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1 Zaimki osobowe

liczba pojedyncza liczba mnoga

I

you

he

she

it

ja

ty

on

ona

to

we

you

they

my

wy

oni, one

Zaimek ‘I’ - ‘ja’ naleŜy zawsze pisać duŜą literą.

Zaimki osobowe ‘he’ - ‘on’ oraz ‘she’ - ‘ona’ zastępują w zdaniu podmiot osobowy.

Niekiedy odnoszą się równieŜ do zwierząt, jeŜeli jest to zwierzę domowe, a jego płeć

jest znana.

This is Peter. He is a clever boy.

Janice is a painter. She paints pictures.

John has got a dog. It is a poodle.

I like your cat. She is very nice.

Zaimek osobowy ‘they’ - ‘oni, one’ zastępuje w zdaniu podmiot osobowy rodzaju

męskiego oraz Ŝeńskiego, jak równieŜ podmiot nieosobowy.

Tom and Jake are my neighbours. They live next door.

I know the people. They are our teachers.

These books are expensive. They cost a lot.

Mr Brown’s children are polite. They always say hello.

‘Whose are those pencils?’ ‘They are Peter’s.’

We have got three hamsters. They are small.

I have got sweets in the bag. They are for my children.

Zaimek ‘it’ - ‘to’ zastępuje w zdaniu podmiot nieosobowy w liczbie pojedynczej, w tym

zwierzęta oraz rzeczowniki niepoliczalne.

This is a newspaper. It is very interesting.

That is a shopping centre. It is very big.

‘What is this animal?’ ‘It is a squirrel.’

Drink some orange juice. It is very good.

There is honey in the jar. It is sweet.

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I. Wpisz zaimek, którym moŜna zastąpić podane rzeczowniki w zdaniu.

Eva ............................. good films .............................

my book ............................. an apple .............................

John and his father ............................. you and I .............................

Brian ............................. my grandfather .............................

Elisabeth and Ann ............................. Mr Green’s car .............................

this house ............................. their school .............................

our teachers ............................. this woman .............................

money ............................. chocolate .............................

these pictures ............................. students .............................

the sun ............................. water .............................

II. Przepisz zdania zastępując podmiot osobowy zaimkiem.

1. Robert is a student. ............................................................................

2. My parents are at home. ............................................................................

3. Water is life. ............................................................................

4. Paula loves flowers. ............................................................................

5. Joe and Eric are friends. ............................................................................

6. The house is very modern. ............................................................................

7. Tom’s grandfather is old. ............................................................................

8. This exercise is easy. ............................................................................

9. Tigers are dangerous. ............................................................................

10. Honey is good for you. ............................................................................

11. Mr Grey’s wife is intelligent. ............................................................................

12. Tomato soup is the best. ............................................................................

III. Uzupełnij zdania zaimkami osobowymi. 1. Adam is in bed. .................... is ill.

2. This is Rita. .................... is my sister.

3. Mr and Mrs Sanders have got six dogs. .................... love animals.

4. I love milk. .................... is good for children.

5. Ronald and Brian are students. .................... study history.

6. That tree is very old. .................... is one thousand years old.

7. Don’t eat this meat. .................... is raw.

8. These are our rooms. .................... are very big.

9. ‘Where is jam?’ ‘.................... is in the jar.’

10. That is a bee. .................... is an insect.

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2 Czasownik ‘be’ - czas teraźniejszy

Czasownik ‘be’ oznacza ‘być’. Stosuje się go zwykle z rzeczownikiem, przymiotnikiem

lub przysłówkiem opisującym cechy podmiotu.

PoniŜsza tabela prezentuje odmianę czasownika ‘be’ w czasie teraźniejszym

z uwzględnieniem form skróconych z zaimkiem osobowym.

liczba pojedyncza liczba mnoga

I am

you are

he is

she is

it is

I’m

you’re

he’s

she’s

it’s

ja jestem

ty jesteś

on jest

ona jest

to jest

we are

you are

they are

we’re

you’re

they’re

my jesteśmy

wy jesteście

oni, one są

I am a schoolgirl. You are very brave. He is a dentist.

It’s hot outside. We’re in a museum. They’re my friends.

Gina’s a pretty girl. Adam’s a pilot. The books are interesting.

Pytania z czasownikiem ‘be’ tworzy się przez inwersję, czyli przez przemieszczenie

orzeczenia przed podmiot zdania.

liczba pojedyncza liczba mnoga

Am I a schoolboy?

Are you in the garden?

Is Andrew ill?

Is Monica a pretty girl?

Is the book interesting?

Are we in our classroom?

Are you friendly?

Are the people English?

Zaprzeczenie zdania z czasownikiem be‘ tworzy się przy pomocy słowa ‘not’, które

naleŜy umieścić po czasowniku. Czasownik moŜna skrócić ze słowem ‘not’.

liczba pojedyncza liczba mnoga

I am not angry.

You are not busy.

He is not at home.

She is not a vet.

It is not late.

I’m not angry.

You aren’t busy.

He isn’t at home.

She isn’t a vet.

It isn’t late.

We are not friends.

You are not happy.

They are not small.

We aren’t friends.

You aren’t happy.

They aren’t small.

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I. Uzupełnij zdania odmianą czasownika ‘be’. 1. I .................... short but my brother .................... tall.

2. Thomas .................... brave but Adam ................... shy.

3. You ................... a good pupil and your friend .................... a good pupil, too.

4. Elephants .................... colossal but rabbits .................... small.

5.The supersonic Concorde .................... the fastest passenger plane.

