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Northern America

Part III

American and European Culture

Lecturer: Mr. Piseth Yin 1

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CHAPTERIV

POPULATIONANDSETTLEMENT

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CHAPTEROUTLINE

I. INTRODUCTIONII. NUMBERSANDTHEIRMEANING

III. PEOPLEASRESOURCES

IV. EARLYSETTLEMENTV. EARLYMIGRATIONANDSETTLEMENT

VI. THEIMPORTANTOFLOCATION

VII. CHANGINGPATTERNSOFSETTLEMENT

VIII. WHATDOESTHEFUTUREHOLD?

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I. INTRODUCTION

Northern America occupies an area ofroughly 7,500,000 square miles (19.5 million

square kilometers) divided almost equally

between:

Canada= 10million square kilometers

The United States= 9.6 million squarekilometers

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The population of both countries is increasing

slowly, at a rate well below the world averageof about 1.2 percent per year.

People in both countries are generally well-offin terms of:

life quality,

educational attainment and literacy, and life expectancy

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Natural resources have supported

widespread: settlement,

economic growth, and

The development of human resources

Each of these factors plays an important role

in both the demographics of NorthernAmerica.

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II. NUMBERSANDTHEIRMEANING

Both the United States and Canada undertakedetailed censuses:

The United States in 00 years and

Canada in 01 and 06 years

A census is any countrys single mostimportant source for data about its people.

The census provides a detailed statisticalprofile about each countryspopulation.

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Twenty-second Census

of the United States

U.S. Census Bureau Seal

General Information:Date Taken : April 1, 2000

Total U.S. Population: 281,421,906

Most Populous State: California

Least Populous State: Wyoming

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyominghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyominghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Census_Bureau_seal.svg

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According to (2005 data), Northern Americaspopulation is account for some 330 million,

about: 33 millionCanadians and

297 millionAmericans

Population within the region is growing annuallyat a quite sustainable rate of just less than onepercent.

Few areas of comparable size have a populationdensity lower than Northern Americas 17people per square kilometer.

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In terms of health and life expectancy, NorthernAmericans, on average, live 78 years, longer than

people in any of the worlds other culturalrealms.

The worldwide average: 67 years

Canadians have a slight edge over Americans,with a life expectancy of 80 years versus 78years.

In both countries, women outlive men by aboutfive years.

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In fact, only a handful of other industrialcountries such as Japan and several

Western European states have an olderpopulation.

An aging population creates a number ofproblems:

fewer people to enter the workforce, and

difficult to find people to fill entry-level andlower-paying jobs

more retirees

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Both countries are experiencing substantial

net gains in immigration. This, however, can

cause problems as well as solve them.

According to census data, an estimated 11

million immigrantsnearly 3.7 percent of the

countrystotal populationlive in the United

States illegally.

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III. PEOPLEASRESOURCES

People are any countrys most importantresourceat least, potentially.

Populations differ greatly in terms of : education,

health, and

productivity

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Northern America enjoys one of the worlds

highest rates of literacy:

97 percentof the people in both Canada

and the United States can read and write

A substantial percentage of people hold

college degrees

In Northern America, infant mortality is

about 6 per 1,000 annually, the lowest in any

of the worldsculture realms.

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A healthy and well-educated population,supported by a strong work ethic and good

government, will be highly productive.

Certainly, Northern America is blessed with

each of these conditions that the region alsoenjoys the worlds strongest economy asmeasured by:

productivity,

Per capita income, and

purchasing power

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IV. EARLYSETTLEMENT

Settlement refers to:

where people live and

why they choose to live there

Generally speaking, the outcome of this clash

of civilizations favored the more powerful

Europeans:

Native lands were claimed and settled at

will by the newcomers

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Some anthropologists believe that fewer than

one millionpeople occupied the area that is

now Canada and the United States, whereas

others have placed the figure as high as 18

million.

It seems most likely that 3 to 5 million people

inhabited this part of the New World by

A.D. 1500.

