naTia futkaraZepress.tsu.ge/data/image_db_innova/PhD Putkaradze.N.pdf · i): s-wer-i-(e) >...

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

qarTuli enis saswavlo-samecniero instituti

naTia futkaraZe

megruli zmnis struqtura da konstruqcia

(statistikuri da morfosintaqsuri analizi)

filologiis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad

warmodgenili

d i s e r t a c i a

samecniero xelmZRvanelebi: filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

emeritusi profesori damana meliqiSvili

filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

asocirebuli profesori merab Cuxua

Tbilisi

2016

avtoris stili daculia

sarCevi

Sesavali --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I Tavi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.1. meTodologiuri wanamZRvrebi ------------------------------------------------ 1.2. qarTuli zmnis ZiriTadi morfosintaqsuri saklasifikacio erTeuli ---------------------------------------------------------- 1.3. SerCevis reprezentaciuloba da kvlevis meTodebi ---------- 1.4. gvaris adgilisaTvis zmnis morfosintaqsur klasifikaciaSi ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1.5. pirveli Tavis Sejameba --------------------------------------------------------

II Tavi. megruli zmnis struqtura da konstruqcia ---------------------

2.1. Sesavali –--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2.2. statika da dinamika -------------------------------------------------------------- 2.3. megruli zmnis sintaqsuri konstruqcia ------------------------------ 2.4. megruli zmnis morfologiuri struqtura ------------------------- 2.5. meore Tavis Sejameba --------------------------------------------------------------

III Tavi. I diaTeza. konstruqcia: nom-erg-dat-nom-------------------------------

3.1. Sesavali ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3.2. I diaTezis ori qvejgufi -----------------------------------------------------

3.2.1. I diaTezis usruli konstruqcia. ZiriTadi struqtura R-Ø, konstruqcia: nom-erg-dat-nom. gvari: avtoaqtivi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.2.1.a. i- prefiqsis kvalifikacia qarTul saenaTmecniero literaturaSi ----------------------------------------

3.2.1.b. i- prefiqsi megrul erTpirian zmnebSi -------------- 3.2.1.1. usruli konstruqciis erTpirian zmnaTa qvestruqturebi (klasebi) ----------------------------------------------

3.2.1.1.16. I diaTezis usruli konstruqciis absolutivebi (Sejameba) -------------------------------------------

3.2.1.2. I diaTezis usruli konstruqciis orpiriani, brunvaucvlelobieqtiani zmnebi ---------------------------------

3.2.1.3. I diaTezis usruli konstruqcia: absolutivebi da brunvaucvlelobieqtiani orpiriani zmnebi (Sejameba) -------------------------------------------------------------

3.2.2. I diaTezis sruli konstruqcia ZiriTadi struqtura: R-[Th.s.]-Ø, konstruqcia: nom-erg-dat-nom, gvari aqtivi ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.3. I diaTeza (Sejameba) ------------------------------------------------------------- IV Tavi. II diaTeza. konstruqcia: nom-erg-nom-nom ---------------------------

4.1. Sesavali ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4.2. meore diaTezis statikuri qvejgufi ------------------------------------

4.2.1. Sesavali ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

4 11 11 13 18

21 27 29 29 30 35 37 46

48 48 50 53 53 58

61 80 81 92 93 127 128 128 142 142

2

4.2.2. meore diaTezis statikuri R-u/e(n) qvejgufi. gvaris TvalsazrisiT: ugvaro ------------------------------------------------------------

4.3. meore diaTezis dinamikuri qvejgufi ---------------------------------- 4.3.1. erTpiriani konstruqcia, gvari: avtoaqtivi, pasivi ------ 4.3.2. brunvaucvlelobieqtiani R-u(n) qvestruqtura,

konstruqcia: nom-erg-nom-nom, gvari: aqtivi ------------------------------------ 4.4. meore diaTeza (Sejameba) --------------------------------------------------------

Tavi V. III diaTeza. konstruqcia: dat-(dat)-dat-dat -----------------------------

5.1. mesame diaTezis sintaqsuri konstruqcia ----------------------------- 5.1.1. zmnur struqturaTa distribucia mesame diaTezaSi ----------

5.2. mesame diaTezis R-Ø struqtura ------------------------------------------- 5.3. mesame diaTezis R-u(n) struqtura ----------------------------------------- 5.4. mesame diaTezis R-e(n) (qve)struqtura ----------------------------------- 5.5. mesame diaTeza (Sejameba) --------------------------------------------------------

ZiriTadi daskvnebi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- gamoyenebuli literaturis sia -------------------------------------------------------

145 148 151 173 181 184 184 187 191 205 223 228

229 236

3

Sesavali

Cveni sadisertacio naSromis mizania megruli zmnis Seswavla-

gaanalizeba gramatikuli TvalsazrisiT: morfosintaqsuri principiT

statistikur monacemebze dayrdnobiT. Sesabamisad, saklasifikacio

kriteriumad miRebulia zmnis ZiriTadi struqtura da sintaqsuri

konstruqcia.

qarTul gramatikul literaturaSi, tradiciulad, qarTveluri zmnis

ZiriTad saklasifikacio erTeulad ganixileba gvaris kategoria,

romelic àrsebiTad ganisazRvreba rogorc 1. leqsikur-gramatikuli

(a.SaniZe...); 2. sintaqsur-morfologiuri (f. erTeliSvili, b. jorbenaZe...); 3.

morfologiuri (arn. Ciqobava, a. oniani...) kategoria“ (28,421). boloxans

gamocemul krebulis `Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologia~ (2011)

meoTxe TavSi „gvari – qarTuli zmnis ZiriTadi saklasifikacio

erTeuli“ aRniSnulia, rom „qarTvelur enebSi gvarTa Sepirispireba

(aqtivi _ pasivi) met-naklebad Camoyalibebul sistemas qmnis“ (28,420).

aRsaniSnavia, rom amave naSromSi gamokveTilia mTeli rigi

winaaRmdegobebi da problemebi, romelTac am klasifikaciis farglebSi

pasuxi ar eZebneba. qarTul zmnaTa klasificirebisas problemur

sakiTxebs amCnevda b. jorbenaZe: àris ki vnebiTis formantebi: i- da e-

prefiqsebi da –d sufiqsi vnebiTis formaTa mawarmoeblebi qarTulSi?

(162, 148); an: `mravlisagan mraval SemTxvevaSi moqmedebiTi da vnebiTi

gvaris formaTa funqciuri ganawileba savsebiT SeuZlebeli xdeba:

malavs da imaleba, alaparakebs da elaparakeba da sxva mravali ar

SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes rogorc erTmaneTis mimarT aqtivisa da pasivis

formebi~ (162, 157), `naTelia, rom malavs da imaleba, faqtobriv orive

aris aqtiuri moqmedebis gamomxatveli forma, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT

alaparakebs da elaparakeba da sxva misTana formebze~ (162, 158) ra

aerTianebT semantikurad Semdeg formobriv wyvilebs: ì-Jangeba -

Jangdeba, e-cxadeba – cxaddeba, i-Tvreba – Tvreba~ - ueWvelia, rom

aerTianebs vnebiTobis semantika, magram vnebiToba, aq, ra Tqma unda, ar

SeiZleba gavigoT wminda pasivobad~ (162, gv. 151), an: magaliTSi `gazeTebi

erT imisTana ambavs iwerebian, romelsac... adamiani gverds ver auqcevs~

4

moqmedebiTis, aqtivis semantikaa~ (162, gv. 109) an: is formantebi, ki,

romlebic vnebiTis niSnebad iwodebian (i-, e-, -d) sinamdvileSi sul sxva

mniSvnelobebis gamomxatvelni arian, eg aris mxolod, am SemTxvevaSi

vnebiTobis funqciasTan arian SeuRlebulni...~ (162, 158)... `zemoxsenebulis

gaTvaliswinebiT termins `vnebiTi~ vxmarobT ara semantikuri an

sintaqsuri daniSnulebiT, aramed, sakuTriv, morfologiuri

TvalsazrisiT, rogorc garkveuli morfologiuri yalibis aRmniSvnels~

(162, 158), an: `qarTulSi ori ZiriTadi yalibi gvaqvs: a) zmnuri fuZe (bad-

eb) da (2)zmnuri fuZe+i (i-/e-bad-eb-i). pirobiTad amaT SeiZleba vuwodoT

moqmedebiTisa da vnebiTis yalibebi (ra Tqma unda, aq araviTari

mniSvneloba ara aqvs sakuTriv aqtiuroba-pasiurobis semantikas)~ (162,

184).

pirobiTi gamoyeneba terminisa, romlis mniSvnelobac calsaxadaa

dadgenili (vnebiTi=pasivs), Cveni azriT, ver imuSavebs. swored amitom,

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, megruli zmnis klasifikaciis principad

aviReT morfosintaqsuri kriteriumebi: uRlebis tipebis diaTezis

gramatikuli kategoriis mixedviT dajgufeba, rac aprobirebulia

qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis rvatomeulis reprezentaciuli

bazis mixedviT Sesrulebuli morfosintaqsuri analizis Sedegad (67; 68);

ramdenadac Cvens sadoqtoro naSroms safuZvlad udevs morfosintaqsuri

principiT gamoyofili diaTezis gramatikuli kategoria, amdenad,

saWirod vTvliT warmovadginoT am klasifikaciis vrceli mimoxilva.

qarTuli zmnis morfosintaqsur klasifikacias 1978 w. Caeyara

safuZveli (66, 17-23). amave avtoris Semdgom kvlevebSi Camoyalibda

qarTuli zmnis uRlebis sistemis suraTi, romelSic diaTezis

gramatikuli (morfosintaqsuri) kategoria miRebulia qarTuli zmnis

uRlebis tipebad dayofis safuZvlad (67;68). SemoTavazebuli

klasifikaciis mixedviT, diaTeza ganmartebulia, rogorc `qarTuli zmnis

gramatikulad markirebuli, struqturiTa da konstruqciis erTianobiT

gansazRvruli kategoria, sadac gvari semantikuri niSniT gansxvavebuli

qvesaxea (67,66; 68,93). d. meliqiSvili gamoyofs qarTuli zmnis uRlebis

5

sam tips – sam diaTezas, romelTagan TiToeuls aerTianebs

morfologiuri struqturisa da sintaqsuri konstruqciis erTgvaroba.

I diaTeza: cxrili #1 statikuri gvari: avtoaqtivi//refleqsivi struqtura Zireuli R+Ø, i-/u-R[e/i]-Ø, prev.-R(Ø) a-/i-/u-R-th-Ø, konstruqcia usruli [is - man; is mas - man mas]

dinamikuri gvari: aqtivi struqtura Zireuli, warmoqmnili R- Ø, a-/i-/u-R-Ø, a-/i-/u-R[e/i]-Ø, a-/i-/u-R-th-Ø, konstruqcia sruli [is mas - man is; is mas mas - man mas

is]

II diaTeza: statikuri ugvaro struqtura Zireuli Ø-/i-/u-R-i konstruqcia usruli [is –is]

dinamikuri gvari: avtoaqtivi //refleqsivi, aqtivi, pasivi struqtura Zireuli, warmoqmnili

Ø-/u-R-eb-i Ø-/u-R-d-eb-i a-R-Th-i e-R-eb-i i-/e-R-eb-i konstruqcia sruli [is - is; is mas - mas is]

III diaTeza: statikuri ugvaro struqtura Zireuli i-/u-R-i i-/u-R- Ø

konstruqcia sruli, usruli [mas - mas; mas is - mas is ]

statikuri, dinamikuri struqtura warmoqmnili a-R-eb e-R-eb-i

konstruqcia usruli , sruli

[mas - mas; mas is - mas is ]

[meliqiSvili, 2001] rogorc cxrilidan (#1) Cans, qarTuli zmnis uRlebis tipebad

dayofisas avtori eyrdnoba gramatikul (morfosintaqsur) kriteriumebs,

kerZod: morfologiur struqturas (agebulebas) da sintaqsur

konstruqcias; qvejgufebi ki gamoyofilia sintaqsurad gansxvavebuli

niSnebis, kerZod, ergatiuli, nominatiuri, datiuri konstruqciebis

mixedviT. diaTeზebis farglebSi gvari semantikuri kategoriaa (67,60; 68,

93; 69,828).

aRniSnuli Teoria iTvaliswinebs induqciuri meTodiT, konkretuli

enobrivi erTeulis zmnur formaTa reprezentaciuli bazis analizs

morfosintaqsuri wesebis dadgenis mizniT.

6

am klasifikaciis mixedviT, `qarTuli zmnis awmyos Tema, ZiriTadad,

ori struqturisaa (Sdr.: „...qarTul zmnas SeiZleba hqondes oradori

Tema: Tema+0 da Tema+i“ (66,17-23; 162, 184):

I. Tema+Ø (R+Ø, R[e/i]+Ø, R(Ø/e)-th+Ø, R-th+Ø): JRer+Ø – wer+Ø; Tvlem+Ø –

JRvlem+Ø; tir-i+Ø – Tl-i-Ø, Wr-i+Ø; gora-av+Ø – xat-av+Ø , kl-av+Ø;

kankaleb+Ø _ akankaleb+Ø, akeTeb+Ø; cxovrob+Ø - acxovreb+Ø -, aTbob+Ø -;

ab-am+Ø.

II. Tema+i (R-i, R-Th+i): s-wer-i-(e) > s-wer+i-(xar) – ixateb+i, Tbebi+i,

TeTr-d-eb+i).

d. meliqiSvilis gramatikuli klasifikaciis mixedviT, pirveli

jgufis struqturis zmnebs, rogorc wesi, Seesabameba cvalebadi

konstruqcia (brunvacvalebadi subieqti: saxelobiTi – moTxrobiTi –

micemiTi) da am niSniT isini erT diaTezaSi erTiandebian, romelic or

qvejgufad iyofa. am qvejgufebis ganmasxvavebeli niSani brunvacvalebadi

obieqtis qona-arqonaa.

1) pirveli qvejgufis zmnebis subieqti moqmedia, magram mas ara aqvs

samoqmedo brunvacvalebadi obieqti. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, isini

brunvacvalebad obieqts Tavis TavSi Seicaven, maTi subieqti

TviTmoqmedia _ avtoaqtiuria. am zmnebs, d. meliqiSvilis mixedviT,

statikurobis TvalsazrisiT gardamavali safexuri uWiravT erTpiriani

statikidan, uZraobis mdgomareobidan, moqmedebis procesamde: isini

fizikuri an sulieri moqmedebis mdgomareobas asaxaven (kankalebs, kivis,

tiris, wuxs...), rasac, avtori grafikulad wrewiris saxiT gamoxatavs

(gansxvavebiT erTpiriani, absoluturi statikisagan (gdia, devs...),

romelic, grafikulad wertiliT gamoixateba). wre iwyeba im wertilidan,

romelSic sruldeba: am zmnaTa moqmedebac iwyeba da sruldeba erTsa da

imave wertilSi, anu ubrundeba TviTmoqmed pirs (subieqts). mokled rom

vTqvaT, am zmnebs refleqsivuri, ukuqceviTi Sinaarsi aqvT, maTi

moqmedebis obieqti igive subieqtia, maTi subieqtis moqmedeba SigniTaa

mimarTuli, introvertulia. Sesabamisad, maT saTanado markeric, i-

prefiqsi daerTvis (68,28). viziarebT mosazrebas, romlis Tanaxmadac,

erTpirian konstruqciaSi –i prefiqsi refleqsivis damoukidebeli,

TavisTavadi niSania (da ara `nasesxebi~ aqtivis `saTaviso~ qcevisagan (am

7

funqcias frangul enaSi piris nacvalsaxelebi asruleben (me, te….),

rusulSi _ ukuqceviTi nacvalsaxelis „gacveTis” gziT miRebuli sufiqsi

(себя>ся). igive i- prefiqsi sasubieqto orientaciis gamomxatvelia

brunvacvalebad obieqtian (orpirian) konstruqciaSi. merab Cuxuas

SeniSvniT, es i- prefiqsic aseve damoukidebeli prefiqsia. rogorc

vTqviT, avtoaqtivebs brunvacvalebadi obieqti ara aqvT, magram SeiZleba

gauCndeT igi: „swavlobs gigla titina..“ _ magram: „gigla swavlobs

gakveTils“ „gigla kargad xatavs, kargad wers“, magram: „gigla xatavs

portrets, wers leqss“. aseTi sruli konstruqciis forma pirveli

diaTezis marjvena/ meore qvejgufSi gadava (68,82-83).

2) gansxvavebiT pirveli qvejgufisagan, meore qvejgufis zmnebi

brunvacvalebadi obieqtis mixedviT aris gardamavali, isini moqmedebis

process gamoxataven, maTi subieqti aqtiuria, magram, gansxvavebiT

pirveli qvejgufisagan, maT samoqmedo brunvacvalebadi obieqti aqvT;

konstruqcia amaTac cvalebadi aqvT _ subieqtis brunvebia: saxelobiTi,

moTxrobiTi da micemiTi, brunvacvalebadi obieqtisa _ micemiTi da

saxelobiTi, brunvaucvlelisa _ micemiTi.

amgvarad, I jgufi/tipi, romelsac Tema da konstruqcia aerTianebs, I

diaTezas qmnis, romelic Seicavs usruli da sruli konstruqciis

qvejgufebs, romelTagan pirveli SezRudul dinamikas, moqmedebis

mdgomareobas gamoxatavs da, amdenad, statikurobis Sinaarss Seicavs, II

ki moqmedebis process gamoxatavs da, amdenad, dinamikuri Sinaarsisaa; I

qvejgufi Zireulia, amosavalia II qvejgufisaTvis rogorc struqturis,

aseve konstruqciis TvalsazrisiT (kankalebs is > a-kankalebs is mas,

cxovrobs is > a-cxovrebs is mas). myofad-wyvetilis formebi am zmnebs i-

prefiqsiT ewarmoebaT: i-kankalebs _ ikankala, i-cxovrebs _ icxovra...

amasTan dakavSirebiT, samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia: `myofad-

wyvetilis –i- prefiqsianiformebi marTlac aqtivis „saTaviso qcevis”

formebisaganaa nasesxebi, Tu es subieqtis sferoSi mimdinare procesis,

subieqtisken mimarTuli TviTmoqmedebis, anu refleqsivis gamomxatveli -i

prefiqsia, romelic R-eb-i struqturis erTpirian zmnebSic amave funqcias

asrulebs? Tanac, es prefiqsi Zvel qarTulsa da Tanamedrove qarTulis

8

ramdenime paradigmaSi awmyos formebSicaa sistemurad dadasturebuli

(„ilocavs, ityvis", ismens, iZaxis, iRvwis, iCqaris, iRviZebs, iZinebs), rac

imaze miuTiTebs, rom atipis zmnebs is awmyoSic hqondaT da daekargaT da

Tu asea, es sakuTari formebia da ara nasesxebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi ki

safuZveli ecleba „medioaqtivis“ gamoyofas~ (68,63).

II jgufi/tipi, romelsac, aseve, struqtura da konstruqcia

aerTianebs, qmnis II diaTezas, romelic Seicavs aseve, usruli da sruli

konstruqciis qvejgufebs, romelTagan I qvejgufi statikuria da II ki

dinamikuri; I qvejgufi aqac II-is safuZvelia rogorc struqturulad,

aseve konstruqciulad (gd-i-/xar/ > e-gd-eb-i). am struqturis zmnebs ar

axlavs brunvacvalebadi obieqti, maTi konstruqcia stabiluria: subieqti

yvela seriaSi saxelobiTSia, brunvaucvleli obieqti _ micemiTSi.

III jgufi, romelsac datiuri konstruqcia aerTianebs, narevi

struqturisaa da qmnis III diaTezas, romelsac SeiZleba datiuri

konstruqciis diaTeza vuwodoT, radganac am zmnebis orive qvejgufis

subieqti stabilurad micemiT brunvaSi dgas.

am diaTezaSic ori qvejgufi gamoiyofa: I qvejgufis zmnebi uZvelesi

struqturisa da konstruqciis Zireuli zmnebia. SinaarsiT isini sulieri

mdgomareobis gamomxatveli statikuri zmnebia, romelTa subieqti

sulieri mdgomareobis ganmcdeli, anu susti nebelobis mqone piria

(uyvars mas, sZuls mas, UuWirs mas is). avtoris azriT, am zmnaTa swored

es uZvelesi, datiuri konstruqcia unda yofiliyo amosavali qarTuli

enis polipersonalur zmnaSi arsebuli potenciis realizaciisaTvis:

kerZod, dinamikuri zmnebis _ rogorc I diaTezis kauzatiuri

struqturis (a-R-eb) zmnaTa, aseve II diaTezis (R-eb-i) struqturis zmnaTa

inversiis Sedegad miRebul iqna aramaterialuri, sulieri moqmedebis

ganmcdeli, susti nebelobis subieqtis mqone zmnebis axali qvejgufi:

(akankalebs SiSi, sicive mas _ akankalebs SiS/isagan/, siciv/isagan/ mas,

aceminebs is mas mas _ ecemineba mas (is), anatrebs is mas mas _ enatreba

mas is...). (68,112-120).

amgvarad, qarTuli zmnis uRlebis sistemaSi gamoiyo sami diaTeza,

romelTagan TiToeuls axasiaTebs zmnis morfologiuri struqturisa da

sintaqsuri konstruqciis stabiluri erTianoba: qarTuli zmnis uRlebis

9

sistemaSi morfosintaqsuri TvalsazrisiT gamoiyo uRlebis sami tipi –

sami diaTeza uRlebis qveklasebiT (67,83-269).

winamdebare naSromSi am modelze dayrdnobiT warmodgenilia

megruli zmnis statistikurad aucilebeli da sakmarisi raodenobis

uRlebad format sistemuri morfosintaqsuri analizi, ris Sedegadac

dadasturda varaudi, rom diaTezis gramatikuli kategoria `saerToa

qarTveluri zmnis sistemisTvis, romelmac megrulsa da lazurSi

garkveuli cvlileba ganicada, rac metyvelebis ekonomiurobis

tendenciiTa da enobrivi movlenebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sistemuri

analogiis procesebiT aixseneba da erTgvarovania qarTvelur ena-

kiloebSi~ (68,94).

10

I Tavi 1.1. meTodologiuri wanamZRvrebi

saswavlo programebisTvis Seqmnili sxvadasxva enis Tanamedrove

gramatikebi, rogorc wesi, efuZneba iso (ISO) standartebiT agebul

korpusebsa da statistikur analizatorebs (ix. mag., kolinzis korpusze

dafuZnebuli inglisuri enis gramatika (Collins COBUILD English Grammar

(1990), „korgrami“ (CORGRAM (2009 ) da sxv.).

Tanamedrove gamowvevebis sapasuxod, aucilebelia qarTuli enis

aRwera kompiuteruli lingvistikis raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi

meTodebiT, romelic dafuZnebuli iqneba saxelisa da zmnis

morfologiuri struqturisa da sintaqsuri konstruqciis detalur

reprezentaciul analizze. qarTuli zmnis uRlebadi formebis

tradiciuli klasifikaciis farglebSi, ris mixedviTac ZiriTad

saklasifikacio erTeulad gvaris semantikuri kategoriaa miRebuli,

romlis farglebSi ar aris mkveTrad gamijnuli saopozicio

kriteriumebi, ver Seiqmneba relevanturi algoriTmi zmnis kompiuteruli

damuSavebisaTvis. Tanamedrove kompiuteruli lingvistikis wamyvani

specialistebis mixedviT, qarTuli zmnis srulfasovan analizatorTa

Seqmnas swored ZiriTad saklasifikacio erTeulebad miRebuli

semantikuri kategoriebi aferxebs. sagulisxmoa, rom ilias universitetis

erT-erTi lingvisturi proeqtisaTvis `axali da Tanamedrove qarTuli

enis monolingvuri korpusi~ (http://corpora.iliauni.edu.ge/?q=ka/search-words (44);

Seqmnili programuli analizatoris zmnuri blokis safuZvels swored

damana meliqiSvilis mier Camoyalibebuli qarTuli zmnis

morfosintaqsuri analizi warmoadgens; es ki miuTiTebs diaTezaTa

klasifikaciis praqtikul Rirebulebebze Tanamedrove teqnologiebis

epoqaSi. samwuxarod, imaves ver vityviT qarTuli zmnis tradiciul

klasifikaciaze. kerZod, evropuli zmnis analizis safuZvelze miRebuli

konversiis wesebi yvela tipis qarTuli zmnis SemTxvevaSi ar muSaobs,

mxolod nawilobriv aRwers mas, rac dasabuTebulia d. meliqiSvilis

naSromebSi (67,66-68, 68,56-72). 1943 wels gamoqveynebuli akaki SaniZis

cnobili statia `aqtiv-pasivis urTierTmimarTeba qarTuli mravalpiriani

11

http://www.scribd.com/api_user_11797_David%20Lin/d/7332576-Collin-Cobuild-English-Grammar

http://www.scribd.com/api_user_11797_David%20Lin/d/7332576-Collin-Cobuild-English-Grammar

http://www.lancs.ac.uk/staff/hardiea/nepali/corgram.php

http://corpora.iliauni.edu.ge/?q=ka/search-words

zmnis CvenebiT” (125) iyo cda imis dasabuTebisa, rom qarTuli

mravalpiriani zmna àCvenebs", rom aqtivis konversia yovelTvis iZleva

pasivs”. magram, qarTuli zmnis morfosintaqsuri analizis Sedegad

aRmoCnda, rom swored qarTuli mravalpiriani zmna sapirispiro Sedegs

aCvenebs, anu, kerZod, aqtivis konversia umravles SemTxvevaSi ar iZleva

pasivis gagebas. amgvarad, qegl-is zmnaTa bazis analizis safuZvelze

gairkva, èvropuli zmnis mixedviT gvaris kategoriis gansazRvra,

rogorc morfologiur-sintaqsuri kategoriisa, romelic zmnis

garkveuli formiT aRniSnavs qvemdebarisa da Semasmenlis urTierTobas

qvemdebaris aqtiuroba-pasiurobis TvalsazrisiT qarTulisTvis misaRebi

ar aris e.w. R-eb-i struqturis zmnebis SemTxvevaSi, Tumca gamodgeba

aRweriTi warmoebis (waRebul iqna, gakeTebul iqna, gagebul iqna)

vnebiTebisaTvis~ (67,65; 68,78). sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, aqtivis konversiiT

yovelTvis ar miiReba e.w. “pasivi”, aramed `pasivis yalibad~ apriorulad

miRebuli forma (R-eb/ob/i/em/iv/ev/-i) umetes SemTxvevaSi avtoaqtivsa da

aqtivs miemarTeba (mag., akankalebs is mas (aqtivi) – akankaldeba is

(avtoaqtivi), ajaxebs is mas mas (aqtivi) – ejaxeba is mas (aqtivia).

zanuris (megrulis) zmnaTa klasifikaciisTvisac aRebulia

saliteraturo qarTuli zmnisTvis Seqmnili saklasifikacio Targi.

Sesabamisad, igive problemebi zmnis gvaris mixedviT saopozicio calebze

msjelobisas zanurSic iCens Tavs. adrindel da Tanamedrove (arn.

Ciqobavas (141, 110-115), g. kartozias, m. lomias, T. cxadaiasa da r.

gersamias (34, 209-211), agreTve, W. qirias, o. memiSiSis, l. ezugbaiasa da m.

Cuxuas mier gamocemul (119, 594-612) da sxv. saxelmZRvaneloebSi tibu(n)

`Tbeba~, WiTondu(n) `wiTldeba~, atyobu(n) èmaleba~ da sxv. msgavsi

zmnuri formebi pasivebad aris kvalificirebuli; Tumca, m. Cuxuas

SeniSvniT, `vnebiTi yovelTvis ar udris pasivs~. Cveni azriT, am da sxva

am struqturis zmnaTa uamrav formaSi aqtiurobis semantika sWarbobs.

maTi pasivebad kvalificireba, Tundac, pirobiTad `vnebiT gvaris

yalibSi~ moqceva, iseve rogorc ugvaro statikur zmnaTa wuxenc `wuxs~

da sxv. `saSual gvaris formebad~ kvalificireba, gramatikuli

klasifikaciis farglebSi ararelevanturia.

12

1.2. qarTuli zmnis ZiriTadi morfosintaqsuri

saklasifikacio erTeuli

zmnis gramatikuli sistemis aRweras safuZvlad unda hqondes

morfologiuri da sintaqsuri kriteriumebi. konstruqciaTa aRwera

gamoavlens zmnaSi CarTul aqtantTa brunvebs. morfologiuri

struqturebis aRwera ki arkvevs zmnis ZiriTad yalibebs; aqedan

gamomdinare, zmnaTa klasifikaciis principebi unda efuZnebodes

gramatikul – morfologiurad da sintaqsurad markirebul kategoriebs;

rogorc wesi, am kriteriumebis mixedviT ki qarTul zmnas awmyos Temis

mixedviT aqvs oradori, mkveTrad gamijnuli morfologiuri struqtura

R-Ø da R-i (qarTuli zmnis am ori struqturis Sesaxeb ix., d. meliqiSvili

(66, 17-23; 68; 69) da b. jorbenaZe (162, 184) da sami, stabilurad

Camoyalibebuli sintaqsuri konstruqcia agensis brunvebis mixedviT:

1) seriebis mixedviT nom-erg-dat konstruqcias yovelTvis R-Ø

struqturis zmnebi Seesatyviseba;

2) nom-nom-nom konstruqciis mqone zmnebs, rogorc wesi, R-i

struqtura aqvT.

3) mesame konstruqcia datiuria: dat-(dat)-dat. es konstruqcia orive

struqturis zmnas SeiZleba hqondes: rogorc R-Ø zmnebs, ise R-i

struqturisas. wina ori konstruqciis zmnebisgan gansxvavebiT, datiuri

konstruqciis zmnebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia micemiT brunvaSi dasmuli

agensis manis rigiT gamoxatuli piris niSnebi da susti nebelobis mqone

inaqtiuri subieqti (68, 89).

tradiciul morfologiur klasifikaciaSi mocemuli terminebi

„aqtiuri“ da „pasiuri zmnebi“ semantikuradaa Sepirobebuli _ terminebi

„aqtiuri da pasiuri zmnebisa“ bundovania; qarTuli zmnis formaSi maT

ar moepovebaT stabiluri morfologiuri struqturebi.

kerZod: tradiciul klasifikaciaSi zmnis ZiriTad saklasifikacio

erTeulad miRebulia gvaris sami forma: aqtivi, pasivi da mediumi (medio-

aqtivi da medio-pasivi). qarTulSi arsebuli oradori morfologiuri

struqturis distribucia ki, Seusabamoa: am struqturaTagan erTi - R-eb-i

13

apriorulad gagebulia pasivis struqturad (arada, am zmnaTa

absoluturi umravlesoba aqtiuri moqmedebis gamomxatvelia, (mag., ix.

paradigma # 10a: elaparakeba, elaqlaqeba, elaciceba, emadliereba,

emarTleba, emasxreba, an kidev, uniSno, e.w. Tbeba tipi: xmeba, Sreba... -d

sufiqsiani tipiL wiTldeba, giJdeba...). xolo meore - R- Ø gvxdeba rogorc

aqtivSi, aseve e.w. `mediumSic~. am ukanaskenlSi kidev 2 qvejgufia

gamoyofili - `medioaqtivisa~ (struqtura R- Ø) da `mediopasivisa~

(struqtura - R-Aux.). `mediopasivSi~, isev da isev, mxolod semantikuri

TvalsazrisiT gamoiyofa kidev 2 qvejgufi – (1) mdgomareobis

gamomxatvel zmnaTa (romelTac ar ewarmoebaT uwyvetlis mwkrivis

formebi) da (2) grZnoba-aRqmis, yola-qonis, da kidev sxvadasxva

semantikuri niuansis mqone zmnaTa qvejgufebi, romelTa èrTgvarobis”

dajgufeba-daxarisxeba ar xerxdeba arc sintaqsuri konstruqciisa da

arc morfologiuri struqturis mixedviT. amgvarad, viziarebT

mosazrebas, romlis mixedviTac, tradiciuli klasifikacia

winaaRmdegobrivia. amis naTeli magaliTia miRebuli debuleba, rom

TiTqos R-eb-i struqtura mxolod „pasiur zmnaTaTvisaa~

damaxasiaTebeli; maSin, rodesac am struqturiT gamoixateba rogorc

avtoaqtiuri, ise aqtiuri da pasiuri Sinaarsic (es ukanaskneli mxolod

maSin, roca subieqti usuloa; mag., `Senoba aigo am kompaniis mier”, magram

aRsaniSnavia, rom aseTi konstruqciebi xelovnuria qarTulisTvis, rasac,

a. SaniZec aRniSnavs kidec zemoT dasaxelebul (125) SromaSi: `qarTuli

aqtiuri formebis enaa... cota, magram mainc arsebobs iseTi vnebiTi

zmnebi, romelTac saTanado (konversiuli, _ n.f.) moqmedebiTi ar

moepoveba~ (125, 375).

davasabuToT, rom R-eb-i struqtura mxolod „pasiur zmnaTaTvis~ araa

damaxasiaTebeli da aRvweroT misi yvela struqturuli da semantikuri

gamovlineba: R-eb-i struqturas ganekuTvnebian Semdegi zmnebi: 1. e.w.

ùniSno pasivebi~: v-Tb-eb-i (me), 2. e.w. `doniani pasivebi~: v-wiTl-d-eb-i

(me), 3. e.w. ìniani pasivebi~: v-i-mal-eb-i (me), 4.e.w. èniani pasivebi~: v-e-mal-

eb-i (me mas), 5. isev ìniani pasivebi~ oRond usulo subieqtiT: i-mal-eb-a

(CanTa viRacis mier); tradiciuli klasifikaciiT, yvela magaliTi

`vnebiTi gvarisaa~, anu pasivia. arada, pasivis Sinaarsi zmnas mxolod

14

ukanasknel magaliTSi aqvs: 5. i-mal-eb-a (wigni viRacis mier). pirveli

sami magaliTi (1. v-Tb-eb-i (me), 2. v-wiTl-d-eb-i (me), 3. v-i-mal-eb-i (me) -

erTpiriani avtoaqtivebia, anu avtoaqtiuri gvaris (TviTmoqmedi) zmnebia,

romelTa moqmedeba centriskenulia: moqmedebis agensi da paciensi erTi

da igive piria1, moqmedeba ar gadadis sxva pirze - xdeba misi

introvertizacia. Sdr., qarTuli „wuxs“ tipis formebi „awuxebs“ tipis

aqtivebs swored ukuqceviTobis TvalsazrisiT upirispirdeba. „wuxs“ -

ukuqceviTi : àwuxebs“ - ukuuqceviTi. uRlebis paradigmaSi daCndeba

ukuqcevis niSani i- prefiqsic (162, 79). gardamavlobis mixedviT am zmnebs

gardauvali zmnebi SeiZleba ewodos;

rac Seexeba meoTxe magaliTSi moyvanil zmnas (4). v-e-mal-eb-i (me mas)

(agreTve, ejaxeba manqana kedels, esevian mglebi cxvars da misT.) –

semantikuri TvalsazrisiT is aqtivia _ moqmedebis agensiTa da paciensiT:

orpiriania, obieqti brunvaucvleli aqvs, aqedan gamomdinare,

gardamavlobis mixedviT igi iribgardamavalia2, anu moqmedeba obieqtze

gardamavalia, oRond iribad; mag., ekveTa qori wiwilas... (67,34).

zemoT aRvniSneT, rom zmnis tradiciuli klasifikaciis

winaaRmdegobebi kargad Cans e.w. „pasiuri zmnebis“ magaliTze. qarTulSi

pasiuri semantika SeiZleba gamoixatos aRweriTi warmoebiT; mag.,

daxatuliyo/iqna da organuli warmoebiT –mier/-gan Tandebulian

konstruqciaSi: ìmaleba wigni bavSvis mier~ (R-i struqtura). aRweriTi

warmoeba sakuTriv pasivis struqturaa – am zmnaTa pasiuri semantika

sadavo arasdros gamxdara. rac Seexeba analizuri warmoebis R-eb-i

struqturis zmnebs, isini mxolod usulo subieqtis SemTxvevaSi iZenen

pasiur Sinaarss. amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom xSirad, gansakuTrebiT,

poetur metyvelebaSi, am struqturis usulo subieqtis SemTxvevaSic

SeiZleba gamoisaxos aqtiuri Sinaarsi: mag., `samSoblos casa bnelad

gaSlili mwuxris zewari gadaefara~ (WavW., 1860), an: èfineba foTlebi

mzis sxivebi dedamiwas~, sakmarisia imave zmnas SevuwyoT sulieri

subieqti, igi aqtiuri, xSirad ki introvertuli moqmedebis gamomxatveli

1 termin „avtoaqtivis“ Sesaxeb dawvr. 68,84. 2termin ìribgardamavalis~ Sesaxe b dawvr. ix. d. meliqiSvili, 68, 45, 85.

15

xdeba. Sdr., i-mal-eb-a (wigni) : v-i-mal-eb-i (me); mag.: igrixeba Toki

viRacis mier; Sdr.: igrixeba (manWeba, ipranWeba) bavSvi.

amgvarad, analizuri warmoebis pasiuri Sinaarsis yvela zmna R-i

struqturisaa, magram yvela R-i struqturis zmna ar aris pasivi (67,84).

zemoT, Cven dawvrilebiT ganvixileT klasifikaciis ZiriTadi

postulatebi, romlebic safuZvlad davudebT megruli zmnis uRlebadi

formebis axlebur klasifikacias. axleburs, imitom, rom megruli zmnis

Sesaxeb gamoqveynebuli Zveli da uaxlesi gamokvlevebi, rogorc wesi,

zemoT aRniSnuli tradiciuli klasifikaciis mixedviT aris

gaanalizebuli. tradiciuli klasifikacia met-naklebad evropuli

gramatikebisTvis Seqmnil `universalur” CarCozea morgebuli, rac xSir

SemTxvevaSi megruli zmnis Taviseburebebis srulfasovan aRweras uSlis

xels iseve, rogorc es gamoCnda qarTuli zmnis SemTxvevaSic.

aqve aRvniSnavT, rom kvlevis am etapze Tavmoyrili gvaqvs megrul

zmnaTa formebi gamoqveynebuli megruli teqstebisa da leqsikonebis

mixedviT (ioseb yifSiZis, „megruli enis gramatika teqstebiTa da

leqsikoniT“, 1914, p. Waraia, qarTul-megruli da megrul-qarTuli

SedarebiTi leqsikoni (masalebi iafeturi enebis mkvlevarTaTvis),

Sedgenili p.g. Waraias mier (manqanaze gadabeWdili), 1918, makar xubuas

megruli teqstebi, tf., 1937, qarTuli xalxuri sityviereba, 2, megruli

teqstebi (qarTuli TargmaniTurT), 1991, T. saxokias mier Cawerili

megruli andazebi da gamoTqmebi (ike, 28-e, Tb., 1989), kalistrate samuSias

`qarTuli zepirsityviereba, megruli nimuSebi~ (Tb., 1990), alio qobalias

`megruli leqsikoni~ da oTar qajaias megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni),

agreTve Cven mier Cawerili megruli teqstebi 2006/7 ww. s. qvemo qvalonSi.

Sesabamisad, winamdebare naSromSi mxolod megrul zmnaTa

klasificirebas SevecdebiT. megrulTan Zalze axlos mdgar lazur

zmnaTa morfosintaqsuri analizi Semdgomi kvlevis sakiTxad gvesaxeba.

veyrdnobiT ra mosazrebas, rom gramatikaSi gramatikul erTeulTa

klasificireba unda moxdes ara semantikuri, aramed oden gramatikuli –

morfologiurad da sintaqsurad markirebuli kategoriebiT (68,78).

amitom, megruli zmnis klasifikaciis safuZvlad aviReT morfologiurad

16

da sintaqsurad markirebuli kategoriebi. kerZod, zmnuri formebi

davalageT morfologiuri struqturisa da sintaqsuri konstruqciis

mixedviT, ris Sedegadac zmnebi Tavad dajgufdnen homogenurobis

principiT.

zmnaTa statistikuri kvleva aucileblad gasavleli pirveli etapia,

raTa miRebuli daskvnebi mxolod mecnieruli alRos mixedviT ar iqnas

gamotanili.

Cven mier arCeuli gzis marTebulobaSi gvarwmunebs d. meliqiSvilis

mier Catarebuli qarTuli zmnis morfosintaqsuri, formalur-funqciuri

kvlevis Sedegebi (66, 17-23; 67; 68) da b. jorbenaZis xelmZRvanelobiT

Sesrulebuli statistikuri kvlevis nimuSebi: `morfemaTa leqsikoni~ (16)

`qarTuli enis zmnuri fuZeebis leqsikoni~ (15), `qarTuli enis

saxelzmnuri fuZeebis leqsikoni~ (166).

Semdeg qveTavebSi warmovadgenT Cveni masalis SerCevis kriteriumebsa

da qarTuli zmnis morfosintaqsuri klasifikaciis mixedviT ganxilul

megruli zmnis struqturisa da konstruqciis statistikur analizs.

17

1.3. SerCevis reprezentaciuloba da kvlevis meTodebi

Tanamedrove enaTmecnieruli kvlevebi gulisxmobs masalis, anu

(statistikur mecnierebaTa terminologiiT) `populaciis”

relevanturobas. am tipis kvlevis Casatareblad mecnierTa mier ukve

dadgenilia masalis //`populaciis~ gansazRvris parametrebi (40,272).

mTavaria ar dairRves principi: SerCeva realurad unda warmoadgendes

sakvlev masalas/populacias. elementebis SerCeva ori zogadi principiT

xdeba: pirvel SemTxvevaSi - elementebi sistemis sakvlevi nawilis

Sesabamisi unda iyos. meore SemTxvevaSi ki SerCeuli elementebis

reprezentaciulobaa saWiro (40,1002), anu, masala unda iyos sakmarisi da

aucilebeli swori daskvnis gamotanisaTvis. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom swored

am tipis kvleva iqna Catarebuli qarTuli zmnis reprezentaciuli bazis

mixedviT (66:17-23).

Cveni samuSaos pirvel etapze, a. qobalias `megruli leqsikonidan~

da o. qajaias `megrul-qarTuli leqsikonidan~ amoviwereT megruli

zmnuri formebi. TavisTavad is faqti, rom leqsikonebSi, konkretulad ki

o. qajais leqsikonSi Sesulia am naSromis gamocemamde gamoqveynebuli

yvela megruli teqstidan amowerili saleqsikono statiebi, saSualebas

gvaZlevs Tamamad aRvniSnoT, rom Cven mier SerCeuli masala SerCevis

pirveli principis Sesabamisia, anu reprezentaciulia. sakmaod

Sromatevadi samuSaos miuxedavad, SerCevis meore principis - masalis

xelmisawvdomobis sakiTxic ar gamxdara CvenTvis problemuri. mesame

principis – Cveni masalis SerCevis moculobidan gamomdinare ki, ukve

Tavisuflad SegviZlia visaubroT SerCevis meoTxe principzec –

Sedegebis ganzogadebaze, rac gulisxmobs gansaxilveli masalis

aucilebeli da sakmarisi raodenobis Segrovebas daskvnebis

marTebulobisaTvis, romelic Semdeg ganzogaddeba bunebaSi arsebuli,

Cven mier aRwerili Tu aRuwereli yvela megruli zmnuri formisTvis.

masalis damuSavebis sawyis etapzeve gamoviyeneT kodirebis meTodi.

kerZod, TiToeul zmnur formas vaniWebdiT misi zmnuri struqturis

identur kods da vaTavsebdiT Sesabamis saqaRaldeSi. kodireba

18

monacemebis advilad samarTav erTeulebad daxarisxebaSi dagvexmara

`adreul etapzeve dawyebuli kodireba gamoricxavs analizis sisustes”

(40,1086).

kodirebis pirveli safexuris Semdgom, ukve, TavisTavad gamoikveTa

megruli zmnis struqturuli da konstruqciuli tendenciebi. da Cvenc

klasificirebis saSualeba mogveca: kodebi homogenur paradigmebad

davajgufeT da mivaniWeT rigiTi nomeri. am gziT Cven adreul etapzeve

(kerZod, anbanis mesame aso-bgera ganze dawyebuli zmnuri formebis

amowerisas) mivaRwieT Teoriul sisavses, anu, mdgomareobas, roca axali

zmnuri formebis damatebis miuxedavad axali (zmnis struqturebis

identuri) kodebis warmoqma aRar iyo saWiro. kvlevis meTodebis cnobili

specialistis ezis mixedviT, „gamudmebiT SeiZleba axali masalis

aRmoCena, Teoriuli sisavse maSin miiRweva, roca dasrulebuli kodireba

Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi Teoriis adekvaturia da avsebs mas “ (25,93).

induqciuri meTodiT kvleva amcirebs mikerZoebulobis risks.

statistikuri kvlevis meTodi Cveni naSromis ZiriTadi sayrdenia, radgan

raodenobriv monacemebi TvalsaCinoa da saSualebas aZlevs mkiTxvels,

Tavad gadaamowmos SemoTavazebuli Teoriis siswore. Sdr.:

“raodenobrivi monacemebis analizis perspeqtiva bevr damwyeb mkvlevars

aSinebs, romlebic ara marto Tavs arideben statistikaze fiqrs, aramed

fundamenturad ewinaaRmdegebian kidec imas, rasac isini „bunebis

maTematizacias“ uwodeben~ (171, 198-199,). `zogi Semogvedaveba, rom

ganaTlebis sferoSi cnebaTa didi nawili ricxobriv analizze ubralod

ar daiyvaneba. isini amtkiceben, rom statistika daxvewili procesisa da

daumuSavebeli cnebebis kombinaciaa. Cven arc erT am mosazrebas ar

vemxrobiT. raodenobrivi monacemebis analizi kvlevis mZlavri formaa,

romelic, nawilobriv, pozitivisturi tradiciidan momdinareobs~ (40,

1142).

kvlevisas, induqciuri midgomis wyalobiT, megruli zmnuri

struqturebis wyoba Tavad monacemebma Seqmnes – Tavadve dajgufdnen.

reprezentaciuli SerCevis, kodirebis meTodis, ZiriTadi struqturebis

identificirebiT da kodebis sisavsis adreul etapzeve miRweviT

arsebuli monacemebidan TavisTavad, Zaldatanebis gareSe Camoyalibda

19

megrul zmnaTa morfosintaqsuri klasifikacia. vixelmZRvaneleT

dafuZnebis Teoriis principiT3. prof. d. meliqiSvilis kvlevis Sedegebma

qarTuli zmnis sistemuri – statistikuri morfosintaqsuri analizis

sferoSi aCvena am Teoriis marTebuloba. Cveni kvlevac efuZneba masalis

statistikur analizs – induqciur meTods. Cveni mizani iyo:

• empiriuli masalis monacemebidan gamomdinare Teoriis Semowmeba da

ara – piriqiT;

• Teoriis Camoyalibeba monacemebis sistemuri Segrovebisa da

analizis Sedegad;

• im tendenciaTa dadgena romlebic imanenturad arseboben zmnur

formebSi da mxolod raodenobriv-statistikuri kvlevis Sedegad

gamovlindebian.

amgvarad, Cven mier mopovebuli masala, anu `populacia~, SerCevis

oTxive princips akmayofilebs. esenia: reprezentaciuloba,

xelmisawvdomoba, SerCevis moculoba da Sedegebis ganzogadeba.

megruli zmnaTa uRlebadi formebis induqciuri meTodiT kvlevam

kidev erTxel daadastura diaTezebis Teoriis meTodologiuri

marTebuloba da is winaswari varaudi, rom diaTeza warmoadgens

saerToqarTveluri zmnis ZiriTad, arqaul models, romelmac saxe

icvala megrul-WanurSi ergativis gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT: „es sistema

saerToa qarTveluri zmnuri SesityvebisaTvis, romelmac megrulsa da

lazurSi garkveuli cvlielebebi ganicada, rac metyvelebis

ekonomiurobisa da enobrivi movlenebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sistemuri

analogiis procesebiT aixsneba, rac erTgvarovania qarTvelur ena-

kiloebSi (68,94, 69,829).

3„dafuZnebis Teoria – (Grounded Theory) zogadi meTodologia Teoriis Camoyalibebisa, romelic efuZneba induqciur kvlevis meTpdodebiT sistemurad Segrovil da gaanalizebul monacemebs (39,4-15).

20

1.4. gvaris adgilisaTvis

zmnis morfosintaqsur klasifikaciaSi

rogorc SesavalSive aRvniSneT, megrul zmnaTa klasifikaciisას

veyrdnobiT saliteraturo enis zmnaTa morfosintaqsuri klasifikaciis

princips (67; 68). klasifikaciis farglebSi, gvari semantikuri kategoriaa.

Sesabamisad, igi gramatikuli klasifikaciis morfosintaqsur

kriteriumad ar gamodgeba.

gvari, rogorc semantikuri kategoria, gviCvenebs, Tu rogoria

mimarTeba gramatikulad moqmed pirsa da mis qmedebas Soris. qarTuli

zmnis statistikuri, morfosintaqsuri analizis safuZvelze SemuSavebul

diaTezaTa Teoriis farglebSi gvaris semantikuri TvalsazrisiT

klasifikacia aseTia: gamoiyofa (1)gvaris mimarT neitraluri zmnebi,

(2)avtoaqtiuri gvaris zmnebi, (3)aqtivebi da (4)pasivebi. ganvmartoT

TiToeuli maTgani:

gvaris mimarT neitraluria statikuri zmnebi, romelTac awmyoSi aqvT

R-i-var/xar/a, a-R-i-var/xar/a struqtura (mag., vwerivar, agdia…). isini meore

diaTezis statikur, usruli konstruqciis qvejgufSia ganTavsebuli.

yvela erTpiriani zmna, romelsac sulier (//personalur) agenss

Seicavs da es agensi amave dros paciensicaa, SinaarsiT

refleqsivia//avtoaqtivia.

gvaris mixedviT aqtivia zmna, romelsac samoqmedo pirdapiri an iribi

obieqti axlavs.

aqtiv-pasivs Soris formalur (gramatikul) opozicias pasivis

aRweriTi formebi qmnis: gakeTebul iqna, daweril iqna da a.S.

organuli warmoebis R-eb-i struqtura saerToa aqtiuri da pasiuri

zmnebisaTvis; am struqturis zmnaTa subieqti, ZiriTadad, usuloa da

`mier/-gan~ tipis konstruqciiTaa agebuli: Sendeba saxli am kompaniis

mier a.S.

laTinuri da berZnuli gramatikebis Targs mihyveba Zveli qarTuli

enis praqtikuli saxelmZRvaneloebic. Zalze sainteresoa gvaris

21

kategoriis klasifikacia Zvel qarTul gramatikebSi: zurab SanSovani:

`naTesavni oTxni: samoqmedo, savnebo, saSuali da ziari~ (127, 21); anton

kaTalikosi: `garemoni zmnaTani arian rva: 1. naTesavi: SemoqmedebiTi da

vnebiTi...~ (2,23); gaioz reqtori: `zmnebi, romelTac Tavs uziT m- (msurs,

meguleba, mwads…) da meoreSi – romelTac uzisT v-~ (122,67); ioane

qarTveliSvili: `SemoqmedebiTi, vnebiTi (xatSemoqmedebiTi da xatvnebiTi)

da saSuali (112, 59); ioane batoniSvili: `naTesavi zmnisa gÍaCvenebs

saxesa samsa: SemoqmedebiTi, vnebiTi da umeSveobiTi~ (31,146); s. dodaSvili:

`sazogadod zmnani ganiyofian: arsebiTad, moqmedebiTad, vnebiTad da

umeSveobiTad (xatmoqmedebiTi da xatvnebiTi)~ (24,20); platon ioseliani:

`naTesavisamebr zmnani iqmnebian SemoqmedebiTni, vnebiTSi da saSualoni

(saSualoni moqmedebiTni da vnebiTni). arian arsebiTnica zmnani,

romelnica simcirisa gamo maTisa ara Sevlen zogadsa ganyofasa Sina~

(32, 39-40); dimitri yifianTan Semodis dinamikisa da statikis cneba mis

`axal qarTul grammatikaSi: `zmna ra azrsac gamogviTqvams, rasac

gamogvixatavs, an rasac gagvagonebs, imis mixedviT iyofeba, rogorc amas

winaTaca vsTqviT, - or umTavres xmad: moqmedebiTad da mdgomareobiTad,

Sesabamisad igi gamoyofs or gvars: moqmedebiTsa da mdgomareobiTs~.

meore xmis zmnebSi (mdgomareobiTSi) iTvleba erTi calke mdgomare

zmnaca, romelsac ewodeba arsebiTi, `var“ (122, 69); petre kvicariZis

gramatikaSi gamoiyofa zmnis 4 gvari: (1)moqmedebiTni, romlisagan

gamomdinareoben (2)vnebiTi (ikrulvis, ikvlis) da TviTvnebiTni (veWmeinebi,

veCagvrinebi) da (3)umeSveobiTi//saSvalo//mdgomareobiTi (xatSemoqmedebiTi

da xatvnebiTi) da (4)mweobiTi//arsebiTi~ (36,111-113). sainteresoa, rom p.

kvicariZesTan saSual gvars `mdgomareobiTi~ ewodeba, romelic, Cveni

azriT, ufro zustad asaxavs maT statikur Sinaarss; silovan xundaZis

gramatikaSi ki aRniSnulia, rom vnebiTis yalibiT SeiZleba gamoixatos

aqtiuri moqmedebac, magaliTSi `Cemi Zma iwereba~ niSnavs `Cemi Zma karg

ambavs gvwers~ (158, 57; 1920 wlis gamocemaSi ki es SeniSvna amoRebulia.)...

d. kariWaSvili `TavianT Tvisebis mixedviT zmnebi zmnaxrilis

gansaxulebisa samis gvarisani arian: moqmedebiTni, vnebiTni da yofa-

mdgomareobiTni~ (35,52).

