Marketing Fragment 6 x 10.Long · 2006. 11. 25. · Author Index Abbate, M. F., 267 Abbott, R. D.,...

Author Index

Abbate, M. F., 267Abbott, R. D., 3Achenbach, T. M., 209Acosta, D., 61Adams, S., 239Adebimpe, V. R., 246Adlington, F. M., 216Ageton, S. S., 149, 166Ahituv, A., 42Ahmad, N., 13Ainsworth-Darnell, J. W., 111Alba, R. D., 43, 50, 55, 109, 302, 338Alberti, K. G., 13Albrecht, R., 69Alderman, M. H., 13Aleinikoff, T. A., 306Alexander, C. E., 188, 197al-Issa, I., 245Allardyce, J., 249Allebeck, P., 249Alvarez, L. R., 272Amin, I., 67Anand, I. S., 14Anderson, D., 267Anderson, K. E., 206Andreasen, N. C., 228, 251Andreasson, S., 249Aneshensel, C. S., 266Angold, A., 66, 193Anker, M., 231Aposproi, E., 269Arel, D., 51, 54, 65Armstrong, B., 267Arseneault, L., 249ÆSOP Study Group, 241, 243Ataman, S., 13

Aye Muang, N., 180Ayers, C. D., 3

Bachman, J. G., 268, 270, 271, 272Baiyewu, O., 7Baker, J., 231Baker, P., 179Bal, S. S., 234, 245Baldwin-Edwards, M., 286Ball, D., 7Ballard, R., 293Baluja, K. F., 71Banaji, M. R., 181Bandura, A., 210Banez, G. A., 213Bankston, C. L., 109, 110Banton, M., 287Barclay, M. S., 216Barham, C., 42Barnett, D., 271Baron, R. M., 14, 63Bartusch, D. J., 172Bates, J. E., 207, 208, 213Battle, J., 44Baugher, M., 268Baumrind, D., 211, 212Beahring, T., 266Bean, F. D., 52Bearinger, L. H., 266Bebbington, P. E., 239, 246, 250Beck, A., 139Becker, H., 177Beckett, C., 12Beevers, D., 234Behl, L. E., 213, 218Beishon, S., 81, 174, 285

351

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352 Author Index

Bell, J. F., 90, 95Bell, R. Q., 4Bellair, P. E., 153Belsky, J., 2Bennet, P., 14Bennett, F., 13Bentall, R. P., 250Berger, M., 8Berglund, P., 62Berk, R. A., 2Berlitz, J., 272Berridge, D., 91Bertelsen, A., 231Berthoud, R., 24, 81, 174, 192, 193, 281, 285Bertin, T. K., 61Bhatnagar, D., 14Bhopal, R., 13Bhugra, D., 237, 239, 241, 246Bierman, K. L., 209, 214Bifulco, G. W., 6Billingsley, A., 271Birchwood, M., 246Birmaher, B., 207Bjerregard, B., 2Black, A. E., 211Blain, N., 291, 294Blatchford, P., 90Blau, J. R., 156Blau, P. M., 131, 156Block, J., 155Blom, J. D., 237Blum, R. W., 266, 268, 269Blumstein, A., 166, 182Bonczar, T., 139Boot, D., 234Borge, A. I. H., 11Borges, G., 266Borrego, J., 218Bourque, S. L., 215Bowcock, A. M., 61Bowlby, J., 210Bowler, A., 249Bowling, B., 178, 179, 181, 183Boxer, A. M., 69Boydell, J., 249Bozorgmehr, M., 312Bradley, R. H., 209Braithwaite, A., 14, 62Brent, D. A., 268Brewer, M., 43Bridge, J., 268Britner, P. A., 2, 211

Brodie, M., 52Brody, G. H., 215Brooks, J. S., 3Brooks-Gunn, J., 29, 34, 68Brown, A. S., 248Brown, C., 176, 181, 191, 195Brown, G. W., 249Brown, L. M., 272Brozovic, M., 7Bruce, M. L., 266Brugha, T., 246Bruschi, C., 214Bryk, A. S., 161Bugental, D. B., 214, 217Burchard, E. G., 8, 60, 61Buriel, R., 208Burke, A., 250Burke, J. D., 90, 207Burnett, R., 249Bursik, R., 151Burton, L. M., 271Burton, V. S., 156Butkus, M., 267

Caldwell, B. M., 209Callan, A., 249Calzada, E. J., 207Camoenie, W., 237Campbell, S., 179Canadian Taskforce on Mental Health

Issues, 247Cann, H. M., 61Cannon, M., 247, 248Cantor-Graae, E., 237Cantwell, D. P., 266Caplan, N., 109Carlson, B., 213, 215Carriss, M., 246Caspi, A., 2, 9, 14, 62, 69, 154, 155, 207Castle, D., 234, 249Catalano, R. F., 3, 268Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., 61Centers for Disease Control, 262, 263, 266,

268, 270, 271Cernkovich, S. A., 148, 183Chadwick, O. F. D., 57Chaiken, J. M., 147Chaiken, M. R., 147Chambliss, W. J., 147Champion, L., 3Chan, Y. C., 213Chandrasekhar, Y., 14






Author Index 353

Chang, J. C., 247Chao, R., 207Chapman, M., 4Chard-Wierschem, D. C., 160Chaturvedi, N., 13Chavez, E. L., 272Chavez, J. M., 208Chavira, V., 272Chen, C., 69Chen, F., 207Chen, T., 268Chen, Y. R., 266Cheng, A. T. A., 247Chenz, Z., 269Cheuh, H., 266Chilamkurti, C., 207Chiu, H., 61Christensen, A. P., 216Christensen, H. T., 69Christiansen, E. H., 207Cicchetti, D., 206Clark, R., 271Clark, T., 43Clarke, J., 178Clegg, J. B., 7Cline, T., 90, 103CMEB (Commission on Multi-Ethnic

Britian), 195Coccaro, E. F., 62Cochran, R., 246Cochrane, R., 234, 245Cohen, A., 186Cohen, J., 3, 166Cohen, L. E., 151Cohen, P., 3Coie, J. D., 204, 214Colby, K. M., 250Cole, P. M., 212Coleman, D., 23Collier, D., 7Colman, R. A., 207Commonwealth Fund, 266, 268, 272Compton, F. N., 66, 193Conduct Problems Prevention Research

Group, 208, 209Conger, R. D., 207, 213, 215Conrad, S. D., 213Cooper, J. E., 231, 249, 269Cooper, R. S., 13, 60, 62Cope, R., 234, 246Copestake, S., 246Cornell, S., 314

Correspondents of the New York Times,109

Corridan, B., 237Costello, E. J., 66, 193Cote, S., 11Coulton, C. J., 215Coxhead, N., 239Coyle, N., 60Craig, I. W., 14, 62, 207Craufurd, D., 247CRE (Commission for Racial Equality), 195Creed, F., 14, 250Crick, N., 210, 214Critcher, C., 178Croft-Jeffreys, C., 245Crouch, J. L., 213, 218Crowell, N. A., 139Crozier, J., 207Cruickshank, J. K., 13, 234Cullen, F. T., 155, 156Cummings, E. M., 211

Dadds, M. R., 216Daniel, W. W., 67, 82, 176, 195Dauncey, K., 231David, A., 245Davies, N., 248Davies, P., 211Davies, R., 91Davies, S. C., 7Davis, F. J., 51, 56Day, J. C., 107Day, R., 231Day, R. D., 207, 208de Abreu, G., 90de Paul, J., 207Deater-Deckard, K., 69, 70, 206, 207, 208,

210, 212, 213, 214, 215Deaux, K., 305Dekker, J., 249Dembo, R., 267, 268, 269, 273Demie, F., 97Demler, O., 62Denton, N. A., 28, 109, 342Der, G., 237Devlin, B., 8deWilde, E. J., 263Dickens, R., 43Diekstra, R. F., 263Dillman, D. A., 116Dilworth-Anderson, P., 271Dishion, T. J., 205, 206






354 Author Index

Dizon, M., 263Dodge, K. A., 14, 70, 207, 208, 210, 212, 213,

214, 215, 218Dohrenwend, B. P., 66Dornbusch, S. M., 269, 271, 273Dornfeld, M., 209Dorsett, R., 193Downey, D. B., 111Drasgow, F., 272Drinkwater, S., 91, 98Driscoll, A. K., 266Drury, B., 288Dryfoos, J., 262Duke, R. L., 272Dumaret, A.-C., 12Dunaway, R. G., 156Duncan, B., 112, 115Duncan, G. J., 29, 34, 66Duncan, O. D., 108, 131Dunham, H. W., 231Dunn, G., 94Durrant, J. E., 218Durrington, P. N., 14Duyme, M., 12

Earls, F., 68, 194, 266Early, K. E., 272Eaves, L., 2, 5, 8, 14, 15, 66Ecob, R., 102Edfeldt, A. W., 218Edmonston, B., 24Elliott, D. S., 149, 150, 156, 160, 166, 183Ellis, S. P., 71Ellwood, D., 43Elordi, C. A., 215English and Romanian Adoptees (ERA)

Study Team, 2, 12Engstrom, A., 249ERA Research Team, 5, 6Erikson, E. H., 304E-Risk Study Team, 4Erkanli, A., 14Ernberg, G., 231Erting, C., 58Esparza, J., 14Eugene, E., 58Evans, T. D., 156Eyberg, S. M., 207

