8/3/2019 (18) Monera

1/22

Kingdom Monera(Bacteria)

The Kingdoms of Life-Forms(Traditional Classification)A-cellular

VirusesCellular (5 Kingdoms)

(1) Monera(2) Protista(3) Fungi(4) Plantae(5) Animalia

Knox: Chap 33 (Monera)Chap 34 (viruses)Margulis: Chap 1 (Bacteria)

8/3/2019 (18) Monera

2/22

Kingdom Monera(Bacteria)

Kingdom or superkingdom?Morphology (shape & size)Evolutionary historyChemical processes

Bacteria & atmosphereNutritional typesFunction in ecosystemsBeneficial bacteriaHarmful bacteria

8/3/2019 (18) Monera

3/22

Three Super-Kingdoms(RNA & DNA Analysis)

Knox Fig 33.3 (p. 786)

8/3/2019 (18) Monera

4/22

Kingdom Monera(bacteria)

Smallest form of cellular life Saccharomyces (yeast) 8 m

E. coli (bacterium) 2 m

Staph . aureus (bacterium) 0. 8 m

R ickettsia (small bacterium) 0.4 msmallpox (large virus) 0.2 m

influenza virus 0.1 m

polio virus 0.03 mtobacco mosaic virus 0.3 m

LIGHT MICROSCOPE

ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

Knox Fig 33.1 p.783

1 m = 10 -6 m or 1 millionth m

8/3/2019 (18) Monera

5/22

Kingdom Monera(bacteria)

Smallest form of cellular life

Prokaryotesno nucleino organelles

Single celledThin-walled

Nitrospina gracilisrod- shape d bacte riu m

Kn ox p 78 4

8/3/2019 (18) Monera

6/22

K Monera (bacteria)

Simple shapes (Knox p. 784)

G emella haemolysans

spheres (cocci)

Anabaenachains (p. 789)(forms toxic blooms)

Nitrospina g racilis rod Spiroplasma sp. spiral

Streptomyces sp. filaments

P seudomonas putida

5 flagellae 5-7 m long

8/3/2019 (18) Monera

7/22

Bacteria: evolutionary history

4.6 billion b.p. Formation of earth

3.5 billion b.p. Earth cools enough to form liquid water (100 o C)seas still v. hot and v. salineintense solar radiation (no ozone, O3)

Primeval atmosphere (reducing)anaerobic (no free oxygen, 0 2)very little atmospheric water (H 20)oxygen as oxides, carbonates (rocks)Composition of atmosphereH2 hydrogenNH3 nitrogen as ammoniaH2S hydrogen sulphide

C0 2 carbon dioxide

BACTERIA RULE

Earliest life-forms on Earth

8/3/2019 (18) Monera

8/22

Bacteria: chemical processes

Primitive Bacteria(had to function without oxygen or water in the

atmosphere)

e.g. methanogenic bacteria

4H 2 + C0 2 -> CH 4 + 2H 20

e.g. anoxygenic photosynthesis

12H 2S + 6CO 2> C 6H12 06 + 12S +6H 20Light Chlorophyll

8/3/2019 (18) Monera

9/22

Bacteria: chemical processes

Primitive Bacteria(had to function without

oxygen or water in theatmosphere)

many of these primitivebacteria still exist inhigh temperature,saline, low oxygenenvironments e.g.sulphur springs of

Yellowstone, deep seavolcanic vents )

8/3/2019 (18) Monera

10/22

Bacteria & atmosphere

2.5 billion years b.p.

ancestors of cyanobacteria (b.g. algae)oxygenic (modern) photosynthesis

C0 2 + H20 > CH 20 + 0 2light

blue-green & purple bacteria

incl. ancestors of chloroplast?

APPEARANCE OF FREE OXYGEN O 2 IN THE ATMOSPHERE

Respiration (aerobic) - heterotrophic organisms

CH 2O + O2 > CO 2 + H 2O + energyincl. ancestors of mitochondrion?

