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anatomy- the science of the structure of living organisms

physiology- the science of the functioning of living organisms

cell- the basic biological unit of living organisms, containing a nucleus and a variety oforganelles enclosed by a limiting membrane

tissues- a group of similar cells specialized to preform a specific function; primarytissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues

organ- a part of the body formed of two or more tissues that preforms a specialized

function

organ system- a group of organs that work together to preform a vital body function! -Integumentary- skin! ! -protection! -Skeletal- bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints! ! -supports and protects! -Muscular- muscles! ! -movement! -Nervous- brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors! ! -fast acting control! -Endocrine- hormones! ! -regulate body! -Cardiovascular- heart and blood vessels! ! -transports oxygen in blood! -Lymphatic- lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, and tonsils! ! -cleans blood, houses immunity cells (think lysol)! -Respiratory- nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs! ! -supplies body with oxygen! -Digestive- mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, and rectum! ! -breaks down food for absorption! -Urinary- kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra! ! -removes nitrogen wastes! -Reproductive- male- penis ; female - vagina! ! -produce offspringorganism- an individual living thing

homeostasis- a state of body equilibrium or stable internal environment of the body

1Anatomy without Lab

Midterm Study Guide

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hematopoiesis- formation of blood cells

negative feedback- feedback that causes the stimulus to decline or end

anatomical position- standing erect, limbs extended, palms facing forward

Directional Terms

Superior (A)- above, towards the head

Inferior (H)- below, towards the feet

Anterior (B) (ventral)- in front of the body

Posterior (C) (dorsal)- behind the body

Proximal (F)- closer to the root of the limb

Distal (G)- farther from the root of the limb

Superfical (I)- towards the surface

Deep (J)- farther from the surface

right and left- their right and left; not yours

Sagittal- left and right halves! -midsagittal / median- equal left and right halvesCoronal- anterior and posterior halves

Transverse (cross)- superior and inferior halves

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dialysis- diffusion of solute(s) through a semipermeable membrane

filtration- the passage of a slovent and dissolved substances through a membrane orfilter

active transport- net movement of a substance across a membrane against aconcentration gradient; requires release and use of cellular energy

passive transport- membrane transport that do not require cellular energy

diffusion- the spreading of particles in a gas or solution with a movement towarduniform distribution of particles

osmosis- the diffusion of a solvent through a membrane from a dilute solution into amore concentrated one

microvilli- the tiny projections on the free surfaces of some epithelial cells; increasesurface area for absorption

pinocytosis- the engulfing extracellular fluid by cells

phagocytosis- the ingestion of solid particles by cells

mucous membranes (mucosa)- membrane that forms the lining of body cavities open

the the exterior (digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts)

Skin

Superficial to deep:

stratum corneum- 20/30 cell layers thick; always dead; horny layer

stratum lucidum-thin layer of flat cells; clear

stratum granulosum- begin to die; absorbs keratin

stratum germinativum- cell division; mitosis; 25% melanocytes

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dermis- the deep layer of the skin; composed of dense irregular connective tissue

melanocyte- a cell that produces melanin

melanin- the dark pigment synthesized by melanocytes; responsible for skin color

keratin- a tough, insoluble protein found in tissues such as hair, nails, and epidermis ofthe skin; waterproof

sweat glands- secrete sweat

apocrine glands- less numerous sweat gland; salt, water, protein; BO- armpits/ gooch

eccrine glands- sweat gland; salt and water

sebaceous glands- secretes oils; attached to hair follicle;

hair follicles- surrounds hair shaft int he dermis

sensory receptors- nerve endings in the skin

papillary layer- dermal papili; causes finger prints

hair bulb- bulb at the bottom of the hair shaft

sebum- the oily secretion of sebaceous glands

Burns-1st degree- sunburn, mild; epidermis damage and redness! 2nd degree- bad sunburn; epidermis and dermis damage; partial thickness;! ! ! most painful! 3rd degree- black, grey, white; full thickness; skin grafting;! ! ! painlessacne- inflammatory disease of the skin; infection of the sebaceous glands

cutaneous membrane- the skin; composed of epidermal and dermal layers

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Bones and Joints

Articulations-Joints

1) Diarthroses- synovial- movable

-Hinge (knee), Eliptical (wrist), Ball and Socket (shoulder), Saddle (thumb), Pivot (neck)

2) Amphiarthroses- cartilaginous- slightly movable-Vertebrae, Pubic Synthesis

3) Synarthroses- fibrous- immovable-Sutures

synovial membrane- membrane that lines the capsule of a synovial joint

visceral- pertaining to the the internal part of a structure or the internal organs

parietal- pertaining to the walls of a cavity

long bone- femur, tibia, humorous

short bone- carpals, tarsals

flat bone- skull (8 bones)

irregular bone- vertebrae

epiphysis- end of bone

periosteum- thin superficial layer

diaphysis- shaft of the bone

epiphyseal plate- growth plate

compact bone- very dense bone; calcium

hyaline cartilage-(articular) covers joints

compound fractures- a fracture in which the bone is sticking through the skin

ossification- process of bone formation

osteoclasts- large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix

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hematoma- a localized swelling filled with blood

fibrocartilage callus- a temporary formation of fibroblasts and chondroblasts whichforms at the area of a bone fracture as the bone attempts to heal itself

foramen- opening/ hole! -foramen magnum- skull (spine)! -mental foramen- jaw (nerves)! -Foramen ovale- skull (nerves)sinus- air filled cavity

ramus- a branch of a bone

facet- flat surface

fossa- depression! -olecranon fossa (humorous)tubercle- small rounded projection! -greater tubercle (humorous/ shoulder)trochanter- large irregular projection! -greater trochanter (hip)tuberosity- large rounded projection! -tibial tuberosity (knee)acromion- the outermost point of the spine of the shoulder bladefontanels- soft spots on a baby's skull

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_fracturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_fracturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondroblasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondroblasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibroblasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibroblast

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Muscle

skeletal muscle- a muscle that is connected at either or both ends to a bone and somove parts of the skeleton

striated muscle- voluntary muscle

smooth muscle- Involuntary muscle

cardiac muscle- muscle tissue of the heart

intercalated disks- membrane separating adjacent cells in cardiac muscle fibers

acetylcholine- a neurotransmitter

sliding filament theory- a process used by muscles to contract

neuromuscular junction- the junction between a nerve fiber and the muscle it supplies

antagonist- muscles that move in opposition to a prime mover muscle

synergist- muscles cooperating with another to produce a desired movement

prime mover- (agonist) a muscle that bears the primary responsibility for causing acertain movement

mastication- movement of chewing your food

Nerves

synapse- the region of communications between two neurons

neuron body- region of the cell where the nucleus is located

dendrites- the branching extensions of neurons that carry impulses to the cell body

axon- neuron process that carries impulses away from the cell body; efferent process

motor neuron- controls the muscles in reflex

association neuron- (interneuron) connect sensory neurons to motor neurons

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_muscle

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diagrams11

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Nerve Tissue Simple Squamous Epithelium Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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Sudorferous Gland

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NO ACTUAL DIAGRAM THAT

CONTAINS ALL OF THESE

possible places to study from:

Lab Manual:

pg 68

pg 78pg 86

pg 96

pg 98

pg 103

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LUMBAR

THORACIC

CERVICAL

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sarcomere

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