8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

1/63

Northern America

Part III

American and European Culture

Lecturer: Mr. Piseth Yin 1

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

2/63

CHAPTERIII

HISTORICALGEOGRAPHY

2

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

3/63

CHAPTEROUTLINE

I. THEFIRSTAMERICANS

II. NATIVECULTURE

III. DIDABULLCHANGEHISTORYIV. EARLYEUROPEANEXPLORATIONS

V. EUROPEANROOTSINAMERICANSOIL

3

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

4/63

CHAPTEROUTLINE

VI. SPAINCLAIMS

VII. THEPLANTATIONSOUTH

VIII. STRUGGLEFORWEALTHANDPOWERIX. NORTHERNAMERICAMOVESWESTWARD

X. CREATINGANEWCULTUREREAM

4

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

5/63

Throughout the world, people share certainsimilarities in the ways they live.

Differences based on where people live do exist,yet there are common threads that define theirculture, or way of life. They have:

holidays and special occasions belief systems, languages, ways of earning a living, forms of entertainment, and a heritage

5

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

6/63

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

7/63

Archaeological finds have been interpreted byat least some scientists to suggest multipleorigins of Americasearliest people:

Southeast Asia,

Japan and eastern Siberia

Australia, Europe, and

Africa

Pre-European arrivals represented a varietyof human physical types, includingMongoloid, Negroid, and Caucasoid.

7

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

8/638

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

9/63

Certain scientists even believe that some of

the earliest settlers may have traveled byboat during at least part of their long

journey.

The time of arrival is perhaps 13,000 to

more than 100,000years ago!

9

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

10/63

II. NATIVECULTURE

Native people of Northern Americarecognized themselves by many names:

Indianis the most common term used Native Americans,

First Americans, or

First Nations(preferred in Canada)

10

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

11/63

Several things can be said with some certainty

about the earliest Northern Americans:

When Europeans arrived on the shores

of the NewWorld, they reached a land

that had been discovered and settled

thousands of years earlier.

The native peoples were dominantly East

Asian in terms of physical characteristics

and geographical origin.

11

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

12/63

The ways of life practiced by native peoples

varied greatly in terms of:

language,

economic activity, housing,

dress, and

many other aspects of culture

12

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

13/63

In the southwestern United States:

Pueblo tribes grew crops of maize(corn), beans, and squash.

The Hohokam (in what is today centralArizona), practiced a very advanced type of

irrigation, diverting water great distances in

well constructed canals

13

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

14/63

14

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

15/63

East of the Mississippi River:

woodland peoples practiced productivefarming combined with hunting and fishing

From the Rio Grande northward into central

Canada: Bison (buffalo) hunters occupied the

continents interior

They provided meat, hides, bone, horn, andsinew (thread), all of which were importantresources to these skilled hunters

15

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

16/63

16

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

17/63

Across the vast subarctic region of taiga forest

people depended on caribou hunting, fishing,and gathering for their livelihood

Some groups made sturdy canoes from the

bark of birch trees

In Northern America:

native peoples made numerous contributions

to present-day culture

various ruins and other historical sites serveas important links to the regions first cultures

and their important legacy

17

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

18/63

18

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

19/63

III. DIDABULLCHANGEHISTORY

Today, tourists can visit a reconstructed Vikingsettlement at LAnse aux Meadows, a

National Historic Site on the northern tip of

Newfoundland.

According to ancient sagas (stories), a group

of 160 Norse men and women from

Greenland settled in the summer of 1003.

19

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

20/63

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

21/63

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

22/63

The Vikings trade with skraelings, a group

of strangers who arrived by canoe.

Things seemed to go well, until one day

Karlsefnis bull suddenly charged from the

forest.

The skraelings, who had never seen cattle,

fled in terror.

22

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

23/63

23

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

24/63

They soon returned and attacked the Vikings,killing several and injuring others.

Fearing of safety, The Norse decided toabandon Hop and return to Greenland,

ending the Norse attempt to settle NorthAmerica.

