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Journul ofArchaeolo gical Science 1986,13, M-514

Geochronology of Palaeolithic Cultures in theHiran Valley, Saurashtra, IndiaM. Baskaran, A. R. Maratheb, S. N. Rajagurub andB. L. K. Somayajulu(Received 30 September 198.5, revised manuscript accepted 6 May 1986)

The U and Th concentrations of 16 miliolite samples from the Hiran Valley inSaurashtra ranged from 0.3 to 2.14 ppm and 0.12 to 0.82 ppm respectively. TheZJ4U/238U act ivity ratio ranged from 1.09 to 1.16, with a mean of 1.12 + 0.02. It agreeswell with the seawater value of 1.14 f 0.02 within the quoted errors. Nine of the sampleswere datable by the 230Th/234U method and the ages anged from 56.8 to 190 Kyr. Theproblem of chronology of Palaeolithic artifacts is interlinked with the miliolite andother coasta l formations. The present investigations permit the development of achronological framework for the Palaeolithic cultures in the Hiran Valley in particular,and generally in Saurashtra Peninsula. On the basis of radiometric dates and relativechronology, the Lower Palaeolithic cultures fall in a time-bracket of 19&69 K yr bp.The Middle Palaeolithic industry is much older than 56.8 Kyr bp. The dates obtainedfor the Lower Palaeolith ic cultures are perhaps the oldest reported to date.Keywords: MILIOLITE FORMATION, PALAEOLITHIC TCOLS, U SERIESDATING, SEA LEVEL CHANGES.

IntroductionLower Palaeolithic tools were discovered as early as 1861 on the coast of Tamil Nadu(Foote, 1916) and the researches carried out during the last 50 years have proved theexistence of Lower Palaeolithic culture in all parts of the Indian subcontinent. The contri-bution of earth sc iences to the interpretation of archaeological finds is limited by thenature of the excavated sites and most of the sites suffer from multiple shortcomings. Inspite of the lack of biological data and chronometric control, Indian archaeologists havetried to infer chronology of Palaeolithic culture in various parts of the subcontinent.However, intensive studies along these lines are few and the areas where such studies havebeen undertaken have proved archaeologically relatively sterile (Rajaguru, 1970; Guzder,1980). However, in Saurashtra the semi-arid c limate and the general configuration of thelandscape have together produced a unique situation where the sedimentary facies havepreserved the record of the interplay between marine and fluv ial processes along withrecords of Early Man.

Physical Research Laboratory, Ahm edabad 380009, India.bDeccan Colle ge Postgra duate and Research Institute, Pune 411 006, India.

50 50305-4403/8 6/060505 + 10 %03.00/O 0 1986 Academic Press Inc. (London) Limi ted

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50 6 M. BASKARAN ET AL.

Figure 1. Map of Saurdshtra giving sample locations

Ear ly Stone Age tools of Acheulian character were found for the first time in theSaurashtra region during 1962 (Sankalia, 1965) in a pebble conglomerate at Rojadi, nowrenamed as Shrinathgadh, on the river Bhadar. Also the discoveries by Pandya &Subbarao (1959), Rao (1959) Soundara Rajan (1967) Lele (1972) and Chakrabarti(1978) have proved the existence of Early Man in the Peninsula since Lower Palaeolithictimes. Moreover, these discoveries have established conclus ively that the theories of sub-mergence of the entire Peninsula during the Palaeolith ic period are no longer tenable,although the exact chronological framework for the Palaeolithic cultures was lacking.The problem of chronology of Palaeolithic cultures in Saurashtra is interlinked with theQraternary carbonate deposits, namely miliolites. These deposits cover a fairly large areaof the Hiran Valley and of peninsular Saurashtra, especia lly the coastal regions (Figure 1).These carbonate deposits, discovered well over a century ago in Saurashtra (Carter, 1849),attracted the attention of geologists and other earth scientists, part icularly regarding theirage and origin (Srivastava, 1968; Biswas, 197 1; Lele, 1972; Govindan et al., 1975; Sperling& Goudie, 1975; Rajaguru & Marathe, 1977; Varma & Mathur, 1977; Agrawal et al . ,1978; Allchin et al., 1978; Hussain et al., 1980; Merh, 1980; Baskaran et al . , 1983). TheHiran Val ley in particu lar has attracted the attention of archaeologists due to theoccurrence of Stone Age tools in association with miliolites (Sankalia, 1965; Rajaguru &Marathe, 1977; Allchin et al., 1978; Marathe, 1981).Biswas (197 1) has placed the coastal miliolite of Saurashtra as Late Pleistocene and Lele(1972) assigned an early Quaternary age to all the miliolites of Saurashtra on the basis ofrelative stratigraphy. Sperling & Goudie (1975) and Agrawal et al. (1978) on the other

