n∂tijn°m¿, XpSßnbhcpsS

hnZym`ymk D∂a\Øn\v \nch[n ]tXyI ]≤XnIƒ ip]m¿i sNbvXp.

$ s]mXphnZymebßfpsS hym]\w Fensa‚dn hnZym`ymkØns‚ e`yX h¿[n∏n°pw.

Cu taJebv°p IqSpX¬ XpI hIbncpØp∂XneqsS ùXnI kuIcyhnIk\w

km[n°pw.

ss]adn XeØn¬ ]T\am[yaw amXr`mjbmbncn°Ww. sk°≠dnXeØn¬

]mtZinI`mj ]Tn∏n°Ww. 10 h¿jØn\p≈nembn s]mXphnZymebßƒ L´w

L- ambn \n¿an°Ww. kvIqƒ ôkv, Im∏nt‰j≥ ô F∂nh \n¿am¿P\w sNøWw.

C\nbpw \thmZb hnZymebßƒ Bcw`nt°≠Xn√. \nehnep≈Xns\ (261)

\hoIcn°pIbpw hn`hkº∂am°pIbpw thWw.

Ahiy]T\ ]cn]mSnbn¬ ]q¿∆ssiihIme ]cn-N-c-Whpw hnZym`ymkhpw (ECCE)

Dƒs∏SpØWw. hnZym`ymk AhImiw auenImhImiØns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬sIm≠p

hcphm≥ iant°≠XmWv.

37

F≥.]n.C JfinI 5.5 ]Xn]mZn® Fensa‚dn hnZym`ymkw km¿∆XnIam°pI,

KpW\nehmcap≈ hnZym`ymkw Dd∏m°pI XpSßnbhtbmSv Xmsg∏dbp∂

aq∂pImcyßƒ IqSn Dƒs∏SpØWw.

$ tkh\taJebpsS tbmPn®p≈ ]h¿Ø\w.

$ kaqlhpw hnZymebhpw XΩn¬ _‘n∏n°pI.

$ hntIµoIrXhpw ]¶mfnØcoXnbnep≈Xpamb hnZym`ymkBkqXWhpw

amt\Pvsa‚pw

Cßs\ F≥.]n.C 1986 ]n∂oSv hnZym`ymktaJebn¬ h∂ ]cnh¿Ø\ßfpsS ASntcJ

bmbn ]cnKWn°s∏Sp∂p.

12. biv]m¬ IΩn‰n dnt∏m¿ v

B¿.sI.\mcmbW≥

kvIqƒ_mKns‚ `mcw IpńbpsS \Sphfbv°pI amXa√, sNdp∏w

apX¬°p≈ ]T\`mcw Zp lam°n am‰pI IqSn sNøp∂p. tlmwh¿°pIfpw

S-yqj\pw ]co£Ifpw ImcWw Ifn°m≥ t]mepw kabw e`n°p∂n√. ]T\w

Atßb‰w kt¥mjclnXamb ]Inbbmbn amdp∂p. (cmPyk`bnse i≤-

£-Wn-°¬ ]kwKØn¬ \n∂v)

B¿.sI.\mcmbWs‚ A`n]mbtØmSv \nßƒ tbmPn°p∂pt≠m? ho´pap‰Øp hcp∂

kvIqƒ _ n¬ IbdnbmWv C∂v IpńIƒ kvIqfnte°v t]mIp∂Xv.ChnsS ]mT]pkvXI

k©nbpsS `mcw ]iv\amhp∂pt≠m? Ds≠¶n¬ F¥mWv ]cnlmcw? F¥psIm≠v?

kvIqƒ hnZym¿YnIfpsS ]T\`mcw AXv ]pkvXIØns‚Xmbmepw D≈S°Ønt‚Xm-

bmepw IpńbpsS A°mZanI KpWta∑sb tZmjIcambn _m[n°p∂p≠v F∂v \nch[n

]T\ßƒ km£ys∏Sp∂p≠v.

Cuiz¿`mbv ]t´¬ dnhypIΩ‰n.1977

F≥.kn.C.B¿.Sn h¿°nMvIΩn‰n.1984

cmaaq¿Øn IΩn‰n - 1992.

]T\`mcw Ipd®psIm≠v KpWta∑bp≈ hnZym`ymkw Dd∏m°p∂Xv Fßs\sb∂v

\n¿t±in°m≥ s]m^. biv]mens‚ t\XrXzØnep≈ tZiob D]tZiIkanXnsb 1992

am¿®v 1 \v tIµam\htijnhnIk\ hIp∏v \ntbmKn®p. Cu IΩ‰n 1993 Pqsse 15 \v 28

t]Pv hcp∂ -`mc-am-ImØ ]T\w (Learning without burden) F∂dnbs∏Sp∂ dnt∏m¿´v

ka¿∏n®p.

Medium of instruction

The question of medium of instruction, particularly in early life, will not be fully resolved

till the time our dominant and externally connected sections of Socitey continue to

38

give more importance to elementary graces in foreign language, that to intimate

connection with the vernacular knowledge with our children gain during every week

of their growing up before they go to school. It is because of this reason that we have

restrained ourselves from repeating the recommendation that mother tongue alone

should be the medium of instruction at the primary stage.

s]m^. biv]m¬ IΩn-‰n-bpsS ][m\ \n¿t±ißƒ

$ ss]adn¢mkpIfn¬ ]T\am[yaw amXr`mjbmbncn°Ww.

$ IpńIfpsS kwL]h¿Ø\ßfpw kwLt\´ßfpw t]m’mln∏n°pI. hnZyme

bßfn¬ klIcWmflI]T\Øn\v Ahkcsamcp°pI. hy‡nKX t\´ßƒ-

°mbp≈ iaßƒ IpńIfn¬ ]ncnapdp°w D≠m°pIbpw kt¥mjIcamb

]T\Øn¬ \n∂v ]n¥ncn∏n°pIbpw sNøpw.

$ ]mT]pkvXIcN\ hntIµoIcn°pIbpw AXn¬ A[ym]IcpsS ]¶mfnØw

Dd∏m°pIbpw sNøpI.

$ BZyIme iniphnZym`ymkw kw_‘n®v \nba\n¿ΩmWw \SØWw. Cu L´Øn¬

FgpØpw hmb\bpw ]Tn∏n°p∂Xpw ]co£Iƒ \SØp∂Xpw \ntcm[n°Ww.

$ `mctadnb ]pkvXIßƒ t]dnt∏mIp∂Xv C√mXm°m≥ Ah IpńIƒ hy‡nKXambn

hmßp∂Xv C√mXm°Ww. ]pkvXIßƒ kvIqfns‚ kzØmbncn°Ww. Ah

kvIqfn¬ kq£n°pIbpw thWw.

$ ss]adn¢mkpIfn¬ Krl]mTw \¬tI≠Xn√. A∏¿ss]adn ¢mkpIfn¬ Krl]mTw

\n¿_‘sa¶n¬ Ah ]mT]pkvXIhpambn _‘s∏´XmIcpXv.

$ A[ym]I hnZym¿Yn A\p]mXw 1:40- ¬ \n∂pw 1:30 B°Ww.

$ ]T\Øn¬ CetSmWnIv am[yaØns‚ km[yX D]tbmKs∏SpØWw.

$ A[ym]I ]cnioe\ßƒ Imcy£aam°Ww.

$ sk°‚dn, ss]adn, t\gvkdn A[ym]I]cnioe\Øn\v th≠nbp≈ _n.FUv

t]mKmw Bcw`n°pI.

$ kn._n.Fkv.kn ]mTy]≤Xn tIµob hnZymebßfnepw \thmZb hnZymeb

ßfnepambn ]cnanXs∏SpØWw.

$ hnt√Pv, tªm°v, Pn√ Xeßfn¬ hnZym`ymk IΩ‰nIƒ cq]oIcn°pIbpw hnZymeb

πm\nßv kq∏¿hnj\pw \SØpIbpw thWw.

$ kvIqƒ \SØn∏n\v Bhiyamb [\klmbw (iºf _n√ns‚ BsIØpIbpsS

10%) kvIqƒ ]cn]me\Øn\mbn A‰Ip‰∏WnIƒ, ]Tt\m]IcWßƒ

hmßp∂Xn\v, kvIqƒ sdt°mUpIƒ hmßp∂Xn\v D]tbmKs∏SpØWw.

$ kvIqƒ XpSßp∂Xn\p≈ AwKoImcw \¬Ip∂ \nbaw I¿i\am°pIbpw s]mXp

taJebv°pw kzmImcytaJebv°pw Htc \nbaw \njv°¿jn°pIbpw thWw.

$ 10,12 ¢mkpIfnse s]mXp]co£bn¬ ]mT]pkvXItIµoIrXhpw Iznkv amXr-I-bn-

ep-f-f-Xp-amb tNmZyßƒ Hgnhm°n Bibm[njvTnX tNmZyßƒ \¬Ip∂ coXn

Ahew_n°Ww. Cu Hcp ]cnjv°cWw amXw aXn ]T\\nehmcw Dbcp∂Xn\pw

39

a\∏mT]T\w Ahkm\n∏n°p∂Xn\pw. `mj, KWnXw, kb≥kv, `qanimkvXw

apXemb hnjbßfpsS ]T\coXnbn¬ am‰w hcpØWw.

13. tZiob ]mTy]≤Xn N´°qSv 2005 (NCF 2005)

am\hhn`h hnIk\ a¥n temIk`bn¬ sNbvX ]kvXmh\b\pkcn®v 2004 Pqsse

amkØn¬ F≥.kn.C.B¿.Sn bpsS \n¿∆lWkanXn tbmKw tNcpIbpw tZiob

]mTy]≤Xn N´°qSv ]cnjv°cn°phm≥ Xocpam\n°pIbpw sNbvXp. 1993- se

"`mcamImXp≈ ]T\w' (Learning without burdon) F∂ dnt∏m¿ńs‚ kØ

Dƒs°m≠psIm≠v Xbmdm°nb F≥.kn.F v 2000 ]pXp°Wsa∂v hnZym`ymkskI´dn

F≥.kn.C.B¿.Sn UbdŒ¿°v \n¿t±iw \¬In. CX\pkcn®v s]m^. biv]m¬

sNb¿am\mbn Hcp \mjW¬ Ãnbdnßv IΩ‰nbpw 21 \mjW¬ t^m°kv Kq∏pIfpw

D≠m°n. C¥ybnse kaqlØns‚ F√mXpdIfnepw s]´hcn¬ \n∂v A`n]mbßƒ

kzoIcn®p sIm≠mWv F≥,kn.F v 2005 Xbmdm°nbXv.

tZiob ]mTyIaØns‚ ]pXp°nb N´°qSv Bcw`n°p∂Xv choµ\mYSmtKmdns‚

""\mKcnIXbpw ]ptcmKXnbpw' F∂ ]_‘Øn¬ \n∂p≈ D≤cWntbmSpIqSnbmWv.

\mKcnIXbpw ]ptcmKXnbpw - choµ\mY SmtKm¿

""Ipńbmbncp∂ ImeØv sem´psemSp°p km[\ßƒ D]tbmKn®v Rms\s‚

Ifn∏m´ßfp≠m°pambncp∂p. `mh\bn¬ \n∂pw IfnIƒ°v cq]w sImSp°pambn

cp∂p. Fs‚ kt¥mjØns‚bpw kzX¥yØns‚bpw temIØv Fs‚ Iq´pImcpw

]¶mfnIfmbncp∂p. Ah¿ IqSnbp≠mIptºmtg Fs‚ kt¥mjw ]q¿ÆamIpambn

cp∂p≈q. Fs‚ ssiihØns‚ kz¿§temItØ°v Hcp\mƒ apXn¿∂hcpsS hn]Wn

temIØp \ns∂mcp ]tem`\w IS∂ph∂p. Hcp Cw•ojv ISbn¬ \n∂pw hmßnb

Hcp Ifn∏m´w RßfpsS Iq´pImcn¬ Hcmƒ°pInń. AXv e£WsamØXmbncp∂p.

Abmƒ AXn¬ Al¶cn°m≥ XpS-ßn. IfnIfn¬ i≤ Ipd™p. hne ]nSn® B

Ifnt°m∏v Rßsf sXmSo®n√. AXv Xt‚XmbXn¬ A`nam\w sIm≠v

Iq´pImsc°mƒ ap¥nbh\mWv Xms\∂v Abmƒ ta\n \Sn®p. ImcWw AhcpsS

Ifn∏m´ßƒ hneIpd™hbmbncp∂p. Abmƒ Rßsf°mƒ ]cnjvIrX\msW∂v,

A¿Yiq\y-sa¶nepw e£WsamØ Hcp Ifn∏m´Øns‚ DSabmWt√m Abmƒ!

D’mlØ≈en¬ Hcp Imcyw Abmƒ a\ nem°nbn√. Bkµ¿`Øn¬

\n mcsa∂p tXm∂nb Hcp Imcyw e£WsamØ Xs‚ Ifn∏m´sØ°mƒ hne]nSn®

as‰m∂v Cu ]tem`\Øn\Sn-as∏´XneqsS X\n°v \„ambn F∂v anSp°\mb Hcp

IpńbpsS kzbw Xncn®dnhv. Ifn∏m´w AbmfpsS kºØns‚ amXw cq]w

Dƒs°m≈p∂p. Abmfnse IpńbpsS k¿§mfl-IXtbm, IfnIfn¬ \n∂p In´p∂

B\µtam IfnbpsS temIØv Iq´pIm¿ \¬Ip∂ ]¶mfnØtam H∂pw

Dƒs°m≈p∂n√.''

_meyØns‚ kØbmWv "k¿KmflIXbpw Afh‰ B\µhpw' F∂v Ihn AXn¬ \sΩ

Hm¿an∏n°p∂p. apXn¿∂h¿ Ai≤ImcWw AXpc≠pw \in∏n°mdp≠v. kzmX¥ym\¥c

ImeL´Øn¬ \nch[n ]mTy]≤Xn ]cnjv°mcßƒ \S∂n´p≠v. 1986 -se

tZiobhnZym`ymk \bamWv, Hcp tZiob hnZym`ymk ]≤Xn°v cq]w sImSp°m\mbn

\n¿t±in®Xv. AXv `cWLS\bn¬ ]d™n´p≈ cm„hnImk ]cnt]£ysØ

40

]Xn^en∏n°p∂ ASnÿm\LSItØmSp IqSnb Hcp tZiob ]mTy]≤Xn N´°qSv

F∂ Bibw apt∂m´p h®p. CXn\mbn 1992 -¬ Xbmdm°nb I¿Ω]≤Xnbn¬ (POA)

Du∂n∏d™n´p≈ Imcyßƒ ]k‡n, KpWta∑, Abhv (flexibiltiy) F∂nhbmWv.

kmaqlnI\oXnbnepw kaXzØnepw A[njvTnXamb atXXchpw sshhn[ysØ

AwKoIcn°p∂Xpw XpeymhImißtfmSp IqSnbXpamb Hcp kaqlambmWv `cWLS\

C¥ysb ImWp∂Xv. Cu ImgvN∏mSns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬ hnimeamb Nne hnZym`ymk

e£yßƒ Cu tcJbn¬ sImSpØn´p≠v. kzX¥amb Nn¥bpw ]h¿Ø\hpw

a‰p≈hcpsS kuJytØmSpw D≈ _lpam\w, ]pXnb kµ¿`ßtfmSv k¿§mflIambpw

hg°tØmSpIqSnbpw ]XnIcn°m\p≈ Ignhv apXembhsbms° CXn¬s]Spw.

]T\sa∂Xv Ip´nIƒ°v `mchpw ]oUbpw BbnØo¿∂n´p≠v F∂Xv hnZym`ymk

e£yßƒ°pw KpWta∑bv°pw h∂ KpcpXcamb hyXnbm\sØbmWv kqNn∏n°p∂Xv.

CXv icnbm°m≥ ]mTy]≤Xn cq]oIcWØn¬ A©v \nbmaI XØzßfmWv Cu

tcJ \n¿t±in°p∂Xv. Ah XmsgsImSp°p∂p.

1. Adnhns\ kvIqfn\p ]pdØp≈ PohnXhpambn _‘s∏SpØpI.

2. ImWm∏mTw ]Tn°p∂ coXn Hgnhm°pI.

3. ]mT]pkvXIßƒ°∏pdtØ°v ]mTy]h¿Ø\ßsf hnIkn∏n°pI.

4. ]co£Iƒ IqSpX¬ Abhp≈Xm°pIbpw ¢mkv apdnbnse ]T\m\p`hßfpambn

DZvKYn°pIbpw sNøpI.

5. cmPysØ P\m[n]Xycm„obØn¬ ]ckv]cw Xm¬∏cyw FSp°p∂Xpw

hyXymkßƒ°XoXamb Hcp kzXzw hf¿Øns°m≠phcnI.

F≥.kn.F v 2005 A©v A[ymbßfnembn IaoIcn®ncn°p∂p. ]T\sØ kw_‘n®

ImgvN∏mSv, ]T\hpw ⁄m\hpw, ]mTy]≤Xn taJeIfpw hnebncpØepw kvIqfpw ¢mkv

A¥co£hpw LS\m]camb sa®s∏SpØepIƒ F∂nhbmWv Ah.

$ ss]adn¢mkpIƒ BZyIme inip hnZym`ymkØns‚ XpS¿®bmWv. AXn\m¬

AXns‚ XpS¿®bmbmIWw ss]adn ¢mkpIfnse ]mTyIaw Xocpam\n°p∂Xv.

$ ]TnXmhns‚ hnImkw, ]T\w F∂nhsb kw_‘n®v kaKamb ImgvN∏mSp

≠mbncn°Ww.

$ Dƒs∏SpØnbn´p≈ hnZym`ymk (Inclusive Education) ImgvN∏mSv

D≠mbncn°Ww.

$ Adnhv \n¿ΩmWØn\pw k¿§mflIXbv°pw Ahkcw \¬IWw.

$ \n¿ΩmWw, Is≠Ø¬, A]KY\w, hna¿i\mflItijn F∂nh hf¿ØWw.

$ ]mtZinI AdnhpIƒ°pw A\p`hßƒ°pw ]mTy]≤Xnbn¬ ÿm\w

\¬IWw.

$ ]cnkc_‘nXamb t]mPŒpIfn¬ G¿s∏Sp∂Xn\pw AXphgn Adnhp

\n¿an°p∂Xn\pw Ahkcw thWw.

$ amXr`mj t_m[\am[yaambncn°Ww.

41

$ C¥ybpsS _lp`mjmkz`mhsØ kvIqƒ hnZym`ymkØnse kºØmbn

D]tbmKn°pI.

$ KWnX]T\Øn¬ Nn¥bpsS KWnXh¬°cWØn\mbn Du∂¬ \¬IpI.

$ imkvX]T\Øns‚ D≈S°w, ]Inb, `mj F∂nh ]TnXmhns‚ ]mbw,

_u≤nI\nehmcw F∂nhbv°v tbmPn®Xm°pI.

$ hkvXpXIƒ ]Tn®v ]co£sbgpXp∂Xn\v ]m]vX\m°p∂Xn\p ]Icw

kmaqly ]h¿Ø\ßsf hna¿i\mflIambn hnebncpØp∂Xn\p≈

Ignhp≠m°pIbmbncn°Ww kmaqlyimkvX]T\Øns‚ e£yw.

$ LS\m]camb ]cnjv°cWßfpsS e£yw hnZym`ymkKpWta∑-bmbncn°Ww.

$ ]mTy]≤Xn ]cnjv°cWØnse hyhÿmkw_‘nbmb G‰hpw ][m\

\S]Sn ]co£m]cnjv°cWamWv. tNmZyßfpsS kz`mhØn¬ am‰w hcpØn

aqey\n¿ÆbØn¬ Hm¿Ωi‡ntb°mƒ ]m[m\yw k¿§mflIXbv°pw

bp‡nNn¥bv°pw \¬IWw.

$ \nc¥c aqey\n¿Æbhpw B`y¥chnebncpØepw kpXmcyXbpw

i‡ns∏SpØn ]co£sb ]T\m\p`hhpambn IqńbnW°pIbmWv th≠Xv.

$ hnZym`ymk kwhn[m\ßfpsS \hoIcWØn\v kmaqlnI]¶mfnØw

Dd∏m°Ww.

14. hnZym`ymk AhImi \nbaw 2009 (RTE 2009)

(kuP\yhpw \n¿_‘nXhpamb hnZym`ymkw e`n°phm\p≈ IpńbpsS AhImi

\nbaw 2009)

P\m[n]XyhyhÿbpsS CgIƒ _es∏SpØp∂Xn¬ km¿∆XnI ]mYanI

hnZym`ymkØn\v ][m\]¶ps≠∂v \ΩpsS `cWLS\ Xs∂ AwKoIcn®n- p≠v. Cu

e£yw t\Sp∂Xn\pth≠nbmWv C¥y≥ dn∏_vfn°ns‚ 60 -mw h¿jØn¬ ]m¿esa‚ns‚

CcpkÌfpw hnZym`ymk AhImi_n√v ]mkm°nbXv. Cu _n√n\v 2009 BKÃv 26 \v

C¥y≥ ]knU‚ns‚ AwKoImcw e`n°pIbpw 01.04.2010 apX¬ Cu \nbaw ]m_eyØn¬

hcp-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXnse ][m\ hyhÿIƒ Nph--sS tN¿°p∂p.

$ Cu \nbaw Bdp apX¬ ]Xn\mephb phscbp≈ IpńIƒ°v kuP\yhpw

\n¿_‘nXhpamb ]mYanI hnZym`ymkw hyhÿ sNøp∂p. ]mYanI hnZym`ymkw

F∂XpsIm≠v Dt±in°p∂Xv 1-˛-8 hscbp≈ ¢mkpIfnse hnZym`ymkamWv.

CXn\p≈ F√mkuIcyßfpw Hcp°pI F∂Xv kapNnXKh¨sa‚ ns‚

NpaXebmWv.

$ hnZymeb ]thi\Øn\v bmsXmcp hn[Ønep≈ Xe-h-cn-∏-Whpw ]mSn√.

$ kvIqfn\v Hcp amt\Pvsa‚ v IΩn‰nbp≠mbncn°Ww. F√mkvIqfqIƒ°pw kvIqƒ

hnIk\]≤Xnbp≠mbncn°Ww.

$ `cWLS\ hn`mh\w sNbvXn´p≈ aqeyßƒ°v A\pkrXambXpw IpńbpsS

k¿∆tXm∑pJ hnIk\w e£yw h®p≈Xmbncn°Ww ]mTy]≤Xn. AXv IpńbpsS

Adnhv, Ignhv, _p≤n, ImbnIhpw am\knIhpamb IgnhpIƒ F∂nh

42

hf¿Øp∂XmIWw.

$ ]h¿Ø\m¿[njvTnXhpw iniptIµoIr-Xhpw ]Inbm_‘nXhpambncn°Ww

]T\t_m[\coXn.

$ IpńbpsS Imcyßƒ a\ nem°m\p≈ Ignhns\bpw a\ nem°nb Imcyßƒ

]tbmKn°m\p≈ Ignhns\bpw kaKhpw \nc¥chpambn hnebncpØWw.

$ 1 apX¬ 5 hsc ¢mknse ]T\kabw Hcp h¿jw 800 aWn°q¿/200

]h¿ØnZnhkhpw.

$ 6 apX¬ 8 hsc ¢mknse ]T\kabw Hcp h¿jw 1000 aWn°q¿/220 ]hrØn

Znhkhpw D≠mbncn°Ww.

$ HcmgvNbn¬ A[ym]Is‚ ]h¿Ø\ kabw 45 aWn°q¿ Bbncn°pw.

$ Hmtcm ¢mkn\pw ]T\t_m[\ D]IcWßfpw Ifn∏m´w kvt]m¿´vkv sKbnwkv

F∂nhbv°pth≠ D]IcWßfpw \¬IWw.

$ ]T\Øn¬ ]n∂m°w \nev°p∂hsc Is≠Øn \nc¥cw ]cnlmct_m[\

]h¿Ø\ßƒ \¬In [mcWIƒ Dd∏n°Ww.

$ 2002 -˛ ¬ `cWLS\tbmSp tN¿°s∏´ A\pt—Zw 21 F ]Imcw 6 apX¬ 14

hb phscbp≈ IpńIƒ°v kuP\yhpw \n¿_‘nXhpamb hnZym`ymkw

auenImhImiam°n. Hmtcm Ipń°pw Xr]vXnIchpw \ymbhpamb \nehmcØnep≈

apgph≥ kab ]mYanIhnZym`ymkw t\Sp∂Xn\pth≠nbmWv Cu \nbaw

\n¿Ωn®ncn°p∂Xv.

15. tZiob A[ym]IhnZym`ymk]mTy]≤Xn N´°qSv 2009 (NCFTE - 2009)

km¿∆XnI ]mYanI hnZym`ymkw F∂ `cWLS\me£yØn\v ASnhcbn´p sIm≠p≈

cm„ob Xocpam\ambncp∂p. Ip-ńIfpsS hnZym`ymk AhImi\nbaw 2009. Cu

\nbaØns‚ e£yw ssIhcn°Wsa¶n¬ hcpw h¿jßfn¬ tbmKyXbpw ]cnioe\hpw

e`n® BhiyambX A[ym]I¿ thWw.

$ A[ym]I]cnioe\Øns‚ ssZ¿Lyw,

$ AhcpsS Adnhv.

$ t_m[\imkvX]cambss\]pWnIƒ

$ sXmgnent\mSp≈ ]Xn_≤X

$ kaImenI ]iv\ßtfmSp≈ kwthZ\ioew

$ `cWLS\maqeyßtfmSp≈ BZ¿ihpw A\pIqeat\m`mhhpw

$ Chsb√mw A[ym]Is\ kzm[o\n°p∂ LSIßfmWv. CØcsamcp

kmlNcyØn¬ A[ym]I hnZym`ymkØn\v ImtemNnXamb ]cnjv°mcßƒ

thWsa∂v NCF 2009 \n¿t±in°p∂p.

`mhnbnse A[ym]I¿°p≠mbncnt°≠ tbmKyXIƒ ss\]pWnIƒ.

at\m`mhßƒ F∂nhsb°pdns®√mw Cu tcJ N¿® sNøp∂p.

43

][m\ \n¿t±ißƒ

$ Fensa‚dn A[ym]I ]cnioe\Øn\mbn 4 h¿jsØ C‚tK‰Uv t]mKmapIƒ

bqWnthgvkn‰nIfnepw sXcs™SpØ Ub‰pIfnepw Bcw`n°Ww.

$ A`ncpNnbp≈hsc A[ym]I]cnioe\Øn\v sXcs™Sp°p∂Xn\p≈ X¥ßƒ

BhnjvIcn°Ww.

$ A[ym]I hnZym`ymkØn\p≈ kne_kv, tImgvkns‚ cq]tcJ F∂nh NCTE

Xbmdm°Ww.

$ kvIqƒ]mTy]≤Xn ]cnjvIcWØns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬ A[ym]IhnZym`ymk

]mTy]≤Xn AhtemI\w sNøWw.

XpS¿]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

1. C¥y≥ hnZym`ymksØ ]m›mXyh¬°cn°p∂Xn\v 1835 se sa°msfbpsS an\p v

kp][m\ ]¶phln®p. Cu ]kvXmh\sb hniIe\w sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xbmdm°pI.

2. ""kaImenI C¥y≥hnZym`ymkØ hninjy tIcf hnZym`ymktaJesb

Kkn®ncn°p∂ Cw•ojvh¬°cW ]hWXsb sa°msfbpsS bp‡n Xs∂bmWv

kzm[o\n°p∂Xv'' hniIe\w kzm`n]mbw AhXcn∏n°pI.

3. sa°msfbpsS an\pSvkn\v ]qcIambncp∂p. 1854 hpUvkv Ukv]m®v C¥y≥

hnZym`ymksØ F]ImcamWv hpUvkv Ukv]m®v kzm[o\n®Xv F∂v hniZam°pI.

