„Psychofizjologiczne aspekty bezpieczenstwa lotów w załogowych misjach lotniczych i

kosmicznych”

• Jerzy Achimowicz, Olaf Truszczyński, Grzegorz Nowicki

• Zakład Bezpieczeństwa Lotów i Klinika

• Wojskowy Instytut Medycyny Lotniczej

• Ul. Krasińskiego 54, 01-755 Warszawa,

Konferencja „Polska w Kosmosie, wczoraj dziś, jutro”, Muzeum Techniki, Warszawa, 2013

Udział WIML w projektach ESA/NASA

1. NEUROSPAT - The effect of gravitational context on EEG dynamics: A study of spatial cognition, novelty processing and sensorimotor

integration -ESA

2. Operational verification of AFTE (Autogenic Feedback Training Exercise) as a factor increasing flight safety in aerospace operations.

– NASA

3. WIML –NASA Workshop „Psychophysiological Aspects of Flight Safety in Aerospace Operations”, Warsaw, Hilton Convetion Centre,

16-17.09.2011

Human Systems Integration in Maintenance

5

A technician performs maintenance on a Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) in building 3202 in preparation for a test firing at the NASA Stennis Space Center. (ca. 2002)

Human System Integration

6

7

RECEIVE INPUT

PERCEPTION

INTERPRETATION

SITUATION ASSESSMENT

DECISION MAKING

ACTION EXECUTION SYTEM CONTROL

MACHINE OPERATIONS PROVIDE FEEDBACK TO USER

HMIs

Information Processing Model

Wickens 1992

A View of the Human-Machine Interface

Conceptual Shift

From Human –Machine Interface

• From humans as a source of error…

• To humans as a source of resilience

To a new paradighm – HSI

• (Human System Integration)

8

9 11/22/2013 9

New approach: HSI and Automation

Automation and Computer Science

Human Systems Integration

• Iterative technology requirements • Resilience and error implications

• Complex environment • Task requirements

10 10

Human-Systems Integration

Human

Factors

Engineering

Personnel

Selection Training Manpower Habitability

Personnel

Safety and

Survivability

System and

Task Design Human-System

Interfaces

Human Capabilities

And Competencies Adequate Knowledge,

Skills, and Abilities

Human Workload

Staffing

and Work Distribution

Fitness for Duty Human is Qualified,

Rested, Motivated,

and Healthy

Together, these building blocks produce

Optimal* Human Performance

Human-Systems Integration: Systems Engineering Motivation

Fewer Errors (Fewer Mishaps,

Reduced Scrap, Fewer Delays)

Reduced

Life-Cycle Cost

and

Improved Safety

and Mission

Success

Reduced Staff

Reduced

Maintainability

Improved Human

Productivity and

System Performance

Adapted from HSI chart by Based on DoD HSI Acquisition Approach (e.g., Army’s MANPRINT)

11 11

System

Design

Human Performance Model-Based

Requirements & Standards

Generative Mechanisms of

Human Performance

Human Performance

Metrics & Models

Re

qu

ire

me

nts/N

ee

ds

Te

ch

no

lo

gie

s &

C

ap

ab

ilitie

s

HSI Research Philosophy

Psychophysiology: from understanding functions

to developing countermeasures for a more resilient system and hence greater

operation safety

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AUGMENTED REALITY AND AUGMENTED COGNITION

• Human-centered concepts of operation for the Next Generation Air Transportation System automation that promote

– Situation Awareness

– Transparent Automation

– Seamlessly Shared Authority

The major element of our work is the Cockpit Situation Display

Flight Deck Display Research Laboratory General Research Focus

The Flight Deck Display Research Laboratory (FDDRL) develops advanced display concepts and prototypes to support the Next Generation Air Transportation System.

UAV Ground Station Interface Advanced Flight Deck Interface

Cockpit Situation Display (CSD) This presentation is a brief overview

of the CSD, a prototype display developed by the FDDRL to support:

Integrated

Traffic Awareness

Terrain Awareness

Weather Awareness

Trajectory Management

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Based upon availability of high quality information on traffic, weather and terrain

Weather Display

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Goal is to develop an intuitive 3D convective weather display.