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GEOCHRONOLOGY IN HIRAN VALLEYTable I. Details of the sites

50 7

Seria l Sampleno. code Site Location

Distance Thicknessfrom Height of the

coast (km) (m amsl) mil iol ite (m)

1 36 Talala On the left bank of the riverHiran 19 80 22 47-2 Jetpur On the left bank of the riverBhadar 90 90 1.53 49-1 Adi Chadi Wao At the base of Junagadh hills 63 100 304 49-5 Adi Chadi Wao At the base of Junagadh hills 63 120 305 57 1 Umrethi dam site On the left bank of the riverHiran 16 80 206 57 -2 Umrethi dam site On the left bank of the riverHiran 16 100 207 63 Umrethi dam site On the left bank of the riverHiran 16 80 208 6&l Badal pur On the right bank of the riverSaraswati 2 6 19 68 Sasan Sasan-Junagadh road 41 198 1

hand have placed the inland miliolite in the Late Pleistocene on the basis of archaeologicalevidence and 14C dates, respectively.Our investigations (Marathe et al., 1977; Marathe, 1981) have proved the marine originof miliolites occurring up to 20 km inland from the coast and 75 m amsl. We have alsoestablished that there exist two miliolite formations which belong to two transgressivephases of the sea during the Quaternary. Lower and Middle Palaeolith ic tools have beendiscovered in the fluvial gravels underlying the earlier miliolite (M-I) and the LatePleistocene miliolite (M-II) respectively; and recently the miliolite has been dated by ThjUdecay series methods to 95 Kyr bp (Hussain et al., 1980).

Mater ials and MethodsAgainst the above background we selected the Hiran Valley where archaeologicalpotential in relation to the Quaternary history had already been established (Marathe,1981). However, the observations were not restricted to the Hiran Val ley but alsoextended to adjacent regions (Figure 1). Miliolite samples were collected during three fieldtrips (1981-1983).Sixteen miliolite samples were collected for dating by the ThjU decay series method(230Th/234U: Ku, 1977; Ivanovich & Harmon, 1982), 10 from Hiran Val ley, one from theSaraswati Valley near Badalpur, four from Adi Chadi Wao in Junagadh and one fromJetpur in the Bhadar Valley.

Field ObservationsA general description of the fluvial, marine and coastal formations in relation to valleymorphology, chronology and archaeology is given in brief (Table 1, Figure 2) in order toestablish the lithological relationships of the samples. Miliolite samples were collectedfrom nine different sites: six in the Hiran Valley; a site each in the Bhadar Valley, in theSaraswati Valley and one in the foot-hills of Girnar. The sections observed at Umrethi,Junagadh, Jetpur and Badalpur are signif icant from the point of view of dating the Lowerand the Middle Palaeolithic industries in Saurashtra.

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Jetpur SOSOIlMetres JunogadhMetres Metres32.5

508 M. BASKARAN ET AL.

Talala

Sandy pebbly grovelMidd le ~Otaeollthlc tools

Sandy pebbly grovel

30 69t 3.827.5 -3.6, 25.22.5

2017.5

15 Ml l i o l l te12.5

Umreth l IO65f 3.6 7. 5-3.5 5 69t 3.8Cloy bands -3.62. 5 Bouldery

142 t I6 0 gravel-1 4Mbl lo l l te Boda lpur

Metres3

Sand lenses19ot 29 2-2 2Tool bearing lPebbly sandTrap 0

Sandy pebblygravelMi l lol l teI58 +32

-2 4Figure 2. Vertical sections at locations from which samples were collected. Agesindicated (in 1000 years) are those obtaine d by the 230Th/234U method. The loneC date is indicated by an asterisk.