Karlsefnis enraged bull evidently delayed thepermanent European settlement of theAmericas for some 500 years!

24

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

25/63

IV.EARLYEUROPEANEXPLORATIONS European exploration of Northern America

began in approximately 500 years ago.

Beginning with Columbuss voyage in 1492,

European navigators began to sail westwardin search of an all-water route by explorersfrom:

Italy, Spain,

France,

25

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

26/63

Portugal,

the Netherlands and

Great Britain

They travelled across the Atlantic to theshores of the newly found land that, by 1507,

had been named America.

26

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

27/63

In 1497, Giovanni Caboto, known as John

Cabot Sailed and explored across theAtlantic, under the orders of King HenryVIIof England:

His mission was to find a new trade route

to the Orient for the ever-expandingBritish empire

What Cabot discovered instead was

perhaps the worldsrichest fishing grounds,which lay off of the eastern shore ofCanada

27

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

28/63

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

29/63

Far to the south, in Latin America, Spanish

explorers had discovered huge deposits of

gold and silver.

In 1524, spurred by tales of the vast wealth in

the New World, the King of France sent

explorer Giovanni da Verrazano on a

voyage of exploration:

29

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

30/63

the coast of North Carolina

along the eastern seaboard as far as NovaScotia and

Newfoundland

The first European to follow the coast of

present-day New England, and his

discoveriessoon drew other explorers.

30

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

31/63

V. EUROPEANROOTSINAMERICANSOIL During four voyages between 1534 and 1543:

Jacques Cartier gathered moredocumentation of the lands and people in thisarea

He also ventured into the interior of Canada He hoped to discover precious metals such as

silver and gold

Instead, he found a resource of comparablevalue in the regions abundant fur-bearinganimals

31

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

32/63

32

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

33/63

The French continued to stream fartherinland to other areas of Northern America:

Trading posts were established wherevaluable furs could be collected both fromtrappers and through trade with native

peoples Small settlements and fur-trading posts

continued to expand along the St.Lawrence River, the Great Lakes, and south

along the Mississippi River to the Gulf ofMexico.

33

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

34/63

Fur-trapping routes, mapped with knowledge

gained from the native populations, were

developed by both French and British

trappers.

Expansion of the fur trade was pushed by

fashionable European hat makers, who

desired the furs for their customers.

34

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

35/63

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

36/63

Dutch, Scandinavian, and German settlers

soon were added to the growing diversity

of Northern Americascultural mosaic.

An ethnic mix of farmers, merchants, and

tradesmen colonized what would become

known as New York and Pennsylvania.

By the mid-1700s, these diverse peoples lived

in a group of colonies under British control.

36

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

37/63

VI. SPAINCLAIMS

Huge areas of what is now the United Stateswere first explored and claimed by Spain.

In 1565, four decades before the French andBritish established their first permanent

settlements, St. Augustine now in Florida, was

settled by Spaniards.

37

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

38/63

Spanish territorial claims and cultural

influence stretched from Florida across the

South and Southwest to California.

Spain and later Mexico eventually lost political

control of these lands, but the Hispanic

cultural imprint remains strong throughout

much of that region.

38

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

39/63

VII. THEPLANTATIONSOUTH

In the American South, ample moisture and along, hot growing season were favorable for

cultivation of plantation crops:

tobacco

cotton

tea coffee

39

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

40/63

40

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

41/63

Throughout the seventeenth century, Europeans

had brought a small number of Africans to

America as slaves:

African peoples were accustomed to hard

work and steaming weather conditions North Europeans, primarily from the British

Isles, were not accustomed to working in the

sweltering heat and humidity Native Americans proved to be unsatisfactory

as laborers

41

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

42/63

42

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

43/63

For more than a century, the Southsplantation economy thrived, on the backs of

slave laborers.

Although the slave trade became illegal by

1808, the use of slaves as laborers was notterminated until 1863.

By that time, several hundred thousandAfricans had been added to the growingpopulation.

