saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademia - NPLGdspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/284043/1/... · 2020. 7....

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Transcript of saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademia - NPLGdspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/284043/1/... · 2020. 7....

  • vladimer (valo) RunaSvili

    qsnis saerisTavos

    politikuri istoria

    (VI s-is 70-iani wlebidan 1777 wlis CaTvliT)

    gamocema meore

    Tbilisi _ 2007

    2

    vuZRvni mSoblebis naTel xsovnas

    УДК (uak) 32(479.22) (09)R-97

    redaqtori - v.RunaSvili

    dizaini da kompiuteruli damuSaveba - T.CxaiZeteqredaqtori da koreqtori - n.TigiSvili

    wignis gamocema daafinansa

    gia oqruaSvilma

    ISBNB99940-0-632-0

  • 3

    qsnis saerisTavom saxelwodeba mdinare qsnisgan

    miiRo. Zvel qarTul enaSi hidronimi "qsani" ixmare-boda veluris, gareulis mniSvnelobiT (v. abramiSvi-

    li, liaxvi, qsani, aragvi, 2005, gv. 13). aqedan gamomdi-

    nare, md. qsani daumorCilebels, dauokebels niSnavs.monografiaSi Seswavlilia qsnis (cxrazmis) saeri-

    sTavos politikuri istoria VI-s. 70-iani wlebidan

    mis gauqmebamde - 1777 wlamde.aRniSnul periodSi qsnis xeobis zeda welze

    cxrazmaze, farTod iSleba qarTlisaTvis brZola bi-

    zantiasa da irans Soris.rostom bibiluri bizantiuri orientaciisaa da

    iranuli orientaciis mqone gruelebis winaaRmdeg

    brZolaSi swraf gamarjvebas aRwevs. umefobis perio-

    dSi rostom bibilurs erisTavad bizantiis imperato-ri niSnavs.

    gamokvlevaSi vrclad aris ganxiluli is politi-

    kuri kataklizmebi, rac xdeboda qsnis (cxrazmis) sae-risTavoSi (da mTlianad saqarTveloSi), xelisufleb-

    is politikuri orientaciis cvlis Sedegad.

    naSromSi garkveuli adgili aqvs daTmobili sepa-ratizms da mis winaaRmdeg brZolas XIV-XVII da XVIII

    saukuneebSi; axleburadaa danaxuli da daTariRebuli

    bevri iseTi faqti, romelsac gadamwyveti mniSvnelobaeniWeba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos politikur istori-

    aSi. naSromi gaTvaliswinebulia qsnis saerisTavos

    (da mTlianad aRmosavleT saqarTvelos) politikuriistoriiT dainteresebuli specialistebisa da farTo

    sazogadoebisaTvis.

    recenzentebi: profesori Tamaz beraZe

    profesori giorgi oTxmezuri

    4

    w i n a T q m a

    damoukidebeli saqarTvelos saxelmwifos mSeneb-lobaSi Zalze mniSvnelovania saxelmwifoebrivi mow-

    yobis principi. romel did saxelmwifos politikur

    wyobas irCevs saqarTvelo orientirad, rogoria admi-nistraciul-teritoriuli mowyoba; rogori urTierT-

    damokidebulebaa centrsa da regions Soris; rogor,

    ra meTodebiT ebrZvis separatizms centraluri xeli-sufleba da sxva.

    farnavaz mefem (Zv.w. IV s. bolo - III s-is dasawyisi)

    Caatara saqarTvelos administraciul-teritoriulimowyobis reforma - "mimsgavsebulad samefosa spars-

    Tasa". am periodSi qsnis xeobaSi iqmneba ori adminis-

    traciul-teritoriuli erTeuli _ cxrazmis saeris-Tavo da qsnis xevi, romelnic Sida qarTlis saspaspe-

    tos SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen.

    VI s-is 70-ian wlebSi sparselebTan, saqarTveloze

    gabatonebisTvis brZolaSi imarjveben berZnebi. cxra-zmis (qsnis) saerisTavos erisTavi xdeba berZnuli

    orientaciis mqone rostom bibiluri (qvenifneveli).

    sakiTxis aqtualoba ganpirobebulia dRevandeloba-sTan kavSirSi. dRes roca ase mZafri dapirispirebaa

    centrsa da regions Soris, roca separatistuli moZ-

    raoba yovelmxriv waxalisebuli da dausjelia, rog-or wyvetda msgavs problemas warsulSi centraluri

    xelisufleba.

    sxvadasxva istoriul viTarebaSi, ra urTierTdamo-kidebulebaSi iyo regioni (qsnis saerisTavo) da cen-

    tri; ra rols asrulebda regioni qveynis politik-

    ur cxovrebaSi; damoukideblobisaken mimaval saqarT-velos (qarTlis) xelisuflebas, rogor upirispireb-

    dnen regionis, qsnis saerisTavos, xelisufalT mpyro-

    beli imperiebi; rogor arbevdnen centraluri xeli-

  • 5

    suflebis warmomadgenlebi opoziciaSi myof region-

    is xelmZRvanelobas (qsnis erisTavebs), an rogor war-mosaxavdnen separatistebs (qsnis erisTavebs) erovnul

    gmirebad, raTa mieRoT mpyrobeli imperiisagan maTi

    fizikuri ganadgurebis nebarTva; ra meTodebiT ebrZv-is saqarTvelos centraluri xelisufleba separat-

    izms.

    aRniSnuli sakiTxis istoriuli analizi xels Seu-wyobs, arsebuli problemis sxvadasxva kuTxiT gaaz-

    rebas da SedarebiT umtkivneulod gadawyvetas, rac

    bunebrivia, Cveni sazogadoebis interesis sferoswarmoadgens.

    me ki siamovnebiT gavecnobi yvela gansxvavebul-da-

    sabuTebul mosazrebas, dasmul sakiTxebTan dakavSi-

    rebiT.

    6

    Sesavali

    a. amosavali viTareba

    feodaluri saqarTvelos samxedro, politikur-ad-

    ministraciulma erTeulma - qsnis saerisTavom - saxe-

    lwodeba md. qsnisgan miiRo, romelic saTaves kavkasi-onis samxreT kalTebze, zRvis donidan 2914 metrze

    mdebare yelis tbidan iRebs. mdinare jer samxreTisa-

    ken miemarTeba, uxvevs aRmosavleTiT (Jamuri) da Semd-gom (qarCoxi) kvlav samxreTisaken brundeba. gzadagza

    SeierTebs: cxrazmuras, WurTulas da aleuras Seda-

    rebiT patara mdinareebs, patar-patara xevebs da 90-

    iode km. gavlis Semdeg uerTdeba mdinare mtkvars ma-rcxena mxridan.

    qsnis xeoba, Sida qarTlis teritorias miekuTvneba

    da esazRvreba: CrdiloeTiT - kavkasionis mTebi, aRmo-savleTiT - aragvis xeoba, samxreTiT - mdinare mtkva-

    ri, dasavleTiT - mdinare lexura da mdinareebis me-

    judisa da patara liaxvis saTaveebi.qsnis xeobis, sameurneo da politikur-administra-

    ciuli daraionebis TvalsazrisiT, antikuri da adre-

    feodaluri periodis wyaroebi sduman. gvaqvs VII s.somxuri, anonimuri geografia, romelic aRniSnuli

    periodisaTvis qsnis xeobaze or politikur erTeuls

    - cxrazmas da qsans icnobs (amis Sesaxeb qvemoT). sa-fiqrebelia, rom qsnis xeoba antikuri da feodaluri

    periodisaTvis aseve or nawilad iyo daraionebuli,

    rogorc aRwera da daafiqsira vaxuSti batoniSvilma.vaxuStis ganmartebiT, qsnis xeoba sameurneo darai-

    onebis mixedviT iyofa or - mTis da baris zonad. so-

    fel korinTasTan zebayuris mTis da alevis mTiscxvirad wamowvdili klde daaviwroebs qsans, am

  • 7

    kldis qveviT, qsnis xeoba aris baris, xolo zeviT -

    mTis sameurneo zona [15. 359].saqarTvelos politikur-administraciul erTeule-

    bad dayofa dakavSirebulia farnavaz mefesTan. Zv. w.

    IV s-is bolosa da III s-is dasawyisSi, sparsuli orie-ntaciis mqone farnavazma SesZlo kargad gamoeyenebi-

    na im drois msoflioSi mimdinare movlenebi, daamar-

    cxa berZnuli orientaciis mqone azoni - "iZlivnes be-rZenni farnavazisagan" [201. 23]. gamarjvebulma farna-

    vazma Caatara saxelmwifoebrivi reformebi: Secvala

    saqarTvelos politikur-administraciuli mowyoba -berZnuli saxelmwifoebrivi mowyoba Secvala sparsu-

    li saxelmwifo teritoriul-administraciuli mowyo-

    biT, "mimsgavsebulad samefosa sparsTasa" [201. 25]. ro-

    gorc Cans, qarTuli elementebis SetaniT [229. 192] daqarTveli nomenklaturiT da Caatara qarTuli enis

    saxelmwifo reforma - " aman (farnavazma v. R.) ganavr-

    co ena qarTuli, da arRara izraxeboda sxva ena qar-Tlsa Sina TÂnier qarTulisa" [201. 26].

    saxelmwifod Camoyalibebis procesSi, administra-

    ciuli mowyobis reformis Sedegad farnavazma qveyanadahyo 9 samxedro politikur-administraciul erTeu-

    lad - 8 saerisTavod da erT saspaspetod. spaspets -

    mTavarsardals, samarTavad Caabara Sida qarTli. "daese spaspeti iyo Semdgomadve winaSe mefisa, mTavrob-

    iT ganagebdis yovelTa erisTavTa zeda, xolo amaT

    erisTavTa queSe, adgilTa ganaCinna spasalarni daaTasisTavni" [201. 24-25]. amiT faqtobrivad, adgilze

    myof socialurad da ekonomikurad dawinaurebul pi-

    rebs oficialurad gauforma saxelmwifoebrivi maRa-li socialuri mdgomareoba da gaierTgula. gansxva-

    vebuli azris mqone socialurad da ekonomikurad da-

    winaurebuli pirebi, rogorc Cans, farnavazs ar udev-nia. am azris sasargeblod metyvelebs farnavazis mi-

    8

    er azos sagvareulo sakulto Zeglebis - gacis da

    gaimis, da Tavisi - armazis sakulto Zeglis erT pan-TeonSi gaerTianeba. amdenad, leontis mixedviT, spas-

    peti - mTavarsardali, aris mefis Semdeg pirveli ka-

    ci, romelsac emorCileba 8 didi administraciulierTeulis xelmZRvaneli - erisTavi da maT daqvemde-

    barebaSi myofi "spasalarni da aTasisTavni".

    leonti mroveli ar miuTiTebs Tu ra principiTiyo mowyobili Sida qarTli, savaraudoa, rom igive

    sistemiT, rogoriTac danarCeni teritoria..., e. i. iyo

    mcire saerisTavoebi, saspasalaroni da saaTasisTavo-ni da tradiciulad arsebuli xevebi - saxevisTavoebi.

    safiqrebelia, rom spaspet-mTavarsardali samarTav-

    ad Cabarebul teritorias moawyobda tradiciulad,

    bunebrivad Camoyalibebul sameurneo-ekonomikur da-raionebis da samxedro-TavdacviTi mdgomareobis gaT-

    valiswinebiT.

    Cveni varaudiT, farnavazis saxelmwifoebrivi mow-yobis reformas unda aesaxa, daefiqsirebina qveynis

    sameurneo ekonomiuri daraioneba - qsnis xeoba ki,

    rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, ZiriTadad or ekonomiur ra-ionad unda yofiliyo dayofili da unda epasuxa im

    samxedro-TavdacviTi moTxovnebisTvis, rasac ama Tu

    im administraciul erTeuls uyenebda xelisufleba.im periodSi, saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelobis winaSe

    unda mdgariyo ZiriTadi amocana: SeenarCunebinaT sa-

    xelmwifo da xelisufleba. am amocanis gadawyvetaski esaWiroeboda sazRvrebis dacva.

    rogorc aRvniSneT, md. qsani kavkasionis samxreT

    kalTebidan iRebs saTaves da CrdiloeT kavkasiidanwamosulT qsnis xeobaze, mdinaris CamoyolebiT arse-

    buli gza-bilikebiT SeeZloT SeeRwiaT samefosa da

    mis SuagulSi - mcxeTaSi.

  • 9

    "axalgoruli tipis brinjaos qandakebebis aRmoCena

    yazbegis ganZTan erTad da sxva arqeologiuri masa-lebi miuTiTeben, rom adreantikur xanaSi, aragvis xe-

    obasTan erTad, qsnis xeobiT xorcieldeboda urTie-

    rToba kavkasionis qedsiqiTa mxaresTan,... "jvris gada-sasvlelidan momavali gza gaivlida ra mleTa lomi-

    sas, mihyveboda qsnis xeobis marcxena sanapiros, dai-

    vakebda da qsovrisTan uerTdeboda Sida qarTlis ga-mWol magistrals" [47. 18].

    samwuxarod, leonti mroveli ar miuTiTebs, Tu

    romeli gziT gadmoiyvana farnavazma ovsni da lekni,da garkveuli periodis Semdeg kvlav ovsni Crdilo-

    eT kavkasiidan, roca berZnuli orientaciis mqone az-

    os winaaRmdeg ibrZoda [201. 23], magram gadmosasvleli

    gza-bilikebis dacva rom farnavazis gansakuTrebulizrunvis sagani iqneboda es ueWvelia, rameTu "gzaze

    kontroli makontrolebel saxelmwifos saSualebas

    aZlevda Crdilo kavkasiis meomar tomTa mier gzisTviTneburi gadmolaxvisaTvis xeli SeeSala, gaWirve-

    bis Jams ki isini moewviaT Tavisi politikuri intere-

    sebisaTvis gamosayeneblad" [91. 27].ra Tqma unda, farnavazis mier Catarebuli saxelm-

    wifo-administraciuli mowyobis reforma ar iyo ucv-

    leli. ama Tu im administraciuli erTeulis sazRv-rebi icvleboda drois moTxovnilebis Sesaferisad,

    iseve, rogorc es xdeboda feodalur epoqaSi, (amis

    Sesaxeb qvemoT, saTanado adgilas).aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Cven mTlianad viziar-

    ebT profesor daviT gvritiSvilis mosazrebas _ "Cven

    im azrisa varT, rom qsnis saerisTavo (ufro zustiiqneboda cxrazmis saerisTavo, v. R.), rogorc mmarT-

    velobis garkveuli instituti adre unda gaCeniliyo,

    e.i. imaze ufro adre, vinem mis Sesaxeb cnobebi gagvaC-nia" [55. 65-66]. cnobebi ki cxrazmis saerisTavos arse-

    10

    bobisa da am saerisTavoSi mimdinare politikuri ka-

    taklizmebis Sesaxeb VI s. 70-iani wlebidan gagvaCnia(amis Sesaxeb qvemoT), e. i. Cveni varaudiT, cxrazmis

    mcire saerisTavo Seiqmna Zv. w. III saukunis dasawyis-

    Si, maSin, roca saerTod Seiqmna, saerisTavoebi saqa-rTveloSi da dakavSirebulia farnavazis administra-

    ciul-teritoriuli mowyobis reformasTan.

    b. wyaroebi

    adre da Suafeodaluri xanis cxrazmis (qsnis) sae-

    risTavos istoriis Sesaswavlad gansakuTrebiT mniSv-

    nelovan wyaros warmoadgens "Zegli erisTavTa".Tav-bolo naklul "Zeglis" saxelwodeba "Zegli

    erisTavTa"-s samecniero mimoqcevaSi Semotana dakav-

    Sirebulia "Zeglis" pirvel gamomcemelTan - T. Jor-daniasTan [167. 1], romelic albaT momdinareobs 1828

    wlis 5 martis "Zeglis" gadanawerze gakeTebuli dasa-

    Taurebidan - "qsnis erisTavianT istoria anu namdvi-li ambavi" da minaweridan - "ese Cveni Zeglad wodebu-

    li etratsa zeda aRwerili da istoria dafuZneba

    Cvenisa gvarovnebisasa, vpoveT mciredi raÁme aRweri-li Zvelad da gadmovwereT raica SeiZleboda"... werd-

    nen mariam qobaliSvili-erisTavisa da giorgi daviT-

    is Ze erisTavi [236. 322]. rogorc Cans, am minaweris ga-vlenas [8. 34] verc sxva gamomcemelni da mkvlevarni

    gaeqcnen garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi, ris das-

    turicaa saTaurTan erTad ganmartebebi _ ("qsnis eri-

    sTavTa sagvareulo matiane)", [236. 305]. Хроника Ксанскихэриставов начала XV века" [160] da sxva [8. 34-35].

