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Józef Grzybowski, a pioneerin micropaleontologicalbiostratigraphyPeter Webb aa Department of Scientific and Industrial Research ,Micropaleontology Section, New Zealand GeologicalSurvey , Lower HuttPublished online: 14 Feb 2012.

To cite this article: Peter Webb (1970) Józef Grzybowski, a pioneer inmicropaleontological biostratigraphy, New Zealand Journal of Geology andGeophysics, 13:3, 750-759, DOI: 10.1080/00288306.1970.10431352

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288306.1970.10431352

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J6ZEF GRZYBOWSKI, A PIONEER IN MICROPALEONTOLOGICAL

BIOSTRATIGRAPHY

PETER WEBB

VOL. 13

Micropaleontology Section, New Zealand Geological Survey, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lower Hutt

(Received for publication 13 May 1969)

ABSTRACT

Grzybowski's valuable contribution to the knowledge of Foraminifera occurring in flysch sediments is little known beyond Poland and Czechoslovakia. A paper pub­lished in 1897 in Lvov (then in Galicia but now in the U.S.S.R.), presents the first published account stressing the potential value of a foraminiferal zonation to strati­graphy in general and commercial drilling operations in particular. Although a number of earlier authors discussed fossil material retrieved from drillholes, including Fora­minifera, foraminiferal zonations were never proposed in these works. Grzybowski's taxonomic works deserve more serious consideration by micropaleontologists involved in the investigation of flysch sediments in the Americas and the circum-Pacific area.

INTRODUCTION

Foraminifera from well cuttings were used in obtaining age determina­tions of strata at least 20 years before the publication of <;;rzybowski's Potok Anticline paper (1897b). Karrer (1877) dated Foraminifera from a water well near Vienna as Miocene; Eunson (1884) recognised Paleozoic fossils from well cuttings at Northampton; Jones (1884) dated Foraminifera and Ostracoda from a well at Richmond (London); and Howchin (1891) deter­mined Tertiary Foraminifera from a drillhole in Adelaide. Chapman's paper of 1900, on the Foraminifera of a borehole in Santa Clara County, Cali­fornia, appears to be the first in the English language to set forth the potential value of Foraminifera in borehole stratigraphy. Grzybowski's slightly earlier application of Foraminifera in borehole biostratigraphy has been overlooked for many decades and even today is little known. In his exhaustive essay "Micropaleontology-past and future", Croneis (1941) elaborates on the contribution made by European and North American micropaleontologists but was apparently unaware of Grzybowski's research in the Carpathians. Fortunately, Croneis concludes his review with the plea, "forgiveness is asked of all those who may have contributed yeoman service in the founding of the science of Micropaleontology, but wh06e names were omitted from the text. .". Mention of Grzybowski is also lacking in such basic works as Cushman (1924, 1948), Galloway (1926), and Loeblich and Tappan (1964).

N.Z. 11 Geol. Geophys. 13: 750-9

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BIOGRAPHIES AND OTHER DISCUSSIONS OF GRZYBOWSKI'S RESEARCH

The earliest biography and bibliography was published by Wladyslaw Szajnocha in 1923, and the most recent by Franciszek Bieda in 1963 and 1967. The last mentioned appeared on the 70th anniversary of publication of . the. classic Potok Anticline paper, and also on the occasion of the 10th European Micropaleontological Colloquium, in Poland. Brief mention of Grzybowski's contributions are also to be found in Glaessner (1945), Pokorny (1949, 1963), and Hiltermann (1965).

J6ZEF GRZYBOWSKI, 1869-1922, A BRIEF SKETCH

Grzybowski (Fig. 1), began his studies in law at the Jagellonian Uni­versity, Cracow, but later turned to the natural sciences. His prime interest lay in geology and paleontology and in 1896 he took his doctorate in these subjects. He studied for a short time with Professors Zittell, Rothpletz, and Pompekj in Munich. He also undertook research in Russia, Iraq, Peru, France, and Italy. In 1900 he became Reader in the Depa£tment of Geology in Cracow, and in 1908 a Professor. He is the author of more than 50 publications. Ten papers, published in the interval 1894-1901 (listed in the references), deal with the micropaleontology and stratigraphy of Upper Cretaceous - Oligocooe flysch sediments. Other publications deal with map­ping and oil geology in the Carpathians and other Polish territory, and with the organisation of scientific research in Poland.

GRZYBOWSKI AND THE GROWTH OF CARPATHIAN MICROPALEONTOLOGY

The Geological Institute of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (based in Vienna), the National Department in Lvov, and the Polish Academy in Cracow initiated geological investigations throughout Galicia* in the latter part of the nineteenth century, stimulated principally by the rapid develop­ments of the hydrocarbon industry and the possibility of disCQIvering oil in the extensive Carpathian flysch. Stratigraphic control was urgently required in both field and drilling operations. Foraminifera were by far the most abundant and useful fossil group available but were frequently poorly preserved, distorted, and included long ranging agglutinating taxa. Despite these difficulties Grzybowski accepted the challenge and initiated his study of Foraminifera and their application in the interpretation of Carpathian flysch stratigraphy.