Fahy, T., 250Fang, J., 13Fann, K. D., 218

Faris, R. E. L., 231Farquhar, C., 90Farrell, M., 246Farrington, D. P., 69, 70, 150, 151, 154, 155,

204, 207, 208, 209Feinberg, S., 8Feldman, M. W., 61Feller, W., 237Ferguson, R. F., 111Fergusson, D. M., 6, 207Fernandez, R., 134Ferrell, R., 62Figlio, R. M., 147Fihosy, C., 90Fisher, M., 247Fisher, P., 268Fishman, J. A., 303FitzGerald, M., 180Fix, M., 67Flanagan, K. D., 211Flannery, D. J., 204Flewelling, R. L., 151Flood-Page, C., 179, 183Florio, L. P., 266Flory, M., 268Flynn, N., 152Fogel, R. W., 59Foner, N., 44Forbes, D., 291, 294Ford, T., 88Forehand, R. L., 267Forrest, J., 295Forrester, T., 13Foster, E. M., 208Fox, J. A., 139Fraser, H., 13Fraught, W. S., 250Fried, J., 246Friedman, R. J., 212Fulker, D. W., 206Fung, W. L. A., 243, 338Furstenburg, F. F., 270

Gans, H. J., 55, 302, 338Garcia-Marques, L., 181Garcia-Preto, N., 271, 272Gardien, R., 249Gardner, F., 205Garfield, D. A., 250Garland, A. F., 262, 265, 268Gates, H. L., 296Gatwood, R., 88






Author Index 355

Gay, 195Gayle, V., 91Gdowski, C. L., 267Gelernter, J., 62Gendreau, P., 155Gershoff, E. T., 206Ghodse, H., 249Gibbs, J. T., 262, 264, 267, 271, 272, 274Gibson, M. A., 110Giggs, J. A., 231, 249Gil, A. G., 269Gilchrist, L., 209Giles-Sim, J., 206, 207Gill, B., 246Gillborn, D., 33, 34, 88, 90, 94, 99, 100, 101,

342Giller, H., 14Giller, M., 178Gilliam, S., 250Gilligan, C., 272Gilvarry, C., 250Giordano, P., 148Gipps, C., 88, 99, 101Girodano, P. C., 183Glick, M., 246Glover, S., 228, 248Goel, R., 249Gold, M., 147Goldblatt, P., 82Golding, J., 10, 14Goldscheider, C., 54Goldstein, J., 28Gomez, S. L., 60Goodman, A., 43Goodman, R., 57, 88Goodnow, J., 1Gordon, L. C., 207, 213, 215Gordon, M., 55, 303, 337Gordon, R. A., 152Gott, C., 228Gottfredson, D. C., 160Gottfredson, G. D., 160Gould, L. C., 147Gould, M. S., 268, 269, 270, 271Goulden, C., 179Goyette, K., 111Graham, J., 179, 183Graham, P., 57Grasmick, H., 151Granger, A., 243Gray, H., 90Gray, J., 179

Graziano, A. M., 206, 212, 213Green, A. J., 92, 213Greene, M. E., 134Greenwald, A. G., 181Greenwald, S., 71Greenwood, R., 10, 14, 63Gulley, B. L., 4Gunnoe, M. L., 209, 212Gureje, O., 7Gutstein, J., 263, 264, 265, 268, 269, 274

Hagell, A., 14, 178Hague, Z., 90, 95Hale, C., 180Hall, K. S., 7Hall, S., 178, 296, 298Halpern, D., 65Hamblen, J. L., 212Hamilton, D. L., 181Hammond, W. R., 270, 271Hanis, C. L., 61Harer, M. D., 153, 157Harland, J., 13Harrington, H. L., 14, 62Harrington, V., 179Harris, T., 6Harrison, G., 231, 234, 237, 241, 246, 248Harter, S., 272Hartmann, D., 314Harvey, I., 246Haskett, M. E., 218Hatano, G., 1Haviland, J. M., 211Hawkins, G., 139, 148, 150, 154Hawkins, J. D., 3Hawkins, J. O., 268Heath, A., 92, 93, 101Heimer, K., 70Heitmeyer, W., 54, 343Helms, J. E., 272Hemmings, P., 245Hemsi, L. K., 227, 234Hendrickson-Smith, J., 345Hendrie, H. C., 7Herrenkohl, T. I., 204Herrnstein, R. J., 59, 67, 154, 155Hewett-Emmett, D., 61Hickling, F. W., 3, 239, 245Hindelang, M. J., 147, 148, 149, 150, 154, 155,

156, 166, 178, 180, 182, 183Hindley, P., 58Hirschi, T., 147, 149, 150, 154, 155, 178, 183






356 Author Index

Hirschman, C., 109, 110, 112Hiruma, N., 212Hoek, H. W., 237Holden, G. W., 206, 213Holton, A., 234Holzer, C. E., 266, 273Home Office, 179, 180Hood, R., 182Horowitz, D. L., 314Horwood, L. J., 6Hotz, V. J., 42Hovey, J. D., 267, 272Howard, R. J., 243Howe, D., 296Hsu, C.-C., 69Huang, L. N., 262Hubbard, J. A., 211Hudson, B. A., 177Hui, S. L., 7Huizinga, D. A., 150, 156, 183Hunt, N., 239Hurry, J., 239Hutchinson, J., 246, 247, 248Hutnik, N., 294

Ineichen, B., 249Izard, C. E., 211

Jablensky, A., 231, 241, 249Jackson, S., 207Jacobs, J. A., 134Jacobsen, K. C., 59Jacobson, J., 291Jaffe, S. R., 14Jarjoura, G. R., 155Jaynes, G. D., 109, 112Jefferson, T., 178Jencks, C., 131Jenkins, R., 250Jensen, A. R., 58Jensen, P. S., 154Jin, R., 62Johns, L. C., 246Johnson, B., 218Johnston, C., 214, 217, 218Johnston, R., 295Jones, D., 208Jones, P. B., 229, 247, 248, 338, 344Jowell, R., 195Joynson, R. B., 60Judd, C. M., 213Junger, M., 178

Kadiri, S., 13Kahn, R. S., 237Kalaria, R. N., 62Kandel, D. B., 4Kao, G., 134Kaplow, J., 207Karen, D., 108Karter, A., 60Kasinitz, P., 44Kaslow, N. J., 267Kaufman, J. S., 13, 60Kaur, D., 13Kazdin, A. E., 154Keaveney, L., 12Keeler, G., 66, 193Keenan, K., 204Kelder, L. R., 213, 215Keller, T. E., 209Kelley, M. L., 207, 214Kempton, T., 267Kenney, D. A., 14, 63Kephart, G., 70Kertzer, D. I., 51, 54Kessler, R. C., 62, 154, 266, 268Keyes, C., 133Kidd, J. R., 61Kidd, K. K., 61Kienhorst, I. W., 263Kiernan, K., 57Kiev, A., 227, 234Kimbrough, R., 267Kinderman, P., 250King, C. A., 267, 269, 272, 273King, M., 239Kingue, S., 13Kirov, G., 246Kitamura, S., 69Klein, H. E., 246Kleinman, A., 250Kleykamp, M., 266, 272Knutson, J. F., 215Kobrin, S., 69Kolko, D. J., 213Korbin, J. E., 215Koretz, D., 62Korten, A., 231Kraemer, H. C., 154Krakoff, R. Y., 267Kranzler, H., 62Kreppner, J. M., 12Krivo, L. J., 152, 153Krohn, M. D., 150, 151, 156






Author Index 357

Krosnick, J. A., 213Kruttschnitt, C., 209Kucharska, J., 246Kuczynski, L., 207Kulkarni, A., 13Kunce, L. J., 213Kupfer, D. J., 154

Lacey, M. B., 267LaFromboise, T., 263Lahiri, D. K., 7Laing, R. D., 229Laker, M., 13Lakey, J., 81, 174, 285Lanbert, H., 90Land, K. C., 151, 152, 156, 159Landale, N. S., 134, 340Landry, D. J., 70Langan, P. A., 180Lansdown, G., 218Lansford, J. E., 207, 208, 210, 213Larson, J. H., 207Larson, N. C., 209Larzelere, R. E., 206, 209, 215, 218Laub, J. H., 14, 188, 341Lauritsen, J. L., 153, 156Lawrence, S., 199Lawson, W. B., 246Leaf, P. J., 266Lee, S-Y., 69Leff, J., 237, 239, 249, 250Lelwicka, M., 211Lemert, E., 177Lengua, L. J., 209Leslie, D., 91, 98Lester, D., 267Leung, K., 272Leventhal, T., 68Levin, M., 59Levin, R., 52Levine, R. A., 1Lewis, D., 102Lewis, G., 245Lewis, S. M., 209Lewis, S. W., 248, 249Li, R. M., 345Lichter, D., 70Lieberson, S., 54, 108, 109, 112, 134Lightfoot, C., 214Lin, K.-H., 207, 213, 215Lindquist, C. M., 213Lindstrom-Ufiti, H., 215

Linskey, A. O., 273Lipsedge, M., 245Liska, A. E., 153Littlewood, R., 245, 249Lizotte, A. J., 160Llanes, D., 134LLoyd, K., 28, 37, 41Loeber, R., 66, 69, 150, 160, 204, 207,

209Logan, J., 43Logan, S., 248Loizillon, A., 228Lotrich, F., 62Ludemann, P. M., 211Luster, T., 207Lutz, A., 43Lynam, D., 67, 154, 155, 160Lynn, R., 59Lynn, S. J., 213, 215Lynskey, M. T., 6Lytton, H., 206