    "Zeglis" gamocemebidan yvelaze mniSvnelovania 1954

    wels qarTul enaze gamocemuli "Zegli erisTavTa"(qsnis erisTavTa matiane), teqsti gamosca, gamokvleva,

  • 11

    leqsikoni da saZiebeli daurTo SoTa mesxiam. Semdg-

    om gamocemebSi, rogorc Cans, ganmartebis saWiroebamoixsna. teqsti daibeWda "qarTuli samarTlis Zegle-

    bSi", t. II, 1965, gv. 102-117. (saTaurs -"Zegli erisTavTa"

    - ar gaukeTda ganmarteba - "qsnis erisTavTa sagvareu-lo matiane"). TiTqmis igive teqsti, Tu ar CavTvliT

    mcire cvlilebebs, daibeWda qarTul mwerlobaSi, to-

    mi 5, 1988 w. "Zegli erisTavTa", gv. 104-122. arc aq gau-keTda ganmarteba.

    qsnis saerisTavos - qsnis erisTavebis, Tu cxrazmis

    saerisTavos - cxrazmis erisTavebis Sesaxeb d. gvri-tiSvili aRniSnavs: "mkvlevarebi yuradRebas aqcevdnen

    im garemoebas, rom Zvel istoriul ZeglebSi qsnis

    erisTavebi XVII saukunis damdegamde TavianT Tavs

    qsnis erisTavebs ar uwodebdnen [55. 55], aramed "dauwoda erisTav cxrazmisÃevisa" [236. 346]. qsnis erisTa-

    vebi XVII s-mde TavianT Tavs uwodebdnen cxrazmis er-

    isTavebs, Semdgom ki qsnis erisTavebs, amdenad, CveniazriT, ufro marTebuli iqneba XVII saukunemde ewo-

    debodes cxrazmis saerisTavo da Sesabamisad cxrazm-

    is erisTavi [8. 35] da XVII saukunis dasawyisidanqsnis saerisTavo da Sesabamisad qsnis erisTavebi. Tu-

    mca saxelwodebis im wesiT xmarebaSi, rogoric dRe-

    saa gavrcelebuli, araa raime didi Secdoma."Zegli erisTavTas" monografiuli Seswavlidan

    Cans, rom igi warmoadgenda sakiTxav wigns, cxrazmis,

    Semdeg ki qsnis erisTavTa karze, romelic gadmogvc-ems cxrazmis saerisTavos istorias VI-s-is 70-80-iani

    wlebisa da XIII s. miwurulidan XV s. dasawyisis CaT-

    vliT. es iyo erTgvari istoriis saxelmZRvanelo,cxrazmis erisTavTa saxleulisaTvis da ara marto

    maTTvis. sxvanairad ar iqneba gagebuli largvisis mo-

    nastrisadmi Salva qvenifnevelis 1470 wlis Sewiru-lobis wignis da "Zegli erisTavTas" dasawyisi nawil-

    12

    is igiveoba. kerZod, "Zegli erisTavTas" Tanaxmad qve-

    nifnevelTa gvaris pirvel erisTav-damfuZnebel ros-toms "mefeman istÂniane"-m, "miuboZna SÂdni ese Ãevni...

    mas Sina da uwoda erisTav cxrazmisÃevisa" [236. 346].

    aRniSnuli monakveTis kargi codna Cans Salva qvenif-nevelis Semdeg sityvebSi: "pirveliTgan sulkurTxeu-

    lisa istÂnianesagan berZenTa mefisa da TÂT-mpyrobe-

    lisa aRSenebuli da CuenTa CamomavalTa erisTavTanaTesavTaTÂs saZvaled boZebuli" [206. 140]. amdenad

    Salva qvenifnevelis SewirulobaSi moxseniebuli

    "istÂniane" da sxva mflobelobis rigi sakiTxebi, mom-dinareobs "Zegli erisTavTadan" da es bunebrivia, ra-

    dgan es "Sewiruloba" dawerilia 1470 wels, e. i. "Zeg-

    li erisTavTas daweridan daaxloebiT 60 wlis Semd-

    eg."Zegli erisTavTa" rom namdvilad sakiTxavi wigni

    iyo, Cans iqidanac, rom "Zeglze" gakeTebulia sxvadas-

    xva xeliT minawerebi. "matianis erT-erTi mxedruliminaweri Seicavs "vefxistyaosnis" ramdenime strofs

    (ix. S. oniani, indo-xataelT ambavi "vefxistyaosanSi",

    Tb., 1982w,. gv. 49-65) [8. 6-7]. "Zegls" kiTxulobdnen, ud-arebdnen sxvadasxva qronikebs da teqstis kideze ake-

    Tebdnen Sesabamis minawerebs, radgan teqstis ZiriTa-

    di nawili Sedgenilia daTariRebis gareSe. sul"Zegls" gakeTebuli aqvs 11 qronikuli minaweri, "aRni-

    Snuli minawerebi Sesrulebulia asomTavruli da

    mxedruli damwerlobiT" [8. 7]."Zegli erisTavTa", rom namdvilad sakiTxavi wigni

    iyo, Cans akad. giuldenStedtis CanawerebSi. "berZenma

    keisarma iustinianem es mxare gadasca rostoms, miscamas beWedi da aCuqa Zvirfasi sapatio samoseli... ax-

    landeli qsnis erisTavi daviTi, rostomidan moyole-

    buli, am xnis ganmavlobaSi aris 275-e" [61. 275]. Cans,

  • 13

    "Zegli erisTavTa" XVIII s-is 70-ian wlebSi ufro sru-

    li yofila."Zegli erisTavTa" rom sakiTxavi wigni iyo, Cans

    aleqsandre jambakur orbelianis TxzulebaSi. kerZ-

    od, "qvenifnevelTa gvari pirvelad rom saqarTvelo-Si movida mgoni an meeqvse an meSvide saukune iyo. os-

    eTiTgan orni Tu samni Zmani gadmovidnen..., sadac

    SfoTi iyo mTiuleTis da qsnisxevelebis xalxSi, ro-melTac am ymawvil kacTa daamSvides da debuleba da-

    udes, rom amaTSi SfoTi aRar iyos,... amis madlobisa-

    Tvis ufrosi Zma sidamon mTiuleTis xalxma waiyvana,aq aragvis erisTavad dasues da meore umcrosi Zma

    rostom qsnis xalxma qsnis erisTavad. es orni Zmani

    mgonia Tagaurebi unda iyvnen, dudaroebi oseTis mef-

    is Camomavlobisa. gamigonia, miTom CerqeziTgan duda-rukoebis guarisani iyvnen. dudarukoebi sadac dganan,

    Sors aris da amis gamo me ufro dudaroebi mgonia"

    [8. 50]. motanili amonaweri imdenad axlosaa "ZeglierisTavTas" dasawyisTan - rostomis warmomavloba,

    umcrosoba, ramdenime Zma, Sida saxelmwifoebrivi aS-

    liloba da sxva, rom eWvis adgilic aRar rCeba, roma. jambakur orbelianis Txroba momdinareobs "Zegli

    erisTavTadan", magram rogorc Cans, "Zegli" wakiTxu-

    li aqvs adre da amitomac wers kiTxvis niSniT, "mgo-nia", "gamigonia", "miTom" da sxva. da es arcaa gasakvi-

    ri, XIX s-is moRvawes, poetsa da istorikoss wakiTxu-

    li rom hqonoda XV s. dasawyisSi dawerili "ZeglierisTavTa".

    igive SeiZleba iTqvas sulxan baraTaSvilis naSro-

    mzec."Zegli erisTavTa" dawerilia largvisis monaster-

    Si XV s. dasawyisisaTvis grigol bandaisZis mier, ma-

    gram warmoudgenelia grigolisaTvis garkveuli dax-mareba ar gaewioT da mis Semoqmedebaze keTili gav-

    14

    lena ar moexdinoT im periodis (XIV s. meore naxeva-

    ri - XV s. dasawyisi), da cota ufro adrindel kul-turis moRvaweebs, rogoric iyvnen: giorgi Tabauri

    [236. 317], vaCe yanCelis Ze ilarion samTavneli (1030 w.)

    [138. 231-232] da uSualod grigolis mama - avgaroz ban-daisZe [160. 12-13].

    "Zegli erisTavTas" avtori grigol bandaisZe, Tavi-

    si droisaTvis sakmaod ganaTlebuli pirovneba yofi-la, rogorc sasuliero moRvawes, kargad ecodinebo-

    da saeklesio mwerloba, kargad scodnia "qarTlis

    cxovreba" da Tu ar CavTvliT erT-or SemTxvevas me-feebTan _ adarnasesTan, daviTTan da vaxtangTan daka-

    vSirebiT, "Zegli erisTavTa" "qarTlis cxovrebasTan"

    winaaRmdegobaSi ar modis, piriqiT, erTmaneTs avseben.

    grigol bandaisZes SesaniSnavad scodnia cxrazmada mTlianad qarTlis mTianeTi geografiulad. mas,

    rogorc "Zeglis" analizidan Cans - sagvareulo mati-

    anis werisas gamouyenebia werilobiTi wyaroebi:1. rostom bibiluris gaerisTaveba-dafuZnebasTan

    dakavSirebiT. sxvanairad warmoudgenelia, ise zustad

    da lakonurad gadmosce saqmis arsi, rogorc es aris"Zeglis" pirvel nawilSi; 2. pipa qvenifnevelis Camo-

    tanili werili - "mouwera samTavnelsa da erisTavsa

    virSelsa da yovelsa ersa cxrazmisÃevisasa", da Se-saZloa sxva dokumentebic.

    miuxedavad imisa, rom "Zegli" zogadad ori nawili-

    sagan Sedgeba, is mainc erTi mTliani nawarmoebia, ra-meTu "Zeglis" pirveli nawili ar ewinaaRmdegeba meo-

    res da piruku. igi SeZlebisdagvarad gadmogvcems

    cxrazmis saerisTavos istorias da gvawvdis didmniS-vnelovan cnobebs saqarTveloSi VI s. 70-ian wlebSi

    Seqmnili rTuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. rogorc "Zeg-

    lis" monacemebidan irkveva, am periodis saqarTvelo-Si farTod yofila gaSlili Sefarul-SeniRbuli

  • 15

    brZola sparseTsa da bizantias Soris. Sefarul-Seni-

    Rbuloba ki imaSi gamoixateboda, rom oficialuribrZolebi mimdinareobda berZnuli orientaciis mqone

    qarTvelebsa da sparsuli orientaciis mqone qarTve-

    lebs Soris. berZnebi da sparselebi aSkarad ar Cand-nen. im periodis saerTaSoriso movlenebi berZenTa

    sasargeblod viTardeboda da saqarTveloSic imarj-

    vebdnen berZnuli orientaciis mqoneni. cxrazmis mci-re saerisTavos erisTavi xdeba berZnuli orientaciis

    mqone rostom bibiluri.

    "Zegli" saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis XIII s. miwuru-lsa da XIV s. dasawyisSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis

    Sesaxeb, roca daviT VIII-m Secvala saxelmwifoebrivi

    orientacia da iranis ilxanebis magivrad kavSirur-

    TierToba daamyara oqros urdos xanebTan; ra poli-tikuri Sedegebi mohyva amas saqarTvelosTvis, rogor

    iqna dasjili saqarTvelo da misi samefo kari.

    fasdaudebelia "Zeglis" monacemebi saqarTvelosSida saxelmwifoebrivi-politikuri, socialuri da

    ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. XIV s. - aragveleb-

    sa da cxrazmelebs, cxrazmelebsa da dvalebs Sorismimdinare brZolebi, cxrazmis erisTavebsa da "provin-

    ciis" mefeebs Soris arsebuli urTierTobebi, saxelm-

    wifoebrivi ngreva, SimSili da siRatake, damoukideb-lobis maZiebel saxelmwifoSi - saqarTveloSi Seqmni-

    li rTuli pirobebi da sxva.

    istoriografiaSi [260. 8] didi xnis ganmavlobaSigavrcelebuli iyo mosazreba XIII-XIV ss. osTa "axal-

    axali" talRebis saqarTveloSi CamosaxlebasTan da-

    kavSirebiT da erT-erT ZiriTad wyarod damowmebuliiyo "Zegli erisTavTas" onomistikuri monacemebi [91.

    219].

    16

    "Zegli erisTavTas" onomistikur monacemebze dayr-

    dnobiT osTa kompaqturad saqarTveloSi CamosaxlebaXIII-XIV ss. sinamdviles ar Seesabameba.

    faqtiurad "Zegli erisTavTa" erT-erTi yvelaze

    mniSvnelovani wyaroa, romelic gvawvdis cnobebs dva-lebis, maTi geografiuli gansaxlebis, socialur-eko-

    nomikuri mdgomareobisa da sxva epoqaluri movleneb-

    is Sesaxeb, romelTac aseve Tav-Tavis adgilas Sevexe-biT.

    aqedanaa gamomdinare swored is didi interesi, ra-

    sac am SedarebiT mcire moculobis "Zeglisadmi" iCen-dnen da iCenen istorikosebi.

    vaxtang VI-is mier Seqmnilma komisiam, romelic "qa-

    rTlis cxovrebis" gagrZelebaze muSaobda, imdenad

    mniSvnelovnad CaTvala "Zegli erisTavTas" monaTxro-bi, rom garkveuli nawyvetebi Seitana "qarTlis cxov-

    rebis" gagrZelebaSi [202. 343].