4. hpUvkv Ukv]m®vs‚ `mKambn cq]s∏´ \n¿t±ißfpw ]h¿Ø\ßfpw Fs¥√mw?


5. 1882 se l≠¿IΩoj≥ dnt∏m¿ńse ip]m¿iIƒ Fs¥√mw? ap≥Ime IΩojs‚

ip]m¿iIfn¬ \n∂pw Fs¥√mw ]ptcmKa\mißfmWv l≠¿ IΩoj≥ dnt∏m¿ń¬

\nco£n°m\mhpI? Ipdn∏v Xbmdm°pI.

6. 1929- se l¿tSmKv IΩ‰nbpsS ][m\ip]m¿iIƒ Fs¥√mw? Cu IΩ‰n

cq]oIcn®Xns‚ cm„ob ]m[m\yw hy‡am°pI.

7. 1944 se km¿P‚ v dnt∏m¿ń¬ C¥y≥ tZiob t\Xm°fpsS ho£Whpw kzm[o\hpw

]Xnên®ncp∂p. ][m\ ip]m¿iIsf hna¿i\m∑Iambn hnebncp-ØpI.

8. kzmX¥ym\¥c`mcXØnse hnZym`ymke£yßƒ \n¿Æbn°p∂Xnepw

]h¿Ø\ ]≤XnIƒ hnIkn∏n°p∂Xn\pw hgnImńbmIp∂Xv C¥y≥

`cWLS\bmWv. C¥y t\cnSp∂ hnZym`ymk]iv\ßsf adnIS°m≥ `cWLS\m

hyhÿIƒ FXamXw klmbIamWv? hniIe\w sNøpI.

9. sk°≠dn hnZym`ymk°Ωojs‚ (1953) khntijXIfpw ]cnanXnIfpw

hna¿i\mflIambn ]Xn]mZn°pI.

10. C¥y≥ hnZym`ymk IΩoj≥ 1966 ñ D≈S°kaKX sIm≠pw ImgvN∏mSns‚ hym]vXn

sIm≠pw Gsd i≤ ]nSn®p]‰nbncp∂p. AXnse ip]m¿iIƒ C∂pw

]mh¿ØnIam°nbnń√. hna¿i\mflIambn hniIe\w sNøpI.

11. IΩoj≥ dnt∏m¿ńse ]mYanIhnZym`ymksØ°pdn®p≈ ip]m¿iIƒ tIcfØn¬

44

FXamXw ]h¿Ø\ ]YØn¬ sIm≠phcm≥ Ign™p. hna¿i\mflIambn

hniZam°pI.

12. 1968 se tZiob hnZym`ymk\bØns‚ ]m[m\yhpw ][m\ khntijXIfpw

FgpXpI.

13. 1986 se tZiobhnZym`ymk \bw 1968 se \bØn¬ \n∂pw Fßs\

hyXyks∏´ncn°p∂p.

14. 1986 se tZiob hnZym`ymk\bw tIcf hnZym`ymk cwKØv Fs¥√mw am‰ßfmWv

cq]s∏SpØnbXv! hniIe\w sNøpI.

15. 1992 se cmaaq¿Øn IΩoj≥ ip]m¿iIƒ hniIe\w sNøpI.

16. 1993 se biv]m¬ IΩn‰n dnt∏m¿´nse hnπhIcamb \n¿t±ißƒ Ipdn°pI.

\n¿t±ißfpsS khntijXIƒ hniZam°pI.

17. C¥y≥ hnZym`ymksØ F]ImcamWv NCF 2005 kzm[o\n°p∂Xv. NCF se

\n¿t±ißƒ ]cntim[n®v hnebncpØpI.

18. 2009 se hnZym`ymk AhImi \nbaw, 2011 se N´w F∂nh tIcfØnsebpw

C¥ybnsebpw P\m[n]Xyw, atXXcXzw, kzX¥yw XpSßnb `cWLS\maqeyßƒ

i‡ns∏SpØp∂Xn\v F]ImcamWv klmbn°pI.

19. Hcp cmPyØns‚ ]ptcmKXn \n¿Wbn°p∂Xn¬ A[ym]Is‚ ]¶v kp][m\amWv.

A[ym]I im‡oIcWØn\v NCFTE 2009 hln°p∂ ]¶v hniZam°pI.

20. ss]adnXeØnse ]T\am[yasØ kw_‘n®v kzmX¥yØn\v apºpw ]nºpap≈

IΩoj\pIfpw IΩ‰nIfpw \nch[n \n¿t±ißƒ \¬Inbn´p≠v. Ah tImUoIcn®v

]T\am[yaw kw_‘n® kzm`n]mbw hniZam°pI.

21. hnZym`ymkIΩoj\pIfpw dnt∏m¿´pIfpw ImenIambn \S∏n¬ hcpØphm≥ \ap°v

Ignbp∂n√. CXn\p≈ ImcWßƒ bp‡n-k-l-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw ]cn-lm-c-

ßƒ \n¿t±-in-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I.

d^d≥kv

1. C¥y≥ hnZym`ymkw \q‰m≠pIfneqsS ˛ Xmbm v i¶c≥ - (sI.Fkv.Sn.F.)

2. hnZym`ymkw `mcXØn¬ - tUm.Sn.sI. aplΩZv - tIcf `mjm C≥Ãn‰yq v

3. National Policy on Education – 1986 – MHRD Delhi – 1986

4. Learning without Burden – Yespal Committee Report – 1993, MHRD NewDelhi 1993.

5. National Curriculum framework 2005 MHRD, NewDelhi, 2005.

6. National Curriculum Framework for Teacher Education – 2009 MHRD, New Delhi 2009.

7. History of Education in Modern India 1857-2007. Suresh Chandraghosh – Orient Blackswam

Ltd, Hydrabad.

8. History of Education of India, B,N. Dash, Dominant publishers and District buters, Delhi.

9. The Right of Children to free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009.

45

10. Report of the Committee for review of National Policy on Education 1986.

11. hnZym- ymk ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v Hcm-apJw ˛ imkvX kmln-Xy-]-co-jØv

12. ae-bm-f-Øns‚ `mhn ˛ tkXp-cm-a≥ sF.]n.-F-kv, amXr- qan ]kn-≤o-I-cWw

13. \ΩpsS `mj \ΩpsS kwkvImcw ˛ FUn-‰¿ tUm. Imhp-ºmbn _me-Ir-jvW≥

tIc-f- im-kvX-km-ln-Xy-]-co-jØv

C¥y≥ hnZym- ym-k-Ønse ]iv\-ßfpw ]cn-lm-c-am¿K-ßfpw

]T-\-t\´w

kzmX-¥ym-\-¥cw C¥y≥hnZym- ym-k-Øn-\p-≠mb ]ptcm-KXn hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p. ]iv\]cn-lm-c-\n¿t±-i-ßƒ Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\p tijn-t\-Sp-∂p.

][m-\m-i-b-ßƒ

˛ kzmX-¥ym-\-¥cw hnZym- ym-k-Øn-\p-th≠n IqSp-X¬ XpI \o°n-h-®n- p-≠v.

˛ tZio-b-X-e-Ønepw kwÿm\Xeß-fnepw hnZym-`ymk ]ptcm-KXn Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn kwL-Sn-X-amb kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v,

˛ C¥ym-K-h¨sa‚ns‚ \b-ßfpw ]≤-Xn-Ifpw Fen-sa‚-dn-Xew apX¬ k¿∆-I-em-im-em-Xewhsc-bp-ff hnZym- ym-k-Øns‚ ]ptcm-K-Xn°v Imc-W-am-bn- p-≠v.

˛ C¥y≥ hnZym- ym-k-Øns‚ ]ptcm-K-Xn°v XS-k-ambn Nne ]iv\-ßƒ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-≠v.

˛ hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ kzIm-cy-h¬°-cWw km[m-c-W-°m-c\v hnZym-`ymkw A]m-]y-am°n Xo¿°pw.

˛ km¿h-Xn-I-amb hnZym- ymkKpW-ta-∑-bmWv \ΩpsS tZiobe£yw.

d^-d≥kv

1. Education In India (1781-1985)

Policies Planning and Implementation

(Centre For Research in Rural Industrial Development-1985)

2. Development of Education System in India and Statistics

Sujatha Acharya-Mohit Books International, New Delhi-2014

3. Planning for Educational and Economic Development

Sr. SHARA, TN.RATHO

K.K.SHARAMMA (Sareep Book Publisher-New Delhi-2012)

46

A[ym]Is‚ A\p`h hnhcWw

B‘-bnse Hcp Kma-Ønse hnZym-ebw kµ¿in-®p. A[ym-]-I¿ amX-amWv Ahn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. D®- -£Ww ]mIwsNø¬ \∂mbn \S-°p-∂p-≠v. kabw 12 aWn-tbm-S-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ ]Øn-cp-]Xv Ipń-Iƒ h∂p. ssIbn¬ ]mX-ß-fp--≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ah¿ D®- -£WwIgn-®p ¢mkn-en-cp-∂p. At∏m-tg°pw FhnsS \ns∂m-s°tbm GXm\pw t]¿ kvIqfn-se-Øn. Ipń-Isf Xncn-®p-hn-fn-°m≥ h∂-h-cm-Wv. Ah¿°v hoń¬ ]Wn-bp-≠v. Cfb Ipń-Isf t\m°-Ww. a‰p tPmen-Iƒ°v ho´p-Imsc klm-bn-°-Ww. hnfn--°m≥ h∂-h-cpsSIqsS Ipń-Iƒ t]mbn.

Cu kw -h-tØm-Sp-ff ]Xn-I-cWw F¥mWv? CXn-\p-ff Imc-W-sa-¥mWv? CsX-ßs\]cn-l-cn°pw?

C¥y-bnse a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fnse kvIqƒ hnZym- ym-k-sØ°p-dn®v \nßƒ F¥mWv a\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-f-fXv?

Df-f-S°w

kzmX-¥ym-\-¥cw hnZym- ym-k-cw-KØv henb sh√p-hn-fn-Isf A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠mWv\mw apt∂m v t]mb-Xv. Hmtcm ]©-h’c]≤-Xn-bnepw IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ XpI hnZym- ym-k-Øn\p th≠n \o°n-h-bv°p-Ibpw hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ Hmtcm Xe-Ønepw ]ptcm-KXnBkq-Xn-X-ambn Dd-∏n-°m≥ ian-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xmbn ÿnXn-hn-hcIW-°p-Iƒ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. `c-W-L-S-\- \ne-hn¬ h∂p ]Øp-h¿j-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ 14 hb- p-h-sc-bp-ff F√mIpń-Iƒ°pw \n¿_-‘nX hnZym- ymkw \¬IpI F∂Xv \ΩpsS cmPy-Øns‚ e£y-am-Wv. Zcn-Zy\n¿Ωm¿P-\w, imkvXo-bhpw atXX-c-hp-amb Nn¥, hnI-k\ ImgvN-∏mSv F∂nhDd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\v hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\p-ff ][m-\-s∏´ ]¶v Xncn-®-dn-™-Xp-sIm-≠mWv`c-W-L-S-\-bn¬ Xs∂ CØ-c-samcp e£yw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-f-f-Xv.

bp≤m-\-¥c hnZym- ym-k-Øn-\p-th≠n (Post War Educational Development In India) D≠mbkm¿P‚ v πm\n¬ 312.60 e£w cq]-bm-bn-cp∂p hnZym- ym-k-Øn-\p-th≠n \o°n-sh-®-Xv.

(A\p-_‘w ImWpI)

CXn¬ 200 e£w cq] ss]adn hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ H∂mw]©-h’c ]≤Xnbn¬ 152.9 tImSn cq] hnZym- ym-k-Øn-\mbn \o°n h®p. AXn¬ ss]adnhnZym- ym-k-Øn\v 84.8 tImSn cq]-bm-bn-cp∂p D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.

(A\p-_‘w ImWpI)

c≠mw ]©-h-’c]≤-Xn-bn-em-Is´ 276.94 tImSn cq]bpw ss]adn hnZym- ym-k-Øn\v 93.1tImSnbpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

(A\p-_‘w ImWpI)

XpS¿∂p-≈ ]©-h-’c ]≤-Xn-I-fnse hnZym- ymkhnlnXw ]ń-I-I-fn¬ \n∂pw a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bpw.

kzmX-¥ym-\-¥cw km£-c-X-bnepw hnZym`ym-k-cw-KØpw D≠mb ]ptcm-KXn cmPy-Øns‚]ptcm-K-Xn°p hf-sc-b-[nIw klm-bn-®n- p-≠v.

]oss]-adn apX¬ lb¿sk-°≠dn hsc-bp-ff hnZym- ym-k-Øn-\mbn hnZym-e-b-ßƒ hym]-I-ambn ÿm]n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Ipń-Isf Chn-S-ß-fn-se-Øn-°m≥ Ign-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. D∂-X-hn-Zym- ym-k-Øn-\mbn k¿∆-I-em-im-e-Ifpw tImtf-Pp-Ifpw ÿm]n-°-s∏- p. kmt¶-XnItaJ-e-bnse sXmgn¬ km[y-Xbpw ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw e£ywh®p kmt¶-XnI hnZym- ym-k-

47

Øn\v Du∂¬ \¬Ip-Ibpw sF.Sn.sF apX¬ F©n-\o-b-dnMv tImtfPp hsc ÿm]n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

kzmX-¥ym-\-¥cw hnZym- ym-k-cw-KØv s]mXp-ta-J-ebv°v ]m[m\yw \¬In-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬kaq-l-Ønse Xmsg-°n-S-bn-ep-ffh¿°-S°w ]Tn®p apt∂m-dm-\p≈ Ah-k-c-ßƒ e`n-®p.Ah¿ C¥y-bnepw temI-Øns‚ \m\m- m-K-ß-fnepw sXmgn-se-Sp-°p-Ibpw anI-hp-sIm-≠vAwKo-Imcw t\Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

kvXo hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ ]ptcm-KXn cmPy]ptcm-K-Xn-bn¬ \n¿Wm-b-I-am-Wv. CucwKØp≠mb ]ptcm-KXn ÿnXn-hn-hcIW-°p-I-fn¬ \n∂pw a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bpw. AXp-t]mse ]tXyI ]cn-K-W-\-b¿ln-°p∂ hnZym¿Yn-I-fp-sSbpw h\m-¥-c-ß-fn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ BZn-hmkn P\-hn- m-K-ß-fp-sSbpw hnZym- ymkw Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\pw ]tXyIw ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ \S-∏m-°n-bn- p-≠v.

2009˛se hnZym- ymkAh-Im-i-\n-baw A\p-k-cn®v Fen-sa‚dnhnZym`ymkw tÃ‰ns‚ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-ambn amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. cmPysØ F√m Ipń-Iƒ°pw 8 h¿jsØ hnZym- ym-k-amWv CXn-eqsS Dd-∏m-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Hcp Intem-ao-‰-dn-\p-f-fn¬ ]mY-anIhnZym-e-b-ßƒ,inip-tI-µo-Ir-X-amb ]T-\-co-Xn, Ipń-I-fpsS hnI-k\w Dd-∏m-°p∂ aqey-\n¿W-bw, tbmKy-cmb A[ym-]-I¿ F∂n-ßs\ ]T-\w Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ff ka-K-\n-b-a-amWv CXv.

C]-Imcw hnZym- ym-k-cw-KØv ]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-≠m-bn- p-s≠-¶nepw \nc-h[n ]iv\-ßƒ hnZym-`ymk taJ-esb Ct∏mgpw Ae- p-∂p-≠v. 14 hb- p-h-sc-bp-ff F√m-h¿°pw \n¿_-‘nXhnZym- ymkw F∂ `c-W-L-S\me£yw- CXp-hsc \ap°v t\Sm≥ Ign-™n- n-√. BZn-hm-kn-I-f-S-°-ap-ff ]m¿iz-h¬°-cn-°-s∏´ P\-hn- m-K-ßƒ°v Ah-cpsS Ipń-Isf hnZym-e-b-Øn-e-b-bv°-W-sa∂ t_m[w C\nbpw D≠m-bn- n-√. \nc-£-c-X, A⁄-X, ZmcnZyw F∂n-h-aqew Ipń-Isf kvIqfn-e-bv°m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw hnZym-e-b-Øn¬ FØn-bm¬ Xs∂ ]T\w]q¿Øn-bm-ImsX sImgn-™p-t]m-Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv hSs° C¥y-bnse ]e kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw C∂pw bmYm¿Yy-am-Wv.

˛ hnZym-e-b-ßfpsS Ipd-hv.

˛ ]cn-io-e\w kn≤n® A[ym-]-I-cpsS A`m-hw.

˛ kvXo hnZym- ym-k-Øns‚ Ipdhv

˛ hnZym- ym-k-Øns‚ KpW-ta-∑-bn-√m-bva ImcWw Ipń-Iƒ°v ASn-ÿm\tijn-Iƒt]mepw e`n-°mØ Ah-ÿ.

˛ _me-the

apX-em-bh C\nbpw ]cn-l-cn-t°≠ ]iv\-ß-fmbn \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p.

hnZym-`ymkcwKsØ kzIm-cy-h¬°-c-Whpw I®-h-S-h¬°-c-Whpw krjvSn-°p∂ ]iv\-ßƒ

BtKm-f-h¬°-c-W-Øns‚bpw DZm-c-h¬°-c-W-Øn-s‚bpw ImeØv k¿°m-cp-Iƒ s]mXp-ta-J-e-bn¬ \n∂pw ItaW ]n≥hm-ßp∂ ]h-WX C¥y-bnepw Zriy-am-Wv. CXp-Im-cWw \msSm- p°pw kzIm-cy-hn-Zym- ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ apf®ps]m¥pI-bm-Wv. tIc-f-sam-gn-sI-bp-ff an° kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw C¥y-bnse h≥\-K-c-ß-fn-ep-sams° kvIqƒ hnZym-`ymkw t]mepw an°-hmdpw kzImcy hnZym-e-b-ß-fn-emWv \S-°p-∂-Xv. D∂-X-hn-Zym- ymkw][m-\-ambpw kzIm-cy-ta-J-e-bn-emWv \n¿h-ln-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. CXv km[m-c-W-°m¿°v henbkmº-ØnI`mcw D≠m-°p-∂Xpw Ahsc hnZym- ym-k-Øn¬ \n∂-I-‰p-∂-Xp-am-Wv. I®-h-S-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ hnZym-`ymkw ]Ww sImSpØp hmßp-∂-Xn-\p-ff tijn-bn-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v ISpØ kmaq-ly-\oXn \ntj-[-amWv kw -hn-°p-∂-Xv. CØcw ÿm]-\-ßsf ê-

48

]-Z-ambn tamWn-‰¿ sNøp-∂-Xnt\m hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°v \oXn Dd-∏m-°p-∂--Xnt\m Dff ^e-]-Z-amb kwhn-[m-\-ß-sfm∂pw C∂v \ne-hn-en-√. Bb-Xn-\m¬ s]mXp-ta-J-e-bn¬ hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ßƒ XpS-ßp-Ibpw AhnsS KpW-ta-∑-bp-ff hnZym- ymkw Dd-∏m-°p-IbpwsNøpI F∂Xv Ime-L- -Øns‚ Bh-iy-am-Wv. CXn\p Ign-b-W-sa-¶n¬ tZio-b-X-e-Øn¬hnZym- ym-k-Øn\p IqSp-X¬ XpI \o°n-h-bv°-Ww.

\ΩpsS hnZym-e-b-ßsf Ae- p∂ as‰mcp apJy]iv\w KpW-ta-∑-bp-tS-Xm-Wv. ]cn-io-e-\wkn≤n® tbmKy-cmb A[ym-]-I-cpsS A`mhw ]e kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw henb ]iv\-am-Wv.CXp ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v A[ym-]I ]cn-io-e-\ÿm]-\-ßƒ Bcw- n-°-Ww. hnZym-e-b-ß-fpsS ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Imcy-£-a-ambn tamWn-‰¿ sNøp∂ Ne-\m-XvI-amb hnZym-`ymkUn∏m¿ vsa‚ v thWw. inip-tI-µo-Ir-Xhpw ]h¿Ø-\m-[n-jvTn-X-hp-amb ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bpsSA`mhw KpW-ta-∑-bn-√m-Ø-Xns‚ Hcp Imc-W-am-Wv. CXp ]cn-K-Wn-°m-\mbn CØ-c-Øn-ep-ff ]mTy-]-≤Xn cq]-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. CXn-\mbn ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bpsS cwKØv hf-sc-b-[nIwapt∂-dnb tIcfw t]mep-ff kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS A\p- hw a‰p-f-f-h¿°v kzoI-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

XpS¿]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

1. C¥y-bnse kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS hnZym- ymk \ne-hmcw d -d≥kn-eqsS Is≠Øn Ah-X-cn∏n-°p-I.

2. C¥y-≥ hnZym- ymkcwKsØ ]iv\-ßfpw AXp-]-cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ff \n¿t±-i-ßfpw˛Cu hnj-b-sØ-°p-dn®p ]_‘w Xbm-dm°n skan-\m-dn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I.

3. ]pXnb ImesØ Bh-iyßƒ A\p-k-cn®p C¥y≥ hnZym- ym-k-Øn¬ hcp-tØ≠am‰-ßƒ Fs¥ms°?

4. hnZym-`ymk cwKØv KpW-ta∑ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\v kzoI-cn-°m-hp∂ \S-]-Sn-IƒFs¥m-s°-bmWv? hnh-cn-°p-I.

5. kvXoI-fp-sSbpw a‰p ]m¿iz-h¬°rXcpsSbpw hnZym- ymk ]ptcm-K-Xn°v th≠n sNøm-hp∂ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.

49

A\p-_Ôw

Estimated Annual Expenditure Sargent Plan

Rs in Lakhs

Branches of Education Estimated Gross

Annual

Expenditure

Estimated Income

From Source

other than Public

Funds

Estimated Net Expenditure to

be met from Public funds

1 2 3 4

Basic

Education(Primary and

Middle

200.00 - 200.00

Pre-Primary Education 3.20 - 3.20

High school Education 79.80 29.00 50.00

University Education 9.60 2.90 6.70

Technical, Commercial

and Art Education

10.00 2.00 8.00

Adult Education 3.00 - 3.00

Training of Teachers 6.20 1.70 4.50

School Medical

Services

(10% of the Gross Expenditure of the Stage medical service and

education of the handicapped

Education of the

Handicapped

- - -

Recreative and Social

Activities

1.00 - 1.00

Employment 0.60 - 1.00

Administration - - -

Total 312.60 35.60 27.00

50

TABLE II

Expenditure on Different Branches of Education

Rs in Crores

Sub Heads 1951-52

Actual

1952-53

Actual

1953-54

Actual

1954-55

Actual

1955-56

Revised

1951-56

Total

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Education

Primary

Basic

12.3 13.3 16.6 20.4 22.2 84.8

Secondary

Education

0.8 1.4 1.7 6.3 10.0 20.0

University

Education

2.0 2.2 2.3 3.1 4.1 13.7

Technical,

Education

3.7 3.9 4.3 3.9 4.4 20.2

Social

Education

00.2 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.9 4.7

Other

Schemes

19.8 24.6 26.6 37.3 46.8 152.9

Source First Five Year Plan- Review 1951-56 Planning Commission 1956

51

TABLE III

Expenditure during the First Four Years of Second Plan

Rs in Crores

Sub Heads Second

Plan

Provisi

on

1956-

57

Actual

1957-

58

Actual

1958-59

Actual

1959-60

Budget

Likely

expendit

ure

1956-60 Column 8

as

percentage

Col 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Education

Primary Basic

93.1 6.14 12.65 17.01 23.68 26.25 62.05 66.7

Secondary

Education

49.09 4.16 6.44 8.74 13.35 13.50 32.84 66.9

University

Education

46.48 4.90 5.08 10.12 12.38 13.10 33.20 71.4

Technical,

Education

51.23 5.36 6.83 8.38 16.10 13.20 33.72 65.8

Social

Education

5.00 0.56 0.73 0.70 1.13 1.00 2.99 59.8

Other

Programmes

32.12 2.82 3.83 4.60 7.45 6.45 17.70 55.1

Total 276.94 23.94 35.56 49.50 72.99 73.50 182.50 65.9

Source Second Five Year Plan-progress Report 1959-60 Planning Commission 1960

52

TABLE IV

Distribution of Outlay for Education in different Five Year Plans-A Comparison

(Rs in Crores)

Sub Heads First Plan Second

Plan

Third Plan First

Plan%

Second

Plan%

Third

Plan%

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Elementary

Education

85 87 200 63.9 41.9 50.0

Secondary

Education

20 48 88 15.1 25.1 21.1

University

Education

14 45 82 10.5 21.6 19.6

Other

Programmes

N A 4 6 NA 1.9 1.4

Social

Education,

Physical

Education and

Youth welfare

14 10 12 10.5 4.8 2.9

Others NA 10 `` NA 4.8 2.6

Total 133 204 408 100.0 98.1 97.6

Cultural

Programmes

- 4 10 - 1.9 2.4

Grand Total 133 208 418 100.0 100.00 100.00

Source Third Five Year Plan-1961-66-60 Planning Commission 1961

53

TABLE V

Progress of Expenditure under Education

Centre and States/Union Territories-1961-65

(Rs in Crores)

Sub Heads Third

Plan

Outlay

1961-66

1961-62

Actual

!962-63

Actual

!963-64

Actual

!964-65

Likely

Expenditure

1961-65

Total

expenditure

Col 7

As

Percentage

of Col 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Elementary

Education

207.00 20.88 28.02 38.40 48.59 136.89 65.6

Secondary

Education

81.00 10.92 16.39 19.65 26.34 73.30 90.5

University

Education

77.90 13.50 15.30 15.03 18.99 68.82 80.6

Social

Education

6.00 0.46 0.46 0.45 0.60 1.97 32.8

Miscellaneous 23.00 4.81 5.65 9.66 15.43 35.55 154.6

Cultural

Programmes 10.00 1.18 1.24 1.16 1.42 5.00

50.00

Scholarship

(Centre) 4.10 0.13 0.30 1.09 3.06 4.58

111.7

NCERT 9.00 0.29 1.18 1.19 1.52 4.18 46.4

Total General

Education

418.00 52.17 68.54 86.63 115.95 323.29 77.3

Total

Technical

Education

142.00 18.57 21.71 24.46 30.32 95.06 66.9

Grand Total 560.00 70.74 90.25 111.09 146.27 418.35 74.7

Source Third Five Year Plan-Progress report 1963-65 Planning Commission 1966

54

TABLE VI

Number of Pupils in Corresponding Age Groups

Stage

1950-51 1955-56 1960-61

(Targeted)

Boys% Girls% Total% Boys% Girls% Total% Boys% Girls% Total%

Primary

(6-11)

59 25 42 69 33 51 26 40 63

Middle

(11-14

Years)

22 5 14 30 8 19 36 10 23

Elementary

(6-14

Years)

46 17 32 57 23 40 70 28 49

Source Second Five Year Plan 1956-61 Planning Commission

TABLE VII

Pupils in the Age Group of 6-11 Years Enrollment in Classes I-V

Year Boys in

Lakhs

Girls in

Lakhs

Total in

Lakhs

Boys in

Lakhs

Girls in

Lakhs

Tota in

Lakhs

1950-51 137.7 53.8 191.5 59.8 24.6 42.6

1955-56 175.3 76.4 251.7 70.3 32.4 52.9

1960-61 233.8 109.6 343.4 80.5 40.4 61.1

1965-66 301.2 195.2 496.4 90.4 61.6 76.4

SourceThird Five Year Plan 1961-66 Planning Commission

TABLE VIII

Pupils in the Age Group of 6-11 Years Enrollment in Classes I-VIII

Year Boys in

Lakhs

Girls in

Lakhs

Total in

Lakhs

Boys in

Lakhs

Girls in

Lakhs

Tota in

Lakhs

1950-51 163.6 59.1 222.7 45.9 17.5 32.1

1955-56 209.5 85.1 294.6 54.6 23.5 40

1960-61 282. 0 124.3 406.3 65.4 30.6 48.5

1965-66 371.2 222.7 593.9 73.0 46.1 59.5

SourceThird Five Year Plan 1961-66 Planning Commission

57

bqWn‰v - 2tIcfhnZym`ymkw - hf¿®bpw hnImkhpw

(15 aWn°q¿)

♦ ]T\t\´w - 1

-tIcfhnZym`ymkØns‚ hf¿®sbbpw hnImksØbpw kzm[o\n® A\pIqehpw]XnIqehpamb NcnXhkvXpXIƒ hniIe\w sNbvXv \nKa\ßƒ cq]s∏SpØp∂p.