Maccoby, E., 210Mackness, M. I., 14MacLeod, D., 93, 104MacMillan, F., 246Macpherson of Cluny, Sir W., 101Madhavan, S., 13Magaziner, J., 249Magnuson, K., 66Maguire, M., 92Mahy, G. E., 239Maldonado, L. M., 267Mallett, R., 237, 239, 249Malone, K. M., 71Mammen, O. K., 213Mann, J. J., 71Marcellis, M., 249Mare, R. D., 35, 109, 112, 115, 341Mariner, C. L., 209, 212Markus, H., 1Marmot, M. G., 13Martin, J., 14, 62, 207, 208, 209Martin, M., 210Martinez, R., 272Marvin, S., 2Massey, D. S., 28, 109, 342Matseuda, R. L., 70Maughan, A., 206, 215Maughan, B., 3, 94, 102, 248Maxfield, M. G., 151Mayhew, P., 180






358 Author Index

Mays, E., 207McCabe, K. M., 271McCall, P. L., 151McCarthy, J. F., 267McClay, J., 14, 62, 207McClure, K. P., 267McCord, J., 139, 147, 150McCracken, C., 207McCreadie, R. G., 249McDowall, D., 160McGee, D., 13McGovern, D., 234, 245, 246McGuffin, P., 246McGuire, P. K., 249McHenry, P. C., 272McKeigue, P. M., 13McKenzie, K., 3, 246, 248McLanahan, S., 122, 127McLaughlin, D. K., 70McLeod, J. D., 209, 210McLoyd, V. C., 213McMahon, D., 93, 101McMahon, R. J., 205, 209McNamara, J. R., 213, 215McNeil, T. F., 237McNeill, R. J., 160Mead, G., 177Meadow-Orlans, K. P., 58Mednick, S. A., 248Medora, N. P., 207Meehan, A. J., 207Meier, R. F., 156Meltzer, H., 88, 94, 246Mercado, R., 208Mercer, K., 246Merikangas, K. R., 62Merriwether-deVries, C., 271Merton, R. K., 188Messner, S. F., 152, 153, 156Mhlanga, B., 181Miele, F., 58Milburn, M. A., 213Miles, W., 2Mill, J., 207Miller, J. Y., 179, 181, 268Miller, P., 1Miller, S., 167Milner, J. S., 207Minch, E., 61Mirrlees-Black, C., 180Mirza, H. S., 33, 34, 90, 94, 342Miyares, I., 44

Mizuta, I., 212Modood, T., 24, 63, 68, 70, 81, 82, 84, 85, 92,

93, 95, 98, 101, 174, 176, 186, 187, 188, 189,190, 192, 195, 281, 285, 286, 288, 289, 291,292, 293, 294, 297

Moffitt, T. E., 2, 4, 9, 14, 62, 63, 67, 70, 73, 154,155, 207

Moloch, S. D., 267Montes, M. P., 207Mont-Reynard, R., 269Morenoff, J. D., 153, 161, 166, 167, 343Morning, A., 28, 342, 345Mortensen, P. B., 239, 245, 248Mortimore, P., 102, 215Mosby, L., 207, 212Mosisa, A. T., 42Mountain, J., 60Moynihan, D. P., 70, 190Mukherjee, S., 246Mullen, R., 3Muna, W., 13Munjal, K., 213Muroff, J. R., 268, 270, 271Murray, C., 59, 239Murray, R. M., 2, 3, 5, 8, 14, 66, 229, 234, 246,

248Murry, V., 215MVA, 181Myers, D., 71

Nagasawa, R. H., 147Nahirny, V. C., 303Namaste, K. A., 206Nazroo, J. Y., 81, 174, 246, 250, 281, 285Ndetei, D. M., 246Neale, J., 90Nee, V., 55, 109, 338Needles, D. J., 155Neilson, D., 234Nelson, C., 56Nettles, S. M., 271New, M., 62Newburger, E., 107NICHD Early Child Care Research

Network, 2Nicoll, A., 248Nikapota, A., 2, 69Nix, R., 208Noel, D. J., 54Northstone, K., 10, 14Novac, S., 154Nye, F. I., 147






Author Index 359

O’Callaghan, E., 248O’Connor, T. G., 2, 5, 6, 12, 206Ødegaard, O., 4, 227, 231, 247Office for Standards in Education

(OFSTED), 102Office of Population Censuses and Surveys,

243Offord, D. R., 154Ogbu, J. U., 110, 111, 214Ogunniyi, A. O., 7Olrick, J. T., 2Oolders, J., 237Opipari, L., 267Oquendo, M. A., 71Organista, K. C., 267, 269, 272Ornstein, M. L., 151Oropesa, R. S., 134, 340Osborn, M., 68, 247Osotimehin, B., 13Osuntokun, B. O., 7Ouston, J., 215Owen, D., 92Owens, D., 234Owoaje, E. E., 13Oxford English Dictionary, 50

Palloni, A., 167Palmerus, K., 218Parham, T. A., 272Parides, M., 268Park, B., 213Park, J., 71Parker, E. H., 211Parkinson, R. C., 250Parsons, C., 248Paschall, M. J., 151Passel, J. S., 339, 340, 346Patel, D. J., 14Patel, S., 13Pathak, S., 33, 34, 43Patterson, G. R., 206Patterson, O., 175, 190Paulsen, R., 134Peach, C., 68, 194Pearce, D., 82Pease, K., 180, 181Peen, J., 249Peeples, F., 69, 160Percy, A., 179Perez-Stable, E. J., 60Perlmann, J., 51, 64, 117Persaud, R., 246

Petechuk, D., 204, 207Peters, E., 246Petersen, A. C., 69Petersen, W., 51, 52Peterson, G. W., 207Peterson, R. D., 152, 153Pettinari, C. J., 207Pettingill, S. M., 207, 212Pettit, G. S., 207, 208, 213Pew Hispanic Centre, 345Phillips, C., 178, 179, 181Phillips, J. A., 159Phillips, M., 296Phillips, T., 296Phinney, J., 272Phinney, J. S., 304Pickles, A., 2, 3, 5, 8, 12, 14, 15, 66Pilkington, A., 100Pilkonis, P. A., 213Pinderhughes, E. E., 207, 208Pitcher, J., 92Pleck, J. H., 271, 272Plewis, I., 90Plomin, R., 4, 206Pollock, B., 62Portes, A., 25, 55, 68, 93, 104, 110, 302, 306,

307, 336, 338, 340Portes, J., 228Poulsen, M., 295Poulton, R., 14, 62Power, T. G., 214, 207Prescott-Clarke, P., 195Prewitt, K., 42, 54, 64Price, R., 228Prince, M., 61Pritchard, J. K., 61Prudo, R., 249Pryor, J., 70Przybeck, T., 267Pugh, M., 148Pugh, M. D., 183Pumariega, A. J., 273Putnam, R. D., 230, 249

Quintero-Salinas, R., 273Quinton, D., 3, 68

Rabe-Hesketh, S., 250Rack, P., 250Rainwater, L., 190Ramsay, M., 179Ramsden, S. R., 211






360 Author Index

Randall, C., 272Raskin, A., 267Rathwell, T., 250Raudenbush, S. W., 68, 161, 166, 167, 194Rausch, K., 215Ravussin, E., 14Rawls, A. W., 207Reardon, S. F., 40Reeves, S. J., 243Reid, J. B., 206Reiss, A. J., 68, 148, 155, 156, 161Resnick, D., 8Resnick, M. D., 266, 268Richards, M. H., 69Richey, C. A., 207Ridley, M., 62Risch, N., 8, 60Riste, L. K., 13, 250Ritter, P. L., 269Rivero, V. M., 237Roberts, B., 178Roberts, C. R., 266Roberts, R. E., 266Robey, K. L., 250Robins, L. N., 267Robinson, T., 272Rock, P., 177Rodgers, B., 70, 229Rodgers-Johnson, P., 239Rodriguez, A. U.,Rodriguez, C. M., 213Rodriguez, J., 208Roeder, K., 8Rogoff, M. L., 250Rohner, R. P., 205, 207, 211, 212, 215Romney, D. M., 206Rosenberg, M., 272, 304Rosenberg, N. A., 61Rosenfeld, R., 156Ross, R., 210Ross, S., 210Rossiter, D., 194Roth, J. A., 147, 148, 155, 156, 161, 166Rotheram-Borus, M. J., 267, 272Rothon, C., 92, 94Rotimi, C. N., 13Rowe, D. C., 4, 59, 68, 204Roy, P., 12Rubinzstein, D. C., 7Rudge, S., 237Ruiz, P., 272Ruiz-Linares, A., 61

Rumbaut, R. G., 25, 55, 63, 65, 68, 110, 301,302, 306, 307, 336, 338, 340

Runnymede Trust, 294Rush, A. J., 62Russel, A., 248Russell, G., 69Rutter, M., 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 57,

62, 63, 66, 68, 69, 71, 73, 102, 178, 184, 206,215, 340, 342

Saeed, A., 291, 294Sagi, A., 2Salt, J., 23Samele, C., 250Sammons, P., 90, 97, 102Sampson, R. J., 14, 68, 153, 156, 159, 161, 162,