    "Zegli erisTavTa"-sagan gansxvavebuli monacemebisSemcvelia ioane batoniSvilis mier 1799 wels Sedge-

    nili "SemoklebiTi aRwera" saqarTvelos Sina mcxov-

    rebTa TavadTa da aznaurTa gvarebisa, sadac naTqva-mia: "Tavadi qsnis erisTavi ZvelTa droTani aravinRa

    arian, romelnic mosulni iyvnen... droisa saqarTvel-

    os mefisa gvaram bagrationisasa. mefe ese maradisbrZoda da avnebda maT, raTa daetevebina adgili igi

    da maSin mividnen begni amaTni winaSe keisrisa iusti-

    nianesa da sTxoves Suamdgomloba mefisa Tana saqar-Tvelosa da aRuTqves msaxureba viTa qveSevrdomTa da

    maSin sTxoves mefesa saqarTvelosasa keisarman zavyo-

    fa maTTana da aman ineba da romelime daasaxla mTasaSina kavkasiisa... uCinebulesi maTgani moiyvana da daa-

    saxla qarTlsa Sina... amis STamomavlobaTagan daid-

    gina mTavrad Sida qarTlisa konstantine... da mermeamisa STamomavlobiTgan Tornike daidgina erisTavad

  • 17

    qsnisa... Semdgom amisa iyunen monaTesavenica maTni er-

    isTavTa winaparni... pirvelsa ewoda bibila, meoresarati, romelnica daeSenen qsnis xeobasa Sina, welsa q.

    - es aqeT 1235... da ukanasknel drosa mefobisa konsta-

    ntinesa msaxurebisaTvis miiRes Tavadobisa xarisxiwelsa 1412-sa Sina da iwoden bibilurebi qvenafxove-

    lebad guariTa da iyvnen naibad erisTavTa da marTvi-

    dnen adgilTa maT... wesa q. es aqeT 1569... iwodebiangvarni amaTni erisTavad, romelic amaT STamomavlo-

    baTa Sina iqneboda pirveli, igi miiRebda mxolod er-

    isTavobasa" [8. 51-52].CvenTvis ucnobia, Tu ras eyrdnoboda ioane batoni-

    Svili, roca zemoT monaTxrobs werda, magram ioane,

    rom kargad icnobda qsnis xeobas es udavoa. udavod

    SeiZleba miviCnioT isic, rom ioanes, "aRweris" masa-la erisTavebisagan ar hqonda aRebuli, Tumca ioanes

    qsnis xeobaSi sakmaod didi teritoria hqonda.

    "qarTl-kaxeTis aRwera"-Si calke Tavad aris "qsnisxeoba, romelic Tvis eyida mefis Zes ioanes saaznau-

    robiTa da eklesiis mamulebic arian aqa" [16. 36]. "aR-

    wera" ioanes Sesrulebuli aqvs 1794-1799 wlebs Soris[16. 9]. amave periodisTvis - 1799 wels, aqvs Sedgenili

    "SemoklebiTi aRwera saqarTvelos Sina mcxovrebTa

    TavadTa da aznaurTa gvarebisa". e. i. maSin rocaqsnis xeobis didi nawili jerac mas ekuTvnoda, da aq

    garkveul aRmSeneblobiT saqmianobas eweoda. sofel

    ikoTis wminda marines eklesiis fasadze gakeTebuliwarwera mogviTxrobs: "qalwulo mowame. w-a vse mari-

    na. meoxi Cvenda. ganmaxli eklesiis mefis rZali. were-

    Tlis asuli qeTevan g e l u r -i mwe meyav meuRliT-urT da aRsazrdelad Zis Cvenisa grigolisa q. k. s. u.

    p. v."

    warwera 1797 wlisaa, ekuTvnis qeTevan wereTels,romelic meuRle iyo ioanesi, giorgi XII Zisa, maTi

    18

    Svilia grigoli [130. 90]. ra urTierToba hqonda ioane

    batoniSvils qsnis erisTavebTan?dasmul kiTxvas garkveulwilad pasuxobs TviT

    ioane batoniSvili "kalmasobaSi".

    ioane batoniSvilis gmiri, ioane xelaSvili TavisTavs uwodebs arqimandrit dosiTeos ficxelauris

    diakvans, im ficxelauris, vis gamoc qsnis erisTaveb-

    ma wlebis ganmavlobaSi Zalze bevri usiamovneba mii-Res da ganicades, da piruku, ficxelaurebma Sesabami-

    si usiamovnebani miiRes erisTavebisagan, romelic

    xSirad fizikur Sexla-SemoxlaSic gadazrdila; "er-isTavebi ficxelaurebs TavianT mamulebSi ar atareb-

    dnen. 1804 w. axalgors misuli nikoloz ficxelauri

    mixeil erisTavsa da mis mxleblebs gaulaxavT" [245.

    115]. iyo piruku faqtebic - 1809 wels "nikoloz daglaxa (dosiTeoz ficxelauris Zmebi, v. R.) ficxelau-

    ris waqezebiT ajanyebuli qurTisxevelebi da axal-

    gorelebi ikoTSi SanSe erisTavis saxlkars dasxmianTavs, dauwvavT igi da auwiokebiaT [245. 155]. SanSe er-

    isTavi xelSi CaugdiaT da survili hqoniaT daeTxar-

    aT Tvalebi [245. 155]. TviT ioane xelaSvilic ki qsniserisTavTa saxlis Svilma mejvris xevSi kombliT ga-

    laxa - Tavi gautexa. "im drois erTi erisTvis Svili

    Semoxvda, xels Sina kombali eWira da uTxra ioanes:ficxelauri beri Cveni mtrobisagan ar dacxra, da ax-

    laa da Cvens mamulSi Sen diakvani Cven salanZRavad

    gamougzavnixarTo. uTxra da hsca kombali kunkulsa,kunkuli gaagdebina. SiSneuli ganivlto ioane barba-

    ciT Tavsisxliani" [17. 87].

    ioane batoniSvils ar moswons qsnis erisTavTa mma-rTveloba saerisTavoSi.

    "giorgim _ (erisTavis saxlidan, v. R) ar mogwons

    CuÀni marTebloba?

  • 19

    ioanem: eg aseTi marTebloba ars, Tu Ãani gagrZel-

    da samarTebelo magdena arRara daSTeba ra" [17. 94].maS rogor moviqceT, rogor vmarToT, kiTxulobs gi-

    orgi, razec iRebs pasuxs:

    "ioanem: batonisSvili ioane rogor imorCilebda?giorgim: is mefis Svilia da SeeZlo.

    ioanem: Tqven mefis siZe ÃarT da Tqvenc SeiZleT".

    da Semdgom:"ioanem: TquÀni erisToba dacemuli iyo, magram

    ioane batoniSvilis TanÃmobiT daviT mefem, memkvidr-

    em, mogcaT erisToba, garna TÂssa Zmasa ubZana hsjul-deba. Tu viTar unda moqceodiT Tqven ÃelqveSeTTa

    da sakuTarTa ymebTa" [17. 94-95].

    ioane batoniSvilis Tanxmobac, micemuli daviT ba-

    toniSvilisaTvis qsnis erisTavebisaTvis daebrunebin-aT, ukve Tavisad CaTvlili teritoria ("qsnis xeoba,

    romelic Tvis eyida mefis Zes ioanes... "), ar unda yo-

    filiyo umtkivneulo.zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba vivaraudoT,

    ioane batoniSvili nawyenia qsnis erisTavebze da

    wers erisTavTa damamcirebel, tendenciur masalas,romelic SesaZloa dosiTeoz ficxelaurisagan mom-

    dinareobs.

    ioane batoniSvilis "aRwera" qsnis erisTavebis Se-saxeb moiTxovs kritikul analizs da safuZvlian Se-

    swavlas. kerZod: "aRweraSi" figurirebs" keisari ius-

    tiniane", saubaria rusudan mefis periodSi Catarebuladministraciul-teritoriul mowyobaze, romelic mo-

    nRolTa saxelmwifo msgavsad unda moewyoT da sxva,

    iseve rogorc daujerebelia "Tundac is faqti, romTornike erisTavi qsnis erisTavianT warmomadgeneli

    gonia" [55. 60].

    ioanes cnobisagan, "miiRes Tavadobisa xarisxi wel-sa 1412-sa Sina da iwoden bibilurebi qvenafxoveleb-

    20

    ad guariTa". gansxvavebul informacias gvawvdis vaxu-

    Sti: "xolo ialbuzis kalTaTa qsnis erisTavi da araqvenaflavelisagan, aramed ityÂs bibilurobasa" [15.

    34] da Semdgom "xolo taSiskarsa da lixis mTas quei-

    Ta aragu-tfilisamde arian samni ese saspaspetoni...(aq, TviToeulis sazRvrebia miTiTebuli, v. R.), da es-

    eni pirvel iyo erTi saspaspeto, da yovelTa erisTav-

    Ta spaspetTa zedamxedveli. Semdgomad Tamar mefisaqarTlis erisTavi sxua, Ãsnisa da sxua da Semdgomad

    ganayofisa esreT sam sadroSod iqmna" [15. 382].

    vaxuStis am cnobis meore nawilis dazusteba arxerxdeba, amitomac aris, albaT j. gvasalia, rom

    wers: "aq vaxuStis" Tamar mefe "unda ganasaxierebdes

    monRolebamdel erTian saqarTvelos samefos" [45. 63].

    saqarTvelos istoriis da bunebrivia, qsnis (cxraz-mis) saerisTavos Sesaswavlad, umniSvnelovanes wyar-

    os warmoadgens "qarTlis cxovrebis" pirveli, meore

    da meoTxe tomebi [201; 202; 15].iv. javaxiSvili wers: "cnobilia, rom Zveli qarTu-

    li saero-saistorio mwerlobis ZeglTa krebuli, ro-

    melsac "qarTlis cxovreba" ewodeba, giorgi brwyinva-lis mefobis ambebis Semcveli TxzulebiT Tavdeboda

    da amis aqeT xanis saqarTvelos politikuri Tavgada-

    savlis aRweriloba am krebulSi ar moipoveboda. esgaremoeba mermindel qarTvel TaobaTa warmomadgenl-

    ebs saSualebas ar aZlevda TavianTi samSoblos cva-

    lebadobiT aRsavse, magram friad sayuradRebo, war-sulis namdvili viTareba scodnodaT.

    cxadia, Tu ramdenad saziano unda yofiliyo es ga-

    remoeba qarTvelTa erovnuli TviTSemecnebisa da po-litikuri Segnebis gaRrmaveba-gaZlierebisaTvis; Tav-

    is samSoblos warsulis codna xom saxelmwifoebriv-

    ad daqsaqsulisa da kulturulad daqveiTebis gzaze

  • 21

    damdgari saqarTvelos mkvidrTaTvis ukuRmarTi viTa-

    rebis gamosworebisaTvis uaRresad saWiro iyo" [77]."qarTlis cxovrebis" zemoT dasaxelebuli tomebis

    (I, II, IV) garda Cven farTod viyenebT calkeul avto-

    rTa naSromebs - JamTaRmwereli, aswlovani matiane(teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva, SeniSvnebi

    da leqsikoni daurTo revaz kiknaZem, Tb., 1987), rome-

    lic axleburad wyvets bevr sakamaTo sakiTxs.arCil bagrationi (1647-1713 ww.) gabaaseba Teimura-

    zisa da rusTavelisa, moicavs uaRresad zust cnob-

    ebs, politikuri movlenebis Sesaxeb. mxedvelobaSiamisaRebi is faqti, rom arCili TviT iyo mefis Ze da

    Semdgom mefe; SesaZleblobis farglebSi TviT qmnida

    politikur klimats; Caxeduli iyo politikosTa ku-

    luarul procesebSi [20].farsadan gorgijaniZis naSromi, istoria..., gvawvdis

    saintereso cnobebs. farsadani iranSi moRvaweobda

    da iranuli politikuri orientaciisa iyo. mas saqar-Tvelos momavali iranTan kavSiris gareSe ver warmo-

    edgina. gansakuTrebiT zustia f.gorgijaniZis is cno-

    bebi, romelic exeba XVII s. 30-90-iani wlebis politi-kur procesebs - rogorc monawilis mier danaxuli

    [66].

    vaxtang VI-is mier beri egnataSvilis xelmZRvane-lobiT Seqmnilma "swavlul kacTa" komisiam umniSvne-

    lovanesi saqme gaakeTa da uaRresad saintereso cno-

    bebi dagvitova qsanze mimdinare realur da samefokarisTvis sasurveli politikuri movlenebis Sesaxeb

    [77].

    sexnia CxeiZis nawarmoebi, cxovreba mefeTa, mogviT-xrobs 1653-1739 wlis ambebs. uxvadaa mocemuli isto-

    riuli TariRebi da gamoirCeva Txrobis lakoniurob-

    iT [234].

    22

    papuna orbelianis "ambavni qarTlisani" mogviTxr-

    obs 1739-1759 wlebis istorias. faqtobrivad, papunaTxrobas iwyebs SanSe qsnis erisTavis mier 12 aTasi

    lekis jaris gadmoyvaniT da amTavrebs daviT qsnis

    erisTavis 1759 wlis warmatebuli elCobiT imereTSi[159].

    CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxis kvlevisaTvis metad

    Zvirfas cnobebs gvawvdian dokumentebi [205. 213]; "vina-idan, istoriuli sabuTi sazogadoebis socialur

    cxovrebas asaxavs, igi RirsSesaniSnavia imiT, rom mis

    mier asaxuli socialuri sinamdvile konkretulia,konkretulia sabuTis gamcemi da mimRebi, konkretu-

    lia sabuTiT damyarebuli mxareTa uflebrivi mdgoma-

    reoba" [192, 65].

    uaRresad mniSvnelovania largvisSi, yanCaeTSi dasaerTod qsnis xeobis kulturul-saganmanaTleblo

    kerebSi gadaweril saeklesio wignebze gakeTebuli

    minawerebi [167. 19-20, 204-205].fasdaudebelia giorgi brwyinvalis samarTali [63],

    dasaxelebuli sakiTxis kvlevisaTvis, rogorc Sesava-

    li nawili, sadac saubaria giorgi brwyinvalis mog-zaurobaze qsnis xeobaSi, aseve TviT Zeglis ZiriTadi

    nawili "$@41/2 TaviT ZueliTgan gaCenili aris lomis-

    is samZRvarsa zeda, amieri Ãada-cxaotis mimdgomi ar-is, da agreve gaCeniT iyos" [63. 117]. rogorc Cans aq

    dafiqsirebulia cxrazmis saerisTavos sazRvris erTi

    nawili "Zeglis dadebis" droisaTvis.Zalze saintereso da tevad masalas iZleva cxraz-

    mis (qsnis) saerisTavos teritoriaze ganfenili arqi-

    teqturisa da xuroTmoZRvrebis SesaniSnavi Zeglebi[80-85; 232; 143-a.], romlebic cxovrebis uwyvet suraTs

    asaxaven adrefeodaluri periodidan da mogviTxroben

    sisxlsavse politikur, ekonomikur da socialur is-torias.

  • 23

    metad mniSvnelovani cnobebis Semcvelia freskuli

    da lapidaruli warwerebi [116; 37; 47. 31-32. 37-38].konkretulad: mejudis xeobis qveda weli - sof. bi-

    eTis lapidaruli warwera mogviTxrobs - "qriste, me-

    ufeo yovelTao, adide erisTavT-erisTavi iovane, Zebakur yanCaelisaÁ, ufali da patroni amis wmidisa ek-

    lesiisa, daicev wmidaÁ mremli samebisaÁ yoveli" [116.