6. Mary and Jane .................... nurses but their brother .................... a doctor.

7. We .................... at home because it .................... cold outside.

8. Grapes .................... sweet but lemons .................... sour.

9. Mrs Lee .................... at work but her husband .................... at home.

10. Our city .................... bigger than your town.

II. Uzupełnij zdania twierdzące oraz napisz pytania z czasownikiem ‘be’. 1. I am happy. ....................................... you happy , too?

2. We .................... Polish. .................... they ......................................

3. Simon .................... a director. .................... Bob .......................................

4. The Browns .................... busy. .................... the Greys .........................…..

5. An ant .................... an insect. .................... bees ...............................…....

6. Eva .................... in hospital. .................... her sister ........................…...

7. London .................... a capital. .................... Warsaw ..........................…...

8. Lions .................... dangerous. .................... tigers ....................................

9. Paper .................... cheap. .................... gold ......................................

10. Her clothes .................... clean. .................... his clothes .......................…...

11. Tom and Joe .................... wrong. .................... I ............................................

12. My watch .................... late. .................... your watch ........................….

III. Uzupełnij zdania czasownikiem ‘be’ według przykładu. 1. Jeff and Jerry are not late but Alice and Lisa are .

2. This shirt .................... expensive but that coat .................... .

3. A path .................... wide but a motorway .................... .

4. A secretary .................... important but a president .................... .

5. You .................... busy but your parents .................... .

6. Opera .................... very popular but cinema .................... .

7. Our classroom .................... big but your classroom .................... .

8. The film .................... interesting but the book .................... .

9. I .................... a pilot but my cousin .................... .

10. Betty and Judy Turner .................... popular but Tina Turner .................... .

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3 Who, What, Where, Why, When + ‘be’

Zaimki ‘Who’ - ‘kto’, ‘What’ - ‘co’, ‘Where’ - ‘gdzie’, ‘Why’ - ‘dlaczego’ oraz ‘When’

- ‘kiedy’ występują w pytaniach z czasownikiem ‘be’ - ‘być’. Zajmują one miejsce na początku zdania. W pytaniach z zaimkami obowiązuje zasada

inwersji. Po zaimku umieszcza się właściwą odmianę czasownika ‘be’, a następnie

podmiot zdania.

poprawnie niepoprawnie

Where is Adam?

Where are your parents?

Where is our room?

When is your birthday?

When is Christmas?

When are holidays?

Why is Eddie sad?

Why are the children alone?

Why are you angry?

Where Adam is?

Where your parents are?

Where our room is?

When your birthday is?

When Christmas is?

When holidays are?

Why Eddie is sad?

Why the children are alone?

Why you are angry?

Zaimek ‘Who’ - ‘kto’ odnosi się do osób. Stosuje się go w pytaniach o podmiot zdania.

Postać takiego pytania jest zawsze jednakowa:

Who + is / are + rzeczownik / przymiotnik / przysłówek / zaimek

Who is late? Who is the headmaster? Who is alone?

Who is this? Who are they? Who is she? Who are the people?

Zaimek ‘What’ - ‘co’ odnosi się do rzeczy. ‘What’ występuje w pytaniach z zaimkami

wskazującymi ‘This’, ‘That’, ‘These’ i ‘Those’, lub innym podmiotem. W pytaniu takim

obowiązuje zasada inwersji.

What is this? What is that? What is the noise?

What are these? What is your name? What are their jobs?

Pytanie ‘How old are you?’ oznacza ‘Ile masz lat?’. Zmieniając zaimek oraz formę

czasownika, moŜna to samo pytanie zadać innej osobie.

How old is Peter? How old are the boys? How old are the trees?

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I. Wstaw ‘Who’, ‘What’, ‘Where’, ‘When’, ‘Why’ lub ‘How old’. 1. .............................. is the oldest in your family?

2. ‘.............................. is that tall girl over there?’ ‘This is Angela.’

3. I am 20 and .............................. are you?

4. Jeff’s in the garden but .............................. is Michael?

5. ‘.............................. is Christmas Eve?’ ‘On 24 December.’

6. ‘.............................. are you sad.’ ‘Because I’m lonely.’

7. Linda is in the hall. .............................. is in the office, then?

8. ‘.............................. is Zakopane?’ ‘In the south of Poland.’

9. ‘.............................. are your children in bed?’ ‘At ten p.m.’

10. Your brother is very brave, so .............................. are you so shy?

11. ‘.............................. is the castle?’ ‘About five hundred, I suppose.’

12. ‘.............................. are aubergines?’ ‘They are vegetables.’

13. My birthday is on 28 September. .............................. is your birthday?

14. ‘.............................. are the people?’ ‘They are our neighbours.’

15. ‘.............................. are these?’ ‘These are paper clips’.

II. Uzupełnij pytania. 1. My name is David. ........................................ your name?

2. My keys are in the bag. ........................................ your keys?

3. Everybody is happy. ........................................ you sad?

4. Wasps are insects. ........................................ frogs?

5. That woman is our neighbour. ........................................ this man?

6. Summer holidays are in July. ........................................ are winter holidays?

7. Everybody is on time. ........................................ you late?

8. Those are offices. ........................................ these buildings?

9. It is cold in winter. ........................................ it hot, then?

10. Warsaw is in Poland. ........................................ Manchester?

III. Napisz pytania. 1. ‘................................................................?’ ‘Tom’s in the playground.’

2. ‘................................................................?’ ‘Easter is in spring.’

3. ‘................................................................?’ ‘Mr Jones is my father’s friend.’

4. ‘................................................................?’ ‘Alice is twelve.’

5. ‘................................................................?’ ‘Sparrows are birds.’

6. ‘................................................................?’ ‘Tokyo is in Japan.’

7. ‘................................................................?’ ‘Those are magazines.’

8. ‘................................................................?’ ‘Carol is rich.’