Urban Eco System HL

7/24/2019 Urban Eco System HL

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SESSION # 3

URBAN ECO-SYSTEM

IMPACT OF URBANIZATION ON THE

ECO-SYSTEM NEED FOR PLANNING AND

MANAGEMENT INTERVENTIONS

ED 79.01

Urban Environmental Management Systems (3-0)

August Semester 2013

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Objective

• Introduce the city as an ecosystem that feeds others and

dependent on nearby areas for energy, food, water and

other materials

Expected Learning Outcome

• Ability to use the urban eco-system model to analyze thechanges and developments in the city and their

consequences



Urban Eco-System

• There has been some arguments whether it is correct to apply

the term „eco-system‟ to a city.

• Many ecologists restrict the term ‘eco-system’ to a more or less

closed and self-sufficient system of biotic and non-biotic

components, referring only to inflow and outflow of energy.

• Other definition of eco-system is; “any system of interacting

components which is isolated for the purpose of

ecological analysis”

• We subscribe to the second viewpoint.

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1. As built-up areas that are the habitat of urban people (and

their pets, plants), and organism (e.g. moulds), and pests (e.g.

rats, weeds, parasites, etc.).

More Explanations on Urban Eco-Systems

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2. As the immediate life support system of the urban areas

and its surroundings, providing such ecological services, such as

water supply and land.


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3. As the areas affected by urban activities and areas

providing life-support services (to urban areas) including supplies

of food, energy, water and material. Also those areas affected by

the emissions and waste flow from urban areas.


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It is an overlay of several systems

generically,

• built system

• socio-economic system

• bio-physical system

• administrative system

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Urban Eco-System

specifically,

• building fabric

• spatial articulation

• infrastructure systems

• human settlement systems

• land-use structure• natural bio-physical system

• special systems, such as coasts,

wetlands, etc.



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Urban Eco-System

It is difficult to model the urban ecosystem

but it is important to view the city as an overlay of different systems

rather than systems mutually independent



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Generic Model of an Urban Eco-System

Source: Satterthwaite ed. (1999)



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Urbanization

What is Urbanization?

It means growth and change of certain areas of a country, and

the change of its social, demographic and economic structure

from a rural condition (often, agricultural condition) to an

urban condition (often, non-agricultural condition)

Urbanization can happen in three ways:

• By natural population growth

• By rural-to-urban migration

• By reclassifying rural areas into urban areas

How to measure urbanization?

as the percentage of people living in urban areas



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1. Physical Change(from relatively non-built up areas to built up areas with buildings and

infrastructure networks)

2. Functional Change

(from predominantly agricultural land-uses to predominantly non-agricultural

land-uses)

3. Spatial Growth

(from small area to a large area, both horizontally and vertically)

4. Socio-Economic Change

(from primary occupations such as farming, mining, fishing to secondary

occupations such as trading, manufacturing and services)

5. Demographic Change

(from low population densities to high population densities)

Urbanization is manifested in:



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Trends in Urbanization by Region, 2003



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Urbanization is a ...

• Positive phenomenon (motivating the economy, improving

the standard of living, etc.)

• Negative phenomenon (demographic, socio-economic,

environmental, technological, administrative problems)

Impacts of urbanization on the eco-system are also

both positive (?) and negative.

Impacts are felt on the rural (sometimes natural) areas on

the periphery of urban areas and on the urban area itself

Impacts of Urbanization on Eco-System



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Source: Modified fromYip and Low (1984)



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Recommended Reading

UNU/IAS (2003) Defining an Ecosystem Approach to Urban

Management and Policy Development

Urban Eco System HL

Documents

Transcript of Urban Eco System HL