    193]. warwera bolo gamomcemlis Tanaxmad X s-iT Ta-riRdeba da mogviTxrobs mejudis xeobis qveda welis

    qsnel didebul ioane bakuris Ze yanCaelisadmi daqve-

    mdebarebaze; mxedvelobaSia misaRebi isic, rom mejud-is xeobis zemo weli ekuTvnoda cxrazmis saerisTavo-

    Si (e. i. qsnis zeda weli) myof, cxrazmis mcire admi-

    nistraciul erTeulis - xevis xelisufalT. ai esec:

    "saxeliTa RmrTisaiTa, ese Ãeli Cuen, berman da gior-gi davwereT, odes kostanti qarTlisa gamgebeli iyo,

    Cuen cxrazmis Ãevs Ãevisuflad viyveniT. mas Jamsa av-

    ageT wisqvilni da zemoÁ saxli erTi, samsaxuri hki-dia À (8. v. R.) kaci" [116. 144].

    Cveni azriT, orive epigrafikul ZeglSi yvelaferi

    naTlad aris naTqvami. mejudis xeoba vaxuStis Tanax-mad or sameurneo zonad aris gayofili [15. 367]. Cveni-

    ve mosazrebiT, romelic gamomdinareobs am epigrafi-

    kuli Zeglidan, mejudis xeoba or politikur-admini-straciul erTeulad aris gayofili. mejudis qveda

    wels flobs qsneli didebuli ioane, Ze bakur yanCae-

    lisa, romelic SesaZloa qarTlis erisTavT-erisTav-ic iyo, xolo mejudis zeda welis garkveul terito-

    rias flobs cxrazmis saerisTavoSi myofi, cxrazmis

    xevisufalni. (aseTi xevi, mcire administraciuli er-Teuli ki, VI s. 70-80-iani wlebidan cxrazmaze iyo

    Svidi: cxrazmis, qarCoxis, Jamuris, isrolis, qoloTq-

    viTkiris, WurTisa da saZeguris). cxrazmis saerisTa-voSi myofi, cxrazmis xevisufalni _ beri da giorgi

    24

    aSeneben wisqvils da "zemoÁ" saxls, samsaxurs akisre-

    ben 8 kacs, konstantines gamgeblobis 923-926 wlebSida ratomRac saWirod ar Tvlian, (SeiZleba adgilis

    simciris gamo, vinaidan es qvebi winaswar iyo damza-

    debuli [37. 96-106]. (SesaZloa sxva mizeziT) teqstSimoixsenion cxrazmis erisTavis saxeli. "Cveni gagebiT

    cxrazmis Ãevisufalni - beri da giorgi am "Ãels" um-

    tkiceben romeliRac eklesias cxrazmis xeobidan" [30.167-168]. Cven veTanxmebiT n.berZeniSvilis azrs da davZ-

    enT - SesaZloa cxrazmis xevisufalni - beri da gio-

    rgi TavianT mier aSenebul wisqvils da "zemoi"saxls da sakuTrebaSi myof 8 kacs aZleven romeliR-

    ac eklesias, magram sxvadasxva mizezis gamo saWirod

    ar Tvlian dokumentSi, "ÃelSi" daafiqsiron cxrazm-

    is erisTavis saxeli.minaweri qvaze: "qriste adide ciskar. amen. ese Ãeli

    me, giorgi davwere. qriste, ganmgebeli orTave cxov-

    rebaTao, daawese suli faraisi wiaRTa abrahamisTa,miec gansuenebaÁ ufalo. qriste adide me" [116. 144].

    niko berZeniSvili SeniSnavs: "gamomcemlis (igulis-

    xmeba g. boWoriZe, v. R.) azriT es meore sabuTi aris"minaweri iqneb imave gvaris kacis" mier. Cven gamoric-

    xulad arc is migvaCnia, rom am meore Ãelis damweri

    giorgi, pirvel sabuTSi moxseniebuli amave saxelismatarebeli piri iyos" [30. 168]. e. i. ar aris gamoric-

    xuli, rom sabuTSi moxseniebuli xevisufalni giorgi

    da meore sabuTSi moxseniebuli giorgi erTi da igivepiria. Tu am msjelobas ganvaviTarebT am dokumentis

    gamcemebSi SesaZloa davinaxoT JurulTa gvaris war-

    momadgenlebi. miT umetes, saxeli abraham da giorgiam azrisken gveweva (Jurulis Sesaxeb qvemoT).

    cxrazmis erisTavis saxeli moxseniebuli ar aris

    cxavatis macxovris eklesiis X s. warweraSi: "q. xatoRmrTaebisao adiden eri cxavati da ina kalatozi am-

  • 25

    en. Seiwyale nafenaÁ [116. 192; 47. 37]. rogorc warweri-

    dan Cans cxavatis eklesiis maSenebelni arian "ericxavati", e. i. cxavatelni ekonomiurad sakmaod dawi-

    naurebulni yofilan. warweraSi erisTavis mouxsenie-

    bloba ar unda gavigoT am periodSi erisTavis ar yo-laze, "eri cxavati" damoukideblad erisTavisa, Tavi-

    si xarjiT, Sewirulobis xarjze, aSenebs eklesias da

    akeTebs Sesabamis warweras. arqiteqturuli Tvalsaz-risiT eklesia aris erTgvari xalxuri Semoqmedebis

    nimuSi, eklesiis mSenebelni arian soflis ubralo

    kalatozebi, romelTac ar gaaCniaT saxelmwifoebrividafinanseba, samSeneblo masala, saTanado samSeneblo

    codna da sxva [143-a. 92-93]. es yvelaferi aisaxa kidev-

    ac zemoT moyvanil warweraSi.

    Cems mier amave eklesiis galavnis qvebis grovaSi,dasavleTiT, napovnia xuTstriqoniani asomTavrulwa-

    rweriani qvis fragmenti.

    warwera Tanamedrove mxedruliT ase ikiTxeba:1... (Rv)T(ae)b(a)o daicev...

    2. (er)i cxavati da. (?)eb

    3. e ganZori diad4.... (?) k(?) ame S(eiwyal)e

    5... ora

    warwera arasrulia da amdenad Sinaarsi gaugeba-ria, Tumca asoebi ikiTxeba (asomTavrul warweriani

    qvis fragmenti inaxeba axalgoris muzeum-nakrZalSi -

    sainventaro #2289). wakiTxvaSi garkveuli daxmarebagagviwia aw gansvenebulma batonma g. abramiSvilma).

    miuxedavad imisa, rom qsnis (cxrazmis) saerisTavos

    yofili teritoria arqeologiurad sustad aris Ses-wavlili, aq mopovebuli masala aris metad mniSvne-

    lovani, mravalmxrivi informaciis Semcveli da sain-

    tereso. "oqromWedelma, romelic gavarsiT Semkul ni-vTebs awarmoebs, SeiZleba iarsebos mxolod sawar-

    26

    moo Zalebis maRali ganviTarebis pirobebSi, socia-

    lurad maRalganviTarebul sazogadoebaSi, sadac ar-sebobs, erTi mxriv, moTxovnileba fufunebis sagnebze

    da maTi momxmarebeli, xolo meore mxriv, materialu-

    ri dovlaTis uSualo mwarmoeblebi, romlebic iZu-lebuli arian gamokvebon pirvelni" [38. 82]. cota uf-

    ro win - "sazogadoeba, sadac Seiqmna axalgoris ganZ-

    is Semadgeneli nivTebi, klasobrivi sazogadoebaa.Cven aq vgulisxmobT ara importul nivTebs, aramed

    upirveles yovlisa, axalgoris ganZis oqros gavarsi-

    an nivTebs, romelTa adgilobrivi, qarTuli warmoSo-ba sruliad ueWvelad migvaCnia. kidev meti, TviT

    qsnis xeobis uSualo siaxloveSi sagulisxmebelia

    saoqromWedlo saxelosnos arseboba" [38. 82], da es

    yvelaferi, sazogadoebis aseTi diferenciacia, rog-orc qsnis xeobis qveda welze - yanCaveTSi, aseve ze-

    da welze - saZegurSi, Zv., w. IV s. Sua xanisTvis" [39.

    12]. ai ra saintereso da yovelmxriv misaRebi daskvne-bi SeuZlia mogvces arqeologiurma masalam, roca am

    masalas aanalizebs kargi swavluli.

    batoni niko kecxovelis erTi cnobili gamonaTqvam-is perefrazirebas Tu movixmobT, SeiZleba vTqvaT: -

    mivceT romel uwarsulo ersac gnebavT axalgoris

    ganZi da am ers istoria eqneba.axalgoris ganZi [189], yanCaveTis da qvemo alevis

    [9] arqeologiuri monapovari, Cveni erovnuli siamayea.

    arqeologiuri monacemebi CvenTvis metad mniSvnelova-nia da SeZlebisdagvarad viyenebT.

    aseve SeZlebisdagvarad viyenebT dokumentebs, aqt-

    ebs, mogzaurTa dakvirvebebs [61; 62], memuaruli xasia-Tis Canawerebs da sxva.

  • 27

    g. istoriografia

    miuxedavad mokrZalebuli moculobisa, "Zegli eri-

    sTavTas" mecnierul kvlevas, politikuri istoriiskursiT, sakmaod didi xnis istoria aqvs. pirveli ga-

    momcemlebi XIX s-is meore naxevarSi m. brose [37-a]

    frangulad, dednis mixedviT da T. Jordania gadanawe-ri piris mixedviT [167. 1-30] urTavdnen "Zegls" Tavis

    komentarebs, ganmartebebs politikuri, socialuri,

    ekonomikuri,... istoriis TvalsazrisiT. T. Jordania,

    cxrazmis saerisTavoSi rostom bibiluris damkvidre-bas VI saukunidan varaudobs. sayuradReboa, mis mier

    Sedgenili qsnis saerisTavos erisTavebisa da erisT-

    avT-erisTavebis geneologiuri tabula [167. 26-30], sad-ac T. Jordanias gamoyenebuli aqvs sxva ufro gvian-

    deli wyaroebi. miuxedavad xandazmulobisa, (gamoce-

    mulia 1897 wels), T. Jordanias bevri mosazreba dRes-ac ar kargavs Tavis samecniero Rirebulebas.

    1943 wels irodion surgulaZem gamoaqveyna naSromi

    - "Zegli erisTavTa" da misi mniSvneloba saqarTvelo-Si saxelmwifos warmoSobis zogierTi sakiTxisaTvis"

    [191]. naSromSi ir. surgulaZe aRniSnavs "Zegli eris-

    TavTas" struqturul msgavsebas sxva matianeebTan, aq-edan gamomdinare, ivaraudeba matianeTa weris garkveu-

    li skolis qsnis xeobaSi arseboba da sxva. aRniSnul

    naSroms, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi dafuZnebuliaT.Jordanias gamocemaze (ara dedani) dResac ar dauka-

    rgavs mecnieruli mniSvneloba.

    "Zegli erisTavTas" kvlevaSi uaRresad mniSvnelo-vani movlena iyo 1954 wels S. mesxias mier dednis mi-

    xedviT gakeTebuli gamocema, romelsac farTod viye-

    nebT da romelzedac aris dayrdnobili Cveni monog-

    rafia. didad gvexmareba S. mesxias komentarebi da mismier motanili damatebiTi masala. S. mesxia imeorebs

    28

    akademikos s. janaSias azrs: "am SesaniSnavi Zeglis,

    rogorc socialuri istoriis dokumentis, mniSvnelo-ba scildeba saqarTvelos farglebs" [236]. e. i. eTanx-

    meba mas. Cveni mxriv davZenT, rom "Zegli erisTavTa",

    ara marto socialuri, aramed upirvelesad politi-kuri istoriis TvalsazrisiT erT-erTi umniSvnelova-

    nesi dokumentia, romelic mogviTxrobs, sxvadasxva

    mpyrobeli didi saxelmwifos gverdiT arsebul pata-ra saxelmwifos winaSe mdgom sirTuleebisa da im po-

    litikuri kataklizmebis Sesaxeb, rac SeiZleba mohyv-

    es saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelTa naCqarev gadawyveti-lebas.

    "Zegli erisTavTa" sakmaod tevadi moculobisaa.

    swavlulTa garkveuli raodenoba muSaobda da dRes-

    ac muSaobs "Zeglze". am mxriv aRsaniSnavia: iv.javaxiS-vili, s. janaSia, n. berZeniSvili, d. gvritiSvili, s. n.

    kakabaZe, s. s. kakabaZe, ir. surgulaZe, v. gamrekeli, g.

    meliqiSvili, b. lominaZe, i. doliZe, gr. jamburia, s.makalaTia, v. j. iToniSvili, v. v. iToniSvili, j. gva-

    salia, g. TogoSvili, d. musxeliSvili, r. TofCiSvi-

    li, e. metreveli, m. lorTqifaniZe, m. dumbaZe, j. odi-Seli, d. niniZe, q. CxataraiSvili, T. beraZe, k. tabata-

    Ze, e. xoStaria (brose), g. araxamia, g. alasania, g. an-

    CabaZe, v.kiknaZe da sxvebi.aq dasaxelebul avtorTagan bevrs specialuri

    kvlevis sagnad ar gauxdia "Zegli erisTavTa". aRniS-

    nulidan gamomdinare, Sevecdebi mokled ganvixiloramdenime swavlulis mosazreba qsnis (cxrazmis) sae-

    risTavos politikuri istoriis sakiTxebTan dakavSi-

    rebiT, romelTa kvlevis ZiriTad obieqts warmoadg-ens "Zegli erisTavTa".

    qsnis (cxrazmis) saerisTavos politikuri istori-

    is kvlevas gansakuTrebiT didi amagi dasdo profeso-rma daviT gvritiSvilma 1955 wels gamocemuli monog-

  • 29

    rafiiT. avtori qsnis xeobaSi saerisTavos arsebobas

    varaudobs Zv. w. III s. dasawyisidan cxrazmis saeris-Tavos saxelwodebiT, XVII s-is dasawyisidan qsnis sa-

    erisTavos saxeliT. Tavidan cxrazmis saerisTavo Se-

    dioda qarTlis saerisTavos SemadgenlobaSi [55. 65-68], Semdgom ki garkveulwilad muxran-batonis daqvem-

    debarebaSi [55. 358]. Cven veTanxmebiT d. gvritiSvilis

    ZiriTad mosazrebebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom qsnis saeris-Tavos istoriis sakiTxebs Semdgom wlebSic araerTg-

    zis daubrunda mkvlevari [55. 59].

    1957 wels v. gamrekelma gamoaqveyna naSromi [41], sa-dac metad sainteresod da damajereblad warmoadgi-

    na qsnis (cxrazmis) erisTavebisa da dvalebis urTie-

    rToba. virSel III-is laSqroba dvaleTSi, avtors mia-

    Cnia saqarTvelos saxelmwifos xelmZRvanelTa miermowyobil laSqrobad, zurgis Semosamtkiceblad [41.