166, 167, 188, 194, 341Sandefur, G., 122, 127Sartorius, N., 231Sashidharan, K., 228, 245Saurer, J., 243Sayal, K., 205Sayer, H., 239Scarr, S., 59, 60Scazufca, M., 61Schain, M. A., 286Schellenberg, G. D., 7Schmid, C., 127Schmidley, D., 301Schneider, B., 42Schneider, K., 251Schoenhals, M., 42Schols, D., 237Schuerman, L., 69Schull, W. J., 61Schulz, L., 14Schwartz, J. E., 160Schweder, R. A., 1Scott, A., 82Scott, S. S., 218Seaton, E.,Seidel, U. P., 57Seidman, E., 270Sellin, T., 147Selten, J. P., 237, 239, 247, 249Serravezza, J., 267Sewell, T., 97, 100Shaffer, D., 263, 264, 265, 268, 269, 274Shah, B., 13Shah, R., 180, 181Sham, P., 248Sharp, C., 179






Author Index 361

Sharpley, M. S., 245, 246, 248, 249,250

Shaw, C. M., 250Shaw, M. L., 266Sheppard, D., 60Sher, K., 2Sherman, S. J., 213Shihadeh, E. S., 152, 159Shiner, M., 92, 101Short, J. F., 147Shukla, S., 246Siegal, M., 216Siegel, A. M., 267Siegel, J. M., 266Siever, L. J., 62Sieving, R. E., 266, 268Sijben, N., 249Silberg, J., 14, 62, 71Silva, P. A., 2, 9, 14Silverstone, T., 239Simcha-Fagan, O., 160Simmons, R. G., 272Simons, R. L., 207, 213, 215Simpson, A., 195Skogan, W. G., 69Slaets, J. P., 237Small, S., 63Smith, A., 215Smith, D. J., 67, 82, 90, 102, 174, 176, 178,

180, 181, 184, 185, 186, 188, 191, 193, 195,343

Smith, J., 213Smith, J. P., 24, 340Smith, P., 81, 174, 285Smithmyer, C. M., 211Snipp, C. M., 109Sobhan, M., 266Social Exclusion Unit, 83Sondhi, A., 179Sonuga-Bourke, E., 205South, S. J., 153Spencer, M. B., 271Spencer, S., 228Spieker, S. J., 209Spiller, A., 179Spilsbury, J., 215Srinivasan, V., 228Stack, S., 272Steffensmeier, D., 153, 157, 159Steffenson, A., 52Steinberg, L., 269Steinberg, S., 250

Stepick, A., 45, 58Stepick, C. D., 58Stevenson, H. W., 69Stevenson, J., 195Stewart, R., 243Stiffman, A. R., 266, 270Stigler, J. W., 69Stoll, L., 102Stone, K., 247Stormshak, E. A., 209, 214Stoutham-Loeber, M., 66, 67, 69, 150, 155,

204, 209Straus, M. A., 206, 207, 212, 218Struyk, R. J., 67Stults, B., 43Suarez-Orozco, C., 110Suarez-Orozco, M., 110Sugarman, D. B., 206, 207, 246, 247Sugden, K., 62Summerville, M. B., 267Suro, R., 52, 339, 340, 346Susser, E. S., 248Swain, R. C., 272Swanson, J. W., 273Swearer, D. K., 133Syme, S. L., 13Szasz, T. S., 229

Tajfel, H., 305Takei, N., 246, 248, 249Tang, C. S., 208, 210Tang, H., 8, 60Taub, B., 266Tavridou, A., 13Tawney, R. H., 347Taylor, A., 14, 62Taylor, M., 88, 97Taylor, R. D., 271Teed, D., 5810/66 Dementia Research Group, 61Tennant, C., 239Terao, S. Y., 218Thomas, C. S., 247Thomas, P. F., 247Thompson, R. A., 207, 211Thornberry, T. P., 2, 150, 151, 156Thornicroft, G., 249Thorpe, K., 10, 14, 63, 73Tienda, M., 28, 37, 41, 42, 52, 56, 109, 134,

266, 272Tiezzi, L., 267Tipp, J., 267






362 Author Index

Tittle, C. R., 156Tizard, B., 90Tizard, J., 8, 59Tomenson, B., 250Tomenson, D., 14Tomfohrde, J., 61Tomkiewicz, S., 12Tomlinson, S., 90, 102Tonry, M. H., 139, 148, 150Toone, B. K., 246, 248Torrey, E. F., 249Toth, S. L., 206Trautman, P. D., 267Tremblay, R. E., 11, 204Trickett, P. K., 207Trieman, D., 109Trull, T., 2Tseng, V., 207Tully, L. A., 14Turner, B. F., 272Turner, C., 13Turner, C. B., 272Tyrer, S. P., 239

Udry, J. R., 345UK DWP, 43UK Office of National Statistics, 28, 31Unverzagt, F. W., 7Unwin, N., 13Urquiza, A. J., 218US Census Bureau, 23, 26US Department of Health and Human

Services, 206, 262US DHHS, 35US DOE, 37

Vadher, A., 246Valdez, D., 272Valdez, J., 52Valencia, M. E., 14Valsiner, J., 214van den Oord, E. J., 59van der Graaf, Y., 237van der Velden, M., 237van Gent, T., 58van IJzendoorn, M. H., 2Van Os, J., 234, 239, 249Varghese, M., 61Vaughn, R. D., 267Vazsonyi, A. T., 204Veen, N. N., 237Vega, W. A., 269, 273

Vincent, J., 56, 341, 343Virdee, S., 81, 174, 285Visher, C. A., 147, 166

Waldmann, I. D., 59, 60Walker, L., 13Wallace, J. M., 268, 270, 271, 272Walsh, E., 250Walter, H. J., 267, 268Walters, E. E., 62, 266Walters, P. B., 108Wandsworth Education Department, 97Wang, Q., 62Ward, J. V., 272Ward, M., 212Ward, R., 60Ward, T., 246Warder, G. S., 14Warheit, G. J., 269Wasserman, G. A., 204, 207Waters, M. C., 44, 51, 58, 64, 109, 110, 117,

302Watson, B., 13Weatherall, D. J., 7Weber, J. L., 61Weddle, K. D., 272Weiler, B. L., 151Weinberg, R. A., 59Weis, J. G., 148, 149, 150, 178, 183Weissman, M. M., 71, 266Werner, P. D., 246Wessely, S., 234, 245Whaley, A. L., 207, 210, 212, 272Whipple, E. E., 207White, A., 30, 43White, J. L., 155White, M., 13White, R., 178, 343Widom, C. S., 139, 151Wild, S., 13Wilks, R., 13Wilkstrom, P-O. H., 154, 160Williams, J. H., 3Williams, M., 246, 248, 270, 271Williams, R. M., 109, 112Willis, C., 228Wilson, J. Q., 154, 155Wilson, S., 207Wilson, W. J., 5, 28, 66, 67, 69Wimbush, D. D., 207, 214Wing, J. K., 248, 249Winterbotham, M., 14






Author Index 363

Wolfgang, M. E., 147, 155Wong, M. G., 109Wood, J. M., 210Woodle, J., 246Woodruff, P., 246Woodward, L. J., 207World Health Organization, 229, 241Woulbroun, E. J., 4Wright, J. P., 155Wu, C., 207, 213Wyatt, J. M., 207

Xie, Y., 111

Yallop, J., 13Yancy, W. L., 190Yesavage, J. A., 246Youdell, D., 101Young, V. H., 212Younge, G., 296

Youth Cohort Study, 83Yu, C. E., 7Yule, B. A., 8Yule, W., 8, 57Yung, B., 270, 271

Zahn-Waxler, C., 212Zajacova, A., 28, 37, 41Zammit, S., 249Zawitz, M. W., 139Zelli, A., 207Zhivotovsky, L. A., 61Zhou, M., 109, 110, 296, 297, 338Ziegert, K. A., 218Zigler, E., 246, 262, 265, 268Zimmerman, R. S., 269, 271Zimring, F. E., 139, 148, 150Ziv, E., 8, 60Znaniecki, F., 302Zolkowska, K., 237, 239






Subject Index

abuse. See physical abuseacculturative stress, 272adoption

IQ levels and, 59affective syndromes

schizophrenia v., 246African Americans

antisocial behaviors in, 267Caribbeans (Black) v., 44college enrollment rates for, 112college graduation rates for, 116college plans and, 132crime rates for, 267cultural acceptance of, 108depressive disorders and, 266early sexual behavior of, 269educational attainment for, 108family support within, 271high school graduation rates for, 115index offenses by, 140IQ-delinquency relationship for, 155murder rates for, 139parental education levels for, 35in PHDCN, 162physical discipline by, 207, 212population demographics for (U.S.), 26poverty rates for, 35, 109prison attendance rates for, 139residential segregation of, 56, 109reverse record checks for (males), 150self-esteem levels for, 272state-sponsored segregation against, 109,

194suicide rates for, 71teachers’ expectations for, 111in UCR, 140

unemployment for, 159white IQ levels v., 59youth suicide rates for, 263in YRBSS survey, 145

AfricansUK migration patterns for, 81

aggression. See physical aggressionAlzheimer’s disease, 7, 61

APO-E-4 allele and, 7, 62anglo conformity, 337antisocial behavior. See also UK crime

statisticsin African Americans, 267in Chicago Neighborhood Study, 270conduct disorders and, 267–268drug/alcohol usage and, 71Dunedin longitudinal study for, 9educational levels and, 67–68IQ and, 67measurement factors for, 177–178physical abuse’s influence on, 207predictive validity tests for, 9punitive disciplinary methods and, 205risk factors for, 9, 205sex difference in, 9–10as social construct, 177symbolic interactionism theory and, 177UK crime statistics and, 174

apartheid, 56, 345APO-E-4 allele, 7, 62The Art of Being Black (Alexander), 197Asian Americans