22

a. SaniZem moaxdina klasikur enaTa gramatikebze dayrdnobiT Seqmnil

da qarTul gramatikul literaturaSi gamoTqmul mosazrebaTa

sistematizacia da wlebis manZilze qarTuli enis praqtikuli

gramatikebi swored misi sqemis mixedviT igeboda da igeba; a. SaniZis

gramatikis mixedviT, zmnis ZiriTadi saklasifikacio erTeulia

`konversiaze dafuZnebuli gvaris morfologiuri kategoria~, Tumca,

rogorc zemoT ganvixileT, laparakobs – elaparakeba tipis zmnebma

kargad aCvena, rom konversia yovelTvis ar muSaobs da Sesabamisad,

aqtivis konversia yovelTvis ar gvaZlevs pasivs.

gvari rom semantikuri kategoriaa, kargad Cans b. jorbenaZis

naSromebSi; Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, is mainc gramatikul kategoriad

miiCnevda gvars. mas Semoaqvs `vnebiTTan SeuRlebuli mdgomareobisa da

aqtiurobis funqciebi~; kerZod: `i- prefiqsis Semcveli vnebiTis yalibis

mqone zmnaTaTvis pasiurobasTan erTad niSandoblivia mdgomareobisa da

aqtiurobis funqciebis gamoxatvac, amgvari funqciuri nairsaxeoba,

xSirad erTsa da imave formas axasiaTebs, rac funqciuri labilurobiT

ixsneba~ (162, 139); b. jorbenaZe `vnebiTis yalibs~ uwodebs R-eb-i

struqturis yvela zmnas, romelTac axasiaTebT `semantikuri

labiluroba, mniSvnelobaTa konteqsturi nairsaxeoba, roca erTsa da

imave formas SeuZlia gamoxatos vnebiTic, aqtiuri moqmedebac da

statusic (niSan-Tvisebac)~, am mosazrebis gasamyareblad moxmobili aqvs

Semdegi masagiliTebi: `spilenZis fuli iWreboda – vnebiTi, pasivi Sdr.:

gamomSrali puri axalgamomcxvar purze ufro advilad iWreba – statusi,

gamoixateba sagnis niSan-Tviseba Sdr.: mebrZoli razmi mtris banakSi

iWreba – aqtivi, moqmedebis semantika~ (162, 110-111)~.

amgvarad, erTi da imave zmnuri formiT gamoixateba pasivica da

aqtivic – moyvanil magaliTebSi kargad Cans, rom erTi da imave formiT

gadmoicema gansxvavebuli Sinaarsi. vnebiTi gvaris morfologiurad

dapirispirebuli formebi _ aRweriTi warmoeba meoreulia, gvian aris

Camoyalibebuli.

gvari ar aris mijaWvuli romelime morfologiur yalibs, rasac

cxadyofs b. jorbenaZis mier moyvanili magaliTebic (Tumca mis yvela

23

SromaSi gvari morfologiur kategoriad ganixileba): erTsa da imave

formas (mag., iWreba) SeuZlia gamoxatos statusic, pasivica da aqtivic

(162, 110);

gvari semantikuri kategoriaa diaTezebis sqemaSi: R-eb-i struqturiT

gadmoicema aqtivic, pasivica refleqsivic (avtoaqtivic). amaTgan, pasivi _

(mier/-gan) Tandebulis darTviT. R-eb-i struqturis zmnebis pasivis

yalibs qmnis Tandebuliani Sesityveba: R-eb-i_mier/-gan.

amgvarad, diaTezaTa morfosintaqsuri klasifikaciis farglebSi gvari

semantikuri kategoriaa: mniSneloba ara aqvs, romeli struqturisa iqneba

zmna: kankalebs (R-Ø struqtura), vTbebi (R-eb-i struqtura), wiTldeba (R-

eb-i struqtura), imaleba (sulieri egzekutori, R-eb-i struqtura) –

yvela avtoaqtiuri (refleqsivuri) gvaris formebia: agensi TviTmoqmedia,

mis mier Sesrulebuli moqmedeba introvertizebulia.

R-eb-i struqturis yvela erTpiriani forma, romlis subieqtic/agensic

usulo aqtantia, SeiZleba iyos semantikurad pasivi (mag., wigni ramdenime

weliwads iwereboda) an avtoaqtivi (mag., soflidan iwereba, oTaxi

yoveldRiurad Tbeba); Tavisuflad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom semantikur

doneze magaliTSi `wigni iwereboda~ zmna gvariT pasivia. sulieri

subieqtis SemTxvevaSi erTpiriani R-eb-i struqturis zmna yvela

SemTxvevaSi avtoaqtiuri Sinaarsisaa da Sesabamisad, gvariT avtoaqtivi

iqneba (imaleba, ikikneba, Tbeba).

aucileblad unda aRiniSnos isic, rom `xSirad, gansakuTrebiT,

poetur metyvelebaSi, am struqturis zmnaTa usulo subieqtis

SemTxvevaSic SeiZleba gamoisaxos aqtiuri Sinaarsi: mag., `samSoblos

casa bnelad gaSlili mwuxris zewari gadaefara~ (WavW., 1860)~ (68, 77).

analogiurad iqneba zanurSic (resp. megrulSi), radgan qarTveluri

zmnis morfologiuri struqtura da konstruqcia msgavsi paradigmis

mqonea yvela qarTvelur enobriv erTeulSi. Sdr.: mag., inefi tyasi

ityobuna ìsini tyeSi imalebian~ – avtoaqtivia, Sdr.: migamuafu(n) musika

pianistàSe ìkvreba musika pianistis mier~ – pasivia. sainteresoa, rom

megrulSi ìmaleba CanTa bavSvis mier/iCexeba tye... mier” tipis magaliTebi

Zalze xelovnuri da naklebproduqtiulia; Cveni dakvirvebiT, megrulad

24

mosaubres urCevnia, msgavsi Sinaarsi aqtivis formiT gadmosces, mag.,

nacvlad `ikvreba Conguri gogonas mier~ konstruqciisa - ZRabi

Congurcà meuganc `gogo Congurs daukravs~, Cexuns Tina Tis `Cexavs is

mas~, fuluns Tina Tis `malavs is mas~... qarTul saliteraturo enaSic

arabunebrivia `ikvreba mis mier~ tipis konstruqcia, rogorc a. SaniZe

aRniSnavda Tavis cnobil statiaSi, `qarTuli aqtiuri formebis enaa~

(125, 375)

sulieri/personaluri agensis mqone yvela or- da metaqtantiani forma,

ganurCevlad struqturisa (iqneba is R-Ø Tu R-ebi struqturisa),

semantikurad aqtivad kvalificirdeba; magaliTad,

brunvacvalebadobieqtiani aqtivia R-Ø struqturis zmna: fuluns koCi

faras “malavs” kaci fuls, Sdr.: brunvaucvlel obieqtiani aqtivia R-i

struqturis zmna: atyobuu(n) ZRabi didas - emaleba gogona dedas,

aCxiCxuu(n) Tina Tis – (saCxubrad) ejaxeba is mas.

avtoaqtivi, aqtivi da pasivi semantikuri kategoriebia, aqedan

gamomdinare, megrul (resp. qarTvelur) zmnaSi maT ar eZebnebaT

stabilurad Sesabamisi morfologiuri struqtura; gvaqvs SemTxvevebi,

rodesac erTi da igive morfologiuri struqturis zmna (vgulisxmobT

zmnis ZiriTad struqturas daboloebis mixedviT), SinaarsiT SeiZleba

avtoaqtivic iyos, aqtivic da pasivic. qvemoT moyvanil cxrilSi

naCvenebia R-th.s-u(n) struqturis zmna, romelic SeiZleba iyos aqtivic,

pasivica da avtoaqtiuri Sinaarsis mqonec (ix. cxrili #1.1 ):

25

cxrili #1.1.

struqtura: R-u(n) (dinamikuri: )

avtoaqtivi 1)sulieri

2) usulo

aqtivi

1) sulieri

2) usulo

pasivi (usulo)

1)tibu(n) Tina (Tbeba (is)) ityobuu(n) - imaleba 2) xomu(n) Tina (xmeba is)

1) aforuu(n) Tina Tis efareba is mas

2) atyobu(n) Tina Tis emaleba is mas

xelovnuria, Tumca mcire raodenobiT mainc arsebobs: *migamuafu(n) musika pianistàSe ìkvreba musika pianistis mier~ (Zalze xelovnuri konstruqciaa). CanTa iCualuafu(n) ZRabàSe `1. CanTa inaxeba gogonas mier; 2. orpiriani konstruqciis SemTxvevaSi iqneba: isini mas: CanTas umalaven gogonas~.

amasTan, ugamonaklisoa wesi: yvela analizuri warmoebis pasiuri

gvaris zmna R-u(n) struqturisaa, magram ara piriqiT: yvela megruli R-

u(n) struqturis zmna ar aris pasivi. radgan, megrul R-u(n) (iseve

rogorc saliteraturo qarTul R-i) struqturis zmnaTagan zogi

avtoaqtivia (moqmedeba introvertulia: WiTondu(n) `wiTldeba~, tibu(n)

`Tbeba~, ifulu(n) ìmaleba~), zogi pasivia (moqmedeba sruldeba viRacis

mier: ifuluu(n) fara koCiSe ìmaleba fuli kacis mier~) da zogic

aqtivi (moqmedeba pirdapir an iribad gadadis paciensze: atyobu(n) Tina

Tis èmaleba is mas~).

erTi morfologiuri struqturiT SeiZleba gamoixatos gvaris sami

gansxvavebuli semantikurad gansxvavebuli erTeuli: avtoaqtivi, aqtivi,

pasivi. konteqstis saSualebiT zustdeba konkretuli struqturis zmnaTa

semantikuri niuansebi. `SeiZleba paralelis gavleba kauzaciis

kategoriasTanac, sadac, aseve mxolod konteqsti warmoaCens, iZulebiT,

raRac mizeziT ganpirobebuli Tu `Cveulebrivi~ moqmedeba sruldeba

(mag., calke aRebuli àmuSavebs~ forma TavisTavad ar iZleva araviTari

daskvnis gakeTebis saSualebas (kauzaciis TvalsazrisiT), SesaZloa

glexi amuSavebdes miwas da an batoni amuSavebdes glexs...)~ (119, 637).

26

amgvarad, semantikuria kategoria, romelic konkretul konteqstzea

damokidebuli. amis naTeli magaliTia gvaris semantikuri kategoria

qarTulSi.

1.5. pirveli Tavis Sejameba

winamdebare naSromis mizania statistikur monacemebze dayrdnobiT

Seswavlil iqnas megruli zmnis struqtura da konstruqcia. Sesabamisad,

davamuSaveT megruli teqstebi (ioseb yifSiZis, „megruli enis gramatika

teqstebiTa da leqsikoniT“, 1914, p. Waraia, qarTul-megruli da megrul-

qarTuli SedarebiTi leqsikoni (masalebi iafeturi enebis

mkvlevarTaTvis), Sedgenili p.g. Waraias mier (manqanaze gadabeWdili), 1918,

makar xubuas megruli teqstebi, tf., 1937, qarTuli xalxuri sityviereba,

2, megruli teqstebi (qarTuli TargmaniTurT), 1991, T. saxokias mier

Cawerili megruli andazebi da gamoTqmebi (ike, 28-e, Tb., 1989),

kalistrate samuSias `qarTuli zepirsityviereba, megruli nimuSebi~ (Tb.,

1990), e. dadianis megruli teqstebi (22), alio qobalias `megruli

leqsikoni~ (2010) da oTar qajaias megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni (2001-2004);

aRvwereT megruli zmnis yvela SesaZlo morfologiuri struqtura

awmyos Temis mixedviT. davakvirdiT am zmnaTa konstruqcias seriebisa

da mwkrivebis mixedviT.

saanalizo erTeulTa damuSavebamde gaviTvaliswineT masalis SerCevis

sabaziso kriteriumebi: reprezentaciuloba, xelmisawvdomoba; SerCevis

moculoba da Sedegebis ganzogadeba.

megruli zmnis morfosintaqsuri klasifikacia movaxdineT zmnis

struqturasa da konstruqciaze dayrdnobiT da ara gvaris, rogorc

morfologiuri kategoriis mixedviT, radganac gvaris gamoyofis

safuZveli – konversia ar muSaobs qarTveluri polipersonaluri

zmnisaTvis. gamomdinare iqidan, rom aqtivis formaTa konversia, umetes

SemTxvevaSi, ar iZleva pasivis Sinaarss, Cven ar viziarebT gvaris

rogorc gramatikuli kategoriis tradiciul kvalifikacias.

27

morfosintaqsuri klasifikaciis farglebSi gvari mxolod semantikuri

kategoriaa da igi ar aris mijaWvuli romelime morfologiur

struqturas. metic, erT morfologiur struqturaSi dasaSvebia gvaris

semantikuri saopozicio erTeulebi: avtoaqtivi, aqtivi, pasivi. maTi

garCeva mxolod konteqstis saSualebiT aris SesaZlebeli.

Cven mier gaanalizebuli megruli magaliTebis mixedviT aforuu(n)

efareba, atyobuu(n) ZRabi didas `emaleba gogona dedas~ da msgavsi

uamravi sulieri subieqtis mqone zmna semantikurad aqtiuria, moqmedeba

uSualod gadadis irib obieqtze: aCxiCxuu(n) Tina Tis `(saCxubrad)

ejaxeba is mas~ - ar aris pasivi, piriqiT, aqtiuri moqmedebis

gamomxatvelia, oRond R-th.s.-u(n) struqturisa; amdenad, gveqmneba

STabeWdileba, rom gvari mxolod semantikuri kategoriaa, miT ufro, rom

erTsa da imave morfologiur yalibs SeuZlia gamoxatos aqtivic,

pasivica da sagnis niSan-Tviseba/statusic (mag., `spilenZis fuli

iWreboda – vnebiTi, pasivi Sdr.: gamomSrali puri axalgamomcxvar purze

ufro advilad iWreba – statusi, gamoixateba sagnis niSan-Tviseba da

Sdr.: mebrZoli razmi mtris banakSi iWreba – aqtivi, moqmedebis semantika~

(162, 110-111)~);

diaTezaSi erTiandeba morfologiur doneze – zmnuri formis

struqtura, sintaqsur doneze _ misi konstruqcia da semantikur doneze -

gvari; amgvarad, gvari diaTezis gvareobiTi klasifikaciis semantikuri

qvekategoriaa. Sesabamisad, gvaris semantikuri klasifikaciis adgili

morfologiur klasifikaciaSi ar aris.

28

II Tavi

megruli zmnis struqtura da konstruqcia

2.1. Sesavali

qarTul gramatikul literaturaSi megruli zmnis ZiriTad

saklasifikacio principad apriorulad gvari da gardamavloba moiazreba;

arn. Ciqobavas Wanuris gramatikul analizSi vkiTxulobT: „megrulSi sami

gvaria: moqmedebiTi, vnebiTi da saSuali. ...moqmedebiTi gvarisaa yvela

gardamavali zmna; vnebiTs gvars dadebiTi sawarmoebeli niSnebi gaaCnia;

saSuali gvarisa iqneba yvela gardauvali zmna aravnebiTi gvarisa“ (141,

12). rogorc cnobilia, qarTulSi arnold Ciqobavam `mediumis~ arseboba

saerTod uaryo da am terminis qveS nagulisxmevi zmnebi ugvaro statikur

zmnebSi gaaerTiana. axlaxans gamocemul `lazur-megrul gramatikaSi~

(119) vkiTxulobT: `Tu mainc calke gamosayofia e.w. saSuali gvaris

zmnaTa wyeba, mxolod imitom, rom isini qmnian iseT zmnaTa jgufs,

romelsac ugvaro zmnebi SeiZleba vuwodoT, vinaidan gvari ar

ganuviTardaT, da amas nawilobriv maTi semantika da mniSvnelovanwilad

statikuroba gansazRvravda~ (119, 595), iqve aRniSnulia: `zanur

dialeqtebSi gvaris kategoria mkafiod aris gamokveTili – moqmedebiTi

da vnebiTi (saSualo gvari aq TiTqmis ar Cans da logikuria fiqri imaze,

rom igi ugvaro zmnebSi unda ganvixiloT~ (119, 614).

Cveni samuSaos pirvel etapze, rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, teqstebidan

da leqsikonebidan amokrebili megruli zmnuri formebi da davaxarisxeT

morfologiuri struqturis mixedviT. aRmoCnda, rom megrul zmnas ori

ZiriTadi struqtura aqvs. Semdeg davakvirdiT megruli zmnis

konstruqcias: masalis analizis Sedegad, vinisa da manis rigis niSnebisa

da agensis brunvaTa mixedviT sul sami konstruqcia gamoiyo. Zalian

mwyobri da sistemuri aRmoCnda Cven mier gaanalizebuli megruli zmnuri

struqturebis distribucia Sesabamisi konstruqciebis mixedviT.

Semdeg TavebSi dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT megruli zmnis sam

konstruqciasa da maTTan mudmivad dakavSirebul piris markerebsa da

megrul zmnaTa struqturebs.

29

2.2. statika da dinamika

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, Zvel qarTul gramatikul azrovnebaSi

dimitri yifianma daayena sakiTxi zmnaTa or umTavres xmad – dinamikurad

da statikurad, misi terminebiT _ `moqmedebiTad da mdgomareobiTad~

dayofis Sesaxeb: `zmna ra azrsac gamogviTqvams, rasac gamogvixatavs, an

rasac gagvagonebs, imis mixedviT iyofeba, rogorc amas winaTaca vsTqviT,

- or umTavres xmad: moqmedebiTad da mdgomareobiTad~ (122, 69).

`dim. yifianiseuli klasifikacia qarTul gramatikebSi zmnaTa

ZiriTad saklasifikacio erTeulad statikurobisa da dinamikurobis

miCnevis pirveli cdaa, Tumca dim. yifianis `mdgomareobiTi~ ar faravs

statikurobis Tanamedrove gagebas~ (88, 5).

statikuri zmna gamoxatavs sagnis mdgomareobas (xu(n) `pirqve

wevs//dgas~) an sagnis moqmedebis mdgomareobas (aTàmudoxodu(n) `(qveS)

jdeba~, pirans `hyvavis~ Taq pirans Cqim mumal Cxoria `aq hyvavis Cemi

momavali sxivi~, qajaia,gv. 968).

dinamikuri zmna ki gamoxatavs moqmedebis process: WiTondu(n)

`wiTldeba~, uWiTondu(n) `uwiTldeba~, ididarebu(n)…`diddeba~.

a. SaniZis TvalsazrisiT, statikuri zmnebi vnebiTi gvaris qvesaxea

(126, 443, 463). arn. Ciqobavas azriT, statikuri zmnebi ufro farTo

cnebaa, vidre zmnis gvari (143, 106-112).

kavkasiur enaTa Tanamedrove mdgomareoba gviCvenebs, rom gvari jer

kidev ar aris formirebuli, rogorc gramatikuli kategoria; metic,

`mTis kavkasiur enebSi es procesi es-esaa iwyeba: moqmedebiTisa da

vnebiTis dapirispireba sistemuri saxiT arsada gvaqvs, rac Seexeba

statikursa da dinamikur zmnebs, maT mkveTrad ganasxvavebs iseTi

arqauli wyobis enac ki, rogoricaa afxazuri, romlisTvisac

moqmedebiTisa da vnebiTis garCeva ucxoa~ (143, 108). zmnaTa klasifikacia

dinamikurobasa da statikurobazea agebuli semantikur-gramatikuli

niSnebiT (rogoricaa mag., pirianoba da gardamavloba, zmniswini, fuZis

struqtura, mwkrivTa warmoeba, kauzativi, qceva...). gamomdinare aqedan, arn.

Ciqobava varaudobs, rom kavkasiur enaTaTvis statikuroba-dinamikurobis

30

kategoria ufro Zvelia, gvari ki – gviandeli: `statikuroba-

dinamikuroba, Seudarebliv ufro Zveli formaciis movlenebia, vinem

moqmedebiTi da vnebiTi gvari, amitom cneba statikuri zmna ar SeiZleba

davuqvemdebaroT cnebas `vnebiTi gvari~ (143, 08). qarTuli ena kavkasiur

enaTa iberiul-kavkasiur Stos miekuTvneba, amdenad, Cven viziarebT

mosazrebas, romlis Tanaxmadac, gvari meoreulia kavkasiuri enebisTvis

da upirveles yovlisa, zmnebi unda daiyos statikurebad da

dinamikurebad: statikur zmnas ar aqvs gvaris gageba, is gamoxatavs

mxolod mdgomareobas an mdgomareobis moqmedebas, dinamikuri zmna ki

SeiZleba iyos moqmedebiTi (aqtivi) an vnebiTi (pasivi) gvarisa. `iberiul-

kavkasiuri enebidan mxolod qarTvelur enebSia moqmedebiTisa da

vnebiTis Camoyalibebis procesSi arsebiTad damTavrebuli (Tumca gvarTa

gaudiferencireblobis kvali qarTvelur enebSi sabolood araa

gamqrali!)~ (143, 08).

moqmedebiTi da vnebiTi, rogorc zemoT davaskveniT, gvaris

semantikuri qvekategoriebia: avtoaqtiuri da moqmedebiTi gvaris zmna

(aqtivi) SeiZleba iyos rogorc R-Ø, ise R-eb-i struqturisa, vnebiTi

gvaris zmna (pasivi) ki mxolod R-eb-i struqturisa an aRweriTi

warmoebisa. statikur zmnebSi yvela zmna iqneba avtoaqtiuri gvarisa,

romelTagan zogi (1)sruli statikis gamomxatvelia, zogic ki

(2)SefardebiTi statikisa. (1)sruli statikis gamomxatveli zmnebi

grafikulad SeiZleba wertiliT gamoxaton (.) dgas, zis... (2)SefardebiTi

statikis zmnebi ki – wrewiriT (Ο): goravs, borgavs, kankalebs... (68, 28).

statikuri zmnebi uZvelesi qarTveluri (resp. kavkasiuri) zmnebia.

statikur zmnas ar gaaCnia drois gageba. dinamikur zmnaTa analogiiT ki

maT ganiviTares drois kategoria, oRond ara sistemurad (68, 27).

arsebobs mosazreba, romelic statikuroba-dinamikurobis

TvalsazrisiT ar ganasxvavebs ,,saSual-moqmedebiTebsa” da aqtivebs.

,,medoaqtiuri zmnebi, rogoricaa yefs, curavs, cekvavs, nadirobs,

sadilobs... upirispirdeba xatavs, swers, sTxovs ,.. zmnebs ara subieqtis

aqtivobis mixedviT, aramed pirdapiri obieqtis uqonlobiT. orive

dinamikuria da orive upirispirdeba iseT statikur zmnebs, rogoricaa

wevs, sweria (78, 67).

31

pirdapiri obieqtis uqonlobas l.nozaZe miiCnevs medioaqtiur zmnaTa

organul, istoriul Tvisebad. maT ,,garegani obieqti” arc arasdros

gaaCndaT, aramed Sinaganad Seicaven pirdapir obieqts. igi xazs usvams,

rom ,,imefa’’ tipis warmoeba ZiriTadad nasaxelar zmnebs axasiaTebs. igi

pirdapiri obieqtis uqonlobasa da zmnis fuZed saxelis gamoyenebis

faqts ukavSirebs erTmaneTs da aRniSnavs, rom es SemTxveviTi movlena

araa: ,,pirdapiri obieqti” ,,imefa, urqina’’ tipis zmnebisa unda iyos is,

rac am zmnaTa fuZeebSia warmodgenili, e.i. ,,pirdapiri obieqti” aRniSnul

zmnebTan ,,Sinagani obieqtis saxiT unda gvqondes. imefa, isera, inadira,

urqina, uwamla... zmnaTa ,,pirdapiri obieqtia”, Cveni azriT, mefe, seri,

nadiri, rqa, wamali... (78, 98-102)”

l. nozaZe SeniSnavs, rom `zogjer medioaqtiv zmnebs formaluri

realuri obieqtic aqvT rac meoreul movlenad miaCnia: ,,da iloca

locva~ iakob da Tqua: marxva~ imarxeT CemTvis...~ (78, 99).

aucileblad unda aRiniSnos Temis niSanTa Sesaxebac zanurSi:

megrul statikur da dinamikur zmnebSi, qarTulisgan gansxvavebiT,

nivelirebulia Temis niSnis qona-arqonis mixedviT opozicia. megrulSi

jer-jerobiT kidev gvaqvs uTemisniSno statikuri zmnebi, rogoricaa mag.,

oWe(n) `sWirs~, oZinu(n) `metia~, magram statikur zmnaTa umravlesobas

warmoadgenen TemisniSniani zmnebi; dinamikur zmnaTagan maTi erTaderTi

morfologiurad masxvavebeli niSani mwkrivnakli uRlebaa: ZiriTadad,

pirveli da meoTxe seriis mwkrivebi ewarmoebaT, xSir SemTxvevaSi,

arasrulad; aseTebia, mag., uxan-an-s `xanSi metobs~ (JarneCi wanaT mixanans

`ormoci wliT ufrosia (mmetobs), uCxirCx-an-s (mxolod awmyos

mwkrivebSi) `gafarCxuli uCans (TiTebi)~... megrulSi statikur zmnebs

igive Tematuri sufiqsebi daerTvis, rac dinamikur zmnebs, Tumca, aSkaraa,

dinamikur zmnebSi Tematuri sufiqsebi sul sxva funqciisaa, statikur

zmnebSi ki – sxva. msgavsi movlena SeniSnuli aqvs m. suxiSvils Zveli

qarTulis statikur zmnebSi: `statikur zmnebSi es nairgvari sufiqsebi

imave funqcias asruleben, rasac statikurobis Tavdapirvel niSnad

gaazrebuli –an formanti. amgvarad, statikur da dinamikur zmnaTa

masalobrivad identur sufiqsebs sxvadasxva funqcia akisriaT, e.i.

sistemaSi maTi Rirebuleba gansxvavebulia~ (88, 119).

32

qarTul samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom statikur da

dinamikur zmnaTa erT-erT ganmasxvavebel morfologiur markerad

swored Temis niSanTa qona-arqona ganixileba: statikuri zmnebi Temis

niSnebis darTviT gadinamikurdebian. morfologiurad markirebulia

saopozicio calTa uRlebac: uRlebis TvalsazrisiT statikuri zmnebi

mwkrivnaklia, dinamikuri zmnebi ki – ara (68,28-29). statikur zmnaTa

madinamikurebel elementad -d sufiqsic ganixileba samecniero

literaturaSi (gvaqvs statikur zmnaTa doniT gadinamikurebis

SemTxvevebic mag., Cans zmnis SemTxvevaSi... (88, 122).

zanurSi (resp. megrulSi), iseve rogorc sxva qarTvelur

qvesistemebSi, statikuri zmnebi mwkrivnaklia. statikuri zmnebi

formalurad bazaa dinamikuri struqturis zmnebis sawarmoeblad.

dinamikuri zmnebis analogiiT, kauzaciis wesiT, isinic nel-nela

dinamikur zmnaTa banakSi gadadian: ingars (tiris) - ongaruans (atirebs).

megrulSi didi sxvaobaa statikur da dinamikur zmnaTa uRlebis

paradigmebs Soris: statikur zmnebs, ZiriTadad, pirveli da meoTxe

seriis mwkrivebi ewarmoebaT, dinamikuri zmnebi ki, statikurebTan

SedarebiT, sruli paradigmis mqonea, Tumca, zanurSi mwrivTa

maqsimaluri raodenoba ar ewarmoeba yvela dinamikur zmnas: mwkrivTa

warmoebis TvalsazrisiT, paradigmis sisruliT, `megrulSi uWaruns,

uxantuns tipis zmnebi gamoirCeva: maT aqvT maqsimaluri raodenobis – 15

nakvTiani formobrivi paradigma: uWaruns –uWarundu – uWarundas –

uWarunduko – douWaruns – douWarundu – douWarundas – douWarunduko

– douWaru – douWaras – douWaruko – douWaru(n) – douWarudu –

douWarudas – douWaruduko(n) (119, 593).

sxvadasxva mkvlevari megrulSi mwkrivTa gansxvavebul raodenobas

asaxelebs. saliteraturo qarTulTan SedarebiT, megrulSi mwkrivTa

raodenoba metia; sxvaobas, umTavresad, -ko formantiani namyo

kavSirebiTis (e.w. `pirobiTis) da no- prefiqsiani (IV seriis) formebi

qmnis (21,17).

statikuri zmnebi iSviaTad dairTaven zmniswins da, Tu dairTaven,

mxolod mimarTulebis aRsaniSnavad, sivrceSi determinaciis funqciiT.

`am mxriv, Zveli qarTuli ufro SezRudulia, vinem axali qarTuli. Tavis

33

mxriv, es ukanaskneli didad CamorCeba megrulsa da Wanurs; aq preverbi

statikur zmnebs iseve uxvad daerTvis, rogorc afxazurSi; zmniswiniT

gamoxatuli sivrceSi determinaciis magaliTebia: xe `zis~, gexe `zis

rameze~, elaxe `gverdiT zis~, ekoxe `napirze zis~, miSaxe `raRacaSi

zis~, diSaxe `raRacis SigniT zis~, dinoxe `raRac siRrmeSi zis~, miToxe

`raRacis qveS (RruSi) zis~ da a.S... (143, 108).

amgvarad, qarTvelur qvesistemebSi, dinamikuri zmnebi absolutur

umravlesobas warmoadgenen.

34

2.3. megruli zmnis sintaqsuri konstruqcia

ganvixilavT megrul zmnaTa sintaqsuri konstruqcias, anu zmnaSi

monawile moqmedebis Camden da aRmqmel-ganmcdel aqtantTa brunvebs

pirvel, meore, mesame da meoTxe seriaSi. agensisa da paciensis brunvebs

detalurad aRvwerT naSromis Sesabamis qveTavSi, aq ki zmnis sintaqsur

konstruqcias, pirobiTad, mxolod agensis brunvebiT warmovadgenT.

magaliTad, Tu konkretul zmnaSi CarTuli subieqtis brunvebia pirvel

seriaSi saxelobiTi, meore seriaSi – moTxrobiTi, xolo mesame seriaSi –

micemiTi, pirobiTad, misi konstruqcia formulis saxiT ase daiwereba:

nom-erg-dat-nom.

megrul zmnas sul sami konstruqcia aqvs: (1) nom-erg-dat-nom, (2) nom-erg-

nom-nom da (3) dat-(dat)-dat-dat

zmnis struqturas dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT momdevno TavSi, aq ki

mokled aRvniSnavT, rom megruli zmna awmyos fuZis mixedviT SeiZleba

iyos an (1) R-[Th.s]-Ø, an (2)R-[Th.s]-u/e(n) struqturisa.

ugamonaklisod, rogorc wesi, (1) nom-erg-dat-nom sintaqsuri

konstruqciis zmnebi R-[Th.s]-Ø struqturisaa. (2)nom-erg-nom-nom

sintaqsuri konstruqciis zmnebi _ R-[Th.s]-u(n) struqturisa, xolo

(3)dat-(dat)-dat-dat konstruqciis zmnebs ki orive (narevi) struqtura aqvT,

radgan isini pirveli da meore konstruqciis zmnebis pirTa konversiiTa

da inversiiT arian miRebuli (magaliTebi ix. #2.1 cxrilSi). pirveli,

meore da mesame tipis konstruqciebisa da maTi Sesabamisi morfologiuri

struqturebis erTianoba qarTul gramatikul literaturaSi (67; 68)

diaTezis morfosintaqsur kategoriad aris kvalificirebuli.

Sesabamisad, TiToeuli sintaqsuri konstruqciisa da masTan

regularulad dakavSirebuli morfologiuri struqturis safuZvelze

megrulisTvisac gamoiyofa I (1), II (2) da III (3) diaTeza.

pirvel saklasifikacio erTeulad Cven aviReT zmnis sintaqsuri

konstruqcia, radgan megrul (resp. qarTvelur) zmnas aqvs sami, mkveTrad

dapirispirebuli konstruqcia, romelic safuZvelia sami diaTezis

gamoyofisa. es konstruqciebi mwyobrad Camoyalibebul opozicias qmnian

35

da erTmaneTis mimarT kontrastuli distribuciis damokidebulebaSi

arian.

konstruqciaTa opozicia diaTezebis mixedviT kargad Cans 2.1.

cxrilze (TiToeul sintaqsur konstruqcias regularulad ukavSirdeba

Semdegi morfologiuri struqturebi):

cxrili 2.1.

diaTeza S(აგენსის) სინტაქსური

konstruqcia

მორფოლოგიური

struqtura

magaliTi

I

nom - erg - dat- nom

I seria-II seria-III

seria- IV seria

vinis rigi:

R-[th.s.]-Ø

xant-un-s/doxantu/duuxantu/noxantue(n)

`xatavs-daxata-dauxatavs/ia/daxatavda

Turme~

II

nom - erg- nom- nom

I seria-II seria-III

seria- IV seria

vinis rigi:

R-[th.s.]-u/e4(n)

tib-u(n) /gotibu/gotibafele/notibue(n)

`Tbeba/gaTba/gamTbara/gaTbeboda Turme~

III

dat –(dat)- dat- dat

I seria-(II seria)-

III seria- IV seria

manis rigi:

R-[th.s.]-Ø

R-[th.s.]-u/e5 (n)

moxvalafuans/(qudჷ)moxvalafu

`maxvelebs-damaxvela~

uჸors/ - /qoჸorofebu(n)/noჸorofue(n)

`uyvars / hyvarebia /nayvareba”

moWyordu(n) / gumoWyordu –

gobWyoladu(n) – gonobWyoladue(n)

`maviwydeba/ – /damaviwyda/damviwyebia/

maviwydeboda Turme~

4 meore diaTezaSi Semodis vinis rigiT markirebuli i-R-e(n) struqturisa da nom-erg-nom-nom konstruqciis mqone potencialisis qvekategoriac. igi R-u(n) struqturis qvestruqturad gvaqvs ganxiluli II diaTezis Sesabamis paragrafebSi. 5 mesame diaTezaSi Semodis manis rigiT markirebuli a-R-e(n) struqturisa da dat-(dat)-dat-dat konstruqciis mqone potencialisis qvekategoriac. igi R-u(n) struqturis qvestruqturad gvaqvs ganxiluli mesame diaTezis Sesabamis paragrafebSi.

36

2.4. megruli zmnis morfologiuri struqtura

megruli zmnis struqturuli analizisas awmyos fuZis daboloebis

mixedviT gamoikveTa mwyobri binaruli sistema:

zmnaTa organuli formebi or gvareobiT struqturad iyofa: zmna

awmyos fuZis mixedviT SeiZleba iyos (1) R-[Th.s]-Ø, an (2) R-Th.s-u/e(n)

struqturisa. ukanaskneli struqtura (R-Th.s-u/e(n)) ori qvestruqturisgan

Sedgeba (ix. cxrili 2.2.)

cxrili 2.2.

(*iWarafe(n) forma m. Cuxuas mier aris SeniSnuli da gamoyofili megrulSic da

lazurSi.)

organuli warmoebis yvela zmnაs aqvs oradori ZiriTadi struqtura,

sadac, SemdgomSi gamoiyofa qvestruqturebi/klasebi zmnis Tematuri

niSnebis, xmovani prefiqsebisa da awmyoSive dadasturebuli zmniswinis

mixedviT (ix. cxrili 2.3.) R-[Th.s]-Ø da R-[Th.s.]-u/e(n). magaliTebi:

37

cxrili 2.3.

R-[Th.s]-Ø R-Th.s-u/e(n)

ibir-s („mRer(i)s“)

ivar-an-s („uarobs“)

irg-un-s („iglovs“)

xaCq-un-s („Toxnis“)

uTas-un-s („uTesavs“)

JarJalans (`kankalebs,

JrJolavs~)...

sqid-u(n) („Sreba“)

igor-af-u(n) („igineba“)

ia(n)Tas-eb-u(n) („aTasdeba“)

utib-u(n) („uTbeba“)

bizon-d-u(n) („sivdeba“)...

iWar-e(n) („SeiZleba daiweros“)...

R-[Th.s]-Ø struqturaSi awmyoSive dadasturebuli zmniswinis (romelic

cvlis zmnis Sinaarss), Temis niSnebisa da xmovani prefiqsebis mixedviT

gamovyofT qvestruqturebs. gansxvavebul xmovanprefiqsTa da Temis

niSanTa mixedviT Seqmnil yvela qvejgufs/klasebs saTiTaod ganvixilavT

naSromis Sesabamis qveTavebSi. R-[Th.s]-Ø ZiriTadi struqturis formulaSi

awmyos Temis niSani frCxilebSia Casmuli, radganac, qarTulis msgavsad,

zmnebis garkveul jgufs es formanti saerTod ar gaaCnia: bar-s

„uberavs“, a-kàmur-s „gadadis (rZe)“ (* akàmoårs)...

zemoTac aRvniSneT da 2.1. cxrilzec kargad Cans, rom nom-erg-dat-nom

konstruqciis zmnebs SeiZleba hqondeT mxolod R-[Th.s]-Ø struqtura. am

ori gramatikuli kategoriis erTianoba qmnis I diaTezas (qarTuli zmnis

morfosintaqsuri analizis mixedviT (67).

megruli zmnis meore konstruqciaa nom-erg-nom-nom am konstruqciis

zmnebis erTaderTi da ZiriTadi struqturaa R-[Th.s]-u/e(n).

R-[Th.s]-u/e(n) zmnaTa konstruqciasTan dakavSirebiT samecniero

literaturaSi vkiTxulobT: (megrulSi) `subieqtis brunva

saklasifikaciod ar gamodgeba, radgan cnobilia, rom megrul namyo

ZiriTadis (aoristis) formebSi subieqti nebismier zmnasTan moTxrobiT

brunvaSi (ergativSi) dgas (141, 105-106) da amaSi sxvaobas ver Seitans verc

zmnis gardamavloba da verc gvarebSi sxvaoba~ (119, 595). rogorc

cnobilia, konstruqciaTa ganmasxvevebeli funqcia mesame seriam itvirTa

megrulSi:

38

meore diaTezis, anu R-th.s.-u/e(n) struqturis yvela zmnis konstruqcia

pirvel, seriaSi nominatiuria, meore seriaSi – ergatiuli (da amiT

marTlac emTxveva pirveli diaTezis zmnebis konstruqcias), xolo, mesame

da meoTxe seriaSi isev - nominatiuri (nom-erg-nom-nom); magram

gansxvavebiT II diaTezis zmnaTagan, pirveli diaTezis zmnaTa

konstruqcia mesame seriaSi datiuria nom-erg-dat- nom (anu, subieqti mesame

seriis formebTan dgas micemiT brunvaSi). swored mesame seriiT ganirCeva

R-th.s.-Ø da R-th.s.-u/e(n) struqturis (anu, pirveli da meore diaTezis)

zmnaTa konstruqciebi.

amgvarad, megruli zmnis nom-erg-nom-nom konstruqciisa da misi

ZiriTadi R-[Th.s]-u/e(n) struqturis erTianoba qmnis II diaTezas (msgavsad

saliteraturo qarTulisa). vnaxoT II diaTezis zmnaTa konstruqciis

magaliTi:

Ι seria /nom.: aTe dixa iwyaru(n) ès miwa irwyveba~.

IΙ seria /erg.: aTe dixaq diwyaru ès miwa moirwya /sityvasityviT: am

miwam moirwyo~.

IIΙ seria /nom.: aTe dixa donayarele(n) ès miwa (nom) morwyula~.

IV seria/nom.: aTe dixa nowyarue(n) ès miwa *narwyava /irwyveboda

Turme~.

rogorc magaliTebidanac Cans, R-Th.s-u/e(n) struqturis zmnis

aoristis formaSi mosalodneli nominatiuri konstruqciis nacvlad

ergatiuli konstruqcia gvaqvs. amosavali viTareba megrul zmnaTa

konstruqciisTvis saliteraturo qarTulis msgavsi unda yofiliyo;

magram (saliteraturo enis normisgan Tavisufal) megrul metyvelebaSi

gafarToebulia ergativis gamoyenebis are; es gamowveuli unda iyos enis

ganviTarebis Sinagani kanonis – metyvelebis ekonomiisa da sistemis

unifikaciisadmi midrekilebiT: ergatiuli konstruqciis unificirebiT.

ioseb yifSiZe am movlenas megrulis gavlenas miawers, misi TqmiT,

qvemo imereTSi gvxvdeba iseTi sintaqsuri movlenebi (`kacma movida~

nacvlad konstruqciisa `kaci movida”), romelic ìverizmebad~

kvalificirdeba (123, 27). v. Tofuria ar iziarebs am mosazrebas: ì.

yifSiZis ganmarteba marTebuli maSin iqneboda, misi gavrcelebis

39

teritoria samegrelos mezoblad myofi kiloebiT rom gansazRvruliyo.

mas aRmosavlur kiloebSic uCenia Tavi, mag., mTis kiloSi, gomarul

TqmaSi. magaliTebi mTis kilodan, zemo mleTe: dasxdnen erTgana

falavnebma da sadili Wames~, wavida qalma da Sastira sizmaras~...

gomaruli Tqmidan: `mivida am biWma, sanTeli unda aanTos...~, `daiRala

biWma unda daiZinos~… yalamSiidan: `gamovidnen moaxleebma da naxes

diliTa~... kldeisidan: `wavida im biWma da miyvana is dedac~... oriode

magaliTi fereidnuli qarTuli enidan: Sirma dayabulda; wavida exla ki

kacma da erTi sabeli aiRo~... v. Tofurias ganmartebiT, am zmnaTa

ergatiul konstruqcias `xeli Seuwyo erTi mxriv iseTma sityvaTa

organizaciam, rogorica gvaqvs mTis kilosa da gomarul TqmaSi (rTuli

winadadebis meore, gardamaval zmnasTan siaxlove) da meores mxriT, TviT

maTma meryeviTma xasiaTma. gardauvali zmnebis meore saxes aseTi meryeoba

ar axasiaTebs... mosalodnelia, agreTve, aRmosavlur kiloebSi

gardauvali pirveli saxis zmnebi SeuerTdnen ise, rogorc es dasavlur

kiloebSi moxda, sadac maT is safexuri unda qondeT gavlili,

romelzedac dRes aRmosavlur kiloebSi gvevlineba, amitom miuRebelia

prof. i. yifSiZis ganmarteba megrulis gavleniT~ (29,303).

bunebrivia, aq dgeba icis/uwyis statikur zmnaTa konstruqciis

sakiTxic – isini awmyo drois gamomxatvelni arian, subieqti ki

moTxrobiT brunvaSi SeewyobaT. amasTan dakavSirebiT samecniero

literaturaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom istoriulad, es zmnebi meore

seriis kuTvnileba iyo: Zvel qarTulSi ΙΙ seriaSi 4 mwkrivi Sedioda:

wyvetili, ΙΙ kavSirebiTi, ΙΙ xolmeobiTi da ΙΙ brZanebiTi. aRniSnuli

zmnebi, swored, ΙΙ xolmeobiTis mwkrivisa iyo. subieqtisa da obieqtis

brunvebi, anu zmnis konstruqcia amitomac aris gansxvavebuli yvela sxva

zmnisgan. a. SaniZis SeniSvniT, maT awmyo drois gageba aqvT, formiT ki

warsul mravalgzis moqmedebas gamoxataven (124, 6).

sainteresoa rogor iqcevian igive (icis/uwyis) zmnebi zanurSi?

megrulSi isini m-s rigis prefiqsebiT arian markirebuli, konstruqcia ki

datiuri aqvT, es ki imas niSnavs, rom isini mesame diaTezis R-Ø

struqturis saTanado qvestruqturaSi moeqcevian maTive msgavsi datiuri

40

konstruqciisa da manis rigis piris niSnebiT markirebul grZnoba-aRqmis

mqone zmnebTan erTad. mag., miTinsdat vauCqu(n) `aravin icis~, Sqirensdat

giSagorua vauCqunia `SimSilma gamorCeva ar iciso~, ina ir kocdat uCqu(n)

`is yvelam icis~... megrulad mosaubris saliteraturo kodze

gadmorTvisas gvxvdeba am formaTa datiuri konstruqciiT gadmocemis

SemTxvevebi: mas icis da sxv. (29,301)

amgvarad, I diaTeza gamoiyofa megrul zmnaTa nom-erg-dat-nom

konstruqciis safuZvelze, romelTa ZiriTadi struqturaa: R-[Th.s]-Ø.

II diaTeza ki gamoiyofa megrul zmnaTa nom-erg-nom-nom konstruqciis

safuZvelze, romelTa ZiriTadi struqturaa R-Th.s-u/e(n).

axla ganvixiloT megrul (resp. qarTvelur) zmnaTa mesame - datiuri

konstruqcia. am konstruqciis zmnebs aqvT rogorc R-Ø, aseve R-u(n)

struqtura. datiuri konstruqciis mqone zmnebi awmyoSi struqturulad

emTxveva pirveli da meore diaTezis zmnur formebs. gansxvaveba awmyos

fuZis SemTxvevaSi dgindeba konteqstiT (akankalebs is mas - akankalebs

mas (uneblieT) da regularuli mwkrivnaklulobiT (ix. cxrili 2.4.).

cxrili 2.4.

zmnuri forma aqtantebi konstruqcia struqtura

I diaTeza mokankalafuans

Tina ma nom-erg-dat-nom R-Ø

III diaTeza mokankalafuans

Mma dat-(dat)-dat-dat R-Ø

rogorc wesi, mesame diaTezis formebs manis rigis afiqsebi moudiT

agensis piris niSnebad. am zmnaTa agensi susti nebelobisaa, moqmedebis

aRmqmel-ganmcdelia (mag., mi-m-o-Cionafuans „mimaxvelebs“, mi-m-o-qi-on-af-u-

an-s `mimamTqnarebs~, mu makoncertuaf(n) ma? „ra mekoncerteba me“). swored

imitom, rom mesame diaTeza pirveli da meore diaTezis struqturis

konversia-inversiiTaa miRebuli da formobrivad orive struqturis

zmnebs Seicavs, samecniero literaturaSi igi struqturulad narevi

struqturisa da datiuri konstruqciis diaTezad aris kvalificirebuli

(67,68).

41

mesame diaTezis zmnebi mwkrivnaklia. I da II diaTezebis msgavsad, aqac

ori qvejgufi gamoiyofa.

mesame diaTezis I qvejgufis konstruqcia pirveladia; es qvejgufi

statikuria – moicavs miჸors (miyvars) tipis zmnebs, romelTa

subieqtic/agensic moqmedebis aRmqmel-ganmcdelia, susti nebelobisaa da

zmnaSi manis rigis piris niSnebiT aris gamoxatuli (67,228).

mesame diaTezis II qvejgufis konstruqcia meoreulia:

1. ikargeba Sesabamisi sruli konstruqciis agensi piri: is me me,

Sesabamisad, micemiTSi dasmuli piri gaiazreba inaqtiur subieqtad;

2. nominatiuri konstruqcia icvleba datiuriT (nom dat);

3. aqve Semodis relatiuri potencialisebi, romelTac datiuri

konstruqcia da manis rigis piris niSnebiT markireba axasiaTebT.

amgvarad, mesame diaTezaSi Sedis oTxi tipis zmnebi, romelTagan

yvelas susti nebelobis subieqti, m-anis rigis piris niSnebiT markireba

da datiuri konstruqcia aerTianebs:

1. m-iyvars tipis statikuri zmnebi;

2. pirveli diaTezis inversiaqmnili, pirdakarguli formebi, `m-

akankalebs is me makankalebs me~;

3. meore diaTezis konversiuli formebi `m-ainteresebs is me m-

ainteresebs me~;

4. relatiuri potencialisebi.

samecniero literaturaSi, e.w. `inversiuli zmnebis~ konstruqciasTan

dakavSirebiT aRniSnulia, rom `sxva qarTveluri enebisgan gansxvavebiT

konstruqcia Sereulia, datiur-nominatiuria realuri subieqtis

gaTvaliswinebiT da nominatiur-ergatiuli realuri obieqtis

gaTvaliswinebiT~ (34,330). aqve moyvanilia qvemdebarisa da damatebis

brunvaTa seriuli ganawilebis sqema (ix. tabula #1):

42

tabula #1

tabulaSi, marjvena mxares, kargad Cans, rom e.w. ìnversiuli

zmnebisaTvis~6 mesame seriaSi e.w. `SR - realuri subieqtis~7 konstruqcia

megrulSi nominatiuria. arsebuli gamoqveynebul teqstebsa da cocxal

respondentebTan Cven mier gadamuSavebuli masalis mixedviT am tipis

zmnebSi micemiTSi mxoloddamxolod subieqti moiazreba. vfiqrobT,

mesame seriaSi, megrulSi e.w. ìnversiul” zmnebSi (da mTlianad, Cvens

mesame diaTezaSic) mxolod datiuri konstruqciaa dasaSvebi – moqmedebis

aRmqmel-ganmdeli aqtanti mudmivad micemiT brunvaSi dgas yvela seriaSi;

e.w. `Sereuli datiur-nominatiuri konstruqcia~ miyvars/menatreba tipis

e.w. ìnversiul zmnebTan~ SeuZlebelia.

amasTan, SeuZlebelia inversiulTaTvis gamoyofil grafebSi (rogorc

es miTiTebulia #1 tabulaSi _ SR da OR ) realur subieqtTanac da

realur obieqtTanac - erTdroulad, orivegan saxelobiTi brunva

gvqondes, msgavsi konstruqcia dauSvebelia qarTveluri enobrivi

qvesistemebisaTvis. e.w. realuri subieqti (Cveni kvalifikaciiT moqmedebis

aRmqmel-ganmcdeli micemiTbrunviani aqtanti) mudmivad micemiT brunvaSi

dgas, e.w. `realuri obieqti” ki pirvel, mesame da meoTxe seriebSi

saxelobiT brunvaSi dgas, meore seriaSi ki – moTxroboTSi (Sdr.,

saliteraturo qarTulSi e.w. `realuri obieqti” brunvaucvlelia,

mudmivad saxelobiTi brunvis niSniT aris warmodgenili); vnaxoT

magaliTebi: I seria: wyarinom pჸumenc (madat) `wyalinom mwyuria (medat)~, II

6 Cven maT mesame diaTezis statikur zmnebad ganvixilavT. 7 diaTezaTa morfosintaqsuri kategoriis farglebSi e.w. `realuri subieqti~ m-s rigis piris niSnebiT markirebuli susti nebelobis subieqtia: III diaTezaSi m- subieqtis gramatikuli markeria.