In the excavated trench at Umrethi, three unrolled Lower Palaeolithic handaxes(Figure 3) were discovered from the gravel underlying milioli te I, and a few LowerPalaeoli thic artifacts were recovered from a gravel underlying miliol ite I at Junagadh.These artifacts are made of basalt and are mainly the product of stone hammer techniques,although the final finishing and retouching was done by a cylinder hammer technique.Typo-technologically, the Lower Palaeolithic culture in the Hiran Val ley is Acheulian.A large number of Middle Palaeolithic tools (Figure 4) were collected from the gravelunderlying mil iol ite I at Jetpur and the oyster bed at Badalpur. The most representativetype of Middle Palaeolithic artifact is the scraper. The industry was mainly scraper-borer complex and used a light stone hammer technique. There are a few implementsshowing a Levalloisian technique. Edge retouching was done either by pressure flaking orby indirect percussion.

Thorium and Uranium Isotope MeasurementsThe thorium and uranium isotopic measurements were carried out following the detailedprocedures described by Baskaran (1985). Briefly, powdered and oven-dried (110 C)samples (about 30 g in weight) were brought into solution in 5% acetic acid after232U/228Th spike addition. The residue was separated by centrifugation and washed, andthe clear solution, along with the washings, was radiochemically processed for U and Th

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GEOCHRONO LOGY IN HIRAN VALLEY 50 9

Figure 3. Lowe r Palaeolithic tools.

Figure 4. Middle Palaeolithic tools.

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510 M. BASKARAN ET AL.isotopes using standard procedures (Baskaran, 1985). The residue (no yield tracer wasadded) was dissolved in 9 M HCl after HF, HNO,, HClO, and HCl treatments and wasprocessed radiochemica lly for Th only (Krishnaswami & Sarin, 1976; Baskaran, 1985).The U and Th fractions from the leachate as wel l as the Th fraction from the residue wereelectroplated and the plates assayed for their a -activities using a surface barrier detectorcoupled to a 4096-channel analyser system.The CaCO, content of the samples was determined by titration (Barnes, 1959) andcarbonate mineralogy by X-ray diffraction (Baskaran & Somayajulu, 1986).

Results of AnalysesA total of 16 samples from the Hiran Valley area were analysed. The CaCO, contentranged from 52.8 to 99.3% with a mean of 87.9%. Most of the samples were pure calcite;in a few cases the aragonite concentrations ranged from 9.2 to 30.1% (Baskaran &Somayajulu, 1986). The U and Th contents of the samples ranged from 0.3 to 2.14 ppmwith a mean of 0.89 ppm, and 0.124.82 ppm with a mean of 0.33 ppm respectively. The23PU/238U ratio ranged from 1.09 to 1.16, with a mean of 1.12f0.02, which within errorsand considering the ages of the samples, is not distinguishable from the seawater value of1.14f0.02 (Koide & Goldberg, 1965; Krishnaswami et al., 1970). Other studies alsoshowed that the carbonate fraction was formed in a marine environment (Baskaran et al.,1982; Baskaran, 1985). The U/Th data and the field observations proved that the val ley-fill miliolites in the Hiran Valley are essentially of littoral origin. Also, field studiesin southern Saurashtra have shown that miliolites of marine or fluvio-marine origingenerally occur at an elevation of about 40 m, while those occurring above this height areaeolian in origin, with the exception of Umrethi (75 m amsl) .

230Th/ 234U DatingBroecker (1963) analysed severa l marine carbonates, including corals, and has shown thatthe change of 230Th in equilibrium with 238U can be used as a dating technique. Formarine carbonates such as the miliolites, there is a 14% excess of 234U over its parent238U which also contributes to(Ivanovich & Harmon, 1982): 230Th growth. This was taken into consideration