    240], rasac Cvenc viziarebT da rac samwuxarod, Semd-

    gomSi aRar gaiziares [4. 87]. aseve saintereso da misa-Reb daskvnebs gvTavazobs v. gamrekeli sxva naSromeb-

    Sic [40-42].

    1958 wels g. TogoSvilma gamosca monografia [91],sadac ganixila saqarTveloSi osTa Camosaxleba. See-

    xo qsnis (cxrazmis) saerisTavos warmoSobas da sxva

    mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs. g. TogoSvili darwmunebuliaqsnis (cxrazmis) erisTavebis osur eTnikur warmomav-

    lobaze da am qvakuTxedidan ganixilavs qsnis (cxraz-

    mis) saerisTavos politikur istorias. ganixilavsosTa samefos warmoSoba-Camoyalibebis sakiTxs IX-X

    ss. Semdeg "Zegli erisTavTas" monacemebs, rom rosto-

    mi iyo osTa samefo saxlis umcrosi Stos warmomad-geneli, saqarTvelos istoriaSi eZebs periods (X s.

    Semdgom), romel istoriul WrilSi unda Cajdes ros-

    tom bibiluris damkvidreba cxrazmaze da askvnis:"arc erTi damadasturebeli sabuTi imisi, rom XIII s-

    30

    mde qsnis erisTavebi arsebobdnen, ar moipoveba" [91.

    215]. Cven ar viziarebT g. TogoSvilis mosazrebas -"osebi, romlebmac safuZveli Cauyares qsnis erisTav-

    ebs, XIII s. pirvel naxevarSi gadmovidnen"-o [91. 217].

    gamomdinare dRevandeli istoriografiis miRweve-bidan migvaCnia, rom qsnis (cxrazmis) erisTavebis mi-

    kuTvneba osTa samefo saxlisadmi aris legenda, ise-

    Tive, rogoric hqondaT saqarTvelos feodalTa TiTq-mis yvela Zlier ojaxs, magaliTad, orbelianebi mo-

    sulan CineTidan, amilaxvrebi - italiidan, ciciSvi-

    lebi - ierusalimidan [75. 169-170]. aRsaniSnavia, rommsgavsi legendebi yofila gavrcelebuli TviT oseT-

    Sic [246. 529], (amis Sesaxeb qvemoT). amdenad, qsnis

    (cxrazmis) erisTavTa osi erovnebisadmi mikuTvneba

    orive SemTxvevaSi gamoricxulia.metad sainteresod aqvs gaazrebuli aRmosavleT

    saqarTvelos politikuri istoriis bevri sakiTxi ju-

    mber odiSels [157] - politikuri urTierTobani "pro-vinciis mefeebsa" da qsnis (cxrazmis) erisTavebs Sor-

    is. saerTod, j. odiSelis naSromebi [149] garkveul

    daxmarebas gviwevs qsnis (cxrazmis) saerisTavos po-litikuri istoriis SeswavlaSi, qronologiis sakiT-

    xebSi da sxva.

    1967 wels gamoqveynda j. gvasalias naSromi - qsnisxeobis istoriuli geografiis sakiTxebi [47]. j. gvasa-

    liam didi Sroma gaswia, bevri sakiTxi axleburad

    dasva da wyaroTa Cvenebebze dayrdnobiT marTebuladgadawyvita. aRsaniSnavia, rom batonma jondom fexiT

    Semoiara qsnis xeoba (sxva xeobaTa msgavsad), ramac

    xeli Seuwyo adgilze daefiqsirebina da Semdgom wya-roTa Cvenebebis analizis da piradi STabeWdilebidan

    gamomdinare urTierTSejerebis gziT gaekeTebina Se-

    sabamisi daskvnebi. gasaziarebelia baton j. gvasali-as mosazrebani toponimikasTan, istoriul geografiis

  • 31

    ama Tu im sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi. gansakuTrebiT aR-

    saniSnavia mis mier Sedgenili rukebi, romlebic didipopularobiT sargeblobs. saerTod baton j. gvasal-

    ias Sromebi [45-53], gamoirCeva didi tevadobiT, mecnie-

    ruli patiosnebiT da gulwrfelobiT.saqarTvelos istoriis kvlevis saqmeSi uaRresad

    faseuli, vityodi epoqaluri mniSvnelobis movlena

    iyo saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebis gamocema; CvengansakuTrebiT farTod viyenebT II, III da IV tomebs

    [177; 178; 179].

    cxrazmis (qsnis) saerisTavos istoriis kvlevis sa-qmeSi wingadagmuli nabiji iyo saurmag kakabaZis mier

    gamocemuli "Zegli erisTavTa" (rusul enaze), sadac

    bevri sakiTxi Taviseburad iqna axsnili da ganmarte-

    buli avtoris mier. kerZod, cxrazmis saerisTavoSirostomis gaerisTavebis drois Sesaxeb da sxva sakiT-

    xebTan dakavSirebiT s. s. kakabaZe Tvlis [160. 14-15],

    rom rostom bibiluris gaerisTaveba cxrazmaze mox-da IX-X ss. da gvTavazobs Semdeg argumentebs: 1. ara-

    viTari monacemi ar gvaqvs imisa, rom saqarTvelos

    mTianeTSi naklebmniSvnelovani provinciis, cxrazmissaSinao saqmeebSi ase aqtiurad Careuliyo bizantiis

    saimperatoro kari da 2. "Zegli erisTavTas" mixedviT

    cxrazmis erisTavoba rostoms miuboZa istvinianem,xolo rostomis sikvdilis Semdeg cxrazmis erisTav-

    ad dasva rostomis Svili largueli saqarTvelos me-

    fem daviT bagrationma; amitom fiqrobs s. s. kakabaZe,istviniane unda iyos saqarTvelos romelime mefe, miT

    umetes, rom "Zeglis" Semdgomi Txroba mxolod saqar-

    Tvelos mefeebs exeba. (aq s. s. kakabaZe uTiTebs sarg-is kakabaZes, romlis mosazrebiTac istviniane iyo aS-

    ot I, tao-klarjeTis mmarTveli IX s. dasawyisSi da

    romelsac emorCileboda qarTli (SeniSvna #30, gv. 14-15).

    32

    Cveni didi pativiscemis miuxedavad, ar SegviZlia

    mkvlevaris aRniSnuli mosazreba gaviziarTo da airatom?

    1. im rTul dros - VI s. 70-ian wlebSi, roca bizan-

    tia saqarTveloSi damkvidrebisaTvis garkveul opera-ciebs awarmoebda, saqarTvelos mTianeTi da kerZod

    cxrazma, sulac ar iyo bizantiisaTvis umniSvnelo

    provincia. SedarebisTvis: analogiuri situacia iyoXIX s. dasawyisSi, roca ruseTi garkveul RonisZieb-

    ebs axorcielebda saqarTveloSi dasamkvidreblad,

    qsnis saerisTavos "saSinao" sakiTxi ramdenjerme ga-nixila ruseTis saimperatoro karma. kerZod, 1802

    wels ruseTis mTavrobam ganixila qsnis saerisTavos

    saSinao sakiTxebi da saerisTavo daubruna qsnis eri-

    sTavebs [245. 152-154]."1814 wlis 31 agvistos ki gamoica imperatoris (ru-

    seTis, v. R.) brZanebuleba qsnis erisTavTa mamulebis

    CamorTmevis Sesaxeb" [245. 159]. Tumca es brZaneba fa-qtobrivad ar ganxorcielebula da sxva.

    amdenad, ruseTis saimperatoro kari aqtiurad ere-

    va saqarTvelos mTianeTis iseT "umniSvnelo" mxareSi,rogoric qsnis saerisTavo iyo, amitom, pativcemul

    s.s. kakabaZis zemoaRniSnul pirvel argumentacias ver

    gaviziarebT. Tumca, bizantiis saimperatoro karis imperiodis raime dokuments rostom bibilurTan dakav-

    SirebiT ar mouRwevia. magram vfiqrobT, analogiuri

    viTareba namdvilad iqneboda.mkvlevar S. xanTaZis azris garkveul perefrazire-

    bas Tu gavakeTebT, miviRebT: VI s. 70-ian wlebSi biza-

    ntiis xelisufleba saqarTveloSi Tavis xelisufleb-is ganmtkicebaze zrunavda, mas saqarTveloSi esaWi-

    roeboda saimedo dasayrdeni Zala, rasac bizantiuri

    orientaciis mqone didebulebSi xedavda, romelTa aq-tiurobiTac axerxebda Tavis gavlenis ganmtkicebas

  • 33

    saqarTveloSi da umefobis periodSi (amis Sesaxeb

    qvemoT) maT aZlevda did saxelisuflo Tanamdebob-ebs.

    da meore, s. kakabaZis argumentacias istvinianesTan

    dakavSirebiT aseve ver gaviziarebT, vinaidan am sak-iTxs qvemoT vrclad vexebiT (pirveli Tavi), aq aRar

    gavimeorebT.

    1980 wels e. xoStaria/brosem dabeWda naSromi "Zeg-li erisTavTas" zogierTi realiis gagebisaTvis [247].

    naSromSi gansakuTrebiT kargadaa gaanalizebuli is-

    toriografia. "d. gvritiSvili... saerisTavos arsebob-as qsnis xeobaSi adridanve gulisxmobs, romelic Ta-

    vidanve,... Sedioda qarTlis saerisTavos Tu saerisTa-

    vT-erisTavos SemadgenlobaSi.

    S. mesxias TvalsazrisiT: "XIV saukune qsnis saeri-sTavos Camoyalibebisa da gaformebis saukunea". amde-

    nad, mkvlevari "ZeglSi", kerZod ki dasawyis nawilSi

    gadmocemul istoriul realiebs am epoqas ganakuTvn-ebs.

    saurmag kakabaZe,... Zeglis dasawyisSi moTxrobil

    ambebs miakuTvnebs ara VI saukunes (iustinianes epoq-as), aramed IX saukunes, vinaidan moxseniebul adarna-

    seSi da daviT bagrationSi realurad xedavs daviT

    kurapalatsa da mis Svils adarnases.j. gvasalias Zeglis pirvel nawilSi moTxrobili

    movlenebi miaCnia adrefeodalur xanaSi "cxrazmisxev-

    is aRzevebis anareklad" [247. 71-72].TviTon batoni ediSeri "Zegli erisTavTas" dasawy-

    iss miakuTvnebs "arauadres XIII s. meore naxevrisa da

    XIV s. dasawyisis" [247. 84] masalas.mkvlevarTa naazrevis garkveuli analizi mogvca

    batonma ediSerma, romlebmac Semdgom wlebSi gamosc-

    es axali naSromebi, rac bunebrivia, ar Sesula dasa-xelebul naSromSi; rogorc ukve aRvniSneT j. gvasa-

    34

    liam 1983 wels gamosca monografia, sadac "Zegli er-

    isTavTas" dasawyisisa da qsnis saerisTavos daarsebisSesaxeb aRniSnavs: "XIII s. II naxevridan vadasturebT

    qsnis (ufro zustad cxrazmisxevis) erisTavs, romel-

    ic politikurad memkvidre iyo adrefeodaluri xaniscxrazmisxevis xevisuflisa" [45. 63].

    g. anCabaZe, 1987 wels gamocemul naSromSi [4. 79-90]

    "Zeglis" pirvel nawilTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavs:"qvenifnevelTa gaerisTaveba, rogorc Cans, xdeba XIII

    s-is Sua xanebSi" [4-84].

    g. araxamia, 1988 wels gamocemul monografiaSiqsnis (cxrazmis) saerisTavos warmoSobis sakiTxs ase

    aRniSnavs: "cxrazmis saerisTavos warmoSoba XIII s.

    pirveli naxevriT unda daTariRdes" [8. 21].

    g. araxamias monografia metad mniSvnelovan gamokv-levad migvaCnia, amitom yvelaze farTod viyenebT mas.

    zemodasaxelebul da sxva avtorTa Sromebi (amis

    Sesaxeb qvemoT TavTavis adgilas) qsnis saerisTavospolitikuri istoriis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, Cven

    did daxmarebas gviwevs, risTvisac did madlobas mo-

    vaxsenebT, aseve didi madlierebiT miviRebT yvela da-sabuTebul SeniSvnas da gansxvavebul, argumentireb-

    ul mosazrebas.

  • 35

    pirveli Tavi

    $1. rostom bibiluris gaerisTaveba

    VI s-is 70-ian wlebSi

    qsnis xeobis zeda welis, cxrazmis, adreuli da

    Sua feodaluri xanis istoriis Sesaswavlad gansaku-Trebul mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens `Zegli er-

    isTavTa~ [236].

    qarTul istoriografiaSi `Zegli erisTavTas~ Tav-nakluli dasawyisis Sesaxeb arsebobs azrTa sxvadas-

    xvaoba [247. 69-73]... Cvenis azriT, Zeglis aRniSnuli na-

    wili, asaxavs VI s. 70-80 iani wlebis qsnis xeobis ze-

    da welze, cxrazmis saerisTavoSi mimdinare reali-ebs, im periodis sxva wyaroebTan erTad, saqarTvelo-

    bizantia-irans Soris arsebul politikur vnebaTaRe-

    lvis naTel suraTebs.kerZod: 523 wels gurgen mefem, romelsac kavSiri

    hqonda bizantiis keisarTan da misgan daxmarebas el-

    oda, iranelTa winaaRmdeg ajanyeba daiwyo. bizantie-lebma saTanado daxmareba ver gauwies. qarTlis mefe

    gurgeni damarcxda da Tavi dasavleT saqarTvelos

    Seafara. iranma qarTlSi Tavisi warmomadgeneli - "ma-rzpani" daniSna mmarTvelad. "marzpans" didi Zalauf-

    leba mianiWes. amdenad, qarTlSi, qarTvelTa mefoba

    moispo da iranelTa mmarTveloba damyarda. `qarTlismniSvnelovan qalaqebSi iranelebma jarebi Caayenes da

    es qalaqebi iranel cixisTavebs daumorCiles~ [177.