43

seria: wyarqerg mimaჸuminu (madat) goRa ser `wyalmaerg *momewyura (momwyurda)

guSin RamiT (medat)~, III seria: Cqim mumasdat wyarinom qàmoჸuminaf(u) `mamaCemsdat

wyalidat moswyurebia~.

amiT SegviZlia davasruloT megruli zmnis zogadi portreti -

ZiriTadi struqturebisa da konstruqciis sakiTxi. detalurad, TiToeul

diaTezas cal-calke ganvixilavT Sesabamis paragrafebSi.

Cven mier gaanalizebuli zmnuri bazis simravle TavisTavad dajgufda

ori ZiriTadi struqturis qvestruqturebad (zmniswinuri da xmovani

prefiqsebis, Tematuri niSnebisa da -d sufiqsis mixedviT); Sesabamisad,

Semdeg TavebSi gamovyofT qvestruqturebs xmovani prefiqsebis, awmyoSive

dadasturebuli zmniswinis, -d sufiqsisa da Tematuri niSnebis mixedviT.

aqve aRvniSnavT, rom xmovanprefiqsebsa da -d sufiqss Cven fuZis

aplikatorebad, amgebad/maSeneblebad ganvixilavT. maT ver mivakuTvnebT

mxolod qcevis, an e.w. „doniani pasivis“ semantikur kategoriebs. Cven

viziarebT mosazrebas, romlis mixedviTac „i-, e-, u- xmovanprefiqsebi

qarTul zmnaSi pirTa korelaciis morfologiuri niSnebia, romelTac

sxvadasxva konteqstSi pirTa Soris mimarTebis sxvadasxva Sinaarsobrivi

niuansi SeuZliaT gamoxaton: versia, destinacia-posesiuroba,

lokalizacia...“ (68,130-134), xolo -d sufiqsis ZiriTadi funqciebia

gardaqceviTobaze, saxelidan zmnad qcevaze miTiTeba da aqtantis

gaaqtiurebis aRniSvna; mag., Ce ren do WiTon-d-u(n) `TeTria da wiTldeba~.

Sdr., „-d sufiqsi zmnis madinamikurebeli, maintesivebeli elementia,

romelic istoriulad SeiZleba „uwyvetlis“ mwkrivisa da mravlobiTi

ricxvis -en/-ed sufiqsebsac davukavSiroT (68, 66).

erTi diaTezis farglebSi zmnaTa uRlebis paradigmebi analogiuria,

amitom, diaTezis SigniT adgili ara aqvs uRlebis paradigmis arsobriv

cvlilebebs. mag., morfemaTa sazRvarze mimdinareobs garkveuli

procesebi, rogoricaa mag., awmyos struqturaSive darTuli

zmniswiniseuli xmovnisa da xmovani prefiqsis kontaminacia da sxv. . aseT

SemTxvevaSi vikvlevT mimdinare fonetikur process da aRvadgenT

pirvandel savaraudo formas, ris Sedegadac, miRebuli

transformirebuli jgufi Sesabamisi xmovanprefiqsiani paradigmis

44

qvejgufad gamoiyofa. bunebrivia, amgvari procesebi Cven mier gamoyofili

gvareobrivi struqturis gareT ar gadis. asevea Temis niSanTa

SemTxvevaSi: cnobilia, rom megrulSi, iseve rogorc saliteraturo

qarTulis dialeqtebSi, xdeba Temis niSanTa unifikacia. mag., nebismieri

SerCevis wesiT Tu aviRebT ramdenime megrul -an (an sxva) TemisniSnian

zmnas, vnaxavT, rom saliteraturo qarTulis Sesabamis formebSi

sxvadasxva Temis niSani daCndeba (ix. cxrili 2.5):

cxrili 2.5.

megruli

(R-an-Ø)

saliteraturo qarTuli

(R-ob-Ø, R-eb-Ø, R-i-Ø)

i-budur-an-s

i-zaf/rxul-an-s//(izarxul-en-s))

i-cqv-an-s

i-Zic-an-s

: bud-ob-s

: i-zafxul-eb-s

: i-q-eb-s

: i-cin-i-s

Temis niSanTa mixedviT Seqmnili qvestruqturebic Cven mier

gamoyofil or ZiriTad, gvareobiT struqturaSi nawildeba

(magaliTisTvis, ix. cxrili 2.6):

cxrili 2.6.

R-[Th.s]-Ø R-Th.s-u/e(n)

ibir-s („mReris“)

ivar-an-s („uarobs“)

irg-un-s („iglovs“)

xaCq-un-s („Toxnis“)

uTas-un-s („uTesavs“)

kankal-an-s („kankalebs“)...

igor-af-u(n) („igineba“)

sqidu(n) („rCeba“)

ia(n)Tas-eb-u(n) („aTasdeba“)

utib-u(n) („uTbeba“)

bizondu(n) („sivdeba“)...

ibaჸe(n) („SeiZleba

(ga)niaveba“)...

am tipis procesebi Cven mier gamoyofili ori ZiriTadi

morfologiuri struqturis SigniT xorcieldeba da ar iwvevs mis

destruqturizacias.

45

2.5. meore Tavis Sejameba

sakmaod vrceli masalis gaanalizebam aCvena, rom megrul zmnas aqvs

ori ZiriTadi struqtura da sami konstruqcia: (1) nom-erg-dat-nom, (2) nom-

erg-nom-nom da (3) dat-(dat)-dat-dat.

(1) nom-erg-dat-nom sintaqsuri konstruqciis zmnebi R-[Th.s]-Ø

struqturisaa. isini, I-II seriaSi regularulad, vinis rigis piris

niSnebiTaa markirebuli (aq, ra Tqma unda, gvxvdeba manis rigis piris

niSnebi III (inversiul) seriasa obieqtur wyobaSi); amis safuZvelze

gamovyofT pirvel diaTezas.

(2) nom-erg-nom-nom sintaqsuri konstruqciis zmnebi, rogorc wesi, R-

[Th.s]-u(n) struqturisaa, isini, yovelTvis, vinis rigis piris niSnebiTaa

markirebuli (aqac gvaqvs manis rigis piris niSnebi mesame seriasa da

obieqtur wyobaSi); amis safuZvelze gamovyofT meore diaTezas.

(3) dat-(dat)-dat-dat konstruqciaSi orive struqturis zmnebi Sedis R-

[Th.s]-Ø da R-[Th.s]-u(n). es zmnebi, regularulad, manis rigis piris

niSnebiTaa markirebuli. amitom, arasdros moxdeba mesame diaTezis

zmnuri formebis aRreva sxva diaTezebis formebTan. megrulisTvis orive

struqturis zmnaTa datiuri konstruqciisa da manis rigis piris

niSnebiT markirebis safuZvelze gamovyofT mesame diaTezas. megruli

zmnis mesame diaTezaSi erTiandeba (1) statikuri zmnebi pirveladi,

Zireuli struqturisa: bჸumens (mwyuria), miჸors (miyvars) tipis afeqturi

zmnebi da (2)manis rigis niSnebiT markirebuli relatiuri

potencialisebi, agreTve R-[Th.s.]-Ø da R-th.s.-u/e(n) struqturis

statikuri zmnebi, romlebic I da II diaTezis zmnebisgan Semdegi niSnebiT

gansxvavdebian:

1. moqmedebis agenss piris niSnebad m-anis rigis afiqsebi moudis;

2. ZiriTadad, awmyos wrisa da meoTxe seriis formebi ewarmoeba;

3. moqmedebis agensi (inaqtiuri subieqti), rogorc wesi, I da II

diaTezis zmnaTa konversiis Sedegadaa miRebuli. kauzaciuri formis

agensi ikargeba, xolo egzekutori gaiazreba inaqtiur subieqtad:

mag.,

46

sampiriani orpiriani:

o-nart-u-an-s Tina Tis Tis ànatrebs is mas mas~ (I diaTeza)

onartu(n) Tis Tina ènatreba mas is~ (III diaTeza)

orpiriani erTpiriani:

oZicinuans Tina Tis aZicinuafu(n) Tis àcinebs is mas ecineba

mas~ (I diaTeza) (III diaTeza)

47

III Tavi. I diaTeza konstruqcia: nom-erg-dat-nom

3.1. Sesavali

winamdebare TavSi ganvixilavT nom-erg-dat-nom konstruqciis zmnebs,

romelTac megrulSi aqvT erTaderTi R-Ø morfologiuri struqtura.

xmovani prefiqsebisa da Tematuri niSnebis darTvisas ZiriTad R-Ø

struqturaSi gamoiyofa qvestruqturebi. am qvestruqturebs uRlebis

erTi, ZiriTadi paradigma aerTianebs.

rogorc wina TavSi aRvniSneT, megrul (resp. qarTvelur) zmnaSi

CarTuli aqtantebis brunvaTa mixedviT gvaqvs sul sami konstruqcia.

TiToeuli konstruqciis saxelwodebad, pirobiTad, viRebT agensuri

aqtantis (subieqtis) brunvas seriebis mixedviT (mag., romelime War-uns

`wers~ tipis zmnisTvis nom-erg-dat-nom), romelic saerToa erTi jgufis

Sesuli yvela zmnisaTvis.

qarTveluri enobrivi samyarosTvis ase damaxasiaTebel - qvemdebareze

aranaklebi sintaqsuri Zalis mqone damateba-obieqtebis brunvaTa

konstruqciebis (ZiriTad sauRlebel mwkrivebSi) mixedviT ki TiToeul

diaTezaSi gamoiyofa ori qvejgufi: erTpiriani da relatiuri

brunvaucvlel-obieqtiani zmnebi pirvel qvejgufSi moeqcevian, xolo

relatiuri brunvacvalebad obieqtiani zmnebi - meore qvejgufSi.

srulyofili suraTis Sesaqmnelad warmovadgenT megruli zmnis

subieqtis/agensisa da obieqtebis konstruqciaTa srul cxrils samive

diaTezisaTvis (cxrili 3.1).

48

cxrili 3.1

agensisa da obieqtebis brunvaTa cxrili

diaTez

a

konstruqcia zmnis

morfolog.

struqtura

magaliTi

qvemdebar.

agensis

brunvebi

brunvaucvle

li damateba-

obieqtis

brunvebi

brunvacvale

badi

damateba-

obieqtis

brunvebi

I

nom-erg-dat-

nom R-[Th.s.]-Ø ukarkatans

Tina Tis Tis

uxvevs is mas

mas

nom - I seria

erg -II seria

dat -III seria

nom - IV seria

dat -I seria

dat -II seria

III seria >>

>>Tandebul

iani

damateba

dat -IV seria

dat- I seria

nom- II seria

nom-III seria

dat -I seria

II

nom-erg-nom-

nom

R-th.s.-u/e(n) aCxiCxuu(n) Tina Tis – (saCxubrad) ejaxeba is mas) qaaCxiCxvu Tiq Tis Seejaxa man mas qàCxiCxvafu Tina Tis (Sejaxebia is mas)

nom - I seria

erg - II seria

nom-III seria

nom - IV seria

dat -I seria

dat -II seria

dat -III seria

dat -I seria

-

-

-

-

III

dat-(dat)-dat -

dat R-[Th.s.]-Ø

R-th.s.-u/e(n)

meonjRorebu(n)

ma urCqinoba

(mcxvenia me

ucodinroba)

meonjRoru(n)

ma urCqinobaq//

urCqinoba

(Semrcxva me

ucodinrobam//

ucodinroba)...

ონარტუ(n)

(ენატრება)

თის თინა…

inaqtiuri

subieqtis

brunvebi

(I da II

diaTezis

zmnaTa

konversiuli//i

nversiuli

formaTa

konstruqcia):

dat - I seria

(dat-II seria)

dat-III seria

dat-IV seria

nom-I seria

(erg–IIseria)

nom-III seria

nom-IV seria

-

-

-

-

49

3.2. I diaTezis ori qvejgufi – (3.2.1.) statikuri - usruli da

(3.2.2.) dinamikuri - sruli konstruqciebi

sauRlebel mwkrivTa sami seriis mixedviT I diaTezis zmnaTa agensis

konstruqciaa nom-erg-dat-nom (anu, moqmedebis agensi brunvacvalebadia

yvela seriaSi). damateba-obieqtis brunvacvalebadobis mixedviT ki

gamovyofT pirveli diaTezis or qvejgufs:

pirvel qvejgufSi gaerTianebulia absoluturi agebulebisa da

orpiriani brunvaucvlelobieqtiani zmnebi (mag., funs `duRs is~ da

uZicans „ucinis is mas“).

meore qvejgufSi Sesulia brunvacvalebadobieqtiani zmnebi (mag., ibirs

Tinanom Tisdat „*mRers is mas“, ibiru Tiqerg Tinanom `imRera manerg isnom~,

ukarkatans Tina Tis Tis „uxvevs is mas mas“). qvemoT warmodgenil

pirveli diaTezis zmnaTa cxrilSi (ix., cxrili 3.2) kargad Cans, rom

orive qvejgufs aqvs saerTo struqtura (R-Ø) da saerTo konstruqcia

(nom-erg-dat-nom).

cxrili 3.2

I diaTeza

konstruqcia: nom-erg-dat

struqtura: R-Ø

1. erTpiriani (gvari:

refleqsivi//avtoaqtivi) da

2. brunvaucvlelobieqtiani

(gvari: aqtivi)

1. brunvacvalebadobieqtiani

(gvari: aqtivi)

pirveli diaTezis erTpiriani, brunvaucvlelobieqtian da

brunvacvalebadobieqtian zmnebs aerTianebs agensis sintaqsuri

konstruqcia (nom-erg-dat-nom) da erTi (R-Ø) morfologiuri struqtura.

pirveli diaTezis qvejgufebis ganmasxvavebeli niSani da gamoyofis

safuZveli brunvacvalebadi (e.w. `pirdapiri~) obieqtis qona-arqonaa

(meliqiSvili, 2008:124); brunvaucvleli (e.w. `iribi~) obieqtisgan

50

gansxvavebiT, brunvacvalebadi (e.w. `pirdapiri~) obieqti iwvevs zmnis

konstruqciis cvlilebas. vnaxoT am zmnaTa konstruqciis magaliTebi:

erTpiriani:

funs Tina `duRs is: nom.”

fu Tiq ìduRa man: erg.”

ufuu(n) Tis ùduRia mas: da.t~

nofunue(n) Tina `duRda xolme nom.~

brunvaucvlelobieqtiani:

uZicans Tina Tis ùcinis is mas~ nom-dat

uZicu Tiq Tis `gaucina man mas~ erg-dat

uZicinu(n) Tis (TiSoTà) `gaucinia mas (misTvis)~ dat

noZicinue(n) Tina Tis `gaucinebda xolme is mas~: nom-dat

brunvacvalebadobieqtiani:

ibirs Tina Tis `mReris is mas~ nom-da.t

ibiru Tiq Tina ìmRera man is~ erg-nom.

biru(n) Tis Tina ùmReria mas is~ dat-nom.

nobierue(n) Tis Tina ìmRerebda xolme is mas~ nom.-dat.

ukarkatans Tina Tis Tis ùxvevs is-mas-mas~ nom-dat-dat

duukarkatu Tiq Tis Tina `Seuxvia man mas is~ erg-dat-nom

duukarkatuu(n) Tis Tina TiSoT `Seuxvevia mas is (misTvis//misda): dat-nom.

nokarkatue(n) Tina Tis Tis `Seuxvevda xolme is mas mas~ nom.-dat-dat

pirveli diaTezis erTpiriani da oden brunvaucvlelobieqtian zmnaTa

formebis konstruqcia usrulia, radgan maT, gansxvavebiT meore

qvejgufis zmnebisagan, ara aqvT samoqmedo brunvacvalebadi obieqti;

pirveli diaTezis brunvacvalebadobieqtiani qvejgufis zmnaTa

konstruqcia ki srulia, radgan maT aqvT samoqmedo brunvacvalebadi

obieqti/damateba.

erTpiriani konstruqciis SemTxvevaSi zmna sakuTar TavSi Seicavs

samoqmedo (brunvacvalebad) obieqts (ukuqceviTia, refleqsivia) da,

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, erTpiriani konstruqciis moqmedebis agensi,

amave dros, paciensicaa. gvaris TvalsazrisiT, refleqsivia//avtoaqtivia.

Sesabamisad, ar aqvs sruli konstruqcia. mag., wuxens Tina „wuxs is“.

magram maT, potenciurad SeiZleba gauCndeT brunvacvalebadi (e.w.

`pirdapiri~) obieqti, mag., wuxens Tina ufarobasdat wuxs is ufulobas.

51

brunvaucvlelobieqtiani konstruqciis SemTxvevaSi moqmedeba gadis

zmnis ukuqcevis wridan da gadadis brunvaucvlel obieqtze, oRond es

obieqti ìribia~, ar aris `pirdapiri~ - brunvacvalebadi obieqti,

Sesabamisad, brunvaucvlelobieqtiani zmnebic usruli konstruqciisaa;

mag., ubirs dida CqჷCqჷs „umRers deda Cvils~ – ubiru didaq CqჷCqჷs

„umRera dedam Cvils~ – ubiru(n) didas CqჷCqჷSa ùmReria dedas

CvilisTvis“. maTi usruli konstruqcia ki, konteqstidan gamomdinare,

SeiZleba srulad gardaiqmnas: brunvaucvlelobieqtiani konstruqciis

zmnebs potenciurad SeuZliaT gaiCinon brunvacvalebadi (e.w. `piradpiri~)

obieqti; mag., mag., ubirs dida CqჷCqჷsdat bedineras8dat. – ubiru didaq

CqჷCqჷsdat. bedineranom „umReris deda Cvils `bedineras9~ – umRera dedam

Cvils `bedinera“.

brunvacvalebadobieqtiani (e.w. `pirdapirobieqtiani _ telikuri~)

konstruqciis zmnebi sruli konstruqciis zmnebad iwodeba, Sesabamisad,

(e.w. atelikuri) zmnebi, romelTac ar aqvT brunvacvalebadi obieqti –

usruli konstruqciisad (68, 94). mag., ogans Wkadu kidas dat. – ogu Wkaduq

kidanom „agebs mWedeli kedels – aago mWedelma kedeli~; igive

konstruqcia eqneba yvela brunvacvalebadobieqtia zmnas (69, 833), mag.,

awuxens (romelsac saliteraturo enis faqtad aris miCneuli (m. Cuxua):

awuxens àwuxebs“; mag., muSi anbeeSi goSinaqჷ kini Seawuxu `misi ambis

gaxsenebam isev Seawuxa~, (qajaia o., 2001, a. cag., gv.24); agreTve: mi-o-Sqv-an-

s – mi-o-Sqv-u `miagzavnis – miagzavna~... amgvarad, SeiZleba gamovyoT

ùsruli ~ da `sruli~ konstruqciis qvejgufebi I diaTezis cxr.: #3.3.

cxrili #3.3

I diaTeza

konstruqcia: nom-erg-dat-nom

struqtura: R-Ø

1. erTpiriani, 2. oden brunvaucvlel

obieqtiani konstruqcia: usruli

brunvacvalebadobieqtiani

konstruqcia: sruli

8megruli simReris saxelwodeba.

52

3.2.1. I diaTezis usruli konstruqcia

ZiriTadi struqtura R-Ø, konstruqcia: nom-erg-dat-nom

gvari: avtoaqtivi

ganvixiloT Ι diaTezis usruli konstruqciis zmnaTa qvestruqturebi,

romelTa (iseve rogorc amave diaTezis sruli konstruqciis zmnaTa)

agensis ZiriTadi konstruqciaa nom-erg-dat-nom xolo, ZiriTadi

struqturaa R-[Th.s]-Ø.

Ι diaTezis usruli konstruqciis I qvejgufSi R-Ø struqturis

erTpiriani da oden brunvaucvlelobieqtiani zmnebi erTiandeba.

am qvejgufis erTpirian zmnaTa agensi moqmedia, oRond ar gaaCnia

samoqmedo obieqti. isini brunvacvalebad (e.w. `pirdapir~) obieqts

sakuTar TavSi Seicaven - moqmedeba ukuqceviTia (introvertizebulia).

amas amtkicebs awmyos an myofad-wyvetilis mwkrivis formebSi

gamovlenili i- prefiqsi, romelic erTpirian zmnebSi „refleqsivis

aRmniSvneli organuli prefiqsia. xolo igive prefiqsi aqtivis srul

konstruqciaSi sasubieqto versiis Sinaarsis matarebelia” (67,85).

Semdeg qveTavSi mokled mimovixilavT qarTul samecniero

literaturaSi gamoTqmul mosazrebebs i- prefiqsis Sesaxeb.

3.2.1.a. i- prefiqsis kvalifikacia

qarTul saenaTmecniero literaturaSi

i- prefiqss refleqsivis, introvertizebuli moqmedebis morfologiuri

markeria (67,85). Sdr.: `i- TavsarTi megrul zmnur refleqsivebSi

analogiuri Rirebulebisaa~ (162, 108). mag., iZicans „icinis“ (Sdr.,

svanurSi: i-cEnPl „icinis“ (153, 8).

samecniero literaturaSi i- prefiqsis ZiriTad funqciad miCneulia

ukuqceviTobis gramatikuli kategoriis gamoxatva (58,136-137; 81, 209; 162,107;

67,84-85; 104, 115).

53

i- prefiqsis warmomavlobas mniSvbelovani gamokvleva miuZRvna l.

nozaZem; man dawvrilebiT gamoikvlia, Tu ra mimarTeba arsebobs

istoriulad awmyoSi uprefiqso da myofad-wyvetilis jgufebSi i-

prefiqsian tipTa warmoebas Soris; agreTve, ra warmoSobisaa i- prefiqsi

e.w. `medioaqtiur~, l. nozaZis gagebiT ki dinamikur, aqtiur, pirdapiri

obieqtis ar mqone zmnebSi, rogoricaa, pirobiTad, saanalizo formebs l.

nozaZe mefobs – imefa tipis formebs uwodebs. man daaskvna, rom

aRniSnul zmnebSi i- prefiqsi ara nasesxebi, aramed organuli prefiqsia

rogorc qarTulSi, aseve megrulsa da svanurSi (78, 91-92).

a. SaniZis klasifikaciiT, e.w. `medioaqtivebi~ Zvel qarTulSi,

iSviaTad i- prefiqsis gareSe awarmoebdnen aoristis jgufis mwkrivTa

formebs: qadagebs _ qadaga (qadaga da Tqua, zRapr. 36, 12), mefobs –

hmefa: mefe daviT VIII 19 weli hmefa (qarT. cxovr., II, 16), Tumca aRniSnul

zmnaTa uprefiqso warmoeba, rogorc Cans ver ganviTarda gansxvavebiT

Wanurisa da svanurisagan (78, 85).

sxva mosazrebiT, arsebiTia zmnur formaTa warmoebis potencialis

mixedviT dajgufeba: mefobs _ imefebs ori sxvadasxva zmnis erTi da

imave nakvTis formebia (14,144, 119, 590); mefobs gaazrebulia awmyos

formad, romelsac mxolod awmyos wris nakvTebi gaaCnia (mefobs-mefobda-

mefobdes), imefebs _ aseve awmyoa formis TvalsazrisiT (Sdr.: ikeTebs),

romelsac ewarmoeba awmyos wris nakvTebi (imefebs _ imefebda _

imefebdes) da meore seriis nakvTebic (imefa _ imefos). aqve aRniSnulia,

rom `mefobs tipSi moiazreba uyvars, mifrinavs, hyavs rigis zmnebi,

radgan maTac 3 nakvTiani paradigma aqvT. (Tavad mefobs formis arqetipad

ki *hmefens forma ivaraudeba) (119, 590). vfiqrobT, `zmnur formaTa

warmoebis potencialis~ anu sauRlebel mwkrivTa raodenobis mixedviT

dajgufeba sxvadasxva morfologiuri struqturisa da sintaqsuri

konstruqciis mqone zmnebs moaqcevs erTad (rogorebicaa mag., vmefob (I-II-

III seriaSi konstruqcia nom-erg-dat-ia), miyvars (dat-dat-dat-dat), mivfrinav

(nom-erg-dat), myavs (dat-dat-dat)...), rac, sauRlebel formaTa qvejgufTa

simravles gamoiwvevs.

advili SesaZlebelia, aRniSnul zmnebSi yofiliyo i- prefiqsi da

mogavianebiT dakarguliyo fonetikur niadagze; l. nozaZe qarTvelur

54

zmnur formebSi gamoyofs sami tipis i- prefiqsian formebs, moviyvanT

megrulis magaliTebs:

1. i- prefiqsi dasturdeba awmyoSic da myofad-wyvetilis

jgufebSic; mag., iburjans – iburju `SfoTavs – iSfoTa~,

ixvamans – ixvamu `loculobs – iloca~, ijgvijgvinans _

ijgvijgvinu `gamoiyureba tlanqi ram~, ipiCvans – ipiCvu

`marxulobs – imarxula~, ingars _ i[n]garu `tiris _itira~, igans

_ igu `qris – iqrola~...

2. i- prefiqsi ar gvaqvs awmyos mwkrivebSi, magram daCndeba myofad-

wyvetilis jgufSi: orCanens – iorCanu `zarmacobs _ ozarmaca~,

nartens _ inartu `natrobs _ inatra~...

3. yvela mwkrivSi i- prefiqsis gareSea warmodgenili: sxapuns _

[qo]sxapu `cekvavs _ icekva~, laluns – lalu `yefs – iyefa~,

WvaTans _ WvaTu `wveTavs – iwveTa~, gurginuns – gogurginu

`grgvinavs – igrgvina~... (78, 91-92).

l. nozaZe aRniSnul sam jgufs qarTvelur doneze aRadgens da i-

prefiqss, Tavdapirvelad, moiazrebs aRniSnuli jgufis yvela zmnasTan,

mogvianebiT ki, xmovanprefiqss gauCinarebulad miiCnevs fonetikur

niadagze. amis magaliTad mohyavs Zveli da axali qarTuli enis magaliTi:

Zvel qarTulSi i- prefiqsi warmodgenilia zog iseT zmnasTanac,

romelsac daukargavs i- prefiqsi Tanamedrove qarTulSi: istuens_

stuens: sxuani eSmakni istuendes...k.I 225,19.yoveli,romeli ganvidodis... mas Sina

daistnos: ambak.342,3,1, imarxavs _ marxulobs: rad Cuen farisevelni vimarxavT

friad,xolo mowafeni Senni ara imarxven? m.9,14 C ... imarxes mas dResa Sina

:msaj.20,26... gansxvaveba DTanamedrove da Zvel qarTuls Soris dasturdeba

Semdeg zmnebSic: ibrdRuens _ brdRvinavs, ilocavs _ loculobs,

iRaRadebs _ RaRadebs, isadilebs _ sadilobs, isamxrebs _ samxrobs,

imruSebs _ mruSobs, ixarebs _ xarobs, ivaWrebs//ivaWrobs _ vaWrobs,

inadirebs _ nadirobs, imReris _ mReris, inanis _ nanobs.

amdenad ikveTeba tendencia ergatiuli usruli konstruqciis zmnebSi

i- prefiqsis dakargvisa.

Zvel qarTulSi I diaTezis avtoaqtiv zmnaTa awmyoSi dadasturebuli

i- prefiqsi da Tanamedrove qarTulSi misi uqonloba l. nozaZes

55

afiqrebinebs, rom SesaZloa aseTive cvlilebebi ganecada im zmnebsac,

romelTa i- prefiqsiani formebi awmyos wyebaSi ar dasturdeba ukve Zvel

qarTulSi: drtÂnavs, mefobs, kelobs, dResaswaulobs, rudunebs,

Ãelmwifebs, moZRuarobs, Ãmobs da a.S. (78, 102).

mecnieri askvnis, rom qarTuli enis ganviTarebis uZveles etapze i-

prefiqsi unda yofiliyo damaxasiaTebeli am tipis (e.w. `medioaqtivi~)

zmnebis awmyos wris formebisTvisac. xolo is gansxvaveba, romelic dRes

gvaqvs awmyosa da namyos ZiriTadis wyebaSi e.w. `medioaqtiv~ zmnebTan,

warmoqmnili unda iyos fonetikur niadagze. am zmnaTa uprefiqso formebi

awmyoSi (drtÂnavs, dResaswaulobs, sadilobs ...) meoreulia, miRebulia i-

prefiqsiani formebisagan xmovnis dakargvis Sedegad sufiqsaciis

tendenciis gaZlierebis gamo (78, 93).

SeniSvna: sainteresoa, rom amave statiaSi avtori kritikulad udgeba termins

`medioaqtivi~, safuZvels aclis mis arsebobas, rac Zalze dasafasebelia: `Cven terminiT

`medioaqtiuri~ aRvniSnavT ugvaro, aqtiur (dinamikur) zmnaTa im jgufs, romlis ZiriTadi

maxasiaTeblebia: dro-kiloTa I da II seriis fuZeTa dapirispireba i- (aseve u-) prefiqsis mixedviT,

aoristSi mesame subieqturi piris mravlobiTobis niSnad –es sufiqsi, III jgufis formaTa

warmoeba inversiulad, II seriis mwkrivebSi subieqti _ ergativSi, pirdapiri obieqtis uqonloba

(78, 105).

i- prefiqsis dakargvis meoreulobis Sesaxeb dasknis gakeTebis

safuZvels l. nozaZes aZlevs i-sTan erTad aseve a-, e-, u- prefiqsebis

dakargvis faqtebi zog e.w. `medioaqtiv~ da aseve sxva tipis zmnebSi, rac

SeniSnulia sxvadasxva mecnierebis mier; mag., xevsurulSi a- prefiqsis

dakargvis tendencia –av Temis niSnis darTvisas: abaria _ Rbarav (3, 14),

fuZis Tavkiduri a- s mokveca mravlobiTi ricxvis VC struqturis mqone

sufiqsian formebSi: abia _ Rbian, acvia – scvian (78, 115),

amgvari magaliTebi gamoricxavs i- prefiqsis nasesxobis Teorias.

,,medialur zmnebSi i- prefiqsi wyvetilsa da myofadis mwkrivebSi

nasesxebi ki araa, aramed igi organuli afiqsia. am movlenas l. nozaZe

sufiqsaciis tendencias ukavSirebs, kerZod VC struqturis morfemebis,

ZiriTadad, Temis niSnebis Camoyalibebas (78, 123). l. nozaZes mohyavs

magaliTebi samive qarTveluri qvesistemidan:

56

svanuri

awmy.

bq. ikli ,,koWlobs,kelobs” ikluni l@~kil

bq.ikvCxi ,,koWlobs” ikvCxuni lç~kveCx

bz.iTxviçr ,,nadirobs” iTxviarni çdTxviare

zsv.ikHlm@xi,,Tevzaobs” iklàmaxni çnkàlmaxe

bz.imzir ,,loculobs” imzirni lçñmezre

bz.iTEef ,,isvris (TofiT) iTfuni çdTEef

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, megrul-WanurSi medioaqtivi zmnebi i-

prefiqsian formaTa sam tips gviCvenebs: 1.icinis _ icina: inCvirs ,,curavs”

_ inCviru ,,icurava” (Wan.), ionjuans ,,isaRamovebs” _ [d]ionju

,,daisaRamova” (megr.), 2.mefobs _ imefa: xoronafs ,,cekvavs” _ ixoronu

,,icekva” (Wan.), gvargvalans, „duRs” _ igvargvalu ,,iduRa” (megr.), 3.

mefobs _ hmefa warmoebisa: petelafs ,,bRavis” _ petelu ,,ibRavla” (Wan.),

sxapuns ,,cekvavs” _ [qo]sxapu ,,icekva” (megr.).

svanurze aq dawvrilebiT ar SevCerdebiT. aRvniSnavT mxolod, rom

uprefiqso awmyos formebi mxolod fuZedrekad avtoaqtivebs moepovebaT,

magram myofad-wyvetilis formebSi i- prefiqsi warmodgenilia. xolo

danarCen I diaTezis usruli konstruqciis zmnebs i- prefiqsiani formebi

awmyoSive udasturdebaT. amasTan dakavSirebiT SeniSnuli aqvs d.

meliqiSvils: `-i prefiqsi garda wyvetilisa da misgan nawarmoebi

myofadisa, Zvel qarTulSi awmyos jgufSic erTvoda da dResac

Semonaxulia garkveuli tipis zmnebSi: Zv. qarTuli: x-i-moTxvides, i-

stuens, i- nadirobs, i-locavs, i-tyÂs... ax. qarTuli: i-Zinebs, i-RviZebs, i-

banakebs, i-smens, i-Zens, i-natris, i-mReris,i-Cqaris, i-xaris da sxv...

(paradigmebi; №3, №11, 67,83; 68,29).

,,Zveli qarTulisa da sxva qarTveluri enebis monacemTa

gaTvaliswineba safuZvels iZleva vivaraudoT, rom i- prefiqsi awmyos

formebSi sazogadod unda yofiliyo damaxasiaTebeli medioaqtivi

zmnebisaTvis. i- prefiqsis mixedviT awmyosa da namyo ZiriTadis formaTa

dapirispireba aRniSnul zmnebTan meoreuli Cans, miRebuli awmyos

formebSi prefiqsis dakargvis Sedegad. e.i mefobs _ imefa tipis warmoeba

57

istoriulad miRebuli Cans icinis _ icina tipis warmoebisagan. curavs,

goravs, drtÂnavs, mefobs, dResaswaulobs, samxrobs, RaRadebs tipis

zmnaTa uprefiqso formebi awmyoSi Semdegdroindelia. amgvar zmnebTan

awmyos i- xmovani daCndeba namyo-ZiriTadSi iseve, rogorc a- xmovani _

hrgebs _argo, hvnebs _ avno, stkens _ atkina, swyens _ awyina... (77, 25-53,45).

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom Cveni xelmZRvanelis, m. Cuxuas SeniSvniT, a/i/h/s

prefiqsTa urTierTCanacvlebas piris niSanTa funqciuri substituciis

kvalifikacia eniWeba.

3.2.1.b. i- prefiqsi megrul erTpirian zmnebSi

wina paragrafSi (3.2.1.a) mimoxiluli samecniero literaturaSi

gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi gvafiqrebiebs, rom megruli i- prefiqsiani

introvertizebuli moqmedebis mimaniSnebelia megrulSic (msgavsad sxva

qarTveluri enobrivi erTeulebisa). amasTan, es erTpiriani zmnebi, gvaris

semantikuri kategoriis TvalsazrisiT avtoaqtivebia, maTi subieqti

TviTmoqmedia, `avtoaqtiuria~.

R-Ø struqturis erTpirian avtoaqtiur zmnebs vaerTianebT pirveli

diaTezis pirvel – usruli konstruqciis (statikur) qvejgufSi.

amave qvejgufSi vaerTianebT oden brunvaucvlelobieqtian zmnebsac -

brunvaucvleli obieqti yvela seriaSi micemiT brunvaSi dgas. am zmnaTa

struqturac - R-Ø-ia, konstruqcia ki brunvaucvleli aqtantis brunvebiT

ganivrcoba, Tumca, imis gamo, rom maT ar aqvT brunvacvalebadi obieqti,

maTi konstruqciac usrulia (msgavsad absolutivebisa), rac imas niSnavs,

rom ma Tar gaaCniaT brunvacvalebadi obieqti; amgvarad, oden

iribobieqtiani orpiriani R-Ø struqturis zmnaTa konstruqciaa nom-erg-

dat-nom (agensi); xolo brunvaucvleli obieqtis brunvebia dat-dat-dat-dat.

mag.,

ukintoruans Tina Tis (nom-dat) „ukirtnis, uCxikinebs is mas“

ukintoruu Tiq Tis (erg-dat) „ukirtna, uCxikina man mas ~;

58

ukintoruafu(n) Tis (dat) TiSa ùkirtnia, uCxikinebia mas (misTvis)~

nokintorafue(n) Tina Tis ùkirtnida xolme is mas~

an:

uZicans Tina Tis (nom-dat) „ucinis is mas“

uZicu Tiq Tis (erg-dat) „(ga)ucina man mas“

uZicinu(n) Tis (dat) „(ga)ucinia mas (misTvis)~

noZicinue(n) Tina Tis (nom-dat) ùcinoda Turme is mas~

Sdr.:

uZicans Tis Toli (nom-dat) „ucinis mas Tvali“

uZicu Tis Tolq (erg-dat) „(ga)ucina mas Tvalma“

uZicinu(n) TiSa Tols (dat) „(ga)ucinia mas (misTvis)~

Ι diaTezis usruli konstruqciis zmnaTa konstruqciisa da

struqturis zogadi daxasiaTebis Semdeg gadavideT qvestruqturuli

jgufebis aRweraze. am struqturebis ZiriTad qvestruqturul variantebs

qmnis awmyos fuZeze zmniswinis, xmovani prefiqsisa da Tematuri niSnebis

darTva. Tumca, es cvlileba, rogorc wesi, ar gadis ZiriTadi R-Ø

struqturisa da nom-erg-dat-nom konstruqciis gareT.

awmyos struqturaSive darTuli zmniswinis, xmovani prefiqsebisa da

Tematuri niSnebis mixedviT gamoiyofa pirveli diaTezis usruli

konstruqciis sul 22 qvestruqtura. amaTgan 15 aris R-Ø struqturisa

da nom-erg-dat-nom konstruqciis mqone avtoaqtiuri erTpiriani zmnuri

forma, romlis agensi amave dros paciensicaa. danarCeni 7 qvestruqtura

ki imave struqturisa da konstruqciis oden brunvaucvlelobieqtiani

(orpiriani) zmnuri formebia.

aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom sakmaod produqtiulia awmyoSive

zmniswiniani zmnuri formebi. zmniswini aq daclilia aspeqturi

Sinaarsisgan da mxolod gezisa da orientaciis funqciiT aris

datvirTuli. aseTi zmnebi myofad-wyvetilis srulaspeqtian formebs

dadasturebiTi qo- nawilakiT awarmoeben.

samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom “megrulsa da lazurSi

erTdrouli procesi Cans qo- nawilakis gamoyeneba srulaspeqtiani

59

formebis gamosaxatavad. megrulsa da, gansakuTrebiT, lazurSi jer

kidev SenarCunebulia aspeqtis gamoxatvis Zveli sistema, roca zmniswinis

darTva ar ganarCevda moqmedebis sruloba-usrulobas, xolo axali

sistemis Camoyalibebisas funqciuri datvirTva mieniWa qo- nawilaks:

mtkicebiTi semantikis gafarToebiT moqmedebis sasrulobamde (119, 367.)

qvemoT warmovadgenT Cven mier aRweril Tematuri niSnebis, zmniswinisa

da xmovanprefiqsebis mixedviT gamoyofil qvestruqturebs pirveli

diaTezis usruli absoluturi da brunvaucvlelobieqtiani

konstruqciis farglebSi, romelTac aerTianebT ZiriTadi struqtura –

R-[Th.s.]-Ø da konstruqcia: nom-erg-dat-nom.

60

3.2.1.1. usruli konstruqciis

erTpirian zmnaTa qvestruqturebi (klasebi)

3.2.1.1.1. R-Ø qvestruqtura #1

am qvestruqturis zmnebi aTematuri erTpiriani zmnebia, romlebic,

rogorc wesi, myofad-wyvetilis jgufebs zmniswiniTa da dadasturebiTi

qo- nawilakiT, xanac i- prefiqsis darTviT iwarmoeben.

am struqturis zmnebi araprduqtiulobiT gamoirCeva megrulSi: bons

(gobonu-gubonu(n)-nobonue(n)) `bans~... magaliTisTvis vnaxoT wvims zmnis

ZiriTadi mwkrivebis formebi oTxive seriisaTvis:

awmyo: Wvins/c//Wvens `wvims~

myofadi: doWvins `mowvims~

wyvetili: Wvimu `iwvima~

I rezultativi: uWvimu(n) `uwvimia~

III rezultativi: noWvimue(n) `wvimda Turme~

sainteresoa, rom R-Ø qvestruqturaSi megrulSic gvaqvs myofadis i-

prefiqsiani warmoeba (iwvimebs tipisa): i-Wvem-(u)-an-s `gawvimdeba~.

SeniSvna: am zmnebs, semantikidan gamomdinare, Ι da ΙΙ piris formebi ar aqvT

(ar gveqneba *vwvim, *vTov...), Tumca, gamoricxuli ar aris am formaTa daSveba

gapirovnebis SemTxvevaSi (poetur metyvelebaSi).

i- prefiqsi, romelic myofad-wyvetilisa da awmyos mwkrivSi

gamoCndeba am zmnaTa organuli sufiqsia, da ar unda iyos nasesxebi

aqtivis formaTagan (i- prefiqsis nasesxobis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix. wina

paragrafebSi, gv.:55-62).

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3.2.1.1.2. Prev-R-Ø qvestruqtura #2

me-2 qvestruqturaSi vaTavsebT Prev-R-Ø qvestruqturis aTematur

absolutivebs. mag., giTàmocens `cviva~... awmyoSive dairTaven zmniswins,

romelic daclilia aspeqturi semantikisagan. myofadisa da sruli

aspeqtis formebs damadasturebeli funqciis mqone qo- nawilakis an

zmniswinis garTulebiT, zogjer ki fuZis SecvliT awarmoeben: gila-cen-

s – gegàla-cen-s „cviva - Camocviva“ (gilàmacens –geglacu –gilacume(n)

– gilànocumue(n), aTàmadiars - aTadiars//qaTadiars (>*qoaTadiars)

`balaxobs – ibalaxebs~...

es qvestruqtura produqtiulobiT ar gamoirCeva; es zmnebi

saliteraturo qarTulSic Taviseburi zmnebia (Tvlems is – CaTvlima

man...).

aTadiars – balaxobs (xoji uRus aTadiarsჷni, gemaჸvenjiSi brali

renia: xalx. sibr., 1, gv. 186 -- uRelqveS xari rom balaxobs, mimyolis

(patronis) braliao.), gekins „guTnisdedobs“;

am da sxva paradgigmis awmyoSive zmniswindarTul formebs, Cveulebriv,

axlavs –Ti, -ma, Tàma nawilakebi, romelbic aniWeben zmnur formebs

awmyos an usruli aspeqtis gagebas (21,75).

samagaliTo zmnis ZiriTadi mwkrivebis formebi oTxive seriisaTvis:

awmyo: gekins - *gi-a-kin-an-s//gi-a-kin-u(n) guTnisdedobs

myofadi: giakinuu(n)10 - iguTnisdedebs

wyvetili: giakinu - iguTnisdeda

I rezultativi: geukinalu - uguTnisdedia

III rezultativi: genokinue(n) – iguTnisdedebda xolme/Turme

aq sainteresoa isic, rom nauRleb magaliTSi myofadis Senacvlebuli

forma (giakinuu(n)) gvaqvs, romelic i. yifSiZesTan gvxvdeba. es kidev

erTxel miuTiTebs am zmnaTa Tavisebur xasiaTze.

10 aq da yvela sxva magaliTSic qvemoT III piris mxolobiTi ricxvis sufiqsis –u(n)- TanxmovniTi nawili frCxilebSia Casmuli, radgan metyvelebis procesSi ikargeba da aRdgeba mxolod or SemTxvevaSi: 1. kiTxviTobis –o nawilakis darTvisas: giakinuuno? - “iguTnisdedebs?”; 2. sxvaTa sityvis –ia sufiqsis darTvisas, mag., giakinuunia – `iguTnisdedebso~. (123, 144). aRniSnuli wesi moqmedebs sxva paradigmebSic, amitom amis Sesaxeb iq aRar mivuTiTebT.

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3.2.1.1.3. i-R-Ø qvestruqtura #3

me-3 qvestruqturaSi erTiandeba i-R-Ø struqturis aTematuri

erTpiriani zmnebi, rogoricaa, mag., ibons „ibans“, ingars „tiris“, ibirs

„mReris“, idiars `balaxobs~. es zmnebi, saerTo wesisamebr, myofads (da

srul aspeqts) qo- dadasturebiTi nawilakiT awarmoeben (123, 158; 55, 164).

qo- nawilakis xmovani nawili, rogorc wesi, asimilaciis wesiT erwymis i-

prefiqss da kontaminaciis gziT viRebT (oi < ii < i) markers: “Гласный o

перед i подвергается полной съ нимъ ассимилации‚ напр.‚ qi-ibTxi „viTxove“

(вм. qo-ibTxii)“ (123, 161).; sxva magaliTi: i-(n)Zger-s “Zgers”– *qo-i-(n)Zger-s

– qi-i(n)Zgers - qi(n)Zgers “iZgerebs” SeiZleba daerTos zmniswinic,

magram zogjer zmniswinis darTva semantikur cvlilebas iZleva.

rogorc Cans, am tipis zmnebSi myofadis warmoeba sxva gziT warimarTa:

saliteraturo qarTulSi awmyoSive i- prefiqsis mqone formebi myofads

zmniswinisa da Tematuri sufiqsis darTviT awarmoeben: i-cinis – ga-i-cin-

eb-s. megrulSi ki ar gaiTiSa awmyos fuZe myofadisagan da mxolod qo-

dadasturebiTi nawilaki dairTo: ibirs `imRers~ – qibirs `imRerebs~…

vnaxoT samagaliTo zmnis uRlebis nimuSi:

I seria awmyos jgufi awmyo

vibir-q /-T “vmReri /-T” ibir-q /-T “mReri” ibir-s /-a(n) “mReris”

uwyveteli vibird-i /-T “vmRerodi” ibird-i /-T “mRerodi” ibird-u /-es “mReroda”

awmyos kavS. vibird-a/-e /-aT “vmRerde” ibird-a/-e /-aT “mRerde” ibird-a-s /-an “mRerdes”

awmyos pirobiTi vibirdi-ko /-T-(i)-ko “rom vmRerde” ibirdi-ko /-T-(i)-ko “rom mRerde” ibirdu-ko /-es-(i)-ko “rom mRerdes”

myofadis jgufi myofadi

qivbir-q /-T “vimRereb” qibir-q /-T “imRereb” qibir-s /-a(n) “imRerebs”

myofadis xolm. qivbird-i /-T “vimRerebdi” qibird-i /-T “imRerebdi” qibird-u /-es “imRerebda”

myofadis kavS. qivbird-a/-e /-aT “vimRerebde” qibirdi-a/-e /-aT “imRerebde” qibird-a-s /-an “imRerebdes”

myofadis pirobiTi qivbirdiko /T(i)ko “rom vimRerebde” qibirdiko /T(i)ko “rom imRerebde” qibirduko /es(i)ko “rom vimRerebdes”

II seria wyvetili

vibir-i /-T “vimRere” ibir-i /-T “imRere” ibir-u /-es “imRera”

II kavSirebiTi vibir-a/-e /-aT “vimRero” ibir-a/-e /-aT “imRero” ibir-a-s /-an “imReros”

II pirobiTi vibir-i-ko /-T-(i)-ko “rom memRera” ibir-i-ko /-T-(i)-ko “rom gemRera” ibir-u-ko /-es-(i)-ko “rom emRera”

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III seria I rezultativi mibir-u-(n)/-a(n) “mimReria” gibir-u(n)/-a(n) “gimReria” ubir-u(n)/ -a(n) “umReria”

II rezultativi mibirud-u /-es “memRera” gibirud-u /-es “gemRera” ubirud-u /-es “emRera”

III kavSirebiTi mibirud-a-s /-an “memReros” gibirud-a-s /-an “gemReros” ubirud-a-s /-an “emReros”

III pirobiTi mibirud-u-ko/-es-(i)ko “rom memRera” gibirud-u-ko/-es-(i)ko “rom gemRera” ubirud-u-ko/-es-(i)-ko “rom emRera”

IV seria

III rezultativi novbir-u-e-q /-T “vimRerebdi Turme” nobir-u-e-q /-T “imRerebdi Turme” nobir-u-e(n) /an “imRerebda Turme”

IV rezultativi novbir-u-e-d-i /-T “vimRerebdi Turme” nobir-u-e-d-i /-T “imRerebdi Turme” nobir-u-e-d-u /-es “vimRerebdi Turme”

IV kavSirebiTi novbir-u-e-d-a/-e /-T “rom vimRerebde Turme” nobir-u-e-d-a/-e/-T “rom imRerebde Turme” nobir-u-e-d-a-s /-an “rom imRerebdes Turme”

IV pirobiTi novbiruediko /iT(i)ko “rom memRera Turme” nobiruediko /iT(i)ko “rom gemRera Turme” nobirueduko /ies(i)ko “rom emRera Turme”

3.2.1.1.4. Prev-i-R-Ø qvestruqtura #4

me-4 qvestruqturaSi Prev-i-R-Ø qvestruqturis zmnebi aTematuri

erTpirianebi erTiandeba. am paradigmaSic, ZiriTadad, statikuri zmnebia

warmodgenili. maT awmyoSive aqvT zmniswini, romelic, rogorc wesi,

moqmedebis mimarTulebasa da orientaciaze miuTiTebs. zmniswini

daclilia aspeqturi semantikisagan. myofadis mwkrivebs maaspeqtirebeli

zmniswinis funqciis mqone qo- nawilakis, an zmniswinis garTulebiT an

fuZis cvlilebiT awarmoeben, mag., koCi liSiSi ჸurwis giT-i-lensia --

kaci nemsis yunwSi gaivliso (gavao);

awmyoSive zmniswinian formebs usruli aspeqtisa da awmyos gagebas,

xSirad T/mV elementi aniWebs. samecniero literaturaSi, amasTan

dakavSirebiT, gamoyofen (T)mV elements, romelic `ixmareba mxolod

preverbTa momdevnod awmyoSi da saSualebas aZlevs preverbian formas

awmyodve darCes da momavlis gageba ar miiRos (rac qarTulSi ver

xerxdeba) (154, 143; 21,82; 119, 470).

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am qvestruqturaSi, rogorc wesi, moZraobis aRmniSvneli zmnebi

erTiandeba. SesamCnevia zogadi awmyos gageba; erTsa da imave zmnur

formas mravalgvari zmniswini SeiZleba daerTos, rac Zalze

amravalferovnebs megrul moZraobis zmnebs.

geiToxirs „CaTvlems“ (sityvasityviT: gamoepareba Tvali: voxedini,

Toli geiTuxirudu -- rom vijeqi, CamTvlemoda (Tvali gamomparvia),

gilengars (*gilaingars) „tiriliT dadis aqeT-iqiT“, dilengars

(*dilaingars) `gareT tiris~, diingars (*do-ingars) `daitirebs~,

elengars (*ela-ingars) `gverdiT, gareT tiris~ ...