1 -ePhot30Th _234~ 234u/238u +

-(I -e-(h0-h49where ho, the decay constant of 230Th=9.22 x 1O-6 year-, h,, the decay constant of234U=2.79 x lop6 year-, t=age in years and 230Th, 234U and 238U are in unitsof dpm/g sample. In the case of impure carbonates like milio lites , which contain non-neglig ible amounts of detrital material (=: 10% in the present set of samples), a correctionhas to be applied for the leaching of 230Th from the detrital material by mild acet ic acid(Ku & Joshi, 1980; Hussain er al., 1980). The correction is 230Thc= 230ThL- 232ThL(230Th/232Th),, where subscrip ts C, L and R represent corrected, leach and residue,respectively and all concentrations are given in dpm/g. Since the residue (non-calcareousmaterial) is on average z 10% and its 238U content is l-2 dpm/g, no correction is foundnecessary for 234U leached from the non-calcareous fraction (Ku & Liang, 1984). Forfurther details of this dating method, see Ku (1977) and Ivanovich & Harmon (1982).Of the 16 samples only nine could be dated after satisfying all the criteria proposed byBaskaran (1985); the ages of these samples are given in Table 2. The ages range from 56.8to 190 Kyr . These ages are in good agreement with the few obtained by Hussain et al.(1980) by the same method.

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GEOCHRONOLOGY IN HIRAN VALLEYTable 2. lJ/Th data andZ30Th/Z34U ages

51 1

Samplecode238U 234u/238u 230Th/232Th Uncorrected Corrected Ag ek-+Wg) activity ratio activity ratio activity ratio activity ratio* (X lo3 years)?

36 0.65iO.0141-2 0.23+0,016&l: 0.46 k 0.0249-l 0.58&0.0149-5 1.28+0,0357-l 0.60 kO.0263 0.52+0,0257~~2 0.88 & 0.0268 0.86&0.02

1.16+0,011~11*0.021.16&0.021.13+0.021.13+0.011.09kO.021.11+0.021~12+0.011~09+0.01

5.62kO.141.92kO.057.12kO.236.67 + 0.286.57kO.169.22 kO.307.51 kO.33

18.3 io.712.0 kO.4

0.82kO.04O%X4LO,O30,76+0,030.59kO.020.57kO.021.02kO.040,85&0,040.54kO.020,79+0.03

0.57kO.020.41 f 0.030.73 * 0.040.46 * 0.020.46 * 0.020.83 i 0.030.73 + 0.040.46 k 0.020.59+0.04

96,5+7,5-7.0

56,8+5.1-4.8158 +32-24

69,0+3.8-3.669,0+3.8-3.6

190 +29-22142 +16

-1465.4+3,6-3.591.8+ 12.2

-11.0

Errors quoted are propagated one sigma counting statistics.*230Th corrected for detrital contribution.tAges calculated assume *34U/238 U init ial activity ratio of 1.14, using equatio ngiven in text.$1 M-HCI leaching ; corrections for detrital U and Th have been made.

DiscussionThe milio lite 230Th/ 234U dates from Jetpur, Junagadh and Umrethi are reassuring andsignif icant from the point of view of dating the Middle and Lower Palaeolithic industriesin the Hiran Valley. Middle Palaeolithic tools recovered from fluvial gravel beds, discon-formably capped by milio lite formation, designated M-II (Marathe, 1981) at Jetpur,dated to 56.8 Kyr bp. Middle Palaeolithic industry in India is generally dated to 39-25 Kyrbp on the basis of the r4C method. Therefore, the Middle Palaeolithic industry at Jetpur isthe earliest industry in the Indian subcontinent dated absolutely.Sim ilar ly, the 230Th/234 U dates obtained for the milio lite from Junagadh and Umrethisuggest that the age of Lower Palaeolith ic industry is between 69 and 190 Kyr . These datesfor Lower Palaeolithic industries synchronize well with the stratigraphical evidence(Marathe et al., 1977). In both instances, Lower Palaeolithic tools have been found influvial gravel resting unconformably on bed-rock basalt and overlain unconformably by athick (Z 20 m) milio lite formation designated M-I (Marathe, 1981). Two dates obtainedfor samples from Umrethi lie slightly outside two standard deviations from the mean.These dates are the earliest radiometric ages obtained by an absolute dating method forthe Lower Palaeolithic industry in the Indian subcontinent.In Table 3 are given the chronology of geomorphic events and the correspondingcultural finds. The principal miliolite formation in Saurashtra occurred during threeperiods, namely 50-70,75-l 15 and 140-200 Kyr bp (based on about 45 230Th/234U dates;Baskaran, 1985). The nine dates associated with Palaeolithic tools encompass the wholerange of 50-200 Kyr and it is not possible to clearly attribute each miliolite age to a