Cambodians as part of, 133college graduation rates for, 115college plans for (U.S.), xiiidiscrimination against, 109

364






Subject Index 365

East Asians as part of, 133educational attainment for, 341educational transitions for, 115high school graduation rates for, 115national origin groups for, 133physical discipline by, 207Vietnamese, 133youth suicide rates for, 263

“Asian trajectory,” 104Asians (continental)

cultural self-sufficiency of, 196, 197, 198educational levels for, xii, 33family structure and, effects of, 192“host society” residence periods and,

influence of, 292–293household income levels for, 189linguistic diversity for, 39physical discipline by, 207population demographics for (UK), 26, 52poverty rates for, 82religious identity for, 288“situational identity” of, 287, 293

ÆSOP study (for schizophrenia), 241, 246,250

parameters for, 241assimilation. See also integration

anglo conformity as, 337cultural pluralism and, 337identificational, 303language, 302limited, as theory, 110melting pot theory of, 337in migration paradigm, 337paradigm for, 339segmented hypothesis of, 110in UK, levels of, 294in U.S., 337

assimilation model (racial/ethnicinequality), 109

assimilation paradigm, 339minority status in, 340

assimilation typologyin ethnic classification schemes, 55in migration paradigm, 337

“associational” identity (ethnic), 292political impact of, 292

attachment theory, 210attitudinal familism index, 327

Bangladeshis (UK), 34achievement levels of, 96English language fluency for, 97

female education levels for (UK), 33household income levels for, 31male education levels for, xiimigration patterns for, 81poverty rates for, 82unemployment rates for, 189

B-CAMHS99 Survey, 88, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98cumulative disadvantage indicators, 99

BCS (British Crime Surveys), 176, 179, 180See also UK Crime statisticscriticisms of, 180illusory correlation effects in, 181incongruency effects in, 181offender descriptions in, 180social cognitions in, 180

Behavior Questionnaire, 209biracialism, 345. See also mixed race persons

as stress factor, 345birth cohorts study

delinquency in, 147educational attainments and, 112educational transitions in, 115, 135parameters for, 112–115Philadelphia, 147

Black–White poverty ratio, 35British Crime Surveys. See BCSBritish Social Attitudes Survey, 196

Cambodian American, 133Canada

family care data for, 11capital (human)

cultural, 95educational attainment and, 93–94parenting as, 94

Caribbeans (Black)African Americans v., 44“child migrant” generations of, 287disciplinary actions against (UK), 187discrimination against, 175education levels for, xiieducational attainment (UK), 104female education levels for (UK), 33household income levels for (UK), 31, 189“hyper-modern individualism” in, 192,

193identity formation for (in UK), 196, 197,

199institutional exclusion of, 187interracial marriage for, 295police interactions with, 199religiosity of, 288






366 Subject Index

Caribbeans (black) (continued)schizo-mania and, 239schizophrenia and, 227, 237, 238, 239,

246–247, 251–252self-identity for, 287single-parent households and, xii–xiii,

191, 193slavery and, 175, 190, 199social position of (UK), 285, 296, 336, 342UK crime statistics and, 175, 198, 199UK migration of, 44, 80, 81, 196, 197–198,

284, 340–341unemployment rates for, in UK, 189in U.S., 44, 45

Caucasians. See Whitescausal mechanisms

alternative, 3–8, 9for antisocial behavior, 9–10association validity for, 2–3evidence factors for, 2for family care/group care, 11hazards for, 3individual differences and, 9for institutional deprivation, 12key assumptions for, 9for language impairment, 10–11measurements for, 2–3for migration designs, 12–13research strategies for, 8–13residential care and, 11–12risk exposure processes for, 9sampling for, 2, 8statistical analyses for, 3

CDP (Child Development Project), 208, 210,212, 213

Behavior Questionnaire as part of, 209Child Behavior Checklist as part of, 209ethnicity moderator effects in, 208Home Behavior Scale as part of, 209parameters of, 208

Center for Disease Control, 143YRBSS survey by, 143

Chicago Neighborhood Study, xivantisocial behavior in, 270

Child Behavior Checklist, 209child development

emotional warmth during, 211–213, 218parental rejection during, 211

Child Development Project. See CDPchild poverty

minority/immigrant differentials for(UK), 30–34

in UK, 43in U.S., 34, 35

child rearing beliefs, 205emotional content within, 205

Children of Immigrants Study, xviChinese youth

educational levels for, 34CILS (Children of Immigrants Longitudinal

Study), 302, 307–314acculturation in, 317–320, 328adolescence as factor in, 331attitudinal familism index in, 327demographics for, 307English language fluency as factor in, 309,

317ethnic self-identity in, 307, 324, 325–326,

332family structure variable in, 320generational gaps in, 303–304, 310Hispanic Americans in, 325identity shifts in, 308–309identity stability in, 309–312limitations of, 330–331multivariate logistic regressions in, 311national origins as variable in, 312–317parental socioeconomic status in, 327–328parental U.S. residence length in, 317racial discrimination as variable in,

320–323, 325, 328–329regional location variable in, 320situational contexts in, 331socioeconomic status in, 317

Civil Rights Revolution (U.S.), 112“collective efficacy,” 161college attendance, 41

Hispanic Americans and, 41, 112minority/immigrant youth and, 41

college enrollment rates, 40–41for African Americans, 112ethnic differentials for, 41

college graduation ratesfor African Americans, 116for Asian Americans, 115as educational transition, 115for Hispanic Americans, 116for Native Americans, 116for Whites, 115

college plansfor African Americans, 132application as part of, 119, 127, 132for Asian Americans, xiii, 132–133demographic rates for (U.S.), xiii






Subject Index 367

ethnic differentials in, 120for Hispanics Americans, xiiimultivariate analyses of, 123–128for Native Americans, 132in Pacific Northwest Study (High

School seniors), 118, 119, 120, 123–127,129

racial differentials in, 120for Whites (U.S.), xiii

Commonwealth Fund, 266Commonwealth Immigration Act of 1962,

23Commonwealth Immigration Act of 1968,

23conduct disorders

antisocial behavior and, 267–268physical discipline and, 206suicide as result of, 265

congenital rubella syndrome, 248“constitutional factors”

for crime, 139, 154–156IQ as, 154–155temperament, 155

CPS (Crown Prosecution Service) (UK), 181crime. See generational crime patterns (UK);

murder rates; NCVS; place-baseddisparities (crime); UK crime statistics;U.S. crime statistics

Crime and Human Nature(Herrnstein/Wilson), 154

Crime Index, 140criminal justice system, 139. See also U.S.

crime statisticsstatistics for, by ethnicity, 139

criminology studies, 147ecological research in, 151, 153–154

Crown Prosecution Service. See CPScultural capital, 95

as educational attainment, 97–98parental education as, 95–96

“cultural enclosure,” 197“cultural mosaic”

“melting pot” v., 347cultural pluralism, 337cultural racism, 297cultural self-sufficiency

of Asians (continental), 198of Indians (Asian), 196, 197

Current Population Survey, 301

day care (group)family care v., 11

delinquencyin birth cohorts study, 147Black/White ratios for, 146, 148, 149educational rejection and, 188IQ and, 154, 155predictors of, 204reverse record checks and, 150self-reported, 147

depressive disordersAfrican Americans’ expressions of, 266ethnicity as factor for, 266–267Hispanic Americans’ expressions of, 266serotonin transporter genes and, 62suicide as result of, 265

disciplinary methods. See also physicaldiscipline

beliefs about, 215cultural differences in, 205parental strategies for, 205physical punishment as, 205–206, 207positive reinforcement as, 205preemptive, 205punitive, 205reactive, 205

discrimination, xiv. See also racialdiscrimination

“statistical,” 56distal starting points, 7“dose-response” relationships, 6drug/alcohol abuse

antisocial behavior and, 71cannabis, 249by ethnicity, 268religiosity as factor for, 271schizophrenia as result of, 249

Dunedin longitudinal study, 9

ECA (Epidemiologic Catchment Area), 266,267

Education Authority (UK), 84education levels, xii, xiii. See also parental

education; schoolinganti-social behavior and, 67–68for Asians (continental), xiifor Bangladeshis, xiifor Caribbeans (Black), xiifor Chinese youth (UK), 34as ethnic effect, 67–68ethnic variances in (UK), 32, 33family structure’s influence on, xiiifor Hispanic Americans, 37income and, 31, 107






368 Subject Index

education levels (continued)parental, influence of, xiii, 35, 37, 38, 95–96for Whites (UK), 31for women (UK), 31–33

educational attainment, 107–108, 341–342for Asian Americans, 341birth cohorts study and, 112for Caribbeans (Black) (UK), 104cultural capital and, 97–98data sources for, 83–84Education Authority (UK) and, 84educational continuation ratios and, 112English language fluency and, 97ethnic diversity and, 92–103ethnic inequality in (U.S.), 108–111,

112–116family influences on, 98–99gender norms as factor for, 94for Hispanic Americans, 109, 341human capital and, 93–94for Indians (Asian), 186–187institutional segregation and, 112institutional systems and, 99–101Islamic values on, 97longitudinal data for (UK), 90–91migrant generation and, 84–85migration as influence on, 81for Native Americans, 109opportunities for, 101–102post-compulsory schooling (UK) and,

91–92, 101primary school testing (UK) and, 89–90during primary school years (UK), 88–89pupil-teacher conflicts and, 100“school persistence” rates and, 98social gradients and, 94social/economic status as factor for,