][m\mibßƒ

♦ kwLImeØns‚ XpS¿®bmb ssP\-_p≤ ImeL´Øn¬hnthN\clnXamb hnZym`ymkkºZmbw \ne\n∂ncp∂p.

♦ ]≈n°qSßƒ, FgpØp]≈nIƒ, IfcnIƒ, imeIƒ, aZk.ssIkvXhanjW-dnam¿ hln® ]¶v.

♦ PmXn-P∑n-\mSphmgn hyhÿ hnZym`ymkØn¬ sNepØnb kzm[o\w.

$ tIcfØns‚ hnZym`ymkNcnXsØ°pdn®v \nßƒ°v F¥dnbmw? AXns\Ipdn®vFt∏msg¶nepw BtemNn®n´pt≠m?

$ tIcfØns‚ hnZym`ymkNcnXw F∂papX¬ Bcw`n°p∂p?

$ BZyIme kvIqƒ amXrIIƒ Fßs\bmbncp∂p. AhbpsS khntijXIƒFs¥ms°?

$ ssIkvXhanj\dnamcpsS hnZym`ymk]h¿Ø\ßƒ tIcfhnZym`ymksØF]ImcamWv kzm[o\n®Xv?

$ PmXn-P∑n-\mSphmgn hyhÿbpsS ImeØv hnZym`ymkØn\v FXtØmfw ]m[m\yw\¬Inbncp∂p?

ï Cu tNmZyßƒ°v \nßfpsS ]XnIcWsa¥mWv?

tIcfhnZym`ymkØn\v kº∂amb Hcp NcnXap≠v. kwLImew, ssP\-_p≤ImewXpSßnb Imebfhnse t\cn´p≈ cN\Ifpw a‰p kt¶Xßfpw e`yas√¶nepwA°metØbv°v hnc¬ Nq≠p∂ Ht´sd KŸßfpw teJ\ßfpw \ap°v e`yamWv.Ahsb kw_‘n® enÃv CtXmsSm∏w tN¿Øn´p≠v. B cN\Iƒ]tbmP\s∏SpØns°m≠v Bhiyamb Bibßƒ tiJcn°m≥ \nßƒiant°≠Xp≠v. AXn\ptijw ¢mkn¬ s]mXpN¿® \SØWw. AXn¬ \nßfptSXmb]¶phln°m≥ i≤n°pat√m.

apIfn¬ sImSpØ Bibßfpambn _‘s∏´ hnhcßƒ tiJcn®v \nßfpsS Ubdnbn¬Ipdn°Ww. IqSpX¬ Imcyßƒ tiJcn°m\mbn NphsS sImSpØncn°p∂ KŸßfpsSklmbw tXSpat√m.

♦ tIcfkwkvImcw -˛ F. io[ctat\m≥ (t]Pv 21 apX¬ 71 hsc 157˛-175/189˛-204)

♦ tIcfkwkvImcw ˛ s]m^. Fkv. ANypXhmcy¿ (t]Pv 23 apX¬ 162 hsc)

♦ tIcfw aebmfnIfpsS amXr`qan -˛ C.Fw.Fkv

♦ IpSn∏≈n°qSw A£chnZybpsS BZym¶Ww ˛- KwKm[c≥ sNßmeq¿

♦ tIcfw : hnZym`ymkØns‚ ]ShpIƒ ˛- tIcf imkvXkmlnXy]cnjØv

58

Cu bqWn‰ns‚ ]T\hpambn _‘s∏´ Hcp aƒńaoUnb ]kt‚j≥ Xbmdm°Ww.]kt‚j≥ Xbmdm°m\mbn kvt‰mdn t_m¿UpIƒ Xbmdm°pat√m.

apIfn¬ tN¿Ø ][m\mibßfpambn _‘s∏´ Nne kqN\Iƒ XmsgsImSp°p∂p.

kwLImew kwLkmlnXyw

Xangnse AXn]mNo\ Km\IrXnIfmWv kwLkmlnXysa∂ t]cnednbs∏Sp∂Xv. tIcfw]mNo\ImeØv XangIØns‚ `mKambncp∂Xn\m¬ kwLIrXnIfpsS ]T\w tIcfØns‚NcnXkmwkv°mcnI ]T\Øn\v klmbIamWv, A\pt]£WobhpamWv. kwLIhnIfn¬ ]ecpwtIcfobcmbncp∂psh∂p≈Xv it≤bamWv.

kwLImesØ°pdn®v hyXykvX A`n]mbßfps≠¶nepw F.Un. BZy\q‰m≠pIƒ F∂vs]mXphn¬ ]dbm≥ km[n°pw. ]pd\m∂qdv, AI\m∂qdv, ]Xn‰pap∏Øv, sXm¬°m∏nbw,Nne∏XnImcw, aWntaJe, Xncp°pdƒ XpSßnbhbmWv ][m\kwLIrXnIƒ.

IrXyamb PmXnhyhÿtbm kmaqlnIamb th¿XncnhpItfm kwLImeØnep≠mbncp∂n√.P\ßƒ kmaqlnIamb kaXzØnepw kzmX¥yØnepw Ign™pIqSn. PmXnbn√mbvabmWvC°mesØ Hcp ][m\khntijX. PmXnbpsS t]cnep≈ D®\oNXzßƒ, Xo≠epwsXmSoepwt]mep≈ ZpcmNmcßƒ XpSßnbh tIcfobPohnXsØ _m[n®ncp∂n√.

kvXoIƒ°v kaqlØnep≠mbncp∂ Db¿∂]Zhn kwLImeØns‚ it≤bambkhntijXbmWv. Db¿∂ tXmXnep≈ h\nXmhnZym`ymkØns‚ êambn Hu∆bmdns\t]mep≈ ]e IhbnXnIfpw A°meØp≠mbncp∂p.

Cßs\ kmapZmbnIamb tNcnXncnhpIƒ AwKoIcn®nń√mØ Hcp PohnXkºZmbw\ne\n∂ncp∂ ImeØmWv tIcfØn¬ ssP\-_p≤aXßfpw _m“WaXhpw IS∂phcp∂XvP\ßƒ HtckabwXs∂ ssP\-_p≤ t£Xßfn¬ Bcm[\Iƒ A¿∏n°pIbpwsshZnIhn[n]Imcap≈ I¿Ωßƒ A\pjvTn°p∂ coXnbn¬ hntZzjtam, am’cytam]ISn∏n°msX hnhn[aXßƒ HØptN¿∂ khntij ImgvNbmWv \nehnep≠mbncp∂Xv.

InkvXphn\p apºv ssP\aXw tIcfØn¬ ]Xy£s∏´p. aXneIw t£Xw, IqS¬amWnIywt£Xw XpSßnbh Hcp ImeØv ssP\t£Xambncp∂p F∂p IcpXs∏Sp∂p. hb\mń¬_tØcn (KW]Xnh´w), am\¥hmSn apXemb ÿeßfpw ssP\tIµßfmbncp∂p AhnsSC∂pw ssP\t£Xßƒ \nehnep≠v. tIcfØn¬ ssP\aXØns‚ A[∏X\w F.Un. F´mw\q‰m≠n¬ Bcw`n°pIbpw ]Xn\mdmw \q‰m≠v Bbt∏mtgbv°pw ]q¿ÆamhpIbpw sNbvXp.

_n.kn. aq∂mw iXIØn¬ AtimIs‚ ImeØpXs∂ tIcfØn¬ _p≤aXw IS∂ph∂p.C∂sØ sIm√w, Be∏pg, Pn√IfnemWv tIcfØnse ][m\ _p≤t£Xßƒ ]eXpwÿnXnsNbvXncp∂Xv. AhnsS \n∂v e`n®n´p≈ _p≤hnKlßƒ _p≤aX]NmcWØn\vsXfnhmWv. Aºe∏pgbnse IcpamSn°p´≥ ]kn≤amb _p≤hnKlamWv. \ºqXncnamcpsShcthmsS F.Un F´mw \q‰m≠nemWv _p≤aXØns‚ A[∏X\w Bcw`n°p∂Xv.

_p≤aXw tIcfØn\p \¬Inb Aaqeykw`mh\ km£cXbpw AXpsIm≠p≠mb hnZym`ymk]NmcWhpamWv. _p≤hnlmcßtfmS\p_‘n®v hnZymimeIfpw BXpcimeIfpw \SØp∂kºZmbap≠mbncp∂p. \ΩpsS FgpØp ]≈nIfpw ]≈n°qSßfpw _p≤aXØns‚kw`mh\bmWv. IpSn]≈n°qShpw IfcnIfpw Aßs\bp≠mbXmWv. t£XßtfmS\p_‘n®v]n¬°meØv Db¿∂ph∂ imeIƒ _p≤aXØns‚ kzm[o\Øm¬ D≠mbXmWv.ioh√`s]cpwime, ]m¿Ynh]pcwime, Im¥fq¿ime XpSßnbh DZmlcWw.

F.Un. H∂mw \q‰m≠n¬ Xs∂ InkvXpaXw tIcfØnseØn. _n.knbn¬ Xs∂ tIcfØn\vKokv, tdmw XpSßnb ]m›mXycmPyßfpambn \ne\n∂ncp∂ hmWnPy_‘amWv CXn\p ImcWw.F.Un. 52-˛¬ sk‚ v tXmakv A\pNc∑mtcmsSm∏w apkncnkn¬ (C∂sØ sImSpß√q¿)FØnt®¿∂p F∂v ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂p. tIcfØnse ssIkvXh¿ aX]NmcWØn¬ amXa√i≤n®Xv. ImeØns‚bpw kaqlØns‚bpw am‰Øn\\pkcn®v Im¿jnI, hymhkmbnI,

59

hmWnPycwKßfn¬ CSs]Sm≥ Ah¿°v Ign™p. hnZym`ymkcwKØp≈ ]h¿Ø\w ]tXyIwFSpØp ]dtb≠XmWv. F¬.Fw.Fkv (e≠≥ anj≥ skmssk‰n), kn.Fw.Fkv (N¿®v anj≥skmssk‰n) _mk¬anj≥ F∂nhbpsS ]h¿Ø\amWv tIcfØn¬ B[p\nI hnZym`ymkØn\vXpS°an´XpXs∂. tIcfØns‚ hnZym`ymk]ptcmKXnbn¬ ssIkvXhkÌfpsS kw`mh\ hfschnes∏´XmWv. A®SnhnZybpsSbpw ]XamknIm]h¿Ø\Øns‚bpw XpS°w InkvXy≥anj\dnamcn¬ \n∂mWv [mcmfw kvIqfpIfpw tImtfPpIfpw tIcfØnepS\ofw ÿm]n°m≥Ah¿ ap≥ssIsbSpØp.

F.Un Ggmw \q‰m≠n¬ aplΩZp\_nbpsS ImeØpXs∂, C…mwaXktµißƒ hym]mcm¿Ywh∂ Ad_nIƒ tIcfØnseØn®psh∂v ae_m¿ am\zen¬ temK≥ Nq≠n°mWn°p∂p. F.Un611˛-634 ImeØp Xs∂ C…mwaXw tIcfØnseØn.

Fw.C.F ns‚ (ap…ow FUypt°j≥ skmssk‰n) t\XrXzØn¬ ]h¿Øn°p∂ kvIqfpIfpwtImtfPpIfpw kmt¶XnI hnZym`ymk ÿm]\ßfpw tIcfØns‚ hnZym`ymk]ptcmKXnbn¬it≤bamb ]¶p hln®n´p≠v.

Bcy∑mcmb _m“W¿ IqSpXembn tIcfØnseØnbXv F.Un 8- mw iXIØnemWv ChscbmWv]n¬°meØv aebmf _m“W¿ F∂pw \ºqXncnam¿ F∂pw hyhlcn®p t]m∂Xv. ChcpsShcthmsS lnµpaXw IqSpX¬ ]Nmcw t\Sn. _p≤ssP\aXßƒ £bn®p XpSßn. _m“WcpsS]h¿Ø\afiew t£Xßsf tIµoIcn®psIm≠p≈Xmbncp∂p. t£Xßƒ Bcm[\m-ebßƒ amXambncp∂n√. P\ßfpsS tbmKÿehpw A`bÿm\hpw hnZymtIµhpwIemtIµhpsams°bmbncp∂p. _p≤aXØns‚ coXnsb ]n¥pS¿∂v t£XßtfmS\p_‘n®vhnZymimeIƒ ÿm]n®p. hnZym¿YnIƒ°v kuP\yambn Xmakn®p ]Tn°m\p≈ F√mkuIcyßfpw AhnsS G¿s∏SpØn. Xncph\¥]pcØv henbime, Xncph√mime, aqgn°pfwime,]m¿Ynh]pcwime, Im¥fq¿ime, Chsbms° Aßs\bp≈ hnZymimeIfmWv. Chbn¬]m¿Ynh]pcw D]cn]T\Øn\v th≠nbp≈Xmbncp∂p. X¿°w, hymIcWw, aoamwk, thZm¥w,tPymXnjw Chbmbncp∂p ]T\hnjbßƒ. Cu imeIfn¬ _m“W hnZym¿YnIƒ°pamXamWv]thi\ap≠mbncp∂Xv. a‰p hn`mK°m¿°v hnZym`ymkmhkcw \ntj[n®ncp∂p. AXns‚ êw]n¬°me kmaqlyPohnXØn¬ ]Xnên®p.

]cnWXêßƒ

Bcym[n\nthiØns‚ eambn tIcfØns‚ kmaqlnIPohnXØn¬ Imcyamb am‰ßfp≠mbn.a°Ømbambncp∂p ZmbIaw. 11˛ -mwiXIw Ign™tXmsS acpa°Ømbambn amdn.kwkvIrX`mjbpsS kzm[o\w h¿[n®p. aWn]hmfw Hcp kmlnXy`mjbmbn \q‰m≠pItfmfw\ne\n∂p. ktµiImhyßƒ, Nºp°ƒ, B´°YIƒ XpSßnbhsbms° aWn]hmfcoXnbnep≈hbmbncp∂p.

Bcym[n\nthiØns‚ Zpjvêßfn¬ ][m\amWv Bcy∑m¿ A\pimkn®p \S∏nem°nbNmXp¿h¿WyhyhÿbpsS Xn‡êßƒ. Bcy∑mcpsS hchn\v apºv PmXnbpsStbm,aXØns‚tbm t]cnep≈ th¿Xncnhv ChnSsØ P\ßƒ °p≠mbncp∂n√. kwLImeØv ChnsShnZym`ymkØn\p≈ Ahkcw F√m P\hn`mKßƒ°pw Xpeyambncp∂p. F∂m¬Bcym[n\nthitØmsS _lp`qcn]£w hcp∂ iqZhn`mKßƒ°v (Bcy∑m¿ ChnsSbp-≠mbncp∂ kaqlsØ ]e Xńembn Xncn®p. `cWh¿KsØ AcNPmXn; I®hS°mschWnIPmXn, CXnsem∂pws]SmØ _lp`qcn]£w t]sc iqZPmXn; Ahcn¬ Xs∂ ]db≥,]peb≥ XpSßn A[zm\n°p∂ P\hn`mKsØ A[:ÿnXcm°n XcwXmg vØn)hnZym`ymkØn\p≈ Ahkcw \njn≤ambn. iqZhn`mKßƒ hy‡ambpw kv]„ambpwkwkmcn°p∂XpXs∂ \ºqXncnam¿°v AX cka√mbncp∂p. 'ipZa£ckwbp‡wZqcX:]cnh¿PtbXv' XpSßn \ºqXncnamcp≠m°nb \nbaßƒ CXn\pZmlcWamWv.

P∑nkºZmbw

P∑mhImiap≈ hkvXp°f\p`hn°p∂bmfmWv P∑n. tIcfNcnXØn¬ Zqchym]Iê-ßfpfhm°nb \q‰m≠pbp≤sa∂ t]cnednbs∏Sp∂ tNctNmfbp≤amWv P∑nkºZmbØns‚

60

Bhn¿`mhØn\v B°w IqńbXv. ]¥≠mw iXItØmsS, \q‰m≠pbp≤Øn\ptijw t£X-kzØp°ƒ DucmfcpsS tkz—m`cWØn\v hnt[bambn. Ducmf∑msc hnizkn® \nc£ccmbImcmf¿ CsXm∂pw Adn™tXbn√. AtXmsS A_m“W¿ tZh\p ka¿∏n® kzØp°ƒ_m“WcpsS kzØmbn. _m“W¿ Aßs\ hºn® `qkzØn\pSaIfmbn Xo¿∂p.

am¿Ømfih¿ΩbpsS ImeØv XncphnXmwIqdn¬ `q\nIpXn G¿s∏SpØn (1739). sIm®nbn¬ 1762emWv CXmwcw`n®Xv. c≠p cmPyßfnepw tZhkzßƒ°pw _“kzßƒ°pw Icw NpaØnbn√.IcØn¬ \n∂v Hgnhm°m\mbn km[p°fmb ]ecpw hkvXp°ƒ tcJbn¬ amXw _“kzam°nF∂m¬ AhcpsS `qan \„s∏Sp∂ ÿnXnbmWp≠mbXv. `q\nIpXn ]ncn°m≥ NpaXe∏Á[nImcnIfn¬ ]ecpw AanXm[nImcap]tbmKn®v hºn® `qkzØn\pSaIfmbn. Sn∏phns‚BIaWsØØpS¿∂v ae_mdn¬ ]pØ≥ P∑nIfp≠mbn. ae_mdn¬ \n∂v XncphnXmwIqdnte°vIpSntbdnb \ºqXncnamcpsS kzØp°ƒ Iøq°p≈ ]amWnam¿ ssIhis∏SpØpIbpwP∑nIfmIpIbpw sNbvXp. P∑nam¿ Xßƒ°p Inńb DSaÿmhImiap]tbmKn®v ]m´wh¿[n∏n°pI, \nesamgn∏n°pI XpSßnbhbv°p≈ A[nImcw D]tbmKs∏SpØm≥ XpSßn.

\mSphmgnIfpw tZihmgnIfpamb kma¥≥amcpw XßfpsS ssk\nIi‡n hgn `qhpSaIfmbn.`‡nsIm≠mWv Irjn°m¿ \ºqXncnamsc qhpSaIfmbn AwKoIcn®sX¶n¬ Bflc£m¿YamWvXºpcm°∑msc `qhpSaIfmbn AwKoIcn®Xv.

tIcfØn¬ \nehnencp∂ PmXn - P∑n - \mSphmgn kºZmbØns‚ Iogn¬ hnZym`ymkwapIƒØńep≈h¿°v amXambn ]cnanXs∏SpØm≥ kaqlØns‚ ta¬Øńep≈h¿ ian®p.Ah¿Wcmbh¿°v hnZymeb]thi\w A\phZn®ncp∂n√. Xmgv∂PmXn°m¿°v sXmgne-hkcßƒ \ntj[n®p. k¿°m¿ tPmenIfn¬ Ah¿°v ]thi\w A\phZn®n√. \nehmcap≈`mjbn¬ kwkmcn°p∂Xn\p t]mepw hnet°¿s∏SpØn. Npcp°Øn¬ `mj, kmlnXyw,`qhpSamhImiw, sXmgn¬, hnZym`ymkmhImiw, s]mXp\ncØneqsSbp≈ k©mcw. B`cWßƒAWnbm\p≈ AhImiw, Bcm[\mkzmX¥yw XpSßn F√mImcyßfpw D]cnPmXn°mcpsShIbmbn amdp∂ AhÿbmWv A∂p≠mbncp∂Xv.

\nßfpsS ]XnIcWßƒ Ubdnbn¬ Ipdn°pI.

$ tIcfw aebmfnIfpsS amXr`qan -˛- C.Fw.Fkv

$ tIcfØns‚ C∂seIƒ ˛- sI.F≥. KtWiv

$ Educational development in India – A. Abdul Salim, P.R. Gopinathan Nair

$ tIcfØns‚ kmwkvImcnI NcnXw ˛- P.K.tKm]meIrjvW≥ (Page 103-219)

$ tIcfØnse hnZym`ymkw ]›mØehpw ]cnh¿Ø\hpw ˛ tUm.-]n.-F-kv.-io-Ie ˛ tIc-f-`mj C≥Ãn-‰yq´v ˛ 2012-

$ `cWIqShpw hnZym`ymkhpw tIcfØns‚ A\p`hßƒ ˛ - s]m^.hn Im¿ØntIb≥ \mb¿-tIcf`mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v - 2018

$ kwLImesØbpw ssP\-_p≤ImeL´Ønsebpw kmaqlyPohnXsØ°pdn®p≈\nßfpsS ImgvN∏mSpIƒ Fs¥ms°bmWv?

$ "\ºqXncnamcpsS tIcfØntebv°p≈ hchv \ΩpsS kmaqlnIPohnXsØ ]ptcmKXn-bntebv°v \bn°m≥ klmbn®p.' CXns\ Ipdn®p≈ \nßfpsS A`n]mbsa¥mWv?

$ InkvXy≥anj\dnamcpsS hnZym`ymk]h¿Ø\ßƒ tIcfhnZym`ymksØ apt∂m´v\bn®n´pt≠m?

$ PmXn-P∑n-\mSphmgn hyhÿ F]ImcamWv tIcfØnse kmaqly hyhÿbv°vKpWIcambn Xo¿∂Xv?

61

$ C¥y≥ hnZym`ymkw \q‰m≠pIfneqsS ˛- Xmbm´v i¶c≥

-XpSßnb ]pkvXIßƒ IqSn hmbn®v t\m´v Ipdn°pat√m.

]T\t\´w-1 (XpS¿®)

2-˛mw bqWn‰nse ][m\mibßƒ XpScp∂p.

$ dmWn Kucn ]m¿hXn`mbnbpsS hnfw_cw

$ io\mcmbWKpcp, Aø¶mfn apXemb kmaqlnI ]cnjvI¿Øm°fpsS]h¿Ø\ßƒ

$ 1940- se XncphnXmwIqdnse D®`£W]cn]mSn

$ 1957 -se hnZym`ymk_n¬ , 1959 se sI.C.B¿

$ hnZym¿YnIƒ°v B\pIqeyßƒ

$ s]mXphnZym`ymkim‡oIcW ]h¿Ø\ßƒ

$ io\mcmbWKpcp, Aø¶mfn, XpSßnb kmaqlnI]cnjvI¿Øm°fpsS hnZym`ymkcwKsØ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ Fs¥ms°bmWv?

$ dmWnKucn ]m¿∆Xn`mbnbpsS 1817- se hnfw_cØns‚ ]m[m\ysa¥v?

$ 1940 - se XncphnXmwIqdnse D®`£W]cn]mSn tIcfhnZym`ymkcwKsØGßs\bmWv kzm[o\n®Xv?

$ 1957 -se tIcf hnZym`ymk_n√ns\°pdn®v \nßƒ tI´n´pt≠m? AXns‚]m[m\ysa¥v? C°mcyßfn¬ \nßfpsS ]XnIcWsa¥mWv?

t\csØ kqNn∏n®ncp∂Xpt]mse apIfn¬ sImSpØncn°p∂ ][m\mibßfpambn _‘s∏´d^d≥kv \SØn \nßfpsS Ubdnbn¬ Ipdn°pIbpw ¢mkn¬ s]mXpN¿® \SØntImUoIcn°pIbpw sNøpat√m.

d^d≥kv \StØ≠ ]pkvXIßƒ

$ Educational development in India – A-Abdul Salim & P.R. Gopinathan Nair (Anmol Publications Pvt.

Ltd. New Delhi) (t]Pv 38-40, 71-73, 148-155)

$ tIcfkwkvImcw˛s]m^. Fkv. ANypXhmcy¿ -tIcf`mjmC≥Ãn‰yq´v (t]Pv 181 apX¬ 208hsc)

$ tIcfw : hnZym`ymkØns‚ ]ShpIƒ ˛- tIcfimkvXkmlnXy]cnjØv

$ `cWIqShpw hnZym`ymkhpw - tIcfØns‚ A\p`hßƒ s]m^.hn. Im¿ØntIb≥ \mb¿(tIcf`mjmC≥Ãn‰yq´v 2018)

Cu `mKsØ Bibßfpƒs∏SpØn aƒ´naoUnb ]kt‚j\mhiyamb kvt‰mdn t_m¿UvXbmdm°pat√m.

apIfn¬ sImSpØ ][m\mibßfpambn _‘s∏´ Nne kqN\Iƒ Xmsg tN¿°p∂p.

dmWnKucn ]m¿hXn`mbnbpsS hnfw_cw

XncphnXmwIqdnse P\ßƒ°v hnZym`ymkw \¬Ip∂Xn\p≈ DØchmZnØw k¿°m¿Gs‰Sp°p∂Xpambn _‘s∏´v 1817- ¬ dmWn Kucn ]m¿hXn`mbn ]pds∏Sphn® hnfw_cw tIcfhnZym`ymk NcnXØnse Hcp \mgnI°√mWv. ]kvXpX hnfw_cØns‚ Ipd®p `mKw ChnsStN¿°p∂p.

"The state should defray the whole cost of education of its people, in order that there might be no back-

wardness in the spread of enlightenment among them; that by diffusion of education they might become

better subjects and public servants and that the reputation of the state might be advanced thereby." Hmtcm

62

kvIqfnepw c≠v A[ym]Isc \nban°m\pw ssZ\wZn\ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ ]cntim[n°phm\pw Cuhnfw_cØneqsS k¿°m¿ A\phmZw \¬In. DNnXamb tbmKyXbp≈hsc A[ym]Icmbn\nban°m\pw amkiºfambn 50 ]Ww \¬Im\pw ]kvXpXhnfw_cØneqsS A\phmZw e`n®p.hnZym`ymksNehv k¿°m¿ hln°p∂ hfsc hnπhIcamb Hcp hnfw_cambncp∂p dmWn Kucn]m¿hXn`mbnbptSXv.

XncphnXmwIqdn¬ hnZym`ymkw km¿∆XnIam°p∂Xn\mbn Ht´sd \S]SnIƒ k¿°mcns‚`mKØp\n∂p≠mbn. AXn¬ ][m\amWv hnZym¿YnIƒ°v A\phZn® B\pIqeyßfpw a‰pklmbßfpw. kvIqƒ ]thi\Øn\v Ht´sd XS ßfp≠mbncp∂ Hcp Imebfhmbncp∂p AXv.Cu XS ßƒ \o°m\p≈ [mcmfw \S]SnIƒ k¿°m¿ kzoIcn®p. Xmgv∂ PmXnbn¬s∏´hnZym¿YnIƒ°v k_vknUnIfpw sa‰ocnb¬ C≥sk‚ohpw A\phZn®p. oknfhv, ew]vkw Km‚ v,D®`£Ww, ]pkvXIßƒ, bqWnt^mapIƒ XpSßnbh Ahbn¬ NneXmWv. temh¿ ss]adn¢mknse IpńIƒ°v 1904 apX¬ kuP\y hnZym`ymkw \¬Inbncps∂¶nepw 4-˛mw ¢mknseIpńIƒ ôkv sImSpt°≠ ÿnXnbp≠mbncp∂p. 1923 apX¬ sh¿Wm°pe¿ kvIqfpIfnepwCw•ojv kvIqfpIfnepw ASn®a¿Øs∏´ hn`mKßfnse hnZym¿YnIƒ°v kuP\yhnZym`ymkhpw]nt∂m°hn`mKßƒ°v ]IpXn ôknfhpw A\phZn°pIbp≠mbn. ]n∂oSv CXv ss]h‰vkvIqfnte°v hym]n∏n°pIbpw okns‚ ap°m¬ mKw k¿°m¿ amt\P¿°v \¬IpIbpw sNøp∂coXn \nehn¬ hcpIbpw sNbvXp.