Today: Classic Airborne Radar

2D – Storm tops not displayed, must use tilt Range Limited – More tactical view Immediate

NextRad 2D – Storm tops still not typically displayed Range unlimited - Strategic Updates every 5-10 min

Today/Tomorrow: FAA is investing in “4D Weather Cube” Range Unlimited - Stragetic 3D – Storm top information available 4D – Forecast information available Updates every 1 min

Terrain Display

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Goal is to develop a strategic trajectory-based terrain hazard display

• USGS SDTS DEM 30 meter Data

• 3D extruded terrain for low altitude 3D viewing

• 2D projection for high altitude 3D viewing

• Trajectory based terrain alerting American Sierra Nevada range approach

Tahoe Nevada

• Tag Team Threat-recognition Technology Incorporates Mind, Machine

• September 18, 2012 • DARPA links human brainwaves, improved

sensors, cognitive algorithms to improve target detection

• http://www.darpa.mil/NewsEvents/Releases/2012/09/18.aspx Read more: http://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/this-is-your-brain-on-

silicon/#ixzz2hv529y8z Follow us: @digitaltrends on Twitter | digitaltrendsftw on Facebook

BCI – Brain Computer Interface Basically, a soldier wears an electroencephalogram (EEG) cap that monitors his brain signals as he watches the feed from a 120-megapixel, tripod-mounted, electro-optical video camera with a 120-degree field of view. (Translation: incredible detail in a huge range of vision.)

AFTE- Autogenic Feedback Training Exercise

AFTE Trainer Controls 20 Displays

1. Blood Volume Pulse left hand 2. Blood Volume Pulse right hand 3. Respiration Rate 4. Heart Rate 5. Skin Conductance Level 6. Hand temperature 7. Blood flow – head 8. Blood flow – toe 9. EMG – left arm 10. EMG – right arm 11. EMG – left leg 12. EMG right leg 13. Systolic Blood Pressure 14. Diastolic Blood Pressure 15. Mean Arterial Pressure 16. Thoracic Fluid Volume 17. Stroke Volume 18. Cardiac Output 19. Total Peripheral Resistance 20. Vagal Tone

Typical Preflight AFTE Session Heart Rate

45

55

65

75

85

bp

m

Cardiac Output

4

8

12

16

20

lite

rs/m

in

Mean Arterial Pressure

70

80

90

100

110

1 25 49 73 97 121 145 169

15-second means

mm

Hg

Skin Conductance Level

20

25

30

35

40

1 25 49 73 97 121 145 169

15-second means

mic

rom

ho

s

Total Peripheral Resistance

4

8

12

16

20

1 25 49 73 97 121 145 169

15-second averages

un

its

80

120

160

200

240

oh

ms/c

m

Stroke Volume

A Autonomous Mode Behavior: condition when a high state of physiological arousal is accompanied by a narrowing of the focus of attention

• Sustained Operations: Fatigue, vigilance, sleep loss, contribute to human error accidents

Performance x Phases of Flight flight 1 (pre-training) vs flight 2 (post-training): AFTE

Performance Dimensions

Crew Coordination and

Communication

Planning and Situational Awareness

Stress Management Aircraft Handling

Checklist execution * Taxi/takeoff

Initial cruise

Touch & go + * * Cruise search & rescue * *

Emergency initiation * * * Emergency return to base

* *

Emergency approach & landing

* * *

flight 1 vs flight 2 for Controls were not significant, except a lower score for touch and go (+) on flight 2

* p <0.05

Future Applications of AFTE Transfer NASA Technology and Validation Studies

• Training of Polish Military Pilots • Training of U.S. Naval Pilots for Airsickness Mitigation • Training of U.S. Veterans as a Treatment for Post- Traumatic Stress Syndrome • Training of Astronauts and Cosmonauts

Develop/ Test New Monitoring and Training Capabilities • Stream-line software • Neuro-feedback and autonomic coherence • Unobtrusive physiological Monitoring

Udział WIML w projektach ESA/NASA

1. NEUROSPAT - The effect of gravitational context on EEG dynamics: A study of spatial cognition, novelty processing and sensorimotor

integration -ESA

2. Operational verification of AFTE (Autogenic Feedback Training Exercise) as a factor increasing flight safety in aerospace operations.

– NASA

3. WIML –NASA Workshop „Psychophysiological Aspects of Flight Safety in Aerospace Operations”, Warsaw, Hilton Convetion Centre,

16-17.09.2011

Human Centered Design in Concept Aerospace Transport Systems

1. Augment cognition and augmented reality approach

2. Integrated Space,Terrain, Weather and Biofeedback Displays.(pilots and drone operators)

3. Ergonomic approach to cockpit design aimed at situation awareness

PERSONAL ON-BOARD

„AUTONOMOUS MARS DOCTOR” 1. Long term monitoring of circadian rhytms for controlling of

wake-sleep cycle

2. Real time monitoring of CNS-ANS ultradian rhythms for evaluation of physical and mental load and ability to perform.

3. Adaptive systems for psychophysiological training during long term missions.