81–83, 94–95suicide and, 268–269teachers’ expectations as part of, 100, 346in UK (minority groups), 81, 83–92in U.S., 107

educational continuation ratios, 112educational enrollment, 112

Civil Rights Revolution’s (U.S.) influenceon, 112

educational institutionsin CILS, as variable, 320educational attainment and, 99–101effectiveness of, 102–103exclusion data for, 100marketization of, 101

racial harassment in, 100school experiences in, 99–101

educational transitionsfor Asian Americans, 115in birth cohorts study, 115, 135college graduation, 115high school to college, 115for Whites, 115

emotional warmthduring child development, 211–213, 218cultural differences and, 211–212physical discipline and, 212, 213

emotional/behavioral disturbance ratesresidential care and, 11

employmentethnic identity as result of, 293nonmanual (by ethnicity), 189

English language fluency, 43for Bangladeshis (UK), 97in CILS, role of, 309, 317educational attainment and, 97ethnic variances in, 40for immigrant youth, 34immigration and, 71immigration as factor for, 71for migrant generations, 85migrant generations and, 85for Pakistanis (UK), 97

“Englishness,” 294environment (social)

personal effects on, 4in social selection, 3

Epidemiologic Catchment Area. See ECA“equivalent incomes,” 189

poverty measures and, 189–190ethnic bias

in self-report studies, xiiiethnic classification schemes, 54–58

assimilation typology within, 55construction of, 54government agencies and, 54group membership as facet of, 55

ethnic effects, 63–72education as, 67–68family structure as, 70–71genetics as, 72immigration as, 71mediators of, 335minority status as, 71–72native language and, 65neighborhood influence as, 68–69personal group identity as, 63–64






Subject Index 369

racial discrimination as, 72religion as, 64–65social community as, 65social context of, 69–70

ethnic identity, xvi, 305“associational,” 292biracialism and, 345in CILS, 307cross-national variance for, 52definitions of, 50employment as factor for, 293fixed categorical features and, 6formation of (in UK), 196, 197–198, 199,

281, 286–291gender and, 344genetic construction of, 61–63, 344group boundaries and, 56“host society” residence period and, 292“hyphenated,” 283immigration’s effect on, 54–55institutional definitions for, 58inter-group contact and, 54, 55inter-racial marriage as factor for, 327labeling theory and, 56language as basis for, 52–53legal classifications of, 51“new,” 291–293“one-drop” rule and, 51in Pacific Northwest Study (high school

seniors), 117, 124physiognomy as part of, 56politicization of, 286–288predetermined categories for, 51racism and, 58reactive ethnicity and, 55, 306, 331reciprocal adaptation processes and, 55religiosity and, 288, 289–291, 298research, 339–345as risk factor, 6as self-description, xvi, 51–54, 64self-esteem as result of, 272social construction of, 54–58, 343social context for, 342–344social locations of, 54social policy creation and, 346–347in U.S., 108, 131variations in, 344–345youth responses to, 305

ethnic identity research, 339–345generational transitions as part of,

339–341measurement problems in, 339

ethnic minoritiesin assimilation paradigm, 340definition of, 50immigrant youth and, 21, 341in UK (population), 25in U.S. (population), 26

ethnic minority/immigrant youth, 21college attendance for, 41educational access for, 42linguistic diversity for, 39poverty differentials for (UK), 30–34social class differences for, 42socioeconomic differentiation for, 29–31,

42ethnic neighborhoods

“collective efficacy” in, 161community order/disorder effects in,

160community/individual interaction in, 69crime in, 69, 160–161genetic designs for, 69in PHDCN, 167place-based disparities (crime) and, 153social support within, 68socioeconomic context of, xivsuicide in, 270in UK, 68, 193–194, 195in U.S., 68U.S. census measures for, 160

ethnicity. See ethnic identityEU (European Union), 23“euthanasia of memories,” 302“executive function” deficits

IQ and, 155

family careday care (group) v., 11epidemiological data (Canada) on, 11maladaptive, 11physical aggression and, 11social selection and, 11

family structurefor Asians (continental), 192in CILS, as variable in, 320educational attainment and, influence on,

98–99as ethnic effect, 70–71for Indians (Asian), 190Pacific Northwest Study (high school

seniors) and, 121, 122, 129poverty as result of, 70single parenthood, effects of, 70






370 Subject Index

family structure (continued)suicide and, 265, 269–270varieties of, 192

fatalism, 134fixed categorical features, 6

direct proximal mechanisms and, 6ethnic identity and, 6

Fourth National Survey of EthnicMinorities, 186, 189, 195, 286

“new” ethnic identities in, 291–293

GCSE (General Certificate of SecondaryEducation), 89

White v. Black attainment of, 89gene environment correlations, 14General Certificate of Secondary Education.

See GCSEGeneral Household Survey, 92generational crime patterns (UK). See also

UK crime statisticschanges in, 178–179, 184–198education as factor in, 186–188selection principles in, 184

genetic mediations, 4–5ethnic features as part of, 5, 7migration designs and, 14

geneticsAlzheimer’s disease and, 61as ethnic effect, 72ethnicity and, as factor in, 61–63, 344schizophrenia and, 247

Germany, 51Jews in (WWII), 51

high school dropout ratesethnic differences and, 39

high school graduation rates, 107–108for African Americans, 115for Asian Americans, 115for Hispanics, 115for Native Americans, 115for Whites, 115

Higher Education Statistics Agency, 91Hispanic Americans

in CILS, 325college attendance and, 41, 112college graduation rates for, 116college plans for (U.S.), xiiicrime and, 156depressive disorders and, 266educational attainments for, 109, 341high school graduation rates for, 115

in NCVS, 147parental education levels for, 37in PHDCN, 162population demographics for (U.S.), 26, 52poverty rates for, 35, 36prison attendance rates for, 139self-esteem levels for, 272youth suicide rates for, 263in YRBSS survey, 145

Hispanic Health and NutritionEpidemiologic Survey, 266

Hispanic–White poverty ratio, 35HND (Higher National Diploma), 91Home Behavior Scale, 209home ownership

Pacific Northwest Study (high schoolseniors) and, 122–123, 127, 131

“host society”Asians (continental) in, residence periods

for, 292–293ethnic identity in, 292–293

House of Commons Select Committee onRace Relations and Immigration, 178

household income levelsfor Bangladeshis (UK), 31, 189for Caribbeans (UK), 31, 189“equivalent incomes” and, 189for Indians/Asians (continental), 189for Pakistanis (UK), 31, 189

hyperactivity/inattention rates, 12“hyper-modern individualism,” 192, 193,

200“hyphenated” identities (ethnic), 283, 294hypoxia, 248

illusory correlation effects, 181“immigrant optimism,” 134

fatalism v., 134immigration

cultural concentration as result of, 28“cultural enclosure” as response to, 197English language fluency and, 71as ethnic effect, 71ethnic identity as result of, 54–55intergenerational educational mobility

and, 33mobility as result of, 56parental socioeconomic resources and, 28race as factor in, 44residential settlement patterns’ influence

on, 28as risk factor, 6






Subject Index 371

segregation as result of, 28social dislocation as result of, 45social impact of, 24socioeconomic status and, 188–190to UK, rates of, 24, 81unemployment trends and, 189unskilled, 41to U.S., rates of, 24

Immigration and Nationality Act, 24U.S. migration and, 24

imperialismracism as result of, 283

income levelseducation levels and, 31, 107in UK, 30

incongruency effects, 181index offenses, 140Indians (Asian), 34

cultural self-sufficiency of, 196, 197family structures for, 190female educational levels for, 33general educational attainment for,

186–187household income levels for, 189UK migration patterns from, 81

information processing theory, 210institutional deprivation, 12

IQ and, influence on, 12integration, 298

assimilation strategies for, 283–284, 297political contestation and, 282“straight-line,” 338in UK, 282youth centered policies for, 347

Intelligence Quotient. See IQintergenerational differences

as ethnic effect, 65–66women and, 66

inter-racial marriage, xviCaribbeans (Black) and, 295ethnic identity and, 327in U.S., 26

intifada, 291IQ (Intelligence Quotient), xiv

adoption’s influence on, 59African American delinquency and, 155antisocial behavior and, 67as “constitutional factor,” 154–155controversial studies for, 59, 60criminal behavior and, xivdelinquency and, 154, 155“executive function” deficits and, 155

heritability of, 60institutional deprivation’s influence on,

12Minnesota Transracial Adoption Study

and, 59in PHDCN, influence of, 167racial differences in, 58–60

Islameducational attainment and, 97

Jewsin Germany (WWII), 51hereditary laws among, 51

labelingindividual identification and, 57physical handicaps and, 57social category reification in, 57as social construction, 57–58stigmatization as result of, 57

labeling theory, 56crime/delinquency applications within,

56, 177Labour Force Surveys, 91“language graveyard,” 302language impairment

inference criteria for, 10obstetric risk analysis for, 10in twins, 10–11

languagesethnic identities and, role in, 52–53, 65

limited assimilation theory, 110linguistic diversity, 40

for minority/immigrant youth, 39London Study (for schizophrenia), 237

Measuring Delinquency(Hindelang/Hirschi/Weis), 150

“melting pot” theory, 337“cultural mosaic” v., 347

Mental Health Inquiry, 234Mexican Americans

in PHDCN, 167migrant generations

downward occupational mobility of,94

educational attainment and, 84–85, 186educational qualifications for, 85, 86, 87employment skills for, 284English language fluency and, 85gender differences between, 85, 87“new,” 87, 187