43

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

44/63

VIII. STRUGGLEFORWEALTHANDPOWER

Even with the economic support of the fur trade,the French and British relied heavily on their

mother countries both politically and militarily.

Inevitably, the French and British struggled to

control colonial lands in Northern America:

This disruption caused much conflict between

the French and British colonists of NorthernAmerica during the 1700sand early 1800s.

44

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

45/63

As European settlement and political control

spread, they also spread diseases and critical

disruptions of native ways of life:

native populations were decimated and

their lands taken, often by force

This loss of native people and their traditional

ways of living altered the cultural history of

Northern America.

45

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

46/63

The Angloization of Northern America

changed the living standard of:

coastal fishing peoples,

eastern woodland farming cultures,

southwestern pueblo dwellers, plains bison hunters,

northern Indian, and

Arctic Inuit families

46

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

47/63

IX. NORTHERNAMERICAMOVESWESTWARD

What began as a trickle of movement

westward from the well established eastcoast settlements became a flood by the

early 1800s.

Land-hungry pioneers spilled across theAppalachian Mountains to the Ohio Valley

The interior valleys and plains were seen

as a fertile farming frontier for hundreds ofthousands of European immigrants

47

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

48/63

Scandinavian and German settlers were

familiar with woodland living:

They were skilled axmen using the forest

resources to build sturdy log homes and

fences

They could clear land to farm

48

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

49/63

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

50/63

At the time, Russians had established atoehold along the California coast north of

San Francisco.

With their position threatened by the sudden

explosion of settlers, they withdrew towestern Canada and eventually to Alaska.

Finally, with the American purchase ofAlaska in 1867, the Russians left NorthernAmerica.

50

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

51/63

Alaska Purchasing:

Under the Treaty of:o US: William H. Seward

o Russia: Tsar Alexander II

Date: March 30, 1867

Area: 1,518,800 km2

Price: US$ 4.74/ km2

Total: 7.2 million

51

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

52/63

52

24thUnited States Secretary of State The Emperor of Russia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

53/63

53

The original check used to pay

for Alaska, worth $7.2 million

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

54/63

Westward expansion also occurred in

Canada, where settlers were first attracted to

the fertile farmlands in southern Ontario.

Agricultural expansion in Canada moved at a

slower pace than in the United States, in part

because of:

soil differences,

a cooler climate, and

a shorter growing season

54

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

55/63

The excitement of seeking new lands and

opportunities was interrupted by the

struggles of two world warsand the Great

Depression, calling for courage from

Northern American citizens.

World War I:(19141918)

World War II:(19391945)

55

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

56/63

Northern American citizens contributed both

natural and human resources to the military

effort.

The Dust Bowland Great Depressionof the

1930s also were tests of courage.

Fortunately, urban and industrialized Northern

America had beckoned millions of newimmigrants whose courage and strength proved

to be a blessing during this difficult time.

56

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

57/63

57

The unemployment rate in the US 19101960, with the years ofthe Great Depression (19291939) highlighted.

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

58/63

X. CREATINGANEWCULTUREREAM

Europeans transformed the cultural landscapeof Northern America by seeking:

new lands, resources, and

opportunities

58

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

59/63

European colonization, immigration, and

cultural diffusion are key elements that shared

beliefs in:

representative democracy,

individual freedoms, and

a market economy

59

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

60/63

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

61/63

Today, the traditional Anglo-European flavor ofNorthern Americas culture is being further

challenged.

Both Canada and the United States are magnetdestinations, attracting millions of immigrants,

both legal and undocumented.

California offers a sneak preview of this regions

future: More than half of the statesresidents arenow of a background other than AngloEuropean.

61

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

62/63

For several centuries, the Northern American

experience was marked by cultural

assimilation.

This includes the Africans who were

brought to the New World involuntarily

but gradually adopted a dominantly

European lifestyle.

62

8/13/2019 HU 212 Part III (3)

63/63

ENDOFTHECHAPTER!