Zalze saintereso fonetikuri procesebi mimdinareobs zmniswinisa da

i- xmovanprefiqsis morfemaTa mijnaze.

e- xmovanprefiqsi moyvanil magaliTebSi meoreulia, rogorc

samecniero literaturaSia aRniSnuli, zmniswiniseuli –a xmovani i-

xmovanprefiqsTan uSualo mezoblobaSi gvaZlevs e-s: aie (119, 369):

gilediars gila-i-diars „balaxobs“, gilecxvabars *gila-i-cxvabars

„dafxaWunobs“...

saliteraturo qarTulSi aRniSnul zmnaTa Sesatyvisi formebi

mwkrivnaklia, mxolod pirveli seria ewarmoeba, isic naklulad,

megrulSi ki zogi maTgani TandaTan ivsebs paradigmas, Tumca, SesaZloa

gamovlindes mwkrivSi fuZemonacvleobis SemTxvevebic. paradigmaTa

Sevsebis SemTxvevebi dinamikuri zmnebis analogiiT mimdinare procesi

SesaZloa iyos:


awmyo: elengars `gverdiT, gareT tiris~

myofadi: qigàlengars `itirebs~

wyvetili: ele{e}ngaru `gverdiT, gareT itira~

I rezultativi: elu{u}ngari{n}u(n) `gverdiT, gareT utiria~

III rezultativi elჷnongarue(n) `tiroda Turme gareT~

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3.2.1.1.5. R-an-Ø qvestruqtura #5

me-5 qvestruqturaSi vaerTianebT R-an-Ø qvestruqturis zmnebs. isini

sakmaod produqtiuli warmoebiT xasiaTdebian. myofad-wyvetilis

jgufebs i- prefiqsiTa da qo- dadasturebiTi nawilakiT iwarmoeben. mag.,

kankalans „kankalebs“ - ikankalans (es forma gviandelia, saliteraturo

enidan unda iyos Sesuli) „ikankalebs“, Cveni xelmZRvanelis SeniSvniT,

sakuTriv megruli iqneba qo- dadasturebiTnawilakiani forma: qo-kankal-

an-s.

sainteresoa, rom –an Tematuri sufiqsi funqciurad saliteraturo

qarTuli enis –eb Tematuri sufiqsis rangisaa., mag., barbaCans `brialebs~.

zogierTi maTganis saliteraturo qarTuli Sesatyvisi –d sufiqsiani

R-d-eb-i struqturis zmnaa, mag., muwukans // buzukans „muwukdeba“

qobuzukans `damuwukdeba~. i- prefiqsi, iseve rogorc –d sufiqsi zmnuri

formis introvertulobaze miuTiTebs. marTlac, es zmnebi semantikurad

statikuria, oRond sruli statikisgan gansxvavebiT (rogoricaa mag.,

dgas, wevs) avtoaqtiur zmnebSi SefardebiTi statikaa gamoxatuli,

moqmedeba erT adgilas xorcieldeba, wreze brunavs da moqmed pirzeve

aisaxeba. erTpirian i- prefiqsian da –d sufiqsian zmnebi diaTezaTa

klasifikaciis farglebSi refleqsivebad, avtoaqtivebad aris

gaazrebuli.

am zmnaTa umravlesoba onomatopoetur, xSirad gaorkecebul fuZeze

VS (S=Sonor) sufiqsis (-al, -ar) darTviT aris nawarmoebi:

bandalans „bandalebs“, bancalans „bancalobs, barbacobs“, barbaCans

„gizgizebs, brialebs“, barkalans „borZikobs, barbacebs“, barZgalans

„ZagZagebs“, banCvalans „sasiamovnod laparakobs“,bajalans(n)

„sasiamovnod laparakobs“, baZჷgalans „Zgers, kankalebs“, budurans

„budobs“, buzukans „muwukdeba“, bu{r}cxans „focxavs“, burjans11

„SfoTavs, borgavs, ibrZvis“, gargazans „gizgizebs“, gvargvaTans

„jgufdeba“, gvargvalans „TuxTuxebs“,

11 arabunebrivad JRers, Tumca davadastureT o. qajaias leqsikonSi lema burjua1-s paradigmaSi: burjans (SfoTavs), iburju (iSfota), uburjuu(n) (uSfoTavs), noburjue(n) (borgavda Turme).

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awmyo: banCvalans `sasiamovnod laparakobs~ (//i-banCvalu(n))

myofadi: qobaCvalans `sasiamovnod ilaparakebs (//q-i-banCvalu(n))~

wyvetili: baCvaluu `sasiamovnod ilaparaka~(//ibanCvalu)

I rezultativi: ubaCvalu(n) `sasiamovnod ulaparakia~

III rezultativi: nobaCvalue(n) `sasiamovnod laparakobda Turme~

3.2.1.1.6. i-R-an-Ø qvestruqtura #6

me-6 qvestruqturaSi i-R-an-Ø qvestruqturis zmnebi erTiandeba. maT

myofadisa da aoristis mwkrivebi zmniswiniT an dadasturebiTi qo-

nawilakis darTviT ewarmoebaT. zogjer, qo- dadasturebiTi nawilaki,

iTavsebs ra zmniswinis funqcias, srul aspeqts gamoxatavs (123, 161).

i-R-an- Ø qvestruqturaSi xSiria nasaxelari zmnebi: i-zaf/rxul-an-s –

geSi-zarxul-en-s ìzafxul-ebs - gamoizafxulebs”, i-mo(n)Wv-an-s – qi-

mo(n)Wv-an-s `kruxavs/-obs - ikruxebs”, ivarans - qivarans ùars ambobs” -

ùars ityvis” …

am zmnebis awmyos modeli i- prefiqsiania: i-R-an-Ø: i-zaf/rxul-an-s –

ìzafxul-ebs; amitomac, myofadisa da wyvetilis sawarmoeblad zmniswini

an qo- dadasturebiTi nawilakis darTva xdeba aucilebeli: geS-i-

zarxul-en-s `gamoizafxulebs”... msgavsad saliteraturo qarTulisa,

megrulSic am zmnebs mesame seriaSi Temis niSani ar eqnebaT. gomiZic(in)u

`gamicinia~, iburjans – qiburjans - qiburjuu `borgavs – iborgebs -

iborga~.

myofadis sawarmoeblad dairTavs zmniswinsa da qo-dadasturebiT

nawilaks. aRsaniSnavia, rom am zmnaTagan zogs saliteraturo qarTulSi

II diaTezis –d sufiqsiani avtoaqtivebi Seesabameba. rogorc Cans, es

procesi ukve kanonzomier saxes iRebs:

gi-i-riჸinans `gamarTuli dgas~, gi-i-c{q}icqinans `mxiarulobs, uzomod

icinis”, giniriჸinans `laRad da amayad gadmomdgaria~, gegànitkarCalans

`tkrcialiT gadava, gadaifrens//datkrCialobs~... qigàniriჸinans `laRad

gadmodgeba~, qigicqincqinans ìmxiarulobs~...

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uRlebis paradigma regularulia, rogorc sxva qvestruqturaTa

SemTxvevaSi, moyvanil formebsac eZebneba R-u(n) struqturis paraleluri

formebi:

awmyo: gegàn-i-tkarCalans `gadaifrens~ //tkarCalans //itkarCalu(n)

wyvetili: gegàn-i-tkarCalu `gadaifrina~

I rezultativi: gegàn-u-tkarCal(in)u(n) `gadaufrenia~

III rezultativi: go-no-tkarCal-u-e(n) `gadaufrenia Turme~

I seria paradigma #6 awmyos jgufi

awmyo viZican-q /-T “vicini” iZican-q /-T “icini” iZican-s /-a(n) “icinis”

uwyveteli viZican-d-i /-T “vicinodi” iZican-d-i /-T “icinodi” iZican-d-u /-es “icinoda”

awmyos kavS. viZican-d-a/-e /-aT “vicinode” iZican-d-a/-e /-aT “icinode” iZicand-a-s /-an “icinodes”

awmyos pirobiTi viZicand-i-ko /-T-(i)-ko “rom vicinode” iZicand-i-ko /-T-(i)-ko “rom icinode” iZicand-u-ko /-es-(i)-ko “rom icinodes”

myofadis jgufi myofadi

givZican-q /-T “gavicineb” giZicanq /T “gaicineb” giZicans /a(n) “gaicinebs”

myofadis xolm. givZican-d-i /-T “gavicinebdi” giZican-d-i /-T “gaicinebdi” giZican-d-u /-es “gaicinebda”

myofadis kavS. givZican-d-a/-e /-aT “gavicinebde” giZicand-a/-e /-aT “gaicinebde” giZicand-a-s /-an “gaicinebdes”

myofadis pirobiTi givZican-d-i-ko /-T-(i)-ko “rom gavicinebde” giZican-d-i-ko /-T-(i)-ko “rom gaicinebde” giZican-d-u-ko /-es-(i)-ko “rom gaicinebdes”

II seria wyvetili givZic-e /-T “vicine” giZic-e /-T “icine” giZic-u /-es “icina”

II kavSirebiTi givZic-a/-e /-aT “vicino” giZic-a/-e /-aT “icino” giZic-a-s “icinos”

II pirobiTi givZic-e-ko /-T-(i)-ko “rom gamecina” giZic-e-ko /-T-(i)-ko “rom gagecina” giZic-u-ko /-es-(i)-ko “rom gaecina”

III seria I

rezultativi gomiZic(in)-u(n)/-a(n) “gamicinia” gogiZic(in)-u(n)/-a(n) “gagicinia” gu(u)Zic(in)u(n) /-a(n) “gaucinia”

II rezultativi gomiZic(in)-u-d-u

/-es “gamecina” gogiZic(in)-u-d-u /-es “gagecina” gu(u)Zic(in)-u-d-u /-es “gaecina”

III kavSirebiTi gomiZic(in)-u-d-a-s/-an “gamecinos” gogiZic(in)-u-d-a-s/-an “gagecinos” gu(u)Zic(in)-u-d-a-s/-an “gaecinos”

III pirobiTi gomiZic(in)-u-d-u-ko/-es-(i)-ko “rom gamecina” gogiZicin-u-d-u-ko/-es-(i)-ko “rom gagecina” gu(u)Zicin-u-d-u-ko/-es-(i)-ko “rom gaecina”

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IV seria III rezultativi gonovZic(in)-u-e-q /-T “gavicinebdi Turme” gonoZic(in)-u-e-q /-T “gaicinebdi Turme” gonoZic(in)-u-e-(n) /-a(n) “gaicinebda Turme”

IV rezultativi gonovZic(in)-u-e-d-i /-T “gavicinebdi Turme” gonoZic(in)-u-e-d-i /-T “gaicinebdi Turme” gonoZic(in)-u-e-d-u /-es “gaicinebda Turme”

IV kavSirebiTi gonovZic(in)-u-e-

d-a/-e /-aT “rom gavicinebde Turme” gonoZic(in)-u-e-d-a/-e /-aT “rom gaicinebde Turme” gonoZic(in)-u-e-d-a-s /-an “rom gaicinebdes Turme”

IV pirobiTi gonovZic(in)-u-e-d-i-ko /-i-T-(i)-ko “rom gamecina Turme” gonoZic(in)-u-e-d-i-ko /-i-T-(i)-ko “rom gagecina Turme” gonoZic(in)-u-e-d-u-ko /-es-(i)-ko “rom gaecina Turme”

3.2.1.1.7. o-R-an-Ø qvestruqtura #7

me-7 qvestruqturaSi vaerTianebT o-R-an-Ø qvestruqturis erTpirian

zmnebs. maTi, iseve, rogorc pirveli diaTezis yvela zmnis konstruqciaa

nom-erg-dat-nom.

saliteraturo qarTulSi am zmnebs I diaTezis R-Ø struqturisa

sxvadasxva TematurniSniani zmnuri struqturebi Seesabameba, zogi

maTgani statikuri, aRweriTi warmoebisaa.

sainteresoa, rom am formaTa umravlesoba awmyoSive dairTavs mi-

zmniswins, rac mxolod moqmedebisa da mimarTulebis gezsa da

intensivobaze miuTiTebs. xSiria uzmniswino formebic; magaliTebi:

obirinans `gaSterebuli iyureba~, obitinans `udardelad iyureba~,

(mi)obadans `badunobs~, (mi)obaZRvans `midis~ (patara mogvajuli adamiani),

(mi)obawkans `koxtad da fexakrefiT midis~, (mi)obajgans `myari

nabijebiT midis~, (mi)ogagans `walaslasdeba~, (mi)ogvajans `midis

(koxtad)~, ogvigvinans `SeSupebulia, damsxvilebulia~.

mag., `mevojinini, amar vemiogvajanso Cqimi boSi -- rom Sevxede, ager ar

midis (kotad) Cemi biWi (ogvajans - `wava (koxtad)~, ogvajuu `wavida

koxtad~, ugvajuu `wasula koxtad~).

uRlebis paradigma regularulia:

awmyo: (mi)obardRans `bordRviT, forTxviT midis~

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myofadi: midabardRans//midebardRalu(n) `gaforTxdeba

wyvetili: qibardRuu //midabardRu `iforTxa~

I rezultativi: ubardRinu(ნ) `uforTxia~

III rezultativi: nobardRinue(n) `bordRavda/forTxavda Turme~

Prev-o-R-an-Ø qvestruqtura #8

me-8 qvestruqturis zmnebi Prev-o-R-an-Ø qvestruqtur ის –an TemisniSniani

absolutivebia. awmyos fuZeSive darTuli zmniswini daclilia aspeqturi

Sinaarsisagan da, rogorc wesi, gezsa da orientaciaze miuTiTebs.

myofad-wyvetilis formebs, rogorc wesi, dadasturebiTi qo- nawilakiT

iwarmoeben. miobacans – qimiobacans – qimiobacuu `micunculebs

(miparviT)~ - `micunculdeba miparviT~ - `micunculda miparviT~.

wina paragrafebSic aRvniSneT da analogiuri morfologiuri

movlenis gamo, aqac aRvniSnavT: pirveli diaTezis usruli konstruqciis

sxva zmnebis msgavsad, Prev-o-R-an-Ø qvestruqturis zmnaTa

umravlesobasac saliteraturo qarTulSi Prev-R-th.s.-ebi struqturis

zmnebs Seesatyviseba; garda imisa, rom icvleba gvareobiTi struqtura (R-

th.s.-Ø >> R-th.s.-eba ), saliteraturo qarTulSi gamqralia megruli o-

xmovani prefiqsis rangobrivi Sesatyvisic, samagierod, rig SemTxvevebSi,

rogorc mosalodneli iyo (da rogorc avtoaqtivTaTvis aris

damaxasiaTebeli), Cndeba dinamikurobis, intensivobis gamomxatveli

sufiqsi -d: mi-o-bac-an-s – mi-Ø-cuncul-d-eb-a.

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom am zmnas o. qajaias leqsikonSi gardauvali

vnebiTi gvaris formis kvalifikacia aqvs miniWebuli, savaraudod, awmyos

mwkrivSi, –ebi/eba daboloebis gamo, maSin, rodesac, gvaris tradiciuli

klasifikaciiT, megruli zmnuri forma miobacans (Tina) e.w. `saSual-

moqmedebiTi~ gvaris formis yalibSi jdeba (am termins Cven ar

vaRiarebT da viziarebT arn. Ciqobavas mosazrebas e.w. medioaqtiv~

zmnebTan dakavSirebiT):

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sxva magaliTebi:

gi-o-kaS-an-s `Rrmad sunTqavs(mwuxarebis niSnad), wuxs~, mi-o-lal-a-ns

`daiyefebs~, g/mi-o-xval-an-s `daaxvelebs~, mi-o-bajg-an-s `miabijebs

(myarad)~, mi-o-cac-an-s `frTxilad midis~, mi-o-nCxur-ans `miscuravs~...

mag.,

SoriSe ge-kaS-ჷn-a(n) Surs: i. yifS., gv. 155 -- Soridan amoisunTqaven.

an:

meurs, mi-o-bajg-an-s Saras qomolkoCicalo - midis, (myarad) miabijebs

gzaze vaJkaciviT.


awmyo: mi-o-bac-an-s “micunculebs (miparviT)~

wyvetili: qimiobacuu „micunculda“

I rezultativi: qemeubacu `micunculebula~

III rezultativi: minobacue(n) „micunculdeboda Turme“

3.2.1.1.9. Prev-R-an-Ø qvestruqtura #9

me-9 qvestruqturaSi vaerTianebT Prev-R-an-Ø qvestruqturis zmnebs.

znaTa umravlesobas moZraobis semantikis nom-erg-dat-nom konstruqciis

zmnebi warmoadgenen, romelTa rigebSic xSiria metyveleba wris zmnebi;

awmyoSive zmniswindarTul formebs, SeiZleba daerTos –Ti, -ma, Tàma

nawilakebi, romelbic zmnur formebs awmyos an usruli aspeqtis gagebas

aniWeben (21,75).

myofad-wyvetilis mwkrivTa sawarmoeblad adgili aqvs zmniswinTa

Senacvleba da dadasturebiTi qo- nawilakis darTvas.

ala-kusans `gverdiT krusunebs~, gila-cqi{r}cqinans `uSnod icinis~,

gila-cxakans `mokle da Cqari nabijiT dadis~, gila-Zagans `daeTreva~,

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gila-Zakans `daeceteba~, gila-ZRvarans àrasolidurad dadis~, gila-

warwalans `wrialebs~, gila-wens ìRvreba~, gila-WaWyalans `WaWyanebs

(siarulis dros)~...

zogierTi maTgani uzmniswinodac SeiZleba Segvxvdes: ala-kusans

`gverdiT krusunebs~, gila-wens ìRvreba~


awmyo: qurqulans `viSviSebs~

myofadi: qoqurqulans “iviSviSebs”

wyvetili: qurquluu ìviSviSa~

I rezultativi: uqurquluu(n) ùviSviSia~

III rezultativi: noqurqulue(n) `viSviSebda Turme~

3.2.1.1.9. Prev-i-R-u-an-Ø qvestruqtura # 9

me-9 qvestruqturaSi gaerTianebuli Prev-i-R-u-an-Ø qvestruqturis

zmnebic erTpiriani zmnebia. maT struqturaSi dadasturebuli i- prefiqsi

zmniT gamoxatuli moqmedebis introvertulobaze miuTiTebs.

konstruqcia: nom-erg-dat-nom. maT awmyoSive daerTviT zmniswini, romelic

daclilia aspeqturi gagebisagan. amitom, myofadis formebs zmniswinis an

qo- dadasturebiTi nawilakis darTviT awarmoeben.

gi-Tàm-i-rul-u-an-s `rameze daiZinebs~, gim-i-rin-u-an-s `gamoiyenebs~,

ginàmisumaruans `gadaistumrebs (didxans aris stumrad)~, ginàikaTuans

`(ga)adens (zRarTans)~, giTàmiCxanuans `gamoanaTebs~; akimunuans

`moiRrubleba~, (gvxvdeba uzmniswino variantic: imunuans ìRrubleba~).

Prev-i-R-u-an-Ø qvestruqturis zmnebs wyvetilSi sufiqsad -u-an

daboloebis zmnebs (iseve rogorc -af-u-an-Ø struqturis zmnebs) –uu(n)

moudis. mag., Wvima gagàniRu do gegàTiCxanuu -- wvimam gadaiRo da mze

gamovida (gamomzianda);

aqve aucileblad unda aRiniSnos, rom megruli morfosintaqsis

wesebiT, aq unda gvqondes moTxrobiTi brunvis -q sufiqsiT markireba:

Wvimaq gagniRu, magram rogorc Cans, orive forma dasturdeba, amitom,

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Cven orive magaliTs davtovebT: Wvima gagàniRu `wvima gadaiRo~ da amis

paralelurad: Wvimaq gagàniRu `wvimam gadaiRo~, godirTu Wvimaq `dadga

wvimebi~ (qajaia,Lemma: godgina2, Number 4104). Sdr.: saliteraturo

qarTulSi, zog SemasmenelTan qvemdebaris gamosaxatavad saxelobiTi da

moTxrobiTi brunvis niSnebiT paraleluri markireba SeniSnuli aqvs a.

kizirias: àseTi Semasmenlebia: gadaiRo, gadaixara: igi gadaiRo //man

gadaiRo: gaTenebisas wvima gadaiRo, dilisaTvis Tovli gadaiRo, iliko

gadaixara WurSi, Sdr.: wvimam gadaiRo, JuJuna wvimam gadaiRo, mzem karga

gadaixara Casavalisken. sainteresoa isic, rom gamoiRviZa zmnasTan

saliteraturo qarTulSi qvemdebare moTxrobiT brunvaSi dgas, WanurSi

ki – saxelobiTSi: oxoiSi sahebi njiriSen qagokucxu `saxlis patronma

Zilisagan gamoiRviZa~, saxelobiTSia qvemdebare svanurSic: mârma ladeR

J’an~çcx befSv `meore dRes gaiRviZa bavSvma~ (38,95-103).


awmyo: i-rul-u-an-s ìZinebs// daiZinebs~

myofadi: (qi)diruluans `daiZinebs~

wyvetili: (qi)diruluu `daiZina~

I rezultativi: (qà)duruluafu(n) `dauZinia~

III rezultativi: donorulafuen `daiZinebda Turme~

3.2.1.1.10 R-en-Ø qvestruqtura # 10

me-10 qvestruqturaSi vaTavsebT R-en- Ø struqturis erTpirian zmnebs,

romlebic, rogorc wesi, myofads i_en konfiqsiT awarmoeben:

gurens `gulobs~, mag., guri iSeni gurenc `guli mainc gulobs~

(vimowmebT o. qajaias leqsikonidan), abragens àbragobs~, azrens

àzrovnebs~, *azrobs (fiqrobs), wuxens - iwuxens “wuxs - iwuxebs” nanens

_ inanens “nanobs - inanebs”; natrens//nartens _ inatrens//inartens

`natrobs - inatrebs”; na(r)Rens _ ina(r)Rens `naRvlobs - inaRvlebs”;

Ciulens _ iCiulens “Civis - iCivlebs”; Cxupens _ iCxupens “Cxubobs

(ibrZvis) - iCxubebs (ibrZolebs)”. vaWrens//varWens - ivaWrens//ivarWens

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`vaWrobs - ivaWrebs”. rZRi(r)kafulens - qi-i(r)ZRirkuans àitacebs,

moikidebs~; xarens - ixarens `xarobs - ixarebs”.

aq aucileblad unda iTqvas m. Cuxuas SeniSvnis Sesaxebac, rom

moyvanil magaliTTagan mxolod rZRi(r)kafulens - qi-i(r)ZRirkuans

àitacebs, moikidebs~ formaa sakuTriv megruli, sxva formebi

saliteraturo qarTulis faqtebia da, Sesabamisad, emTxveva mas. Cven

mainc davtoveT isini samagaliTo formaTa svetSi, radgan yvela maTgani

dadasturebulia megrul metyvelebasa da rac mTavaria, o. qajaias

megrul-qarTul leqsikonSi. zogadenaTmecnieruli midgomis Tanaxmad,

rac dafiqsirebulia metyvelebaSi, aucileblad aisaxeba enaSic, amdenad,

vfiqrobT, rom es magaliTebi unda darCes R-en-Ø qvestruqturis zmnaTa

CamonaTvalSi.

R-en-Ø qvestruqturis zmnaTa rig qarTul SesatyvisebSi (inatris,

inanis, ikvexis, iRvwis, iRimis...) awmyoSi dRemde SemorCenilia i- prefiqsi,

rac maTi refleqsivuri Sinaarsis maCveneblia.

myofadis mwkrivebs i- prefiqsis darTviT awarmoeben: potikens

(paraleluri, imave Sinaarsisaa ipotiku(n)) `Cxirkedelaobs~, abanens –

iabanuans `banaobs – iabanoebs; kilaoznikens (iyen. ikilaozniku iSara,

ukilaoznikebu uSaria, nokilaoznikebue(n) Sarobda Turme) - Sarobs,

Sars sdebs, mag., irfeliSeni kilaoznikens - `yvelaferze Sarobs~.

am tipis myofadis i- prefiqsiani avtoaqtivebi megrulSi, iseve, rogorc

saliteraturo qarTulSi, usrulaspeqtiania.

am struqturis zmnebs xSirad brunvacvalebadi obieqti Seewyoba. mag.,

jgiro gurafulens ZRabi `kargad swavlobs gogo~. Sdr. imave zmnis

orpiriani forma: gurafulens ZRabi gakveTils `swavlobs gogo

gakveTils~. uRlebis paradigma ki am orive zmnas erTi aqvs: wyvetili:

iguruu ìswavla (man /man is), uguruafu ùswavlia~ (mas/mas is),

nogurafue(n) `naswavleba~ (mas/ mas is).

gansxvaveba am or formas (am tipis) formas Soris semantikuria:

erTpiriani `gurafulens~ tipis zmnebi, romelic I diaTezis pirvel,

statikur qvejgufSi iricxebian, gamoxataven moqmedebis mdgomareobas,

anu, moqmedeba erT wertilze trialebs, avtoqativia.

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im SemTxvevaSi, Tu konkretul konteqstSi gaiCines brunvacvalebadi

obieqti, maSin ukve pirveli diaTezis meore – dinamikur qvejgufSi

gadairicxebian: gurafulens ZRabi Waruas `swavlobs gogo

werasbrunvacvalebadi obieqti~

am paradigmis zmnebs wyvetilic i- prefiqsiani aqvT, sufiqsad ki

gveqneba -u.


awmyo: wuxens `wuxs~ (//iwuxebu(n)

myofadi: iwuxens ìwuxebs~

wyvetili: iwuxu ìwuxa~

I TurmeobiTi: uwuxebu(n) ùwuxia~

III TurmeobiTi: nowuxebue(n) ùwuxia Turme~

R-en-Ø qvestruqtura, iseve, rogorc saliteraturo qarTulSi, Zalze

produqtiulia megrulSic, rasac ver vityviT amave qvestruqturis

zmniswinian variantze: Prev-R-en-Ø. ix. Semdegi - me-11 klasi.

3.2.1.1.16. Prev-R-en-Ø qvestruqtura # 16

me-16 qvestruqturaSi gaerTianebuli Prev-R-en-Ø qvestruqturis zmnebi

produqtiulobiT ar gamoirCeva. gilacuxens `TaRliTobs, gaiZverobs~

(icuxu iTaRliTa, ucuxebu(n) uTaRliTia, nocuxebue(n) TaRliTobda

Turme) zmniswini daclilia aspeqturi semantikisgan, misi funqcia

moqmedebis semantikuri niuans(eb)is dazustebaa. mag., `TiSi saSveli

vanoჸofue, jveSeburo gilurs do gilacuxens -- imisi saSveli ar iqneba,

Zveleburad dadis da TaRliTobs~, gilàmawens ìRvreba~: jas Tofuri

gilmawens `xidan Tafli iRvreba~ (123, 6) (magaliTebi moxmobilia o.

qajaias leqsikonidan).

advili SesamCnevia, rom wina paradigmisgan am klass mxolod da

mxolod awmyoSive dadasturebuli zmniswini ganasxvavebs, faqtobrivad,

igive paradigmaa, oRond zmniswiniani. awmyoSive darTuli zmnis

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gansakutrebul semantikur niuanss sZens zmniT gamoxatul moqmedebas.

rogorc aRvniSneT, awmyoSive zmniswindarTul formebs, Cveulebriv,

axlavs -Ti, -ma, Tàma nawilakebi, romelbic aniWeben zmnur formebs

awmyos an usruli aspeqtis gagebas (21,75).

amave struqturis uzmniswino (me-10 klasis) zmnaTagan gansxvavebiT,

arc uRlebis paradigmaSi gvaqvs raime gansxvaveba.

konstruqcia: nom-erg-dat-nom. wyvetilSi mwkrivis niSnad moudiT –i

sufiqsi. myofad-wyvetilis mwkrivebs qo- nawilakis darTviT awarmoebs.

awmyo: gilàmawens `iRvreba~

myofadi: (qi)gàlawens `CamoiRvreba~

wyvetili: gilawiu//uu `daiqca, daiRvara~

I rezultativi: gilawumele(n) `daqceula~

III rezultativi: gilnowumue(n) `daiqceoda xolme~

3.2.1.1.12. R-un-Ø qvestruqtura # 12

me-17 qvestruqturaSi vaerTianebT R-un-Ø qvestruqturis zmnebs. eseni –

un TemisniSniani absolutivebia. moqmedebis agensi avtoaqtiuria. am

qvestruqturaSi, ZiriTadad xmianobis gamomxatveli zmnebi erTiandeba.

konstruqcia: nom-erg-dat-nom. myofad-wyvetilis jgufebi i- xmovani

prefiqsis, zmniswinis an qo- dadasturebiTi nawilakis darTviT

ewarmoeba.

budinuns `dudunebs, gaurkvevlad laparakobs~, burdRinuns

`burdRunebs~, burtyinuns `burtyunebs~, burwinuns `gruxunebs (zarbazani,

i.yifS.)~, wkirwkinuns `WriWinebs~: meurs uremi, miwkirwkinu(n) `midis

uremi, miWriWinebs.

m. Cuxuas SeniSvniT, aRniSnuli zmnebi pirdapirobieqtiani aqtivebisgan

imiT gansxvavdebian, rom rezultativis mwkrivebSi –un Tematur sufiqss

ar SeirCens, Sdr.: S-un-s /S-u, u-S-um-u(n), no-S-um-u-e(n); Tumca,

76

paralelurad, o-R-an(am) qvestruqturas erTnairad awarmoeben; Sdr.:

budin-un-s /mi-o-budin-an-s _ War-un-s/mi-o-War-an-s, Wkom-un-s/mi-o-Wkom-an-s...


awmyo: budinuns `dudunebs~

myofadi: qobudinuns ìbudunebs~

wyvetili: qobudinu ìduduna~

I TurmeobiTi: ubudin(eb)u(n) ùbudunia~

III TurmeobiTi: nobudin(eb)ue(n) ùwuxia Turme~

3.2.1.1.13. Prev-R-un-Ø qvestruqtura # 13

me-13 qvestruqturaSi erTiandeba Prev-R-un-Ø qvestruqturis zmnebi.

isini awmyoSive dairTaven zmniswins, romelic ar aRniSnavs srul

aspeqts, daclilia aspeqturi gagebisagan da mxolod moqmedebis niuansur

semantikas akonkretebs. srul aspeqts maaspeqtirebeli zmniswinis

funqciis mqone qo- nawilakis an zmniswinis garTulebiT awarmoeben. mag.,

gegàTorwkinuns `{gamo}bzinavs, {gamo}brwyinavs seriT geriSi Toli

giTàmorzinuns -- RamiT mglis Tvali {gamo}bzinavs, {gamo}brwyinavs;

gegàSadgidgonuns/ giSadgirdgonuns àmoigungleba~, gigànofurinuns

//gegànofurinuns `gadafrindeba~...

Sdr., wina - R-un-Ø qvestruqturis zmna `burdRinuns~ niSnavs

`burdRunebs~. awmyoSive zmniswindarTuli igive forma ki moxvdeba Prev-

R-un-Ø qvestruqturaSi: gilaburdRinuns `dadis, daburdRunebs~.

sxva magaliTebi:

geJvequns `tlinkaobs, uSnod cekvavs~, aSadgidgonuns ìgungleba~,

ginoTanTuns `(gada)fiTrdeba~, gegànoturinuns `gadaifrens

(trialiT, xmauriT, frTebis tylaSuniT)~, ginoCaCuns `CoCviT gadadis~,

gegànocoჸuns `gadaxteba~, ginocxaluns `gadaitruseba, gadairujeba~,

gegànoWvenguns `gadaxteba (Zlierad)~, godacuns ùkanmouxedavad garbis~,

geqenCuns `TavdaviwyebiT xtis~, geqequns `xtis adgilze~, gilazuminuns

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`dazuzunobs~, gagàmokvanw-un-s `kopwiapobs~, gagàmikvanwu do midarTu

diaraSa „gamoewyo (koxtad) da wavida qorwilSi~ (qaj. Lemma:

gamok'vanc'ua, Number 2301), gegamozojuns `gamobrZandeba~, gegàmosxapuns

`gamoxteba~, geyayuns `bevrs dalevs~, gecvaruns `cotas Sesvams~...


awmyo: gilakvanwans `dakopwiaobs~

wyvetili: qigàlakvanwu ìkopwiava~

I rezultativi: gilukvanw(in)u(n) ùkopwiavia~

III rezultativi: gilànokvanwue(n) ùkopwiavia Turme~

3.2.1.1.14. R-ჷn-Ø qvestruqtura #14

14-e qvestruqturaSi vaerTianebT R-ჷn-Ø qvestruqturis zmnebs. isini -ჷn

Tematur niSniani absolutivebia. samecniero literaturaSi -ჷn sufiqsi -

un Tematuri niSnis alomorfad ganixileba. –un ჷn. konstruqcia: nom-

erg-dat-nom. myofad-wyvetilis jgufebi i- xmovani prefiqsis, zmniswinis an

qo- dadasturebiTi nawilakis darTviT ewarmoeba.

bujginჷnc `(msuqani) saubrobs~, buRinჷns `tyuis, sakuTari Tavs iqebs~,

gogჷns `gogavs~...

myofad-wyvetilis formebs, qo- dadasturebiTi nawilakisa da

zmniswinis darTviT iwarmoeben: qobujginuns `(msuqani) ilaparakebs~,

qobuRinuns `moityuebs, sakuTar Tavs Seiqebs~


awmyo: bujginჷnc `(msuqani) saubrobs~

myofadi: qobujginჷnc `(msuqani) saubrobs~

wyvetili: qobujginu `sasiamovnod isaubra~

I rezultativi: ubujginu(n) `sasiamovnod usaubria~

III rezultativi: nobujginue(n) `sasiamovnod usaubria Turme~.

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3.2.1.1.15. Prev-R-in-Ø qvestruqtura #15

15-e qvestruqturaSi (Prev-R-in-Ø) –in TemisniSniani zmnebi erTiandeba.

isini awmyoSive dairTaven zmniswins, romelic daclilia aspeqturi

semantikisagan. srul aspeqts maaspeqtirebeli zmniswinis funqciis mqone

qo- nawilakis an zmniswinis garTulebiT awarmoeben. gansxvavebiT –an, -en,

-un/-n TematurniSnian zmnaTagan, romelTa struqturebic rTuldeba

zmniswiniTa da xmovani prefiqsebiT, erTpirian usruli konstruqciis

zmnebSi –in Temis niSnis mixedviT mxolod es erTi jgufi gamoiyo. –in

TemisniSnian zmnaTa umravlesoba sruli konstruqciis relatiur zmnebSi

gadairicxeba.

konstruqcia – regularulad nom-erg-dat-nomia. zmniswini daclilia

aspeqturi Sinaarsisgan da mxolod moqmedebis mimarTulebas akonkretebs.


awmyo: gileTxiins `dadis da maTxovrobs~

wyvetili: gileTxu `maTxovrobda~

I rezultativi: giluTxuu `umaTxovria~

III rezultativi: gilànoTxue(n) maTxovrobda Turme~

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3.2.1.1.16. I diaTezis usruli konstruqciis absolutivebi –

Sejameba

amgvarad, pirveli diaTezis usruli konstruqciis absolutivebi

refleqsivuri Sinaarsisaa, maTi subieqti TviTmoqmedia, moqmedeba

uSualod aisaxeba moqmed pirze. konstruqcia: nom-erg-dat-nom ,

struqtura -R-Ø.

rogorc vnaxeT, sul 22 klasi gamoiyo awmyos mwkrivSive

dadasturebuli zmniswinis, xmovani prefiqsebisa da Tematuri

sufiqsebis mixedviT. Tumca, rogorc aRvniSneT, es qvestruqturebi ar

cvlian ZiriTad, gvareobiT struqturas - R-Ø da mis qvevariantebs

warmoadgenen. maTi uRlebis paradigmebi regularulia.

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3.2.1.2. I diaTezis usruli konstruqciis

orpiriani brunvaucvlelobieqtiani zmnebi

pirveli diaTezis usruli konstruqcia, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,

Sedgeba erTpiriani avtoaqtivebisa (budinuns `dudunebs~) da orpiriani,

brunvaucvlelbobieqtiani aqtivebisagan (awasxapans Tina Tis – win uxteba

is mas-qawasxapans – daaxteba is mas, qawásxapu Tiq Tinas – qawusxapinu(n)

// qawusxapafu(n) Tis TiSa). absolutivebi ukve ganvixileT (ix. zemoT),

axla orpirian, brunvaucvlel obieqtian usruli konstruqciis zmnebze

vimsjeloT. agensis brunvaTa mixedviT, zmnis konstruqcia isev nom-erg-

dat-nom –ia, struqtura ki, isev - R-Ø. mag.,

u-ჸvirin-an-s Tinanom Tisdat `gaognebiT uyurebs isnom masdat

uჸvirinuu Tiqerg Tisdat `gaognebiT uyura manerg masdat

uჸvirinuafu(n) Tisdat TeSa `gaognebiT uyurebia masdat misTvis

noჸvirinue(n) Tina Tis `gaognebiT uyurebda xolme isnom masdat

SeniSvna: aq u- prefiqsi pirTa sakorelacio funqciisaa, mesame, brunvaucvleli

obieqturi piris zmnaSi CarTulobaze miuTiTebs. Cveni azriT, igi daclilia rogorc

saobieqto, ise sasubieqto kuTvnilebis gagebisagan. sainteresoa, rom o. qajaias

leqsikonSi mas sasxviso qcevis kvalifikacia aqvs miniWebuli (rac, Cveni azriT,

aramarTebulia):

amgvarad, am tipis zmnebi aqtiur moqmedebas gamoxataven, maTi moqmedeba

brunvaucvlel obieqtze gadadis, u- prefiqsi daclilia saobieqto

qcevis gagebisagan da pirTa sakorelacio funqciisaa; mag., tura gere

Sorsჷ do ukჷJinჷncჷ kocჷ: i.yifS., gv. 20 - tura dgas Sors da

uyviris/ukiJinebs kacs.

ganvixiloT pirveli diaTezis usruli konstruqciis meore qvejgufis,

anu orpiriani brunvaucvlelobieqtiani zmnebi.

81

3.2.1.2..1. usruli konstruqciis

brunvaucvlelobieqtiani prev.-o-R-an-Ø qvestruqtura #16

16-e qvestruqturaSi vaerTianebT prev.-o-R-an-Ø qvestruqturis orpirian

brunvaucvlelobieqtian zmnebs. a- prefiqsi meoreulia, yvelgan o-

prefiqsi ivaraudeba: ooaa (mikàma-a-sxap-an-s mikàma-o-sxap-an-s); zmnis

konstruqciaa nom-erg-dat-nom, brunvaucvleli obieqtis brunvebia dat- dat-

dat-dat.

qo- dadasturebiTi nawilakisa da zmniswinis darTviT am zmnebs

regularulad ewarmoebaT myofad-wyvetilis mwkrivebi, mag., qanasxapans

`Caxteba~...

aucileblad unda aRiniSnos am zmnaTa qarTuli Sesatyvisebis

Sesaxebac: megruli zmnebis statistikuri analizis Sedegad gamoCnda,

rom pirveli diaTezis R-[Th.s.]-Ø struqturis (da am konkretul

SemTxvevaSi, 16-e qvestruqturis orpirian prev.-o-R-an-Ø struqturis)

zmnaTa umravlesobas, kanonzomierad, II diaTezis R-th.s.–eb-i struqturis

orpiriani zmnebi Seesatyviseba12: mag., mikàma-a-sxap-an-s Tina Tis – mi-a-xt-

eba is mas `RoneSi midmaRalar Rvins: m. xub., gv. 4 -- miaxta Ronis

wamrTmev Rvinos~ (qajaia:) ; (amave zmnis pirveli piris formaSi

gamoCndeba i- prefiqsi: mikàv-i-sxapanq ma Tis `mivaxtebi me mas~). qana-a-

sxap-an-s - Ca-xt-eb-a: `WiWe dobiZgafa oko do qanaasxapans - patara

biZgeba unda da Caxteba~. aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom qanaasxapans

forma, romelic, prof. merab Cuxuas azriT, miRebuli unda iyos

qanaosxapans//qanoosxapans qanaasxapans fuZeSi asimilaciis procesis

Sedegad, SeiZleba gavigoT ornairad: 1. Caxteba is da 2. Ca-a-xteba is mas,

pirvel SemTxveaSi obieqti ar gamovlindeba da zmna absoluturi iqneba,

Sesabamisad, pirveli diaTezis Sesabamis absolutur Prev.-a-R-an-Ø

qvestruqturaSi gadairicxeba. orpiriani gagebis SemTxvevaSi, obieqti

brunvaucvlelia, mudmivad micemiT brunvaSia warmodgenili, amitom,

12 aseve, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, I diaTezis usruli konstruqciis (erTpiriani) avtoaqtivebis megrul formebs saliteraturo qarTulSi, xSirad, II diaTezis (R-eb-i) struqturis erTpiariani avtoaqtivebi Seesabameba. mag., akurs `deddeba~, miobacans `micunculdeba~....

82

pirveli diaTezis am brunvaucvlel obieqtian Prev.-a-R-an-Ø

qvestruqturaSi darCeba.


awmyo: elàmasxapans Tina Tis – ecekveba is mas

wyvetili: qelasxapu Tiq Tis – ecekva man mas

I rezultativi: elusxapin(//af)u(n) Tis TiSa `ecekveba, cekvaSi

partnioroba gauwevia mas misTvis~

III rezultativi: elànosxapinue(n) Tina Tis `ecekveboda Turme is mas~

sxva magaliTi:

awmyo: awàmasxap-an-s (Tina Tis) `win uxt-eb-a is mas~,

wyvetili: qawasxapu (Tiq Tis) `win gauxta is mas~,

I rezultativi: awusxapin(//af)u(n) (Tis TiSa) `win daxtomia is mas~,

III rezultativi: awànosxapue(n) (Tis TiSa)`win dauxteboda Turme is mas~

SeniSvna: rogorc vxedavT, am qvestruqturaSi moyvanil magaliTSic

megrul R-Ø struqturis zmnas (awasxap-an-s) saliteraturo qarTulis R-

eb-i struqturis zmna Seesabameba (win uxt-eb-a). radgan, megrul zmnaSi

ufro metad aris daculi uZvelesi qarTveluri tendenciebi, Cveni azriT,

amgvari SemTxvevebi R-ebi struqturis meoreulobaze miuTiTebs.

moyvanil magaliTebSi sporadulad aRdgeba o- xmovanprefiqsi,

romelic brunvaucvleli obieqturi piris povnierebaze miuTiTebs.

saliteraturo qarTulSi am qvestruqturis zmnebSi o- prefiqsis rangSi

samimarTebo a/u- (iSviaTad e-) xmovanprefiqsebi da h-/s- piris niSnebi

gvxvdeba:(a-): miTàmi-o-xvalans `miaxvelebs~, giTàmiorSvinans `daastvens~,

giosxapans `daaxteba~, giofurinans `daafrindeba~,

(u-): giTàmiotyobans `Causafrdeba~,

(h-/s-): mi-o-Zic-an-s `Sescinis~, giTàmioZaxans-dasZaxis, dahyviris,

giorjginans - sjobnis//ajobebs

(e-): giTàmioWyvartans-daeSxefeba...

orpirian prev.-o-R-an-Ø struqturis zmnaTa did nawils, kanonzomierad,

II diaTezis prev.-R-th.s.–eb-i struqturis orpiriani zmnebi Seesatyviseba:

83

giotyobans – Causafrdeba, giosxapans – daaxteba, giofurinans –

daafrindeba, gioWyartans – daeSxefeba...

am zmnebs regularulad ewarmoebaT myofad-wyvetilisa da

rezultativTa mwkrivebi.

uRlebis nimuSi:

awmyo: giTàmiosxapans `axteba is mas~

myofadi: giosxapans Tina Tis `daaxteba is mas~

wyvetili: giosxapu Tiq Tis `daaxta man mas~

I rezultativi: geusxapafu(n) Tina `dahxtomia is mas~

III rezultativi: gànosxapinue(n) Tina `xtoda Turme is~

3.2.1.2.2. usruli konstruqciis orpiriani brunvaucvlelobieqtiani Prev-u-R-an-Ø qvestruqtura #17

17-e qvestruqturaSi erTiandeba Prev-u-R-an-Ø struqturis zmnebi. maTi

konstruqcia nom-erg-dat-nom-ia. brunvaucvleli obieqtis brunvebi ki – dat-

dat-dat-dat. mag., alurTans Tina Tis - (Ca)uxvevs is mas, aluluans

`Cauvlis~ obieqti aoristSic brunvaucvlelia, amasTan, am tipis zmnebs

qarTulSi, kanonzomierad, II diaTezis R-ebi struqturis zmnebi

Seesatyviseba: (Tiq)qaTuurCqinu mumas – (man) SeuCnda mamas (magaliTs

vimowmebT oTar qajais leqsikonidan).

sxva qvestruqturebis msgavsad, aqac, xSirad adgili aqvs zmniswineuli

xmovnis Serwymas qvestruqturiseul xmovanprefiqsTan, am konrketul

SemTxvevaSi - u- prefiqsTan: mag., alurTans -(gverds uqcevs, uxvevs) >

*alaurTans.



uRlebis nimuSi: awmyo: alàmurTans Tina Tis `scdeba /gverds uqcevs is mas~ myofadi: alurTans Tina Tis `gascdeba /gverds auqcevs is mas~ wyvetili: alurTu Tiq Tis `gascda / gverdi auqcia man mas~ I rezultativi: alurTuafu Tis TiSa `gascdenia is mas/gverdi

auqcevia mas misTvis~ III rezultativi: alànorTuafue(n) Tina Tis `gverdanaqceva is mas~

84

3.2.1.2.3. usruli konstruqciis brunvaucvlelobieqtiani

prev.-o-R-u-an-Ø qvestruqtura #18

18-e qvestruqturaSi vaerTianebT prev.-o-R-u-an-Ø qvestruqturis zmnebs,

romelTac, msgavsad pirveli diaTezis sxva qvestruqturebisa, nom-erg-dat-

nom konstruqcia aqvT. brunvaucvleli obieqti mudmivad micemiTSia, mag.,

mi-o-wur-u-an-s Tina Tisdat. – mi-o-wur-u Tiq Tisdat.

aqac gvaqvs zmniswinisa da xmovani prefiqsis daviwrovebisa da

asimilaciis SemTxvevebi, mag., gi-o-goruans (miagnebs) *ge-o-goruans,

gi-o-WiSuans (daeweva) *ge-o-WiSuans...

am qvestruqturis zogierT zmnas saliteraturo qarTulSi II diaTezis,

anu, R-Th.s.-i struqturis zmnebi Seesatyviseba, nacvlad, missive R-Th.s.-Ø

strquturisa. mag., gi-o-WiSuans „daeweva“,



uRlebis nimuSi:

awmyo: g/miTàmioWiSuans Tina Tis „eweva is mas“

wyvetili: m/gioSiSuu Tiq Tis `daewia man mas~

I rezultativi: uWiSuafu Tis TiSa `daswevia is mas~

III rezultativi: noWiSafue(n) Tina Tis `daeweoda Turme is mas~

3.2.1.2.4. u-R-u-an-Ø oden brunvaucvlelobieqtiani

qvestruqtura #19

19-e qvestruqturaSi u-R-u-an-Ø struqturis zmnebs, romelTac aqvT nom-

erg-dat-nom konstruqcia da oden brunvaucvleli obieqti. ugvaguans

`urtyams~.

mocemuli struqturis myofadis formebi, ZiriTadad, zmniswinisa da

qo- dadasturebiTi nawilakis darTviT iwarmoeba; myofadis struqtura

iqneba _ Prev-u-R-u-an-Ø; gvaqvs zmniswinuri xmovnisa da u- xmovanprefisis

85

urTierTmezoblobiT ganpirobebuli fonetikuri procesebi. mag.,

guwuluans > *guwo-u-l-u-an-s `gauswrebs~;

Raribiq miwikinà, Selebuanc guwuulu, k. samuS, qxps, vimowmebT o.

qajaias leqsikonidan – Raribma wamoiwia, SeZlebuls gauswro

Prev-u-R-u-an-Ø struqturaSi gvaqvs iseTi magaliTebic, sadac

warmodgenilia rogorc xmovani prefiqsi, aseve zmniswiniseuli xmovanic

mcireodeni fonetikuri cvlilebiT, mag., gu-u-rzin-u-an-s – gaaZlebinebs

> go-u-rzinuans (xmovanTa sruli, kontaqturi regresuli asimilacia).

oTar qajaias leqsikonSi am qvestruqturis zmnebsac xSirad sasxviso

qcevis gageba miewereba:

Sdr., analogiuri viTarebaa qarTulSic: a-rtyams/u-rtyams is mas.

SeniSvna: am tipis zmnebTan dakavSirebiT aucileblad unda aRiniSnos

maTi labiluri konstruqciis Sesaxeb: am zmnebs xan gamouCndebaT mesame piri –

brunvacvalebadi obieqti, xan – ara. mag., a-/u-rtyams is mas [mas] (maTraxs/xels)

urtyams is mas [mas] ; analogiurad, megrulSic: Tina Tis xes ubezuanduni

ìs mas xels urtyamda~ Sdr.: Tina Tis ubezuanduni, guri megaWuudu „is imas

rom urtyamda (xmis gamocemiT), guli dagewveboda“; Tofi duukasudu jimuT do

oWiSiSa qubezudu „Tofi dautenia mariliT da zurgSi usvria“(gaurtyams).

an:

yvela SemTxvevaSi ara, magram am struqturis zmnaTa umravlesobaSi u-

prefiqsi kuTvnileba-daniSnulebiT funqcias (e.w. `sasxviso qcevas~) ar

gamoxatavs, ìgi ar unda iyos warmoSobiT qcevis gamomxatveli, qcevis

funqcia mas Semdeg unda hqondes dakisrebuli~ (81, 207-211); u- prefiqsis

gramatikuli funqcia ki pirTa korelaciis gamoxatvaa, (68, 6). Sdr., ù-

prefiqss aqvs SesaZlebloba, gamoxatos kuTvnilebiTi urTierToba

(kerZod, moqmedebis Sedegis gankuTvneba iribi obieqtisadmi), magram es

86

funqcia misTvis arc amosavalia da arc ZiriTadi... u- prefiqsi miuTiTebs

konstruqciaSi iribi obieqtis povnierebaze~ (162, 173-180).

sxva qvestruqturebis msgavsad, saliteraturo qarTulTan mimarTebiT,

aqac gvaqvs struqturaTa Senacvlebis SemTxvevebi: u-R-u-an-Ø struqturis

zogierTi zmnis saliteraturo qarTuli Sesatyvisi II diaTezis, anu, R–

(eb)-i struqturisaa, mag., unWuan-s Tina Tis – eswraf-eb-a is mas.

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom am qvestruqturis zmnebis obieqti mxolod

micemiTbrunviania. mag., u-Takar-u-an-s Cxana qianas (acxunebs mze miwas),

uTakaruu Cxanaq qianas (daacxuna mzem miwas_dat). Cveni klasifikaciiT, es

(da msgavsi magaliTebi) aris u-R-u-an-Ø struqturis zmna, romlis

subieqtis brunvebic seriebis mixedviT aris: nom-erg-dat-nom; obieqti ki

brunvaucvlelia, micemiT brunvaSia. o. qajaias klasifikaciiT, es

gardauvali zmnaa; leqsikonSi ki, ratomRac, gardamavlad aris miCneuli

– savaraudod, leqsikonSi am zmnasTan Sewyobili obieqti

brunvacvalebadad ganixileba, mag.:

rogorc vxedavT, wyvetilis mwkrivis formaSi (uTakaruu) ori

mniSvnelobaa miTiTebuli: cecxlad moedo manerg masdat. da cecxliviT

daswva manerg masdat.

orive semantikuri gagebis SemTxvevaSi obieqti brunvaucvlelia

(micemiTbrunviania) rogorc pirvel, aseve meore seriaSi.

sxva magaliTi:

Cveni azriT, aq obieqti brunvaucvlelia da mudmivad micemiTi brunvis

niSniTaa gaformebuli, Sesabamisad, is ver iqneba tradiciuli gagebiT,

gardamavlad gaazrebuli: u-Takar-u-an-s Cxana qianas – u-Takar-u-u Cxanaq

qianas. analogiurad: uxitonuans uRitinebs is mas - uxitonuu - uRitina

manerg masdat.

87



uRlebis nimuSi:

awmyo: ubazuans Tina Tis ùrtyams is mas~

wyvetili: ubazuu Tiq Tis ùrtya man mas~

I rezultativi: ubazuafu Tis TiSa ùrtyia mas misTvis~

III rezultativi: nobazuafue(n) Tina Tis ùrtyamda Turme is mas~.

3.2.1.2. 5. usruli konstruqciis brunvaucvlelobieqtiani

(Prev)-u-R-en-Ø qvestruqtura #20

20-e qvestruqturaSi vaerTianebT Prev-u-R-en-Ø struqturis zmnebs,

romelTac, iseve rogorc pirveli diaTezis yvela zmnas qvemdebaris

brunvis mixedviT nom-erg-dat-nom konstruqcia aqvs. am rigis zmnebia:

guugonens (gaugonebs), ginuurqens (gadauqrolebs, gadaiqnevs), gamuntens

(gamounTebs) da sxv. obieqti, rogorc wesi, micemiT brunvaSia. T/mV

elementis darTvis SemTxvevaSi zmniswini zmnas usruli aspeqtisa da

axlandeli moqmedebis gagebas sZens, sxva SemTxvevaSi ki myofadi drois

gamomxatvelia.



prof m. Cuxuas SeniSvniT, dasturdeba amave yalibis –u-an sufiqsiani

variantic: guugon-u-an-s `gaugonebs~.

uRlebis nimuSi:

awmyo: goTàmugonens // ugonens Tina Tis ùgonebs is mas~

myofadi: guugonens Tina Tis `gaugonebs is mas~

wyvetili: guugonu Tiq Tis – gaugona man mas

I rezultativi: guugonebu mas misTvis – gaugonia mas misTvis

III rezultativi: gunogonebue(n) Tina Tis– *gaugonebda Turme is mas.