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By 1900 this number were reduced to about

400,000 by some factors:

Disease,

warfare,

the wave of newcomers engulfed theirhomelands, and

other factors

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The first permanent European settlers in

Northern America came as two distinctly

different group:

Spaniardssettled in a band stretching

from Florida to California, and

Northwest Europeansfirst settled along

the eastern seaboard

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European settlement in Northern America:

In 1565 by Spaniards in St. Augustine,

Florida

In 1605 and 1607 French and British

established along the East Coast,

respectively

By 1625, the Dutch in New Amsterdam

(now New York City) at the mouth of the

Hudson River

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V. EARLYMIGRATIONANDSETTLEMENT

By 1700, Northern America was on the brinkof what was to become the greatest mass

migration in human history.

Nearly 50 millionpeople are believed to

have immigrated to the United States and

Canada during a 250-year period.

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They came for many reasons:

seeking new lives, lands, and opportunities

escaping oppression for their religious,

political, or other views

coming unwillingly as slaves

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Most immigrants to Northern America:

the British Isleswere the primarysource of immigrants

o More than one million Irish came to

America during the potato famineof the

mid-1800s alone

Germansranked a close second

Newcomers from Scandinavia,

Eastern Europe(including Russia), and

Italy numbered in the millions

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Potato famine (Great Hunger)

o Country: United Kingdom of Great

Britain and Ireland

o Location: Ireland

o Period: 18451852

o Total deaths: 1 million

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Africansbrought to the New World as

slaveso Actual numbers of slaves taken from

Africa are unknown

o

The most reasonable figures appear tobe in the range of 9 to 10 million

Asians, particularly Chinese

o

Asians became the chief labor force

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Northern Americas population was growing

numerically.

It was also accepting and absorbing people of

vastly different cultures on a scale neverbefore experienced in human history.

Northern American culture was forged fromthe contributions of many others.

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Gold was the primary magnet that first drew

adventurers westward across the continent.

The 1848 discoveryof this precious metal in

California

Tens of thousands of fortune seekers to the

Golden State.

During the latter half of the nineteenth century,

Canada also experienced several gold strikes,which resulted in rushes that drew thousands of

gold-hungry prospectors westward.

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Visionary leaders began to call for the

building of a transcontinental railroad:

By 1869, rails spanned the United States to

link thriving San Francisco with major East

Coast cities

By 1885, Canada completed its

transcontinental route

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Railroad companies were given land to help

support the cost of building.

Later, they established hundreds of

communities along their tracks in hope of

financially supporting their operations.

By the early twentieth century, European

settlement had spread to all areas of

Northern America.

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VI. THEIMPORTANCEOFLOCATION

As anyone involved in real estate knows,location is perhaps the single most important

factor in determining where people choose to

settle.

They select a location that is to become their

home for a reason.

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A. The Attraction of Water

Water, of course, is essential tolife,

Important for transportation,

irrigation, important for industry

In both Canada and the United States, mostlarge cities were established and thrived

because of their function as ports.

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On the Atlantic Coast, Boston, New York,

Philadelphia, Charleston, Savannah, Jacksonville,

and Miami grew as major port cities.

Along the Pacific Coast, San Diego, San Francisco,

Seattle, and Vancouver owed much of their

success to this function.

Toronto, Chicago, Milwaukee, Detroit, Cleveland,and Buffalo all grew as inland ports on the Great

Lakes.

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Inland, water routes also played a major role

in the growth of many cities:

Quebec City and Montreal thrived as

Canadian ports on the St. Lawrence River MinneapolisSt. Paul, St. Louis, Memphis,

and New Orleans grew as ports on the

Mississippi River

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A detailed map reveals that nearly all

communities within this region were located

on streams.

In the Southwest, Phoenix, Tucson, and Las

Vegas rank among Northern Americasmost

rapidly growing urban centers.

Much of their growth depends on water

diverted from the Colorado River.