0.6 billion b.p. multicellular organisms appear

8/3/2019 (18) Monera

11/22

Kingdom Monera(bacteria)

Ubiquitous(all ecosystems)

soil

water volcanoesoceansskin & gut of other

organisms

Escherichia coli (E. coli )Gut of humans

8/3/2019 (18) Monera

12/22

Bacteria: classification by nutritional type

AUTROTROPHSproduce own food (organic molecules)

Photoautotrophs (plants, b.g. bacteria)use light energy (normal p.s.)

C0 2 + H20 > CH 20 + 0 2light

Chemoautotrophsuse chemical energye.g. methanogenic bacteria

4H 2 + C0 2 -> CH 4 +2H 20

8/3/2019 (18) Monera

13/22

Bacteria: classification by nutritional type

HETEROTROPHSacquire organic molecules from other sources

PhotoheterotrophsCH 20 + H 2S -> H 2S0 4 + C0 2

light

Chemoheterotrophse.g. anaerobic respiration

CH 20 -> C0 2 + ethanol

e.g. normal respiration

CH 2O + O2 > CO 2 + H 2O + energy

8/3/2019 (18) Monera

14/22

Bacteria: ecosystem functions

natural chemical factories

maintain oxygen atmospherecyanobacteria (b.g. algae)as chloroplasts in plants

soil nitrogen fixation(nitrogen cycle)

N2 + 8H -> 2NH 4

R oo t nodul e of A cacia silvestrisC o nta in N -fixi ng bacte ri aKn ox p . 797

8/3/2019 (18) Monera

15/22

Bacteria: ecosystem functions

carbon, sulphur, phosphorus cycles

e.g. sulphur reducing bacteria

S + H 20 -> H 2S (rotten egg gas)loss of soil sulphur

humus formation chemoheterotrophsaerobic & anaerobic respiration

break down dead organismsCH 20 -> C0 2 + ethanolCH 2O + O2 > CO 2 + H 2O + energy

8/3/2019 (18) Monera

16/22

Beneficial Bacteria

Food production & technology Yoghurt L actobacillusCheese, Salami

Staphylococcus

Streptococcus

Waste recyclingsewage (breakdown of o.m.)chemoheterotrophs (respiration)methane from organic waste(methane producing bacteria)4H 2 + C0 2 -> CH 4 +2H 20

L actobacillus forming yoghurt

8/3/2019 (18) Monera

17/22

Beneficial Bacteria

Medicine (Antibiotics)

Streptomycin (antibiotic directly produced)genetic engineeringStreptomyces DNA replaced withP enicillium (fungus) DNAP enicillium DNA takes over bacterial cell tomass-produce penicillin

8/3/2019 (18) Monera

18/22

Harmful Bacteria

Problems caused by Bacteria

Spoilage of Foodssulphur reducersanaerobes

Food poisoningSalmonellaCampylobacter

L actobacillus sake(meat spoilage)

8/3/2019 (18) Monera

19/22

Harmful Bacteria

Human diseases

typhoid Salmonella typhi tetanus, gangrene Clostridiumcholera Vibrio

TB, leprosy Mycobacteriumanthrax Bacillus anthraci meningococcal disease Meningococcusbubonic plague Yersinia pestis

Bacillus anthraci

8/3/2019 (18) Monera

20/22

Harmful Bacteria

Problems caused by Bacteria

Animal diseases (TB, mastitis, abcesses)Plant diseases (wilt, damping off)Industrial problems

corrosion of steel & concrete(acid producing bacteria)contamination of fuels & oils

8/3/2019 (18) Monera

21/22

Harmful Bacteria

Water Pollution

A nabaena (Annie)Microcystis (Micky)

A phanotheca (Fanny)

Fanny

Annie

Micky

8/3/2019 (18) Monera

22/22

Possible Quiz Questions

Long:Bacteria are capable of carrying out adiverse range of chemicaltransformations. Describe how this can

be beneficial or harmful to humans, givingexamples.

Long:

Should there be five kingdoms of life-forms? Explain your answer, using adiagram.