    247]. iranelebi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi TiTqmis Se-uzRudvel Zalauflebas igdeben xelT. saero xelisu-

    flebis mopovebasTan erTad sparseTi cdilobs, qarT-

    lSi iranuli wesebis gavrceleba-damkvidrebas. vinai-dan saqarTvelos mTis mosaxleobam (mTis mosaxleo-

    bisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia konservatuloba) didxans

    36

    Semoinaxa warmarTobis elementebi, amitom qristian-

    ul religias upirispireben warmarTobas. bizantiisgavlenis SesustebasTan erTad qristianuli religiis

    poziciebi sustdeba, wina planze iwevs warmarToba,

    romelic nel-nela erwymis mazdianobas - cecxlTayva-nismcemlobas [9].

    bizantielebi gancdil marcxs gulgrilad ar Sex-

    vedrian da garkveuli samzadisis Semdeg, 571 wels bi-zantielTa uSualo xelSewyobiT somxeTSi antiiranu-

    lma ajanyebam ifeTqa. antiiranuli ajanyebis droSa

    male qarTvelebmac aafriales. `ajanyebis TavkacebmakonstantinepolSi mociqulebi afrines da keisar ius-

    tine II-s (565-578 ww.) mfarvelobaSi miReba sTxoves.

    keisari somxeTisa da qarTlis mociqulebis Txovn-

    as kmayofilebiT Sexvda da maT daxmarebis fici mis-ca~ [177. 269].

    movlenaTa ganviTarebis am fonze sruliad gasage-

    bi xdeba `Zegli erisTavTas~ Tavnakluli teqstis da-sawyisi `dasaflavebisaTÂs saflavi misces, xolo er-

    isTavobaÁ aravisi inebes, aramed eZiebdes kacsa esevi-

    Tarsa, romelmanmca pativiT ipyrna da ara mZlavrob-iT da igimca daamkÂdres Sua queyanasa maTsa. da mos-

    wrafe iyunes yovelni Senebasa largÂsisa dRiTi-dRe

    yovelni Ãevni~ [236. 344].ajanyebuli cxrazmelebi, rogorc ki uswordebian

    sparsuli orientaciis moxeleebs, iwyeben cxrazmis

    erisTavad Sesaferisi (bizantiuri orientaciis mqone)pirovnebis Ziebas. erTi `igimca~ ufro Rirseuli dau-

    mkvidrebiaT cxrazmis saerisTavos `Sua queyanasa~,

    romelsac didi samSeneblo saqmianoba gauCaRebia la-rgvisSi.

    qarTlisaTvis brZola bizantiasa da irans Soris

    farTod iSleba qsnis xeobaSi.

  • 37

    antiiranuli ajanyeba qarTlSi sakmaod didxans ga-

    grZelebula `mas Jamsa cxrazmisÃevelni brZolil iy-unes cixesa gruisisa xuT Tue~ [236. 344]. amdenad, bi-

    zantiuri orientaciis mqone cxrazmisxevi awarmoebs

    xuTTvian samoqalaqo oms - sparsuli orientaciismqone gareSemo xevTan - grusTan. gruelebTan xuTTvi-

    ani brZolis dasasruls "didad mouZlurebulni da

    dakodilni cxrazmisÃevelni~ [236. 344] brundebian uk-an - cxrazmaze.

    am periodisaTvis cxrazmelebi iReben samxedro Se-

    vsebas, - axal Zalebs, `maSin mivida rostom ZmiTa dasamocdaaTiTa moniTa da waruZRua wina viTarca lo-

    mi,... da mivida igi da yoveli laSqari cixesa mas da

    brZola uyves brZoliTa sastikiTa, romel araodes

    exilva egeviTari. da mas dRe aiRes cixe zemoÁ da ga-magrdes gruelni orsa mas cixesa qvemosa da yves za-

    vi. da mas Ramesa Sevida rostom da wauRo orive cixe.

    da viTarca ganTenda, daaqcivnes cixeni igi yovliTzRudiT da naSenebiTurT misiT~ [236. 345].

    damxmare Zalebis miRebis Semdeg cxrazmelebi

    brwyinvale gamarjvebas moipoveben sparsuli orienta-ciis mqone gruelebze.

    `ajanyebulebs, bizantielebis daxmarebiT, Cans war-

    matebisaTvis miuRweviaT. 576 wlisaTvis bizantieliistorikosi menandre protiqtori mtkvris CrdiloeT-

    iT mdebare amierkavkasias romaelTa miwawylad Tvli-

    da~ [177. 269].amdenad, qarTlisaTvis xuTTviani aqtiuri brZola

    qsnis xeobaSi bizantiasa da irans Soris bizantiel-

    Ta gamarjvebiT mTavrdeba.mopovebuli gamarjvebis Semdeg, `Tques yovelTa

    cxrazmisÃevelTa: ara ganviSoroT Cuengan amierTagan

    kaci ese, goliaTi, aramed uyoT yoveli, raica undesmas. maSin hrqua mamasaxlisman largÂisisaman xucian-

    38

    dabisZeman: ukueTu gnebavs mkÂdryofaÁ queyanasa amas,

    iTxove saflavi monastersa amas, rameTu yovelTa di-debulTa da aznaurTa saflavi aqa ars da sofelni

    ese, romelni RmrTiv gÂrgÂnosnisa istÂniane aRmaSene-

    blisagan Semowirul arian, iyo winamZRvar maTda, TuRmerTsa undes.

    maSin hrqua rostom. me moviTxovo yovlisa amis er-

    isagan, garna Sen Semiqmen marjueniT kerZo sakurTxev-lisa adgilsa umjobessa da iyos RmerTi Sua Cemsa

    da Sensa da Sua naTesavisa Senisa da Cemisa, romel

    pativi da Ãeli Seni, romeli mefeTagan mocemul ars,ara Seecvalos naTesavsa Sensa ukue da romeli sjob-

    des saqmed Cemda, metyodi me. maSin hrqua gugak: me Ta-

    vi Cemi davdva erTgulebiT msaxurebad Senda da Rme-

    rTman wargimarTos umjobesi yoveli.maSin hrqua yovelman erman rostoms: raÁ gnebavs,

    raÁTa vyoT SenTÂs. xolo man moiTxova saflavi

    largÂss da sajdomad saxli Sua saydris SvilTa dacxrazmas cixisTavisa naqonebi mamuli, da misces ese

    yoveli cxrazmisÃevelTa Sua cxrazmas cixisTavisa

    naqonebni sofelni da queyanani, saflavi largÂss dasajdomi quenifnevs da uwodnes quenifnevelni, rame-

    Tu sxuaÁ saxeli ara inebes~ [236. 345].

    es vrceli amonaweri Cven movitaneT ramdenime das-kvnis gasakeTeblad:

    1. cxrazmisxevelTaTvis sruliad ucxo pirovnebam

    - rostomma SesZlo, rom TviT `yovelTa cxrazmisÃeve-lTa~ (Tanamedrove terminiT - erTgvari warmomadgen-

    lobiTi organo) sTxoves darCena cxrazmisxevSi.

    2. rostomi moiTxovs: daumkvidron `saflavi~ larg-visSi, saxli `Sua saydrisSvilTa~ [248. 113-127: 53] da

    `cxrazmas cixisTavisa naqonebi mamuli~.

    3. cxrazmisxevelebma rostoms misces `ese yoveli...Sua cxrazmas cixisTavisa naqonebni sofelni da que-

  • 39

    yanani (e. i. samoxeleo. v. R.) saflavi largÂss da sa-

    jdomi quenifnevs~.amasTan sayuradReboa erTi garemoeba - cxrazmis

    cixisTavis mamulebi, romlebic, rogorc Cans, cxraz-

    melebma cixisTavis memkvidreebs ar (an ver) waarTves,Tumca samoxeleo CamoarTves. ris Semdgomac rostomi

    iwyebs gacxovelebul mSeneblobas `did-didi `saxle-

    bisas da cixeebisas,~ da ukeTu sada iyvis laSqrobaÁ~[236. 345], rostomi da misi Tanamdgomni yofilan winam-

    ZRolni cxrazmisxevelTa.

    savaraudoa, rom bizantiuri gavlenis gavrcobisaT-vis brZolebs farTo xasiaTi miuRia da am brZolebSi

    aqtiur monawileobas Rebuloben cxrazmelebi rost-

    om bibiluris xelmZRvanelobiT. rostomi araCveuleb-

    rivi mebrZoli yofila, ris Sesaxebac ramdenjermeaRniSnavs mematiane.

    rostomma SesZlo, Tanamedrove termini, rom vixma-

    roT, cxrazmelTa warmomadgenlobiTi organosaganmieRo garkveuli rwmuneba, rom rogorc `wuril ers~,

    aseve didebulebsa da aznaurebs is waredginaT ius-

    tine keisarTan dasamtkiceblad, rogorc cxrazmis sa-erisTavos erisTavi da bizantiuri politikis erTgu-

    li gamtarebeli.

    cxrazmelTa Txovnas elian - `bizantiis imperator-ma miuboZna SÂdni ese Ãevni, gansagebelni eklesiisani

    da yovelni aznaurni mkÂdrni mas Sina da uwoda eris-

    Tav cxrazmisÃevisa. da Semosa samosliTa miT romelemosa maSin mefesa, da Seacua beWedi da sayure da sa-

    rtyeli TÂsi, saWurveli da cxeni Tornosani, droSaÁ

    da Subi~ [236. 346].cxrazmis saerisTavoSi rostom bibiluris gaeris-

    Tavebis sakiTxi, `Zegli erisTavTas~ mixedviT bizan-

    tiis keisris donezea gadawyvetili, rasac bevri is-

    40

    torikosi eWviT uyurebs, [8. 82]. Tumca, Cveni azriT,

    saeWvo araferia.juanSeri mogviTxrobs: guaramma `erisTavni qarT-

    lisani ver scvalna saerisTvoTagan maTTa, rameTu

    sparsTa mefisagan da berZenTa mefisagan hqondes sige-lni mkÂdrobisaTÂs saerisTvoTa maTTa~ [201-221]. (xazi

    Cemia - v. R.).

    amdenad, qarTlis cxovrebis Tanaxmad, qarTliserisTavTagan zogs erisTavoba mkvidrad miRebuli

    hqonda `sparsTa mefisagan~ da zogs ki `berZenTa me-

    fisagan~.ra qronologiur CarCoSi Tavsdeba momxdari ambe-

    bi.

    571 wels daiwyo didi antiiranuli ajanyeba da 576

    wlisTvis mtkvris CrdiloeTiT mdebare teritoria(md. qsnis xeobis CaTvliT) bizantiis gavlenis sfero-

    Sia moqceuli; es erTi, meore - bizantiis imperatori

    iustine II-e imperias ganagebda 565-578 wlebSi. e. i.cxrazmelebs iustinesaTvis rostomis erisTavad dam-

    tkiceba unda eTxovaT 571-576 wlebs Soris. ufro zu-

    stad, iustine II-es rostomi unda daemtkicebina cxra-zmis erisTavad, sanam qarTlis erismTavari gaxdebo-

    da guarami (rostomi cxrazmis erisTavad dasamtkice-

    blad guarams ar warudgenia) e. i. rostom bibilurscxrazmis erisTavad bizantiis imperatori iustine II-e

    amtkicebs 571 wlis axlo xanebSi.

    ra teritoriebs moicavda VI s. 70-ian wlebSi cxra-zmis saerisTavo?

    `maSin miuboZna (iustine II-m. v. R.) SÂdni ese Ãevni

    gansagebelni eklesiisani da yovelni aznaurnimkÂdrni mas Sina da uwoda erisTav cxrazmisÃevisa~

    [236. 346].

    amdenad, iustine II-m rostom bibiluri daamtkicacxrazmis erisTavad da gadasca saxelisuflod da

  • 41

    samemkvidrod cxrazmis saerisTavos Svidi saxevisTa-

    vo - cxrazmis, qarCoxis, Jamuris, isrolis, qoloTqvi-Tkiris, WurTisa da saZeguris [222. 44].

    erisTavad damtkicebis Semdeg rostomi did saaRm-

    Seneblo saqmianobas eweva. `aRaSena qalaqi largÂssda ganasrula da Seamko yovliTurT eklesiaÁ~ [236.

    346].

    rostomis Semdgom cxrazmis erisTavi xdeba misiSvili largueli, romlisTvisac mefes miucia erisT-

    avT-erisTavoba da Sesabamisad gauzrdia saxelisuf-

    lo teritoria.rostomis Semdgom cxrazmis erisTavebi cdiloben

    nawyalobevi gadaaqcion samkvidrod da warmatebasac

    aRweven. "feodali (erisTavi) sul imis cdaSia, raTa

    nawyalobevi samkvidrod aqcios. mefe sul imiscdaSia, raTa samkvidro nawyalobevad aqcios" [33. 141].

    VII s. damdegisaTvis, juanSeris mixedviT "erisTavni

    igi TÂs-TÂssa saerisTaosa Sina mkÂdrobdesSeucvaleblad" [201. 226].

    larguelis Semdeg cxrazmis erisTavi xdeba misi

    Svili dimitri.Zegli erisTavTas avtori aq swyvets gabmul Txro-

    bas `da gardaicvalnes mefeni: k v: ni /26. ni v. R. / da

    erisTavni: k d:n i. /24 ni v. R. /da weliwadni ara mci-redni~ [236. 347].

    amdenad, Zegli erisTavTas Tavnaklul dasawyisSi

    gadmocemuli ambebi asaxavs VI s. 70-80-iani wlebisqsnis xeobis zeda welze cxrazmis saerisTavoSi mim-

    dinare movlenebs, da warmoadgens im periodis saqar-

    Tvelos politikur cxovrebaTa anarekls.

    42

    $2. qsnis xeoba XIII s. 90-ian wlebamde

    Zegl erisTavTaSi aRwerili ambebi, naTladmetyvelebs, qsnis xeobis mTis dawinaurebaze barTan

    SedarebiT VI s. 70-80 -ian wlebSi. SemdgomSi, rogorc

    Cans, tendenciebi icvleba da ukve baris -administraciul-teritoriuli erTeuli qsnis xevi

    dominirebs mTaze. adrefeodalur periodSi qsanze

    Sendeba arqiteqturuli xuroTmoZRvrebis SesaniSnavinimuSebi. kerZod, soflebSi mosabrunTan (maSin unda

    rqmeoda TavRoriani, ix. v. RunaSvili, narkvevebi qsnis

    xeobis warsulidan I, publikaciebi, gv. 152-156)RvTismSoblis eklesia; wirqolTan epoqaluri

    mniSvnelobis (g.CubinaSvili) RvTismSoblis eklesia;

    armazis wminda giorgis 864 w. eklesia. es oriveeklesia - wirqoli da armazi - Zalian axlos dgas,

    mxatvruli gaformebiT, kaxeTis kerZod, gurjaanis

    yvelawmindasTan da vaCnaZianis yvelawmindasTan daTariRdeba aseve VIII-IX saukuneebiT [24.41]; dolianTSi

    aRSadis wminda giorgis eklesia; ikoTSi wm. giorgis

    eklesia; yanCaveTSi kabenis RvTismSoblis eklesia;

    alevSi samebis eklesia; korinTaSi RvTismSoblis dakviracxovlis eklesiebi; gruSi wm. giorgis; gduSi

    samebis eklesia; gezevreTSi wm. giorgis eklesia;

    saZegurSi wm. giorgis eklesia; gavazTan wm. barbareseklesia, koSki da sameurneo daniSnulebis sxva

    nagebobebi; doreTkaris midamoebSi winkibis ansambli

    (dRes adgilobrivi mosaxleoba cixiskars uwodebs);cxavatSi RvTismSoblis eklesia; dadianeTSi wm.

    giorgis eklesia - ansambli; JamurSi alaverdis

    samonastro kompleqsi da sxva.cxrazmis saerisTavoSi mimdinare politikuri

    procesebis Sesaxeb, VI saukunis 80-ian wlebidan

    vidre XIII s. 90-ian wlebamde, Zegli erisTavTaSi

  • 43

    araferia moTxrobili. matiane qarTlisac Zalze mwir

    cnobebs gvawvdis md. qsnis auzSi mimdinarepolitikuri kataklizmebis Sesaxeb. kerZod,

    cnobilia, rom VIII s. bolos da IX s. dasawyisSi

    erTiani saqarTvelos nangrevebze Camoyalibdaramdenime samTavro, romlebic erTmaneTs ebrZodnen

    da erTmaneTis teritoriis mitacebis xarjze

    cdilobdnen gaZlierebas.mdinare qsnis mimdebare teritoriis mitacebas

    erTmaneTs ecilebodnen afxazeTis samTavro, romlis

    SemadgenlobaSic iyo qarTli da kaxeTis samTavro.aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, xSirad icvleboda

    sasazRvro zoli. kaxeTis mTavar grigolsa (787-827

    ww.) da aSot kurapalats Soris moxda qsanze brZola,

    "Seibnes qsansa zeda aSot da grigol. gaaqciesgrigol mTavari kaxeTisa da daipyres qveyana romeli

    hqonda qarTlisagan da daipyra aSot klarjeTiTgan

    vidre qsnamde" [201. 252-253].mematiane ar gvikonkretebs "qsnis" ra teritoriebi

    hqonda grigol kaxeTis mTavars da am brZolis

    Semdgom ra teritoriebi dakarga. "gaaqcies grigolmTavari kaxeTisa da daipyres qveyana, romeli hqonda

    qarTlisagan". irkveva, rom administraciuli erTeuli

    qsnis xevi adrec kaxeTs ekuTvnoda da axlac kaxeTisdaqvemdebarebaSi darCa. "da daipyra aSot

    klarjeTiTgan vidre qsnamde".