372 Subject Index

migrant generations (continued)second, 85–87, 187“third,” 340

migration designs, 12–13environmental influences on, 14genetic mediations and, 14mortality rates and, 13“New Commonwealth,” 284paradigms for, 45place-based disparities (crime) and,

153psychological outcomes and, 13–15schizophrenia rates and, 247

migration paradigm, 336–339assimilation’s influence on, 337displacement/resettlement in, 338–339disruption effects in, 338incorporation modes in, 336reception factors in, 336selection mechanisms in, 338situational factors within, 336socio-demographic approaches to, 337stress levels from, 347

migration rateseducational attainment and, 81for UK, 23for U.S., 23

Millennium Cohort Study, 104Minnesota Transracial Adoption Study, 59,

60mixed race persons, 51

U.S. census reporting on, 51Monitoring the Future. See MTFmortality rates

migration as factor for, 13The Moynihan Report, 70MTF (Monitoring the Future), 143

delinquency rates (by ethnicity) in, 143multiple racisms theory, 195–196, 197murder rates. See also U.S. crime statistics

for African Americans, 139for Whites, 139

Muslims, 286intifada and, 291in UK, 291Ummah for, 291

National Crime Panel, 148National Crime Victimization Survey. See

NCVSNational Longitudinal Study of Adolescent

Health, 266

Native Americans, 54college graduation rates for, 116college planning for, 132cultural acceptance of, 108educational attainment for, 109high school graduation rates for, 115youth suicide rates for, 263

NCs (neighborhood clusters), 161NCVS (National Crime Victimization

Survey), 142Hispanics in, 147racial differences in, 142U.S. Census and, 142

NCWP (New Commonwealth andPakistan), 23

neighborhood clusters. See NCsnoncausal mechanisms, 3–8

genetic mediations in, 4–5risk mis-specification in, 5–6social selection in, 3–4third variable effects in, 5

Nottingham Study (for schizophrenia), 237,241–245

ÆSOP study and, 241Caribbeans (Black) v. Whites in, 235, 236incidence rate ratios in, 242, 244risk population in, 243

“one-drop” rule, 51mixed race persons and, 51

opportunity structures (in UK), 284–285,286

British identity as, 285citizenship accessibility as, 285imperial history and, 285racism and, 285

oppositional-defiant symptoms, 66

Pacific Northwest Study (high schoolseniors), 116–118

college applications in, 118, 119, 120, 127college planning disparities in, 119, 120,

123–127, 128, 129demographics for, 116, 118–119ethnic identity as factor in, 117, 124family structure as factor in, 121, 122, 129generational status in, 122, 123, 127home ownership as factor in, 122–123,

127, 131parental education variable in, 122, 127,

129race as factor in, 117






Subject Index 373

socioeconomic contexts in, 120–123,128–131

variables in, 117–118Pakistanis (UK), 34

achievement levels of, 96English language fluency and, 34, 97female education levels for (UK), 33household income levels for (UK), 31migration patterns for, 81poverty rates for, 82unemployment rates for, 189

parental earning capacity, 35parental education

as cultural capital, 95–96influence of, xiii, 35, 37, 38maternal, 95, 129Pacific Northwest Study (high school

seniors) and, 122, 127, 129reading scores and, 95

parentingchild rejection and, 211children’s interpretations of, 210–217as human capital, 94

PEP (Political and Economic Planning), 176,195, 196

personal group identity, 63–64intermarriage rates and, 63

PHDCN (Project on Human Developmentin Chicago Neighborhoods), 161–167

African Americans in, 162Black/White violence ratios in, 166ethnic neighborhood context as part of,

167Hispanic Americans in, 162individual frequency rates in, 166IQ and, influence of, 167Mexican Americans as part of, 167NCs in, 161offense categories in (by ethnicity), 165parameters of, 161–162self-reported offenders in, 162–166summary scores in, 162

physical abuseaggressive behaviors as result of, 210antisocial behavior as result of, 207against children, in U.S., 206discipline and, 205–207, 210risk factors for, 207social policies about, 218socioeconomic status and, 207

physical aggressionfamily care and, 11

norms for, 214physical abuse and, 210

physical discipline, 205–206, 208–210abuse and, 205–207African American parents and, 207,

212age-based, 206Asians and, 207CDP and, 208children’s attitudes about, 213–217cohort studies of, 216conduct disorder and, 206cultural context for, 214ethnic differences in, 207–210legal responses to, by nation, 218parental warmth and, 212, 213in schools, 215in social learning theory, 210social policies about, 217, 218in U.S., by parents, 206

physical punishment. See physicaldiscipline

Pittsburgh Youth Study. See PYSplace-based disparities (crime), 151–154

See also US crime statisticsecological fallacy in, 152ethnic neighborhoods as factor in, 153methodological problems for, 152–153outmigration as factor in, 153race as factor in, 151racial composition and, 152reciprocal effects model for, 153residential segregation and, 152“resource deprivation/affluence” index’s

influence in, 152urban areas and, 151

The Police and Criminal Evidence Act of1984, 179

Policy Studies Institute. See PSIPolicy Studies Institute survey. See PSIPolicy Study Institute Studies, 67Political and Economic Planning. See PEPpopular culture

in UK, 293–297post-compulsory schooling (UK)

educational attainment and, 91–92, 101general participation in, 91for South Asian immigrants, 103

poverty differentialsfor minority/immigrant youth (UK),

30–34in U.S., 34–42






374 Subject Index

poverty rates. See also child povertyfor African Americans, 35, 109for Asians (continental), 82for Bangladeshis (UK), 82Black–White ratio, 35child (US), 34, 35differentials, 30–42“equivalent incomes” and, 189–190family structure’s influence on, 70for Hispanic Americans, 35, 36Hispanic–White ratio, 35oppositional-defiant symptoms and, 66for Pakistanis (UK), 82psychological functioning as result of, 66social costs of, 346suicide and, 270–271

poverty ratiosBlack–White, 35Hispanic–White, 35

predictive validity testsfor antisocial behavior, 9

prenatal viral infectionscongenital rubella syndrome, 248schizophrenia and, 248

primary school testingeducational attainment and, 89–90gender differences within, 90social class effects on, 90

Project on Human Development in ChicagoNeighborhoods. See PHDCN

Proposition 23, 305election demographics for, 305reactive ethnicity as result of, 312, 331sociopolitical context for, 330

PSI (Policy Studies Institute) survey, 82, 83,84, 85, 92, 176, 178, 186

pupil–teacher conflicts, 100PYS (Pittsburgh Youth Study), 151, 209

African Americans in, 151

racial discrimination, xiv. See alsosegregation

in CILS, as variable, 320–323, 325, 328–329as ethnic effect, 72opportunity access and, 72from racial grouping, 281stigmatization as result of, 72

Racial Discrimination in England (Daniel),195

racial grouping, 50, 281–282. See also ethnicidentity

collective perceptions as result of, 281

discrimination from, 281“hyphenated” identities and, 283labeling as result of, 281

racismcultural, 297in educational institutions, 100ethnic identity and, 58imperialism and, 283“new,” 297schizophrenia as result of, 250–251social factors and, influence on (U.S.), 108,

131sociopolitical conflicts and, 283in UK, 281

Rampton/Swann Inquiry, 88reactive ethnicity

ethnic identity and, 55, 306, 331from Proposition 23, 312, 331

reciprocal effects model, 153“refugee” system, 23religiosity

by age, 288of Caribbeans (Black), 288dress codes as result of, 289drug/alcohol abuse and, 271as ethnic effect, 64–65ethnicity and, 288, 289–291, 298school choice and, 290suicide and, 265, 271–272, 274of Whites, 288

replacement fertility ratesfor U.S./UK, 22

residential care, 11–12emotional/behavioral disturbance rates

and, 11hyperactivity/inattention rates and, 12

residential segregation, 342for African Americans, 56, 109immigration’s influence on, 28place-based crimes and, 152social exclusion from, 342in UK, 28, 83

“resource deprivation/affluence” index,152, 156

reverse record checksfor African American males, 150concurrent validity in, 151crime and, 149–151delinquency analysis through, 150differential validity (by race) in, 151predictive validity in, 151for White males, 150






Subject Index 375

risk factorsfor antisocial behavior, 9“dose-response” relationships and, 6ethnicity as, 6, 7fixed categorical features and, 6immigrant status as, 6levels of, 6–7mis-specifications of, 5–6for schizophrenia, 248–249for suicide, 264–265

risk mechanisms. See also risk factorsdirect proximal, 6levels of, 6–7

Rituals of Blood: Consequences of Slavery inTwo American Centuries (Patterson),190

The Satanic Verses, 286“Save Our State,” 305. See also Proposition

23schizo-mania

schizophrenia v., 239schizophrenia, xv, 227, 344

affective syndromes v., 246brains systems and, 229, 251in Caribbean Islands

(Jamaica/Trinidad/Barbados), 240in Caribbeans (Black), 227, 237, 239,

246–247, 251–252causal hypotheses for, 247census data for, 234–237drug/alcohol abuse and, 249early life influences and, 248environmental factors for, 249, 250genetic predispositions for, 247geographic demography for, 230–231hypoxia as cause for, 248incidence rates for, 227, 230, 234, 238late childhood risk factors for, 248–249London Study for, 237Mental Health Inquiry for, 234migration as variable for, 247misdiagnoses for, 245–246in Norwegian migrants, 227nosological approach to, 247Nottingham Study for, 237prenatal viral infections and, 248in psychiatric literature, 228racism as factor for, 250–251schizo-mania v., 239social capital as factor for, 249social factors for, 249

sociological impact of, 230symptoms for, 228–229, 252“Ten Country Study” for, 231