1936 -¬ XncphnXmwIqdnse F√m sh¿Wm°pe¿ kvIqfpIfnsebpw ASn®a¿Øs∏´ hn`mKØnseaq∂pw \mepw ¢mkn¬ ]Tn°p∂ IpńIƒ°v 14 NIw (Rs.0.50) ew]vkwKm‚mbn A\phZn®p. 1935-¬ 60 lcnP≥ kvIqfpIƒ Bcw`n®p. 1938- ¬ Cu kvIqfpIƒ°v Km‚ v C≥ FbvUv, kuP\y]mT]pkvXIw F∂nh A\phZn®p. 1943 apX¬ kuP\ybqWnt^mw \S∏nem°n. ]co£môkn¬\n∂v Ahsc Hgnhm°n.

XncphnXmwIqdnse D®`£W]cn]mSn

thmf‚dn coXnbn¬ ]e GP≥knIfpw 1920 apX¬ Xs∂ XncphnXmwIqdn¬ Nne kvIqfpIƒtIµoIcn®v D®`£Ww \¬Ip∂ coXn D≠mbncp∂p. qcn]£w IpńIfpw Blmcw sIm≠phcm≥IgnbmØ ÿnXnbnepffhcmbncp∂p A°meØv. s]mXpP\ßfpsS kw`mh\ kzoIcn®psIm≠vD®`£Ww sImSp°p∂ coXn ]eÿeßfnepw ]co£WmSnÿm\Øn¬ \S∏nem°pIbp≠mbn.hnZym`ymkw km¿∆XnIam°p∂Xn\v 1940- ¬ D®`£W]cn]mSn k¿°m¿ \S∏nem°n. HmtcmkvIqfn\pw amkØn¬ 100 cq] CXn\mbn A\phZn®p. 1946 apX¬ 100 ]d (1300kg) Acn ]mhs∏´hnZym¿YnIƒ°v D®`£Ww \¬Ip∂Xn\mbn A\phZn®p.

sIm®nbnse hnZym`ymkw

]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m≠ns‚ c≠mwZiIw hsc hnZym`ymkhym]\Øn\pw ]ptcmKXn°pwBhiyamb t\cn´p≈ \S]SnIsfm∂pw sIm®nbnse k¿°m¿ Gs‰SpØncp∂n√. 19˛-mw\q‰m≠ns‚ a[y]mZØnepw Ahkm\]mZØnepambn Nne sh¿WmIpe¿ kvIqfpIƒ sIm®nbn¬Bcw`n®p. 1837 epw 1845 epambn c≠v Cw•ojv kvIqfpIƒ Bcw`n®p. cmPIpSpw_mwKßsfbpwDb¿∂ PmXnbnep≈ IpńIsfbpw ]Tn∏n°p∂Xn\pth≠nbmbncp∂p Ah ÿm]n®Xv. 1875 -¬Cu kvIqƒ almcmPmkv tImtfPmbn Db¿Øn. 1873 -¬ Pn√mkvIqfpIfpw Xmeq°v kvIqfpIfpwBcw`n®p. 1890- Iƒ°ptijamWv km[mcW P\Øns‚ hnZym`ymkØn\pth≠ Nne \S]SnIƒsIm®nbn¬ Bcw`n®Xv. BÏpńIƒ°pth≠n ]Øpw s]ÏpńIƒ°pth≠n c≠pwsh¿Wm°pe¿ kvIqfpIƒ A°meØv Bcw`n®p. ]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m≠ns‚ Ahkm\tØmsShnZym`ymk hym]\Øn\p≈ ASnÿm\samcp°m≥ sIm®n°v km[n®p.

Ccp]Xmw \q‰m≠n¬ sIm®n cmPyØv hnZym`ymk]cambn henb am‰ßfmWp≠mbXv. 1911- seFPypt°j≥ tImUv 1921- se FPypt°j≥ tImUv, 1944 -se FPypt°j≥ tImUv F∂nh Gsdit≤bamWv.

63

s]ÏpńIfpsS hnZym`ymkw

s]ÏpńIfpsS hnZym`ymkØn\v sIm®n k¿°m¿ IqSpX¬ ]m[m\yw \¬In. ôkv \nc°vIpdbv°m\pw IqSpX¬ kvIqfpIƒ XpSßm\pw \S]SnIsfSpØp. 1921- se hnZym`ymk tImUvs]ÏpńIƒ°v ]tXyI kvtImf¿jn∏pIƒ G¿s∏SpØn. .

]nt∂m°°m¿°pw ASn®a¿Øs∏´h¿°pap≈ hnZym`ymkw

]nt∂m°°m¿°pw ASn®a¿Øs∏´h¿°pap≈ hnZym`ymkØn\mbn DZmckao]\amWv sIm®nk¿°m¿ kzoIcn®Xv. 1914 apX¬ Xs∂ ôknfhv A\phZn°m≥ k¿°m¿ \S]SnIsfSpØp.]I¬ kvIqfn¬ t]mIm≥ IgnbmØh¿°mbn 19 cmXnImekvIqfpIƒ XpSßn. kvs]jy¬kvtImf¿jn∏pIƒ, kuP\y Blmcw, hkvXw, ]pkvXIßƒ, XpSßnbh G¿s∏SpØn. 1943 -¬sIm®ncmPysØ F√m ss]adn kvIqfpIfnepw D®`£W]cn]mSn G¿s∏SpØn.

ae_mdnse hnZym`ymkw

19 -˛ - mw \q‰m≠ns‚ BZyZiIßfn¬ Xs∂ D∂X\nehmcw ]pe¿Ønb [mcmfwhnZym`ymkÿm]\ßƒ ae_mdn¬ Bcw`n®p. _nójpImcpsS t\cn´p≈ \nb¥WØnep≈]tZiambncp∂p ae_m¿. kvIqfpIfpsS FÆØn¬ ae_m¿ Gsd apºnembncp∂p.XncphnXmwIqdn¬ 264- Dw sIm®nbn¬ 70 -Dw ae_mdn¬ 759 Dw kvIqfpIfpamWp≠mbncp∂Xv.

]sØm≥]Xmw\q‰m≠ns‚ Bcw`Øn¬ Xs∂ hfsc hnIkn® Hcp hnZym`ymk]›mØewae_mdnep≠mbncp∂p. 75 hnZym¿YnIƒ ]Tn®ncp∂ Hcp saUn°¬ tImtfPv tImgnt°m´v]h¿Øn®ncp∂p. Hmtcm Pn√bnepw 3 Xmeq°v kvIqfpIƒ hoXw ÿm]n®p. ]mtZinI`mjbmbncp∂p t_m[\am[yaw. _mk¬ anj≥ 1848 -¬ ae_mdnse BZysØ Cw•ojv kvIqƒPn√bn¬ Bcw`n®p. CXmWv ]n∂oSv ae_m¿ InÃy≥ tImtfPmbn amdnbXv. 1858 - ¬ t\m¿Øvae_mdnse BZysØ Cw•ojv kvIqƒ tUm. Kp≠¿´v ÿm]n®p. _Æ≥ Xet»cnbn¬ ÿm]n®kvIqfmWv _Æ≥ tImtfPmbn hnIkn®Xv. 1886- ¬ ]me°m´v ÿm]n® kvIqƒ hntŒmdnbtImtfPmbpw kmaqXncn cmPmhv 1877- ¬ ÿm]n® kvIqƒ Kqcphmbqc∏≥ tImtfPmbpw amdn.

ae_mdnse BZysØ sh¿Wm°pe¿ kvIqƒ ae∏pdØv 1856 -¬ Bcw`n®p. 1857-¬ A©v Xmeq°vsh¿Wm°pe¿ kvIqfpIƒ IqSn ae_mdn¬ ÿm]n°s∏´p. 1864- ¬ td‰v kvIqfpIƒ Bcw`n®p.dnk¬‰v, Km‚ v knÃw 1867- ¬ ae_mdn¬ Bcw`n®p. IpńIfpsS lmPcns\ (Ipd™Xv Hcp amkØn¬15 Znhkw) ASnÿm\s∏SpØn Km‚ v A\phZn°p∂ coXnbmWnXv. hnZym`ymk-ta¬t\m´Øn\vUnkvSnIvt_m¿UpIfpw tem°¬ t_m¿UpIfpw \nehn¬ h∂Xv Cu ImebfhnemWv.

kvXohnZym`ymkw

C°meØv ae_mdnse kvXoIfpsS hnZym`ymkw InkvXy≥ anjd\namcpsSbpw a‰v aX]cambGP≥knIfpsSbpw t\XrXzØnembncp∂p. kvXoIƒ ]tXyIn®pw lnµp apkveow kvXoIfpsSsImgn™pt]m°v hfsc IqSpXembncp∂p. Cu ]iv\w ]cnlcn°m≥ 1880- ¬ kvXo hnZym`ymkC≥kvs]Œ¿amsc \nban°pIbpw AhcpsS t\XrXzØn¬ hoń¬ t]mbn hnZym`ymkw \¬Im\p≈\S]SnIsfSp°pIbpw sNbvXp. CØcw A[ym]I¿°v iºfw \¬Im\mbn Km‚ v C≥ FbvUvA\phZn®p. XncphnXmwIq¿, sIm®n F∂nhnSßfnset∏mse s]ÏpńIƒ°p kvtImf¿jn∏pItfm a‰v B\pIqeyßtfm ae_mdnep≠mbncp∂n√. 4.1% s]ÏpńIfmWv kvIqfn¬t]mbncp∂Xv. (1895-˛96) s]mXp km£cX 10% Bbncp∂t∏mƒ 1891-˛1901 Imebfhn¬kvXokm£cX 3.9% ¬ \n∂v 3% ambn IpdbpIbmWp≠mbXv.

]nt∂m°°mcpsSbpw ASn®a¿Øs∏´ hn`mKßfpsSbpw hnZym`ymtkm∂a\Øn\mbn´p≈\S]SnIƒ 1885 Imebfhphsc Kh¨sa‚ v Gs‰SpØncp∂n√. Cu hn`mKØn¬s∏´ IpńIsfkvIqfntebv°v BI¿jn°m\mbn A[ym]I¿°v C≥sk‚ohv sImSp°p∂Xn\p≈ \S]SnIƒ]n∂oSv Bcw`n®p. cmXnImekvIqfpIfpw kmbm”kvIqfpIfpw CXnte°mbn XpSßn. "On this

situation the inspector of schools in Malabar made the following observation. "They boys will not attend

unless a peon is sent round every morning to fetch them. The masters have to pay frequent visits to the

parents of the pupil and to beg as a personal favour to themselves that children may be sent to school."

64

1905-˛-06 ¬ Km‚ v C≥ FbvUns‚ tImUv ]cnjvIcn®p. A[ym]IcpsSbpw IpńIfpsSbpwFÆØn\pw lmPcn\pa\pkcn®v Km‚ v sImSp°m\mcw`n®p. 1912˛-13˛¬ A[ym]IcpsS iºfwh¿[n∏n®p. FbvUUv kvIqfpIfpsS Km‚ v 50% Bbn h¿[n∏n®p. 1921- se am∏nfelfbv°ptijamWv k¿°m¿ sh¿Wm°pe¿ kvIqfpIsf i‡ns∏SpØm\p≈ \S]SnIƒ kzoIcn®Xv.1923- ¬ Pn√msk°≠dn FPypt°j≥ t_m¿UpIƒ ÿm]n°s∏´p. 1934-˛¬ sImgn™pt]m°vXSbp∂Xn\p≈ \n¿_‘nX \S]SnIƒ kzoIcn°s∏´p. kvIqƒ ]mbØnep≈ IpńIsftN¿°mØ c£mI¿Øm°ƒ°v ]ng G¿s∏SpØn. B h¿jw Xmeq°v t_m¿UpIƒ°p ]IcwUnkvSnIv t_m¿UpIƒ ÿm]n°s∏´p. Hmtcm UnkvSnIv t_m¿Unepw Hcp hnZym`ymkHmôksd\nban®p.

io\mcmbWKpcp, Aø¶mfn apXemb kmaqlnI ]cnjvI¿Øm°fpsS ]h¿Ø\ßƒ

tIcfØns‚ kmaqlnI \thm∞m\Øn\v t\XrXzw sImSpØ bpK]`mh\pw Bflob KpcphpamWvio\mcmbWKpcp (1856˛-1928). kh¿W-Ah¿W hnthN\w sImSnIpØn hmW Imeambncp∂pAXv. Ah¿W hn`mKsØ A[:ÿnXcmbn I≠ncp∂p. Ah¿°v t£XØn¬ ]thi\wA\phZn®ncp∂n√. Xo≠¬, sXmSo¬ F∂o A\mNmcßƒs°Xnsc Kpcp s]mcpXn. 1888- seAcphn∏pdw inh]XnjvT Aßs\bmWp≠mbXv. AbntØm®mS\ ]t£m`ØnseBZykw`hamb ssh°w kXymKlØn\p Xs‚ kµ¿i\wsIm≠v ]n¥pW\¬In.

1903 -¬ tUm. ]¬∏phns‚bpw Ipamc\mims‚bpw kPohklIcWtØmsS SNDP (io\mcmbW[¿Ω ]cn]me\tbmKw) cPnÃ¿ sNbvXp. aXw, kZmNmcw, hnZym`ymkw, hyhkmbw,F∂nhbneq∂nbmWv tbmKw ]h¿Øn®Xv.

Kpcp Hcn°¬ ]d™p. "C\n t£X\n¿amWa√ hnZymeb\n¿amWamWv P\Xbv°pth≠Xv.][m\tZhmebw hnZymebw Xs∂bmIWw.' CX\pkcn®mWv S.N SÃv cq]oIcn®Xpw AXns‚Iogn¬ tIcfØns‚ \m\m`mKØpw kvIqfpIfpw tImtfPpIfpw ÿm]n®Xpw. Ah¿W¿°phnZym`ymk Ahkcw Hcp°m≥ CXneqsS Ign™p. tIcfØns‚ hnZym`ymk]ptcmKXnbn¬AhbpsS kw`mh\ hnes∏´XmWv.

Acphn∏pdØp \S∂ SNDP tbmKØns‚ H∂mw hm¿jnIktΩf\Øn¬ Kpcp apt∂m´ph®apZmhmIyßƒ

$ kwLSn®pi‡cmIp

$ hnZysIm≠v kzX¥cmIpI

$ aXtaXmbmepw a\pjy≥ \∂mbm¬ aXn

$ HcpPmXn HcpaXw HcpssZhw a\pjy\v

tIcfØnse lcnP\ßfpw A[:ÿnX kapZmbßfpw \q‰m≠pIfmbn A\p`hn®p sIm≠ncp∂bmX\Ifpw ZpcnXßfpw I≠pw tI´pw hf¿∂ Aø¶mfn (1863--˛1941) B Ahÿbv°v am‰whcpØm\p≈ iaØnte¿s∏´p. AXn\mbn 1905 -¬ "km[pP\]cn]me\kwL'Øn\v cq]w \¬In.lcnP\ßƒ°v kvIqƒ ]thi\w A\phZn®ncp∂n√. t£X]thi\tam s]mXphgnbneqsSk©cn°mt\m t]mepw kzmX¥yap≠mbncp∂n√.

lcnP\ßsf kwLSn∏n®v s]mXp\ncØneqsS \S∂psIm≠v Cu A\oXns°Xnsc ]Ss]mcpXn.A°meØv CXv Hcp hnπhIcamb kw`hambncp∂p. 1910- ¬ ioaqew ]Pmk`bn¬ AwKambn.lcnP≥ IpńIƒ°v hnZymeb ]thi\Øn\mbn \nch[n ]t£m`ßfmWv At±lØns‚t\XrXzØn¬ \S∂Xv. hnZym`ymkØneqsS kmaqlykzmX¥yØnte°v FØpIbmbncp∂pAt±lØns‚ e£yw.

P∑namcpsS s\√dIƒ \ndbv°m≥ AtlmcmXw ]WnsbSp°pI F∂Xp amXambncp∂pA[:ÿnXcpsS tPmen. I„s∏´v ]WnsbSpØp hcptºmƒ aÆn¬ IpgnIpØn AXn¬ Ceh®mWv `£Ww \¬Inbncp∂Xv. tcmK_m[nXcmbm¬ tUmŒ¿ tZlØv sXm´v ]cntim[n°n√.KpfnIIƒ Fdn™p sImSp°pw. PmXnbpsS ASbmfamb I√pame AWn™p \S°m\pw Ah¿

65

\n¿_‘nXcmbn. Acbv°papIfnepw apń\pXmsgbpw hkvXw [cn°m\pw A\phmZap≠mbncp∂n√.

XncphnXmwIq¿ I¿jIsØmgnemfnIfpsS BZy]WnapS°v kacw \bn®Xv Aø¶mfn Bbncp∂p.P∑namcpsS ]mStiJcßfn¬ A[:ÿnX hn`mKØn¬s∏´h¿ ]Wn°ndßnbn√. HSphn¬ P∑nam¿IogSßn.

k©mckzmX¥yØn\mbn 1893 -¬ \SØnb hn√ph≠n kacw tIcfNcnXØnse as‰mcp\mgnII√mWv. AXpt]mseXs∂ PmXnbpsS ASbmfamb I√pame Dt]£n°m\pwape°®sI´m\pw ImXnse Ccpºp hfbßƒ am‰m\pw At±lw Blzm\w sNbvXp. AXn\mbn\SØnb kacamWv I√pame kacw.

kaqlØn¬ \ne\n¬°p∂ A\mNmcßƒ°pw PmXymNmcßƒ°pw FXnsc t]mcmSm≥ G‰hpwBhiyambXv Adnhp t\SpI F∂XmsW∂v Aø≥Imfn a\ nem°n. AXn\mbnA[:ÿnX¿°pth≠n 1904- ¬ shßm\qcn¬ Hcp IpSn∏≈n°qSw Bcw`n®p. F∂m¬ A[ym]IscIn´mØXp sIm≠v AXv ]qt´≠n h∂p. 1907- ¬ ioaqew Xncp\mƒ BZyambn A[:ÿnX¿°vkvIqƒ ]thi\w \¬In DØchmbn. F∂m¬ kh¿WcpsS FXn¿∏paqew ]thi\w \S∂n√.1910- ¬ ho≠pw DØchnd°n. AXns‚ `mKambn "]©an' F∂ A[:ÿnX _menIbpambnDucq´ºew kvIqfnte°v Aø¶mfn IS∂p sN∂p. P∑nam¿ At±lsØbpw Iq´scbpw BIan®p.kvIqfn\v Xobn´p. AXn\ptijw Aø¶mfn shßm\q¿ NmhSn\Sbnepw ]thi\Øn\mbn FØn.AhnsSbpw BIaWw \S∂p. AXns\Xnsc Aø¶mfn I¿jIsØmgnemfn ]t£m`wkwLSn∏n®p. \o≠ N¿®Iƒ°ptijw 1914 -¬ ho≠pw kvIqƒ ]thi\DØchv Cd°n. Aø¶mfn\bn® Cu kacw 'I≠e' elf F∂v NcnXØn¬ Adnbs∏´p.

1957˛se hnZym`ymk _n¬

tIcfhnZym`ymk NcnXØnse G‰hpw ][m\s∏´ \mgnI°√mWv 1957 -se tIcf hnZym`ymk_n√ns‚ AhXcWw. A[ym]IcpsS tkh\thX\ hyhÿ IrXyam°m\pw Ahcn¬kpc£nXXzt_m[w D≠m°m\pw Cu \nbaØneqsS km[n®p. A[ym]I\nba\Ønse AgnaXnHgnhm°m\pw CXneqsS Ign™p.

k¿°m¿ kvIqfnsebpw ss]h‰v kvIqfnsebpw hnZym`ymkØns‚ F√m tÃPpIsfbpw IaoIcn®p.

$ F√m FbvUUv kvIqfpIfnsebpw A[ym]IcpsSbpw A[ym]tIXc Poh\°mcpsSbpw iºfwk¿°m¿ t\cn´p\¬In.

$ tiJcn°p∂ apgph≥ ôkpw k¿°mcn¬ ASbv°Ww.

$ ss]h‰v kvIqƒ amt\Pvsa‚n\v A‰°p‰∏Wn°pw `qan, sIńSw, D]IcWßƒ XpSßnbhhmßm\pw Kh¨sa‚ v Km‚ v \¬In.

$ ss]h‰v kvIqƒ A[ym]Isc PSC Xbmdm°p∂ enÃn¬ \n∂v amt\P¿am¿ \nban°Ww.

$ ss]h‰vkvIqƒ A[ym]IcpsS tkh\hyhÿ k¿°m¿ kvIqƒ A[ym]IcptSXn\v Xpeyam°n.

$ \nbahncp≤ambn ]h¿Øn°p∂ amt\P¿amcpsS kvIqfpIsf \„]cnlmcw sImSpØvGs‰Sp°mt\m AwKoImcw ]n≥hen°mt\m k¿°mcn\v A[nImcap≠mbncn°pw.

$ ]mtZinIXeØn¬ hnZym`ymkHmôk¿amsc \nban®p. kwÿm\XeØn¬ HcpD]tZiIkanXn cq]oIcn®p.

Cu _n√v cm„]Xn kp]owtImSXnbpsS ]cnKW\bv°v hn´p. `cWLS\mhncp≤amb NneXvHgnhm°ns°m≠v 1959 s^_phcnbn¬ cm„]Xn _n√n¬ H∏p h®v \nbaam°n. PSC enÃn¬\n∂v amt\P¿am¿ A[ym]Isc \nban°Wsa∂ mKw CtXmsS ]n≥hen°s∏´p. 15 ZnhkØn¬IqSmsXbp≈ ZnhktØbv°v A[ym]Isc kkvs]≥Uv sNøm≥ amt\P¿°v CXneqsS A[nImcwe`n®p.

66

1959˛se tIcfhnZym`ymk\nbaw (KER)

$ \nbaw \nehn¬ h∂v 10 h¿jØn\Iw kwÿm\sØ F√mIpńIƒ°pw kuP\yh p w\n¿_‘nXhpamb hnZym`ymkØn\v k¿°m¿ Ahkcw \¬Ipw.

$ IpńIfpsS lmP¿ Dd∏phcpØp∂Xn\pw Cu \nbaw A\pkcn®p≈ a‰pImcyßƒ\S∏nem°p∂Xn\pw Hcp ]mtZinI hnZym`ymk°Ωn‰nsb \nban°pw.

$ F√m c£mI¿Øm°fpw AhcpsS Ipń kvIqfn¬ t]mIp∂psh∂v \n¿_‘ambpwDd∏m°Ww. A√mØ]£w in£m\S]Sn°v hnt[bcmIpw.

$ IpńIƒ°v kuP\yambn D®`£Ww, bqWnt^mw, ]pkvXIw, teJ\kmaKnIƒF∂nh \¬tI≠Xv k¿°mcns‚ DØchmZnØamWv.

tIcfØn¬ hnZym`ymkw km¿hXnIam°m≥ Cu \nbaØns‚ \S∏nem°eneqsS Ign™p.

lb¿ sk°≥≠dn hnZym`ymkw

tZiob hnZym`ymk \bØn\\pkcWambn ]oUnKn tImtfPpIfn¬ \n∂pw th¿s∏SpØpIbpw]Icw lb¿sk°≥≠dn kºZmbw \nehn¬ hcpIbpw sNbvXp.

1990˛-91 ImebfhnemWv CXn\p≈ BZyiaßƒ \S∂Xv. imkvXw, lyqam\n‰okv, tImtagvkvF∂o 3 hn`mKßfnembmWv lb¿ sk°≥≠dn tImºnt\j\pIƒ cq]s∏SpØnbXv Cw•ojv`mj F√m tImºnt\j\pIfnepw \n¿_‘amWv. lb¿ sk°≥≠dn hnZym`ymkwkm¿∆XnIambn amdnbXv tIcf hnZym`ymkØns‚ KpW\nehmcapb¿Øm≥ Gsd klmbn®p.2016- ¬ 7248 _m®v lb¿ sk°≥≠dn hnZym¿YnIƒ tIcfØnep≠mbncp∂p. hnZym¿YnIfpsSFÆw 383582. 1999˛-2000 tØmsS lb¿ sk°≥≠dn hnZym`ymkw km¿∆XnIambn.

s]mXphnZym`ymk im‡oIcW ]h¿Ø\ßƒ

tIcfØn¬ s]mXphnZym`ymk im‡oIcWØn\mbn Ht´sd \S]SnIsfSpØn´p≠v. DPEP, SSA

t]mPŒpIfpsS `mKambn hnZymebßfpsS ùXnIhpw A°mZanIhpamb Db¿® e£yam°nFSpØ \S]SnIfpsS mKambn hnZym`ymk KpW\nehmcw Db¿∂n´p≠v. F∂mepw A¨ FbvUUvkvIqfpIfn¬ ]Tn°pI F∂Xv A¥ ns‚ `mKamIp∂ coXn kaqlØn¬ \ne\n∂ncp∂p. ]ekvIqfpIfpw IpńIfpsS IpdhpsIm≠v AS®p]q´¬ òjWnsb A`napJoIcn®p. A[ym]IcpsSsXmgn¬ \„ambn. ]mhs∏´hcpsS hnZym`ymksØ CXv tZmjIcambn _m[n°m≥ XpSßn.

Cu kmlNcyØnemWv s]mXphnZym`ymksØ kwc£n°pIsb∂Xv k¿°mcns‚ Xs∂DØchmZnØambn k¿°m¿ ImWpIbpw \htIcfanjs‚ `mKambn s]mXp-hnZym`ymk-kwc£Wb⁄w \S∏m°nsIm≠ncn°p∂Xpw. tIcfhnZym`ymk NcnXØnse G‰hpwhnπhIcamb Hcp \S]SnbmWnXv.

s]mXphnZym`ymk ÿm]\ßsf i‡ns∏SpØpI, kvIqfpIsf A¥mcm„ \nehmcØntebv°vDb¿ØpI F∂o e£yßtfmsS tIcf k¿°m¿ \S∏nem°p∂ ]≤XnbmWv s]mXphnZym`ymkkwc£Wb⁄w. IpńIfpsS IgnhpIsf ASnÿm\am°n ]T\coXn ]cnjvIcn°p∂ kaKhnZym`ymk\hoIcW ]≤XnbmWnXv. 2017 P\phcn 27 \mWv ]≤Xn Bcw`n®Xv. H∂p apX¬]¥≠phsc ¢mkpIfnse F√m IpńIƒ°pw Hmtcm ¢mknepw ssIhcnt°≠tijnIfpw[mcWIfpw t\Sn A¥¿t±iob \nehmcØn¬ kvIqƒ ]T\w ]q¿Ønbm°p∂Xn\p≈kwhn[m\w A©p h¿jØn\Iw s]mXphnZymebßfn¬ Dd∏phcpØpI F∂XmWv ]≤XnbpsS][m\ e£yw. Xt±iÿm]\ßƒ, ]q¿∆hnZym¿Yn kwLS\Iƒ. ]n.Sn.F.Iƒ, ]hmknIƒ,Iº\nIfpsS kmaqlnI ]Xn_≤Xm^≠pIƒ F∂nh ka\zbn∏n®v hnZym`ymk \hoIcW]h¿Ø\ßƒ°v A[nIaqe[\w kamlcn°m\p≈ ]h¿Ø\ßfmWv \SØpI.'s]mXphnZymebßƒ anIhns‚ tIµßfm°pI' F∂XmWv anjs‚ kvt‰‰vsa‚ v.

kvIqfpIsf A¥¿t±iob \nehmcØnte°pb¿Øp∂Xn\mbn 8 apX¬ 12 hscbp≈ k¿°m¿/FbvUUv kvIqfpIfnse GItZiw 4500 ¢mkvapdnIƒ sslsSIv \nehmcØnseØn°p∂Xn\p≈

67

]≤XnbmWv sslsSIv kvIqƒ. Cu ]≤XnbpsS BZyL´w ss]e‰v ]≤Xnbmbn 2016 sk]v‰w_¿apX¬ Be∏pg, ]pXp°mSv, tImgnt°mSv t\m¿Øv, Xfn∏dºv \ntbmPIafießfn¬ Bcw`n®p.sFSn@kvIqƒ BWv ]≤Xn \S∏m°p∂Xv. "UnPn‰¬ C≥dmŒohv' ]mT]pkvXIw,F√mhnjbßfpsSbpw ]T\Øn\v klmbIamIp∂ UnPn‰¬ D≈S°tiJcw, F√mh¿°pwapgph≥ kab]T\m¥co£w Dd∏m°p∂ kaKt]m¿´¬, C teWnMv/Fw. teWnMv/teWnMvamt\Pvsa‚ v kwhn[m\w, aqey\n¿Wb kwhn[m\ßƒ XpSßnbh Cu ]≤XnbpsS `mKambn\S∏nem°p∂hbmWv.