    X saukunis dasawyisSi kaxeTis mTavari fadla II(918-929 ww.) qsan-aragvis gamyof alevis qedze,

    lorwomis kldeze agebs cixes. "dajda

    qorepiskoposad fadla, Ze kvirikesi: aman aRago cixelowobanTa" [201. 265]. dRes am cixis mxolod mcire

    nangrevia SemorCenili, lorwomis kldis dasavleT

    nawilSi. cixidan Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT samebis mTiswverze aris aRmarTuli alevis samebis VIII-IX

    44

    saukuneebis eklesia (n. CubinaSvili, pirad saubarSi

    eklesias VII s-iT aTariRebs - v. R.).X saukunis 30-ian wlebSi lowobnis cixe kvlav

    kaxeTis samTavros SemadgenlobaSia. qarTlis

    laSqari kaxeTs arbevs "euflnes sxuaTac cixeTakaxeTisaTa TÂnier samTa cixeTa: naxWevanisa,

    boWormisa da lowobanTa" [201. 268]. miuxedavad imisa,

    rom lowobnis cixe kaxeTis xelisuflebamSeinarCuna, aq ganviTarebuli movlenebi

    gvafiqrebinebs, rom administraciul-teritoriuli

    erTeuli, qsnis xevi, qarTlis xelisufalTa xelSiunda gadmosuliyo. "lowobani hqondes ivane arSis

    Zesa, da gamagrda Sigan, gawira patroni, auges Suris

    cixe da daayennes Sigan laSqarni" [201. 268]. qsnis xevi

    rom kvlav kaxeTis xelisufalTa xelSi yofiliyo,qarTlis mmarTvelni lowobnis cixis axlos Suris-

    cixes ver aagebdnen. qsnis xevi qarTlis

    xelisufalTa daqvemdebarebaSi didxans ar yofila.savaraudoa, rom qarTlis xelisuflebam qsnis xevis

    didebulni mZime mdgomareobaSi Caayena, rasac qsneli

    didebulebis ajanyeba da qsnis xevis kaxeTissamTavros daqvemdebarebaSi gadasvla mohyva.

    "maSin Seezraxnes aznaurni qarTvelni da maT

    Tanakaxni: goderZi mgdeuri (gdueli - v.R.), mamayanCaeli, daCi korinTeli, daCi da ivane sxÂloselni,

    sara da grigol Zmani fxuenelni, da maT Tana

    ormocdaaTi aznauri sxua, da mierTnes kÂrikes.dauwyes brZolad cixeTa, da mciredTa dReTa

    warixunes cixeni yovelni; daarRÂvnes Suris-cixe da

    lowobanTa, da kualad eufla kÂrike mamulsa TÂssa"[201. 263]. rogorc Cans, qarTlis xelisufalTa

    sawinaaRmdego moZraobas sakmaod didi masStabebi

    miuRia, radgan 57 did aznaurs miuRia am gamosvlaSi

  • 45

    monawileoba. es ki kargi organizebis gareSe ar

    moxdeboda.teritoriebis mitacebisaTvis brZola qarTlis

    xelisuflebasa da kaxeTis mTavrebs Soris Semdgom

    wlebSic grZeldeboda cvalebadi warmatebiT. 975 w.daido zavi kaxeTis mTavar kvirike II da afxazeTis

    mefe daviT kurapalats Soris. zavis Tanaxmad

    kaxelebma ufliscixesTan brZolaSi datyvevebulimefe gurgeni, dedofali guranduxti da ufliswuli

    bagrati gaaTavisufles da daubrunes qarTlis

    dapyrobili teritoriebi. ÐÒÒÒÒÒÒ"xolo wirqualis cixe da grui TviT daiWires"

    [201. 275]. e.i. qsnis xevi kvlav kaxeTis samTavros

    SemadgenlobaSi darCa.

    qarTlisaTvis brZola kaxeTis mTavrebsa daafxazeTis mTavrebs Soris, rogorc amas batoni

    jondo gvasalia aRniSnavda, ZiriTadad qsanzed

    mimdinareobda. 1008 wels bagrat III-m kaxeTis mTavardaviT qorepiskoposs mosTxova - "iTxova cixeni

    qarTlisani" [201. 278]. bunebrivia cixeebis garSemo

    teritoriebiT. matianis Tanaxmad, kaxeTis mTavarmaaseTi pasuxi gaugzavna - "ukeTu eZieb cixeTa, iyos

    Cven Soris damajerebeli mklavi da omi. xolo me win

    mogegebo qsansa zed" [201. 278]. brZola bagrat III dadaviT qorepiskoposs Soris moxda TianeTSi da

    bagrat III-is gamarjvebiT damTavrda, Tumca, am

    brZolis Semdgom qsnis xevi ar gadasula bagrat IIIdaqvemdebarebaSi.

    1010 wels bagrat III kvlav awyobs laSqrobas

    kaxeTSi "or wel warixuna yovelni cixeni kaxeTisani... daipyra sruliad hereTi da kaxeTi" [201. 279].

    amdenad, 1011 wlisTvis qsnis xevi qarTlis

    mmarTvelTa xelSi gadasula.

    46

    kaxeTis Semdgomma mmarTvelma kvirike III didma

    (1010-1037 ww) kvlav SesZlo kaxeTis samTavrosdamoukideblobis aRdgena.

    lowobnis cixe kvlav moqmed cixed moCans giorgi

    II zeobaSi. 1073 w. giorgi II-es didebulebi ganudgnen,ivane liparitis Zem "moirTna kaxni da dadga qsnis

    pirsa" [201. 316]. giorgim mSvidobianad, saCuqrebiT

    Semoiriga gaorgulebuli didebulebi. "xolo giorgimefeman, ... uboZa ivanes samSÂlde da Zesa ivanessa

    liparits misca lowobanni nacvlad rusTavisa,

    romeli mieca kaxTa ..." [201. 316]. male didebulebikvlav ganudgnen. mefe giorgim axla ukve ZaliT

    scada urCTa damorCileba, SemoierTa mesxTa laSqari

    da kaxTa mefe aRsarTani. samxedro Zalis

    demonstrirebam Sedegi gamoiRo. SeSindnenseparatistebi da gaifantnen. "waixuna lowobanni

    liparitisagan aRsarTan" [201. 316]. kaxTa mefis

    aRsarTanis mier lowobanis dabrunebis Semdgom,sazRvari kaxeTis samTavrosa da qarTls Soris kvlav

    qsnis xevze gadioda. 1103 wlamde anu daviT

    aRmaSeneblis mier kaxeTis SemoerTebamde [145. 131].ganviTarebuli feodaluri urTierTobis dros

    qsnis xevis administraciul erTeulSi da cxrazmis

    saerisTavos soflebSi: mosabrunSi - SendebaRvTismSoblis meore eklesia, nagomevSi - Tijvari

    (albaT iyo mTis jvari. dResaswauls mudmivi ricxvi

    ara aqvs, dakavSirebulia mTvaris kultTan). aqve,xofasTan XIII s. pirvel meoTxedSi Sendeba ioane

    naTlismcemlis saxelobis didebuli samonastro

    ansambli; ZeglevSi - eklesia wm.barbares saxelobis(vrclad ixileT, v. RunaSvili, narkvevebi qsnis

    xeobis warsulidan I. publikaciebi, 1997 w. gv. 141-144);

    yanCaveTSi farTomasStabian samuSaoebs utarebenkabenis RvTismSoblis eklesias; gadakeTebiTi

  • 47

    samuSaoebi utardeba dolianis axSadis wm. giorgis

    eklesias; wirqolSi ageben wm. marines eklesias; qvemoalevSi RvTismSoblis eklesias; Sua alevSi aseve

    RvTismSoblis eklesias; naxidSi naTlismcemlis

    saxelobis eklesias; cxavatSi macxovris saxelobiseklesias; dadianeTSi - samebis; zodexSi wminda

    giorgis; martiaanTSi wm. giorgis; maxiareTSi

    samonastro kompleqss; CitianTSi yvelawmindiseklesias; JamurSi Sendeba mniSvnelovani mxatvruli

    Rirebulebis mqone eklesia-monastrebi.

    eklesia-monastrebis Seneba-gadakeTebisparalelurad Sendeba cixe-koSkebi. zemoT ukve

    araerTgzis naxsenebi wirqolis cixe, rogorc Cans,

    Tavidan zurgiani koSki iyo. Semdgom ganicada

    mravaljeradi gadakeTeba da miiRo erT-erTi mZlavricixe-simagris saxe (wirqolis cixes qvemoTac

    mravaljer SevexebiT). TiTqmis aseTive transformacia

    ganicada qarCoxis cixemac. Tavidan aSenda, rogorczurgiani koSki, SemdgomSi miuSenes galavani,

    galavnis SigniT sacxovrisi, sameurneo daniSnulebis

    sxvadasxva nagebobani da metad originaluri eklesia- adgilis siviwrovidan gamomdinare; WurTis xevSi -

    winkibes kompleqsi - zurgiani koSki, sasaxle,

    eklesia, mZlavri galavniT. amave xeobaSi - xoxaanTcixe - zurgiani koSki, sacxovrisi, eklesia, galavani.

    md. aleuras xeobaSi - cixis sofeli, zurgiani koSki,

    sacxovrisi, eklesia, galavani.aRsaniSnavia, rom qsnis xeobaSi gadmomaval

    mniSvnelovan gza-bilikebTan mZlavri cixe-simagreebia

    aRmarTuli. danarCen soflebSi ki zurgian koSkebstransformacia ar ganucdiaT. zurgiani koSkebi

    SemorCenilia qarCoxSi: lomisis xevSi (ramdenime) da

    s. kverieTTan; JamurSi: s. CigoianTSi (ramdenime),s.TogoiaTSi da s. koraSi; cxavatSi Sxamuris da

    48

    barbares; WurTaze - s. velurasTan, s. gavazTan;

    cxrazmaze - s. maxiareTTan da s. ukanubanSi; aleurasxebaSi - s. mamulaanTSi. ix. p. zaqaraia, qsnis xeobis

    cixe-simagreebi [84] da [85] da sxva.

    qsnis xeobis qveda welze arsebuliadministraciuli erTeuli - qsnis xevi, adre

    feodaluri da ganviTarebuli feodaluri

    urTierTobis dros ZiriTadad Sedioda kaxeTissamTavros SemadgenlobaSi. amave periodSi kaxeTis

    samTavros SemadgenlobaSia sagulvebeli cxrazmis

    saerisTavo. sxva SemTxvevaSi maT Soris (qsnisxevelebsa da cxrazmis saerisTavoSi mcxovreblebs

    Soris) brZolebi aucileblad iqneboda, rac Cvens

    xelT arsebul wyaroebSi ar Cans. cxrazmis

    saerisTavo rom qsnis xevTan erTad Sedioda kaxeTissamTavros SemadgenlobaSi, amaze migvaniSnebs aseve

    arqiteqturuli Zeglebis erTianoba, wirqolis

    RvTismSobeli, armazis wm. giorgi da gurjaanis davaCnaZianis yvelawmindis eklesiebi. erTiani sameurneo

    yofa da sxva detalebi. matiane qarTlisaSi 1069 wlis

    ambebis aRwerisas, moTxrobilia - ganZis mflobelmafadlam 33000 kaciT daibanaka muxranSi "daarbivna

    qarTlisa napirni" [201. 310]. aq miniSneba aseTia - qsnis

    xeobis Sua da zemo weli qarTls ar ekuTvnoda.rogorc ukve aRvniSneT 1103 wels daviT

    aRmaSanebelma kaxeTis samefo SemoierTa, e.i. qsnis

    xevi da cxrazmis saerisTavo uSualod centralurixelisuflebis daqvemdebarebaSi gadavida.

    1212 wlisTvis fSav-xevsurebi da didoelni

    gandgnen da daumorCilebloba gamoucxades mefeTamars. akad. r. metrevelis azriT, es iyo mTielTa

    ajanyeba feodalizaciisa da gaqristianebis

    winaaRmdeg mimarTuli (r. metreveli, mefe Tamari, 1991w. gv. 210). cxrazmis saerisTavodan, mefis

  • 49

    mowodebisamebr aqtiurad monawileoben ajanyebis

    CaqrobaSi - "iwyes mTiulTa gandgomad, kacTafxovelTa da didoTa, ... mouwoda mefeman aTabagsa da

    yovelTa mTeulTa: dvalTa, cxrazmelTa, moxeveTa,

    ÃadelTa, cxavatelTa, WarTalTa, erwo-TianelTa,misca ivane abagasa da waravlina maT zeda" [202. 111].

    samefo xelisuflebis gadamwyvet nabijebs Sesabamisi

    Sedegebi mohyva. cxrazmelebma mniSvnelovani roliSeasrules fSav-xevsurebisa da didoelTa

    damorCilebaSi. es ki imas niSnavs, rom werilobiTi

    wyaroebi da arqiteqturuli Zeglebi TanxvedraSia -feodalizaciis procesi qsnis xeobis zeda welze -

    cxrazmis saerisTavoSi, iseve rogorc baris zolSi -

    qsnis xevSi didi xnis damTavrebulia.

    50

    Tavi meore

    $1. Salva qvenifneveli (1290-1318ww.)

