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SESSION # 3
URBAN ECO-SYSTEM
IMPACT OF URBANIZATION ON THE
ECO-SYSTEM NEED FOR PLANNING AND
MANAGEMENT INTERVENTIONS
ED 79.01
Urban Environmental Management Systems (3-0)
August Semester 2013
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Objective
• Introduce the city as an ecosystem that feeds others and
dependent on nearby areas for energy, food, water and
other materials
Expected Learning Outcome
• Ability to use the urban eco-system model to analyze thechanges and developments in the city and their
consequences
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Urban Eco-System
• There has been some arguments whether it is correct to apply
the term „eco-system‟ to a city.
• Many ecologists restrict the term ‘eco-system’ to a more or less
closed and self-sufficient system of biotic and non-biotic
components, referring only to inflow and outflow of energy.
• Other definition of eco-system is; “any system of interacting
components which is isolated for the purpose of
ecological analysis”
• We subscribe to the second viewpoint.
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1. As built-up areas that are the habitat of urban people (and
their pets, plants), and organism (e.g. moulds), and pests (e.g.
rats, weeds, parasites, etc.).
More Explanations on Urban Eco-Systems
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2. As the immediate life support system of the urban areas
and its surroundings, providing such ecological services, such as
water supply and land.
More Explanations on Urban Eco-Systems
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3. As the areas affected by urban activities and areas
providing life-support services (to urban areas) including supplies
of food, energy, water and material. Also those areas affected by
the emissions and waste flow from urban areas.
More Explanations on Urban Eco-Systems
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It is an overlay of several systems
generically,
• built system
• socio-economic system
• bio-physical system
• administrative system
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Urban Eco-System
specifically,
• building fabric
• spatial articulation
• infrastructure systems
• human settlement systems
• land-use structure• natural bio-physical system
• special systems, such as coasts,
wetlands, etc.
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Urban Eco-System
It is difficult to model the urban ecosystem
but it is important to view the city as an overlay of different systems
rather than systems mutually independent
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Generic Model of an Urban Eco-System
Source: Satterthwaite ed. (1999)
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Urbanization
What is Urbanization?
It means growth and change of certain areas of a country, and
the change of its social, demographic and economic structure
from a rural condition (often, agricultural condition) to an
urban condition (often, non-agricultural condition)
Urbanization can happen in three ways:
• By natural population growth
• By rural-to-urban migration
• By reclassifying rural areas into urban areas
How to measure urbanization?
as the percentage of people living in urban areas
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1. Physical Change(from relatively non-built up areas to built up areas with buildings and
infrastructure networks)
2. Functional Change
(from predominantly agricultural land-uses to predominantly non-agricultural
land-uses)
3. Spatial Growth
(from small area to a large area, both horizontally and vertically)
4. Socio-Economic Change
(from primary occupations such as farming, mining, fishing to secondary
occupations such as trading, manufacturing and services)
5. Demographic Change
(from low population densities to high population densities)
Urbanization is manifested in:
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Trends in Urbanization by Region, 2003
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Urbanization is a ...
• Positive phenomenon (motivating the economy, improving
the standard of living, etc.)
• Negative phenomenon (demographic, socio-economic,
environmental, technological, administrative problems)
Impacts of urbanization on the eco-system are also
both positive (?) and negative.
Impacts are felt on the rural (sometimes natural) areas on
the periphery of urban areas and on the urban area itself
Impacts of Urbanization on Eco-System
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Impacts of Urbanization on Eco-System
Source: Modified fromYip and Low (1984)
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Impacts of Urbanization on Eco-System
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Recommended Reading
UNU/IAS (2003) Defining an Ecosystem Approach to Urban
Management and Policy Development
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