\nßfpsS ]XnIcWßƒ Ubdnbn¬ Ipdn°pI.

$ C¥y≥ hnZym`ymkw \q‰m≠pIfneqsS ˛ -Xmbm´v i¶c≥.

$ tIcfØns‚ kmwkv°mcnI NcnXw -˛ - ]n.sI. tKm]meIrjvW≥ (t]Pv 504˛-587)

$ hnZym`ymkw `mcXØn¬ ˛- tUm. Sn.sI. aplΩZv

$ tIcfØnse hnZym`ymkw ]›mØehpw ]cnh¿Ø\hpw ˛ - tUm. ]n.Fkv. ioIe (tIcf`mjm C≥Ãn‰yq´v- 2012)

XpSßnb ]pkvXIßƒ IqSn d^¿ sNøpat√m.

$ "dmWn Kucn ]m¿hXn `mbnbpsS hnfw_cw tIcf hnZym`ymk NcnXØnse\mgnI°√mWv \nßƒ Cu ]kvXmh\tbmSv tbmPn°p∂pthm?

$ io\mcmbWKpcp, Aø¶mfn XpSßnb kmaqly ]cnjvI¿Øm°fpsS]h¿Ø\ßsf \nßƒ Fßs\ t\m°n°mWp∂p?

$ 1957 -se hnZym`ymk_n¬ tIcfhnZym`ymksØ ]ptcmKXnbntebv°v \bn°m≥klmbn®pthm? AXns‚ ]Xn^e\w FXtØmfsa∂v hnebncpØpI.

$ s]mXphnZym`ymk kwc£Wb⁄hpambn _‘s∏´ hnZym`ymk]h¿Ø\ßƒ \ΩpsS hnZym`ymktaJesb Fßs\ kzm[o\n°p∂p?

A\p_‘ambn sImSpØncn°p∂ tS_nfpIƒ ]cntim[n®vAXn¬\n∂p≈ \nßfpsS Is≠ØepIƒ Ubdnbn¬ Ipdn°pI.C°mcyw ¢mkn¬ N¿®sNøm≥ i≤n°pat√m.

]T\t\´w 2

♦ tIcfhnZym`ymkØnse ]iv\ßƒ Xncn®dn™v ]cnlmcßƒ \n¿t±in°p∂p.

$ tIcfØnse hnZym`ymkcwKsØ KpW\nehmc]camb ]iv\ßƒ Fs¥ms°bmsW∂vNq≠n°mWn°pI.

$ ]m¿izh¬°cn°s∏´hcpsS hnZym`ymk]iv\ßƒ Fs¥ms°bmsW∂v hnebncpØpI.

tIcfhnZym`ymkØns‚ kmam\yamb NcnXw \Ωƒ a\ nem°n°gn™p. HmtcmImeL´Ønsebpw `cWIqSßƒ Gdnbpw Ipd™pw kmaqlyka¿±Øns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬hnZym`ymktaJebn¬ ]cnjvImcßƒ sIm≠ph∂n´ps≠∂pw AX\pkcn®p≈\nba\n¿ΩmWßƒ \SØnbn´ps≠∂pw CXn\Iw hy‡ambn´p≠v.

C¥ybn¬ Xs∂ ]ptcmKat\m∑pJamb hnZym`ymk]h¿Ø\ßƒ \S∂n´p≈, \S∂psIm≠ncn°p∂ kwÿm\amWv tIcfw. ]eImcyßfnepw \apt°sd apt∂dm≥ km[n®n´p≠v.

68

kºq¿Wkm£cX t\Snb kwÿm\amWv tIcfw. hnZym`ymkcwKØv \nch[nbmb t\´ßƒD≠m°m≥ Igns™¶nepw C\nbpw ]cnlcnt°≠ Ht´sd ]iv\ßƒ \mw A`napJoIcn°p∂p≠v.

tIcfw t\cnSp∂ hnZym`ymk]iv\ßƒ GsXms°bmWv? \nßƒ H‰bv°pw Iq´mbpwC°mcysØ°pdn®v Nn¥n°pIbpw Bibßƒ ]¶nSpIbpw sNøpat√m. CXpambn _‘s∏´v]pkvXIßƒ hmbn°pIbpw hnhcßƒ tiJcn°pIbpw thWw.

apIfn¬ sImSpØ ][m\mibßfpambn _‘s∏´ d^d≥knßn\mbn Xmsgs°mSpØncn°p∂]pkvXIßƒ hmbn°pat√m.

$ tIcfw : hnZym`ymkØns‚ ]ShpIƒ˛tIcfimkvXkmlnXy]cnjØv- 2009.

$ tIcf]mTy]≤Xn N´°qSv 2007 (KCF 2007)

kaImenI tIcfw t\cnSp∂ hnZym`ymk]iv\ßsf°pdn®v ¢mkn¬ kwhmZwkwLSn∏n°m\pw AXneqsS IqSpX¬ Bibßƒ Dƒs°m≈m\pw \nßƒ ian°pat√m. NnekwhmZhnjbßfpw AXpambn _‘s∏´ kqN\Ifpw Xmsgs°mSp°p∂p. IqSpX¬kwhmZhnjbßƒ \nßƒ Is≠tØ≠Xp≠v. e`yamIp∂ Bibßƒ \nßfpsS Ubdnbn¬Ipdn°m≥ i≤n°Ww.

$ BtKmfh¬°cWØns‚ kzm[o\w tIcfØnse hnZym`ymksØ ]ptcmKXnbntebv°v\bn®n´pt≠m?

$ DPEP, SSA t]msebp≈ hnZym`ymk t]mPŒpIƒ tIcfØn¬ C\nbpw A\nhmcyamtWm?

$ s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Ønse t_m[\ am[y-a-ßƒ (ae-bm-fw, Cw•ojv0 Ipń-bpsS am\-kn-I-hpw, kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb hf¿®sb kzm[o-\n-°p-∂pt≠m?

$

cmPysØ G‰hpw ivIXamb s]mXphnZym`ymkw \ne\n¬°p∂Xv tIcfØnse s]mXphnZym`ymktaJebnemWv. km¿∆XnIamb ]thi\w (Universal enrolment) km¿hXnI \ne\n¿Ø¬(Universal retention), km¿∆XnI t\´w D≠m°¬ (Universal achievement) XpSßnb Imcyßfn¬tIcfw _lpZqcw ap∂nemWv. CØcØn¬ A`nam\Icamb Ht´sd t\´ßƒ ssIhcn°m≥tIcfØn\p Ign™n´ps≠¶nepw C\nbpw ]cnlcn°s∏tS≠ ]iv\ßƒ \nehnep≠v.

$ KpW]cXbpambn _‘s∏´ ]iv\ßƒ

$ hnZym`ymkØns‚ I®hSh¬°cWw

$ ùXnIkuIcyßfpsS A]cym]vXX

$ LS\m]camb ]iv\ßƒ

$ ]m¿izh¬°cn°s∏´hcpsS ]iv\ßƒ

$

$

KpW]cXm]iv\ßfn¬ NneXv Xmsg tN¿°p∂p.

$ Cw•ojv `mjm ]T\]iv\ßƒ

$ aqeyt_m[hpambn _‘s∏´Xv

$ IpńIfpsS k¿htXmapJamb hnImkw

$ sXmgn¬ ]T\hpambn _‘s∏´ Imcyßƒ

$ IemImbnI]hrØn]cnNbtaJe.

$ KpWta∑bp≈ A[ym]IcpsS A`mhw

$ kmaqly CSs]S¬

69

$ sF.Sn.bpambn _‘s∏´ Imcyßƒ

$ ]cnÿnXn]camb t_m[w

$ \nXyPohnXhpambn _‘s∏´ ]iv\ßƒ°v Du∂¬

$ ]oss]adn hnZym`ymkØns‚ im‡oIcWw

$ ùXnI kuI-cy-ßƒ (]mTy-]-≤-Xn-°n-W-ßp-∂-Xv)

$ ï

XpSßnb taJeIfn¬ C\nbpw Ht´sd apt∂m´pt]mIm\p≠v. IqSpX¬ Imcyßƒ N¿®bneqsSIs≠Øpat√m.

hnZym`ymkØns‚ I®hSh¬°cWw

$ hnZym`ymkw emàp≠m°m\p≈ Hcp Itºmf®c°mIp∂ ]iv\w.

$ hnZym`ymkcwKsØ A\nb¥nXamb kzImcyh¬°cWw.

$ ]mhs∏´ BfpIfpsS a°ƒ°v C„m\pkcWap≈ ]T\w km[yamIp∂n√.

$

$

tIcfhnZym`ymkØnse CØcw ]iv\w ASnb¥ncambn ]cnlcnt°≠Xp≠v, AXn\mhiyamb\nba\n¿amWhpw AXns‚ \S∏m°epw A\nhmcyamWv.

ùXnIkuIcyßfpsS A]cym]vXX

hnZym`ymkcwKsØ KpW]cXsb _m[n°p∂ Hcp ][m\ImcyamWv ùXnI kuIcyßfpsSIpdhv. DPEP, SSA, RMSA t]msebp≈ hnZym`ymk t]mPIv‰pIfneqsS \ΩpsS kwÿm\sØkvIqfpIfn¬ ùXnIkuIcyßƒ D≠m°m\p≈ iaßƒ \S∂n´p≠v. F∂mepw C°mcyØn¬th≠X apt∂‰w D≠m°m≥ Ign™nń√. s]mXphnZym`ymk kwc£Wb-⁄Øns‚ `mKambnCu cwKØv CSs]S¬ \S∂phcp∂p. k¿°m¿ kvIqfpIsf At]£n®v FbvUUv kvIqfpIfn¬ùXnI kuIcyßƒ hfsc IpdhmWv. kvIqƒ sIńSßƒ, ¢mkpapdnIƒ, hnhn[Xcw em_pIƒssl-sSIv ¢mkpIƒ tIm¨^d≥kv lmfpIƒ, IemImbnI ]hrØn ]cnNbcwKhpambn _‘s∏´D]IcWßƒ, sse_dn, ssU\nMv lmfpIƒ, ]mNI∏pc XpSßn \nch[n kuIcyßƒ C\nbpw\ΩpsS ]ekvIqfpIfnepw \nehn¬ htc≠Xmbn´p≠v.

LS\m]camb ]iv\ßƒ

tZiob hnZym`ymk\bhpambn _‘s∏´v Ht´sd LS\m]camb am‰ßƒ tIcfhnZym`ymkØn-ep≠mbn´p≠v. Cu taJebpambn _‘s∏´ Nne ]iv\ßƒ Xmsg tN¿°p∂p.

$ 1 apX¬ 5 hsc ¢mkpIƒ LP XeØnepw 6 apX¬ 8 hsc ¢mkpIƒ UP XeØnepw 9,10¢mkpIƒ sslkvIqƒXeØnepw 11,12 ¢mkpIƒ lb¿ sk°≥≠dn XeØnepw F∂XcØn¬ amtd≠Xp≠v.

$ sslkvIqƒ, lb¿ sk°≥≠dn taJebn¬ `cW]cambpw A°mZanIambpw am‰ßƒD≠mIWw.

$ IqSpX¬ IpńIfp≈ kvIqfns‚ ]iv\ßƒ

$ 1 apX¬ 12 ¢mkpIƒ Hcp kvIqfn¬ Xs∂ hcp∂ Ahÿ

$

$

70

]m¿izh¬°cn°s∏´hcpsS ]iv\ßƒ

$ BZnhmkntaJe, Xoc]tZiw XpSßnb taJeIfnse IpńIƒ ]q¿Wambpw kvIqfpIfn¬]thi\w t\Sp∂n√. t\Sp∂Xn\p≈ Ahkcan√.

$ `n∂tijnhn`mK°mcmb IpńIfpsS ]iv\ßƒ

$ Sm≥kv P≥tUgvkv hn`mK°mcpsS hnZym`ymk ]iv\ßƒ

$ kvXoIƒ, Zp¿_ehn`mKßƒ, \yq\]£ßƒ, XpSßnbhcpsS ]iv\ßƒ

$ _methe XpSßnb ]iv\ßƒ

$

$

]iv\]cnlmcam¿Kßfn¬ NneXv Xmsg tN¿°p∂p. a‰p ]cnlmcam¿Kßƒ Is≠ØpI.

$ KpW-ta∑ Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\v XS- -ambn \n¬°p∂ ]iv\-ßfpw Ah-bpsS Imc-W-ßfpwIs≠Øn ]cn-l-cn-°p-I.

$ A[ym]IhnZym`ymkw Imcy£aam°pI.

$ s]mXphnZym`ymkcwKw im‡oIcn°pI.

$ c£mI¿Ør hnZym`ymkw km¿hXnIam°pI.

$ hnZqchnZym`ymk kwhn[m\w Imcy£aam°pI.

$ Cw•ojv ]dbp∂Xn\p≈ t]Sn am‰p∂Xn\p≈ ]≤XnIƒ BhnjvIcn°pIbpw Cw•ojvkwkmcn°m\p≈ tijn A[ym]I¿°pw IpńIƒ°pw D≠m°pIbpw sNøpI.

$ hnZym`ymkØns‚ F√m e£yßƒ°pw Du∂¬ \¬IpI.

$ F√m hnjbßƒ°pw tbmKyXbp≈ A[ym]IcpsS \nba\w.

$ hnhn[Xcw sh√phnfn t\cnSp∂ IpńIfpsS hnZym`ymk]iv\ßƒ ]cnlcn°pI. \nßfpsS]XnIcWw Ubdnbn¬ Ipdn°pI.

$ MGLCs (Multi Grade Learning Cetnres), BiakvIqfpIƒ XpSßnb _Z¬ kvIqfpIƒÿm]n°pI.

$ BtKmfhXvIcWØns‚ kzm[o\w tIcfhnZym`ymkØn¬ FX-tØmfw ]Xnên°p∂p≠v?

$ "tIcfØnse hnZym`ymkcwKw Ip‰a‰XmWv' Cu ]kvXmh\tbmSp≈ \nßfpsS ]XnIcWsa¥mWv?

d^d≥kv kmaKnIƒ

1. tIcfkwkvImcw ˛- F. io[ctat\m≥ - Un.kn. _pIvkv

2. tIcfkwkvImcw -˛ s]m^. Fkv. ANypXhmcy¿, tIcf`mjmC≥Ãn‰yq´v

3. Educational development in India - A. Abdul Salim, P.R. Gopinathan Nair

Anmol publishers pvt. Ltd.(New Delhi)

4. tIcfw aebmfnIfpsS amXr`qan -˛- C.Fw,Fkv - Nn¥ ]ªnt°j≥kv.

5. tIcfØns‚ kmwkvImcnI NcnXw ˛- P.K. tKm]meIrjvW≥ -tIcf `mjmC≥Ãy‰yq´v

6. hnZym`ymkw `mcXØn¬ -˛- tUm. Sn.sI. aplΩZv, tIcf `mjmC≥Ãy‰yq´v

71

7. tIcfØns‚ C∂seIƒ -˛- -sI.F≥. KtWiv, kmwkv°mcnI ]kn≤oIcWhIp∏v 1997

8. IpSn∏≈n°qSw A£chnZybpsS

BZym¶Ww - -˛- KwKm[c≥ sNßmeq¿tIcf kmlnXy A°mUan - 2014

9. tIcfw: hnZym`ymkØns‚

]ShpIƒ - -˛- tIcf imkvXkmlnXy]cnjØv - 2009

10. C¥y≥ hnZym`ymkw |

\q‰m≠pIfneqsS - -˛- Xmbm´p i¶c≥ - sI, Fkv.Sn.F

11. tIcfØnse hnZym`ymkw

]›mØehpw ]cnh¿Ø\hpw - - ˛- tUm. ]n.Fkv. ioIe, tIcf `mjmC≥Ãn‰yq´v -2012

12. `cWIqShpw hnZym`ymkhpw -

tIcfØns‚ A\p`hßƒ - -˛- s]m^. hn. Im¿ØntIb≥ \mb¿ - tIcf`mjmC≥Ãn‰yq´v - 2018.

13. ]ptcm-K-a\ hnZym-`ymk Nn¥-I¿ ˛ tUm.]n.-hn.-]p-cp-tjm-Ø-a≥ tIcf imkvX-km-ln-Xy-]-co-j-Øv.

79

bqWnäv 3

hnZym`ymkZÀi\§Ä

GsXmcp cmPys¯bpw/]tZis¯bpw hnZym`ymk¯nsâ e£yw, DÅS¡w,

]T\ t_m[\coXn, XpS§nbhsbsbÃmw kzm[o\n¡p¶ ][m\ LSI§fnsem¶v

B cmPys¯/]tZis¯ kaqlw s]mXphmbn kzoIcn¡p¶ ZÀi\§fmWv.

DZmlcWambn, \½ptSXv Hcp P\m[n]Xy kaqlamWtÃm.P\m[n]Xy k-

aql¯nsâ hfÀ¨bv¡pw hnImk¯n\pw A\ptbmPyamb ZÀi\§fmWtÃm \mw

hnZym`ymk ¯nepw PohnX¯nepw kzoIcnt¡Xv. CXn\mbn ]mÝmXyhpw ]uckv-

Xyhpw Bb hnhn[ ZÀi\§Ä ]cnNbs¸SpIbpw hniIe\w sN¿pIbpw

A\ptbmPyambh kzoIcn¡pIbpw kzmwioIcn¨v hnZym`ymk ]hÀ¯\§fnÂ

AÀY]qÀWambn ]tbmP\s¸Sp¯pIbpw thWw. CXn\pÅ Ahkcw

krjvSn¡pIbmWv Cu bqWnänsâ ][m\s¸« Dt±iyw

bqWnänse ]T\t\«§ÄþhniZmwi§Ä -

hnZym`ymk¯nsâ e£yw, \nÀhN\w, kw-_Ôn¨v hnhn[ ZmÀi\nIcpw

ZÀi\§fpw apt¼m«p h¨ ImgvN¸mSpIÄ, s]mXpkaqlw, c£nXmhv,

hnZymÀYn F¶nhÀ¡pÅ s]mXpImgvN¸mSpIÄ F¶nh XmcXayw sN¿pIbpw

\½psS P\m[n]Xy kaql¯n\\ptbmPyamb \nKa\§Ä

hnIkn¸n¡pIbpamWv Cu bqWnänsâ Hcp ][m\ Dt±iyw

hnZym`ymk¯nsâ DÅS¡w, t_m[\coXn, kzmXýw, F¶o Imcy§fnÂ

hnhn[ ZÀi\§Ä(BibhmZw, ]IrXnhmZw, ]mtbmKnI hmZw, am\hnIXm

hmZw) F¶nhbnse \ne]mSpIÄ ]cntim[n¨v \½psS kmaqlymhØ¡v

A\ptbmPyamb BibKXnIÄ kzoIcn¡pIbpw Ah kvIqÄþ¢mkv dqw

]hÀ¯\§fnÂ ]mtbmKnIambn ]Xnên¸n¡pIbpw sN¿pI F¶XmWv

asämcp e£yw

dqtÊm,t^m_Â, tPm¬ Uyqbn, sImao\nbkv, ]uttem ^bÀ, XpS§nb

]mÝmXy ZmÀi\nIcpsSbpw, KmÔnPn, hnthIm\µ³, SmtKmÀ, Ac_ntµm

XpS§nb ]uckvXy ZmÀi\nIcpsSbpw ImgvN¸mSpIÄ XmcXayw sN¿pIbpw

P\m[n]Xy hnZym`ymk¯n\\ptbmPyambh kzoIcn¡pIbpw sN¿pI.

\½psS ]mTy]²XnbnÂ hnhn[ ZÀi\§Ä GsXÃmw hn[¯nÂ

]Xnên¡p¶p F¶pv ]cntim[n¡pIþ

80

F´mWv ZÀi\w(philosophy)?

Xmsg ]dbp¶ Imcy§fnÂ \n§fpsS A`n]mbsa´mWv??

kvXoIÄ¡v kakvXtaJeIfnepw ]pcpjt\msSm¸w Ahkcw

\ÂtIXps¶v \n§Ä IcpXp¶ptm?

kmaqlyambn ]n¶m¡w \nÂ¡p¶hÀ¡v kw-hcWw \ÂIp¶Xns\ Ipdn¨v

\n§fpsS A`n]mbsa´mWv?

h[in£bv¡v \n§Ä A\pIqeamtWm?

ISp¯ tcmKw _m[n¨v, thZ\b\p`hn¨v, acWmk¶\mbn InS¡p¶ HcmÄ¡v

Zbmh[w A\phZn¡mtam?

Hmtcmcp¯À¡pw hyXykvXamb \ne]mSpIfmWtÃ? efnXamb AÀY¯nÂ Cu

\ne]mSpIÄ \n§fpsS ZÀi\¯nsâ `mKw Xs¶bmWv. C§s\ kmam\y_p²n

bpsS ASnØm\¯nÂ \mw kzoIcn¡p¶ ImgvN¸mSpIsf HcÀY¯nÂ ZÀi\w

F¶p ]dbmw. \½psS kmaqlym\p`h§fpsSbpw PohnXho£W§fpsSbpw

ASnØm\¯nemWtÃm \mw Cu \ne]mSpIÄ kzoIcn¡pI.

AtX kabw “ZÀi\w” Hcp sshÚm\nI imJ F¶ \nebnÂ ]cnKWn¡pt¼mÄ

Ipsd¡qSn hnimehpw BgapÅXpamb AÀY¯nÂ thWw kao]n¡m³.

ZÀi\w(Philosophy-) F¶ hm¡v cp Ko¡p ]Z§Ä IqSnt¨À¶XmWv 1) Philos-

Sophia. Philos F¶p ]dªmÂ Love –Sophia F¶p ]dªmÂ Wisdom/Knowledge

AXmbXv Philosophy F¶ hm¡nsâ ]Zm\p]ZXÀPa Love of Wisdom/

Knowledge.. ‘hnÚm\¯n\pthnbpÅ kvt\lw’ F¶mWv. hnhn[ sshÚm\nI

imJIfnÂ IqSpXÂ AdnhpIÄ¡v thnbpÅ imkvXobamb At\zjWamWv

ZÀi\w.. asämcphn[¯nÂ ]dªmÂ bpànbptSbpw ]T\¯nsâbpw Nn´bpsSbpw

^eambpmb Bg¯nepÅ \nKa\§fpw \nco£W§fpamWv ZÀi\§Ä..

hnZym`ymkhpw ZÀi\hpw

kaql¯nsâ KXnhnKXnIsf \nÀWmbIambn kzm[o\n¡p¶ kp][m\amsbmcp

a\pjyhnImk ]InbbmWv hnZym`ymkw. AXpsImp Xs¶ .hnZym`ymks¯

¡pdn¨v hnhn[§fmb ZmÀi\nIcpw ZmÀi\nINn´m[mcIfpw AhÀ Pohn¡p¶

hnhn[ hnjb§fnse D¶XKthjW _ncpZamWtÃm ]n.F¨v.Un.

(tUmIvSÀ Hm^v ^ntemk^n ). GXv sshÚm\nI imJbnepw imkv-

Xobhpw Bg¯nepapÅXpamb ]T\s¯ ZÀi\w F¶mWv A`nkw-

t_m[\ sN¿p¶Xv F¶ÀYw

81

kmaqly Npäp]mSpIÄ¡pw PohnX ho£W§Ä¡pw A\pkcn¨v hnhn[

ImgvN¸mSpIÄ apt¼m«ph¨n«pv. CXv hnZym`ymk¯nsâ DÅS¡s¯bpw

coXnimkvXs¯bpw KWyambn kzm[o\n¨n«papv. AtX¡pdn¨pÅ [mcW \½psS

hnZym`ymk CSs]SepIsf hnIkn¸n¡p¶Xn\pw Nn«s¸Sp¯p¶Xn\pw klmbn¡pw

F´n\mWv ]Tn¡p¶Xv?(hnZym`ymk e£yhpw ZÀi\§fpw)

F´n\mWv hnZym`ymkw-? ]eÀ¡pw ]e D¯camhpatÃ? \aps¡mcp

At\zjWambmtem?

hnZym`ymk¯nsâ e£ysa´mWv F¶ tNmZy¯n\v Ht¶m ctm hmNI¯nepÅ

]XnIcWw hnhn[ ¢mkpIfnÂ ]Tn¡p¶ Ip«nIfpsS c£nXm¡Ä, A[y]IÀ,

hnZymÀYnIÄ, kaql¯nse hnhn[ Xe§fnÂ ]hÀ¯n¡p¶hÀ F¶nhcnÂ

\n¶pw tiJcn¡mw. \½psS ¢mknse FÃm Ip«nIfpsSbpw ]XnIcW§Ä¡qSn

tNÀ¯v H¶v ]«nIs¸Sp¯n t\m¡q. XoÀ¨bmbpw henb sshhn[yw tXm¶p¶ntÃ?

Adnhv e`n¡m³

kmaqlyt_m[apÅ a\pjy\mbn amdm³

anI¨ sXmgnÂ e`n¡m³

FÃmXcw tijnIfpsSbpw hnImkw- km[yamhm³

kw-kvImc k¼¶\mbn amdm³

A\oXnIÄs¡Xnsc ]XnIcn¡m³

A§s\ hnhn[ ]XnIcW§Ä Dmtb¡mw. FÃmw \½psS kmaqlym\p`h§

fpsSbpw PohnXe£y§fpsSbpw Hs¡ ASnØm\¯nepÅXmWv. HcÀY¯nÂ

\½psS auenIamb ZÀi\§sf ASnØm\s¸Sp¯nbpÅXv. C\n \ap¡v ][m\

ZmÀi\nIcpw ZÀi\§fpw F´p]dbp¶p F¶p t\m¡mw

BibhmZhpw hnZym`ymk e£yhpw

t¹täm, AcntÌm«nÂ,t^m_Â, SmtKmÀ, Ac_ntµm XpS§nbhcpsS hnZym`ymk

ZÀi\§Ä ]cntim[n¨p t\m¡q. Fs´¦nepw s]mXpkmZriyw ImWp¶ptm?

HmÀ¡pI

\½ptSXv Hcp P\m[n]Xy kaqlamWv am\hnIXbpw Xpey\oXnbpw ]e

ImcW§fmÂ ]n¶m¡mhØt\cnSp¶hcpw ]bmk§fpapÅhcpambhtcmSvv

AÀlamb ]cnKW\bpw FÃmhÀ¡pw AhcpsS Ignhn\pw ]cnanXn¡pw

A\ptbmPyamb coXnbnÂ hfcp¶Xn\pw hnImkw- km[yam¡p¶Xn\papÅ

Ahkc§fpapÅ Hcp kmaqlymhØbmWv \mw hn`mh\w sN¿p¶Xv.