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512 M. BASKARA N ET AL.Table 3. Chronology of geomorphic events and culturalfinds

Geomorphic eventsf

Fluctuat ing sea levelHigh sea levelat 6000 yearts bpMajor rejuvenationHigh sea evelat 60,84,105,120 and135 Kyr bpLow sea evel

11,1O(f16,000 years bp

Geo morph ic/cultural f inds Age (years bp)

Mesol i thic andChalcolithicOyster shel lsMilioliteMiddle PalaeolithicMiliolite

HoloceneLate Pleistocene30 Kyr*

57 Kyrt51 Kyrt69-196 Kyrt

Lower Palaeolithic 69-196 Kyrt

*Radiocarbon date.tPresent study using 230Th/234U.$High and low sea level dates are based on corals and speleothems (Moore, 1982).See text for discussion.

sea level stand, especially in view of recent evidence supporting tectonic instability of theSaurashtra Peninsula (Sood, 1983; Sood & Sahai, 1986). This aspect will be dealt with indetail separately.In conclusion, it appears that the implications of 230Th/234U dating of the miliolitesamples are signif icant for an understanding of the Stone Age history of Saurashtra. Thepresent work provides evidence for the need to study the geology and the environment ofthe Saurashtra Peninsula associated with Early Man in order to be able to establish areliable chronological framework.

ReferencesAgarwal, D. P., Rajaguru, S. N. & Roy, B. (1978). SEM and other studies on Saurashtra milioliterocks. Sedimen tary Geology 20,4147.Allchin, B ., Goudie, A. & Hegde, K. T. M. (1978). The Prehistory and Palaeogeo graphy of theGreat Indian desert. London: Academic Press.Barnes, H. (1959). Apparatus and Methods of Oceanography. London: Allen & Unwin.Baskaran, M. (1985). Radiometric, mineralogical and trace elementalstudies of SaurashtraQuaternary carbonate deposits: implic ations as to their age and origin. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis,Gujurat Univers i ty , Ahmedabad.Baskaran, M. & Somayajulu, B. L. K. (1986). Mineralogy of Saurashtra mi l ioli tes. Journal oftheGeological Society of India 27,63-89.Baskaran, M., Guptha, M. V. S. & Somayajulu, B. L. K. (1982). Mult i -disc ipl inary studies onSaurash tra miliolites: mineralogy and palaeon tology. Ab stract. Proceedings of X IndianColloquium on Micropaleontology and Stratigraphy. Pune, India: Maharashtra Associat ion forthe Cult ivation of Science.Baskaran, M., Marathe, A. R., Rajaguru, S. N. & Somayajulu, B. L. K. (1983). Dat ing HiranValley miliolites by U decay seriesmethods: implications to geo-archaeology. Abstract. XAnnual ISPQS Meet ing. Pune, India.Biswas, S. K. (1971). The mi l iol i te rocks of Kutch and Kathiawar, Western India. SedimentaryGeology 5,147-l 64.Broecke r, W . S. (1963). A preliminary evaluation of uranium series inequil ibrium as a tool forabsolute age measurem ent on marine carbon ates. Journal ofGeophysical Research 68,2817-2834.

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GEOCHRONOLOGY IN HIRAN VALLEY 51 3Carte r, H. J. (1849). On foraminifera, their organisation and their existen ce in fossil ized state inArabia, Sindh, K utch and Kathiawar. Journal of the Asiat ic S ociety, Bomb ay 3, 158-173.Cha krabarti, S. (1978). The Prehistory of Bhavnag ar district, Saurash tra, Gujarat S tate.Unpubl ished Ph.D. thesis, Univers i ty of Poona.Foote, R. B. (1916). The Foot C ol lection of Prehistoric and Protoh istoric Antiquities. No tes on their

Ages and Distr ibut ion. Madras: Government Muse um.Govindan, P. R., Lele, V. S. & Rajaguru, S. N. (1975). Quaternary format ion of the lower H iranValley. Bulletin of the Deccan Col lege, Pune 35, 123-137.Guzder, S. J. (1980). Quaternary Environment and Stone Age cul tures of the Konkan. CoastalMaharashtra, India. Pune: Deccan Col lege.Hussain, N., Bhandar i, N., Ramanathan, K. R. & Somayajulu, B. L. K. (1980). Age of Saurashtramiliolites by U-T h d ecay series me thod s; possible implications to their origin. P roceedings of th eIndian A cadem y of Sciences 68,23-29.