Microfaunal collections made by Szajnochat in sediments of similar age to those discussed by Uhlig (1886) were studied by Grzybowski and the results. pu~lished as his first micropaleontological paper. A publication appearmg In Kosmos in 1897 with the title "Microscopic investigations of muds from borings in oil-fields. Potok anticline and area around Krosno"

*That part of the Carpathia'ls inhabited by Poles and Ukranians. tWhence the name of the widespread Maastrichtian species Reussella szainocha is derived.

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FIG. I-Professor ]6zef Grzybowski, from a photograph taken in about 1905-10.

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(translated from Polish) is of special significance. Here, we hav~ for the first time in the history of micropaleontology, the formal erectIOn of a sequence of zones based on Foraminifera (Figs. 2, 3). ~ieda (1967) remarks, that while Grzybowski's zones may not have lastmg value;. he should be credited with the first application of a Foraminiferal zonatIon as an aid in stratigraphic correlation.

Practically all his micropaleontological papers were written in Polish which unfortunately restricted the number of contemporary workers able to read and follow his results. The translation of Grzybowski's species diagnoses from Polish to English and their publication in the "Catalogue of Fora­minifera" (Ellis and Messina, 1940) was instrumental in bringing his work to the attention of workers in Western Europe, the Americas, and the Pacific area. It is interesting to note that the translator, Dr R. Jablonski, was Chief Geologist to the Vacuum Oil Co. in Gisborne (N.Z.) in the early 1930s. The Viennese group, with Uhlig and Rzehak among its mem­bers, read Polish but chose to voice opposition to his biostratigraphic methods, incorrectly alleging that he implied a genetic connection between Foraminifera and hydrocarbon deposits. However, beyond Vienna, his work attracted little attention. Pokorny (1963) attributed this obscurity almost entirely to the Polish language text, adding that in Grzybowski's time Slavica non Leguntur was the password in Europe. Although he ceased active micropaleontological research after the 1901 papers, Grzybowski attracted a number of students who continued the investigations of Car­pathian microfaunas. This group included Franciszek Bieda, Olga Pazdowa, and Maria Dylazanka in Cracow, and Maria de Cizancourt in Lvov.

Research was continued by Polish micropaleontologists under German supervision during the Second World War occupation (Hiltermann, 1943).

In the post-war period micropaleontological and sedimentological studies of the Carpathian flysch was greatly intensified with Franciszek Bieda, Marian Ksiazkiewicz, Stanislaw Geroch, Stanislaw Dzulinski, Henryk Jurkiewicz, Andrej Radomski, Janina Morgie!, Janina Liskowa, and Jadwiga Blaicher amongst the leading investigators. In the numerous publications of the Cracow group Grzybowski's name is ever present.

Poziom I. wyll\cznie wapienne (Nummulites badensis) - meuility.

" n. ". Globigerina.

• strefa z Cycl. amplectens . ... ! z Reofax placent,a.

Ill. I- z Trochamminami. "

.. -i z Dendrophrya robusta. z Reophax gr&ndis. ?

" IV. fauna mi~8zana (Amphistegina. Nummulites cf.

Leymeriei). FIG. 2a-Reproduction from the Polish text of Grzybowski's "Potok Anticline" paper

showing the biostratigraphic and lithostratigraphic subdivision proposed for the Polish Carpatbia flysch. Copied from Kosmos 22, published in Lvov in 1897.

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Horizon

I

-----

II

III Horizon of exclusively

agglutinated Foraminifera

-----

IV

N.Z. JOURNAL OF GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS VOL. 13

FIG. 2b---English translation of Fig. 2a, after Bieda (1967),

-

-----

I --

2 --

3 --

4 --

5 --

-

Lithostratigraphic designations of flysch

sequences

Menilite Shales

Globigerina Marls

Variegated shales and

Ci~zkowice Sandstone

Ci~zkowice Sandstone I

Age

Bartonian-Ligurian

(LowerOli-gocene)

Upper Eocene

Composition of fauna and main species

Foraminifera exclusively calcareous Nummulites budensis

Exclusively Globigerina

Cyclammina amplectens

Reophax placenta

Trochammina sp. div.