CXn\\ptbmPyamb ZÀi\§fmWv \mw kzoIcnt¡Xv

82

ùXnImXoXw (Metaphysics) F¶ hm¡mWv BibhmZnIsf kw-_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw

]ca][m\w. \mw ImWp¶hbpw A\p`hn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ Cu ùXnItemIw

A][m\amsW¶pw AXn\¸pdw Bib§Ä, NnÍÄ, F¶nhbmWv ][m\sa¶pw

AhÀ hnizkn¨p. kXyw, kuµcyw,. F¶nh DÄs¡mÅp¶ BibtemIw amXamWv

ØmbnbmbpÅXv. Cu ùXnImXoXtemIamWv ][m\sa¶pw BibhmZnIÄ

s]mXpsh kn²mń¡p¶pv..Ipw tI«pw sXm«pw cpNn¨pw aW¯pw \mw

A\p`hn¡p¶ Cu ùXnItemIw imizXaÃ.

“Ccp«v \ndª Hcp Kpl t]msebmWv Cu ùXnItemIw” bpànNn´sImpw

kXymt\zjWw sImpw Cu Ccp«ns\ adnIS¡pIbpw bYmÀY kXyw

Is¯pIbpamWv thXv’ t¹täm ]dbp¶p. Hmtcm hyànbpsSbpw BćnI

\·sbbpw IgnhpIsfbpw kw-kvIcns¨Sp¡pIbpw Bß km£mÂ¡mc¯n\p

kÖcm¡pIbpamWv hnZym`ymkw- sImpt±in¡p¶Xv F¶pw t¹täm DÄ-

s¸sSbpÅ BibhmZnIÄ kn²mń¡p¶p

PÀ½³ hnZym`ymk NnÍ\mb Ûdn¡v AKÌv t^m_Â ]dbp¶Xn§s\:

“Xsâ DÅnepÅ ssNX\y¯nsâ ]Xnê\ambn, Nn´mtijnbpw a\Êm

¶n[yhpapÅ Hcp hyànbpsS ]ndhn¡v klmbn¡pIbmWv hnZym`ymk¯nsâ

e£yw’ hnZym`ymk e£yhpambn _Ôs¸«v t¹täm, t^m_Â F¶nhcpsS

\nco£W§Ä X½nÂ F´v s]mXpkmZriyamWpÅXv?

“ a\pjy³ cv temI§fnÂ DÄ¸«h\mWv. Hsc®w _mlyamWv. Hsc®w

BćnIhpw. BćnIamb am\htijnIsf kw-kvIcns¨Sp¡emWv hnZym`ymk

¯nsâ e£yw’’, F¶v choµ\mYSmtKmÀ \nco£n¡p¶p. SmtKmdns\bpw

HcmibhmZn bmbn ]cnKWn¡mtam?

]pkvXId^d³kn§neqsS Is¯nb aäv BibhmZ \nco£W§Ä Fs´ms¡?

hnZym`ymk e£ys¯¡pdn¨pÅ KmÔnPn,sImao\nbkv, Ac_ntµm F¶nhcpsS

ImgvN¸mSpIÄ ]cntim[n¨pthm?

‘ hnZym`ymk¯nsâ Ańaamb e£yw Bßkm£mÂ¡mcamWv F¶p KmÔnPn

]dbp¶p. ùXnIamb t\«§fÃ Bßobamb kw-kvIcWamWv hnZym`ymk¯nsâ

e£yamthXv F¶mWv KmÔnPnbpsS A`n]mbw.. F¶mÂ hnZym`ymk¯nsâ

ASnbńc e£y§fmbn KmÔnPn aäpNne Imcy§Ä IqSn ]dªp.

1) kzmibXzwþ kvIqÄ hnZym`ymkw Xs¶ sXmgnÂ sNbvXpsImv

kzmibam¡Wsa¶v ]dª KmÔnPn PohkÔmcW¯n\pÅ Hcp sXmgnÂ

]cnioe\w hnZym`ymk¯nsâ ][m\ Du¶emhWsa¶v \nÀt±in¨p

83

2) hyànXzkw-kvIcWs¯ hnZym`ymk¯nsâ kw-kvImcnI e£yambn

KmÔnPn ]cnKWn¨p

3) a\pjysâ FÃm tijnIfptSbpw kaXpenXamb hnImkamWv

hnZym`ymk¯nsâ e£yambn KmÔnPn Nqn¡m«nb asämcp kw-KXn. Xe,

lrZbw, ssI F¶nhbpsS kÀhtXmapJhnImkamWv tIheamb Fgp¯pw

hmb\bpw IW¡pw ]Tn¡p¶Xns\¡mÄ ][m\w’, F¶v KmÔnPn ]dªp

4) Ip«nIfnÂ k·mÀKNn´bpw kÂkz`mhhpw hnIkn¸n¡epw

hnZym`ymk¯nsâ e£yambn KmÔnPn ]cnKWn¨p

5) hnZym`ymk¯nsâ kmaqlye£ys¯¡pdn¨pw KmÔnPn ASnhcbn«v

kqNn¸n¨p. Bßkw-kvIcWt¯msSm¸w kmaqlyt_m[apÅ anI¨

]uc\mbn hfcm\pw hnZym`ymkw- DXIWsa¶mWv KmÔnPn apt¼m«p sh¨

\ne]mSv

taÂ kqNn¸n¨ hnZy`ymke£y§Ä ]qÀWambpw BibhmZhpambn

s]mcp¯s¸Sp¶XmtWm? aäv hnZym`ymk NnÍfpsSbpw kzm[o\w AXnepv

AtÃ? GsXms¡bmWh

dqtÊmbpw ]IrXnhmZhpw

“]IrXn Fs¶ k´pjvS\pw \Ãh\pambmWv krjvSn¨Xv. Rm³ A§s\

AsÃ¦nÂ AXn\p ImcWw Cu kaqlamWv’’.

“A]ISIcamb kzmXýs¯bmWv Rm³ imámb ASna¯s¯¡mÄ

hneaXn¡p¶Xv”.

“P\n¡p¶ kab¯v FÃm Ip«nIfpw FÃm \·ItfmSpw IqSnbmWv P\n¡p¶Xv. k-

aqlhpambpÅ kw-kÀKamWv Ahsc No¯bm¡p¶Xv’’.

apIfnÂ sImSp¯sXÃmw ISp¯ ]IrXnhmZnbmbncp¶p Po³ PmIznkv dqtÊmbpsS

\nco£W§fmWv..

Bß]Imi\amWv hnZym`ymk¯nsâ e£yambn dptÊmbpw ]IrXnhmZnIfpw

IXv. P·\mXs¶ Ip«nIÄ \·\ndªhcpw Ignhpw ]Xn`bpapÅhcpamsW¶v

kn²mń¨ ]IrXnhmZnIÄ kzm`mhnIambpw B kzXkn² \·IfpsS

]Imi\amWv hnZym`ymk¯nsâ ][m\amb e£yambn \nco£n¨Xv.

“\mw ZpÀ_ecmbmWv P\n¡p¶Xv. AXpsImv hfcm\mhiyamb Icp¯v

thWw.\nÊlmbXbpv AXpsImv klmbw thWwþA§s\ P\\kab¯v

Fs´Ãmw ]cnanXnIfptm AXp ]cnlcn¡Â amXamWv hnZym`ymk e£yw”.

kzm`mhnIamb hfÀ¨bv¡pÅ Ahkcw krjvSn¡emWv hnZym`ymkw- F¶mWv

]IrXnhmZ¯nsâ kn²m´w. ]IrXnbpambn CW§n BtcmKyIcambn

84

hfcWw.kzX´hnImk¯n\papÅ IgnhpIÄ ]Zm\w sN¿p¶XmhWw

hnZym`ymkw- F¶v dqtÊmbpw ]IrXnhmZnIfpw ]dbp¶p

“]mtbmKnI PohnX¯nÂ ê]Zambn Pohn¡m\mhiyamb ss\]pWnIÄ

BÀÖn¡emWv hnZym`ymkw-”, F¶mWv tPm¬ Uyqbn DÄs¸sSbpÅ ]mtbmKnI

hmZnIÄ hmZn¨Xv.Hmtcm Ip«nbpsSbpw \nehnepÅ tijnIfpw ss\]pWnIfpw

hyXykvXamhpsa¶XpsImp Xs¶ s]mXphmbn ]Tt\mt±iy§Ä \nÀWbn¡p

¶Xv icnbsÃ¶v Uyqbn ]dbp¶p. P\m[n]Xy hnZym`ymk¯n\v henb ]m[m\yw

\ÂInb ZmÀi\nI\mWv tPm¬ Uyqbn.. \oXn]qÀWamb Hcp kmaqlymhØbpsS

krjvSnbmhWw hnZym`ymkw- F¶v P\m[n]XyhmZnbmb Uyqbn A`n]mbs¸Sp¶p.

am\hnIXm hmZw

a\pjysâ A\ámb tijnIfnÂ hnizmkaÀ¸n¨v Hmtcmcp¯À¡pw Xsâ

hhn[§fmb tijnIfpw A`ncpNnIfpw ]camh[n hnIkn¸n¡p¶Xn\pw A§s\

Bßkm£mÂ¡mcw A\p`hn¡m\pw e£yw h¨pÅ ]hÀ¯\§fmWv

am\hnIXmhmZw hnZym`ymk¯nÂ hn`mh\w sNbvXXv.

“hnaÀi\mht_m[w krjvSn¡epw AXphgn hntamN\w t\SepamWv hnZym`ymk

e£yw “ F¶v A`n]mbs¸« ]utem ^bÀ, “B[p\nI PohnXk¦oÀWXIsf

t\cnSm\pÅ ]cnioe\w \ÂIemWv hnZym`ymk¯nsâ e£yw” F¶p ]dª

Ac_ntµm XpS§nb \nch[n ZÀi\§fpw ZmÀi\nIcpw hnZym`ymke£ys¯

¡pdn¨v \nco£W§fpw \nKa\§fpw tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«pv..

F´mWv ]Tnt¡Xv?(hnZym`ymk¯nsâ DÅS¡hpw hnhn[ ZÀi\§fpw)

F´v ]Tn¡Ww AYhm Fs´Ãmw ]T\hnjb§fmWv ]mTy]²XnbnÂ DÄ-

s¸tSXv F¶Xp kw-_Ôn¨pw hnhn[ ZÀi\§Ä¡pw ZmÀi\nIÀ¡pw AhÀ

apt¼m«v h¨ hnZym`ymke£y§Ä¡\pkcn¨pÅ \nco£W§fpv.

]IrXnhmZw KmÔnPnbpw kzmwioIcn¨n«ptm. KmÔnPnbpsS

ImgvN¸mSpIfnÂ ]IrXnhmZ¯nsâ ]Xnê\w F´pamXapv?

¢mkvapdn Xs¶ Hcp P\m[n]Xy]cnioe\ thZnbmhWsa¶ UyqbnbpsS

\nÀt±iw \½psS kvIqÄ ]mÀensaâv k¼Zmb¯nÂ

]Xnên¡p¶ptm?

85

Bßobamb km£mÂ¡mchpw hyànXzkw-kvIcWhpw hnZym`ymke£yambn

¡ BibhmZnIÄ `mj, X¯zimkvXw,kmaqlyimkvXw KWnXw F¶nhbv¡v

]pdsa IeIÄ, kw-KoXw ,Pnw\mÌnIvkv ,AXveänIvkv XpS§nb ImbnI C\§Ä

F¶nh ]mTy]²XnbnÂ DÄs¸SWsa¶v hmZn¨p.

]IrXnsb Adnbepw AXnt\mSv CW§epamWv hnZym`ymk¯nsâ ]caamb

e£ysa¶v \nÀhNn¨ ]IrXnhmZnIÄ AXn\p klmbIamb imkvXhnjb§Ä¡v

]mTy]²XnbnÂ A\ptbmPyamb ]m[m\yw \ÂIWsa¶v A\pimkn¨p.

`mjbnepw KWnX¯nepw D]cn]T\¯n\p klmbIamb Imcy§Ä amXw DÄ-

s¸Sp¯nbmÂ aXn F¶mWv AhcpsS hmZw. k¦oÀWamb IhnXItfm kmlnXysam

]Tn¸nt¡XnsÃ¶mWv AhcpsS A`n]mbw.. BßobImcy§Ä, kw-KoXw,

NnXIe F¶nhsbm¶pw ]IrXnhmZnIÄ¡v ][m\apÅhbÃ, ]mb¯n\\pkcn¨v

]mTy]²Xn hnjb§fnse Du¶en\v amäw thWw F¶v Ip«nvbpsS kzm`mhnI

]IrXs¯ am\n¨pÅ hnZym`ymkk¼Zmb¯n\pthn \nes¡m dqtÊm DÄ-

s¸sSbpÅ ]IrXnhmZnIÄ hmZn¨p.

]mtbmKnIhmZnIfmhs« t]cp kqNn¸n¡p¶Xp t]mse¯s¶ “]tbmP\Icamb”

hnjb§Ä BWv ]mTy]²XnbnÂ DÄs¸Spt¯Xv F¶ A`n]mb¡mcmbncp¶p

hyànPohnXhpw kmaqlnIPohnXhpw Gähpw ^e]Zambn \nÀhln¡m³

klmbIamb AdnhpIfpw tijnIfpw ss\]pWnIfpamWv Ip«nIÄ

kzmb¯amt¡Xv. tIheamb Bßkm£mÂ¡mc¯n\pw hyànkw-

kvIcW¯n\pw th hnjb§Ä ]mTy]²XnbpsS `mKam¡Wsa¶ BibhmZ

\nÀt±i§tfmSv ]mtbmKnIhmZnIÄ hntbmPn¨p. Hcp \nÝnXamb ]mTy]²Xn

FÃm Ip«nIÄ¡pw \nÀt±in¡p¶ k¼Zmbt¯mSp Xs¶ ]mtbmKnIhmZnIÄ¡v

tbmPn¸pmbncp¶nÃ. Ip«nbpsS A`ncpNnIÄ, XmÂ¸cyw kÀthm]cn `mhn

PohnX¯nse ]tbmP\w F¶nh ]cnKWn¨pÅ sshhn[yhÂ¡cWamWv

]mtbmKnI hmZnIfpsS ]mTy]²Xn k¦Â¸¯nsâ ASnØm\ine.

a\pjysâ IgnhpIÄ A`ncpNnIÄ,XmÂ¸cy§Ä F¶nh ]cnKWn¡p¶Xpw Ahsâ

tijnIfpsS k¼qÀW hnImkw- km[yam¡p¶Xpamb hnjb§Ä ]mTy]²XnbnÂ

DÄs¸Sp¯Wsa¶v am\hnIXmhmZnIÄ \nÀt±in¨p, kmaqlyhnImks¯¡mÄ

hyànhnImk¯n\mWv am\hnIXmhmZnIÄ Du¶Â \ÂInbXv. kzbw

Xncn¨dnbm\pw kzbw hfcm\papÅ A\p`h§fmWv Hmtcm ]TnXmhn\pw

e`nt¡sX¶v AhÀ hnizkn¨p

F§ns\ ]Tn¡Ww?(t_m[\coXnbpw ZÀi\§fpw)

BibhmZw kq£vaambn Hcp t_m[\coXn \nÀt±in¨nÃ. KpcpapJ¯p\n¶pw hnZy

A`ykn¡pI F¶ s]mXp X¯zamWv s]mXpsh ¹täm AcntÌm«nÂ XpS§nbhÀ

86

kzoIcn¨Xv. tNmZy§Ä tNmZn¡pI, kw-hmZ¯nteÀs¸SpI, Dcphn«p ]Tn¡pI,

A\pIcn¨v ]Tn¡pI XpS§nb hnhn[ t_m[\X´§Ä AhÀ \nÀt±in¨p.

BibhmZnbmb slKÂ bpànNn´ DWÀ¯p¶ t_m[\coXnIÄ thWsa¶v

A`n]mbs¸«t¸mÄ IfnIfmWv t_m[\am[yamthsX¶v asämcp

BibhmZnbmb t^m_Â \nÀt±in¨p. t_m[\coXnIfpsS Imcy¯nÂ

BibhmZnIÄ¡nSbnepÅ sshhn[y¯nsâ kqN\IfmWnsXms¡.

t_m[\coXnbnemWv hn]vfhIcamb \nÀt±i§Ä ]IrXnhmZw apt¼m«p h¨Xv

hmNnIamb t_m[\§sf ASnapSn FXnÀ¯ dqtÊm \nco£Ww, A\p`h§Ä

F¶nh hgnbpÅ kzbw ]T\s¯ amXsa AwKoIcn¨n«p-ffp. Hu]NmcnI kvIqÄ

]T\s¯ Ahew_n¡p¶Xn\p ]Icw ]IrXnsb ]mT]pkvXIam¡m³ dqtÊm

D]tZin¨p. Ip«nsb hnZym`ymk ]hÀ¯\§fpsS tIµ_nµphm¡m³

\nÀt±in¨XmWv dqtÊmhnsâ asämcp kp][m\ t_m[\ \nÀt±iw

]IrXnhmZnIsft¸mse¯s¶ Ip«nsb tIµoIcn¨pÅ ]T\coXn¡v Xs¶bmWv

]mtbmKnIhmZnIfpw Du¶Â \ÂInbXv. ]mtbmKnI]hÀ¯\§Ä¡mWv

]mtbmKnIhmZnIfpsS ]T\ kao]\§fnse Du¶Â. bYmÀYamb A\p`h§fnÂ

\n¶v ]T\mhkc§Ä krjvSn¡m³ Blzm\w sNbvX ]mtbmKnIhmZnIfmWv

s]mPÎv coXn ]T\¯n\mbn \nÀt±in¨Xv. ‘]hÀ¯n¨p ]Tn¡pI’ F¶XmWv

]mtbmKnI hmZ hnZym`ymk Bib§fpsS apJyamÀK\nÀt±iw .

The School is to be a reflection of the larger society outside its walls,in which life can

be learnt by living. But it should be a purified well balanced society’ John Dewi

Ip«nsb tIµoIcn¨pÅ ]T\coXnIÄ Xs¶bmWv am\hnIXmhmZnIfpw

\nÀt±in¨Xv. Ip«nbpsS ]IrXw, Bhiy§Ä, A`ncpNnIÄ, BKl§Ä F¶nh

]Xnên¡p¶XmhWw ]T\coXn F¶mWv am\hnIXmhmZnIfpw A`n]mbs¸«Xv.

IÀ¡iamb ]co£Isfbpw \ncpÕmls¸Sp¯p¶ XcXay§sfbpw am\hnàm

hmZnIÄ FXnÀ¯p.

kzmXýwþA¨S¡w

Bßkm£mÂ¡mcw km[yamhWsa¦nÂ IÀ¡iamb A¨S¡w BhiyamsW

¶mWv BibhmZnIfpsS aXw. BćnIamb A¨S¡t¯msSm¸w _mlyamb

A¨S¡ \n_Ô\Ifnepw AhÀ \njv¡Àj ]peÀ¯n.

Ip«n¡v hyànKXambn k¼qÀWamb kzmXýw \ÂInsb¦nÂ amXsa

AhfpsS/Ahsâ ss\kÀKnI tijnIfpsS icnbmb hnImkw- \S¡q F¶v

dqtÊmbpw aäv ]IrXnhmZnIfpw A`n]mbs¸«p. _mlyamb FÃm A¨S¡

\n_Ô\ItfmSpw hntbmPn¨ ]IrXnhmZnIÄ A¨S¡w Ip«nbpsS

87

]hÀ¯\§fpsS ]XymLmX§fnÂ \n¶pw kzbw ]cnioent¡XmsW¶mWv

A`n]mbs¸«Xv.

P\m[n]Xy hnZym`ymks¯¡pdn¨pÅ Bib§Ä apt¼m«ph¨hcmWv

]mtbmKnIhmZnIÄ. “hnZym`ymkw- Hcp Iq«mbvabmWv. Ip«nIfpsS ]ckv]c

klIcW¯neqsSbpw Bibhn\nab¯neqsSbpamWv ]T\w apt¶tdXv.’ ]m

tbmKnIhmZw \nÀt±in¨p. kzbw \nbńXamb A¨S¡¯nsâ ]£¯mbncp¶p

]mtbmKnIhmZnIÄ.

“Ip«nIfnÂ icnbmb Alwt_m[hpw Bßm`nam\hpw DbÀ¯pIbmWv

hnZym`ymk¯nsâ e£yw’’, F¶p hmZn¨ am\hnIXmhmZnIÄ

hyànkzmXý¯nsâ ]£¯v ASnbpd¨p \nÂ¡p¶hcmWv. IÀ¡iamb A¨S¡

\n_Ô\IÄ Ip«nIfpsS Bßm`nam\s¯ XIÀ¡pw F¶mWv am\hnIXm

hmZnIfpsS ]£w

hnZym`ymk e£y§Ä, DÅS¡w, t_m[\coXn, kzmXýhpw A¨S¡hpw XpS§nb

taJeIfnÂ hnhn[ ZÀi\§fpsS ImgvN¸mSpIÄ hfsc lkzambn apIfnÂ

sImSp¯n«pv, IqSpXÂ hn]peamb hmb\bneqsS IqSpXÂ hnhc§Ä Is¯q..

Cu ZÀi\§Ä GsXÃmw hn[¯nÂ \½psS ]mTy]²Xnbnepw A\p_Ô km-

aKnIfnepw ]Xnên¡p¶pv?? Hct\zjWw \S¯n t\m¡q.

hnhn[ hnjb§fnse ]T\ t\«§Ä ]cntim[n¡q. apIfnÂ kqNn¸n¨

GsXÃmw ZÀi\§fnse hnZym`ymk e£y§fpambn AXn\v s]mcp¯apv?

]mT]pkvXI¯nepw A[ym]Iklmbnbnepw \nÀt±in¨ ]T\

]hÀ¯\§Ä¡v GsXÃmw ZÀi\§fnse t_m[\ \nÀt±i§tfmSmWv

s]mcp¯apÅXv?

\n§Ä \nco£n¨ ¢mkv apdnIfnse A[ym]I hnZymÀYn _Ôhpw hnhn[

ZÀi\§fnse kzmXýþA¨S¡ k¦Â]hpw F§s\ s]mcp¯s¸Sp¶p?

Hcp P\m[n]Xy am\hnIkaqlamWtÃm \½ptSXv. apIfnÂ sImSp¯

hnZym`ymk \nÀt±i§fnÂ GsXm¡ \½psS hnZym`ymk ]hÀ¯\§fnÂ

kzmwioIcn¡mw?

FÃm \nco£W§fpw kamlcn¨v \aps¡mcp skan\mdmhmw.

hnZym`ymk ZÀi\§Ä \½psS hnZym`ymk ]hÀ¯\§fnÂ

hnZym`ymk¯nsâ hnhn[ LSI§sf kzm[o\n¡p¶ ZÀi\§sf¡pdn¨mWtÃm

\mw NÀ¨ sNbvXncp¶Xv. hnZym`ymk¯nsâ kp][m\ taJeIfmb ]mTy]²Xn

DÅS¡w, t_m[\ coXn,A¨S¡w, kzmXýw F¶nhbnepÅ hnhn[ ZÀi\§fpsS

ImgvN¸SpIÄþCu ImgvN¸mSpIÄ GXp coXnbnÂ hnZym`ymk ]hÀ¯\§fnÂ

88

]Xn^en¡p¶p F¶p Is¯pIbpw A\ptbmPyambh kzmwioIcn¡pIbpamWv

Cu ]T\t\«w sImv Dt±in¡p¶Xv.

Xmsg ]dbp¶ Imcy§tfmSv \n§fpsS ]XnIcWsa´mWv?

BtcmKyþIemþImbnIþ \nÀ½mW ]hÀ¯\§Ä kvIqÄ hnZym`ymk¯nÂ

]m[m\yt¯msS DÄs¸Spt¯XmtWm? F´p sImv?

tXmÂ¸n¡pI, XmcXayw sN¿pI XpS§nbh ]camh[n

\ncpÕmls¸Sp¯p¶Xv tPm¬ UyqbnbpsS ]mtbmKnIþP\m[n]Xy

hnZym`ymk k¦Â¸§tfmSv F´pamXw s]mcp¯apÅXmWv?

in£, iImcw F¶nhsb KmÔnPnbpsS ZÀi\§fpambn _Ôs¸Sp¯n

hniZoIcn¡mtam?

Ip«n hfÀ¶phcp¶Xv Hcp sNSn hfÀ¶phcp¶Xp t]msebmWv. Hcp

tXm«¡mcs\t¸mse Ahsb ]cnNcn¡pIbpw ]cnc£n¡pIbpw

sN¿p¶XmWv A[ym]Isâ NpaXe F¶v A`n]mbs¸« kzman hnthIm\µ³

BibhmZnbmtWm ]IrXnhmZnbmtWm? AtXm hnhn[ ZÀi\§fpsS k-

a\zbamtWm hnthIm\µsâ hnZym`ymk ImgvN¸mSpIfnÂ ]ISamhp¶Xv?

DÄt¨À¶ hnZym`ymkw- GsXÃw hnZym`ymk ZÀi\§fpsS

ASnØm\¯nemWv \mw kzoIcn¨n«pmhpI?

am\hnIXm hmZw, P\m[n]XyhnZym`ymkw- F¶o ImgvN¸mSpIfpsS

ASnØm\¯nÂ enwK\oXn F¶ Bibs¯ F§s\bmWv \mw k-

ao]nt¡Xv?

hnhn[ ZÀi\§fpw hnZym`ymk ImgvN¸mSpIfpw

hnZym`ymk]hÀ¯\§fpsS hnhn[ Xe§sf¡pdn v hyXykvXamb ImgvN¸mSp

IfmWv hnhn[ZÀi\§Ä¡pw _Ôs¸« ZmÀi\nIÀ¡papÅXv F¶p \mw Ip.

Nne kqN\IÄ Xmsg tNÀ¡p¶p.

hnZym`ymk e£yw

BibhmZwþ Bßkm£mÂ¡mcamWv hnZym`ymk¯nsâ e£yw.

]IrXnhmZwþ Ip«nIfpsS ss\kÀKnI tijnIfpsS hnImkamWv hnZym`ymk

e£yw.

]mtbmKnIhmZw þ ]mtbmKnIPohnXw ^e]Zambpw Imcy£aambpw apt¼m«v

t]mhp¶Xn\mhiyamb [mcWIfpw tijnIfpw BÀPn¡pI

am\hnIXm hmZwþ a\pjysâ kÀhtXmapJ hnImkw-.

t_m[\coXn

BibhmZw

Bß]Imi\amWv(self expression) hnZym`ymk¯nsâ e£yw.

Bßkm£mÂ¡mcamWv (Self Realisation)hnZym`ymk¯nsâ e£yw.

taÂ¸dª cv e£y]kvXmh\Ifpw ]ckv]c hncp²amtWm? GXv

ZÀi\§fmbncn¡pw Cu e£yw apt¼m«ph¨n«pmhpI?

89

]mtbmKnIhmZwþ hnZymÀYn tIµ_nµpþ kaqltIµoIrX hnZym`ymkw-þ

]hÀ¯\m[njvTnX ]T\wþ]`mjWcoXn AwKoIcn¡p¶nÃþ

]IrXnhmZwþ hnZymeb§fpw ]mT]pkvXI§fpw hfÀ¨sb ]XnIqeambn

_m[n¡p¶p. þ]IrXnbmWv ]Tt\m]m[nbmthXvþ

A¨S¡w, kzmXýw

BibhmZwþ \nba§Ä A\pkcn¡m\pÅ ioew hnIkn¸n¡Ww.

]IrXnhmZwþhyàn kzmXýamWv ][m\wþ

]mtbmKnIhmZwþ A¨S¡w kzbw hnIkn¸nt¡XmWvþkzmXýw A\phZn¨mte

CXv km[yamhq.