“school persistence” rates, 98schooling, 88–89. See also educational

attainmentNational Curriculum assessments and,

88physical discipline and, 215

segmented assimilation hypothesis, 110cultural acceptance as part of, 110

segregationeducational, 112residential, 28, 56, 83, 109state-sponsored (U.S.), 109, 131

self-competencesuicide and, 265

self-esteemacculturative stress and, 272African American youth and, levels of,

272ethnic identity as factor in, 272Hispanic American youth and, levels of,

272suicide and, 265, 272–273White youth and, levels of, 272

self-identityfor Caribbeans (Black), 287categorical approach to, 53–54in CILS, 307, 324, 325–326, 332determinants of, 326–330ethnicity and, xvi, 51–54pan-ethnic, 325religious, 288–289“situational,” 287skin-color as part of, 287U.S. citizenship and, 326–327

self-report studies, xiiiethnic bias in, xiiilimitations of, 183–184in UK crime statistics, 183–184

self-reported offending surveysBlack/White ratios in, 143, 145, 183crime and, 143–147criticism of, 148–149“high frequency” participants in, 184MTF, 143in PHDCN, 162–166race-linked sampling bias in, 148validity of, 148

serotonin transporter genesdepressive disorders and, 62






376 Subject Index

“settlement system,” 23–24source country composition and, 23

sexual behaviorAfrican Americans and, 269early-onset, 269, 273suicide and, 269

single-parent householdsamong Caribbeans (Black), xii–xiii, 97,

191, 193Caucasian women and, xiii

skin colorself-identity and, 287

slavery, 199Caribbeans (Black) and, 175, 190, 199

social affluence, 66–67. See also povertyrates

social capitalschizophrenia and, 249

social communityas ethnic effect, 65

social dislocationimmigration and, 45

social learning theory, 210, 218physical discipline and, 210

social policy creationethnic identity and, 346–347for integration, 347youth development and, 346

social selectionenvironments’ role in, 3family care and, 11in noncausal mechanisms, 3–4

social stigmatization, 57, 342socioeconomic contexts

in CILS, 31, 327–328for ethnic neighborhoods, xivin Pacific Northwest Study (high school

seniors), 120–123, 128–131in U.S. crime statistics, 156–160

SomalisUK migrations patterns for, 81

South Africa, 51, 56, 345apartheid in, 51, 56, 345

“statistical” discrimination, 56stigmatization

from labeling, 57from racial discrimination, 72social, 57

“straight-line” integration, 338strain theory, 188suicidal ideation, 264, 266, 273

ethnicity as factor for, 266, 267

suicide, xvadolescent behaviors for, 263–264African Americans and, rates for, 71age variables for, 264attempts, by gender, 263, 264cause of death rates and, 262conduct disorders as factor for, 265cultural attitudes towards, 272, 274depressive disorders as factor in, 265educational attainment and, 268–269ethnic neighborhoods as factor for, 270ethnicity/gender variables for, 263, 264family structure as factor for, 265, 269–270ideation for, 264, 266nonpsychological factors for, 265parental supervision as factor for, 271poverty as factor for, 270–271protective factors against, 265, 274psychosocial adversity as factor in, 265religiosity as factor for, 265, 271–272, 274risk factors for, 264–265, 273, 274self-competence and, 265self-esteem and, 265, 272–273sexual behavior and, 269, 273

symbolic interactionism theory, 177

teachers’ expectations, 100, 346for African Americans, 111

“Ten Country Study,” 231, 237country of origin variable in, 239

third variable effectsin noncausal mechanisms, 5

UCR (Uniform Crime Reports), 140African Americans in, 140Crime Index and, 140index offenses in, 140, 141, 142race data (offender) in, 140

UK (United Kingdom). See also UK crimestatistics

African migration patterns to, 81age structures in, 26Asian (African) populations in, 26, 52“Asian trajectory” in, 104Asian youth educational levels in, 33assimilation levels in, 294Bangladeshi migration patterns to, 81Caribbeans (Black) in, 44, 80, 81, 196,

197–198, 284, 285, 296, 336, 340–341child poverty levels in, 43Commonwealth Immigration Act of 1962

in, 23






Subject Index 377

Commonwealth Immigration Act of 1968in, 23

crime rates in, 176demographic context for, 22–29Education Authority in, 84educational attainment in (minority

groups), 81, 83–92, 341“Englishness” in, 294ethnic identity formation in, 196, 197–198,

199, 281, 286–291ethnic neighborhoods in, 68, 82–83,

193–194, 195ethnic pluralism in, 285ethnic religiosity in, 289–291, 298ethno-racial composition in, 25, 176–177immigration increases in, 24income distribution quintiles for, 30income level definitions in, 30Indian migration patterns to, 81institutional ethnic identification in, 58integration in, 282migration patterns for, 23, 81minority population in, 25, 27, 43, 81multiple racisms theory in, 195–196NCWP and, 23“New Commonwealth” migration to,

284opportunity structures in, 284–285, 286Pakistani migration patterns to, 81, 284popular culture effects in, 293–297poverty differentials in, 30–34projected population demographics for,

42racial discrimination responses in,

195–196racism in, 281, 286“refugee” system in, 23replacement fertility rates for, 22residential segregation in, 28, 83secular changes in, 176self-sufficient cultural resources in, 196,

197“settlement system” in, 23social policies in, 43Somali migration patterns to, 81total population for, 22, 42Vietnamese migration patterns to, 81

UK crime statistics, 178antisocial behavior and, 174Caribbeans (Black) and, 175, 199ethnic variations in, 174evidence evaluation for, 179–184

generational changes for, 178–179,184–198

homicide data, 179–180intra-ethnic crime as factor in, 180prison population and, 181self-report studies in, 183–184youth reports as part of, 178

UK justice system processesbias effects in, 182–183case processing within, 181CPS in, 181discrimination within, 181–182ethnic group representation in, 182prosecution rates in, 181

Ummah, 291unemployment rates

for Caribbeans (Black), in UK, 189Uniform Crime Reports. See UCRUnited Kingdom. See UKU.S. (United States). See also U.S. crime

statisticsAfrican American population

demographics in, 26age demographics for, 26Asian Americans in, 109Caribbeans (Blacks) in, 44, 45child poverty in, 34, 35criminal justice system in, 139crude migration rates for, 23cultural assimilation in, 337demographic context for, 22–29“economic well-being” in, 34educational inequalities in, 37, 107, 131ethnic identity in, as social factor, 108, 131ethnic neighborhoods in, 68ethno-racial composition of, 25high school graduation rates in, 107–108Hispanic American population

demographics in, 26, 52housing/employment audit studies in, 67identificational assimilation in, 303“immigrant optimism” in, 134Immigration and Nationality Act’s effect

on, 24immigration increases in, 24, 340immigration populations for, 301institutional ethnic identification in, 58inter-racial marriage rates in, 26language assimilation in, 302as “language graveyard,” 302minority population in, 26, 27, 43Native American population in, 54






378 Subject Index

U.S. (United States) (continued)physical discipline and, by parents, 206police statistics in, 139population demographics for, 301poverty differentials in, 34–42projected population demographics for,

42race in, as social factor, 108, 131replacement fertility rates for, 22social mobility in, 131state-sponsored segregation in, 109, 131working-age population in, 42youth suicide rates in, 262, 263

U.S. CensusCurrent Population Survey, 301ethnic neighborhoods and, measures for,

160NCVS and, 142sub-national categories in, acceptance of,

52U.S. crime statistics, 140–142

“behavior v. justice system” debate for,147

cause v. markers for, 154“constitutional factors” for, 139, 154ethnic neighborhoods and, 69, 160–161Hispanic Americans and, 156I.Q. levels and, xivplace-based disparities in, 151–154reverse record checks and, 149–151self-reported offending surveys and,

143–147socioeconomic context for, 156–160UCR and, 140victimization surveys and, 142–143

victimization surveysfor crime, 142–143NCVS, 142

VietnameseUK migration patterns for, 81

Vietnamese Americans, 133“voluntary” minorities, 111

WhitesAfrican American IQ levels v., 59

college graduation rates for, 115college plans for (U.S.), xiiieducational levels for, 31educational transition rates for, 115high school graduation rates for, 115household incomes for (UK), 31murder rates for, 139prison attendance rates for, 139religiosity of, 288reverse record checks for (males),

150self-esteem levels for, 272social class differences among, 133in YRBSS survey, 143

Windrush, 296women

attempted suicides and, 263educational attainment (UK) and, 94educational levels for (UK), 31–33ethnic identity for, 344intergenerational differences and, 66within migrant generations, 85, 87post-primary schooling for, 90

World Health Organization, 231

YCS (Youth Cohort Study), 89, 90analyses of, 91

Youth Cohort Study. See YCSYouth Risk Behavior Study, 266Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System

survey. See YRBSSyouth suicide rates

for African Americans (in US), 263for Asian Americans, 263for Hispanic Americans, 263for Native Americans, 263in U.S., 262, 263for Whites (in U.S.), 263

YRBSS (Youth Risk Behavior SurveillanceSystem) survey, 143

African American criminal behavior in,145

Hispanic American criminal behavior in,145

racial disparities in, 146White criminal behavior in, 143






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