Dendrophrya robusta

( ?) Reophax grandis

A mixture of agglutinated and calcareous Fora-minifera: Amphistegina sp., Nummulites d. leymeriei

TAXONOMIC ASPECTS OF GRZYBOWSKI'S INVESTIGATIONS

Grzybowski diagnosed more than 120 species of foraminifera. In his taxonomic work he adopted the same narrow species' concept as other Austro-Hungarian micropaleontologists of the period, i.e., Reuss, Karrer, Stache, Hantken, and others. As was the case with his colleagues Grzybowski was a morphological splitter who failed to recognise differences of generation, ontogeny and morphological variation. His taxonomic approach is well illus­trated by the minute distinctions recognised in his Spiroplecta (= Bolivm­opsis) spectabilis-brevis-clotho-foliacea and the Spiroloculina (= Rzehakina) epigona.-incluscA-fissistomata-occulata-simplex-complanata species groups. As larger populations of these and other groups are investigated the total number of valid Grzybowski species will probably be reduced.

Systematic revisions, mainly at the generic level, have been advanced by a number of recent Polish and Russian workers. Interested readers should consult Geroch and Gradzinski (1955), Geroch (1960), Jurkiewicz (1967), and Vialov and Dobagian (1967).

Upper Cretaceous--Oligocene flysch and associated faunas are widely distributed in both hemispheres. Micropaleontological workers in North America and the Pacific have almost totally ignored Grzybowski's contribu­tions and have erected a large number of new names for what are certainly

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111111' "'." Jll'dr II/Itl/H%J or 7/11, ,.,

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FIG. 4-Reproduction of a typical plate of foraminifera drawn by Grzybowski (1901a, plate 7).

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WEBB - J6ZEF GRZYBOWSKI 757

identical taxa. Take, for example, the Bolivinopsis compta Finlay, grzybowski (Frizzell), trinitatensis (Cushman and Renz), perplexa Israelsky, brunswick­ensis (Todd and Knicker) and ela!nsoensis (Todd and Knicker) group. This can be safely interpreted as the Western Hemisphere counterpart of the Carpathian Bolivinopsis suite cited abovle. Closer co-operation between investigators in the two areas is needed. Meaningless duplication of names reduces the stratigraphic usefulness of species and obscures any paleo­zoological distribution patterns which might exist.

New Zealand shares with the Carpathian area a very similar suite of upper Cretaceous, Paleocene, Eocene, and Oligocene sediments. Sediments include grey, red, green, purple often non-calcareous shales, siltstones, and sand­stones, in which the dominant fossil group is agglutinating Foraminifera. It is already apparent that many New Zealand Foraminifera in this time interval are identical with those of the Polish Carpathians, and that a great many of Grzybowski's species of Dendrophyra\ Rhizammina, Hyperammina, Saccammina, Reophax, Hormosin(1, Trochamminoides, Cyclammina, Haplo­phragmoides, Bolivinopsis, etc., also occur here.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

My interest in this subject stems from a visit to the Department of Geology, ]agellonian University, Cracow. Through the courtesy of Dr Stanislaw Geroch I was able to study type material in the Grzybowski collection. Dr Geroch also provided a set of Grzybowski's publications, and it is from these that several figures were reproduced for inclusion in this publication. Washed residues from important Polish Carpathian localities were presented to the writer and are now stored in the Micro­paleontology Section collections (Foreign collection, F100, 438-59) of the New Zealand Geological Survey.

I wish to express my grateful thanks to Dr Geroch, Professor Ksiazkiewicz, Pro­fessor Dzulinski, and Dr Radomski, for the co-operation and hospitality extended me in the course of laboratory and field work in Cracow and environs.

Dr N. de B. Hornibrook and Mr G. H Scott are thanked for providing criticism of the final draft of this paper.

Fig. 3 was traced by Mr R. C. Brazier from a print of the original figure.

REFERENCES

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BIEDA, F.; GEROCH, S.; KOSZARSKI, L; KSIAZKIEWICZ, M.; ZYTKO, K. 1963: Strati­graphie des Karpates externes polonaises. Biul. Insf. geol. 181: 5-174.

CHAPMAN, F. 1900: Foraminifera from the Tertiary of California. California Acad. Sci. Proc., Geol. (ser. 3), 1 (8): 241-60.

CRONEIS, C. 1941: Micropaleontology-past and future. Bull. Am. Ass. Petrol. Geol. 25 (7): 1208-55.

CUSHMAN, ]. A. 1924: The use of Foraminifera in geologic correlation. Bull. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. 8: 485-91.

1948: "Foraminifera. Their classification and economic use". Harvard Uni­versity Press, Cambridge, Mass. 605 pp.

ELLIS, B. F.; MESSINA, A. 1940: Catalogue of Foraminifera. Spec. Pub. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 30 vols and supplements. .

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EUNSON, H. J. 1884: Palaeozoic rocks beneath Northampton. Q. Jl geol. Soc. Lond. 40: 482-96.

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GEROCH, S. 1960: Geological researches in the Carpathians. Biul. Inst. geol. 153: 7-138.