ChbpsS ASnØm\¯nÂ apIfnÂ sImSp¯ tNmZy§tfmSpÅ \n§fpsS

]XnIcW§sf hniIe\w sNbvXpt\m¡q. \½psS hnZym`ymk ]hÀ¯\§fnÂ

GsXÃmw ZÀi\§Ä GXp coXnbnemWv ]Xnên¡p¶Xv?

¢mkv apdnbnepw s]mXphmb hnZym`ymk ]hÀ¯\§fnepw Adnªpw

AdnbmsXbpw hnhn[ ZÀi\§ k½niambn ]Xnên¡p¶pmhpw. ]`mX

Akw-»n, A¨S¡ \n_Ô\IÄ, ¢mkv apdnbnse ]T\]hÀ¯\§Ä,

,]mT]pkv-XI§Ä, Ip«nIÄ hcp¯p¶ sXäpItfmSpÅ kao]\w, A[ym]I CSs]

SepIÄ XpS§nb taJeIfnÂ GsXms¡ ZÀi\§Ä ]Xnên¡p¶pv? kvIqÄ

]hÀ¯\§Ä, ]T\ kmaKnIÄ XpS§nbh \nco£n¡pIbmWv CXn\pÅ hgn.

apIfnÂ NÀ¨ sNbvX Imcy§Ä IqSn ]cnKWn¨psImv Hcp kqNI ]XnI

\nÀan¡mw

kqNI§Ä Xbmdm¡pt¼mÄ \ÂtI Nne ]cnKW\IÄ

Ip«nIfpsS sshhn[yw AwKoIcn¡p¶XmWv ]IrXn hmZ¯nsâ s]mcpÄ.

kvIqÄ bqWnt^mw Cu ss\kÀKnIXsb \ntj[n¡p¶XmtWm?

]qÀWambpw ]IrXnhmZs¯ AwKoIcn¨psImv hyhkvYm]nX hnZym`ymkw-

km[yamtWm? kvIqÄ bqWnt^mans\ ]mtbmKnIhmZs¯ ASnØm\am¡n

\ymboIcn¨p IqsS?

]cntim[n¨ ]mT]pkvXI§Ä, ]T\ kmaKnIÄ F¶nhbnÂ am\hnIXm

hmZw F´pamXw ]Xnên¡p¶p?

¢mkv ap

dnbnÂ \S¡p¶]hÀ¯\§fnÂ am\hnIþP\m[n]Xy ZÀi\§Ä

]Xnên¡p¶ptm?

A¨S¡s¯¡pdn¨pÅ A[ym]I k¦Â¸w GXp ZÀi\§tfmSmWv

s]mcp¯s¸Sp¶Xv?

\½ptSXv Hcp P\m[n]Xy hyhØbmWv. \oXnbnepw am\hnIXbnepw

kzmXý¯nepw A[njvTnXamb Hcp kaqls¯bmWv \mw hn`mh\w sN¿p¶Xv.

\½psS hnZym`ymk]hÀ¯\§fnÂ Cu Bib§Ä ]qÀWambpw

]Xnên¡p¶ptm? \n§fpsS kzXámb A`n]mbw F´mWv?

hnZym`ymkw-(KmÔnPn), hnZym`ymk¯nÂ hn¹hw(Hmtjm),

]cnhÀ¯t\m·pJhnZym`ymkw-(bXn).. XpS§nb ]pkvXI§Ä IqSn

]cntim[n¡patÃm)

90

]mÝmXyþ]uckvXy ZmÀi\nIcpsS ImgvN¸mSpIÄ Hcp XmcXayw

hnhn[ ZmÀi\nIcpsS ImgvN¸mSpIÄ XmcXayw sN¿p¶ Hcp UnPnäÂ BÂ_w

\ap¡v Xbmdm¡mw.

FÃm ZmÀi\nIcpsSbpw lkzamb PohNcnXhpw t^mt«mbpw AhcpsS hnZym`ymk

Img¸mSpIfpw D²cWnIfpw A\mbmkw- sh_vsskäpIfnÂ \n¶pw e`n¡pw.

AhbpsS B[nImcnIX Dd¸p hcp¯pIbpw efnXamb `mjbnte¡v

hnhÀ¯\wsNbvXv A\ptbmPyhpw BIÀjhpamb

teHu«v \ÂIn \ap¡v Hcp kNnX hnhcWmßI

BÂ_w Xbmdm¡mw

Po³ PmIznkv dptÊm ZcnZ\mb Hcp hm¨p \nÀamW

sXmgnemfnbpsS aI\mbn 1712 Pq¬ 28 \v P\ohbnÂ P\n¨p.

ZpcnX]pÀWamb Ip«n¡me¯v Hu]NmcnI hnZym`ymkw-

e`n¡m³ kmlNcyanÃmsX t]mb dqtÊm ]nXmhnÂ \n¶pw

ho«nÂ \n¶pamWv BZyIme AdnhpIÄ t\SnbXv. 13þmas¯

hbÊnÂ \mSphn«p. ]e tPmenIÄ sNbvXp Pohn¨ dqtÊm

]nÂ¡me¯ ^©v hn¹h¯nsâ ap¶Wnt¸mcmfnbmbn.

kzmX´yw kaXzw, kmtlmZcyw F¶o apZmhmIy§Ä temI¯n\p kw-`mh\ sNbvXXv

dqtÊmbmWv. Emile, Social Contract,New Heloise F¶o Gsd ]ikvX§fmb ]pkvXI§Ä

At±lw cNn¨n«pv. Fanen BWv dqtÊmbpsS hnZym`ymk ImgvN ¸mSpIÄ hniZam¡p¶

IrXn.

ssiihw,Ip«n¡mew, Iuamcw, buh\w, tkm^nb F¶n§s\ A©p `mK§fpÅ Cu IrXn

Fanen F¶ Ip«n¡v ]IrXnbpambn CW§p¶ kzm`mhnIamb A´co£¯nÂ hnZym`ymkw-

\ÂIp¶ IYbmWv AhXcn¸n¡p¶Xv.

dqtÊmbpsS hnZym`ymkImgvN¸mSpIsf \ap¡v C§s\ tImUoIcn¡mw

Ip«n¯s¯ t_m[\imkvX]cambn (“Pedagogical Way") t\m¡n¡mWWw.

Ip«nbmWv hnZym`ymk¯nsâ tIµ_nµp .

Ip«nIÄ bYmÀY¯nÂ \· \ndªhcmWv;

kaqlamWv a\pjysc Zpjn¸n¡p¶Xv.

Ip«nbpsS ]IrX¯n\\pkcn¨mhWw hnZym`ymkw-.

P·XmÂ¸cya\pkcn¨mWv]hÀ¯nt¡Xv AÃmsX

_mly\nba§Ä¡\pkrXaÃ.

Bß]Imi\amWv hnZym`ymke£yw .

]tbmK¯neqsSbmWv kn²m´w cq]s¸tSXv;

91

]IrXnbmWv ]Yam[ym]I³.

Cµnb]cnioe\amWv BZyw \ÂtIXv.]n¶oSv aXn k·mÀKnIþ_u²nI

hnZym`ymkw- .

sÛdn¡v AKÌkv t^m_Â

InâÀKmÀ«¬ k¼Zmb¯nsâ D]ÚmXmhmb t^m_Â PÀa\nssbÂ 1792 G]nÂ 12þ\v

P\n¨p. amXmhnsâ acWs¯¯pSÀ¶v ]nXmhv Dt]£n¨ t^m_Â A½mhsâ kw-

c£WbnemWv ]T\w ]qÀ¯nbm¡nbXv. aXhnizmkt¯mSpw ]IrXntbmSpw AKm[amb

ASp¸apmbncp¶ t^m_Â s]ÌtemknbpsS Øm]\¯nÂ tNÀ¶mWv Xsâ hnZym`ymk

NnÍÄ¡v XpS¡w Ipdn¨Xv. 1832þÂ BZys¯ InâÀKmÀ«¬ t^m_Â Bcw`n¨psh¦nepw

kzXŃn´sb `bs¸« kÀ¡mÀ AXv \ntcm[n¡pIbmbncp¶p. t^m_ensâ acWtijamWv

InâÀKmÀ«¬ k¼Zmbw temI kzoImcyX t\SnbXv .

t^m_ensâ hnZym`ymk NnÍÄ

FÃmw DZv`hn¡p¶Xv ssZh¯nÂ \n¶mWv.

kzbw ]hÀ¯\§fneqsS ]IminXamhp¶ Hcmßob ssNX\yw FÃm

Ip«nIfnepapv.

IfnbmWv Cu]hÀ¯\§fpsS tIµ_nµp.

kzX´ hfÀ¨, BtcmKy kmaqlyioe§Ä, hfÀ¯Â ,

_p²n]chpw ImbnIhpw sshImcnIhpamb hnImkw-,

kÀKtijnIÄ hfÀ¯Â F¶nhbmWv hnZym`ymk

e£yw.

IY]dbÂ, \nÀ½mW]hÀ¯\§Ä, IcIuie

]hÀ¯\§Ä,Ifn¸m« \nÀ½mWhpw D]tbmKn¡epw,

XmfmßI ]hÀ¯\§Ä, ]ÊnepIÄ, _nÂUn§v

t»m¡pIÄ, ap¯v tImÀ¡Â, tXm«w ]cnNcn¡Â

NnXcN\ NpacpIÄ Ae¦cn¡Â XpS§nb ]hÀ¯\§Ä At±lw

\nÀt±in¨p

I¼nfn¸´pIÄ, NXpc¡«IÄ, tKmf§Ä XpS§nb ]Tt\m]IcW§Ä

kar²ambn D]tbmKn¨p.

tPm¬ Uyqbn(1859þ1952) PohnXw Xs¶ hnZym`ymkw- F¶ ImgvN¸mSv

apt¼m«v h¨ hnJymXZmÀi\nI\mWv tPm¬Uyqbn. 1859þÂ Atacn¡bnse

_Àen§vSWnÂ P\n¨p.1903Â Nn¡mtKmbnÂ Øm]n¨ kvIqfnÂ BWv Xsâ

hnZym`ymkmZÀi§Ä At±lw ]co£n¨Xv How we think? The School and the

Society, Democracy and Education, experience and Education, Schools of

Tomorrow XpS§n \nch[n K\vY§fpsS IÀ¯mhmWv Uyqbn.

92

UyqbnbpsS ][m\ hnZym`ymk Nn´IÄ

Ip«nbpsS ASnØm\]IrXw krjvSn]chpw, ]IS\]chpw BImw£

\ndªXpamWv. AXv ]tbmP\s¸Sp¯p¶XmhWw hnZym`ymkw.-

kmaqlyPohnXw Gähpw anI¨Xm¡m³ th ss\]pWnIfpw

tijnIfpamWv hnZym`ymk¯neqsS \mw kzmb¯amt¡Xv.

P\m[n]XyamWv ^e]Zamb kmaqlyPohnX¯nsâ ASnØm\ine,

P\m[n]Xy]cnioe\ IfcnIfmhWw hnZymeb§Ä.

XpeyXbpw klIcWhpamWv P\m[n]Xy¯nsâ apJyBib§Ä.

hnZymeb]hÀ¯\§fnÂ CXv ]ISamhWw.

“D]tbmKtbmKyX’ bmWv UyqbnbpsS apJy ]mTy]²Xn ]cnKW\.

Ip«nbpsS hnImk¯nsâ Hmtcm L«¯nepw DÅ Bhiy§fpambn

_Ôs¸Sp¯n ]mTy]²Xn IaoIcn¡Ww.

Ip«nIfpsS XmÂ¸cy§Ä¡pw A`ncpNnIÄ¡pw A\pkcn v

AbhpÅXmhWw ]mTy]²Xn.

A\p`hm[njvTnXamhWw ]T\w F¶p Uyqbn

\njv¡Àjn¨p(“ Knowledge gained through experience

is best understood, more useful, and retained longer)

]iv\]cnlcWhpw s]mPIvSpIfpamWv ]T\coXnbmbn Uyqbn \nÀt±in¨Xv.

]TnXmhnsâ XmÂ¸cya\pkcn¨pÅ ]hÀ¯\§fmWv ¢mknÂ \St¡Xv

F¶pw kw-LklIcW ]hÀ¯\§Ä P\m[n]Xy ]cnioe\¯n\mbn DÄ-

s¸Sp¯Wsa¶pw At±lw ]dªp.

]usems^bÀ (1921þ1993) _koense dmkns^ F¶ Øe v 1921 Â P\n¨p. 13þmas¯

hbÊnÂ ]nXmhv \jvSs¸«p.ZmcnZyw \ndª Ip«n¡mew. “I didn't understand anything because

of my hunger. I wasn't dumb. It wasn't lack of interest. My social condition didn't allow me to have

an education. “ ^bÀ ]dªp. F¦nepw ]T\w apt¼m«v sImpt]mb ^bÀ 1946-þÂ kmwkvImcnI

hIp¸v UbdIvSdmbn \nbanX\mbn km£cXm ]Øm\¯nÂ kPohamb ^bdnsâ

A\u]NmcnI hnZym`ymk ]hÀ¯\§Ä hyhØsb tNmZywsN¿m³ P\§sf

t]cn¸n¡p¶Xmbncp¶p F¶ Btcm]WapbcpIbpw PbnenÂ ASbv¡s¸SpIbpw sNbvXp. PbnÂ

tamNnX\mbtijw XpSÀ¶v Nnenbnembnbncp¶p hnZym`ymk ]hÀ¯\§Ä.Pedagogy of the

oppressed, Cultural action for freedom F¶nh ^bdpsS ]ikvX ]pkvXI§fmWv.

^bdpsS hnZym`ymk ZÀi\§Ä.

A[n\nthi¯n\pw NqjW¯n\psaXnsc \S¶ sFXnlmknI t]mcm«§fpsS NcnXapÅ

emän\tacn¡³ kmaqly]Ým¯e¯nemWv ^bÀ hnZym`ymks¯ t\m¡n¡Xv..

93

a\pjyhntamN\¯n\pthnbpÅ H¶mbmWv hnZym`ymks¯ ^bÀ IXv.

A]am\hoIcW¯n\p hnt[bambhsc am\hoIcn¡p¶ ]hÀ¯\amWv hnZym`ymkw-

.aÀ±nXsâ aÀ±ItemIs¯ A\mhcWw sN¿pIbpw AXnÂ \n¶v tamN\w t\SpIbpw

]n¶oSv am\pjnIX \jvSs¸« NqjI\v a\pjy¯zw hosSp¯v \ÂIpIbpw sN¿p¶ cv

L«§fnembmWv hntamN\ ]hÀ¯\§sf ^bÀ Xcw Xncn¨Xv.

hnaÀi\s¯ hnZym`ymk¯ntâbpw ]T\¯ntâbpw ImXembn ^bÀ \nco£n¨p.

kmaqly]iv\§fnÂ Du¶n \n¶psImpÅ

Hcp ]mTy]²Xn DÅS¡amWv ^bÀ

hn`mh\w sNbvXXv.

]T\w Hcp ]p\:krjvSnbmWv: ]pXnbXv

Is¯emWv.

\nehnepÅ ]T\coXn AdnhpIÄ Ip¯n \ndbv¡p¶ “_m¦n§v” coXnbmWv. AXv

hnaÀi\ Nn´, krjvSn]cX F¶nhsb t]mÕmln¸n¡p¶nÃ.

hnaÀi\mßI Nn´bneqsS AdnhpIÄ amän¸Wnbm³ Ahkcw thWw.

kaqÀ¯ PohnX kmlNcy§fpambn _Ôs¸«mWv hnZym`ymkw- \ÂtIXv.

\nehnepÅ hnZym`ymk coXn hyhØsb \ne\nÀ¯p¶XmWv (t]mänhfÀ¯Â

hnZym`ymkw-)

Iq«mb At\zjWhpw kw-hmZhpw Bibhn\nabhpamWv hnZym`ymk]hÀ¯\§fnÂ \St¡Xv

kzman hnthIm\µ³

1863 P\phcn 12 \v hniz\mYZ¯ F¶ A`n`mjIsâ aI\mbn IÂ¡¯bnÂ P\n¨p. \tcµ³

F¶mbncp¶p BZys¯ t]cv. ]T\¯nÂ kaÀY\mbncp¶ \tcµ³ IÂ¡¯bnse

kvtIm«njv NÀ¨v tImtfPnÂ \n¶pw _ncpZw t\Snb tijw iocmaIrjvW ]calwksâ

injy\mbn. `mcX¯nse ZÀi\§Ä, thZ§Ä, CXnlmk§Ä, ]pcmW§Ä F¶nhbnÂ

AhKmlw t\Snb hnthIm\µ³ B[p\nI kmaqlyPohnX¯nse ]iv\§sf kaKambn

hniIe\w sNbvXmWv Xsâ ImgvN¸mSpIÄ¡v cq]w \ÂInbXv.

hnthIm\µsâ hnZym`ymk ZÀi\§Ä

hnZym`ymkw- a\pjy\nÂ A´Àeo\ambncn¡p¶ ssZhnIk¼qÀWXbpsS

]Imi\amWv F¶mWv hnthIm\µ³ hnZym`ymks¯ \nÀhNn¨Xv. Hcp sNSn

hfcp¶Xpt]mse Ip«nbpw hfcpsa¶pw A[ym]I\v Hcp tXm«¡mc³ sN¿p¶Xv

t]mse XSk§Ä Hgnhm¡p¶ NpaXe amXsa DÅq F¶pw hnthIm\µ³

A`n]mbs¸«p. AdnhpIÄ P·kn²hpw A´Àeo\hpamWv. AXns\ ]pd¯p

sImphcnIbmWv hnZym`ymk¯nsâ e£yw.

ImbnI tijnIfpsS hnImkw-,k³amÀKhnZym`ymkw-, sXmgne`yk\w, _ÒNcyw,

XpS§nbh hnthIm\µsâ ImgvN¸mS\pkcn¨pÅ hnZym`ymk e£y§fmWv.

94

tZiobt_m[w, kzmXýt_m[w, imkvXþthZm´ ka\zbw XpS§nbhbpw

At±l¯nsâ Du¶epIfmWv.

kvXo]pcpj XpeyX, kakvX P\§fptSbpw kmtlmZcyhpw t£ahpw F¶o

Bib§fpw kzman hnthIm\µ³ apt¼m«p sh¨p.

choµ\mY SmtKmÀ 1861 sabv 7þ\v IÂ¡¯bnÂ P\n¨p. amXmhv acWs¸SpIbpw ]nXmhv

tZt_µ SmtKmÀ \ncćbmXbnÂ BhpIbpw sNbvXXpsImv ho«nse tPmen¡mcpsS kw-

c£WbnÂ Bbncp¶p choµ\mY SmtKmdnsâ Ip«n¡mew. kw-KoXw,\r¯w, kmlnXyw

F¶nhsbÃmw \ndªp \n¶ Hcp IpSpw_ambncp¶p SmtKmdntâXv. IhnX, t\mhÂ,\mSIw XpS§n

kakvX kmlnXy imJIfnepw hyànapZ ]Xn¸n¨ choµ\mY SmtKmdn\v 1913 Â t\m_Â k-

½m\w e`n¨p. 1901þÂ Øm]n¨ imń\ntIX\w BWv SmtKmdnsâ ]ikvXamb BZy hnZym`ymk

kw-cw`w. ]n¶oSv 1921þÂ ]mÝmXy ]uckvXy kw-kvImc§sf ka\zbn¸n¨psImv hniz`mcXn kÀ-

hIemime Øm]n¨p

SmtKmdnsâ hnZym`ymk ZÀi\§Ä

`mcXob XXzNn´bnepw kw-kvImc¯nepw ASnbpd¨ hnizmkapmbncp¶ SmtKmÀ,

kmÀhtZiobXsb BWv ]Yaambn IXv. `mcXob kw-kvImcs¯ temIkw-

kvImc¯nsâ `mKambn SmtKmÀ ]cnKWn¨p. A´ÀtZiob klIcWw,

hniz]ucXzw XpS§nb Bib§Ä apt¼m«ph¨ SmtKmÀ HcÀY¯nepw Hcp

k¦pNnX tZiobhmZnbmbncp¶nÃ

Bßkm£mÂ¡mcamWv hnZym`ymk¯nsâ e£yw.

`mh\mtijn,kÀK]cX, bpànNn´ XpS§nb _u²nItijnIÄ

hnIkn¸n¡Ww.

Ip«n¡v Xsâ ]T\coXnIÄ sXcsªSp¡m³ kzmXýapmhWw.

hnizam\hnIXtbmSv BZchpw kvt\lhpw hnIkn¸n¡Ww.

amXr`mjbmhWw t_m[\am[yaw.

Xt±iobamb AdnhpIÄs¡m¸w B[p\nI imkvX kmt¦XnI hnZybnepw

ss\]pWyw t\SWw.

am\knIhpw kZmNmc]chpamb hnImkw- km[yam¡Ww.

]IrXnbpambn CW§nbpÅ hnZym`ymkamWv

\ÂtIXv.

Ip«nIfpsS A`ncpNn¡\pkcn¨v sshhn[yapÅ ]T\

hnjb§Ä thWw

¢mkv apdn¡¸pd¯v hnimeamb temIamWv Ip«nIÄ

]T\hnjbamt¡Xv

95

KmÔnPn 1869Â KpPdm¯nse t]mÀ_ÔdnÂ P\n¨p. 1893-þapXÂ 20 hÀjt¯mfw

Z£nWm ^n¡bnÂ Xmakn¨v hÀWhnthN\¯n\pw ASna¯¯n\psaXnsc ]hÀ¯n¨p.

1914 Â C´ybnÂ Xncns¨¯n kmamPyXzhncp² t]mcm«§Ä¡v t\Xr¯zw \ÂIn.

AtXmsSm¸w hnZym`ymk]hÀ ¯\§fpw Bcw`n¨p.1937-þÂ hmÀ[m ]²Xn¡v cq]w \ÂIn.

KmÔnPnbpsS hnZym`ymk ZÀi\§Ä

hnZym`ymkw- F¶Xp sImv KmÔnPn AÀYam¡p¶Xv a\Êv, icocw,

Bßmhv F¶nhbnse FÃm \·IfpsSbpw ]cn]qÀW ]Imi\amWv

AÃmsX, tIheamb A£cm`ymkaÃ.

Bßkm£mÂ¡mcamWv hnZym`ymk¯nsâ ]caamb e£yw.

\·þXn·Isf thÀXncn¨dnbm³ ]m]vX\m¡m¯ hnZym`ymkw-

\njv]tbmP\amWv.

Kma¯nse ZcnZsâ ]iv\§Ä¡v ]cnlmcw Is¯p¶XmhWw

hnZym`ymkw-.

icoc¯nsâbpw a\Ênsâbpw Bßmhnsâbpw ka\zb¯nepsS k-

¼qÀWhnImkw- km[yam¡emWv hnZym`ymk¯nsâ e£yw.

hnZym`ymkw- kmÀhXnIhpw kuP\yhpamhWw.

hnZym`ymkw- kuP\yam¡m\pÅ t]mwhgn AXns\ kzmibam¡emWv:

Ip«nIÄ¡v ]Xn^ew e`n¡p¶ `mKnIsXmgnÂ IqSn hnZym`ymk¯nsâ

`mKam¡Ww.

hnZym`ymk¯nsâ `mKambn `mKnI sXmgnÂ IqSn \nÀ_Ôam¡p¶Xv tIhew

hnZym`ymk¯n\p th

]Wapm¡m\Ã. sXmgnÂ sN¿p¶Xv

hyànXz]cnioe\w IqSnbmbn«mWv

KmÔnPn hn`mh\w sNbvXXv.

`mhn PohnX¯n\pXIp¶ sXmgnÂ

]cnioe\hpw hnZym`ymk

]²XnbnepmhWw.

kzbw ]cym]vX Kma§Ä F¶

kz]v\w km£mÂ¡cn¡p¶Xn\pÅ ]hÀ¯\§Ä \mw Bcw`nt¡Xv

hnZym`ymk¯neqsSbmhWw.

]cnØnXn_ÔnXamhWw hnZym`ymkw-.

`mjbpw kmlnXyhpw ]Tn¡WwþF¶mÂ amXr`mjsb hnkvacn¡cpXv.

96

UnPnäÂ BÂ_¯nte¡v

Nne ]mivNmXyþ]uckvXy ZmÀi\nIcpsS hnZym`ymk ImgvN¸mSpIÄ kw-_Ôn¨

Nne kqN\IÄ amXamWv apIfnÂ sImSp¯Xv. sh_v sskäpIfnÂ \n¶pw aäpw

IqSpXÂ hnhc§Ä DNnXamb D²cWnIÄ, NnX§Ä F¶nh e`n¡pw. FÃmw

tNÀ¯v kNnXhnhcW BÂ_w X¿mdm¡matÃm. ]uckvXyþ]mÝmXy ZÀi\§Ä

X½nepÅ XmcXayw IqSn tNÀ¡patÃm

XmcXayw sN¿pt¼mÄþþ

hnZym`ymk e£y§sf F§s\bmWv ]uckvXyþ]mÝmXy ZÀi\§Ä k-

ao]n¡p¶Xv? kmayhyXymk§Ä GsXms¡?

t_m[\coXnbnse kmayhyXymk§Äþ iniptIµoIrXamb coXnIÄ

Bscms¡ \nÀt±in¡p¶p? ]hÀ¯\m[njvTnX coXnIÄ \nÀt±in¡p¶Xv

Bscms¡? ]cnØnXn _ÔnX coXnIÄ Bscms¡ \nÀt±in¡p¶p?

A¨S¡w, kzmX´yw F¶o Imcy§sf F§s\bmWv Hmtcmcp¯cpw k-

ao]n¡p¶Xv? Aäp kmayhyXymk§Ä GsXms¡?

\½psS kvIqÄ ]mTy]²Xnbpw ZÀi\§fpw

\½psS \nehnepÅ kvIqÄ ]mTy]²Xn ]cntim[n¡q? apIfnÂ¸dª

ZÀi\§fpw \½psS ]mTy]²XnbpsS hnhn[ kao]\§fpw ZÀi\§fpw

X½nepÅ _Ôw NÀ¨ sN¿q,

.

hnZym`ymk¯nsâ ZmÀi\nI`qanI þ(thZaWn am\zÂ,Sn sI Un \mbÀ,),

`mcXobhnZym`ymkw(Sn sI apl½Zv)- hnZym`ymkw-(sI tUm.inhZmk³ ]nff. t]Pv

72 apXÂ 104 hsc )

98

bqWn‰v - 4

A[ym]IhnZym`ymkw

BapJw

A[ym]IhnZym`ymkw t\Sp∂ GsXmcp hnZym¿Yn°pw A[ym]I hnZym`ymkØns‚

e£yw, D≈S°w, hn\nabcoXn, hnebncpØ¬ F∂nhsb °pdn®pw AXneqsS `mhn

A[ym]Icn¬ cq]s∏´phtc≠ tijnIsf°pdn®pw IrXyamb [mcW D≠mtI≠Xp≠v.

kvIqƒ hnZym`ymkØns‚ ]T\]≤Xnbn¬ \n∂pw XnI®pw hyXykvXamWv

A[ym]IhnZym`ymkØnt‚Xv. AXv kvIqƒ]mTy]≤Xn, ]mTy]≤XnIƒ°p

ASnÿm\ambn h¿Øn°p∂ Zm¿i\nI]cnkcw, hnZym`ymkhpambn _‘s∏´

kmaqlnIkwhn[m\ßƒ, ]n¥pWmkwhn[m\ßƒ F∂nhsbms°bpambn

_‘s∏´ncn°p∂p. a‰p sXmgnepIfn¬ \n∂pw hyXykvXambn hfscb[nIw

aqeyt_m[hpw at\m`mhhpw ss\]pWnIfpw cq]s∏´phtc≠ A[ym]\ tPmen°v

A\pkrXamb ]T\]≤XnbmWv A[ym]IhnZym`ymkØnt‚Xv. ]ok¿hokv,

C≥k¿hokv A[ym]I]cnioe\sØ°pdn®pw AXpambn _‘s∏´ kwhn[m\ß-

sf°pdn®pw A[ym]IhnZym¿YnIƒ°p kmam\yamb [mcW cq]s∏SpØpIbmWv Cu

bqWn‰ns‚ Dt±iyw.