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B. Fertile Farmland

Northern America offers some of the worldsfinest farmland with:

good soils,

flat land, and adequate moisture

Rich alluvial (stream-deposited) soils drew

settlers across the broad Atlantic and Gulfcoastal plains and into the interior river

valleys and basins.

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The agricultural farmlands include:

The interior United States The Central Valley of California,

Oregons Willamette Valley,

Washingtons Puget Sound region, The Fraser River Valley in southern British

Columbia

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C. Improved Access

Throughout much of Northern America,railroads proved to be the primary magnets

for settlement.

In fact, in the vast region between the Rocky

Mountains and the Appalachians, an estimated

80 percent of all communities can attribute

their origin to railroads.

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Automobiles and roadways became a major

factor of settlement in the early twentieth

century.

In the 1950s, the United States began to

develop an interstate highway system.

In terms of contemporary population and

settlement, the interstate system plays a

major role.

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D. Other Factors That Influence

Settlement

Numerous other factors influence where

people settle:

the places where the ores found

as mining centers

as fishing centers

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They have become tourist centers that focus

on : scenery,

local history,

recreation, or some other modern attraction

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In both Canada and the United States, several

hundred communities include Fort in their

name, attesting to their strategic importance.

Some cities, including Washington, D.C.,

and Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, were

developed as centers of government.

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Certainly, many state and provincial capitalsgrew because of their government functions.

Some towns flourish as:

university centers or

centers for scientific research

Increasingly throughout Northern America,

many communities depend on tourism astheir primary source of revenue and hence,population growth.

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VII.CHANGINGPATTERNSOFSETTLEMENT

Peoples perceptions of good and badplaces to live are based on their culture

particularly, how they make a living.

During the past half-century, significant

changes in culture have had a major effect on

settlement patterns.

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During the past century, millions of people

have moved from the country to the city.

Today, nearly 80 percent of all Northern

Americans live in a metropolitan area.

Cities also offered many amenities other than

jobs:

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better education,

health care, entertainment,

shopping, and

many other activities and services

As industrial cities grew, so did the need for

services, and people involved in:

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A. Urban to Suburban

With the development of improvedtransportation facilities, people no longerneeded to live near their place of work:

Suburbs offered a more natural

landscapewith more space and greenery. They also were remote from the growing

decay, congestion, and other problems.

Many people, however, soon came torealize that suburban life was rathersterile.

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In the United States, many people live in

suburbs and work in the inner city but payproperty, sales, and other taxes to their

suburban community.

In Canada, on the other hand, taxes go to

benefit the entire metropolitan area (a city

and its suburbs):

Under this arrangement, cities have

adequate funds to support urban needs.

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B. Snowbelt to Sunbelt

During the latter half of the twentieth

century, millions of people moved from

The Snowbelt or Rustbelt in

northeastern United States where it is

cold to

The Sunbelt in the South and

Southwest where it is warm

Climate alone cannot account for this majorshift settlement.

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Many other factors were involved:

Property,

taxes, and

other costs of living

C. Must to Want

In times past, most peoples place of

residence was determined by where theymust residein order to make a living.

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Most jobs were in industrial centers and so

were most people.

Today, many people hold jobs that make it

possible for them to live where they want to

reside.

Society has moved from an industrial to a

postindustrial service- and information-basedeconomy.

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VIII. WHATDOESTHEFUTUREHOLD?

For several decades, Northern Americas

population has grown primarily because of:

immigration,

demographic change and

cultural change

Migration certainly will continue in bothcountries, resulting in further social and

cultural changes.

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Fortunately, Northern America remains the

desire of future population growth:

available space,

good government, and

a strong economy

Both the United States and Canada have huge

areas of unsettled land.

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The U.S. interior plains and lowlands also

offer many attractive settlement options.

One thing is certain. Fifty years from now, will

be different in terms of:

statistical data,

maps of population,

settlement, and ethnicity

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ENDOFTHECHAPTER!