88

analogiurad: duujerens `daujerebs~, duujeru `daujera~, duujerebu

`daujerebia~, donojerebue(n) daijerebda Turme~.

aqve, aucileblad unda aRvniSnoT, rom am zmnis SemTxvevaSic, iseve

rogorc zemoT aRniSnuli u-R-u-an-Ø struqturis zmnebSi, u- prefiqss

rigi zmnis SemTxvevaSi ver ganvixilavT sasxviso qcevis niSnad, misi

gramatikuli funqciaa micemiTbrunviani saxelis/obieqtis povniereba,

Cveneba. igi pirTa sakorelacio niSnad migvaCnia. Sdr., o. qajaias

leqsikonSi miTiTebuli kvalifikacia `grdm. sasxv. qc.~:

am tipis magaliTis SemTxvevaSi u- prefiqsis amgvari kvelifikacia

CvenTvis miuRebelia.

II.2.1.2. 6. usruli konstruqciis brunvaucvlelobieqtiani

(Prev)-R-un-Ø qvestruqtura #21

21-e qvestruqturaSi vaTavsebT Prev-R-un-Ø struqturis usruli

konstruqciis brunvaucvlel obieqtian qvestruqturas. am struqturis

zmnebsac awmyos struqturaSive SeiZleba hqondeT T/mV elementCarTuli

zmniswini, romelic daclilia aspeqturi Sinaarsisgan da mxolod gezisa

da orientaciis, xanac intensivobis gamomxatvelia; mag., golaxuns

`scems~.

Prev-R-un-Ø struqturis zmnebs, xSirad, myofadSi moudiT qo-

dadasturebiTi nawilaki, mag., qobartyuns Tina Tis – qobartyu Tiq Tis

`waupartyunebs, pertyavs is mas - waupartyuna man mas”. qo-

dadasturebiTi nawilaki aq awmyoSive dadasturebuli zmniswinis

rangisaa, amitom, zmniswinis rangSi SeviyvaneT. z. WumburiZis azriT,

`mtkicebiTi nawilakebisa da moqmedebis usrulobis aRmniSvneli

nawilakebis gamoyeneba awmyosa da myofadis formaTa gasarCevad

megrulis specifikuri Taviseburebaa, riTac is gansxvavdeba sxva

89

qarTveluri enebisgan” (154, 143; 119, 352). i. qobalavas azriT, qo- nawilaki,

iSviaTad, usrulaspeqtian formebSic gvxvdeba, rogorc dapirispirebis an

mtkicebis gamomxatveli...” (120, 237; 119, 362).

qobartyuns Tina Tis (Tinas) `waupartyunebs is mas (mas)~ - am zmnur

formas xan gamouCndeba brunvacvalebadi obieqti da maSin pirveli

diaTezis sruli konstruqciis zmnebSi gadairicxeba (qobartyuns Tina

Tis xes `waupartyunebs is mas xels~), xan – ara, Sesabamisad, darCebian aq

- pirveli diaTezis usruli konstruqciis, oden brunvaucvlel obieqtian

konstruqciaSi: mag., (qobartyuns Tina Tis `waupartyunebs is mas~). amitom,

mesame pirs frCxilebSi vsvamT.

uRlebis nimuSi:

awmyo: qobartyuns Tina Tis (Tinas) `waupartyunebs is mas (mas)~

wyvetili: qobartyu Tiq Tis (Tina) `waupartyuna man mas (is)~,

I rezultativi: qoubartyu Tis TiSa (Tina) `waupartyunebia Turme mas

misTvis (is)~

III rezultativi: qonobartyue(n) Tina Tis (Tinas) waupartyunebda

Turme is mas (mas)~

sxva magaliTebi:

ginokჷJinuns (gadahyviris: ir onjuas oko ginakჷJinჷko muSi Rჷmalasჷ –

yovel saRamos unda gadaeyvira Tavisi samflobelosTvis, yifS.

vimowmebT leqsikonidan), almesquns (ebRlarZuneba), gimobertuns

(gamoyris tanze), gimotertuns (gamoayris), aSaჸuns (mihyveba, Sehyveba),

awoჸuns (win uZRvis), ginolenduns (gada)axteba, gegnorenjuns

(energiulad gadaaxteba), gegnoqvenduns (gadaaxteba), gimofertuns

(gamoafoTlavs), gegnonqeruns (gadaaxteba), golaluns (Sehyefs),

gegnonZaluns (gadaZalavs), gegnoSvenguns//gegnorenjuns (energiulad

gadaaxteba), goCxviJuns (gakawravs);

uRlebis nimuSi:

awmyo: golaluns Tina Tis `Sehyefs is mas~

wyvetili: golalu Tiq Tis `Sehyefa man mas~

I reultativi: goulalu(n) Tis TiSa `uyefia mas misTvis~

III rezultativi: gonolalue(n) Tina Tis `Sehyefda Turme is mas~

90

3.2.1.2.7. usruli konstruqciis brunvaucvlelobieqtiani

Prev-o-R-un-Ø qvestruqtura #22

22-e qvestruqturaSi vaerTianebT Prev-o-R-un-Ø struqturis zmnebs.

maTi konstruqcia nom-erg-dat-nomia. zmniswini awmyos struqturis

nawilia, msgavsad sxva SemTxvevebisa, aqac, zmniswini ver gamoxatavs

srul aspeqts, igi sxvadasxva mimarTulebisa Tu orientaciis

maCvenebelia. mag., giobsuns (daafsams), giobuns (zed asxams), gio(n)Tuns

(daaTovs)... ukanasknel magaliTSi CanarTi –n- xan dasturdeba, xan ara,

mag.: Cqimi WiWe ortvinias dRas vegioTჷncჷ: i. yifS., gv.183 -- Cems patara

bostans arasodes ar daaTovs (gamocana: nigozi) (vimowmebT o. qajaias

leqsikonidan) Sdr.: gioTuns Tis `daaTovs mas~.

zmnaSi CarTuli obieqturi aqtanti, Cveulebriv, micemiT brunvaSi dgas.

rogorc samecniero literaturaSia aRniSnuli, àm tipis formebis

nawils uzmniswino variantebi cocxal metyvelebaSi ar daeZebneba” (119,

63). mag., arabunebrivia òbsuns”, ò(n)Tuns”. moyvanil magaliTebSi

dadasturebuli gi- zmniswini, sinamdvileSi, fonetikur niadagze

gardaqmnili ge- zmniswinia: `xmovnis wina poziciaSi ge- gvaZlevs gi-

fonetikur variants~ (119, 362). ge-/gi- zmniswinis erTaderTi funqcia

`mimarTulebis zedapirze/sibrtyeze lokalizebaa, droul-aspeqturi

TvalsazrisiT igi neitraluria. rogorc wesi, aseT formebTan droul-

aspeqturi opozicia miiRweva qo- nawilakis darTviT.

zmniswinis saSualebiT moqmedebis zedapirze, sibrtyeze lokalizeba

zmnis konstruqciaSi brunvaucvleli obieqtis SemosvlasTanaa

dakavSirebuli. samecniero literaturaSi es movlena saTanadod aris

Seswavlili. mag., Tiq mo-rTà (movida) - gino-rTà Tiq Tis (gadaiara) (65,82-

83). uRlebis nimuSi:

awmyo: giTmioTuns Tina Tis `daaTovs is mas~

myofadi: gioTuns Tina Tis `daaTovs is mas~

wyvetili: gionTu Tiq Tis `daaTova man mas~

I rezultativi: geuTuafu(n) Tis TiSa `dauTovia mas misTvis~

III rezultativi: ginoTue(n) Tina Tis `daaTovda Turme is mas~.

91

3.2.1.3. I diaTezis usruli konstruqcia: absolutivebi

da brunvaucvlelobieqtiani orpiriani zmnebi

(Sejameba)

pirveli diaTezis zmnaTa ZiriTadi struqturisa (R-Ø) da

konstruqciis (nom-erg-dat-nom) gvareobiTi kategoriis qveS gamoiyofa ori

didi jgufi zmnebisa.

1. R-Ø struqturisa da nom-erg-dat-nom konstruqciis avtoaqtivebi:

erTpiriani zmnebi, romelTa subieqtic TviTmoqmedia,

introvertizebulia.

2. R-Ø struqturisa da nom-erg-dat-nom konstruqciis

brunvaucvlelobieqtiani (mudmivad micemiT brunvaSi mdgari

obieqti) orpiriani zmnebi.

orive jgufis zmnebSi gamoiyo qvestruqturebi zmniswinis,

xmovanprefiqsebisa da Tematuri niSnebis mixedviT;

erTpirian zmnebSi sul 15 qvestruqtura gamoiyo; maTi moqmedeba

introvertizebulia. semantikuri analizis doneze maT avtoaqtivebis

kvalifikacia SeiZleba mieceT.

orpirian brunvaucvlelobieqtian zmnebSi mxolod 7 qvestruqturis

gamoyof moxerxda. zogi maTgani labilurobiT xasiaTdeba, SeiZleba

gamouCndeT mesame piri – brunvacvalebadi obieqti. am SemTxvevaSi isini

pirveli diaTezis sruli konstruqciis qvejgufSi gaerTiandebian.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, es qvestruqturebi eqcevian ZiriTadi

struqturisa da konstruqciis CarCoSi da uRlebis Camoyalibebuli

sistema aqvT.

92

3.2.2. I diaTezis sruli konstruqcia

ZiriTadi struqtura: R-[Th.s.]-Ø,

konstruqcia: nom-erg-dat-nom, gvari aqtivi

pirveli diaTezis pirveli da meore qvejgufebis ganmasxvavebeli

niSania brunvacvalebadi obieqtis qona-qona. amis gamo, pirveli diaTezis

pirveli qvejgufisgan gansxvavebiT, meore qvejgufis zmnebs sruli

konstruqcia aqvT, radgan brunvacvalebadi obieqti SeewyobaT.

struqtura isev R-Ø–ia, konstruqcia isev - nom-erg-dat-nom. pirianobis

mixedviT brunvacvalebadobieqtiani R-Ø struqturisa da nom-erg-dat-nom

konstruqciis zmnebi SeiZleba iyos orpiriani an sampiriani. am jgufis

zmnebic aRvwereT fuZis struqturis mixedviT: gamovyaviT qvestruqturebi

zmniswinis, xmovanprefiqsebisa da Tematuri sufiqsebis mixedviT;

qvestruqturebs aerTianebs ZiriTadi R-Ø strquqtura da nom-erg-dat-nom

konstruqcia.

3.2.2.1. sruli konstruqciis brunvacvalebadobieqtiani

R-Ø qvestruqtura #23

23-e qvestruqturaSi vaerTianebT R-Ø struqturisa da nom-erg-dat-

nom konstruqciis mqone zmnebs. maT brunvacvalebadi obieqti SeewyobaT.

rcxons `varcxnis~, Tumca gvxvdeba amave formis –un Temis niSniani

variantic: rcxonuns. bons `bans~: mag., qoTi bondu, qoTi rcxondu `kidec

hbanda, kidec varcxnida~ (qaj.: qxs, 1, gv. 214). uRlebis paradigma

regularulia:

awmyo: bon(//un)s `bans~

myofadi: gobon(//un)s `dabans~

wyvetili: gobonu `dabana~

I rezultativi: goubonu(n) `daubania~

III rezultativi: gonobonue(n) `dabanda Turme~

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i-R-Ø qvestruqtura #24

24-e qvestruqturaSi vaerTianebT i-R-Ø yalibisa da nom-erg-dat-nom

konstruqciis zmnebs. ircxonuns ìvarcxnis~, ibirs `mReris~, ibons... bJa

pis ibons `mze pirs ibans~ namàda TiS guri Ti biras ibirs `rom misi

gulisTvis im simReras mReris~.

advili SesaZlebelia, konkretul konstruqciaSi daikargos

brunvacvalebadi obieqti da zmna erTpirian avtoaqtivad iqces;

konstruqciis mxriv labiluria mag., ibirs Tina Tis `mReris is mas~ Sdr.:

ibirs Tina `mReris is~; arTi ibirsini, Tiwkma maJia ingarsia èrTi rom

mReris, maSin meore tiriso~.


awmyo: ibirs `mReris~

myofadi: q-i-birs ìmRerebs~

wyvetili: qibiru ìmRera~

I rezultativi: ubiru ùmReria~

III rezultativi: nobirue(n) ùmReria Turme~


R-an-Ø qvestruqtura #25

#25-e qvestruqturaSi vaerTianebT R-an-Ø yalibisa da nom-erg-dat-nom

konstruqciis zmnebs.

baTur-an-s `cudad Toxnis~, bais-an-s `tkepnis~, balag-an-s `svris~,

baliS-an-s `magrad scems~, pantal-an-s `bJuturobs~, bardRal-an-s

`bJuturobs~, bardgal-an-s `roSavs, laybobs~, baqval-an-s `laparakobs

(box xmaze)~, bajal-an-s àmSvidebs, awynarebs (moferebiT)~, bajgal-an-s

`laybobs, windauxedavad yvelafers laparakobs~, bajgval-an-s

94

`sasiamovnod laparakobs~, felek-an-s àpobs, xleCs~, belen-an-s `Zlier

bRavis, xmamaRla tiris~.


awmyo: bordiSans `bodavs~

myofadi: qibordiSans `mobodavs~

wyvetili: bordiSuu ìboda~

I rezultativi: ubordiSuu(n) ùbodavs~,

III rezultativi: nobordiSue(n) `bodavda Turme~

myofadis warmoebisas am struqturis zmnebsac zmniswini an/da qo-

dadasturebiTi nawilaki daerTvis; goSqvilans `moSvildavs~. boSiqჷ

goSqviluu sagani: i. yifS., gv. 58 -- biWma moSvilda isari. mag., goqamaCans

-gaatyavebs, goqanqalans- gaaqaTqaTebs, goqvarqvalans- magrad

gaasufTavebs, gawmends, goqvarqvaSans `gaasufTavebs, gawmends~, goRvarans

`daiyvirebs~ (1.is mas / 2.is), goRvarwkalans `gaakrialebs~, goRvintans

àfrTxobs (suls)~ goSarSalans `gaaSanSalebs~, goCans `1.gascems (suls,

guls) 2. abia, asxia (risame nayofisa, Tmisa...)~. goCxirkans `gaCxreks~,

goCxჷrancჷ `(mo)Cxrialebs, CaxCaxebs~, gocxabakans `gafxaWnis~,

gocxabarans `gakawravs~, gocxvantalans `totebs moWris, gasxepavs,

garokavs~, goZagurans `galanZRavs~, gouZinans `moumatebs~, gowimindans

`gawmends~, gowkipatans `gatenis, gaWedavs~, goWans `gakeravs~.


awmyo: xvarCalans àsufTavebs~

myofadi: goxvarCalans `gaasufTavebs~

wyvetili: goxvarCaluu `gaasufTava, dabana~;

I rezultativi: guuxvarCaluu(n) `gausufTavebia, daubania~;

III rezultativi: gonoxvarCalue(n) `kargad dabanda Turme~

95

3.2.2.4. sruli konstruqciis brunvacvalebadobieqtiani Prev-i-R-an-Ø qvestruqtura #25

25-e qvestruqturaSi vaerTianebT Prev-i-R-an-Ø yalibisa da nom-erg-dat-

nom konstruqciis mqone zmnebs. maT brunvacvalebadi obieqti SeewyobaT,

Sesabamisad, sruli konstruqciisani arian. zmniswinisa da i- xmovani

prefiqsis uSualo mezoblobaSi adgili aqvs mTel rig fonetikur

procesebs, zog SemTxvevaSi nawilobriv an srul asimilacias

asimilacias, xmovnis dakargvas da sxv.: akinWirans ùWers, (Se)marTavs~,

akiჸunans àmohyavs (mdinaridan), adedebs (rZes)~, geTàmiiTvans àxuravs

(boSi, mu re gigoTuni? -biWo, raa, rom gaxuravs?)~, giniZiruans

`gadainaxulebs (qals)~, giicikinans ùmiznod dgas~, giiWyans `daiwyebs~,

gagàTiჸunans `gamoiyvans~, ginàmiჸonans `gadaiyvans~, ginàmiigans ìxdis

(madlobas)~, ginàmiRans `gaiRebs, gaitans, gaxsnis~ (jampiS noჸelas Svebi

oko gouReni -TuTis xis tots kani unda gauRo (gauxsna).

xSir SemTxvevaSi gvxvdeba i- xmovanprefiqsis e- varianti. imdenad

mravladaa amis magaliTebi, rom am qvestruqturaSi calke qvejgufis

gamoyofac ki SesaZlebelia; mag., alebijans àbijgeba, abjens~ (>*ala-i-

bijans), aledvans `(Ca)idebs~ (>*ala-i-dvans), ale-{e}-svans `(amo)isvams~

(>*ala-i-svans), aleRans `(amo)iRebs~(>*ala-i-Rans), aSetaxans `Camtvreva

(simindisa da misT.), xelSi iafad Cagdeba~, giSeSqvans `gamouSvebs

(dros)~.

Prev.-i-R-an-Ø struqturisa da brunvacvalebadi obieqtis mqone zmnur

formebs, romelTac fonetikur niadagze i-<e-, rogorc wesi, i-

prefiqsiani Sesatyvisi eZebnebaT saliteraturo qarTulSi. am

qvestruqturis zmnaTagan bevri myofadisa da awmyos semantika SeiZleba

hqondes, gaaCnia konteqsts (mag., geTàmiirTvans ìxuravs~).


awmyo: di-i-Wy-an-s `daiwyebs~

wyvetili: di-i-Wy-u `daiwyo~

I rezultativi: do-Wy-afu(n) `dauwyia~

III rezultativi: dà-no-Wy-af-u-e(n) `daiwyebda Turme~

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3.2.2.4. sruli konstruqciis brunvacvalebadobieqtiani o-R-an-Ø qvestruqtura #26

26-e qvestruqturaSi vaerTianebT o-R-an-Ø yalibisa da nom-erg-dat

konstruqciis mqone zmnur formebs. es klasi sxva qvestruqturebTan

SedarebiT naklebproduqtiulia. saliteraturo qarTulSi am zmnaTa

Sesatyvisebi yvela a- xmovanprefisiania. ZiriTad SemTxvevebSi, am

struqturis zmnebs saliteraturo qarTulSi maT a-R-e/ob-Ø struqturis

zmnebi Seesabameba.

mag., ogorans `lanZRavs, aZagebs, aginebs, hgmobs~, odginans àdgens~,

okirans àbams~, o-Zir-an-s àCvenebs~, orzans ànTebs, agzebs~, orRvans

`gadayris~, orCans `daagebs~, orjginans `sjobnis~, ofSans àvsebs~,

oჸoTans ìsvris~, ocqvans àqebs~, owkarans àwyobs~.


awmyo: ogorans àZagebs, aginebs~

myofadi: daagorans //doogorans àZagebs, Seaginebs~

wyvetili: ogoru àZaga, Seagina~

I rezultativi: ugorafu(n) ùZagebia~

III rezultativi: nogoruafue(n) àZagebda Turme~


prev-o-R-an-Ø qvestruqtura #27

27-e qvestruqturaSi vaerTianebT prev-o-R-an-Ø yalibisa da nom-erg-dat-

nom konstruqciis zmnebisagan. zog SemTxvevaSi aq o- prefiqsi sazedao

situaciis maCvenebelia (giTàmioWans `daakerebs~, giTàmioWarans `daawers~,

giTàmioWvaTans `daawveTebs~), zogjer ki brunvacvalebadi obieqtis

povnierebaze miuTiTebs (giTàmioCinColans `fSvnis~, giTàmiocikans òdnav

asobs~...);

97

es qvestruqtura sakmaod produqtiulia, myofad wyvetilis jgufebs

qo- dadasturebiTi nawilakisa da T/mV elementis moSorebiT awarmoeben;

mag., giTàmioZaxans `dasZaxis, dahyviris~, giTàmioWabans `daawebebs~,

giTàmioWkadans `daaWedebs~, giTàmioWonWans daaWinWebs, giTàmioWofans-

`1.daiWers; 2.zevidan eyudeba, daxrilia~, giTàmioWyvartans `daeSxefeba~,

giTàmioWyintolans `daaWylets~, giTàmioxantans `daaxatavs~,

giTàmioxircqans `daaskdeba~, giTàmioxintkans `daaWdevs (Wdes daadebs

misaniSneblad)~, giTàmioxorgans `daxergavs~, giTàmioxutorans `ZirSi

kvnets~, giTàmiojvarzans `magrad aWedebs (lursmans)~, gi-o-xib-an-s

`yris, xergavs~, gegàmoqvarqvaSans `gamoasufTavebs, gamoakrialebs~,

giTàmioforans `afarebs~, giTàmioxircqans `daaskdunebs~ giTàmiorzans

`daagzebs/daanTebs (zemodan)~, giTàmiobijans `daabijebs (giobijuu

kჷdჷrc kuCxi: qxs., 2, gv. 46 -- daabija mkerdze fexi, o. qajaia)~ an

`daabjens~...

am qvestruqturis gamoyofis erTaderTi safuZvelia awmyos mwkrivSive

dadasturebuli zmniswini T/mV elementiT, romelic, rogorc wesi,

usruli aspeqtis, gezisa da orientaciis mazustebelia: giTàmiorzans

`daagzebs/daanTebs zemodan~, da sxv.; sxva mxriv, iqneba es uRlebis

paradigma Tu sxva morfologiuri parametri, isini ar gansxvavdebian wina

26-e qvestruqturis, imave agebulebis uzmniswino formebisagan.

uRlebis paradigma regularulia.

awmyo: gi-Tàmi-o-Zicans `dascinis~

myofadi: gi-io-Zicans `dascinis~

wyvetili: gi-o-Zicu `dascina~

I rezultativi: giuZicu(n) `daucinia~

III rezultativi: gonoZicue(n) `dascinoda Turme~

amave struqturis odnav saxecvlili variantia a- prefiqsiani zmnebis

qvejgufi sinqroniul doneze (teqstebsa da leqsikonebSi moZiebuli

masalis mixedviT); siRrmiseul doneze analizisas gamoCnda, rom a-

prefiqsi fonetikur niadagzea miRebuli zmniswinisa da o- prefiqsis

98

morfemaTa sazRvarze. mag., gimaajRonans gimaojRonans `gamoagzavnis

(gareT)~... aa oo: gaarzans „daagzebs“ orzans; zmnur formaTa

prefiqsul mikrostruqturaSi mTeli rigi fonetikuri procesebi

mimdinareobs: oo/aa/ao aa//a, Sdr., pirveli piris forma: dikà-v-o-jRon-

an-q `Camovgzavni~.

klasificirebis procesSi vfiqrobdiT, calke gamogveyo Tu ara es

qvestruqtura, radgan arsebobs am zmnaTa upreverbo formebic; Tumca,

arc struqturulad da miT umetes, arc konstruqciis TvalsazrisiT

fonetikur niadagze Seqmnili am qvejgufis calke gatana marTebulad ar

miviCnieT: gaarzans „daagzebs“, ginaagans `gadaxdis~, ginaarCans `gadaafens,

gadaafarebs~, ginaarCqinans `gadaaCens~, ginaarWipans `gadaWimavs~,

ginaarjginans `jobnis~, ginaasasans `gadaavsebs~, ginaafinans `gadaafens~,

ginaaforans `gadaafarebs~, ginaafurtinans `gadaafurTxebs~,

ginaaqvaCalans „gadafurCqnis“, ginaaqunans „gadaaxuravs, wamoasxams“,

ginaaჸa/oTans „gadaagdebs, gaagdebs“, ginaaSqvans „1.gauSvebs; 2. gadaaqcevs“,

a/ekaragadans „ukan mialaparakebs“, ginoalabans „gadazomavs“, ginaagans

„gadaixdis (madlobas)“, gegàmaarCqinans „gamoaCens“, gegàmaawkarans

„gamoamwkrivebs“, gaanjans „gaaRebs (kars), gaaxels (Tvals)“...


awmyo: ojRonans `agzavnis~

myofadi: dikaajRonans `Camogzavnis~

wyvetili: dikaajRonu Camogzavna

I rezultativi: dikujRonuu `Camougzavnia

III rezultativi: diknojRonue(n) `Camogzavnida Turme~

99


i-R-u-an-Ø qvestruqtura #28

26-e qvestruqturaSi vaerTianebT i-R-u-an-Ø yalibisa da nom-erg-dat-

nom konstruqciis zmnur formebs. maT brunvacvalebadi obieqti

SeewyobaT, Sesabamisad, sruli konstruqciisani arian.. mag., iჸunuans

`(Semo)ivlebs; gaiyvans~: margali goxires do Robers ukuli

giTàmiჸunuandua: T. saxok., gv. 251 -- megreli gaqurdes da Robe Semdeg

Semoavloo (ezo-karso). ixutoluans ìxutebs~, iWyoliduans ìviwyebs~,

ikorinuans ìsurvebs~.


awmyo: iWyoliduans ìviwyebs~

myofadi: gi(i)Wyoliduans ìviwyebs~

wyvetili: giiWyoliduu `daiviwya~,

I rezultativi: guuWyoliduafu(n) `dauviwyebia~

III rezultativi: gonoWyolidafue(n) daiviwyebda Turme~

myofad-wyvetilis formebs qo- dadasturebiTi nawilakisa da

zmniswinis darTviT iwarmoeben; myofadis struqtura iqneba prev-i-R-u-an-Ø

yalibisa da nom-erg-dat-nom konstruqciis zmnur formebs. zmniswiniseuli

xmovani da xmovanprefiqsi morfemaTa sazRvarze mTel rig fonetikur

movlenebs ganicdian, xSir SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs asimilaciasa da

xmovnis dakargvas. mag., giniirSumuans ìRrZobs~. aTiSvituans

àmoi(i)Rliavebs~, aTi{i}Sutoluans àmoi(i)Rliavebs~, aTi{i}xvaruans

àngarebiT iyenebs~, aTixiruans ìparavs~, gegàTityuruans `gaityuebs~,

qigàlikveweluans `Camoikidebs~, gegàmityuruans `gamoityuebs~.

amave qvestruqturis gagrZeleba da nairsaxeobaa sruli

konstruqciis brunvacvalebadobieqtiani prev-e-R-u-an-Ø qvestruqturac,

romelic wminda morfonologiuri cvlilebis Sedegad aris miRebuli,

zmniswiniseuli xmovnisa da xmovani prefiqsis mijnaze: a+ი e, o+i

100

ii/ee: mag., alàm-e-saqvar-u-an-s `saWmlis momzadebasTan erTad sxva ramesac

saqmobs~, al-à-m-e-squans `Seiziarebs~ (gamwevi Zalisa (mag., xarisa -

sameurneo samuSaoebis dros), al-e-qimin-u-an-s `ZiriTad saqmesTan erTad

sxva ramesac saqmobs~, al-e-xaWuans ìjibavs~, gile-e/i-kvir-u-an-s

`gaikvirvebs~, de-e-baRin-u-an-s ìkmarebs, imyofinebs~


awmyo: aTàmi{i}xvaruans àngarebiT iyenebs~

myofadi: aTi{i}xvaruans àngarebiT iyenebs~

wyvetili: qaTi{i}xvaruu àngarebiT gamoiyena~

I rezultativi: qaTuxvaruafu(n) àngarebiT gamouyenebia~

III rezultativi: qaTnoxvarafue(n) àngarebiT gamouyenebda Turme~


o-R-u-an-Ø qvestruqtura #29

29-e qvestruqturaSi vaerTianebT o-R-u-an-Ø yalibisa da nom-erg-dat-

nom konstruqciis zmnebs. am qvestruqturis zmnebi, iseve rogorc

pirveli sruli konstruqciis, diaTezis brunvacvalebadobieqtiani yvela

zmna aqtiuri moqmedebis gamomxatvelia (rogorc Sesaval nawilSi

aRvniSneT, gvari, diaTezebis farglebSi mxolod semantikuri kategoriaa.

semantikur doneze, pirveli diaTezis sruli konstruqciis zmnebSi mudam

aqtivebia, anu, aqtiuri moqmedebis gamomxatvelni arian: cxens muSi kunCxi

odinuansia: T. saxok., gv. 266 -- cxens misi fexi kargavso (Rupavso)

(vimowmebT o. qajaias leqsikonidan).

Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom o-R-u-an-Ø qvestruqturis zmnuri

formebi sakmaod produqtiulia megrulSi rogorc derivaciuli, aseve

gramatikuli - mwkrivTa warmoebic mxrivac: o-ragad-u-an-s Tina Tis

àlaparakebs is mas~, ozizinuans àvsebs~, (gaazizinuu `gaavso~,

guuzizinuafu `gauvsia~, gonozizinafue(n) `gaavsebda Turme~), ozikinuans

`gaafSekinebs fexs, moklavs~ (gaazikinuans `gaafSekinebs (fexs)~,

gaazikinuu `gaafSekina fexi~, gonozikinafue(n) `gaafSekinebda fexs~),

101

oTirsinuans avsebs, bevrs asxams (gaaTirsinuu `gaavso~, guuTirsinuafu

`gauvsia~, gonoTirsin{afu}e(n) `gaavsebda Turme~); oTxozinuans

`gamoakidebs~ (oTxozinuu `gamoakida~, uTxozinuafu `gamoukidebia~),

okvizinuans àampartavanebs Tavs, bzeks Tavs/kuds~ (okvizinuu

àampartavana~, ukvizinuafu ùampartavanebia~); okurcxinuans àRviZebs~

(gaakurcxinuu `gaaRviZa~, goukurcxinuafu `gauRviZebia~,

gonokurcxinafue(n) `gaaRviZebda Turme~), olinuans àtarebs~ (olinuu

àtara~, ulinuafu ùtarebia~, nolinue(n) àtarebda Turme~),

omarwvinuans àmawvnebs, -- mawvnis dedas urevs~ (omarwvinu{u} àmawvna~,

umarwvinuafu ùmawvnebia~, nomarwvinafue(n) àmawvnebda Turme~),

omonWinuans àmwifebs~ (daamonWinuu `daamwifa~, duumonWinuafu

`daumwifebia~, donomonWinafue(n) `daamwifebda Turme~)…

SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom uRlebis paradigma regularulia:

awmyo:Logvigvinuans àfuebs, aSupebs~

myofadi:Lda(a)gvigvinuans àfuebs, aSupebs~

wyvetili: ogvigvinuu `gaafua

I rezultativi: ogvigvinuafu(n) `gaufuebia~

III rezultativi: nogvigvinafue(n) `gaafuebda Turme~

myofadis warmoebac regularulia, zmniswiniTa da qo-

dadasturebiTi nawilakis darTviT. im SemTxvevaSi Tu zmniswinian formas

daerTvis TmV elmenti, maSin zmna usruli aspeqtis semantikas iZens da

awmyos mwkrivebSi gadmoinacvlebs. myofadis struqtura iqneba: prev-o-R-u-

an-Ø; gvaris semantikuri kategoriis mixedviT, isini aqtivebia. mag., gi-o-

gor-u-an-s `miagnebs~ gioraguans àgdebs (cxeniSa qeguragves: m. xub., gv.

68 -- `cxenze daugdes~, vimowmebT o. qajaias leqsikonidan~) giorginuans

àgorebs~, giorguans `daargavs (zemodan)~, giorsxuans `daaSenebs,

daafuZnebs~//giorcxuans `daafuZnebs, daaSenebs (rameze)~, giorumuans

`daaqcevs, daamrumebs, gaanadgurebs~, giosvanjuans `moasvenebs, daasvenebs

(mkvdars)~, gioSuans `Sesvams, sasmels daayolebs~, giocunuans àsobs,

arWobs (araRrmad)~, giowuruans `1.daumiznebs, miuSvers; 2.daarigebs,

aswavlis, miuTiTebs~, gioWuans `daawvavs~, gegànuqioruans `zemodan

daayris, daafrqvevs (fqvils, Saqars)~.

102

prev-o-R-u-an-Ø qvestruqturis gagrZelebasa da fonetikurad odnav

saxecvlili variantia sruli konstruqciis brunvacvalebadobieqtiani

prev-a-R-u-an-Ø qvestruqturis zmnebi. prev-o-R-u-an-Ø qvestruqturis

zmnebze darTuli zmniswini (kerZod, ki misi xmovniTi sufiqsi -o), xSirad

iwvevs o- xmovani prefiqsis fonetikur saxecvlielebas. magaliTad,

aviRoT zmna aTaarduans `(Tan) zrdis~: Jiri qacari qaTaarduu Txas `ori

cikani gamozarda TxasTan~ (vimowmebT o. qajaias leqsikonidan); rogorc

vxedavT, mesame pirSi ori prefiqsuli –a xmovani iyris Tavs, romlis

warmomavlobis asaxsneladac pirveli piris forma gviCvenebs gzas: Cveni

xelmZRvanelis, prof. m. Cuxuas miTiTebiT, am zmnis pirveli piris formaa

`e/aTà-v-o-rd-u-an-q, anu, aq: a+a o+o. analogiurad iqneba akaarTinuans

`(wa)aqcevs~ zmnuri formis SemTxvevaSic: Ue/akà-v-o-rTin-u-an-q `waviqcevi~:

a+a o+o. analogiuri morfonologiuri procesis Sedegadaa miRebuli

Semdegi magaliTebic: akaazRoduans `wyvets, xocavs~, akaandRuluans

`(Se)aduRebs, adnobs~, akaarumuans `(Se)bneldeba, gadat., ganadgurdeba,

moispoba. Sdr.: bgeraTSerwymis fonze bgeris dakargvis SemTxvevebi,

savaraudod, o+o a+a á a: geჲSasargaluans `gaaTrevs (SuaSi)~

(>*geჲSa-a-sargaluans), giTaSqviduans `CamoaxrCobs~ (giT-a-Sqviduans

>*giTa-a-Sqviduans >*giTo-o-Sqviduans); am fonetikur process mxars

uWers masdarisa (giTo-Sqvidua `CamoxrCoba~) da uzmniswino formis (o-

Sqvid-u-an-s) Cvenebac. analogiurad, iqneba: giTaCanuans `gamoaCena,

gamohyofs (Tavs)~ (>giT-a-Canuans >*giTa-a-Canuans >*giTo-a-Canuans).

am da sxva msgavsi magaliTebis gamo, prev-a-R-u-an-Ø qvestruqturis

zmnebs prev-o-R-u-an-Ø qvestruqturis zmnaTa fonetikur nairsaxeobad

miviCnevT da calke klasad ar gamovyofT.


awmyo: gaaWyoliduans `daaviwyebs~

wyvetili: gaaWyoliduu `daaviwya~

I rezultativi: guuWyoliduafu(n) `dauviwyebia~

III rezultativi: ginoWyolidafue(n) `daaviwyebda Turme~

103


(prev)-u-R-u-an-Ø qvestruqtura #30

30-e qvestruqturaSi vaerTianebT (prev)-u-R-u-an-Ø yalibisa da nom-

erg-dat-nom konstruqciis zmnebs, romelTac sasxviso qcevis gramatikuli

kvalifikacia eniWeba o. qajaias leqsikonis mixedviT, diaTezaTa

morfosintaqsuri kategoriis farglebSi ki am zmnebSi gamoricxulia

sasxviso qceva, u- xmovanprefiqsi pirTa sakorelacio funqciisaa:

goucancaluans ùcancarebs~, mag., ჸorofaq dinomilu do gurs

gomicancalu: S. ber., gv. 185 -- `siyvaruli Semeyara da gulSi

Semicacxana~.

sakmaod produqtiuli qvestruqturaa, vnaxoT magaliTebi:

aTouluans `xels qvevidan (amo)avlebs~, aTàmu{u}squans ùbams, abams

(uRelSi)~, aluluans awurinuans `win ayenebs~, gegànuqioruans `gadayris

(fxvier rames)~, guuluans `Semoavlebs Tavs, gaavlebs wyals~, geuzimuans

ùmiznebs~, geunTxuans `daynosavs~, geuraჸuans `daakarebs~, geuRazuans

`dawers, daxazavs~, geuSuruans `daynosavs (zemodan)~, geuSxomuans

`daabedebs~, geuwawuans àwebs, akarebs~, geuWofuans `daumiznebs,

miuSvers~, geuxaCquans `wauToxnis~, giTuRvaTuans àfaxulebs~,

giluderRuans (ninas) àtartarebs enas, laybobs~, gilufurkuans TuTuns

`(da)abolebs (Sdr.: aWar:. ufSukunebs) TuTuns~, ginuluans `gadauvlis,

gadauvlebs (ginuluans gino+u-luans)~, geuCxanuans `dasicxavs~,

ginuufuConuans `moferebiT gadausvams (xels)~, qigànuuჸunuans `1.

gadaawnavs, gadahkravs 2. mownavs (risame zeda nawils), 3.Semoayolebs~,

ginuCarqaluans `gadaaCanCalebs (rameze)~, goucacxuans àpkurebs~.

eufafuans àswevs~ (eufafuu àswia~, eufafuafu àuwevia~, enofafue(n)

àswevda Turme~) SqarTuns veufafua! `sabans nu swev maRla~.

rogorc vxedavT, am struqturis zmnaTa formulaSi zmniswini

frCxilebSia moTavsebuli, radgan igive formebi uzmniswinoTac SeiZleba

Segvxvdes. myofadis mwkrivebs TMV elemntic CamoSorebiT awarmoeben.

am qvestruqturaSic, zmniswiniseuli xmovnisa da xmovanprefiqsis

morfologiur mijnaze adgili aqvs rig fonetikur procesebs, mag.,

104

aTusquans `ubams, abams (uRelSi)~ *aTåsquans *aTu-usquans >*aTo-u-

squans.

uRlebis nimuSi:

awmyo: uqioruans `ayris~

myofadi: gegànuqioruans `miayris~

wyvetili: gegànuqioruu `miayara~

I rezultativi: gegànuqioruafu `miuyria~

III rezultativi: gegànoqiorafue(n) `miayrida Turme~


(prev)-ო-R-af-u-an-Ø qvestruqtura #31

31-e qvestruqturaSi vaerTianebT prev-ო-R-af-u-an-Ø yalibisa da

nom-erg-dat-nom konstruqciis zmnur formebs, romelTac, TiTqos,

megruli zmnisTvis damaxasiaTebeli kauzaciis gamomxatveli struqtura

aqvT: R-af-u-an-Ø daboloebiT da, rogorc wesi, am struqturis zmnaTa

absoluturi umravlesoba aris kidec kauzatiuri.

istoriulad, am tipis konstruqciaSi namdvilad SeiZleba

kauzaciis daSveba, magram, sinqroniul doneze, daclilni arian

kauzaciuri semantikisagan. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs gaafalafuans `gaaxarebs

(mcenares)~ tipis zmnebi, romelTac, morfemaTa zRvarze fonetikuri

cvlilebebi ganicades: zmniswiniseuli –o+o (xmovanprefiqsi) aa: o-

prefiqsi TvalnaTliv gamoCndeba pirvel pirSi: gu-m-o-falafuans , gu-m-o-

teb-af-u-an-s.

amitom, am zmnebs, romelnic mesame piris formebSi aa- prefiqsaciiT

xasiaTdeba, vaTavsebT Prev-ო-R-af-u-an-Ø qvestruqturul formulaSi,

radgan yalibiseuli o- prefiqsi pirvelsa da meore pirSi srulyofilad

aRdgeba, mesame piris forma ki fonetikuradaa saxecvlili.

ga-atebafuans `gauSvebs, gautevebs~, mag., dedaq Cqim dud

maswavlebels gakveTilSe gatebafu `dedam Cemi Tavi maswavlebels

gakveTilidan gaaSvebina (gaaTavisuflebina)~, ga-aჸarebafuans `gaadens~,

105

vagavalafuans àr gaakarebs~, gaaCionafuans `daaceminebs~.. mag.,

qidaanTxuu, vara barsafis gaaჸarebafuans, qidaacxakuu `daecema, Torem

bragvans gaadens, uxmod daecema (patara ram)~, Ti ardgils muTuns

vagafalafuans ìm adgilze arafers gaakarebs (gaaxarebs)~, kos

gaaCionafuansini, jgirobua oko quuzale `kaci cxvirs rom daaceminebs,

janmrTeloba (kargoba) unda usurvo~.

am formaTa umravlesoba, zmniswinis gareCe awmyos drois

gamomxatvelia, zmniswinian formas usruli aspeqtis gamoxatva, rogorc

wina struqturebTan aRvniSneT, TmV elementis CamoSorebiT SeuZlia.


awmyo: otebafuans ùSvebs~

myofadi: ga(a)tebafuans `gaaSvebinebs~

wyvetili: gatebafu `gaaSvebina~

I rezultativi: goutebafuafu(n) `gauSvebinebia~

III rezultativi: ginotebafue(n) `ganaSveba xolme~


ო-R-eb-af-u-an-Ø qvestruqtura #32

32-e qvestruqturaSi vaerTianebT ო-R-eb-af-u-an-Ø yalibisa da nom-

erg-dat-nom konstruqciis zmnur formebs, romelTac moiuxedavad megruli

kauzatiuri sufiqsaciisa, ar aqvT kauzativis gageba.

mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs oCinebafuans, geeCinebafuans, gomoCinebafuans

formebi. Ti koc sqani saqme vagaCinebafuvava ìm kacs Seni saqme ar

gaacnovo~ (vimowmebT o. qajaias leqsikonidan), boSiq ZRab geCinebafu

`biWma gogo gaicno~.

oCinebafuans àcnobs~ formis myofadis formaSi, -e xmovanprefiqsi

daCndeba: geeCinebafuans `gaacnobs~. e- xmovani prefiqsi qarTuli a-

xmovanprefiqsis fardia mesame pirSi: ge-e-Cineb-af-u-an-s `gaicnobs~.

qvestruqturuli paradigmis formulisaTvis mniSvnelovania pirveli

piris Cveneba, sadac aRdgeba pirvandeli o- prefiqsi: go-m-o-Cineb-af-u-an-s

106

`gamacnobs~, swored amitom, formulad gavitaneT o- prefiqsiani varianti,

romelic mesame pirSi a- maqcevriT Seicvala.

am struqturis zmnaTa absoluturi umravlesoba kauzaciuri

Sinaarsisaa, vfiqrobT, es erTi zmna gamonaklisia, radgan

`geeCinebafuans~ gaicnobs is mas – sinqroniul semantikur doneze

nawilobriv daCrdilulia kauzaciuri datvirTva, kauzatiuri forma

iqneba googaaCinebafuans Tina Tis Tis `gaacnob-in-eb-s is mas mas~, mag.,

Tina gaaCinebafuans didas dianTirs `gaacnobinebs is dedas dedamTils~,

gaaCinebafues Tis dianTiri `gaacnobines/gaacnes mas dedamTili~


awmyo: oCinebafuans àcnobs~

myofadi: ga(a)Cinebafuans `gaacnobs ~

wyvetili: ge(e)Cinebafu(n) `gaicno~

I rezultativi: gouCinebafuafu(n) `gaucvnia~

III rezultativi: gonoCinebafue(n) `gaicnobda Turme is mas~


R-en-Ø qvestruqtura #33

33-e qvestruqturaSi vaerTianebT R-en-Ø yalibisa da nom-erg-dat

konstruqciis zmnebs. gavrcelebuli azris Tanaxmad, am qvestruqturis

zmnis ZirTa didi nawili saliteraturo qarTulisganaa nasesxebi. mag.,

angariSens àngariSobs~, badens `badebs~, gurens `gulobs, guliT surs~.,

eWvens èWvobs~, ieWvens ìeWvebs~, ieWu ìeWva~, ueWvebu(n) ùeWvia~,

noeWvebue(n) èWvobda Turme~ , lamens `lamobs~, ilamens ìsurvebs~, ilamu

ìsurva, nolamue(n) `surda Turme~...

am paradigmaSi gvaqvs dinamikuri zmnebi. mag., lamens `lamobs~, misi

statikuri calisgan (o-lamu(n) (mxolod awmyos da me-4 seriaSi) èlameba,

epireba~) gansxvavebiT, dinamikur formebs madinamikurebeli elementi –

Tematuri sufiqsi (-en) aqvs darTuli.

107

R-en-Ø qvestruqturis dinamikuri zmnebi myofad-wyvetilis formebs i-

prefiqsis, zmniswinisa da qo- dadasturebiTi nawilakis darTviT

iwarmoeben, maT sruli paradigma aqvT, marTalia, isini saliteraturo

enidan nasesxeb formebad aris miCneuli, magram, miuxedavad amisa, isini

mainc moxvdnen o. qajaias leqsikonsa da iseT teqstebSi, rogoricaa, mag.,

1975 wels gamocemuli qarTuli xalxuri zepirsityviereba, qxs-I, megruli

teqstebi, I, poezia, togo gudavas redaqciiT, aseve, 1990 wels gamocemuli

kalistrate samuSias qarTuli zepirsityviereba: megruli nimuSebi,

Tb.1990, 1991 wels gamocemuli qxs II t., megruli teqstebi (qarTuli

TargmaniTurT) korneli daneliasa da ap. canavas redaqciiT... amitom

vTvliT, rom es zmnebi ukve arsebobs megrul metyvelebaSi da

Sesabamisad, aucileblad unda SeviyvanoT Cven mier megruli zmnisTvis

gamoyofil qvestruqturul jgufebSi: mag., rsxebulens ìxsnis~, Takilens

`Takilobs~, iTakilu ìTakila~, uTakilebu ùTakilia~, noTakilebuen

`Takilobda Turme~: iTam boSala cudi renia, marZena TeSeni Takilebas:

k. samuS., qarT. zep., gv. 23 `ymawvilkacoba viTom cudiao, amisaTvis

mZraxaven (maZleven Takilobas), an: es ma vamifTakilua: qxs, 1, gv.333 àmas

me ar viukadriseb~, agreTve: jabens `javrobs~, ijabens ìjavrebs~, ijabu

ìjavra~, ujabebu(n) ùjavria~, nojabebue(n) `javrobda Turme~. mag., is

iro Tena ijabu do gurq geuxorcq: qxs, 1, gv. 195 `sul es ijavra da

guli gauskda~.

saWirod migvaCnia, davazustoT am zmnaTa konstruqciac: Tu zmnuri

forma mxolod subieqtur pirs an subieqtur da brunvaucvlel obieqtur

pirebs iTanxmebs, maSin es zmnebi gadairicxebian pirveli diaTezis

arasrul konstruqciaSi (tradiciuli klasifikaciiT, brunvacvalebadi

obieqtis ar-qonis gamo, maT `saSual-moqmedebiTebi~ ewodebaT), mag.,

gurafulens cira `swavlobs gogo~. xolo Tu imave formebSi CarTulia

brunvacvalebadi obieqtic, maSin isini gadairicxebian pirveli diaTezis

srul konstruqciaSi: gurafulens cira Waruas `swavlobs gogo werasdat~

- iguruu ciraq Warua ìswavla gogom weranom~. tradiciuli

klasifikaciiT, brunvacvalebadobieqtiani zmnur forma aqtivad

kvalificirdeba.

108

sainteresoa, rom am zmnebs, romelTac sruliad bunebrivad SeewyobaT

brunvacvalebadi obieqti, o. qajaias leqsikonSi mxolod saSual-

moqmedebiTi gvaris formebis kvalifikacia aqvT miniWebuli:

an:

mxedvelobaSi Tu miviRebT brunvacvalebad obieqts, Cveni azriT,

tradiciuli klasifikaciis CarCoebSic ki aramarTebulia am zmnaTa

`saSual-moqmedebiTi~ gvaris formebad kvalificireba.

am zmnaTa konstruqciasTan dakavSirebiT, vfiqrobT, marTebuli

diqotomia SemogvTavaza d. meliqiSvilma diaTezaTa morfosintaqsuri

klasifikaciis farglebSi, romelic, Tavis mxriv, arn. Ciqobavas

labiluri konstruqciis zmnebis ideas efuZneba: man erTi da igive

zmnuri formebi, maTi labiluri konstruqciis gamo pirveli diaTezis

arasruli konstruqciis qvejgufSic moaTavsa, sadac mxolod (R-Ø

struqturis) subieqtiani an subieqtiani da brunvaucvlel obieqtiani

zmnuri formebia daSvebuli: (67,277, paradigma 14: swavlobs gigla) da -

sruli konstruqciis qvejgufSic, sadac erTiandeba (R-Ø struqturis)

brunvacvalebadi obieqtis mqone zmnuri formebi (67, 317, paradigma 15 (32):

swavlobs gigla gakveTils)13.

13 amasTan dakavSirebiT aRvniSnavT, rom mcire koreqtivaa Sesatani d. meliqiSvilis 2001 w. gamocemul zmnur bazebSi: ramdenime zmna 277-e gverdze moyvanili me-14 (oden subieqtiani an subieqtiani da brunvaucvlel obieqtiani) paradigmidan unda ganmeordes 317-e gverdze moyvanil me-15 (32) (brunvacvalebadi obieqtis mqone) paradigmaSic maTi labiluri konstruqciis gamo; aqve movixmobT gamorCenil magaliTebs, radgan, Cven mier am zmnaTa megruli Sesatyvisebis distribucia swored labilurobis princips efuZneba: Takilobs, hkarnaxobs, lamobs, maTxovrobs, mecadineobs, javrobs – yvela maTgani labiluri konstruqciisaa, konteqstis mixedviT, xan gamouCndebaT brunvaucvleli obieqti, xan – ara. uobieqto formebs gvari ar eqnebaT, isini ugvaro statikuri zmnebia.

109

awmyo: pianens `surs~

awmyo: ipianens ìsurvebs~

wyvetili: ipianu ìsurva~

I rezultativi: upianebu(n) ùsurvebia~

III rezultativi: nopianebue(n) `moisurvebda Turme~

am zmnaTa myofadis struqturaa prev-R-en-Ø: mag., gegens `gaigebs~,

amorsens `gamocdis~, ganarCens `gaarCevs~, gacadens `gamocdis~,

gilaTxulens `waramara Txovs~, giletens `datovebs; gadat. Camosdis~,

gimokiTxens `gamohkiTxavs~, gomorsens `gamoscdis~, dabedens `daჰbadebs~,

akocens `(da)Slis~ (am zmnis pirveli piris formaSi, b- pirveli piris

prefiqsis win gamovlindeba –o prefiqsi, romelic, Cveni azriT rTuli

zmniswinis xmovniTi sufiqsi unda iyos: cnobilia, rom –mo SeiZleba iyos

rTuli zmniswinis meore elementi megrulSi (119, 369); vfiqrobT, akàmo-

ako+mo-; amdenad, pirveli piris formis morfologiuri segmentacia

amgvari iqneba: akàmo-b-cen-q).


myofadi: go/amorsens `gamoscdis~

wyvetili: gomorsu `gamoscada~

I rezultativi: gåmorsebu(n) `gamoucdia~

III rezultativi: gonomorsebue(n) `gamoscdida Turme~


(Prev.)-a-R-en-Ø qvestruqtura #34

34-e qvestruqturaSi vaerTianebT a-R-en-Ø yalibisa da nom-erg-dat-nom

konstruqciis zmnebs. myofad-wyvetilis mwkrivebs zmniswinisa da qo-

dadasturebiTi nawilakis darTviT awarmoeben.

myofadis warmoebis magaliTebia:

daadabalens `daadablebs~, daabiens `daabnevs~, gaaxirzens `gaxiznavs~,

gaaxuzens `gaaxurebs, gaalaRebs~, gagmaxeterens `gamoaCerCetebs~,

110

ginafulens `grZnobs, gebulobs~, ginaazarens `gaacilebs~, ginaatens

`gadaarCens~, giSarkens `gamoaklebs (bevridan nawils)~, daaxlens

`dauaxlovdeba~, daabargens `daabargebs~, daabarens `daabarebs~, daabinens

`daabinavebs~, daabniens `dabnevs~, daabolens `dabolavebs~, daabralens

`daabralebs~, daagemuanens `daagemrielebs, daatkbilebs~, daagvianens

`daagvianebs~, daadomens `daawynarebs, daadumebs~…, akaTens ( *ako-a-Ten-

s) àmTavrebs~, ginapenjens ( gino-a-pej-en-s) `gadaipatiJebs~...

a-R-en-Ø qvestruqtura sakmaod produqtiulia, Tumca zmnis ZirTa

umravlesoba saliteraturo enidan Sesuli Cans. am zmnebs,

saliteraturo qarTulSi, rogorc wesi, -eb TematurniSniani formebi

Seesatyviseba.

mag., abaTilens àbaTilebs~, anZvarens àmZuvnebs~ abarens àbarebs~,

abaZgens `(a)texs, (a)Slis~, abaxens àbaxebs~, abenenc ànTebs, agzebs~,

abzadens àmzadebs~, abinZurens àbinZurebs~, abnens `(a)bnevs, (a)revs~,

aborens àsulelebs~, abralens àbralebs, acodebs~, aborjens àrevs,

aabnevs~, aboZorens àwews; arevs, arev-darevs~, abralens1 àbralebs;

acodebs~, abralens2/abrelens àmravlebs~, abuntens àbuntebs~,

adidorens àdidebs~, arens `(a)revs~, aridens àridebs~, ariens `(a)revs~,

asrulens àsrulebs~, aatens `(Se)arCens, atotens-aSfoTebs, aRiarens

àRiarebs~, aginZarens/aginZorens àgrZelebs~, agirens àgiravebs~,

aborjens àwvalebs, abnevs~, aTavisufalens àTavisuflebs~, agemens

àgemebs~, agemuanens àtkbobs~, agvarens àgvarebs~, agvirgvinens

àgvirgvinebs~, aryens àryevs~, arzens àzrobs~, agemuanens àgemrielebs,

atkbobs~, apejens àpatiJebs~ (daapeju `dapatiJa~, duupejebu

`daupatiJebia~, donopejebue(n) `dapatiJebda Turme~)...