]T\t\´w :

]o k¿Δokv A[ym]I ]cnioe\Øns‚ BhiyIX Xncn®dnbp∂p.

][m\mibßƒ

$ Sn.Sn.kn, Un.FUv F∂o t]cpIfn¬ Adnbs∏´ tIcfØnse ss]adn A[ym]I

]cnioe\tImgvkmWv Un.F¬.-FUv Bbn amdnbXv.

$ Fensa‚dn ¢mkpIfn¬ ]Tn∏n°p∂Xn\mhiyamb [mcWIƒ, tijnIƒ,

at\m`mhßƒ, ss\]pWnIƒ F∂nh cq]s∏SpØpI bmWv Un.F¬.FUv

tImgvkns‚ e£yw.

$ Un.F¬.FUv (D.El.Ed) tImgvkn\v c≠ph¿jw \o≠p\n¬°p∂ \mepskaÃdpIƒ

D≈ Hcp ]mTy]≤Xnbp≠v.

\nßƒ°v \nßfpsS A[ym]Isc°pdn®p≈ Hm¿aIfnt√? G‰hpw ]nbs∏´

A[ym]I¿, H´pw C„an√mØ A[ym]I¿ - Aßs\bp≈hsc°pdn®p≈ Hm¿aIƒ

AhXcn∏n°q.

-˛ F¥psIm≠mWv \nßƒ A[ym]Is\ G‰hpa[nIw C„s∏Sp∂Xv /

C„s∏SmØXv?

˛ A[ym]IhrØn°mhiyamb ASnÿm\tijnIƒ Fs¥ms°bmWv?

˛ \nehnse A[ym]I kaqlsØ°pdn®p≈ \nßfpsS A`n]mbw F¥mWv?

99

D≈S°w

]okvIqƒ hnZym`ymkØn\pw sk°≠dnhnZym`ymkØn\pw CSbnep≈ Hu]NmcnI

hnZym`ymkL´sØ Fensa‚dn hnZym`ymkw F∂p ]dbp∂p. C¥ybn¬ CXv 1 apX¬

8 hsc ¢mkpIfmWv. Hu]NmcnIhnZym`ymkØns‚ Cu BZyL´Øn¬ FgpØv, hmb\,

KWnXw, kao]]cnkcw IemImbnIanIhv F∂nhbpambn _‘s∏´ ASnÿm\-

tijnIƒ B¿Pnt°≠Xp≠v.

Hcp hnZym¿∞nbp-sS Hu]NmcnIhnZym`ymkØns‚ A-SnØdbnSp∂ LámbXn\m¬

CXv hnZym`ymk]cambn G‰hpw ][m\s∏´ LámWv. Hmtcm hnjb taJebpsSbpw

ASnÿm\mibßƒ, ss\]pWnIƒ F∂nh Fensa‚dn L´Øn¬ Ddbvt°≠Xp≠v.

hnImkw ]q¿WamIpItbm Bhiyamb ]T\t\´ßƒ ssIhcn°pItbm sNømØ

]TnXmhmWv Fensa‚dn L´Ønse Ipń F∂XpsIm≠v Chsc ]Tn∏n°p∂

A[ym]I¿°v apXn¿∂ IpńIsf ]Tn∏n°p∂hsc°mƒ IqSpX¬ A[ym]\tijnIƒ

BhiyamWv. IpńbpsS hf¿®, hnImkw, ]T\w F∂nhsb°pdn®v imkvXobamb

ImgvN∏mSpIƒ A[ym]I¿°p≠mbncn°Ww. CtXmsSm∏w hnhn[ßfmb hnjbßƒ

ssIImcyw sNøp∂Xn\p≈ ]T\X¥ßsf°pdn®pw ]T\kmaKnIsf°pdn®pw

At±lØn\v Adnhp≠mbncn°Ww. CXn\p≈ Ahkcßƒ Un.F¬.FUv

]mTy]≤Xnbn¬ Dƒs∏SpØnbn´p≠v. CtXmsSm∏w Bib]cambn t\Snb AdnhpIsf

]tbmKn®p t\m°m\pw sa®s∏SpØm\pap≈ 100 Znhkw \o≠p\n¬°p∂ ]mtbmKnI

A[ym]I]cnioe\hpw tImgvkns‚ `mKamWv. BsI°qSn Fensa‚dn ¢m pIfn¬

]Tn∏n°p∂Xn\mhiyamb [mcWIƒ, tijnIƒ, at\m`mhßƒ, ss\]pWnIƒ F∂nh

B¿Pn°pIbmWv Un.F¬.FUv tImgvkns‚ e£yw.

]T\t\-´w

]ok¿hokv A[ym]I ]cnioe\Øns‚ D≈S°w hniIe\w sNøp∂p.

BibtaJeIƒ:

$ Un.F¬.FUv hnjb]camb D≈S°w.

$ kvIqƒ A\p`h]cn]mSn

$ Iymºv

$ ]T\bmX

$ inev]imeIƒ

Un.F¬.FUv ]mTy]≤Xn ]cntim[n®p Is≠ØpI

$ GsXms° hnjbßfmWv ]Tn°m\p≈Xv?

$ GsXms° hnjbßƒ°v GsXms° skaÃdpIfnemWv FgpØp ]co£?

$ \nc¥chnebncpØ¬ F∂m¬ F¥mWv? Un.F¬.FUv tImg vkn¬

\nc¥chnebncpØen\p≈ ]m[m\yw FXtØmfw?

$ kvIqƒ A\p`h]cn]mSn°p XømdmtI≠Xv Fßs\?

$ Iymºv, ]T\bmX F∂nhbpsS Dt±iyw F¥mWv?

100

$ inev]imeIfn¬ ]s¶Sp°p∂XpsIm≠p≈ ]tbmP\w F¥mWv?

$ CXphsc ]Tn® tImgvkpIfn¬ \n∂pw Cu tImgvkn\p≈ hyXymkw F¥mWv?

D≈S°w

$ hnZym`ymka\:imkvXw, hnZym`ymkØns‚ Zm¿i\nImSnØd, amXr`mjm

t_m[\imkvXw, Cw•ojv t_m[\imkvXw, KWnXt_m[\w, ]cnkc]T\w,

imkvX]T\w, kmaqlyimkvX]T\w, IemImbnI ]hrØn]cnNbw, hnhc

hn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy F∂nhbpambn _‘s∏´v 4 skaÃdpIfnse 35

t]∏dpIfnembn D≈S°w hn\ykn®ncn°p∂p.

$ 100 ZnhksØ ]mtbmKnI hnZymebm\p`h]cn]mSn tImgvkns‚ `mKamWv. 1,2

skaÃdpIfn¬ 5 Znhkw hoXhpw 3,4 skaÃdpIfn¬ 45 Znhkw hoXhpamWv

]mtbmKnI ]cnioe\w. CXn¬ 1,2 skaÃdpIfnse hnZymebm\p`h ]cn]mSnIƒ

hnjbtaJeIfpambn _‘s∏´ ssSHu´pIƒ°pth≠nbp≈XmWv. aq∂mw

skaÃdn¬ temh¿ss]adn Xew ASnÿm\am°nbpw \memw skaÃdn¬ A∏¿

ss]adnXew ASnÿm\am°nbpw Bbncn°pw hnZymebm\p`h]cn]mSn.

hniZmwißƒ Un.F¬.FUv ]≤Xnbn¬ \n∂pw a\ nem°pI.

$ 15 Znhkw \o≠p\n¬°p∂ dknU≥jy¬ kz`mhtØmSpIqSnb IymºmWv

D≠mbncn°pI. A[ym]I hnZym¿YnbpsS kmaqlnI KpWßƒ, Bib

hn\nab]mShw, t\Xr]mShw, IemImbnI k¿KtijnIfpsS ]cnt]mjWw,

]iv\]cnlcWtijn F∂nhbpsS hnIk\amWv kaqlkº¿° Iymºp sIm≠v

Dt±in°p∂Xv. Iymºn\v ]h¿Ø\ hniZmwißƒ ASßnb samUyqƒ

D≠mbncn°pw. Iymºns‚ BkqXWw, \SØn∏v F∂nh A[ym]I hnZym¿YnIfpsS

t\XrXzØnemWv \St°≠Xv.

$ Hcp ]T\X¥sa∂ \nebn¬ ]T\bmXIƒ BkqXWw sNøm\pw

kwLSn∏n°m\pap≈ A\p`hßfpw tijnIfpw t\SpIbmWv ]T\bmXbpsS

Dt±iyw. ]T\bmXbpsS \n¿hlWw, kmºØnI hn\nabw, hchpsNehp

IW°pIƒ F∂nh A[ym]IhnZym¿YnIƒ kzbw \n¿Δln°Ww. ]T\bmXbpsS

hniZmwißƒ Un.F¬.-FUv ]mTy]≤Xnbn¬ sImSpØn´p≠v.

$ H∂p c≠p skaÃdpIfn¬ \StØ≠ hnZymebm\p`h ]cn]mSnIƒ°v Hmtcm

hnjbhpambpw _‘s∏´v ssSHu´ v taJeIƒ \n¿t±in®n´p≠v. Cu

hnjbtaJeIfpambn _‘s∏´v \StØ≠ ]h¿Ø\ßƒ BkqXWw

sNøp∂Xn\p≈XmWv ]mTy]≤Xnbn¬ \n¿t±in°s∏´n´p≈ inev]imeIƒ.

]T\t\´w

A[ym]I tbmKyXm]co£Iƒ, tImgvkpIƒ F∂nhbpsS LS\, ]ckv]c _‘w

F∂nh Is≠Øp∂p.

BibtaJeIƒ

A[ym]I ]cnioe\tImgvkpIƒ.

]n.]n.Sn.Sn.kn

101

Un.F¬.-FUv

_n.FUv

Fw.FUv XpSßnbh.

A[ym]I tbmKyXm]co£Iƒ

sI.sS‰v

kn.sS‰v

sk‰v

s\‰v

D≈S°w:

1. ]o.ss]adn So®¿ sSbn\nwKv tImgvkv (PPTTC)]o -ss]adn XeØnep≈ A[ym]Isc k÷am°p∂Xn\p≈ tkh\]q¿Δ

]cnioe\amWv ]nss]adn So®¿ sSbn\nwKv tImgvkv. lb¿ sk°≥UdnbmWv

CXn\pff ASnÿm\ tbmKyX. Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn Xømdm°nb Icn°peØns‚

ASnÿm\ØnemWv tImgvkv \S°p∂Xv. tImgvkv Imemh[n c≠v h¿jamWv.

2. Untπma C≥. emtKzPv FUyqt°j≥

lnμn,kwkvIrXw XpSßnb hnjbßƒ°p≈ `mjm[ym]Isc cq]s∏SpØp∂

tImgvkmWv Untπma C≥. emtKzPv FUyqt°j≥ (D.L.Ed.), D.El.Ed. F∂ \nßfpsS

tImgvkpambn CXn\p≈ hyXymkw Xncn®dntb≠Xp≠v.

3. Un.F¬.FUv (D.El.Ed) Fensa‚dn A[ym]I ]cnioe\ tImgvkv.

4. _n.FUv (B.Ed.) sk°‚dn A[ym]I ]cnioe\ tImgvkv.

5. Fw.FUv (M.Ed.) hnZym`ymkØns‚ _ncpZm\¥c _ncpZw.

A[ym]I]cnioe\ tImgvkpIƒ amXw ]q¿Ønbm°nbm¬ A[ym]Icmbn tPmen

sNøm≥ Ignbn√. A[ym]ItbmKyXbv°mbn ]tXyIw ]co£Iƒ IqSn hnPbnt°

≠Xp≠v.

--˛ Fensa‚dn A[ym]I tbmKyXm ]co£

sI.sS‰v (K.TET) (tIcfKh¨sa‚ v \SØp∂ ]co£)

kn.sS‰v (C.TET) (tIμ Kh¨sa‚ v \SØp∂ ]co£)

˛ sk‰v (SET) (lb¿sk°‚dn A[ym]I\mIm\p≈ tbmKyXm ]co£ tIcfw)

˛ s\‰v (NET) tZiob tImtfPv A[ym]I tbmKyXm ]co£ F∂nhbmWh.

]T\t\´w

tkh\Ime ]cnioe\Øns‚ BhiyIX, Dt±yiyw F∂nh Xncn®dnbp∂p.

102

][m\mibßƒ

$ A[ym]\w BPoh\m¥]T\w Bhiyap≈ sXmgn¬.

$ A[ym]I≥ At\zjI\pw KthjI\pamWv.

$ A[ym]I¿°mbn tkh\Ime]cnioe\ßfp≠v.

$ ]mTy]≤Xnbn¬ hcp∂ am‰ßƒ A[ym]I¿ Dƒs°mt≈≠Xp≠v. D≈S°w,

hn\nabX¥ßƒ, ]T\t_m[\kmaKnIƒ F∂nhsb°pdn®v A[ym]I¿°v

[mcWbp≠mbncn°Ww.

D≈S°w

a‰psXmgnepIfn¬ \n∂pw hyXykvXambn A[ym]\w \nc¥cw ]T\hpw At\zjWhpw

Bhiyap≈ sXmgnemWv. Pn⁄mkp°fmb Ip´nIsfbmWv A[ym]I¿

A`napJoIcnt°≠Xv. AhcpsS kwibßƒ°p ]cnlmcw ImWm\pw AXphgn AhcpsS

temIw hnIkn∏n°m\pap≈ DØchmZnXzw A[ym]I\p≠v. hn⁄m\

hnkvt^mS\Øns‚bpw UnPn‰¬ hnhchn\nabØns‚bpw ImeL´Øn¬ kz¥w Adnhpw

Bbp[ßfpw aq¿®Iq´ns°mt≠bncn°pIbmWv th≠Xv. CXn\mbn A[ym]I¿ \nc¥cw

]Tn®psIm≠ncn°Ww. hnZpc]T\Øns‚ km[yXIƒ D]tbmKs∏SpØm≥ [mcmfw

]T\mhkcßƒ C∂p≠v. CtXmsSm∏w hnZym`ymkhIp∏ns‚bpw Fkv.Fkv.F,

B¿.Fw.Fkv.F, ssI‰v (KITE- Kerala Infrastructure and Technology for Education) XpSßnb

GP≥knIfpsSbpw t\XrXzØn¬ \S°p∂ tkh\Ime]cnioe\ßfnepw A[ym]I¿

]s¶Sp°Ww.

A[ym]IhrØn°nSbn¬ `n∂\nehmc°mcmb hnZym¿YnIsfbpw ]tXyI

]cnKW\bp≈hscbpw ssIImcyw sNøp∂Xv Ft∏mgpw henb sh√phnfnbpamWv. Hmtcm

]h¿Ø\ßfptSbpw `n∂\nehmckm[yXsb°pdn®pw ]tXyI]cnKW

\b¿ln°p∂h¿°pth≠n Ahsb A\pcq]oIcWw \SØp∂Xns\°pdn®pw

A[ym]I≥ Hcp KthjIs\t∏mse At\zjWw \StØ≠Xp≠v. ]pXnb

]h¿Ø\ßƒ cq]s∏SpØp∂Xn\pw ]Tt\m]IcWßƒ hnIkn∏n°p∂Xn\pw D≈

KthjW ]h¿Ø\ambncn°Ww CXv. CØcw ]h¿Ø\ cq]Iev]\Iƒ°v

ASnØdbmbn inip a\:imkvXsØ°pdn®pw ]T\kn≤m¥ßsf°pdn®pw

hnZym`ymkZ¿i\ßsf°pdn®pw A[ym]I¿ IqSpX¬ IqSpX¬ a\ nem°m≥ ian®p

sIm≠ncn°Ww.

]T\t\´w

hnhn[ A[ym]I]cnioe\kwhn[m\ßƒ, ÿm]\ßƒ F∂nhbpsS LS\bpw

]h¿Ø\ßfpw hniIe\w sNøp∂p.

BibtaJeIƒ:-

tIμ kwÿm\ A[ym]I ]cnioe\ ÿm]\ßfpw kwhn[m\ßfpw

-- NCERT, RIE, NCTE

- SCERT, IASE, CTE, DIET, I.T.E

- BRC, CRC

103

(1) NCERT (National Council for Educational Research and Training)

tZiob hnZym`ymk KthjW ]cnioe\ ÿm]\amWnXv. U¬ln Bÿm\ambn

tZiobXeØn¬ ]h¿Øn°p∂ Cu kzbw`cW ÿm]\w cmPyØns‚ kvIqƒ

hnZym`ymkØn¬ kp][m\ÿm\w hln°p∂p. tZiobXeØn¬ CBSEkvIqfpIƒ°mhiyamb ]mT]pkvXIßfpw ]mTy]≤Xnbpw Xbmdm°¬,

kwÿm\ßƒ°p am¿KZ¿iIambn hnZym`ymkhpambn _‘s∏´ hnjbßsf°pdn®v

KthjWßƒ \SØ¬, tZiob]mTy]≤XnN´°qSpIƒ Xømdm°¬, ]pXnb

]T\X¥ßfpw kmaKnIfpw hnIkn∏n°¬, ]ok¿hokv C≥k¿hokv

]cnioe\]cn]mSnIƒ kwLSn∏n°¬, hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnI hnZybpsS hnImkw

F∂nh Cu ÿm]\Øns‚ NpaXebmWv.

(2) RIE (Regional Institute of Education)

F≥.kn.C B¿.--Sn bp-sS taJe Xncn®pff bqWn‰pIfmWv B¿.sF.CIƒ.

1. B¿.sF.C APvao¿

2. B¿.sF.C t`m∏m¬

3. B¿.sF.C `pht\iz¿

4. B¿.sF.C jnt√mwKv

5. B¿.sF.C ssakq¿

F∂o A©p B¿.sF.CIfmWp≈Xv. Ch ]ok¿hokv A[ym]I]cnioe\ßfpw C≥

k¿hokv ]cnioe\ßfpw \SØp∂p≠v. APvao¿, t`m∏m¬, `pht\iz¿, ssakq¿

B¿.sF.CItfmS\p_‘n®p Demonstration Multipurpose School (DMS) ]h¿Øn°p∂p≠v.

Ch \qX\amb ]T\t_m[\ amXyIIƒ hnIkn∏n°p∂Xn\pw ssSHu´ v

\SØp∂Xn\pap≈ tIμßfmWv. ]okvIqƒ apX¬ sk°‚dnXew hscbp≈ A[ym]I

]cnioe\]cn]mSnIƒ B¿.sF.CIƒ kwLSn∏n®phcp∂p.

(3) NCTE (National Council for Teacher Education )

cmPysØ A[ym]I hnZym`ymkØns‚ KpW\nehmcw Dd∏phcpØp∂Xn\pth≠n

]h¿Øn°p∂ ÿm]\amWnXv. tImgvkn\pw ÿm]\Øn\pw F≥.kn.Sn.C.bpsS

AwKoImcw BhiyamWv.

(4) SCERT (State Council for Education Research and Training)

kwÿm\ hnZym`ymk KthjW ]cnioe\ÿm]\w F∂Xv kwÿm\ sØ

kvIqƒ hnZym`ymkØns‚ ]T\ KthjW]cnioe\ßƒ°v t\XrXzw \¬Ip∂

ÿm]\amWv. kzbw`cW kz`mhtØmsS ]h¿Øn°p∂ Cu ÿm]\Øn¬ Bdv

Un∏m¿´vsa≥dpIƒ ]h¿Øn°p∂p.

1. Curriculum,Textbooks & Evaluation

2. Teacher Education & Extension

3. Educational Technology

104

4. Art, Physical, Health and Vocational Education.

5. Research Documentation and Dissemination

6. Special Education

$ kwÿm\sØ ]oss]adn apX¬ lb¿ sk°‚dnhscbp≈ hnZym`ymkØn\p≈

]mTy]≤Xn, ]T\kmaKnIƒ, aqey\n¿Wtbm]m[nIƒ, am¿KtcJIƒ F∂nh

hnIkn∏n°pI.

$ ]mTy]≤Xn, ]T\kmaKnIƒ F∂nhsb°pdn®p≈ ]T\ßfpw KthjW ßfpw

\SØpI.

$ tkh\Ime]cnioe\Øn\v t\XrXzw hln°pI.

$ IemImbnI]hrØn hnZym`ymkØn\v Bhiyamb kmaKnIƒ hnIkn∏n°pI.

$ A[ym]I]cnioe\ ]mTy]≤Xn, ]T\kmaKn F∂nh Xømdm°n \S∏m°pI.

$ hnZym`ymkhIp∏p \SØp∂ hyXykvX ]co£Iƒ°p≈ tNmZyamXyIIƒ

hnIkn∏n°pI

IASE ( Institute of Advanced Studies in Education & CTE (College of Teacher Educa-tion)

sk°‚dn, lb¿sk°‚dn A[ym]I¿°v tkh\Ime ]cnioe\w \¬Ip∂

ÿm]\ßfmWv IASE -Dw CTE - Dw. B.Ed, M.Ed XpSßnb tkh\]q¿h A[ym]I

]cnioe\ßfpw Cu ÿm]\ßfn¬ \S°p∂p. CXp IqSmsX B.Ed sSbn-\nMv tImf-

Pp-Ifpw bqWnthgvkn‰n t\cn´p \SØp∂ B.Ed sk‚dpIfpw D≠v.

DIET (District Institute of Education and Training)

Pn√mhnZym`ymk]cnioe\ ÿm]\ßƒ AYhm Ub‰pIƒ tZiob hnZym`ymk

\bØns‚ `mKambn C¥ybnse Pn√Ifn¬ ÿm]n°s∏´p. Fensa‚dn hnZym`ymk

Øns‚ KpWta∑ Dd∏m°p∂Xn\pth≠nbp≈ ]cn]mSnIƒ BkqXWw sNbvXp

\S∏m°pIbpw ]ok¿hokv A[ym]I]cnioe\ßƒ \SØpIbpamWv Cu ÿm]\

Øns‚ ][m\ NpaXe. Ub‰n¬ Ggp^m°¬‰nIƒ ]h¿Øn°p∂p≠v.

1. P.S.T.E (Pre Service Teacher Education)

2. P & M (Planning and Management)

3. ET (Educational Technology)

4. IFIC (In service Field Interaction Innovation Coordination)

5. W.E (Work Experience)

6. DRU (District Resource Unit)

7. CMDE (Curriculum Material Development and Evaluation)

Ggv ^m°¬‰nIfn¬ PSTE ^m°¬‰n ]ok¿hokv hn`mKhpw as‰√m ^m°¬‰nIfpw

C≥k¿hokv ]cnioe\hn`mKhpamWv. ]mTy]≤XnbpsS ^e]Zamb hn\nabØn-

\mhiyamb kmaKnIƒ hnIkn∏n°pI, ]tbmKn®pt\m°pI F∂nh Ub‰pIfpsS

105

][m\s∏´ DØchmZnØamWv. DRU ^m°¬‰n A\u]NmcnIamb

hnZym`ymk]h¿Ø\ßƒ \SØp∂ ^m°¬‰nbmWv. Pn√bnse A°mZanI

]h¿Ø\ßƒ°p t\XrXzwhln°p∂ ÿm]\ßsf∂ \nebn¬ Ub‰pIƒ°v

tIcfØn¬ hfsc ][m\s∏´ ÿm\w ssIh∂n´p≠v. ]mTy]≤Xn

]cnjv°cWßfpambn _‘s∏´ A°mZanI]h¿Ø\ßfnepw SSA, RMSA XpSßnb

t]mPŒpIfpsS A°mZanI t\Xrÿm\Øpw Ub‰pIƒ ]h¿Øn®p hcp∂p.

sF.Sn.C (Institute of Teacher Education)

D.El.Ed tImgvkv \SØp∂ ÿm]\ßfmWv sF.Sn.C Iƒ. Kh¨sa‚ v FbnUUv A¨

FbnUUv taJeIfn¬ ]h¿Øn°p∂ sF.Sn.C Iƒ tIcfØnep≠v.

_n.B¿.kn (BRC – Block Resource Centre)

tªm°v XeØnep≈ A°mZanI]h¿Ø\ßƒ°v t\XrXzhpw \¬IpIbpw ]n¥pW

bpw \¬Ip∂ ÿm]\ßfmWv t_m°v dntkmgvkv sk‚dpIƒ. _n.B¿.knIfn¬ Hcp

tªm°v t]mKmw Hm^okdpw sSbn\¿amcpw (BRP – Block Resource Person) D≠mbncn°pw.

hnZymebßƒ kμ¿in°pIbpw A[ym]I¿°mhiyamb X’ab]n¥pW \¬IpIbpw

sNøpI F∂XmWv _n.B¿.kn sSbn\¿amcpsS ][m\NpaXe. SSA t]mPŒns‚

Iognep≈ A[ym]I]cnioe\ßƒ \SØpI, ]tXyI]cnKW\b¿ln°p∂ Ip´nIƒ°p

th≠ ]n¥pW Dd∏m°pI, MIS (Management Information System) Um‰ tiJcn°¬,

s]mXphnZym`ymk hIp∏v AXmXv ImeØp \SØp∂ ]cn]mSnIƒ°v Bhiyamb

]n¥pW \¬I¬ F∂nhbmWv _n.B¿.kn bpsS ][m\ NpaXeIƒ. DIET s‚

A°mZanI ]h¿Ø\ßƒ°v tªm°vXeØn¬ ]n¥pW \¬Iepw BRC IfpsS

NpaXebmWv. _n.B¿.-kn-bpsS A°m-Z-anIv tIm -Hm-Un-t\-‰-dmbn ]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv Ub‰v

^m°¬‰n-bm-Wv.

kn.B¿.kn (CRC – Cluster Resource Centre)

tIcfØn¬ ]©mbØv XeØnemWv ¢Ã¿ dntkmgvkv sk‚dpIƒ ]h¿Øn°p∂Xv.

_n.B¿.kn bpsS ]h¿Ø\ßƒ ]©mbØv XeØn¬ GtIm]n∏n®v \S∏m°pIbmWv

¢ÃdpIfpsS NpaXe.

CRC, ¢Ã¿ tIm -HmUnt\‰dpsS t\XrXzØnemWv ]h¿Øn°pI. _n.B¿.kn \SØp∂

A°mZanI ]h¿Ø\ßƒ ]©mbØv XeØn¬ Gs‰SpØp \SØpI, ]©mbØv

FUyqt°j≥ IΩ‰n hnfn®pIq´pI, s]mXphnZym`ymk hIp∏pp\SØp∂ ]cn]mSnIƒ

]©mbØv XeØn¬ GtIm]n∏n®p \S∏m°pI, kvIqfpIƒ°v X’ab ]n¥pW \¬IpI

F∂nhbmWv kn.B¿.knbpsS NpaXeIƒ.

XpS¿]h¿Ø\ßƒ

(1) GsX√mw hn`mKØn¬s∏Sp∂ A[ym]I]cnioe\ ÿm]\ßfmWv tIcf-

Ønep≈Xv? AhbpsS ]h¿Ø\ßsf°pdn®v hnhcßƒ tiJcn®v AhXcn∏n°pI.

(2) tIcfØnse A[ym]I hnZym`ymkw sIm≠v A[ym]I¿°v Bhiyamb tijnIƒ,

ss\]pWnIƒ, [mcWIƒ, at\m`mhßƒ F∂nh D≠mIp∂pt≠m?


(3) \nehnep≈ tkh\Ime ]cnioe\Øns‚ kz`mhw F¥mWv? Ah A[ym]Isc

\hoIcn°p∂Xn\v FXamXw klmbIcamWv?

n-Ihpw kmaq-ln-Ihpw Ncn-{X-]-c-hp-amb ASn-Ød

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