Ivanovich, M. & Harmon , R. S. (Eds) (1982). Uranium Ser ies Disequi libr ium: Appl icat ion toEnvironmental Problems. Oxford: Clarendon.Koide, M. &Goldberg, E. D. (1965). 234U/238U act iv i ty rat ios. In (M. S ears, Ed.) Progress inOceanography 3,173- l 78.

Kr ishnaswami, S., Lal , D. & Somayajulu, B. L. K. (1970). 234U/238U act iv i ty rat io in SouthPaci f ic Ocean w aters. Proceedings of the Indian Academ y of Sciences 61,238-241.Kirshnaswami, S. & Sar in, M. M. (1976). The s imultaneous determination of Th, Pu, Ra isotopes. iOPb, 55Fe, 32Si, and 14C in marine suspended phases. AnaIyt ica Chem ica Acta 83, 143-156.Ku, T. L. (1977). The Uranium ser ies method s of age determinat ion. Annual Review of Earth andPlanetary Science 4,347-379.Ku, T. L. & Joshi , L. U. (1980). Dat ing terrestr ial carbonate cementat ion with uranium ser iesisotopes. In (B. Pate] , Ed.) Manage ment of Environment. New Delhi : Wi ley E astern,pp. 551-557.

Ku, T. L. & Liang, Z. C. (1984). T he dat ing of impure carbonates with decay ser ies isotopes.Nuclear Instrum ents and Methods in Physics Research 223,563-57 1.Lele, V. S. (1972). Late Quaternary history of the Ghadar Val ley, Saurashtra. Unpubl ished Ph.D.thesis, Univers i ty of Poona.

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Me rh, S. S. (1980). The miliolite problem , Presidential Add ress, Proceedings of the Indian ScienceCongress 67 (Geology and Geography sect ion).Moore, W . S. (1982). Late Pleistocene sea level history. In (M. Ivano vich & R. S. Harmo n, Eds)Uranium Ser ies Disequi libr ium: Appl ications to Environmental Problems. Oxford: ClarendonPress, pp. 48 1496.

Pandya, P. P. & Subbarao, B. (1959). Indian Archaeology 1958-59-A Review .Rajaguru, S. N. (1970). Studies in the Late Pleistocene ofthe Mula Mutha Val ley. Unpubl ishedPh.D. the sis, Univers i ty of Poona.Rajaguru, S. N. & Marathe, A. R. (1978). Mi lioli te format ion in the Hiran Val ley. In (D. P.Agrawal & B. M. Pande, Eds) Ecology and Archaeology of Western India. Delhi : Conce pt,pp. 206216.Rao, S. R. (1959). Indian Archaeology 1958-59-A Review , pp. 18-19.

Sankal ia, H. D. (1965). Ear ly Stone Age in Saurashtra, Gujurat . Miscelania en Homen aje al abateHenri Breuil2,327-346. Barcelona: Institute de Prehistoria.Sood, R. K. (1983) Geomorphology of the Kathiawar Peninsula and environs using remote sensingtechniques. Unpubl ished Ph.D. thesis, Indian Inst i tute of Technology, Powai, Bombay.Sood , R. K. & Sahai, B. (1986). Quaternary instabil ity of Saurash tra peninsula-som eobservat ions from aerospace data. Expanded Abstract Fl . In Nat ional Workshop onQuaternary Carbonates and Mi l iol i te Problems of Gujarat . Physical Resea rch Laboratory,Ahmedabad, pp. 4345.

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coa st. Journal of the Geological Socie ty of India 9(l), 88-96.Varma, K. K. & Mathur, U. B. (1978). Data from f ield and laboratory analysis on the problem ofthe or igin of Saurashtra mi l ioli tes. In (D. P. Agrawal & B. M. Pande, Eds) Ecology andArchaeology of Western India. Delhi: C oncept, pp. 2255232.