SeniSvna: Cveni sadoqtoro naSromis xelmZRvanelis, prof. merab Cuxuas

SeniSvniT, aq qvestruqturaSi megruli araferia, radgan mTlianad

qarTulis struqturebia aRebuli. CvenTvis sainteresoa yvela is zmna,

romelic dafiqsirebulia megrul metyvelebaSi; Cven mier moyvanili

formebi, uklebliv, dasturdeba o. qajaias megrul-qarTul leqsikonsa

da iseT teqstebSi, rogoricaa, 1914 w. gamocemuli i. yifSiZis teqstebi:

amaridi ma sawyali: (123, 108), àmaride me sawyali~, 1918 w. gamocemul

petre Waraias leqsikonSi vxvdebiT masdars gaborjeba `gawvaleba,

111

dabneva~ (p. Waraia, qarTul-megruli da megrul-qarTuli SedarebiTi

leqsikoni (masalebi iafeturi enebis mkvlevarTaTvis), Sedgenili p.

Waraias mier (manqanaze gadabeWdili). 1937 w. gamocemuli makar xubuas

megruli teqstebi, (tf., 1937): xenwifeS cirasqua ZRabi dros giSeSqvans

do arzens oWkomals: m. xub., gv.53 `xelmwifis qaliSvili gogo dros

gamouSvebs (drogamoSvebiT) da aZlevs saWmels~, an: gabzadi, qegedoxodi

do dilafurcqini: m. xub., gv.32 `gaamzade, daajeqi da CasCurCule~, 1991

wels gamocemuli qarTuli xalxuri sityviereba, 2, megruli teqstebi

(qarTuli TargmaniTurT): arZo Caabaru do guutu qxs, 2, gv.22 –

`yvelaferi Caabara da gauSva~, 1989 wels gamocemuli T. saxokias mier

Cawerili megruli andazebi da gamoTqmebi (ike, 28-e, Tb., 1989): ase

geglanTxasini, ma qodmabralensia: T. saxok., gv.250, àxla rom Camovardes,

me damabralebso~, 1990 w. gamocemuli kalistrate samuSias qarTuli

zepirsityviereba, megruli nimuSebi (Tb., 1990): cirefiSi ekoჸunaT

nanduli duc gebaxe, k.samuS., qarT. zep., gv.109 `gogoebis devniT

namdvilad Tavs Seircxven~... 1996 w. gamocemuli aia – gazeT àRdgomis~

damateba: daCxirc abanenc, WviStaremc orT, oxvamerc benenc, aia, 1, gv.19

`cecxls anTebs, WviStars akeTebs, iloceba (salocav akeTebs)~...

magaliTebma daadastura, rom damowmebul zmnur formaTagan zogi 1914

wlidan dasturdeba teqstebSi, zogi 1937 wlidan, zogic ufro gviani

periodidan... Cveni azriT, es a-R-en-Ø qve-yalibi ukve damkvidrebulia

megrul metyvelebaSi, amitom am formebs vtovebT saanalizo zmnaTa

rigebSi, pirobiTad, daTqmiT, rom saliteraturo enis yalibia.


awmyo: aginZarens //aginZorens àgrZelebs~

myofadi: daaginZa/orens `daagrZelebs~

wyvetili: gaaginZa/oru „gaagrZela~,

I rezultativi: guuginZa/orebu(n) `gaugrZelebia~,

III rezultativi: gonoginZa/orebue(n) `gaagrZelebda Turme~.

112


i-R-en-Ø qvestruqtura #34

34-e qvestruqturaSi vaerTianebT i-R-en-Ø yalibisa da nom-erg-dat-nom

konstruqciis zmnebs. am struqturis zmnebi TiTze CamosaTvlelia. mag.,

irdens ìgdebs~ (is mas abuCad igdebs). mag., koCi dRas verda; girdu-da,

dudi ardebafeva `kaci arasodes ar aigdo; Tu agigdo, Tavi aagdebine~.

unda aRiniSnos, rom es yalibi gamoiyeneba a-R-en-Ø struqturis zmnaTa

sasubieqto da saobieqto versiis formaTa gamosaxatadac: ibzadens

ìmzadebs~ (abzadens àmzadebs~, Sdr.: ubzadens ùmzadebs~), iborjens

„irevs Tavisas~(>aborjens àrevs~). sasubieqto versiis formebi a-R-en-Ø

struqturis calke qvestruqturul qve-erTeulad SeiZleba gamoiyos, ise,

rom gaerTiandes amave struqturis sxva – arasubieqturi versiis

gamomxatvel formebTan erTad. gamoyofis safuZvels gvaZlevs mTeli

rigi ს zmnebisa, romlebic daclilia saTaviso qcevis gagebisagan. am

zmnur formebSi warmodgenili i- prefiqsi sarelacio funqciisaa –

moqmedebis introvertizaciaze, ukuqceviTobaze miuTiTebs. zog

SemTxvevaSi TvalnaTliv daCndeba i- prefiqsisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

ukuqceviTobis semantika: ibaxens ìbaxebs is Tavs, gaitexavs saxels~,

iborens ìgiJebs is Tavs, isulelebs~...

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, es zmnebi sruli sintaqsuri konstruqciis

mqoneni arian, radgan brunvacvalebadi obieqti SeewyobaT: iridens

ìridebs is mas~, ibazarens ìbazაrebs is mas~, ibarens ìbarebs is mas~, ,

ibralens ìbralebs Tavisas; icodebs~, igemens ìgemebs Tavisas~,

igemuanens ìtkbobs~, ininalens ìmsaxurebs (is mas)~, isurens ìstumrebs

(vals)~, icvens ìcavs~, mag., ჸvanefc icvenc (mo)jalaguaSe - yanebs icavs

gadaTelvisagan, iCinens ìcnobs~ ...

awmyo: irdens ìgdebs~

myofadi: eirdens ìgdebs~

wyvetili: eirdu//eerdu àigdo~

I rezultativi: eurdebu(n) àugdia~

III rezultativi: enordebue(n) ànagdeba, aigdebda Turme~

113

myofad-wyvetilis formebi zmniswiniTa da qo- dadasturebiTi

nawilakis saSualebiT ewarmoebaT, zmniswinisa da i- xmovanprefiqsis

gasayarze, sxva paradigmaTa msgavsad, aqac mimdinareobs rigi fonetikuri,

rig SemTxvevebSi imdenadaa Sexorcebuli morfemebi erTmaneTs, rom

sakmaod gaWirda aq i- xmovanprefiqsis amocnoba:

oi ii (*i): gini-i-wviens `gadaiwvevs (stumars)~ gin-i-varens *gino-i-

varens `gadaiuarebs, uars etyvis~, mag., ukuli vamivarenqo? Semdeg ar

ityvi uars? i. yifS., gv. 143 (vimowmebT o. qajaias leqsikonidan).

ei ii (i): SiiZinens *Se-i-Zinens `SeiZens~, miivarens me-i-varens

ìuarebs, uars ityvis~...

do+iii: diijimalens *doijimalens `daiZmobilebs~, diitalens

*doitalens `daitovebs~...

ai e: geiSeCinens `gamoicnobs~ (*giS-e-Cinens giSa-i-Cin-en-s),

aSeჸidens *aSa-i-ჸidens `SigadaSig yidulobs~,

aiaeee(*e): giSeewviens *giSaiwviens `gamoiwvevs~, geesurens

*ga-i-surens `gaistumrebs~, geefirqens gaifirqens `gaifiqrebs~,

eeCemens *eeCemens *eiCemens *aiCemens àiCemebs~, mag., saxeli

eeCemens zmnisa aris aCemeba: boSiq daaCemu cirasà : i. yifS., gv.65; qxs, 2,

gv.32 `biWma daavala gogos~... Tavisuflad SeiZleba, aq pirvandel aiCemens

formaSi Sua rigis i xmovani kontaqturi, progresuli, nawilobrivi

asimilaciiT mimsgavseboda aweulobisa mixedviT dabali aweulobis a-

xmovans: aiae, Semdeg ki a- xmovanprefiqsi, saSualo aweulobis da wina

rigis mixedviT miemsgavsa saSualo aweulobisa da wina rigis e- xmovans

regresuli, kontaqturi da Sedegis mixedviT sruli asimilaciis wesebiT:

aeee; vfiqrobT, asimilaciis procesi dasrulebuli araa da

ganviTarebis Semdgom etapze *eee: *eCemens, iseve rogorc giS-e-lens

*giSa-i-lens `gamova~ magaliTSi davuSviT statikur, erTpirian zmnebze

msjelobisas. uRlebis paradigma regularulia:

awmyo: ivara/ens ìuarebs~

myofadi: ginivarens `gadaiuarebs~

wyvetili: ginivaru `gadaiuara~

I rezultativi: ginuvarebu(n) `gadauarebia~

III rezultativi: ginnovarebue(n) gadaiuarebda Turme~

114


R-un-Ø qvestruqtura #35

35-e qvestruqturaSi vaerTianebT R-un-Ø yalibisa da nom-erg-dat

sruli konstruqciis zmnebs. maT brunvacvalebadi obieqti SeewyobaT.

es klasi produqtiulobiT gamoirCeva. baguns `brigavs, begvavs~,

bazuns `magrad scems~, baTquns `magrad scems, beTqavs~, bakuns `tkepnis,

scems (magrad)~, bambuns `bambavs, bambas debs~, banduns `blandavs~,

banZRuns `xlarTavs, revs~, banWuns `magrad scems~, baJuns `baJs adebs~,

barguns `marglavs~, barduns `burdavs~, gvamuns ànagvianebs~, gveguns

`gametebiT scems~, gvirduns `glejs,wyvets (bevrs erTad)~, gviriStuns

àgviristebs~, gibuns `1.xarSavs (abreSumis parks, abeds...), 2.gametebiT

cems maTraxiT, wneliT an sxva elastiuri sagniT~, gigonuns `kiknis,

gignis (balaxs)~, goruns èZebs~.


awmyo: baჸuns `dabegvavs, magrad cems (wneliT, maTraxiT, joxiT...)~,

wyvetili: dobaჸu `dabegva~,

I rezultativi: douჸu(n) `daubegvavs~,

III rezultativi: donobaჸue(n) `dabegvavda Turme~.

myofad-wyvetilis formebs, ZiriTadad, zmniswinis darTviT

awarmoeben:

giSagoruns `gamoarCevs~, gokoWakuns àrev-darevs~, goTxifuns

`gaTxifavs, gaTxvris~, gokvaSuns `gatenis, gaWedavs~, gokvaxuns

`gaekvexeba~ (kisers qigaakvaxu mudgaqieni do vaaჸirte -- kiserSi gaeCxira

raRacaa da ver ylapavs), gokiduns `gatixravs~, gokikonuns `gakiknavs~,

gokiruns `gaaxvevs, Sekravs~, gokiCuns `gakecavs~, gokiWonuns `Tmebs

daaglejs~, gokჷJinuns `yviris (feri dRa RoronTiSi vare,Tiq

vagokჷJinasჷni: k. samuS., qarT. zep., gv. 108 -- iseTi dRe RvTisa ar aris,

iman rom ar iyviros, vimowmebT o. qajaias leqsikonidan)~. golaxuns `1.

scems; 2. wyens (Saraq Zalami golaxu -- gzam Zalian awyina)~, golifuns

115

`galifavs, gapoxavs, gasanTlavs~ (magaliTebs vimowmebT o. qajaias

leqsikonidan)... ZiriTad mwkrivis formaTa uRlebis nimuSi:

awmyo: loluns `bolavs~

myofadi: gololuns `gabolavs~

wyvetili: gololu `gabola~

I rezultativi: guulolu(n) `gaubolavs~

III rezultativi: gonololue(n) `gabolavda Turme~


(prev-)i-R-un-Ø qvestruqtura #36

36-e qvestruqturaSi vaerTianebT i-R-un-Ø yalibisa da nom-erg-dat

konstruqciis zmnur formebs. mag., ixuSuns ìgvis~, , iqosuns ìwmends,

ixocavs (cxvirs, pirs)~; semantikurad gansxvavebulia, magram amave

struqturisaa R-un-Ø qvestruqturis sasubieqto qcevis formebi: Waruns –

iWaruns `wers – iwers~, iWaWuns `(a)icvams, (a)isxams (wabls...)~. iseve,

rogorc sxva i- prefiqsian formebSi, i-R-un-Ø qvestruqturis

(arasaTaviso qcevis) zmnaTa formebSic yvelgan daCndeba moqmedebis

introvertizaciis tendencia: iWaWuns `(a)icvams, (a)isxams mag., wabls.


awmyo: iqosuns ìwmends, ixocavs (cxvirs, pirs)~

myofadi: giiqosuns `moiwmends, moixocavs (cxvirs, pirs)~

wyvetili: giiqosu `moiwminda~

I rezultativi: guuqosu(n) `mouwmendia~

III rezultativi: gonoqosue(n) `moiwmendda Turme~

myofadis struqtura iqneba: prev-i-R-un-Ø gin-i-i-dg-un-s `Caidgams~,

gini-i-bonuns `daibans~, gini-i-Wuns `gadaiwvavs~, gini-i-bun-s `gadaisxams~ .

iseve, rogorc sxva i- prefiqsian formebSi, Prev.-i-R-un-Ø qvestruqturis

(arasasubieqto qcevis) zmnaTa formebSic yvelgan daCndeba moqmedebis

ukuqcevis tendencia: giniiJRifuns ìSvleps (moixdis)~, giniiJRifuns

116

„gadaiSvleps; ukan daubrunebs (gabrazebiT)“, giniqirConuns „gadaityavebs,

gadaiyvlefs“.

morfemaTa sazRvarze adgili aqvs xmovanprefiqsisa da zmniswiniseuli

xmovnis Serwymasa da/an asimilacias: xan ori i- moiyris Tavs

(giniiJRifuns ìSvleps~), xan – erTi i- prefiqsi rCeba, xanac sruliad

rigisa da aweulobis e- xmovani (eai) daCndeba... amitom, prev-i-R-un-Ø

qvestruqturis nairsaxeobad miviCnevT prev-e-R-un-Ø qvestruqturas

(romelic, aseve nom-erg-dat-nom konstruqciisaa da brunvacvalebad

obieqts SeiTanxmebs). magaliTad moviyvanT gala- zmniswinisa da i-

xmovani prefiqsis SemTxvevas: galeesofuns ìglejs~: miokordჷ

xorciqჷn, galeesofჷ Cirqe: m. xub., gv. 306 - xorci rom miaklda,

moiglija Cliqi (barkali) (magaliTebs vimowmebT oTar qajaias

leqsikonidan). galeesofuns *galeisofuns *galaisofuns.


awmyo: (gi)isofuns ìglejs~

myofadi: galeesofuns `moiglejs~

wyvetili: galeesofu `moiglija~

I rezultativi: galuusofu(n) `mouglejia~

III rezultativi: galànosofue(n) `moglejda Turme~


(Prev.-)o-R-un-Ø qvestruqtura #37

37-e qvestruqturaSi vaerTianebT o-R-un-Ø yalibisa da nom-erg-dat

konstruqciis zmnebs. o-b-un-s àsxams~, aqcevs”, qodguns `gaadgams~...

onwyuns àwyobs~. o- prefiqsi aq pirTa sakorelacio funqciisaa.

saliteraturo qarTulSi, saerTo wesisamebr, maT a- prefiqsiani formebi

Seesatyviseba.

117

myofadis struqturaa prev-o-R-un-Ø: gagàmokvanwuns `gamoawyobs~,

giobuns `daasxams~, gioTuns `daaTovs~, gionwyuns `daawyobs~,

gioRvenTuns `daaRvenTavs~...

zmniswinisa da xmovanprefiqsis morfemaTa sazRvarze adgili aqvs

fonetikur procesebs: aoaa : ginaabuns ( *gina-o-buns) `gadaasxams~,

oo+aa: gaabuns (*go-o-buns) `Seasxams (siTxes)~ gaanwyuns (*go-o-

nwyuns) `gaawyobs~. axlaxan gamocemul monografiaSi `lazur-megruli

gramatika~ (2015, gv.371:) ooa procesi daSvebulia megruli zmniswinuri

struqturisaTvis.


awmyo: onwyuns àwyobs~

wyvetili: daanwyu `daawyo~

I rezultativi: duunwyuafu(n) `dauwyia~

III rezultativi: dononwyuafue(n) `daawyobda Turme~


R-ჷn-Ø qvestruqtura #38

38-e qvestruqturaSi vaerTianebT R-ჷn-Ø yalibisa da nom-erg-dat-nom

konstruqciis zmnur formebs. samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom

-ჷn Tematuri niSani –un Tematuri niSnis fonetikuri variantia. gvxdeba

rogorc Ziruns, aseve Zirჷns `naxavs~ formac. mag., Toli musჷT Zirჷnsჷni,

Wkuaq oko dowonasia „Tvali rasac naxavs, Wkuam unda awonoso~

(vimowmebT o. qajaias leqsikonidan: xalx. sibr., 1, gv. 54), mag., gakonwyჷns

àbezRebs~.

am qvestruqturis formebic, msgavsad saerTo wesisa, sruli

aspeqtisa da myofadis formebs zmniswinisa da qo- dadasturebiTi

nawilakis darTviT iwarmoeben: eSasჷrotჷns àmoJlets~, doRanqჷns `bevrs

SeWams~, doRuSqorჷns `xmis gamocemiT, xarbad SeWams~, doyჷrtonჷns

`gadaylapavs~, doSqჷSqonჷns `SeWams (xarbad da uSnod)~ (doSqჷSqonჷ

118

`xarbad SeWama~, douSqჷSqonჷ `xarbad SeuWamia~, donoSqჷSqonue(n) `xarbad

SeWamda Turme~), doZჷrZonჷns `dafleTs, daglejs~, dopilჷns `momklavs~,

dofaCჷns `daSlis~ da sxv. (magaliTebs vimowmebT oTar qajaias

leqsikonidan), awmyos forma uzsmniswino iqneba msgavsad Semdegi

magaliTisa: gჷbჷns `1.xarSavs (abreSumis parks, abeds...)2. gametebiT cems

maTraxiT, wneliT an sxva elastiuri sagniT~. dgჷns `dgams~ (mag., qoZirჷ,

jgჷri ჸudes dgჷns `naxa, karg saxls dgams~) (magaliTebs vimowmebT oTar



awmyo: dgu/ჷns `dgams~ , dofaCჷns `daSlis~

myofadi: dodgu/ჷns `dgams~ , dodofaCჷns `daSlis~

wyvetili: dodgu `dadga~, dofaCu `daSala~

I rezultativi: doudgumu(n) `daudgams~, doufaCu(n) `dauSlia~

III rezultativi: donodgumue(n) `dadgamda Turme~, donofaCue(n) `daSlida

Turme~

3.2.2.17. kauzativTa qvestruqtura #39

(R-Ø struqtura, nom-erg-dat-nom - sruli konstruqcia,

brunvacvalebadi obieqti)

kauzativTa qvestruqturaSi (#39) vaerTianebT nom-erg-dat-nom

konstruqciis mqone sxvadasxva agebulebis kauzativebs:

megruli kauzativebis ganxilvamde mokled mimovixilavT

SualobiTi kontaqtis sabaziso postulatebs: `samecniero literaturaSi

kauzativis mravalgvari ganmarteba arsebobs, qeglis mixedviT,

SualobiTi kontaqtis formebi aseTi formulirebiT warmogvidgeba:

aiZulebs an saSualebas aZlevs, daavalebs (raRac gaakeTos), daexmareba

(raRacis gakeTebaSi), xels Seuwyobs, saSualebas miscems, aiZulebs an

sTxovs, aiZulebs an xels Seuwyobs...~ `...kauzativis ganmartebisas

119

mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is garemoeba, rom mag., àmuSavebs~ kauzatiuria

mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is piri, romelsac `muSaobas aiZuleben~,

konteqstis mixedviT sulieria: `batoni ymas amuSavebs~ Sdr.: yma miwas

amuSavebs~... amgvarad, mxolod konteqsti warmoaCens iZulebiT, raRac

mizeziT ganpirobebuli Tu `Cveulebrivi~ moqmedeba sruldeba~ (119, 640).

`megrul-lazurSi kauzatiuri semantikis gamoxatva o-R-af-u-an

yalibTan aris dakavSirebuli. gamoyofen semantikur (oragad-af-u-an-s //

oragad-u-an-s àTqmevinebs, àlaparakebs~, Sdr.: qarT.: aylapebs –

aylapvinebs) da morfologiur kauzativebs (o-baxv-af-u-an-s

àbraxunebinebs~...) (119, 645).

sainteresoa, agreTve kauzatiur da arakauzatiur formaTa

mimarTeba megrulSi: zemoT moyvanili winadadebebis magaliTze (amuSavebs

batoni ymas, Sdr.: amuSavebs yma miwas) kargad Cans, rom megrulSi

garCeulia semantikuri donis sulieri da usulo subieqti-iniciatori da

subieqti-egzekutori:

yma miwas amuSavebs `Wkori dixas amuSens~

Sdr.:

batoni ymas amuSavebs `patoni Wkors omuSebafuans~

Cven mier mopovebuli masalis mixedviT gamovyofT kauzativTa 5

qvestruqturas megrulSi:

#39.1. o-R-af-u-an-Ø

obaxvafuans(n) àbraxunebinebs~, obnualafuans àbnevinebs~,

eჲorTuafuans `gaarTobinebs~, obagvafuans àbregvinebs, abegvinebs~,

obazafuans àceminebs~, obaTqafuans `magrad aceminebs~, obakafuans

àtkepninebs, aceminebs (magrad)~, obambafuans àbambvinebs~, obandafuans

àblandvinebs~, obancalafuans àbancalebinebs, abarbacebinebs~,

obanZRafuans àrevinebs, axlarTvinebs“, obanWafuans àceminebs magrad“,

obaJafuans àbaJvinebs“, obargafuans àmargvlinebs“, obardafuans

120

àburdvinebs“, obardRalafuans àbJuturebinebs“, obarafuans

àbarvinebs“, obarjafuans àrevinebs, awewvinebs“, obaRinafuans

àmyofinebinebinebs“, obaჸafuans àniavebinebs. obegvafuans àbegvinebs,

aJeJvinebs“, obezafuans àceminebs“, obeTqafuans `magrad aceminebs“,

obeStafuans/obeWdafuans àbeWdvinebs“, obeWafuans àwvnevinebs“,

obinafuans `Seabnevinebs“, obirafuans àmRerinebs“, obirzinuans

ùfarTovdeba (Tvalebi) Wyets, abrialebs“, obirZRafuans àbRauWebinebs,

atatebinebs“, obiskonafuans àCqmetinebs, apwkeninebs“, obiZgafuans

àbiZgvinebs, xels akvrevinebs“, obixvinafuans àsuqebinebs“, obijafuans

àbijebinebs, nabijs adgmevinebs“, obogafuans `xids adebinebs, bagas

agebinebs“, obondafuans àwvnevinebs“, obondRafuans `qsels abmevinebs“,

obonafuans àbaninebs“, obordiSafuans àbodvinebs“, oborkafuans

àborkvinebs“, obJinafuans àmzev{eb}inebs, amzeurebinebs“, obJRirafuans

àWknobinebs“, obudonafuans àkrefinebs (gaurCevlad), aburdninebs“,

obumafuans àsxmevinebs“, oburdafuans àburdvinebs“, oburdRonafuans

àbdRvnevinebs, aglejinebs“, oburinafuans àtyorcninebs, asrolinebs“,

oburiwafuans àfxrewinebs“, oburafuans àburvinebs, afarvinebs“,

oburRafuans àburRvinebs“, oburcxafuans àfocxvinebs“,

oburjgonafuans àburjgninebs, aJRvleminebs“, oburjafuans

àSfoTvinebs, aborgvinebs“, obuqafuans àbuqvinebs“, obuჸinafuans

àbluyunebinebs“, ogirgonafuans àxramunebinebs“, ogirdonafuans

àglejinebs“, ogiroxafuans àgrexinebs“, ogirjonafuans àglejinebs,

atyavebinebs uxeSad“, oganafuans àgenvinebs, awovinebs (xbos)“,

ogargatafuans àxvevinebs“, ogergelafuans àgoravebinebs“, ogvagvafuans

àceminebs magrad, abegvinebs“, ogvanafuans àsuqebinebs“, ogvargvazafuans

àkoStebinebs“, ogvargvalafuans àTuxTuxebinebs“, ogvarebafuans

àgvarebinebs“, ogvianebafuans àgvianebebinebs“, ogibafuans, ogჷbafuans

àxarSvinebs, aceminebs“, ogilosafuans àglesinebs“, ogi/ჷmafuans

àmkevinebs“, oginafuans àgrZnobinebs“, ogorafuans àginebinebs“,

121

ogorgolafuans àgoravebinebs“, ogorafuans àZebninebs“, ogrinjafuans

„abegvina, acemina magrad“, ogrinjafuu „abegvina“, ugrinjafuafu

„ubegvinebia“,, nogrinjafu{afu}e(n) „abegvinebda Turme“, ogubafuans

àgubvinebs“, ogudorafuans àxramunebinebs“, ogurjinafuans

àRvrevinebs“, oguriSTafuans àgviristinebs“, ogurjafuans àlevinebs“,

ogujafuans àteninebs~...

uRlebis paradigma srulia:

awmyo: ogujafuans àteninebs~

wyetili: ogujafuu `gaatenina~

I rezultativi: ugujafuafu(n) ùtenebinebia~

III rezultativi: nogujafue(n) `daateninebda Turme~

o-R-af-u-an-Ø kauzativTa myofadis struqtura, formulis saxiT, ase

gadaiwereba: prev-o-R-af-u-an-Ø: gioguafuans `daaCvevinebs~, giokonafuans

`daaxrevinebs giotoulafuans `daabmevinebda~, gooRvintafuans

`gaafrTxobinebs~ (gooRvintafuans Sursu: qxs, 1, gv. 189 gaafrTxobinebs

suls)...

myofadis formaTa warmoebisas, zogjer adgili aqvs xmovanprefiqsis

fonetikur gardaqmnas, Sedegad viRebT prev-a-R-af-u-an-Ø struqturis

kauzativebs: ginaarTafuans `gadaaxvevinebs“, ginaarTinafuans `gadaaqcevinebs“,

gaadginafuans `moasuqebinebs“, gaaTanafuans `gaaTenebinebs“, gaaluafuans

`Semoavlebinebs (Tavs), gaavlebinebs (wyals)“, geSaarTafuans

`gamoayofinebs“, gegmaRalafuans `gamoataninebs“, ginaarTafuans

`gadaaxvevinebs“, ginaarTinafuans `gadaaqcevinebs“, Semdegi kauzaciuri

yalibebi, Cveni xelmZRvanelis, prof. m. Cuxuas SeniSvniT, saliteraturo

enidan unda iyos Sesuli megrulSi: gaarzebafuans `gaaZlebinebs“

daadabalebafuans `daadablebinebs~... kauzativTa es jgufic, msgavsad

sxva jgufebisa, uRlebis sruli paradigmis mqonea:

awmyo: daadabalebafuans `daadablebinebs~

wyetili: daadabalebafuu „daadablebina“

122

I rezultativi: duudabalebafuafu(n) „daudablebinebia“

III rezultativi: donodabalebafue(n) „daadablebinebda Turme“

#39.2. o-R-eb-afu-an-Ø

oborjebafuans àrevinebs, abnevinebs“, oboZorebafuans àrevinebs,

awewvinebs (saqmes) “, oangariSebafuans àangariSibeninebs“, oargamebafuans

àaSkaravebinebs“, {e}ჲordebafuans àagdebinebs“, oriebafuans àrevinebs“,

oridebafuans àridebinebs“, oarsebafuans àarsebinebs“, osrulebafuans

àsrulebinebs“, eჲotebafuans `Seatovebinebs“, obadebafuans àbadebinebs“,

obaTilebafuans àbaTilebinebs“, obarebafuans àbarebinebs“,

obartyebafuans àbartyebinebs/ abartyvinebs“, obedebafuans `1.abedvinebs,

2.abedebinebs“, obzadebafuans àmzadebinebs“, obziTebafuans

àmziTvebinebs“, obinebafuans àbinavebinebs“, obinZurebafuans

àbinZurebinebs“, obodebafuans àbodvinebs“, oborebafuans

àsulelebinebs“, obralebafuans àbralebinebs, acodebinebs“,

obrelebafuans àmravlebinebs“, oginZa/orebafuans àgrZelebinebs“,

ogemebafuans àgemebinebs“, ogemuanebafuans àtkbobinebs“, ogvam{eb}afuans

ànagvianebinebs“...

myofadis formebi, Cveulebriv, zmniswinis darTviT ewarmoebaT, mag.,

goomorZgvebafuans `gaamarjvebinebs~, myofadis formaTa uRlebis

paradigmac regularulia; rogorc mosalodneli iyo, masdariseuli –eb

Tematuri sufiqsi Zireul morfemasaa Sexorcebuli, Sesabamisad,

sufiqsad aRar ganixileba da gadahyveba aRniSnul formebs yvela

mwkrivSi:

awmyo: omorZgvebafuans `gaamarjvebinebs~ //omorZgvinuans

myofadi: goomorZgvebafuans `gaamarjvebinebs~ //goomorZgvinuans

wyvetili: goomorZgvebafuu `gaamarjvebina~

I rezultativi: guumorZgvebafuafu `gaumarjvebinebia~

123

III rezultativi: gonomorZgvebafue(n) `gaamarjvebinebda Turme~

upreverbo formaTa uRlebis paradigma ki, aseTia:

awmyo: oborjebafuans `adebinebs kvercxs~

wyetili: oborjebafuu `kvercxi {da}adebina~

I rezultativi: uborjebafuafu `kvercxi {da}udebinebia~

III rezultativi: noborjebafuafue(n) `kvercxs adebinebda Turme~

myofadis formaTa warmoebisas zmniswinisa da xmovanprefiqsis

morfologiur sazRvarze mTeli rigi fonetikuri procesebi

mimdinareobs. zedapirul struqturaze saxezea a- xmovanprefiqsi: aa oo:

Sedegad viRebT Prev-a-R-eb-af-u-an-Ø struqturis kauzativebs:

gaazarebafuans `gaacilebs~, gaagebafuans `gaagebinebs~, gaagonebafuans

`gaagonebinebs~, gaaviTarebafuans `ganaviTarebinebs~, gagmaarsebafuans

`gamoacdevinebs~, gaanqarebafuans `gaaqrobinebs~, gaarigebafuans

`gaarigebinebs~, daavalebafuans `daavalebinebs~...

CamoTvlili formebi saliteraturo endian SeTvisebuli unda iyos.

am zmnaTa uRlebasTan dakavSirebiT, unda aRiniSnos, rom erTi

SexedviT Tematuri niSani -eb wyvetilSic gadahyvebaT, savaraudod, -eb

Tematuri sufiqsi ukve Zireul morfemadaa gardaqmnil-Sexorcebuli,

Sdr.: masdari: davaleba; sxva mxriv, uRlebis paradigma regularulia:

awmyo: daavalebafuans `daavalebinebs~

wyvetili: daavalebafuu `daavalebina~

I rezultativi: duuvalebafuafu `dauvalebinebia~

III rezultativi: donovalebafu{afu}e(n) `daavalebinebda Turme~

#39.3. o-R-u-af-u-an-Ø

ogon{u}afuans „afiqrebinebs“, oTquafuans „aTqmevinebs“, oTxuafuans

„aTxovninebs“, onduafuans „aflobinebs, aZirvinebs“, onTxuafuans

„aynosvinebs, asunebinebs“, onwyuafuans „angrevinebs, aqcevinebs“,

onwyuafuans „awyobinebs, alagebinebs, aSlevinebs (sufras) “, onwyuafuans

„ayvinTvinebs (Tavs)“, onWuafuans „aswrafvinebs“, orguafuans

124

„aglovebinebs“, orguafuans „argvevinebs“, orsxuafuans „saZirkvels

ayrevinebs“, ortuafuans „albobinebs“, orSuafuans „qselvas awyebinebs“,

orCuafuans „aZarcvinebs“, orcuafuans „angrevinebs, aqcevinebs,

acamtverebinebs“, orwyuafuans „arwyvevinebs“, orxvafuans//orxuafuans

„axvretinebs“, oskuafuans „askvnevinebs“, oskuafuans „kvercxs adebinebs“,

osquafuans „{Se}abmevinebs“, oquafuans „afqvevinebs“, oSuafuans

„aqsovinebs“, oCuafuans „anaxvinebs“, owanuafuans „awamebinebs,

arwmunebinebs“, owuafuans „awovebinebs“, oxafuans//oxuafuans „aSobinebs,

aCeninebs; agebinebs“, oxuafuans „aSobinebs // agebinebs (xbos); arRvevinebs;

axvretinebs“, oxuafuans „amxobinebs; arRvevinebs“...

uRlebis paradigma srulia:

awmyo: oskuafuans `adebinebs kvercxs~

wyetili: oskuafuu `kvercxi {da}adebina~

I rezultativi: uskuafuafu(n) `kvercxi {da}udebinebia~

III rezultativi: noskuafue(n) `kvercxs adebinebda Turme~

#39.4 prev-u-R-in-u-an-Ø(n)

prev-u-R-in-u-an-Ø(n) kauzaciuri struqturisaa gu-urz-inuans(n)

`gaaZlebinebs misTvis~ forma. mag., gadvalars urzinuans `fexsacmels

aZlebinebs~...

leqsikonSi tradiciuli gramatikuli terminologiiT, sasxviso

qcevis kvalifikacia aqvs miniWebuli. uRlebis paradigma regularulia,

Tu ar CavTvliT imas, rom o. qajaias leqsikonSi ver moviZieT am zmnis

meoTxe seriis formebi. respondentebma ki `gonorziue(n)~ forma

daagvisaxeles. savaraudod, Tu zmnas aqvs pirveli seriis formebi, unda

ewarmoebodes meoTxe seriisac:

awmyo: urzinuans(à) `aZlebinebs misTvis~

myofadi: guurzinuans(à) `gaaZlebinebs misTvis~

125

wyvetili: guurzinuu `gaaZlebina misTvis~

I rezultativi: guurzinuafu `gauZlebinebia~

I rezultativi: *gonorzinue(n) `gaaZlebinebda Turme~

#39.5 prev-R-u-an-Ø

kauzativTa me-5 qvestruqturad gamovyofT prev-R-u-an-Ø

struqturul tips: g-o-gon-u-an-s `gafiqrebinebs~, sainteresoa, rom am

formasTan, o. qajaias leqsikonSi ver vxedavT kauzativis kvalifikacias,

am zmnis, rogorc gardamavali, moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnuri formis

kvalifikacia aqvs miniWebuli:

magaliTad ki moyvanilia: ugonebus gogonuans RoronTiSe

mocxadebuls `gaugonars gafiqrebinebs RmerTisagan gacxadebuls~ da

iqve miTiTebulia kauzatiuri formac: ogon{u}afuans `afiqrebinebs~.

moyvanili konteqsti gvafiqrebinebs, rom gogonuans `gafiqrebinebs~

forma namdvilad aris mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris gamomxatveli, rasac

ganapirobebs sulieri subieqti-iniciatori da obieqti-egzekutori,

(romelic emorCileba mas); amdenad, Cvens sadisertacio SromaSic, am

zmnur formas semantikuri kauzaciis magaliTad miviCnevT.

savsebiT marTebulad, semantikuri kauzaciis kvalifikacia eniWeba,

agreTve o-ragad-u-an-s //o-ragad-af-u-ans `alaparakebs~ zmnur formebsac

(119, 640).

amiT, amoiwura megruli zmnis kauzatiur formaTa ZiriTadi

struqturebi Cvens xelT arsebuli sakmaod vrceli da momcvelobiTi

masalis mixedviT.

126

3.3. mesame Tavis Sejameba (I diaTeza)

amgvarad, pirvel diaTezaSi erTiandeba ugamonaklisod R-Ø

struqturisa da nom-erg-dat-nom konstruqciis brunvacvalebadobieqtiani

usruli da sruli konstruqciis mqone sul 39 qvestruqturuli jgufi.

R-Ø struqturis usruli konstruqciis qveS gamoiyo 22

qvestruqtura (aqedan absolutivebi – 15 da brunvaucvlelobieqtianebi -

7) awmyoSive dadasturebuli zmniswinis, xmovani prefiqsebisa da

Tematuri niSnebis mixedviT;

R-Ø struqturis sruli konstruqciis qvejgufSi – 17 gansxvavebuli

qvestruqtura gamovyaviT (aqedan me-17-e – kauzativTa jgufi 5

qvestruquruli nairsaxeobiT xasiaTdeba).

127

IV Tavi. meore diaTeza

konstruqcia: nom-erg-nom-nom

4.1. Sesavali

meore diaTezis gamoyofis safuZvelia megruli zmnisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli nom-erg-nom-nom konstruqcia. am konstruqciis zmnaTa

zogadi struqturaa R-[Th.s]-u/e(n).

R-[Th.s]-u/e(n) struqturis zmnaTa konstruqcia gansxvavdeba pirveli da

mesame diaTezis zmnaTa konstruqciisagan: am zmnebis konstruqcia

(subieqtis brunva) pirvel seriaSi nominatiuria, meore seriaSi –

ergatiuli, mesame seriaSi ki – isev nominatiuri. meore diaTezis zmnebi

Seiwyoben mxolod brunvaucvlel obieqts: abursu{u}(n) maSina kidas –

qaabursu maSinaq kidas `ejaxeba manqana kedels – daejaxa manqanam

kedels~. megrulSi mimdinare analogiis procesebis gamo namyo ZiriTadis

(aoristis) formebSi I da II diaTezis zmnata subieqti ergativSia, magram

maTi ganmasxvavebeli niSani, garda struqturisa, mesame seriis

konstruqciaa, romelSic meore diaTezis zmnebi nominatiuri

konstruqciT upirispirdebian pirveli diaTezis zmnur formebs;

meore diaTezis, anu R-[th.s.]-u/e(n) struqturis yvela zmnis

konstruqcia pirvel seriaSi - nominatiuria, meore seriaSi – ergatiuli

(swored aq emTxveva igi pirveli diaTezis zmnebs), xolo mesame da

meoTxe seriaSi isev - nominatiuria (nom-erg-nom-nom); sapirispirod amisa,

pirveli diaTezis zmnaTa konstruqcia mesame seriaSi datiuria nom-erg-

dat-nom (anu, subieqti mesame seriis formebTan dgas micemiT brunvaSi).

swored mesame seriis konstruqciiT ganirCeva pirveli diaTezis R-th.s.-Ø

da meore diaTezis R-th.s.-u/e(n) struqturis zmnaTa konstruqciebi.

amgvarad, megruli zmnis nom-erg-nom-nom konstruqciisa da misi

ZiriTadi R-Th.s-u/e(n) struqturis erTianoba qmnis II diaTezas. mag.:

Ι seria /nom.: dixa sqiru(n) `miwa Sreba~.

IΙ seria /erg.: dixaq gosqiru(n) `miwa gaSra~ (sityvasityviT: `miwam

gaSra~).

128

IIΙ seria /nom.: dixa gosqir(af)e{le}(n) `miwa (nom) gamSrala~.

IV seria/nom.: dixa gonosqir(af)ue(n) `miwa gaSreboda Turme~

rogorc magaliTebidanac Cans, R-Th.s-u/e(n) struqturis zmnis

aoristis formaSi mosalodneli nominatiuri konstruqciis nacvlad

ergatiuli konstruqcia gvaqvs. amosavali viTareba megrul zmnaTa

konstruqciisTvis saliteraturo qarTulis (resp. saerTo qarTveluris)

msgavsi unda yofiliyo; magram (saliteraturo enis normisgan

Tavisufal) megrul metyvelebaSi gafarToebulia ergativis gamoyenebis

are; es gamowveuli unda iyos enis ganviTarebis Sinagani – metyvelebis

ekonomiisa da unifikaciis kanonis moqmedebiT: ergatiuli konstruqciis

unificirebiT. arnold Ciqobava am movlenas `horizontalur

gaTanabrebas~ uwodebs: `megruli ugulebelhyofs (nawilobriv mainc!)

gardamavloba-gardauvlobas: Tu zmna aoristSia (an misi jgufis sxva

droSi), subieqti yovelTvis moTxrobiTSia imisda miuxedavad,

gardamavalia zmna Tu gardauvali~ (141, 105).

ergativizacia gviandeli Cans: megruli metyvelebis amsaxveli Zveli

teqstebi (Tundac XVIII-XIX saukuneebisa) rom gvqondes, savaraudod, namyo

ZiriTadSi (aoristSi) R-Th.s-u/e(n) struqturis zmnebis konstruqcia ar

iqneboda ergatiuli; amas mowmobs e.w. `horizontaluri gaTanabreba14~

lazurSi: `Wanuri ugulebelhyofs dros, sakiTxs wyvets zmnis

gardamavloba-gardauvloba~; `Tu zmna gardamavalia, subieqti

moTxrobiTSia, obieqti saxelobiTSi, imis miuxedavad, ra droa~ (141, 105).,

aqve aRniSnulia, rom gardamavlobis erT-erTi niSani subieqtis

ergatiuli konstruqcia `gamosadegia WanurSi, uvargisia megrulSi~ (141,

106). igulisxmeba, rom ergatiuli konstruqciis arseboba WanurSi

ganasxvavebs e.w. `moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebs~ e.w. `vnebiTi gvaris~

zmnebisagan, megrulSi ki – vera (e.w. `vnebiTi gvaris zmnebis subieqti

lazurSi yvela seriaSi saxelobiTSia, anu, konstruqcia nominatiuria).

`vnebiTi gvaris zmnaTa subieqts lazurSi ergatiuli brunva ar

axasiaTebs da es am enobriv qvesistemSi mkacrad gabatonebuli wesia

(ugamonakliso) (119, 595).

14 terminisaTvis ix. arn. Ciqobava, Wanuris gramatikuli analizi (141, 105)

129

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, ergativis unificirebis tendencias ioseb

yifSiZe megrulis gavlenas miawers; misi TqmiT, qvemo imereTSi gvxvdeba

iseTi sintaqsuri movlenebi (`kacma movida~ nacvlad konstruqciisa `kaci

movida”), romelic `iverizmebad~ kvalificirdeba (123, 27). v. Tofuria ar

iziarebs am mosazrebas: `...mosalodnelia, agreTve, aRmosavlur kiloebSi

gardauvali pirveli saxis zmnebi SeuerTdnen ise, rogorc es dasavlur

kiloebSi moxda, sadac maT is safexuri unda qondeT gavlili,

romelzedac dres aRmosavlur kiloebSi gvevlineba, amitom miuRebelia

prof. i. yifSiZis ganmarteba megrulis gavleniT~ (29,303).

vfiqrobT, dasavlur qarTul kiloebs marTlac SesaZloa hqondeT

ergativizaciis Sualeduri safexuri gavlili. megrulis gavrcelebis

arealidan ase Sors dadasturebuli aRmosavluri qarTuli kiloebis

magaliTebi ki am procesis sawyis etapad SeiZleba miviCnioT. rogorc

Cans, es saerTo qarTveluri movlena unda iyos, romelic garkveul

pirobebSi sxvadasxva tempiT mimdinareobs.

e.w. `gardauval zmnebTan~ moTxrobiTi brunvis formantiT

gaformebuli agensi (qvedebare) damaxasiaTebelia WanurisTvisac: `vnebiTi

gvaris zmnaTa subieqts lazurSi ergatiuli brunva ar axasiaTebs da es

am enobriv qvesistemaSi mkacrad gatarebuli wesia (ugamonakliso)~ (119,

595).

amgvarad, ergatiuli konstruqciis unifikaciis procesi lazurSi

megruliseburi ar aris _ ergativis are gafarToebulia, oRond,

brunvacvalebadobieqtiani (anu pirveli diaTezis) lazuri zmnebi yvela

seriaSi ergatiuli konstruqciisaa - erg-erg-erg-erg:

mag.,

hemuq jumas fara meCams – is Zmas fuls aZlevs; sityvasityviT: „man

Zmas fuli aZlevs"

hemuq jumas fara qomeCu – man Zmas fuli misca;

hemuq jumas fara qomeCudoren – mas ZmisTvis fuli miucia;

sityvasityviT: man Zmas fuli miucia” (141, 104).

amgvarad, lazurSi, brunvacvalebadobieqtiani (e.w. `gardamavali~, anu,

Cveni klasifikaciiT pirveli diaTezis) zmnaTa agensi yvela seriaSi

130

moTxrobiT brunvaSi dgas; anu, unifikaciis procesi ufro Sors aris

wasuli.

samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom WanurSi meore diaTezis

zmnaTa konstruqcia, Cveulebriv nominatiuria yvela seriaSi: nom-nom-

nom-nom; Tumca, gamonaklisis saxiT, saubaria im tendenciazec, rom

Wanuri ifarToebs ergativis gamoyenebis ares da meore diaTezis, anu R-

u(n) struqturis zmnaTa I seriis (awmyos mwkrivis) formebSi, zog

zmnasTan qvemdebares moTxrobiT brunvaSi Seiwyobs, mag., sxapuns – xteba…

(119, 314, ) mag., lomeSi biWiq gexTu cxeniSen `lomis biWma Sejda cxenze,

veziriq dixaziu `vezirma gaemzada 119, 316).

Zalze sainteresoa lazur-megrulis Tanamedrove mkvlevris, prof.

merab Cuxuas mosazreba amasTan dakavSirebiT: sarfis lazurSi biWi-q,

veziri-q formaTa markireba ergativis niSniT Tavad zmnis SinaarsiT –

moqmedebis aqtiurobiTa aris gansazRvruli; aRniSnul movlenas

mkvlevari ara megrulis, aramed aWaruli dialeqtis zegavleniT xsnis,

radgan moyvanili magaliTebi aWarul dialeqtze mosaubreebTan uSualo

kontaqtiT unda iyos Sepirobebuli.

aRmoCnda, rom ergativi lazurSi damaxasiaTeblia sxap-u-n `xtis~ _

statikuri zmnis gaaqtiurebul formasTan: sxapuns, gansakuTrebiT,

sarfulSi, rac megrulis siaxloviT aris axsnili (119, 317);

sarfSi Cawerili lazuri statikuri zmnuri formis (sxap-u-n)

SemTxvevaSi Cven viziarebT m. Cuxuas mosazrebas, romlis Tanaxmadac,

statikuri zmnis gadinamikurebisa da ormagi sufiqsaciis (sxapu(n)

sxap-u-n-s `xtis xteba~) mizezi missave aqtiur SinaarsSi unda veZioT;

swored semantikurad unda iyos Sepirobebuli madinamikurebeli

elementis - aqtiur zmnaTa sufiqsis darTva (–s) da subieqtis markireba

moTxrobiTi brunvis niSniT; sabolood ki _ R-u(n) yalibis Secvla R-Ø

yalibiT.

ergativizaciis procesze Tvalis gadevnebisas, swored lazuris

gansxvavebuli viTareba gvafiqrebinebs, rom odesRac megrulSic (da

WanurSic) Zveli qarTuliseburi amosavali viTareba unda yofiliyo

daculi. amas amtkicebs agreTve guruli da aWaruli dialeqtebis

131

Cvenebac: igive gramatikuli procesebi mimdinareobs orive dialeqtSi;

mag., am katam mokta (es kata mokvda) (gur.), mevda mis kacma da meჲkiTxa

Tel dRis xebrebi (movida misi qmari da (gamo)ikiTxa mTeli dRis ambebi)

(aWar.) aSkaraa aWarul magaliTSi meore, brunvacvalebadobieqtiani zmnis

gavlena pirvel – brunvaucvlelsubieqtian zmnasTan Sewyobil pirze:

kacma. swored es unda iyos v. Tofurias mier navaraudebi `Sualeduri

safexuri ergativizaciisa~ (29, 303). Zvel saliteraturo qarTulSi msgavs

gramatikul movlenas adgili ar hqonia; amas Zveli qarTuli

literaturuli memkvidreoba adasturebs: „Zmaჲ Seni mosrul ars da

mamaman Senman dakla zuaraki igi Wamebuli, rameTu cocxlebiT moiyvana

igi” (l.15.27) (94, 87).

arnold Ciqobava SeniSnavs, rom „man movida-s msgavsi magaliTebi

aRmosavleT-saqarTvelos kiloebSic gvxvdeba, Tumca iSviaTad“ (141, 106).

megruli qvesistemis ganviTarebis garkveul etapze, moxda agensis

brunvaTa unificireba da brunvacvalebad gardamaval da brunvaucvlel

gardamaval zmnaTa konstruqcia meore seriaSi erTmaneTs daemTxva;

magram, distinqturi niSani mainc arsebobs: am SemTxvevaSi konstruqciaTa

ganmasxvavebelia mesame seria: brunvacvalebadobieqtian megrul zmnebs

datiuri konstruqcia aqvT, anu agensi micemiT brunvaSi Seewyoba (mag.,

doubambu(n) Tis Tina „daubambavs mas (dat.) is (nom.)“), xolo

brunvaucvlelobieqtian zmnebs - nominatiuri (dobambuu(n) Tina Tis

„dahbambvia is (nom.) mas (dat)“.

amgvarad, aqac struqturisa da konstruqciis erTianoba iZleva

safuZvels, isini erT – II diaTezaSi gavaerTianoT.

winaswarve xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom meore diaTezis megruli R-

Th.s-u/e(n) struqturis morfologiuri agebulebisa da sintaqsuri

konstruqciis suraTi (miuxedavad gadaxrisa meore diaTezaSi, romelic

meoreuli movlenaa) qarTveluri zmnis sam diaTezad dayofis modelis

identuria. es `gadaxrac~ kanonzomieria. orive enobriv erTeulSi erTsa

da imave struqturis zmnebTan gvaqvs saqme (95; 99,9; 100, 219): megruli R-

132

Th.s-u/e(n)15 struqturiseuli -u/e(n) sufiqsi rangobrivadac da

funqciuradac saliteraturo qarTulis R-th.s-i struqturiseul -i

sufiqss Seesabameba (cxrili 4.1.). Sdr.:

cxrili #4.1.

megruli

R-Th.s-u/e(n)

saliteraturo qarTuli

R-Th.s-i

1. p-tib-u-q (ma)

2. WiTon-d-u-q (si)

3. v-a-ty-ob-u-q (ma Tis)

4. i-unT-u-af-u(n) (onaxvali)

5. i-ty-ob-in-u-af-u(n) (wingi

osuràSe)16

6. i-Sv-e(n) (Te wyari)

1. v-Tb-eb-i (me)

2. wiTl-d-eb-i (Sen)

3. v-e-mal-eb-i (me mas)

4. uTov-d-eb-a (sarecxi)

5. i-mal-eb-a (wigni qalis) mier

6. i-sm-eb-a (es wyali)

-u/e(n) sufiqsis Sesaxeb qarTul samecniero literaturaSi azrTa

sxvadasxvaobaa; ioseb yifSiZis mixdviT, -u sufiqsi vnebiTis

mawarmoebelia (123, 071).

g. maWavariani 1959 w. gamocemul naSromSi `uniSno vnebiTi qarTvelur

enebSi~ megrul-Wanur -u(<o) sufiqss qarTuli xolmeobiTis -i-s funqciis

matareblad miiCnevda (60, 115); mogvianebiT ki, 1965 wels Tamaz

gamyreliZesTan erTad gamocemul SromaSi `sonantTa sistema da ablauti

qarTvelur enebSi~ igi –u sufiqss Temis niSnad miiCnevs, radgan is zmnas

aoristSi ar gadahyveba (11,277); amave mosazrebas iziarebs togo gudavac

Tavis naSromSi `fuZedrekadi zmnebi megrulSi~ (17,137); korneli danelia

mas vnebiTis Temis niSans uwodebs (23,169). -u(n) sufiqsis Temis niSnad

15 R-th.s-u/e(n) struqturis -u(n) da -e(n) sufiqsebs Sesabamis paragrafebSi ganvixilavT dawvrilebiT.

16 cxrilSi #4.1 me-5 magaliTi ityobinuafu(n) wingi osuràSe ar aris produqtiuli megrulSi, TiTqmis ar gamoiyeneba metyvelebaSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom i-ful-u-af-u(n) `imaleba~ tipis konstruqcia pasivis Semdegi mniSvnelobiT `damalul iqna qalis mier~ (5) megrulisaTvis ucxoa. megrul metyvelebaSi msgavsi

semantika R-th.s.-Ø struqturis aqtiuri semantikis zmnebiT gadmoicema, mag., ful-un-s (mal-av-s is mas), rac bunebrivicaa. am tipis konstruqcia xelovnuria saliteraturo qarTuli enisTvisac da is saqmiani qaRaldebis samecniero da akademiuri stilisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.