    XIII saukunis dasasruli da XIV saukunis dasawyisisaqarTvelos istoriis erT-erTi tragikuli perio-

    dia. monRolTa mflobelobaSi moqceuli saqarTvelo

    mZafrad ganicdis yaenTa karze mimdinare ganuwyvete-li gadatrialebebisa da Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdeb-

    is vnebaTaRelvis damRupvel Sedegebs.

    sayaeno taxtze pretendentTa Soris politikuriZalauflebisaTvis brZolebs Seewira swored dimitri

    II, romelsac xalxma Tavdadebuli uwoda.

    dimitri II-is sikvdiliT dasjis (1289w.) Semdgom, va-xtang II-is mefobis wlebSi (1289-1292) dimitris col-

    Svilma sxvadasxva adgilas monaxa TavSesafari: uf-

    rosi Svili daviTi (SemdgomSi daviT VIII) dimitrim

    waiyvana ilxanTa karze da aq igi SemTxveviT gadaur-Ca sikvdils; vaxtangi (SemdgomSi vaxtang III) dimitr-

    im ilxanTa karze wasvlamde gaxizna mTiuleTs; gior-

    gi (SemdgomSi giorgi V) dediTurT samcxes iyo TavispapasTan - beqasTan [202. 292],... vaxtangis mTiuleTSi

    yofnasTan dakavSirebiT mkvlevari e. xoStaria-brose,

    romelmac ganixila JamTaaRmwerlisa da "Zegli eris-TavTas" monacemebi, varaudobs, rom vaxtangi izrdebo-

    da cxrazmaze, erisTav Salva qvenifnevelis karze

    [247. 80-82].vaxtang II-is sikvdilis Semdeg aRmosavleT saqarT-

    velos mefe xdeba (1293 w.) daviT dimitris Ze.

    iranis ilxanTa taxtisaTvis brZolaSi garkveulwi-lad Cabmuli aRmoCnda daviT VIII. male (1295 w.) sayae-

    no taxtisaTvis brZolaSi gamarjvebuli gamodis ya-

    zani (1295-1304 ww.). yazani undoblobas ucxadebs dav-iT VIII-s da TavisTan ibarebs [202-301]. ivane javaxiSvi-

  • 51

    lis mixedviT es unda momxdariyo 1297w. noembris dam-

    degs [257. 131]. daviTma Tavidan daapira wasvla, magramSemdeg SeSinda, mTiuleTSi gaixizna da gzebi Sekra,

    ris Semdegac gadawyvita yazan yaenis sawinaaRmdegod

    oqros urdos dakavSireboda. am mizniT, daviT VIIImTiuleTidan agzavnis elCebs oqros urdoSi. elCob-

    as xelmZRvanelobs daviTis Zma vaxtangi [202. 302]. sa-

    varaudoa, rom am elCobis SemadgenlobaSia Salvaqvenifneveli. yovel SemTxvevaSi "Zegli erisTavTa" am

    azrisaken gvibiZgebs [236. 347]. es elCoba Cveni varaud-

    iT unda momxdariyo imave - 1297 wels. am periodSiTviT oqros urdoSic ar yofila siwynare, ufro met-

    ic - Sida aSliloba iseT safexurze asula, rom "no-

    Rais ojaxi ilxanebTan gaiqca da yazan yaens daxmare-

    ba sTxova" [43. 148]. amdenad, daviT VIII-is gagzavnilielCoba uSedego aRmoCnda; Tu gaviTvaliswinebT zamT-

    ris ugzoobas da manZilis siSores SeiZleba vivarau-

    doT, rom elCoba saqarTveloSi 1298 wlis gazafxul-ze adre ver dabrundeboda.

    daviTis gandgomis ambavi rom gaigo yazan yaenma

    (1297 w. miwuruli), saqarTveloSi gamogzavna xutlu-buRa didi jariT. xutlubuRa TbilisSi dabanakda

    [202. 302]. aqedan gamarTa molaparakeba mTiuleTSi

    mdgom daviT VIII-sTan. male SeTanxmebac momxdara,romlis Tanaxmadac gazafxulze daviTi wavidoda ya-

    zan yaenTan, ise rom daviTi yazan yaenisagan uvneblo-

    bis beWeds miiRebda.qarTul istoriografiaSi vaxtang III-is gamefebis

    TariRis Sesaxeb arsebobs azrTa sxvadasxvaoba [193.

    92]. numizmat c. RvaberiZis azriT, romelic emyarebavaxtang III-is TariRian monetas, aRmosavleT saqarTve-

    los mefobas yazan yaeni aZlevs vaxtang dimitris Zes

    1297-1298 ww. [220. 14]. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba viva-raudoT Semdegi: 1298 w. oqros urdodan mobrunebuli

    52

    vaxtangi, romelmac dainaxa, rom oqros urdos maTTv-

    is ar ecala, aZlevs rCevas daviTs yazan yaenTan gamg-zavrebaze. daviTi iRebs am rCevas da Tanxmdeba xut-

    lubuRas yazan-yaenTan wasvlaze. magram daviTi male

    vaxtangis erTgulebaSi daeWvda, daapatimra igi da Ca-sva Jinvalis cixeSi [202. 307-308]. savaraudoa, rom dav-

    iTs am periodSi gaegzavna axali elCoba oqros ur-

    doSi meore Zmis - baidus meTaurobiT.Jinvalis cixidan vaxtangi male gamoipara da Zmas-

    Tan mociqulad ivane burseli gagzavna. Zmebs Soris

    SeTanxmeba momxdara, ris Semdegac vaxtangs aragviserisTavis, Saburis Zmis asuli SeurTavs colad. male

    daviTsa da vaxtangs Soris kvlav moxda ganxeTqileba

    da vaxtangi wavida yazan yaenTan [202-308]. es unda mom-

    xdariyo 1298 wlis zafxulSi. masTan erTad wasulaSalva qvenifnevelic. "maSin daviT zraxviTa sitkboe-

    biTa da mravlisa didebisa miniWebiT evedreboda Sa-

    lvas, xolo man ara ismina, aramed ganamagrna cixenida Sehvedra erTgulTa monaTa da TÂT warhyva Zesa

    mefisasa (vaxtangs, v. R.) urdos" [236. 347].

    rogorc Cans, yazan yaenma imave 1298 wels uboZa me-foba vaxtangs da gamogzavna saqarTveloSi xutlubu-

    Ra noiniTa da didi jariT. monRolebi kvlav Tbilis-

    Si dadgnen. daviTma gamogzavna mociqulad ivane bur-seli. moxda SeTanxmeba, romlis Tanaxmadac daviTma

    gagzavna xutlubuRasTan _ dedofali oljaTi, abrah-

    am kaTalikosi, tfileli yadi da ivane burseli. xut-lubuRam mosulebi kargad miiRo. dedofali banakSi

    datova, xolo kaTalikosi, yadi da burseli gaagzav-

    na ukan, mefis mosayvanad. mefem kvlav CaSala piroba,mizezad moido dedoflis daubrunebloba; moiTxovda

    dedoflis dabrunebas da igiveni gaagzavna xutlubu-

    RasTan axali ficiT.

  • 53

    ganrisxebulma xutlubuRam ivane burseli moakvle-

    vina da dedofali gagzavna yazan yaenis karze. dams-jeli jari ki dasZra daviTis winaaRmdeg. "da momarT-

    es Sesvlad mTiuleTs: moaoÃres somxiTi, qarTli,

    TrialeTi, erwo da dadges muxnars, xerks, bazaleTs,erwos da TianeTs, da verc eteodnen sadgomad, da ar-

    bevdnen qarTlsa da zemoxsenebul qveyanaTa" [202. 303].

    daviT VIII gueleTis cixeSi iyo gamagrebuli; mon-Rolebma cixes veraferi daakles, vaxtangs daumtkic-

    es mefoba da wavidnen yazan yaenTan [202. 309].

    vaxtang III-m "daipyra tfilisi da yoveli somxiTi,dmanisi da samSvilde" [202. 310]. rogorc Cans, vaxt-

    angs SedarebiT mcire teritoria hqonia saxelisufl-

    od.

    1289 wlisTvis vaxtang III-is Zalaufleba aRmosavl-eT saqarTveloSi minimumamde iyo Semcirebuli. dide-

    bulni kvlav daviT VIII-s uWerdnen mxars. albaT ami-

    tomac yazan yaeni kvlav did mniSvnelobas aniWebs da-viT VIII-sTan SeTanxmebas, magram daviTi verc molapa-

    rakebiT da verc ZaliT ver daimorCila.

    1299 wlis noembersa da 1300 wels vaxtang III yazanyaenTan erTad ibrZvis egvipteSi [202. 315-316]. Zegli

    erisTavTas mixedviT vaxtang III-sTan aris Salva qve-

    nifnevelic, romlis saxelisuflo teritoriasac ar-bevs daviT VIII; "maSin mefeman daviT Sekriba yoveli

    laSqari TÂsi da TaTarni Sirvanelni da yovelni

    myofni kaxeTs da muxrans, da moadga cxrasave ÃevsaSalvaÁs saerisTavosa da Camoxsna dvalni da Ãadel-

    cxavatelni da yovelni mTiulni qvemoni da dawves da

    moaoÃres yoveli cxrazmis Ãevi gareSe cixeTa, da ci-xeTa hbrZodes quenifnevs, qarCoxs, qoloTs da isr-

    ols, aramed ver aixunes da Svid wel gangrZelda ho-

    mi maTi" [236. 347].

    54

    1299 wels (savaraudoa, rom es iqneboda meore naxe-

    varSi), yazan yaenma axla daviTis momdevno Zma, gior-gi gaamefa. magram giorgi am dros mcirewlovani iyo

    da mas realuri Zala ar hqonda - "xolo iyo yrma

    mcire giorgi mefed tfilisisa" [202. 304].miuxedavad imisa, rom am periodSi saqarTveloSi

    ukve sami mefe zis, realurad mmarTvelobis sadaveebi

    mainc daviTs epyra xelT.monRolebi angariSs uweven Seqmnil viTarebas da

    1300 wels (egvipteSi laSqrobis Semdeg) kvlav agzav-

    nian xutlubuRas saqarTveloSi didi laSqriT [202.316].

    JamTaaRmwerlis mixedviT daviT VIII-s winaaRmdeg

    monRolTa laSqarSi monawileobdnen: SanSe mxargrZe-

    li, "osni romeli sxdes gors", mesxni - samcxidan,Torelni, Tmoguelni, taoelni" [202. 306]. "muxrans

    mdgomi TaTari banTa naRuT" [202. 303], "ovsTa mTavari

    bayaTar" [202. 305] da cxrazmis erisTavi Salva qvenif-neveli [202. 305].

    "Zegli erisTavTas" mixedviT - "movida vaxtang da

    Salva sparsTa laSqriT uricxvTa spiTa" [236. 347].cxadia monRolTa mxareze ibrZoda yvela, vinc

    mxars uWerda vaxtang III-s da giorgi V-s.

    ra teritorias da samxedro Zalas flobda daviTVIII am dros?

    "dadges erTgulebasa mefisasa surameli hamada da

    amirejibi abazas Ze Wila da aznaurni qarTvelni dasomxiTarni", [202. 305] "keTilad brZodes Sinaurni me-

    fisani, Ãadelni da zogni ÃeviT mosrulni rCeulni"

    [202. 306].vaxuSti eTanxmeba JamTaaRmwerels [15. 246].

    amdenad, saqarTvelo gayofilia or banakad: erT

    mxares arian daviT VIII-s momxreni, meore mxares ki

  • 55

    monRolebi da vaxtang-giorgis momxreni; ZalTa Tana-

    fardoba aSkarad am ukanasknelTa mxarezea.

    $2. abazasZeTa Seviwroeba

    daviT mefis winaaRmdeg amxedrebul laSqars JamTa-

    aRmwerlis mixedviT uwinamZRvra Salva qvenifnevelma

    - Tavis saxelisuflo teritoriaze gaatara da lomi-

    sis mTaze gadasvliT xadas xeobaSi gadaiyvana. aqerT garemoebas unda mieqces yuradReba: am periodisa-

    Tvis qsnis xeobis zeda wels, (cxrazmis saerisTavos)

    flobs cxrazmis erisTavi Salva qvenifneveli. sasaz-Rvro zoli gadis dRevandel sofel korinTasTan

    [222. 44-45], iq sadac vaxuStis Tanaxmad, qsnis xeobis

    mTisa da baris sasazRvro zolia [15. 359]. qsnis xeob-is qveda welis intensiur dakavebas cxrazmis erisTa-

    vebi XIV s. pirvel wlebSi iwyeben [236. 348], manamde ki

    qsnis xeobis baris zolis "sanaxebi abazas Zeebs eku-TvnodaT" [47. 47]. mefis momxre Wila abazas Ze 1297/1298

    wlis erTi sigelis Tanaxmad daviT VIII-is meabjreTu-

    xucesi yofila, xolo navroz abazas Ze, 1297 w. amire-jibi da amiraxori [216-a. 184-185].

    "xelmwifis" karis garigebis (XIV s.) mixedviT "meab-

    jreTuxucesi da meabjreni,... amilaxoris xelisani ar-ian... amilaxori veziri aris amirspasalarisa,... laSq-

    roba da laSqrobis veziroba amirspasalaris ÃeliT

    aris" [203. 45].amirejibi iTvleboda mandaturTuxucesis moadgil-

    ed, "amirejibs yvelgan gza aqvs sauravisa, sad ginda

    iyos mefe,... yvelgan miva da yvelgan iurvis.. zemdgome-

    li amirejibs mandaturive marTebs" [203. 35].

    56

    amdenad, XIII s. miwurulisaTvis Wila da navroz ab-

    azas Zeebs sakmaod maRali Tanamdeboba hqoniaT daviTVIII-is karze. amave dros "Zegli erisTavTas" monaceme-

    biT viciT, rom qsnis xeobis qveda welzed arsebul

    lowobnis cixesa da mis midamoebs XIV s. 10-ian wle-bamde flobda navroz abazas Ze [236. 348].

    1300 w., roca monRolebi daviT VIII-s winaaRmdeg

    did laSqrobas awyoben, mematiane qebiT ixseniebs ami-rejib Wila abazasZes [202. 305]. SeiZleba vivaraudoT,

    rom 1300 wlis winare, axlo periodSi, Wila abazasZi-

    sTvis uwyalobebia daviT VIII-s meore saxelo - amire-jiboba, romelic raRac mizezis gamo CamourTmevia

    navroz abazasZisaTvis. wyaroebSi, samwuxarod, ar

    Cans mefem navroz abazasZes CamoarTva meore saxeloc

    - amiraxoroba Tu ara; xelmwifis karis garigebis Ta-naxmad, amiraxorobis SenarCunebiT, navroz abazasZes

    meabjreTuxucesze xom kvlav xeli miuwvdeboda.

    amdenad, 1300 wels monRolTa laSqari ahyva qsnisxeobas [163. 2


avtorisgan - NPLGdspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/250999/1/Yornis_Efekti.pdf · 2020. 7. 4. · rogor adiod-Cadiodnen masze snobebi... Turme genioss samarisTvis cocxlad imetebs brbo,

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MDVH5291 QS CZ 1 · Partial‐ T2 k W h ... 9.8.3 - T3 - 1234 kVAh S+ 10.8.3 - T3 - 5678 kVAh S ...

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A F 1234 bok trójkąta tekst podkreślony bok trójkąta A J 1234 ... - …mpodlasinski.zut.edu.pl/fileadmin/Materialy/Znaki_mapy_z.pdf · 2013. 4. 11. · Łącznik napowietrzny

A F 1234 bok trójkąta tekst podkreślony bok trójkąta A J 1234 ... - …mpodlasinski.zut.edu.pl/fileadmin/Materialy/Znaki_mapy_z.pdf · 2013. 4. 11. · Łącznik napowietrzny

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