GEROCH, S.; GRADZINSKI, R. 1955: Stratigraphy of the Sub-Silesian Series in the tectonic window of Zywiec (Western Carpathians). Roczn. pol. Tow. geol. 24: 3-62. Krakow.

GLAESSNER, M. F. 1945: "Principles of Micropaleontology". Melbourne University Press, Melbourne. 296 pp.

GRZYBOWSKI, J. 1894a: Mikrofauna karpackiego piaskowca z pod Dukli (translation­The microfauna from sandstones of the Carpathians near Dukla). Rozpr. Wydz. mat.-przyr. pol. Akad. Umiejet. ser. 2, T. 9: 181-214.

1894b: Foraminiferen aus dem Eodin der Karpathen. Mikro-fauna des Karpthensandsteins bei Dukla. Sber. Akad. Wiss. Abh. T. 29.

1895: 1\fikrofauna der Karpathenbildungen. I. Die Foraminiferen der rothen Tone von Wadowice. Bull. into Acad. pol. Sci. Lett. ct. Sci. math.-nat.: 305-15.

1896a: Otwornice czerwonych ilow z Wadowic (translation-Foraminifera in red shales at Wadowice). Rozpr. Wydz. mat.-przyr. pol. Akad. Umiejet., T. 30: 261-308.

1896b: Mikroskopische Studien liber die griinen Konglomerate der ostgali­zischen Karpathen. Jb. geol. Bundesanst., Wien 46: 299-308.

1897a: Otwornice pokladow naftonosnych okolicy Krosna (translation­Foraminifera of oil-bearing strata in the neighbourhood of Krosno). Rozpr. Wydz. mat.-przyr. pol. Akad. Umiejel., T. 33: 257-305.

1897b: Mikroskopowe badania namulow wiertniczych z kopaln naftowych. Pas potocki i okolic Krosna. Uwagi ogolne (translation-Microscopic investigations of mud from borings in oil-fields. Potok anticline and area around Krosno. Further remarks). Kosmos, Warsz. T.22: 393-439.

1898: Die Mikrofauna der Karpathenbildungen. II. Foraminiferen der naphtafiihrenden Schichten der Umgebung von Krosno. Bull. into Acad. pol. Sci. Lett., Cl. Sci. mat h.-nat.: 180-6.

1901a: Otwornice warstw inoceramowych okolicy G~rlic (translation­Foraminifera of the Inoceramian Beds in the neighbourhood of Gorlice). Rozpr. Wydz. mat.-przyr. pol. Akad. Umiejet., ser. B., T. 41: 219-88.

1901b: Die Mikrofauna der Karpathenbildungen. III. Die Foraminiferen der Inoceramenschichten von Gorlice. Bull. into Acad. pol. Sci. Lett., Cl. Sci. math.-nat.: 221-6.

HILTERMANN, H. 1943: Zur stratigraphie und mikropaiiiontoiogie der Mittelkarpaten. Erdal Kohle 39: 745-55.

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HOWCHIN, W. 18?1: The Foraminifera of the older Tertiary (No.2 Kent Town Bore, Adelalde). Trans. Proc. Rep. R. Soc. S. Aust. 14: 350.

JONES, T. R. 1884: Foraminifera and Ostracoda from the deep boring at Richmond. Q. Jl geol. Soc. Lond. 40: 765-77.

JURKIEWICZ, H. 1967: Foraminifers in the Sub-Menilitic Palaeogene of the Polish Middle Carpathians. Biul. Inst. geol. 210: 5-128.

KARRER, F. 1877: "Geologie der Franz Josefs Hochquellen-Wasserleitung". Vienna. , 420 pp.

lOEBLICH, A. R.; TAPPAN, H. 1964: "Protista, Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology Part C," R. Moore (Ed.). University of Kansas Press, lawrence. 900 pp. '

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POKORNY, V. 1949: On the Microfauna of the Eocene Green Clay of Nikoleice (Moravia, Czechoslovakia). Bull. into Acad. tcheque Sci. 50 (15). 16 pp.

1963: "Principles of Zoological Micropaleontology". Pergamon Press, N.Y. 652 pp.

SZA]NOCHA, W. 1923: Prof. dr. Jozef Grzybowski. 1869-1922. Rys zycia i prac nuakowych. Roczn. pol. Tow. geol., t. 1: 81-95.

UHLIG, V. 1886: Ueber eine Mikrofauna aus dem Aitertiiir der westgalizischen Karpathen. lbet'. Bundesanst., Wien 36.

VIALOV, O. S.; DOBAGIAN, N. V. 1967: Notes on some Paleogene Foraminifera from Grzybowski's Collection. Paleont. Sb. 4 (1).

NOTE ADDED IN PROOF

Since this paper was completed the following article has been published :

BIEDE, F. 1969: One hundredth anniversary of the birth of Josef Grzybowski. Roczn pol. Tow. geol. 39 (1-3): 7-11.

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