133

kvalificirebas mxars uWers r. Seroziac Tavis statiaSi: `potencialisis

kategoriisaTvis zanuri enis megrul dialeqtSi~ (132, 202);

giorgi rogavas azriT –u sufiqsi qarTulis –od savrcobiseuli

xmovniTi nawilis – o-s fardi unda iyos (83, 83).

givi maWavariani aRniSnavs: ìWaru(n) formis -u SeiZleboda vnebiTi

gvaris niSnad migveCnia (Sdr.: iWare(n) – potencialisi), magram es ase ar

aris, -u awmyos mawarmoebelia, namyoSi ar gadahyveba~ (64,101)

msgavsad –u(n) sufiqsisa, -e(n) sufiqsic mxolod awmyos struqturaSia

da igi zmnas meore seriaSi ar gadahyveba. yvelaze xSirad potencialisis

formebSi gvxvdeba. Tumca aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac `-e sufiqsi gvxvdeba

potencialisis Sinaarsmoklebul vnebiTebSic: àrTi koCi Ji ijine (erTi

kaci zemoT iyureba~ (21,59). 2015 w. gamocemul saxelmZRvaneloSic

`lazur-megruli gramatika~ moyvanilia –e(n) sufiqsiani zmnuri formebi,

`romlebSic ar SeimCneva potencialisis Sinaarsi arc erT enobriv

erTeulSi... a—e konfiqsiani vnebiTi (iseve rogorc potencialisi)

bunebrivi iyo megrul-lazuri enisaTvis... mag., a-Squrin-e(n) (eSinia), i/a-

ntir-e(n) (i/e-teva), i/a-ngarin-e(n) (i/etireba)...~ (119, 616-617).

aseve, gamoTqmulia varaudi, romlis Tanaxmadac, –e(n) Tematuri

sufiqsia (132, 203; 56, 29).

arn. Ciqobavas mosazrebis Tanaxmad, -e sufiqsi warmoSobiT diurativis

mawarmoebeli unda iyos. igi qarTuli gangrZobiTi aspeqtis –i sufiqsis

fardi unda iyos (142, 35; 34, 210).

T. gamyreliZe, g. maWavarianis mosazrebis Tanaxmad potencialisis –e

sufiqsi qarTuli enis awmyos mwkrivSi gamovlenili –i Temis niSnis

ekvivalentia: i-Wv-e-n – i-wv-i-s (11,229).

m. Cuxuas mosazrebiT, es u- sufiqsi, SesaZloa iyos diurativis

uZvelesi niSani, roca jer kidev ar iyo Camoyalibebuli droTa samwevra

sistema. sufiqsT rangobrivi sistemis TvalsazrisiT, marTlac advili

SesaZlebelia u- sufiqsis diurativis uZveles niSnad gaazreba; Sdr.: tib-

u(n) _ Tbeb-i-s (Zv. qarTuli), i-gur-u-an-s ì-swavl-i-s~...

–u/e(n) sufiqsebi, Cveni azriT, igi erTi da igive morfologiuri

odenobaa – orive sufiqsi R-[Th.s.]-Ø yalibis opoziciuri calis R-th.s.-

u/e(n) yalibis mawarmoebelia, orive ZiriTadi struqtura (R-[Th.s.]-Ø da R-

134

th.s.-u/e(n)) ki megruli zmnis gvareobiTi struqturis binaruli

ganStoebaa.

sinqroniul doneze R-th.s.-u/e(n) struqturis -u(n) da –e(n) sufiqsebi

zmnuri yalibis amgebi aplikatorebia. isini rangobrivad igive

morfologiuri odenobaa, rac saliteraturo qarTulis -i. mag., tib-u-q –

v-Tb-eb-i, iTe-eb-u(n) – Tavd-eb-a da sxv.; saliteraturo qarTulis

msgavsad, romelSic awmyos TemaSi dasturdeba fuZis oradori

gvareobiTi struqtura R-[th.s.]-Ø da R-[th.s.]-i, aseve megrulSic, awmyos

Temis mixedviT gvaqvs fuZis orad-ori gvareobiTi struqtura: R-[th.s.]-Ø

da R-[th.s.]-u/-e(n).

Cven mier SemuSavebuli megruli zmnuri struqturis sistemuri

klasifikacia da misi qvesistemebi, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, binarulia.

#4.2. cxrilSi naTlad Cans, rom, Tavis mxriv, megruli II diaTezis R-Th.s-

u/e(n) struqturac orad iyofa - or qvestruqturad iSleba (ix., cxrili

4.2):

cxrili 4.2

es qvestruqturebia: R-[Th.s.]-u(n)

da R-[Th.s]-e(n). R-[Th.s]-u(n)

qvestruqturaSi klasebi gamoiyofa

mxolod xmovani prefiqsis, -d

sufiqsisa da Tematuri niSnebis

mixedviT. meore diaTezis R-[Th.s]-

u(n) struqturis zmnebi, semantikuri

TvalsazrisiT, avtoaqtivebi da

aqtivebia.

rac Seexeba R-[Th.s]-e(n) qvestruqturas, is, ZiriTadad, SesaZleblobis

zmnebisa (e.w. „potencialisebis“, mag., aful-e(n) (SeuZlia damalos)) da

mcire raodenobiT dadasturebuli potencialisis gagebisagan daclili

zmnebis (mag., a-Squrin-e(n) `eSinia~) yalibia.

gansxvavebiT R-[Th.s]-Ø struqturis zmnebisgan, R-Th.s-u/e(n) ZiriTadi

struqturis formulaSi Temis niSani frCxilebSi aRar movaTavseT,

135

radgan am struqturis yvela zmnur formaSi garda tib-u(n) `Tbeba~ tipis

zmnebis mcire jgufisa, struqturiseuli (-u/e(n) sufiqsis win Temis

niSnis arseboba aucilebeli pirobaa.

II diaTeza gamoiyofa megrul zmnaTa nom-erg-nom-nom konstruqciis

safuZvelze, romelTa ZiriTadi struqturaa R-Th.s-u/e(n) (gansxvavebiT I

diaTezisgan, romelic gamoiyofa megrul zmnaTa nom-erg-dat-nom

konstruqciis safuZvelze, romelTa ZiriTadi struqturaa: R-[Th.s]-Ø.

II diaTezis zmnebi or qvejgufad iyofa:

pirvel qvejgufSi Sedis statikuri zmnebi (paragrafi IV.2.). saerTo

wesisamebr, maT mxolod pirveli da meoTxe seriis mwkrivebi ewarmoebaT.

mag., (ge)baZRu(n) Tinanom - (ge)nobaZRue(n) Tinanom - `gdia is – egdo xolme

is”, Z-u(n) - noZve(n) `Zevs, devs is – ido xolme is~...

es zmnebi absoluturi statikiT xasiaTdeba. pirTa raodenobis

mixedviT erTpirianebia. statikur zmnebs saerTod ar aqvT gvaris gageba,

radgan isini participantis mdgomareobas gamoxataven. absolutur

statikas aRniSnaven.

pirianobis TvalsazrisiT, pirTa maqsimaluri raodenoba oria.

I qvejgufis struqturaa R-u/e(n); zmniswinisa da xmovanrefiqsebis

mixedviT gamoiyofa ramdenime qvestruqtura.

II diaTezis meore qvejgufSi erTiandeba R-u(n) struqturis dinamikuri

zmnebi. maT, rogorc wesi, yvela seriisa da mwkrivis forma ewarმoebaT.

maTi konstruqciaa: nom-erg-nom-nom.

gvaris semantikuri kategoriis farglebSi II diaTezis meore

qvejgufSi gaerTianebulia aqtiuri moqmedebis gamomxatveli absoluturi

(erTpiriani, avtoaqtiuri) da orpiriani (aqtiuri) zmnebi gvxvdeba. mag.,

aCxiCxuu(n) Tina Tis(saCxubrad) `ejaxeba is mas~. saliteraturo qarTuli

enis tradiciul gramatikebSi es zmnebi pasivebad aris kvalificirebuli.

Cven mier aRebuli diaTezaTa morfosintaqsuri klasifikaciis farglebSi

ki saliteraturo qarTulSi pasiuri Sinaarsisa SeiZleba iyos iseTi R-

[th.s.]-i (romelTa Sesatyvisi megrul zmnaSi R-th.s.-u(n) struqturaa)

struqturis mier/-gan Tandebuliani konstruqciis zmnebi, romelTa

136

subieqtic usuloa (mag., Sendeba saxli am kompaniis mier), an aRweriTad

aris nawarmoebi (mag., gakeTebul iqna, daweril iqna da a.S.).

saliteraturo qarTulSi R-[th.s.]-i struqturis yvela erTpiriani

forma, romlis subieqtic/agensic usulo aqtantia, semantikurad pasivis

Sinaarsis matarebelia17; magram imave zmnebs Tu usulo subieqti

sulieriT Seecvleba, avtoaqtiur Sinaarss iZenen. mag., iCexeba tye

mTavrobis mier – pasivia, xolo roca mxolod sulieri piri Cans

konteqstSi, maSin am zmnaTa avtoaqtiuri xasiaTi iwevs win, rasac

avtoaqtivTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli i- prefiqsic mowmobs: gadaiCexa jixvi

kldeze.

megrulSi R-th.s.-u(n) struqturis zmnebi, rogorc wesi, mxolod

avtoaqtiuri an aqtiuri moqmedebis gamomxatvelia. mag., inefi tyasi

ityobuna(n) ìsini tyeSi imalebian~ – avtoaqtivia, sainteresoa, rom

megrulSi ìmaleba CanTa bavSvis mier/iCexeba tye... mier/ gakeTebul iqna”

tipis magaliTebi ar dasturdeba. megrulad mosaubre piri ìCexeba tye

kacis mier”/ìmaleba CanTa bavSvis mier” tipis Sinaarss aqtivis formiT

gadmoscems: Cexuns koCi tyas `Cexavs kaci tyes~, otyobinuans Tina Tis

`malavs is mas”... akaki SaniZis SeniSvna, rom `qarTuli ena umetesad

aqtiuri formebis enaa~ (125, 375) SegviZlia ganvavrcoT qarTvelur

qvesistemebzec.

diaTezebis farglebSi gvari semantikuri kategoriaa. rogorc zemoT

vnaxeT, pirveli diaTezis zmnebi gvaris semantikuri kategoriis mixedviT

SeiZleba iyvnen avtoaqtiurebic (wvims, kankalebs) da aqtivebic

(akankalebs is mas)..

amgvarad, semantikuri TvalsazrisiT, meore diaTezaSi erTiandebian

rogorc ugvaro zmnebi (weria, afenia), aseve aqtivebic (elaparakeba,

eCxubeba), avtoaqtivebi (Tbeba, wiTldeba, imaleba, igineba) da pasivebi

(usulo subieqtis mqone R-eb-i struqturis zmnebi konteqstidan

gamomdinare, isic ara yovelTvis, gvaqvs SemTxvevebi, rodesac usulo

subieqtic ki aqtiuri moqmedebis gamomxatvelia: „roca Zili Sens

wamwamebs miepareba...") (68, 88);

17 `qarTulSi xSirad, gansakuTrebiT, poetur metyvelebaSi, am struqturis orpiriani konstruqciis zmnebiT usulo subieqtis SemTxvevaSic SeiZleba gamoisaxos aqtiuri Sinaarsi: mag., `samSoblos casa bnelad gaSlili mwuxris zewari gadaefara~ (WavW., 1860)~ (68, 77).

137

ugamonaklisoa wesi: yvela pasiuri semantikis zmna aris meore

diaTezisa, magram meore diaTezis yvela zmna ar aris pasivi.

amgvarad, meore diaTezaSi, R-eb-i struqturisa da nom-nom-nom

konstruqciis qveS erTiandeba (1)ugvaro zmnebi, (2)aqtivebi, (3)avtoaqtivebi

da (4) pasivebi.

qarTulSi pasivis aRweriTi warmoeba ganviTarda omonimiis

dasaZlevad: Seiwire, viTarca cxovari (=Sewirul iqeni, „locvani"); wignsa

Sensa yovelnive STaiwernes (=Caweril iqnen); rameTu friad vscode da

Sevigine (=Seginebul viqeni). amitom Zvelsave qarTulSi ukve Cndeba

aRweriTi konstruqciis konversiuli forma (mimReoba+iqna meSveli zmna)

romelic sakuTriv pasivis gamomxatvelia da dRes sul ufro farTod

ikidebs fexs (gansakuTrebiT samecniero da presis enaSi). berZnulidan

Targmnis procesSi qarTulma enam gamoavlina Tavisi potencia da

Camoayaliba axali, meSvelzmniani formebi saWiro Sinaarsis

gadmosacemad. es gasagebia, radganac bevri zmna saerTod ver gadmoscems

vnebiTis Sinaarss organuli R[th.suf]-i formiT. ase rom, sakuriv vnebiTis

funqcias jer kidev Zvelsave qarTulSi wyvetilis da myofadis jgufSi

„iqmna-iq(m)neba meSvelzmniani aRweriTi warmoebis formebi kisruloben,

xolo awmyos jgufSi ki organul formebs vnebiTis funqciiT saWiroebis

SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba ars meSvelzmniani konstruqcia Seenacvlos (68, 67-

68).

amgvarad, msgavsad saliteraturo qarTulisa, megrulSic, R-th.s.-u(n)

ZiriTadi struqturisa da nom-erg-nom-nom konstruqciis qveS (romelTa

erTianobac qmnis meore diaTezas) erTiandeba gvaris mixedviT netraluri

zmnebi (99, 9-10; 100,219-220) anu (1)ugvaro zmnebi (baZRu(n) `gdia~, Zu(n)

`Zevs~) da (2)aqtivebi (aCqvaCqvuu(n) `exeTqeba~), (3)avtoaqtivebi (tibu(n)

`Tbeba~, ჸviTondu(n) `yviTldeba~, ikvanwilu(n) `kopwiaobs~) da (4)pasivebi

(binexiSi furceli eSmeWyuu nakefiSe `vazis foToli amoiwveba

nakefisagan/mier~). pasivebTan dakavSirebiT aqac igive sakiTxi dgeba:

megrulSic didi mniSvneloba aqvs meore diaTezis zmnaTa subieqti

usuloa Tu personaluri piria. pasiuri Sinaarsi gveqneba mxolod

mimReoba+mier/-gan tipis Tandebulian konstruqciebsa da usulo

subieqtis SemTxvevaSi, Tumca, mxatvrul gamoTqmebSi, xSirad, usulo

138

subieqtic gaaqtiurebulia da zmnis pasiuri semantika nivelirebulia –

zmna avtoaqtiuria: zRva CxoriaT goquniri ixuminu(n) peroJeri `zRva

mzis sxivebiT Semoxveuli xmaurobs aqafebuli~, wyars bJaS Cxoria

minalaჸafu(n) `wyals mzis sxivebi dasTamaSebs~.

megrulSi, msgavsad sxva qarvTeluri enobrivi qvesistemebisa,

ZiriTadad aqtiuri konstruqciebi gvxvdeba, Tumca, SedarebiT iSviaTad,

magram mainc daCndeba pasiuri konstruqciebi: iCexuu(n) midgarenSe

ìCexeba viRacis mier~, ityobuu(n) midgarenSe ìmaleba viRacis mier~. mag.,

zepir metyvelebaSi dasturdeba: CanTa iCualuafu(n) ZRabàSe `1. CanTa

inaxeba gogonas mier (amave dros SeiZleba niSnavdes Semdegsac: 2. CanTas

umalaven gogonas~). Tumca, metyvelebaSi, am semantikis gadmosacemad,

rogorc wesi, sulieri, aqtiur subieqtiani formebi gvxvdeba - R-Ø

struqturisa (utyobinuans Tina Tis sumkas ùmalavs is mas CanTas).

Tanac, gvari xom semantikuri kategoriaa, amitom Tavisuflad

SeiZleba, erTi da igive forma konteqstis mixedviT avtoaqtivic

(TviTmoqmedi) iyos da pasivic, mag., semantikurad TviTmoqmedia,

avtoaqtivia, daCndeba avtoaqtivTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli refleqsivuri i-

prefiqsi: ityobuu(n) ZRabi ìmaleba gogo~ (diityobu ZRabiq `daimala

gogom~). pasivia: ityobuu(n) sumka ZRabàSe ìmaleba CanTa gogos mier~ (-Se

Tandebuliani formebiT ki iwarmoeba pasivi, magram, rgorc wesi, amgvari

formebi araproduqtiuli da xelovnuria megrulad mosaubrisaTvis).

Sdr.: i-xaS-u(n) ìxarSeba~: avtoaqtivia: subieqti usuloa: di-i-xaSuu

soteliani, ukuli JirSax rgilu wyari oko ginuluaTi `wiTeli mxali

rom moixarSeba, Semdeg orjer civi/grili wyali unda gadavavloT~,

subieqti sulieria: uhaveTà voreq, ibxaSu{u}q Te garganjia sinCxes

ùhaerod var, am gagania sicxeSi vixarSebi~, an: ibxaSuq Te sinCxes do

uhaerobas `vixarSebi am sicxesa da uhaerobaSi~.

diaTezaTa morfosintaqsuri klasifikaciis farglebSi

sulieri/personaluri agensis mqone yvela or- da metaqtantiani forma,

ganurCevlad struqturisa, semantikurad aqtivia; magaliTad:

brunvacvalebadobieqtiani aqtivia R-Ø struqturis zmna: fuluns koCi

faras `malavs” kaci fuls, Sdr.: brunvaucvlel obieqtiani aqtivia R-u(n)

139

struqturis zmna: atyobuu(n) ZRabi didas - emaleba gogona dedas,

aCxiCxuu(n) Tina Tis – (saCxubrad) ejaxeba is mas.

avtoaqtivi, aqtivi da pasivi semantikuri kategoriebia, aqedan

gamomdinare, megrul (resp. qarTvelur) zmnaSi konkretuli gvaris formebs

ar eZebnebaT stabiluri zmnuri struqtura; gvaqvs SemTxvevebi, rodesac

erTi da igive morfologiuri struqturis zmna (vgulisxmobT zmnis

ZiriTad struqturas daboloebis mixedviT R-u(n)), SinaarsiT, logikurad

SeiZleba avtoaqtivic iyos, aqtivic da pasivic. qvemoT moyvanil cxrilSi

naCvenebia, R-u(n) struqturis zmnuri formebi, rolebic SeiZleba iyos

aqtivic, pasivica da avtoaqtiuri Sinaarsis mqonec (ix. cxrili 4.3.):

cxrili 4.3.

struqtura: R-u(n)

avtoaqtivi

1)sulieri

2) usulo

aqtivi

1) sulieri

2) usulo

pasivi (usulo)

1)sulieri

2) usulo

1)tibu(n) bebi

`Tbeba bebo~

ityobuu(n) ZRabi

ìmaleba gogo~

2) ifurConuu(n)

ìfurCqneba,

ifcqvneba~

1) abursu(u)(n) èjaxeba~

namusu abursuni,

namTini vegeurinuafu

kuCxiSa `romelsac

daejaxa, arc erTi ar

dauyenebia fexze~

2) aforuu(n) èfareba~

aforuu(n) bJa munafas

èfareba mze dedamiwas~

1) ibezu{u}(n) ìcemeba~

irdRas ibezudu

patoniSe `yoveldRe

icemeboda xolme

batonis mier~

(araproduqt., xelovn.)

2)CanTa iCualuafu(n)

ZRabàSe `1. CanTa

inaxeba gogonas mier;

2. CanTas umalaven

gogonas.

amgvarad, meore diaTezaSi (romlis sintaqsuri konstruqciaa nom-

erg-nom-nom da ZiriTadi morfologiuri struqturaa R-u/e(n) gvaqvs ori

qvejgufi (1)statikuri (romelic, bunebrivia, neitraluria gvaris mimarT)

140

da (2)dinamikuri, romelic gvaros semantikuri kategoriis mixedviT

SeiZleba iyos aqtivi, avtoaqtivi an pasivi (100, 218-220). amgvarad, meore

diaTezaSi erTiandeba ori qvejgufi:

1. statikuri (4.2.)

2. dinamikuri (4.3.)

ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.

141

4.2. meore diaTezis statikuri qvejgufi

4.2.1. Sesavali

rogorc SesavalSive aRvniSneT, meore diaTezis statikuri qvejgufi

usruli konstruqciisaa. maTi awmyos ZiriTadi struqturaa - R-u/e(n).

mag., iSi wvanji caSa onWჷdჷ: egrisi, gv. 130 -- imisi wveri (kenwero) casa

swvdeboda.

statikur qvejgufSi erTiandeba aseve e.w. erTpiriani

`potencialisebi~. maTi struqtura da konstruqcia meore diaTezis

zmnaTa struqturasa da konstruqcias emTxveva (99, 9-10): mag., ena andvili

saqme re do andvilas ikeTine `es advili saqmea da advilad SeiZleba

gakeTdes~ - ikeTine `SeiZleba gakeTdes~ zmnuri forma tipuri erTpiriani

potencialisis nimuSia; amgvari formebiT gamoxatulia ganzogadebuli

moqmedeba.

potencialisTa struqturebis ganxilvas meore diaTezis statikur

qvejgufSi Semdegi morfosintaqsuri niSnebi uWers mxars;

1. maTi sintaqsuri konstruqciaa nom-erg-dat-nom;

2. maTi morfologiri struqturaa R-e(n) (da ara R-Ø);

3. subieqtis morfologiuri markirebis TvalsazrisiT isini vinis rigs

ganekuTvnebian (Tumca, aris inversiulobis tendencia, msgavsad

saliteraturo qarTulisa: mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs micemiTSi dasmuli

saxelis subieqtad gaazrebis tendencia).

amgvarad, erTpiriani potencialisebi, formaluri niSnebis mixedviT

srulad akmayofileben II diaTezis samive moTxovnas: 1.sintaqsuri

konstruqciaa nom-erg-dat-nom, 2.maTi morfologiuri struqtura jdeba

meore diaTezis ZiriTad, gvareobiT R-u/e(n) struqturaSi, 3.vinis rigis

piris niSnebiT arian markirebuli.

potencialisebis daboloeba zanurSi –e(n) igive morfologiuri

odenoba unda iyos, rac R-u(n) struqturis –u(n) – r. Serozias

kvalifikaciiT, is Tematuri niSnis TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba – ar gadahyveba

wyvetilSi konkretul zmnur formas (132, 203).

142

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom potencialisi ukve Semdgari morfologiuri

kategoriaa megrulSi – aq potencialiss sakuTari yalibi aqvs i/a-R-e(n)

(gansxvavebiT lazurisgan, sadac mxolod konteqstis saSualebiT

ganirCeva SesaZleblobis semantika). gamonaklisis saxiT sul ramdenime

zmnaa megrulSi (i/a-ntir-e(n) ì/eteva~, i/a-Zicin-e(n) ì/ecineba~, i/a-ngar-

in-e(n) ì/etireba~, i/a-kurcxin-e(n) ì/eRviZeba~, a-Squrin-e(n) èSinia~, a-

xicin-e(n) èxicineba~, a-Zir-e(n) `gamouCndeba~...), romlebic potencialisis

yalibisaa, magram moklebulni arian posibilitur Sinaarss).

sapirispirod amisa, arsebobs iseTi zmnebic, romelnic mxolod

SesaZleblbas gamoxataven (i-l-in-e(n) `wasvla SeiZleba~ da sxv.), rac

imiT aixsneba, rom, `savaraudod, es formebi gvaris kategoriis

Camoyalibebamde, potencialisisa da vnebiTis diferenciaciamde

arsebobda zanurSi da maTi diqotomia gviandeli procesia (142, 33; 119,

618).

erTpiriani potencialisebis gamoyofa gamarTlebulia semantikuri

donis gaTvaliswinebiTac: isini erTpiriani, statikuri zmnebia,

moqmedebas ar gamoxataven (gansxvavebiT orpiriani potencialisebisagan).

i. yifSiZe maT upiro formebsac ki uwodebs: Эти формы обыкновенно

употребляются безлично: mi-i-rT-e(n) можно идти... (123, 122). maT SeiZleba

ganusazRvrelpiriani konstruqciac vuwodoT.

amgvarad, meore diaTezis statikur qvejgufSi vaerTianebT:

1. statikur zmnebs, romelTa morfologiuri struqtura SeiZleba

emTxvedes dinamikur zmnaTa struqturas, magram nakluli

mwkrivTa defeqturi warmoebiT gansxvavdeba maTgan, ar moepoveba

meore da mesame seriis formebi da

2. erTpirian potencialisebs: termini `potencialisi~ ki

semantikuria Tavisi arsiT, magram megrulSi dasrulebulia misi

morfologizaciis procesi, ase rom, Cven mas morfologiuri

yalibis aRmniSvnelad viyenebT (`potencialisi, rogorc calke,

damoukidebeli gramatikuli (morfologiuri) kategoria, zanurSi

arn. Ciqobavam aRwera, (141, 113; 119, 618)

143

statikur zmnaTa nimuSebia: R-[Th.s.]-u/e(n) struqturis zmnebi; mag.,

baRu(n) `sakmarisia~, ubaRu(n) èyofa~, baZRu(n) `gdia patara viRac (an

raRac)~, Z-u(n) `Zevs, devs is~, ibeRu(n) `tyuilebs ambobs; baqiobs~,

gilerqalu(n) `(rqis qneviT) daxetialobs~, zepu(n) `yria (yvelaferi

blomad)~, gozepu(n) àsxia, ayria blomad~, Tasu(n) `sTesia~, Torsu(n)

`yria, axvavia (xvavad aris)~, Txoru(n) `marxia~, ukebu(n)//ukinebu(n)

ùkavia~, onWu/ჷ(n) `swvdeba~, ronCxu(n) `yria~, roxu(n) `yria~, rCqu(n)

`Cans~, orZRirku(n) `hkidia zurgze; aprowialia~, svasu(n) `nazad zis~,

sorgu(n) `yria~, Riru(n) `Rirs~, ჸucu(n) `Cacucqebulia~, Siilebe(n)

`SeiZleba~, Cvagu(n) `gdia~, Cqu(n) `Cans~, oZinu(n) `metia~, xu(n) `pirqve

wevs~, janu(n) `wevs~, ujanu(n) ùwevs~, ontuu(n) ùkidia~, urzu(n) ùnTia~.

am zmnaTa konstruqcia, rogorc meore diaTezis yvela zmnisa, nom-

erg-nom-nom-ia, subieqtiri piris niSnebi vinis rigiTaa gamoxatuli. SeniSvna: iseTi statikuri zmnebi, romelTac subieqtis manis rigis prefiqsacia

axasiaTebT da, rogorc wesi, R-[Th.s.]-u(n), R-e(n) da R-o(n) struqturisani arian (mag.,

gu(n)//gჷ(n) `hgavs~,, ogulu(n) èguleba~, duukebu(n)//duukinebu(n) ùkavia, uWiravs~, oko(n) ùnda~, orku(n) àklia~, osku(n) `Svenis~, usxunu(n) ùrCevnia~, Seulebu(n) `SeuZlia~, Su/ჷ(n) àxsovs~, noCve(n), noCanue(n) `hqonebia, scenebia (xe, bostneuli)~, Codu(n) `scalia~, maaZu(n) àcvia fexze~, oWe(n) `sWirs~, aWu(n) `stkiva~, ujgu(n) ùfro kargia, sjobs~, jogu/ჷ(ნ) `sZuls~, joxo(n) `hqvia~, oxolu(n) ùrevia~), mesame diaTezis statikur qvejgufSi iqneba ganxiluli, radgan maTi konstruqcia datiuria da moqmedebis ganmcdeli piri zmnaSi manis rigis piris niSnebiTaa warmodgenili.

meore diaTezis statikuri zmnaTa ricxvi mcirea. isini uZvelesi

warmoebis zmnebia, daaxloebiT im periodisa, rodesac jer kidev ar iyo

Camoyalibebuli statika da dinamika. eseni, rogorc wesi, iregularuli

zmnebia – ewarmoebaT mxolod pirveli da meoTxe seriis mwkrivebi. awmyos

mwkrivis fuZeze dayrdnobiT SesaZlebelia Semdegi statikuri

qvestruqturuli jgufebis gamoyofa (numeracias vagrZelebT pirveli

diaTezis struqturebidan). ix. paragrafi 4.2.2.

144

4.2.2. meore diaTezis statikuri R-u/e(n) qvejgufi

gvaris TvalsazrisiT: ugvaro

1. statikuri qvestruqtura #40 R-u(n): baRu(n) `sakmarisia~,

orpiriani:ubaRu(n) èyofa~, baZRu(n) `gdia patara viRac (an

raRac)~, gvergu(n) `blomad aris~, zepu(n) `yria (yvelaferi

blomad)~, Tasu(n) `sTesia~, Torsu(n) `yria, axvavia (xvavad aris)~,

Txoru(n) `marxia~, ronCxu(n) `yria~, roxu(n) `yria~, rCqu(n) `Cans~,

svasu(n) `nazad zis~, sorgu(n) `yria~, Riru(n) `Rirs~, ჸucu(n)

`Cacucqebulia~, Cvagu(n) `gdia~, Cqu(n) `Cans~, xu(n) `pirqve wevs~,

janu(n) `wevs~

2. statikuri qvestruqtura #41 Prev.R-u(n): gozepu(n) àsxia, ayria

blomad~, alaჸurSu(n) „gverdiT aris gayuCebuli“, ginorCqu(n)

„gadaCenilia~ (kuCxi ginorCqudu kraotis -fexi gadaCenili iyo

sawolze)“, ginoqanCu(n) „gadaSotilia“ ginoqvaCu(n) „gadaSlilia“,

giSaCqu(n) `gamoCenilia~ (Sxva cirens Tqva giSaCquT: m. xub., gv. 325

-- sxva qaliSvilebSi Sen Canxar (gamoCenili xar)“ (magaliTi

moyvanilia o. qajaias leqsikonidan). giluZu(n) ùdevs~,

gilajRarku(n) `jRarkiviT gdia~, gimaZu(n) `zeviT devs, Zevs~,

goZu(n) ìrgvliv akvria~

3. statikuri qvestruqtura #42 prev.-a-R-u(n): giTaalaru(n)

`hkidia~, gimaakvetelu(n) `Camoekideba, hkidia...

4. statikuri qvestruqtura #43 i-R-u(n): ibeRu(n) `tyuilebs ambobs;

baqiobs~; i-Wy-eb-u(n) ìwyevleba~...

5. statikuri qvestruqtura #44 prev.-i-R-u(n): Siilebe(n) `SeiZleba~,

gebaxu(n) `komfortulad zis~, gecicu(n) „wkipze devs (jgiro

qigàladvi, gecicu do vagàlalas -- kargad Camodevi, odnav

145

(wkipze) devs da ar Camovardes), gileesaquru(n) *gila-i-saqu(n)

`rxeviT dadis. gadat. daxetialobs~, gileesequru(n) gila-i-

saqu(n) ùmaqnisad dadis, daxetialobs~.

6. statikuri qvestruqtura #45 prev.-u-R-u(n): awuZu(n) `win udevs~

(>*awo-u-Z-(u(n) aluWyvarTu(n) (>*ala-u_WyvarTu(n)) `gverdiT

devs~... aluZu(n) `Zevs, devs, udevs (dixa dixas aluZu(n) `miwa

miwas udevs (uZevs) gverdiT~), awusorgu(n) àgdia~, awuWyvarTu(n)

`gaSoltilia (win)~...

7. statikuri qvestruqtura #46 o-R-u(n): onteru(n) `mtrobs~,

onWu/ჷ(n) `swvdeba~, orZRirku(n) `hkidia zurgze; aprowialia~,

oZinu(n) `metia~, ontuu(n) ùkidia~;

8. statikuri qvestruqtura #47 prev.o-R-u(n): giobu(n) àbia~,

giofaxu(n) àxuravs~, gioxantu(n) àxatia~, giojRarku(n)

`jRarkiviT hkidia~.

9. statikuri qvestruqtura #48 Prev.-ren yalibisaTvis: alare(n)

`gareT dgas~, aSare(n) `dgas (Sig)~, awure(n) *awoure(n) `win

dgas~, gere(n)/gi-o-re(n) `dgas~, giTore(n) `qveS dgas~, gimare(n)

`Camomdgaria, maRal rameze dgas~.

10. potencialisis qvestruqtura #49 i-R-e(n): iangariSine(n)

`SeiZleba angariSi~, iargamine(n) `SeiZleba gamoaSkaravdes~,

iridine(n) `SeiZleba morideba~, iarsebine(n) `SeiZleba arseboba~,

ibaze(n) `SeiZleba icemos~, ibaTiline(n) `SeiZleba gabaTileba~,

ibaTqe(n) `SeiZleba magrad icemos (cema)~, ibake(n) `SeiZleba

tkepna, magrad cema~, ibanZRe(n) `SeiZleba areva, xlarTva~, ibanWe(n)

`SeiZleba magrad (gametebiT) icemos~, ibaJe(n) `SeiZleba dabaJva~,

ibarge(n) `SeiZleba gamargvla~, ibarine(n) `SeiZleba dabareba~,

ibare(n) `SeiZleba {da}barva~...

146

11. potencialisis qvestruqtura #50 Prev.-i-R-e(n): {e}iჸoTine(n)

`SeiZleba agdeba~, aleCine(n) `SeiZleba rCevis micema~, alaCine(n)

`SeuZlia urCios~, geegebe(n)//giigine(n) `SeiZleba gageba~,

{mi}ibirZRine(n) `SeiZleba Camokideba~, giiline(n) `SeiZleba

Semovleba, gavleba wylisa~, giigine(n)//geegebe(n) `SeiZleba

gageba~, giigonine(n) `SeiZleba gagoneba~, giizarine(n) `SeiZleba

gacileba~, giinqirine(n) `SeiZleba ganiqarvos~, giirzine(n)

`SeiZleba gaZleba~, giirigine(n) `SeiZleba garigeba~, giikone(n),

giikonine(n) `SeiZleba daxra~, giitouline(n) `SeiZleba daibas~,

{e}irene(n) `SeiZleba areva~, eirTene(n) `SeiZleba garToba~...

12. potencialisis qvestruqtura #51 va-R-e(n): amave struqturisaa

erTpiriani potencialisebis uaryofiTi formebi, romlebic

iwarmoeba var uaryofiTi nawilakis darTviT darTviT

potencialisis dadebiT formebze (119, 623): vagàmametine(n) àr

gaemeteba~, vegàmarTe(n) àr gaesvleba~, vepatiebe/u(n) àr epatieba~,

vaSve(n) àr esmeva~, veditine(n) àr daitoveba~,

veRorebe(n)/veRorine(n) `moityueba~, vamàkaqunine(n) àr Caecmeva~,

vacxovrine(n) àr ecxovreba~, vagarzine(n) àr gaeZleba~, vaWkome(n)

àr eWmeva~, vadaxune(n) àr ejdomeba~, vadejirine(n) àr

daejereba~ ...

uRlebis TvalsazrisiT statikuri zmnebi mwkrivnaklia.

potencialisis formebi, marTalia, yvela mwkrivis formas ver iwarmoeben,

magram, statikurebTan SedarebiT, ufro srulyofili paradigma aqvT:

awmyo: igrinje(n) `SeiZleba magrad cema, dabegva~

wyvetili: igrinju `SesaZlebeli gaxda dabegva~

I rezultativi: grinjel/re(n) `SesaZlebeli gamxdara dabegva~

amgvarad, meore diaTezis statikuri qvejgufis zmnaTa

maerTianebeli konstruqciaa nom-erg-nom-nom. xolo, ZiriTadi struqturა:

R-u/e(n). piris niSnebi vinis rigis markerebiTaa gamoxatuli.

147

4.3. meore diaTezis dinamikuri qvejgufi

meore diaTezis dinamikur qvejgufSi gaerTianebul zmnaTa

konstruqcia isev nom-erg-nom-nom-ia. ZiriTadi struqtura – R-[Th.s.]-u(n).

Tematuri sufiqsi [Th.s.] erTvis zmnaTa srul umravlesobas, Tumca gvaqvs

uTemisniSno struqturebic. uTemisniSno struqturebSi Sedis –d

sufiqsiani zmnebic: aRsaniSnavia, rom -d sufiqsi Temis niSnis rangs

ikavebs: WiTon-d-u(n) – iWiTa//or-eb-u(n) `wiTldeba~. Tumca, -d sufiqsian

zmnaTa qvestruqturasa da konstruqcias Sesabamis paragrafSi

ganvixilavT.

Cven SevecadeT, davkvirvebodiT da gamogveyo meore diaTezis R-[Th.s.]-

u(n) saerTo struqturis qveS Semavali qvestruqturebi Semdegi

parametrebis mixedviT:

1. awmyoSive dadasturebuli zmniswini, romelic neitraluria

aspeqtis TvalsazrisiT, magram cvlis zmnis semantikur niuanss;

2. pirTa sakorelacio xmovani prefiqsebi;

3. intensivobis -d sufiqsi;

4. madinamikurebeli `Tematuri~ niSnebi.

5. –u(n) sufiqsis win gamovlenili –u sufiqsi.

arc erTi qvestruqtura ar gadis ZiriTadi R-Th.s.-u(n) struqturis

gareT da ar iwvevs mis destruqturizacias. struqturis garda,

qvestruqturaTa gamaerTianebeli funqciisaa nom-erg-nom-nom

konstruqciac da vinis rigis piris niSnebiT markireba.

gvaris semantikuri kategoriis mixedviT, meore diaTezis dinamikur

qvejgufSi gvari sami semantikuri erTeuli gamoiyofa:

1. avtoaqtivi (rodesac subieqtis mier Cadenili aqtiuri moqmedeba

moqmedi pirisken ukuiqceva, mag., tib-u(n) `Tbeba~, WiTon-d-u(n)

`wiTldeba~, i-dida/or-eb-u(n) `diddeba~.

2. aqtivi: aq Sedis nebismieri R-[Th.s.]-u(n) struqturisa da nom-erg-nom-

nom konstruqciis mqone zmna, romelsac sulieri subieqti aqvs. mag.,

boSi ityobu(n) `biWi imaleba~.

148

3. pasivi: rogorc morfologiuri kategoria saliteraturo qarTulSi

aqtivis opoziciur formaTa aRweriTi warmoebisaa: àSenebul iqna~,

`waRebul iqna~, `gakeTebul iqna~ tipi megrul metyvelebaSi

SezRudulia, savaraudod, amis mizezi isaa, rom es stili saqmiani

qaRaldebis, oficialuri dokumentebisTvisa da

saxelmZRvaneloebisTvisaa Seqmnili, rac, praqtikulad ar xdeba

megrulad, radgan megruli sociolingvisturad dialeqtia -

dialeqturi metyvelebaa da ar aris standartuli, Sesabamisad, ar

saqmiswaroebisa da oficialuri dokumentebis enad ar ganviTarda.

SesaZLoa cota xelovnurad, magram mainc pasivi organuli warmoebis

magaliTebSi mainc arsebobs: semantikur doneze, garkveul

konteqstSi usulo subieqtian R-[Th.s.]-u(n) struqturisa da nom-eg-

nom-nom konstruqciis mqone zmnebSi SesaZlebelia gvqondes pasivi;

mag., CanTa iCuluafu(n) ZRabSe `1. CanTa inaxeba gogonas mier;

(rogorc viciT, am winadadebas meore konteqstic SeiZleba hqondes:

(2). CanTas umalaven gogonas~.

amgvarad, meore diaTezis dinamikur qvejgufSi semantikur doneze

sami opoziciuri cali gamoiyofa: avtoaqtivebi, aqtivebi da pasivebi

(ix. cxr.4.4 (gv.168)).

cxrili 4.4.

II diaTeza

statikuri dinamikuri

ugvaro avtoaqtiuri aqtiuri pasiuri

WiTondu(n) `wiTldeba~

idida/orebu(n) `diddeba

(i- prefiqsiania

megrulSi)

tibu(n) `Tbeba~

tibu bebi `Tbeba bebo~

atyobuu(n)

èmaleba~

ZRabi atyobuუ(ნ)

didas èmaleba

gogona dedas~

ibinuu(n) folaqi

ìkvreba Rili~

iCualuafu(n)

ìmaleba~: CanTa

iCualuafu(n)

ZRabàSe `CanTa

inaxeba gogonas

mier

149

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, winamdebare Sromis mizania, aRiweros

megruli zmnis struqtura da konstruqcia diaTezaTa morfosintaqsuri

kriteriumebiT. es ki imas niSnavs, rom Cveni klasifikacia eyrdnoba zmnis

morfologiurad da sintaqsurad gamoxatul kategoriebs. aqve Semogvaqvs

zmnis pirianobac. pirianobis mixedviT, meore diaTezis dinamikuri

qvejgufSi ori qvejgufi gamoiyofa: (1)erTpiriani, anu erTpiriani zmnebi

da (2) brunvaucvlelobieqtiani zmnebi.

meore diaTezis statikuri, ugvaro, R-[Th.s.]-u(n) struqturisa da

nom-eg-nom konstruqciis mqone zmnebi ganvixileT zemoT, 4.2. paragrafSi.

4.3 paragrafSi mokled mimovixileT, Tu ra tipis zmnebi erTiandeba

R-[Th.s.]-u(n) struqturisa da nom-eg-nom konstruqciis mqone zmnaTa

dinamikur qvejgufSi.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, gamovyofT or qvejgufs: (1)erTpiriani, anu

absoluturi, erTpiriani zmnebi (ix. paragrafi 4.3.1.) da (2) brunvaucvlel

obieqtiani zmnebi (ix. paragrafi 4.3.2).

pirvel qvejgufSi – (1)erTpiriani, anu erTpiriani zmnebi (paragrafi

4.3.1.) SeiZleba gvqondes mxolod avtoaqtiuri an pasiuri gvaris zmnebi.

maTi garCeva mxolod konteqstiTaa SesaZlebeli.

gvaris Sesaxeb mxolod semantikur doneze SeiZleba vimsjeloT:

Sesabamisad, gamoiyofa sami semantikuri erTeuli:

avtoaqtivi: erTpiriani, erTpiriani zmnebi, Tu maTi moqmedeba

introvertizebulia, gvaris mixedviT avtoaqtiuria, radgan subieqtis

mier Sesrulebuli moqmedeba uSualod ubrundeba/exeba moqmedebis

Camdens. struqturuli TvalsazrisiT avtoaqtivTa ZiriTadi

struqturebia: erTpiriani (1)tibu(n) `Tbeba~ tipis, (2)absoluturi i-

prefiqsiani (mag., i-Sxamin-u(n) `iSxameba~) da erTpiriani –d sufiqsiani

tipi (mag., WiTon-d-u(n) `wiTldeba~). SeiZleba garTuldes zmniswiniTa da

sxvadasxva sufiqsiT.

pasiuri Sinaarsi gamoixateba mxolod `mier~ tipis konstruqciaSi,

umravles SemTxvevaSi maSin, roca zmniT gamoxatuli piri usuloa; Tumca

gvaqvs sulieri subeqtis mqone zmnaTa pasivad gagebis SemTxvevebic:

fulaq ibinu ZRabàSe `ibneva Rili gogonas mier~ Sdr.: muWo(T) votyuqun,

ase Te baRana gilaxu midgarenàSe `rogorc vatyob, axla es bavSvi

150

icemeba viRacisgan/mier~ an: votyuq, ase Te baRana digvagu(n)//dibezu(n)

didaSe `vatyob, axla es bavSvi icemeba dedisgan/ mier~.

aqtivi: brunvaucvlelobieqtian, orpirian zmnaTa SemTxvevaSi zmna

semantikurad aqtivia: moqmedeba gadadis zmnaSi CarTul brunvaucvlel

obieqtze., mag., aburcuu(n) Tina Tis qàricalo `eZgera is mas qoriviT~,

aCxiCxuu(n) Tina Tis `ejaxeba is mas (saCxubrad)~.

gamomdinare iqidan, rom gvari megrul (resp. qarTvelur)

qvesistemaSi semantikuri kategoriaa da igi morfologiurad

ararelevanturia, Cven mas morfologiaSi ar ganvixilavT. II diaTezis

dinamikuri qvejgufSi 2 qvejgufs - saopozicio calebs gamovyofT

brunvaucvleli obieqtis qona-arqonis mixedviT, im gansxvavebiT, rom

pirveli diaTezis qvejgufebs Soris opozicias qmnida brunvacvalebadi

obieqtis qona-arqona.

mivyveT TanmimdevrobiT da ganvixiloT meore diaTezis dinamikuri

qvejgufis zmnaTa qvestruqturebi. konstruqcia, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,

yvelasTvis erTia: pirvel seriaSi – nominatiuri, meore seriaSi -

ergatiuli, mesame seriaSi – datiuri (nom-erg-nom-nom).

4.3.1. erTpiriani konstruqcia

gvari: avtoaqtivi, pasivi

ganvixiloT meore diaTezis dinamikuri qvejgufis erTpiriani,

(absoluturi) zmnebis konstruqcia da qvestruqturuli jgufebi. meore

diaTezis yvela zmnas erTi konstruqcia aqvs: nom-erg-nom-nom; mag.,

tibu(n) koCinom – gotibu koCiqerg – gotibafele koCinom (`Tbeba kaci nom –

gaTba kacmaerg – gamTbara kaci~nom). qvestruqturulad ki sakmaod

mravalferovani suraTi ixateba awmyoSive dadasturebuli zmniswinis,

xmovani prefiqsebis, -d sufiqsis, -u sufiqsisa da Temis niSnebis

mixedviT. mivyveT Tanmimdevrulad da ganvixiloT TiToeuli

qvestruqturul jgufSi Semavali zmnebi da maTi uRlebis paradigma.

151

meore diaTezis erTpiriani, anu absolutur zmnebSi aSkarad daCndeba

moqmedebis ukuqceviTobis (introvertizaciis) semantika, amitom,

samecniero literaturaSi maT avtoaqtivebs uwodeben (67).

4.3.1.1. erTpiriani R-u(n) qvestruqtura #52

saliteraturo qarTulis R-eb-i `v-Tb-eb-i/Tbeba~ tipis avtoaqtivebis

Sesatyvisi zmnebi megrulSi R-u(n) (tibu(n) `Tbeba~) struqturisaa. maTi

raodenoba SezRudulia: dirku(n) `drkeba~, zRirtu(n) `sxlteba~,

(n)dRulu(n) `dneba~, JRiru(n) `Wkneba~, sqidu(n) `rCeba~, tirxu(n)

`tydeba”, Gordu(n) `lpeba, yroldeba~, Sqirtu(n) `Srteba~, wirdu(n)

`wmdeba~, Wyordu(n) `wydeba“, xorcqu(n) `skdeba~, xomu(n) “xmeba”...

gvaqvs iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac konkretul formas

saliteraturo qarTulSi R-eb-i forma Seesabameba, megrulSi ki R-Ø

struqturiT gvxvdeba, mag., sxap-un-s `xtis, cekvavs~. o. qajaias

leqsikonSic orive struqturis forma aqvs miTiTebuli (xtis/xteba):

`sxapuns (qosxapu ìcekva, gadaxta~; quusxapu ùcekvia, gadamxtara~;

nosxapue(n) `cekvavda, xtoda Turme~) grduv., cekvavs, xtis (xteba)~ (qajaia

o., 2001-2004, lema sxapua, #19710).

tibu(n) tipis zmnebi semantikurad refleqsivebia, anu avtoaqtiuri

gvaris zmnebia aRniSnul zmnebs introvertulobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

markeri - i- prefiqsi ar aqvT arc megrulSi da arc sxva qarTvelur

qvesistemebSi; isini semantikurad saliteraturo qarTulis `Tbeba~ tipis

zmnaTa Sesatyvisebia da arqaul qarTvelur fenas ganekuTvnebian. arn.

Ciqobava maT istoriulad ugvaro dinamikur zmnebad miiCnevs (magram

Tanamedrove qarTulSi ùniSno vnebiTTa~ jgufSi aTavsebs. sainteresoa

am znaTa mimReobaTa Sepirispireba: saliteraturo qarTulSi Tbeba tipis

zmnaTa mimReoba sasubieqto m- prefiqsiTaa markirebuli (gamTbari,

gamSrali...), sapirpirod amisa, megrulSi gvaqvs gotibafili `gaTbobili~,

gosqirafili `gamSrali~ iseve, rogorc aWarulSi: `gaTbobili~,

`gaSrobili~...

152

usulo subieqtisa da an mier/-gan Tandebulian konstruqciaSi

dasaSvebia pasivis gagebac. Sinaarsoblivad, am tipis zmnebi erTpiriani

zmnebi `moqmedebis mdgomareobas gamoxataven. maTi subieqti TviTmoqmedia,

TviTmoZravia, misi moqmedeba ukumimarTebisaa, ukuqceviTia~ (67,62-63).

unda aRiniSnos isic, rom saliteraturo qarTulis `Tbeba~ tipis

zmnaTa nawili megrulSi SeiZleba awmyoSive zmniswiniT Segvxvdes:

goTàmolu(n) „krTeba”, (go)CirTu(n) cdeba...

R-u(n) struqturis zmnebi rom refleqsivebia, amas isic amtkicebs,

rom ramdenime maTgani swored i- prefiqsiTaa warmodgenili awmyoSive: i-

rtuafu(n) `lbeba~, i-sustebu(n) (sof. qvemo qvalonis metyvelebaSi)

`xdeba, sustdeba~... tibu(n) `Tbeba” zmnac dairTavs i- TavsarTs, oRond

ara awmyoSi, aramed myofadSi: tibu(n) – itibuafu(n) `Tbeba~ - `gaTbeba~;

itibuafu `gaTbeba~ forma davadastireT savele praqtikis dros xobis

raionis sofel qvemo qvalonSi; tibu(n) `Tbeba” zmnis myofadis

aRniSnuli forma ar gvxvdeba oTar qajaias `megrul-qarTul

leqsikonSi~. uRlebis paradigma regularulia: I seria awmyos jgufi awmyo ptib-u-q /-T “vTbebi” tib-u-q /-T “Tbebi” tib-u(n) /-a(n) “Tbeba”

uwyveteli ptib-u-d-i /-T “vTbebodi” tib-u-d-i /-T “Tbebodi” tib-u-d-u /-es “Tbeboda”

awmyos kavS. ptib-u-d-a/-e /-aT “vTbebode” tib-u-d-a/-e /-aT “Tbebode” tib-u-d-a-s /-an “Tbebodes”

awmyos pirobiTi ptib-u-d-i-ko /-T-(i)-ko “rom vTbebode” tibu-d-i-ko /-T-(i)-ko “rom Tbebode” tib-u-d-u-ko /-es-(i)-ko “rom Tbebodes”

myofadis jgufi myofadi govtibuq /T “gavTbebi” gotibuq /T “gaTbebi” gotibu(n) /-a(n) “gaTbeba”

Mmyofadis xolm. goptib-u-d-i /-T “gavTbebodi” gotib-u-d-i /-T “gaTbebodi” gotib-u-d-u /-es “gaTbeboda”

myofadis kavS. goptib-u-d-a/-e /-aT “gavTbebode” gotib-u-d-a/-e /-aT “gaTbebode” gotib-u-d-a-s /-an “gaTbebodes”

myofadis pirobiTi goptib-u-d-i-ko /-T-(i)-ko “rom gavTbebode” gotibu-d-i-ko /-T-(i)-ko “rom gaTbebode” gotib-u-d-u-ko /-es-(i)-ko “rom gaTbebodes”

II seria wyvetili goptib-i/ /–T “gavTbi” gotib-i /-T “gaTbi” gotib-u /-es “gaTba”

II kavSirebiTi goptib-a/-e /-T “gavTbeT” gotib-a/-e /-T “gaTbe” gotib-a-s /-as “gaTbes”

II pirobiTi goptib-i-ko /-T-i-ko “rom gavTbariyav” gotibiko /-T-i-ko “rom gamTbariyav” gotibuko /-es-i-ko “rom gamTbariyo”

153

III seria

I TurmeobiTi goptibaf-el/re-q /-T “gavmTbarvar” gotibaf-el/re-q /-T “gamTbarxar” gotibaf-el/re-(n) /-T “gamTbara”

II TurmeobiTi goptibaf-el/re-d-i /-T “gavmTbariyav” gotibaf-el/re-d-i /-T “gamTbariyav” gotibaf-el/re-d-u /-T “gamTbariyo”

III kavSirebiTi goptibaf-el/re-d-a /-T-(i)-ko “gavmTbariyo” gotibaf-el/re-d-a /-T-(i)-ko “gamTbariyo” gotibaf-el/re-d-a-s /-es-(i)ko “gamTbariyos

III pirobiTi goptibaf-el/re-d-i-ko /-T-(i)-ko “rom gavmTbariyav” gotibaf-el/re-d-i-ko /-T-(i)-ko “rom gamTbariyav” gotibaf-el/re-d-u-ko /-es-(i)ko “rom gamTbariyo”

IV seria

III TurmeobiTi gonoptibaf-u-e-q /-T “gavTbebi Turme” gonotibaf-u-e-q /-T “gaTbebi Turme” gonotibaf-u-e(n) /-a(n) “gaTbeba Turme”

IV TurmeobiTi gonoptibaf-u-e-d-i /-T “gavTbebodi Turme” gonotibaf-u-e-d-i /-T “gaTbebodi Turme” gonotibaf-u-e-d-u /-es “gaTbeboda Turme”

IV kavSirebiTi gonoptibaf-u-e-d-a/-e /-T “rom gavTbebode Turme” gonotibaf-u-e-d-a/-e /-T “rom gaTbebode Turme” gonotibaf-u-e-d-a-s /-an “rom gaTbebodes Turme”

IV pirobiTi gonoptibaf-u-e-d-iko /-T-(i)-ko “rom gavmTbariyav Turme” gonotibaf-u-e-d-i-ko //-T-(i)-ko “rom gamTbariyav Turme” gonotibaf-u-e-d-u-ko /-es-(i)-ko “rom gamTbariyo Turme”

4.3.1.2. erTpiriani prev-R-u(n) qvestruqtura #53

wina paradigmis (erTpiriani R-u(n) qvestruqturis) zmnebisgan am

zmnebs mxolod struqturuli TvalsazrisiT zmniswini ganasxvavebs.

zmniswini, rogorc wesi, daclilia sruli aspeqtis gagebisagan da

moqmedebis mimarTulebisa da gezis damazustebelia.

semantikur doneze, gvaris mixedviT es zmnebi SesaZloa iyvnen

avtoaqtivebi an pasivebi, amas mxolod konteqsti ganarCevs.

uRlebis TvalsazrisiT iseve iuRvlian, rogorc maTi uzmniswino

variantebi tibu(n) `Tbeba~ tipisa.

zmniswiniani qvestruqtura gacilebiT ufro produqtiuli aRmoCnda

uzmiswinosTan SedarebiT: alàmalu(n) „(Camo)vardeba“, alàmaCanu(n) „eCreba“,

aSàmalu(n) „vardeba“, aSàmandRulu(n) „(Semo)dneba“, aSàmadoxodu(n) „jdeba“,

ginàmolu(n) „vardeba“, ginàmosqidu(n) „gadarCeba“, giSàmalu(n)-gamovardeba,

154

(giSa)Ruru(n) „1.mokvdeba; 2.gadat., Sercxveba, waxdeba (kocჷ geiSaRurio? --

Sercxvi (mokvdi) kacebs Soris?)“, , godirTu(n) „(da)dgeba (godirTu Wvimaq

dadga wvimebi)“, golu(n) „1.vardeba (gol xonarq: m. xub., gv. 14 -- gavarda

xma)2. SekrTeba (gaalჷ ciraSi didaqჷ: i. yifS., gv. 64 -- SekrTa gogos

deda); 3.gaZvreba (ortyafuq golჷ -- sartyeli gaZvra)“ (magaliTi

moyvanilia o. qajaias leqsikonidan), gegàmanTxuu(n) `Camovardeba~,

garzu{u}(n) `gaZlebs~...

mwkrivTa warmoebis TvalsazrisiT, Prev-R-u(n) yalibis formebi

zedmiwevniT mihyveba amave paradigmis upreverbo qvestruqturis zmnaTa

paradigmas.

4.3.1.3. erTpiriani i-R-u(n) qvestruqtura #54

erTpiriani i-R-u(n) qvestruqturis zmnebi erTpiriania. imis mixedviT

ki, subieqti sulieria Tu usulo, semantikur doneze zmna SeiZleba iyos

avtoaqtiuri an pasiuri. mag., Te odiare jgiro ibucxu(n) ès balaxi

kargad ifocxeba” (avtoaqtivia) Sdr.: odiare ibucxu(ნ) koCiS xeT `balaxi

ifocxeba kacis mier/”xeliT” (zmna pasiuri Sinaarsisaa); SesavalSic

vTqviT da aqac aRvniSnavT, rom gvari avtoaqtiuri iqneba Tu pasiuri,

amaze saubari mxolod semantikur WrilSia SesaZlebeli. magaliTebi:

ibucxu(n) ìfocxeba~, ibu(r)Zgu(n) ìburZgneba~ da msgavs zmnebs usulo

subieqti Seewyoba, gvaris semantikur kategorias mxolod

konteqstualurad Tu gavarCevT: usulo subieqti Seewyoba, rac imas

niSnavs, rom pasivia; xolo Semdegi zmnebi: izaku(n) ìmzakvreba~, izangu(n)

ìzangeba~, izeTu(n) ìzeTeba~, iTenTu(n) ìTenTeba~ refleqsivebia. maTi

moqmedeba introvertizebulia, Sesabamisad, gvaris semantikuri

kategoriis farglebSi isini avtoaqtivebia. morfosintaqsur doneze ki

mxolod morfologiuri struqturisa da sintaqsuri (nom-erg-nom-nom)

konstruqciis aRwera SegviZlia, radgan morfosintaqsuri markerebi

155

gansxvavebiT gvaris kategoriisgan, kargadaa dapirispirebuli.

Sesabamisad, gvars ver ganvixlavT zmnis morfosintaqsSi.

amave struqturul paradigmaSi Semodis samecniero literaturaSi

semantikuri niSniT gamoyofil formaTa jgufi - e.w. `deponensebi~. Cven

maT semantikur doneze avtoaqtivebad/refleqsivebad ganvixilavT, mofo-

sintaqsur doneze ki isini R-u(n) morfologiuri struqturisa da nom-

erg-nom-nom sintaqsuri konstruqciis mqone zmnebia, romelTac, saerTo

wesisamebr, awmyoSive i- prefiqsiani qvestruqtura aqvT da avtoaqtiur

moqmedebas gamoxataven. ilanZRu(n) ìlanZReba~, iCoqu(n) ìCoqeba~

iSxam(in)u(n) ìSxameba~, iRaWu(n) ìkriWeba~, iRvanWku(n) ìReWeba~,

iRarRu(n) ìRerReba~, inkoru(n) ìcoxneba~, izindu(n) ìzideba~,

ikiroku(n) ìklakneba~, ikrunCxu(n) ìkrunCxeba~, iGucu(n) ìkuzeba,

iyunceba~ ...

znuri warmoSobis formebTan erTad (mag., i-War-u(n) ìwereba~),

sakmaod didi raodenobiTaa nasaxelari zmnebi, romelTagan zogi,

gamomdinare iqidan, rom am zmnaTa umravlesobas usulo subieqti

Seewyoba, amitom, semantikur WrilSi, isini SeiZleba pasiuri an

avtoaqtiuri Sinaarsisani iyvnen:

WyiSi `mwyemsi~ - iWyiSu(n) ìmwyemseba~

sanTeli - isanTelu(n) ìsanTleba~

bombi - ibombu(n) ìbombeba~

nirsi - inirsu(n) ìnisleba~

qursi - iqursu(n) ìqusleba~

RaRaCi – iRabaCu(n) ùTavbolod laqlaqebs”

Sxami - iSxam(in)u(n) ìSxameba~ da sxv.

mxolod konteqsti gansazRvravs avtoaqtiurobasa da pasiurobas:

sulieri subieqtis Sewyobis SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi, erT SemTxvevaSi

pasiuri Sinaarsi SesaZloa avtoaqtiviT Seicvalos; mag., (1)uCa uRu

morCeT iRafuu(n) `Savi uReli moTeTrod iRebeba~, magram: (2)ir dRas

iRafuu(n) Te ZRabi `yoveldRe iRebeba es gogo~, pirvel SemTxvevaSi zmna

pasiviuri Sinaarsisaa, meoreSi – aqtiuri.

umravlesoba ki am paradigmis avtoaqtivebisa zmnuri Zirebidan aris

nawarmoebi; mag., ikvaTu(n) ìCexeba” (mag., diSka ikvaTu(n)), ikvanwu(n)

156

ìkvanweba~, ikvanwu(n) ìrweva~, ikvarCxu(n) ìWmuxneba~, ikidu(n) ìtixreba~,

ikilu(n) ìketeba, ixureba~, ikiru(n) ìkvreba (Se, ga)~...

uRlebis paradigmis TvalsazrisiT, mwkrivTa warmoeba

regularulia, uRlebis nimuSi:

I seria awmyos jgufi awmyo vilol-(u)-u-q /-T “vimWvartlebi” ilol-(u)-u-q /-T “imWvartlebi” ilol-(u)-u-(n) /-a(n) “imWvartleba”

uwyveteli vilol-(u)-u-d-i /-T “vimWvartlebodi” ilol-(u)-u-d-i /-T “imWvartlebodi” ilol-(u)-u-d-u /-es “imWvarleboda”

awmyos kavS. vilol-(u)-u-d-a/-e /-aT “vimWvartlebode” ilol-(u)-u-d-a/-e /-aT “imWvartlebode” ilol-(u)-u-d-a-s /-an “imWvartlebodes”

awmyos pirobiTi vilol-(u)-u-d-i-ko /-T-(i)-ko “rom vimWvartlebode” ilol-(u)-u-d-i-ko /-T-(i)-ko “rom imWvartlebode” ilol-(u)-u-d-u-ko /-es-(i)-ko “rom imWvartlebodes”

myofadis jgufi myofadi givlol-(u)-u-q /-T “gavimWvartlebi” gilol-(u)-u-q /-T “gaimWvartlebi” gilol-(u)-u(n) /-a(n) “gaimWvartleba”

myofadis xolm. givlol-(u)-u-d-i /-T “gavimWvartlebodi” gilol-(u)-u-d-i /-T “gaimWvartlebodi” gilol-(u)-u-d-u “gaimWvartleboda”

myofadis kavS. givlol-(u)-u-d-a/-e /-aT “gavimWvartlebode” gilol-(u)-u-d-a/-e /-aT “gaimWvartlebode” gilol-(u)-u-d-a-s /-an “gaimWvartlebodes”

myofadis pirobiTi givlol-(u)-u-d-i-ko /-T-(i)-ko “rom gavimWvartlebode” gilol-(u)-u-d-i-ko /-T-(i)-ko “rom gaimWvartlebode” gilol-(u)-d-u-ko /-es-(i)-ko “rom gaimWvartlebodes”

II seria wyvetili givlol-i/-T “gavimWvartle” gilol-i /-T “gaimWvartle” gilol-u /-es “gaimWvartla”

II kavSirebiTi givlol-a/-e /-aT “gavimWvartlo” gilol-a/-e /-aT “gaimWvartlo” gilol-a-s /-an “gaimWvartlos”

II pirobiTi givlol-i-ko /-T-(i)-ko “rom gavmWvartluliyav” gilol-i-ko /-T-(i)-ko “rom gamWvartluliyav” gilol-u-ko /-es(i)-ko “rom gamWvartluliyo”

III seria I TurmeobiTi govlol-e-{re}-(q) /-{le}-T “gavbolilvar” golol-e-{re}-(q) /-{le}-T “gabolilxar” golol-e-{re}-(n) /-{re}-n-a(n) “gabolila”

II TurmeobiTi govlol-e-re-d-i /-re-d-i-T “gavboliliyav” golol-e-re-d-i /-re-d-i-T “gaboliliyav” golol-e-re-d-u /-re-d-es “gaboliliyo”

III kavSirebiTi govlol-e-re-d-a/-e /-re-d-a-T “gavboliliyo” golol-e-re-d-a/-e /-re-d-a-T “gaboliliyo” golol-e-re-d-a-s /-an “gaboliliyos”

III pirobiTi govlol-e-re-d-i-ko /-re-d-i-T-(i)-ko “rom gavboliliyav” golol-e-re-d-i-ko /-r-ed-i-T-(i)-ko “rom gaboliliyav” golol-e-re-d-u-ko -es-(i)-ko “rom gavboliliyo”

IV seria III TurmeobiTi novloleb-u-e-q /-T “gavibolebodi Turme” nololeb-u-e-q /-T “gaibolebodi Turme” nololeb-u-e(n) /-an “gaiboleboda Turme”

IV TurmeobiTi novloleb-u-e-d-i /-T “gavibolebodi Turme” nololeb-u-e-d-i /-T “gaibolebodi Turme” nololeb-u-e-d-u /-es “gavibolebodi Turme”

IV kavSirebiTi novloleb-u-e-d-a/-e /-T “(rom) gavibolebode Turme” nololeb-u-e-d-a/-e /-T “(rom) gaibolebode Turme” nololeb-u-e-d-a-s /-an “(rom) gaibolebodesTurme”

IV pirobiTi novloleb-u-e-d-i-ko /-i-T-(i)-ko “rom gavboliliyav Turme” nololeb-u-e-d-i-ko /-i-T-(i)-ko “rom gaboliliyav Turme” nololeb-u-e-d-u-ko /-es-(i)-ko “rom gaboliliyo Turme”

157

amave qvestruqturis nairsaxeobad SeiZleba CaiTvalos erTpiriani

i-R-u-u(n) qvestruqtura:

es yalibi ara mxolod sakuTriv megruli, aramed saliteraturo

enidan nasesxebi zmnuri formebisTvisac aqtiurad gamoiyeneba. Cven mier

moyvanili magaliTebi amowerilia rogorc teqstebidan, leqsikonebidan,

aseve Cven mier sof. qvemo qvalonSi dialeqtologiuri eqspediciis dros

Cawerili zepiri masalidan. swored am Canawerebma aCvena, rom sakuTriv

megruli formebis garda, i-R-u-u(n) yalibi gamoiyeneba mravali

aramegruli zmnuri ZirisTvis. radgan es formebi davadastureT

metyvelebaSi, vfiqrobT, isini ukve megruli metyvelebis faqtebia:

konkretuli mosaubre piri, SesaZloa individualizmebis donezec ki, enis

am konkretul kods iyenebs sakuTari azris gamosaxatavad. am

magaliTebsac warmovadgenT Cvens naSromSi, radgan, vfiqrobT,

sainteresoa rogorc lingvisturi, ise sociolingvisturi

TvalsazrisiTac.

i-R-u-u(n) qvestruqturis zmnebs i- prefiqsi myofad-wyvetilis

jgufebSic gadahvebaT, myofadis mwkrivsa da srul aspeqts zmniswinis

darTviTa da qo- dadasturebiTi nawilakis saSualebiT awarmoeben,

swored aq mimdinareobs mTeli rigi fonetikuri procesebi, amitom

zogjer Zalian rTuldeba xmovanprefiqsisa da zmniswinis segmentacia.

semantikurad, am zmnaTa umravlesoba avtoaqtiuri Sinaarsisaa,

magram konkretul konteqstSi SesaZloa daCndes pasivis gagebac. rogorc

wina paragrafebSi aRvniSneT, absolutur zmnebSi avtoaqtivi-pasivis

semantikuri opozicia mTlianad konteqstzea damokidebuli. am zmnebSi

sporadulad gamovlenili i- prefiqsi moqmedebis introvertulobaze

miuTiTebs:

ibaguu(n) ìbrigeba, ibegveba~, ibaTquu(n) `magrad icemeba~, ibakuu(n)

ìtkepneba~, ibambuu(n) ìbambeba~, ibanduu(n) ìblandeba~, ibanZRuu(n)

ìxlarTeba~, ibanWuu(n) ìcemeba, nacemi xdeba~, ibaJuu(n) ìbaJeba

ibarguu(n) 1)ìmargleba~ 2)`banakdeba~, ibarduu(n) ìburdeba~, ibaruu(n)

ìbareba~, ibarju{u}(n) ìreva, iweweba~, ibarjRu{u}(n) `Wreldeba~,

ibaჸu{u}(n) `niavdeba~, ibezu{u}(n) ìcemeba~, ibeTquu(n) ìbeTqeba~,

158

ibequ{u}(n) `baqiaobs~, ibeStuu(n)/ibeWduu(n) ìbeWdeba~, ibeWu{u}(n)

ìwvneba~, ibzadebuu(n) `mzaddeba~, ibinebuu(n) `binavdeba~, ibinuu(n)

ìkvreba, ibneva (Rili) ~, ibiskonu{u}(n) ìCqmiteba~, ibiZguu(n) 1. ìCxireba~,

2. ìburZgneba~, ibogu{u}(n) `xidi ideba~, ibondu{u}(n) ìwvneba~,

ibondRuu(n) ìqseleba, qseli ibmeba~, ibonuu(n) ìbaneba~, iborku{u}(n)

ìborkeba~, ibranguu(n) `Tvreba~, ibumu{u}(n) ìsxmeba~, iburicxuu(n)

ìbRunZeba, ikrunCxeba~, iburduu(n) ìburdeba~, iburdRonuu(n) ìbdRvneba~,

iburuu(n) ìbureba, ifareba~, iburRuu(n) ìburReba~, ibu®cxuu(n)

ìfocxeba~, ibuqu{u}(n) `buqdeba~, igirdonuu(n) ìglijeba~, igiroxuu(n)

ìgrixeba~, igirjonuu(n) ìglijeba, tyavdeba~, igargatuu(n) ìxveva~,

igergelu{u}(n) ìgoravebs, goraobs~, igvaguu(n) ìcemeba, ibegveba~,

igvamuu(n) `nagviandeba~, igvanuu(n) `suqdeba~, igvargvazuu(n) `koStdeba,

koStad ikvreba~, igibuu(n)/igჷbuu(n) ìxarSeba, icemeba maTraxiT~,

igilosuu(n) ìgliseba~, igi/ჷmuu(n) ìmkeba~, igoruu(n) ìZebneba~,

igorgoluu(n) ìgorebs~, iჸursuu(n) `Cumdeba, iyurseba~, igrinjuu(n)

ìbegveba~, igubuu(n) `gubdeba~, igudoruu(n) `Sexramundeba~, iguriSTuu(n)

`gviristdeba~, igujuu(n) ìteneba~.


awmyo: igrinjuu(n) ìbegveba~,

wyvetili: diigrinju `daibegva~

I rezultativi: dogrinje{le}(n) `dabegvila~

I rezultativi: nogrinjue(n) `daibegveboda xolme~

4.3.1.4. erTpiriani prev-i-R-u(n) qvestruqtura #55

prev-i-R-u(n) qvestruqturis zmnaTa konstruqciaa nom-erg-nom-nom.

isini iseve iuRvlian, rogorc maTi uzmniswino variantebi. awmyos

struqturaSi TvalnaTliv Cans i- prefiqsi, rac am zmnaTa

ukuqceviTobaze miuTiTebs (i- prefiqsis Sesaxeb vrceli mimoxilva ix.

naSromis Sesaval nawilSi, paragrafi 3.2.1.a): mi-i-gadal-u(n) `mirbis

159

(msuqani, mucelgaberili bavSvi)~, (gi)ikerkelu(n) `goraobs, kotrialobs~,

(gi)ixabaku(n) `daxabakobs, adgilze trialebs~, (mi)igvangalu(n)

`mogogmanebs~, (giTi)iqvarqvaSu(n) `raRacaSi sasiamovnod trialebs~ (jaS

jins giTiiqvarqvaSudu `xis Ziras trialebda (sasiamovnod). // gadat.

gawmenda~) gilebaჸvalu(n) `dadis, dablayunebs~, gilalu(n) `waxdeba,

Camovardeba~ (mondas oჸoTandes, kobuq gegilalჷ: i. yifS., gv. 176 `mwifes

esrodnen, kuxe Camovarda~ (qaj.) (gegàm)ipenterebu(n) `gamoCerCetdeba~,

(gegàm)iwyvarTalu(n) `gamogogmandeba~ gegàmixaku(n) `gamoCerCetdeba~,

miigorgoTu(n) `trialiT mieqaneba~, miigorgolu(n) `migoravs~,

(gi)iCxviJu(n) gaikawreba~, kin-i-laჸaf-u(n)18 *kino-i-laჸaf-u(n)

`kuTxeSi Cumad TavisTvis TamaSobs~, (gi)icercu(n) (ga)icriceba~,

(gi)ixiritu(n) `gairRveva~, (mi)igurjinu(n) `Rvarad midis, iRvreba

(xmauriT) ~...

aqve unda ganvixiloT i- xmovanprefiqsis fonetikurad saxecvlil

variantiani qvestruqturac:

sinqroniul doneze, prev-e-R-u(n) qvestruqturis zmnebis

xmovanprefiqsi fonetikuri procesebis Sedegadaa miRebuli:

zmniswiniseuli xmovnisa da i- xmovanprefiqsis uSualo mezoblobiT.

amitom, ZiriTad qvestruqturaSi swored i- prefiqsi gavitaneT, e- misi

saxecvlili variantia. alefafu(n) `farfatebs~ *ala-i-fafu(n),

aleyuryinu(n) `buybuyebs~ *ala-i-yuryinu(n).

gvaris semantikuri kategoriis mixedviT, am paradigmis zmnaTa mier

gamoxatuli moqmedeba introvertizebulia, amitom isini avtoaqtivebad

kvalificirdebian (msgavsad pirveli diaTezis i- prefiqsiani erTpiriani,

aseve avtoaqtiuri zmnebisa: icinis, iCqaris...).

sainteresoa, rom o. qajaias megrul-qarTul leqsikonSi am zmnaTa

qarTul Sesatyvisebad pirveli diaTezis R-Ø struqturis avtoaqtivebia

miTiTebuli: buybuyebs, farfatebs... am paradigmis zmnaTa megrulSi

gamovlenil variantebSi daculi i- xmovanprefiqsi (da misi fonetikuri

varianti e-, romelic, lokaluri rigis mixedviT zmniswiniseul –a

160

xmovanTan aris asimilirebuli: aie swored am introvertizebul

moqmedebaze, ukuqceviTobaze miuTiTebs.

awmyoSive dadasturebuli zmniswini daclilia aspeqturi gagebisagan

da mxolod, zmniT gamoxatuli moqmedebis mimarTulebisa da gezis

damazustebelia: alefafu(n) alai-fafu(n) `farfatebs~, aleyuryinu(n)

`buybuyebs~, alexvarxvalu(n) `xvarxvalebs, SigniT trialebs~,

aSekiontu(n) `Sig trialebs~, geeborebu(n) `gaogndeba~, gilevalu(n)

`1.daelavs, 2.daxetialobs~...

awmyo: alexvarxvalu(n) `SigniT trialebs ~

wyvetili: qalexvarxvalu `SigniT itriala~

I rezultativi: qaluxvarxvalinu(n) `SigniT utrialia, uxvarxvalia~

III rezultativi: noxvarxvalue(n) `SigniT trialebda/xvarxvalebda

Turme~

magaliTebi:

mus ixvarxvalu, mu qvaraSi Wua awuxens, giCqun-da? `ras trialebs, ra

muclis gvreba awuxebs, Tu ici?, vaCàmarcxine, osoqàTe ixvarxvale

`vermogcildebi, ramdenic ar itrialo~ (qaj.), mondas oჸoTandes, kobuq

gegilalჷ: i. yifS., gv. 176 -- mwifes esrodnen, kuxe Camovarda (qaj.).

4.3.1.5. erTpiriani i-R-eb-u(n) qvestruqtura #56

i-R-eb-u(n) struqturis zmnebic, msgavsad sxva avtoaqtivebisa,

erTpiriani refleqsivebia. i-R-eb-u(n) struqturis zmnebis

saliteraturo qarTulze gadmoRebisas orgvari struqturis zmnebTan

gvaqvs saqme: i-R-Th-u(n) da R-d-Th-u(n): iTxu-eb/af-u(n) `Txovdeba”,

ileqinebu(n) `msubuqdeba”, “mCatdeba” da sxv. Tumca, absolutur

umravlesobas mainc -d sufiqsiani avtoaqtivebi Seadgens.

saliteraturo enis -d sufiqsian zmnaTa aqtiuri subieqtis

moqmedeba rom sakuTari Taviskenaa mimarTuli, amas kidev erTxel

amtkicebs megrulis Cveneba: rogorc wesi, maT umravlesobas, megrulSi

161

i- prefiqsani forma cvlis19; mag., idid(a/or)ebu(n) `diddeba~,

ivinwarebu(n){u}(n) (diivinwaru daviwrovda, davinwarebe{le}(n)

daviwroebu(n)la) `viwrovdeba~, iTxuebu(n) `Txovdeba~ (Sdr. aWar.:

eTxveba `Txovdeba~), irtebu(n) - girtebu(n) ìqceva (ga),

irCia/olebu(n)//irCelebu(n) `TeTrdeba~, irCxialebu(n) `cxeldeba~,

iujguSebu(n) ùkeTesdeba~, iჸalebu(n) àvdeba, anCxldeba”

iWifa/orebu(n) `viwrovdeba~, `wvrildeba~, iWiWarebu(n) `cotavdeba,

mcirdeba (raodenoba), pataravdeba~, iborjebu(n) ìbneva, ireva~,

iboZorebu(n) ~ireva, iweweba (saqme)~, isrulebu(n) ~sruldeba~,

ibadebu(n) ìbadeba~, ibaTilebu(n) `baTildeba~, ibaxebu(n) `baxdeba,

utydeba saxeli~, ibrelebu(n) `mravldeba~. i-R-eb-u(n) struqturis

zmnaTa uRleba stabilurad mihyveba uRlebis zogad wess, uRlebis

aRsaniSnavia isic, am struqturis zmnebs aqvT paraleluri R-Ø

struqturuli variantebi imave mniSvnelobiT: izoTonjebu(n) _

//izoTonj-an-s `zamTrdeba~, ilaxebu(n) _ //i-lax-an-s àvaddeba,

avadmyofdeba~...

paradigma regularulia:

awmyo: imonkaTebu(n) òrsuldeba~

wyvetili: diimonkaTu//deemonkaTu `daorsulda~,

I rezultativi: da//omokaTebe{le}(n) `daorsulebu(n)la~

am paradigmis zmnaTa myofadis struqturaa prev-i-R-eb-u(n). iseve

rogorc sxva i- prefiqsiani zmnebi, prev-i-R-eb-u(n) qvestruqturis

erTeulebsac introvertizebuli moqmedeba axasiaTebT, mag., e-ri-eb-u(n)

à-i-rev-a~ - moyvanil magaliTSi a- zmniswinisa da i- xmovanprefiqsis

kontaminaciis Sedegad aris miRebuli e- prefiqsi, samecniero

19 am sakiTxs sagangebod ganixilavs k. danelia: “kolxurSi doniani warmoeba Seviwroebulia prefiqsuli warmoebiT. amitomacaa, rom qarTulis donian warmoebis fardad kolxurSi metwilad prefiqsuli warmoeba gvaqvs, megrulSia: i-keTebu(n) “keTdeba”, i-Senebu(n) “Sendeba”; prefiqsiani warmoeba imdenad Zlieris, rom TviT donian warmoebas uCndeba paraleluri prefiqsiani warmoeba. megrulSi gverdigverd ixmareba: WiTondu - i-WiTarebu “wiTldeba”, GviTondu - i-GviTarebu “yviTldeba” da sxv” (23,174] korneli danelia daaskvnis, rom amgvari “prefiqsuli warmoebis YupiratesobiT kolxuri Zvel qarTuls uaxlovdeba...” (23,174) Cven mier mopovebulma –d sufiqsiani avtoaqtivebis Semcvelma masalam axali tendenciebi gamoavlina, ix. –d sufiqsian zmnaTa qvestruqturebi amave TavSi.

162

literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom zmniswinisa da xmovanprefiqsis

morfologiur sazRvarze ai e, Sesabamisad, e-ri-eb-u(n) *a-i-riebu(n).

amave rigisaa: aTàmixonWkorebu(n) `mwifdeba~, aTàmixoSqorebu(n)

`(Se)Rviniandeba~, gediriebu(n) `gadaireva~, geiTiirciebu(n) `(ga)Ratakdeba~

(qonebas qoneba vemkàuZinida, viS geiTirciebu koCi `qonebas qoneba Tu ar

miumate, gaRatakdeba kaci iqiT~), gegàmiliebu(n) `gamoileva~,

gagàmixeterebu `gamoCerCetdeba~, gagàmixirz{el}ebu(n) `gamofxizldeba~,

akionjuebu(n) `saRamovdeba~, gegàninZvarebu(n) `gadaSendeba; waeTreva~,

gagelჷnjebu(n) `gaspilenZdeba~ geჸalebu(n) `cofdeba, brazdeba~ -

moxmobil formebSi, sadac erTi SexedviT ukuqceviTobis i- prefiqsi ar

Cans, yvelgan aRdgeba i- prefiqsi, romelic, morfemaTa sazRvarze

Sepirobebuli fonetikuri procesebis gamo, xSirad ikargvis (ZiriTadad,

mesame piris mxolobiTi ricvis formebSi). am yalibis zmnaTa prefiqsul

mikro-struqturaSi zogjer orma e-m SeiZleba moiyaros Tavi: V+iee:

mag., eeqenTelebu(n) *e-i-qenTel-eb-u(n) ìRleba~, geTxuebuu(n) *ge-i-

Txuebu(n) `Txovdeba~ (Sdr., aWar.: eTxveba `Txovdeba~); geexirzebuu(n)

`gaixizneba~; amave rigisaa: eeSxirebu(n) àxmiandeba~, gameeTxuebu(n)

`gamoTxovdeba~, geenZalebu(n) `gaZlierdeba~, geedinarebu(n)

`gamdidrdeba~, g(e)eriebu(n) `gadaireva~, geerisxebu(n) `ganrisxdeba~,

geerkviebu(n) `gairkveva~, geerjebu(n) ìrjeba~, geesorebu(n) ìbneva,

gancvifrdeba~, geefocebu(n) `dafrTxeba, SekrTeba~, geefSxirebu(n)

`gaxSirdeba~, geeRejebu(n) `gaRordeba, gaZunwdeba~, geecocxalebu(n)

`gacocxldeba~, dee/iidabalebu(n) `daudabldeba~, deebJebu(n) `daZmardeba,

damJavdeba, daWangdeba~, geetyabebu(n)/geetyarebu(n) `gatyiurdeba~,

geeviTarebu{u}(n) `ganviTardeba~, geekandiorebu(n) `gakadnieredeba~.

prev-i-R-eb-u(n) qvestruqturis zmnaTa avtoaqtiurobaze miuTiTebs maTi

saliteraturo Sesatyvisebic – TvalSisacemia maTi –d sufiqsiani

qvestruqtura: geჸalebu(n) `cofdeba, brazdeba~, eTmiforonjebu(n)

`forejdeba~, pamindori malas eiforonjebu(n) `pamidori male

SewiTldeba~... –d sufiqsiani zmnebi avtoaqtivebia, swored am formiT

gadmoicema megruli prev-i-R-eb-u(n) modeliT gamoxatuli intensiuri

163

ukuqceviTi moqmedeba (cofdeba, Tavadac ganicdis... brazdeba): gebჸali do

dibWyi lalua: gavcofdi da daviwye yefa~ qaj.).


eTmiforonjebu `forejdeba~

eiforonjebu(n) àforejdeba~

eiforonju àforejda~

aforonjebere(n) àforejebula~

enoforonjebue(n) àforejdeboda Turme~

i-R-eb-u-u(n) qvestruqturis zmnebi i-R-eb-u(n) jgufis struqturul

nairsaxeobad gvesaxeba. msgavsad sxva i- prefiqsiani absolutivebisa,

vlindeba ukuqceviTobis semantika. awmyos struqturaSi dadasturebuli

i- prefiqsi myofad-wyvetilis mwkrivebSic gadahyvebaT, srul aspeqts ki

zmniswinis garTulebiTa da qo- dadasturebiTi nawilakis darTviT

awarmoeben. am zmnaTa myofadis struqturaa prev-i-R-eb-u-u(n): gi-i-gon-eb-

u-u(n) `gaigoneba~, gagàmirsebuu(n) `gamoicdeba~, gagàmiirsxebuu(n)

`gamoixsneba, gamosavali moiZebneba~, giinqarebu{u}(n) `ganiqarveba~,

giiJRamebuu(n) `gamJRavndeba~, giirigebu{u}(n) `garigdeba~.

am zmnaTa saliteraturo qarTuli Sesatyvisebi, xSirad, R-d-eb-i

struqturis absolutivebiT gadmoicema, zogjer ki i- prefiqsiani

formiTac. sicocxle orCinues nabetani i-gemuan-eb-u-n-ia `sicocxle

sibereSi nametani gemrieldebao~. am yalibSic vxvdebiT sakuTriv

megrul da saliteraturo enidan nasesxeb zmnur Zirebs: idido/arebuu(n)

ìdideba~, iangariSebuu(n) ìangariSeba~, iargamebuu(n) àSkaravdeba~,

irdebuu(n) ìgdeba~, ibziTebu{u}(n) `mziTvdeba~, ibinZurebu{u}(n)

`binZurdeba~, iborebu{u}(n) `suleldeba~, iginZa/orebuu(n) `grZeldeba~,

igemebuu(n) `gemebuli xdeba~, igemuanebu{u}(n) `tkbeba~, igvarebuu(n)

`gvardeba~...

warmoadgenen sabaziso formebs saTanado aqtivebis sawarmoeblad:

igemuanebu{u}(n) `tkbeba~ Sdr.: agemuanens àtkbobs~; ididorebu(n) muSi

saxeli ìdideba misi saxeli~ Sdr.: ga-a-did-u muSi saqme `gaadida Tavisi

saqme.uRlebis TvalsazrisiT paradigma regularulia:

164

awmyo: iargamebuu(n) àSkaravdeba~

wyvetili: gegàmiargamu `gamoaSkaravda~

I rezultativi: gegàmoargamebe{l/re}(n) `gamoaSkaravebula~

4.3.1.6. erTpiriani i-R-af-u(n) qvestruqtura #57

nom-erg-nom-nom konstruqciisa da i-R-af-u(n) qvestruqturis

erTpirian zmnebSi, msgavsad sxva i- prefiqsiani absolutivebisa,

vlindeba ukuqceviTobis semantika. awmyos struqturaSi dadasturebuli

i- prefiqsi myofad-wyvetilis mwkrivebSic gadahyvebaT, srul aspeqts ki

zmniswinis garTulebiTa da qo- dadasturebiTi nawilakis darTviT

awarmoeben.

Tematuri sufiqsi –af saliteraturo qarTuli enis –eb sufiqsis

kanonzomieri morfofonetikuri Sesatyvisia zanurSo.

irsqinafu(n) ìqadeba, imuqreba~, iburjafu(n) `borgavs~, igorafu(n)

igineba, irCafu{u}(n) „iSleba, igeba (logini)“, iWarafu(n) ìwereba~,

iryafu{u}(n) „iTqvlifeba“...

tradiciuli klasifikaciiT, isini deponensebad aris

kvalificirebuli, rac gulisxmobs `formiT pasiur da SinaarsiT aqtiur

zmnebs~. radganac, diaTezaTa morfosintaqsuri klasifikaciis farglebSi

gvari semantikuri kategoriaa, ar migvaCnia marTebulad maTTvis aseTi

statusis miniWeba. Tanac CvenTvis cota gaugebaria, ras unda niSnavdes

`formiT pasiuri~ - pasiuri da aqtiuri semantikuri cnebebia, formalur

mecnierebaSi pirobiTi gamoyeneba terminisa, romelic semantikis sferos

ganekuTvneba, safuZvliani eWvis sababs gvaZlevs. amgvarad, i-R-af-u(n)

morfologiuri yalibis mqone absolutivebi, romelTa sintaqsuri

konstruqciacaa nom-erg-nom-nom, semantikur doneze aqtiuri moqmedebis

gamomxatvelni arian, moqmedebis procesi subieqtzeve aisaxeba, radgan maT

ar gaaCniaT samoqmedo obieqti. gvaris semantikuri kategoriis farglebSi

isini avtoaqtivebia.

165

am zmnaTa Sesabamisi aqtivebi o-R-an-Ø yalibiT iwarmoeba: orsqinans

èmuqreba~, igorafu(n) – o-gor-an-s àginebs~

awmyo: iburjafu(n) `SfoTavs~

wyvetili: iburjuu ìSfoTa~

I rezultativi: uburjuafu(n) ùSfoTvia~

III rezultativi: noburjafue(n) `SfoTavda Turme~

4.3.1.7. erTpiriani Prev.i-R-af-u(n) qvestruqtura #58

Prev.i-R-af-u(n) qvestruqtura, faqtobrivad, erTpiriani i-R-af-u(n)

yalibis formaTa gagrZelebaa, maTgan mxolod zmniswini Tu ganaxvavebs,

romelic moqmedebis mimarTulebisa da gezis mazustebelia da TiTqmis

daclilia maaspeqtirebeli gagebisagan. swored awmyoSive dadasturebuli

semantikurad nairgvari konotaciis mqone zmniswinTa gamo gamovyaviT es

struqtura: iT-i-Cqv-af-u(n) *iTo-i-Cqvafu(n) ìTqvlifeba raimes qveS~:

`muWo Sxafili kericalo munefi qeiTiCqvafudes: i.yifS., gv. 150 -- (rogor)

gamZvinvarebuli kerativiT TviTon iTqvlefebodnen (qveviT)~ (qaj.), gil-e-

xiStafu(n) gila-i-xiSt-af-u(n) `Tavgasulad, mourdeblad iqceva~

gileefafu(n) gila-i-faf-u(n) `dawanwalobs, daexeteba~. esჷT vagჷ Sxva

ZRabefi Taqi gilefafuni: k. samuS., qarT. zep., gv. 20 àmasac ar hgavs sxva

gogoebi, aq rom dawanwaleben“ (qaj.).

rogorc vxedavT, zmniswinisa da xmovanprefiqsis morfemul

sazRvarze mTeli rigi fonetikuri procesebi mimdinareobs, am

paradigmaSi i- xmovanprefiqsis refleqsebia i- da e- fonetikurad

Sepirobebuli poziciuri alomorfebi.


awmyo: gilexiStafu(n) `Tavxedurad, mourideblad iqceva~

wyvetili: gilexiStafu `Tavxedurad, mourideblad moiqca~

I rezultativi: gilexiStafel/re(n) `Tavxedurad, mourideblad

moqceula~

III rezultativi: gilànoxiStafue(n) `Tavxedurad, mourideblad

iqceoda Turme~

166

4.3.1.8. erTpiriani i-R-u-af-u-u(n) qvestruqtura #59

erTpiriani i-R-u-af-u-u(n) qvestruqturis zmnebi, msgavsad meore

diaTezis yvela zmnisa, nom-erg-nom-nom konstruqciisaa. i- prefiqsi

moqmedebis introvertizaciis maniSnebelia. erTi da igive forma

SesaZlebelia, aqtiur an pasiur semantikas gamoxatavdes. am struqturis

zmnebi R-u(n) ZiriTadi gvareobiTi struqturis avtoaqtivebi arian, Tumca,

SedarebiT, iSviaT SemTxvevebSi, konteqstis mixedviT, igive zmnebi

SeiZleba pasivebadac gavigoT – gvaris semantikuri kategoriis

farglebSi es dasaSvebia, Tumca, aqve unda davZinoT, rom megrulad

mosaubre pasivis am Teoriulad dasaSveb mier/-gan Tandebulian

konstruqcias metyvelebaSi ar gamoiyenebs:

pasivi: *koCi iWyuafu(n) dedibiSe `kaci daviwyebuli xdeba

dedabris mier~.

Cveni azriT, realur suraTs ar aRwers tradiciuli

klasifikaciiT miniWebuli `pasivis~ statusi, maSin roca zmna aqtiuri

moqmedebis gamoxatvelia, mag., ikvartuafu(n) `wixls ikvrevineba, iqnevs~, i-

munW-u-af-u(n) ìpranWeba, imanWeba~, i{n}tiruafu(n) èteva~, irTinuafu(n)

`brundeba~, irquafu(n) `qris; iqnevs~, irRuafu(n) ìSleba, lRveba~,

iTxiluafu(n) //(iTxiluu(n) ìcveba, imwyemseba~, isimuafuu(n) `vrceldeba,

xmiandeba ambavi~, iTxuafuu(n) `Txovdeba~, (Sdr., aWar.: e-Txv-eb-a is

`Txovdeba~), iquafuu(n) ìfqveba~, iSuafuu(n) ìqsoveba~, iCunuafuu(n)

`SuSdeba~, iCxonuafuu(n) (mxolod awmyos wrisa da 4 seriis mwkrivebSi)

`cxondeba, icxoneba~, ixuafuu(n) ìrRveva; ixvriteba~, iTxiluafu(n)

ìcveba, imwyemseba~, irtuafuu(n) `dneba, lxveba~, iWyoliduafu(n)

ìviwyeba~ i-bJin-u-af-u{u}(n) `mzevdeba~...

am zmnaTa Sesatyvisi aqtiuri gvaris formebi ZiriTadad, ori

yalibiT iwarmoeba:

1) o-Ru-an-Ø: i{n}tiruafu(n) – o-{n}tir-u-an-s àtevs~, irTinuafu(n) -

orTinuans àbrunebs~, isimuafuu(n) – o-sim-u-an-s `vrceldeba,

xmiandeba ambavi~, iCunuafuu(n) – o-Cun-u-an-s àSuSebs~,

iCxonuafuu(n) – o-Cxon-u-an-s àcxonebs~.

167

2) R-un-Ø: iquafuu(n) – q-un-s `fqvavs~, iSuafuu(n) – S-un-s àqsovs~,

ixuafuu(n) – x-un-s àrRvevs~, i-munW-u-af-u(n) – munW-un-s

`muwavs~...

am agebulebis zmnaTa myofadis struqturaa: Prev.-i-R-u-af-u(n)

qvestruqturis zmnebi, faqtobrivad, wina – amave da upreverbo

struqturis gagrZelebaa, Tumca, mainc gamovyaviT calke jgufad, radgan

daiZebna usrul aspeqtiani, awmyoSive zmniswindarTuli formebi

sxvadasxva semantikuri niansiT: e-i-barkan-u-af-u(n) àkapiwdeba~,

gegàminwyuafu(n) `gamoewyoba~, eirTinuafu(n) àbrundeba, amuSavdeba,

atrialdeba, amoZrdaveba~, mikixiStuafu(n) `keklucdeba, ipranWeba,

igrixeba~, mag., boSefi qimàkixiStuuna stolcჷ: i. yifS., gv. 93 -- biWebi

ipranWebian (keklucoben) magidasTan (magidaze).

gvaris semantikuri kategoriis TvalsazrisiT, es formebi

avtoaqtivebia, TviTmoqmedia. rogorc wesi, maTi saliteraturo

Sesatyvisebi (àmuSavdeba~ da misT.) absoluturi R–d-eb-i struqturisaa

(R–d-eb-i struqturis erTpiriani formebi, qarTul samecniero

literaturaSi avtoaqtivebadaa kvalificirebuli (68, 8), rac kidev

erTxel usvams xazs maT avtoaqtiur xasiaTs.

uRlebis paradigma regularuli aqvs yvelas, garda iCxonuafuu(n)

`cxondeba, icxoneba~ zmnisa, o. qajaias leqsikonSi miTiTebulia, rom mas

mxolod awmyos wrisa da 4 seriis mwkrivebi ewarmoeba.

uRlebis nimuSi:

awmyo: i{n}tiruafu(n) èteva~

wyvetili: dii{n}tiru `daetia~

I rezultativi: do{n}tire{le}(n) dateula~

III rezultativi: dinontirue(n) `daeteoda Turme~

168

4.3.1.9. erTpiriani (Prev-)R-d-(u)-u(n) qvestruqtura #60

R-d-u(u)n struqturis zmnebi meore diaTezis avtoaqtiuri zmnebia.

qarTul saenaTmecniero literaturaSi megruli R-d-u-(u)n struqturis

zmnebi -d sufiqsiani (e.w. „doniani“) vnebiTi gvaris zmnebad aris

kvalificirebuli: -d vnebiTis niSnadaa kvalificirebuli.

maTi morfologiuri struqtura megrulSi mudmivad dakavSirebulia

Semdeg sintaqsur konstruqciasTan: nom-erg-nom-nom: I seriaSi am zmnaTa

konstruqcia nominatiuria (mag., ziponduu(n) Tinanom „msxvildeba, suqdeba

is~), II seriaSi - ergatiuli (gozipondu Tiqerg „gasuqda man“,), III seriaSi,

saerTo wesisamebr - nominatiuri (mag., gozipinafe{l/r}e(n) Tinanom

„gasuqebula is“,) da megrulisTvis specifikur IV seriaSi - nominatiuri

(mag., gonozipinafue(n) Tinanom „gasuqdeboda Turme is“).

gvaris semantikuri kategoriis farglebSi nom-erg-nom-nom

konstruqciisa da R-d-u(u)n struqturis erTpiriani zmnebi

avtoaqtivebad unda iqnas kvalificirebuli, radgan maTi subieqti

TviTmoqmedia, moqmedeba - introvertizebuli; mag.: go-zur-d-u-u(n)

„SeSindeba, galaCrdeba (TviTon)“...

qarTul samecniero literaturaSi damkvidrebuli azris mixedviT

megruli R-d-u(u)n struqturis zmnebi araproduqtiuli da meoreulia _

Sdr.: „aqa-iq –d-iani vnebiTic daCndeba: doSquron-d-u „SeSinda“; goWiTon-

d-u „gawiTlda“, goCiCon-d-u „gaSeSda“; gojirjon-d-u „Tma yalyze

daudga (SiSisgan)“, gosison-d-u „gaitruna... d-iani vnebiTi qarTulidan

Semosuli Cans; arc Wanuris da arc megrulisTvis es tipi

damaxasiaTeblad ver miiCneva. am tipis uqonlobam farTo gasaqani misca

megrulSi sxva (prefiqsian) tipebs“ (141, 114);

„-d sufiqsiT nawarmoebi vnebiTi iSviaTia kolxurSi... prefiqsaciis

tendencia vnebiTebSi imdenad Zlieria, rom TviT donian warmoebas

uCndeba paraleluri prefiqsiani warmoeba. megrulSi gverdigverd

ixmareba: WiTondu - i-WiTarebu(n) `wiTldeba” da sxv. ...megruls WanurTan

SedarebiT meti SerCa doniani zmnebi“ (23,173-4), (aq avtori sul 19

magaliTs asaxelebs).

169

„sustadaa warmodgenili doniani warmoeba zanurSi. igi araa

produqtiuli im dros, roca qarTulSi (gansakuTrebiT – axal

qarTulSi) metad gavrcelebulia“ (64,103);

„vnebiTis sufiqsuri warmoeba -d sufiqsiT xdeba da iSviaTia

megrulSi“ (34,207);

„doniani vnebiTebi SedarebiT iSviaTad daCndeba megrulSi. lazurSi

misi gamoyeneba ufro aqtiurad xdeba (albaT, istoriulad

saliteraturo qarTulis meti zegavleniT)“ (119, 604).

mopovebulma masalam CvenTvis saintereso formebis Sesaxeb sxvagvari

daskvnis gamotanis SesaZlebloba mogvca; kerZod, empiriulma masalam

gviCvena, rom, sinqroniul doneze aqtiurdeba da ufro produqtiuli Cans

erTpiriani R-d-u(u)n zmnuri struqtura megrulSi; Cveni statistikuri

kvlevis am etapze 244 -d sufiqsiani erTpiriani zmnuri forma gvaqvs

moZiebuli (sxva wyaroebis damuSavebis SemTxvevaSi, savaraudod, es

ricxvi gaizrdeba), isini sakuTriv megruli formebia, romelTa

umravlesobasac zusti Sesatyvisebi ar eZebneba saliteraturo

qarTulSi; umravlesobas R-d-u(u)n struqturis zmnebi qmnis, mag.,

Tirsondu{u}(n) „ivseba; suqdeba“, monWinduu(n) „mwifdeba“, pixvonduu(n)

„putkuna, buTxuza xdeba“, risonduu(n) „sivdeba“, „wyiwyonduu(n)

„lipdeba“, WviWvonduu(n) „RaJRaJdeba“, zikonduu(n) „kvdeba“,

eZgvironduu(n) „sircxvilis gamo aileweba; aibuzeba“, ecqvicqvonduu(n)

„aiburZgneba“, dRidRonduu(n) „Zalian rbildeba, talaxis msgavsi xdeba“,

ibarduu(n) „iburdeba“, bizondu(n) „sivdeba“, biTqondu(n) „Zalze suqdeba,

sivdeba“, birondu(n) `Sterdeba, ogndeba“, birZRondu(n) „brazdeba“,

burZRondu(n) „buJdeba“, gvigondu(n) „Supdeba“, gozginjondu(n)

„gamkvrivdeba“, goTqviSondu(n) „gaTqvirdeba“, goniCvondu(n) „cxvirs

CamouSvebs“, gopirWondu(n) „gagulisdeba“, goJiJRondu(n) „gaJinJRileba“,

gorsimondu(n) „gailurseba“, gosirRondu(n) „simaRleSi swrafad da

uzomod gaizrdeba“, gotkiCondu(n) „gatkicindeba“, gofiჸvondu(n)

„gaifuyeba“, gofixvondu(n) „fafukad (gada)iqceva, gabuvdeba“,

goCirqondu(n) „gaSeSdeba, gaxevdeba“, goCiCondu(n) „gaxevdeba“ da mravali

sxv.

170

moyvanili magaliTebidan aSkarad ikveTeba Ziriseul mikro-

struqturaSi narnara Tanxmovanze daboloebuli marcvali –i/on.

samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom masdarSi gvaqvs mxolod –i,

romelsac R-u(n) struqturaSi –an sufiqsi Seesabameba: -an-d-u-(n) -on-d-

u-(n) (119, 604-606)

megrul erTpirian zmnaTa R-d-u-(u)n struqturaSi ramdenime

qvestruqturuli jgufi gamovyaviT:

1. R-d-u(n): zur-d-u(n) „mSiSr-d-eb-a, mxdali xdeba“, nqiron-d-u(n) „SeS-

d-eb-a“, pixvon-d-u(n) „putkun-d-eba“, JRur-d-u(n) „lRv-eb-a“, rgi-d-u(n),

„gril-d-eb-a“, skvan-d-u(n) „mSven-d-eb-a, lamaz-d-eb-a“, sqinCon-d-u(n)

„mkvriv-d-eb-a“, tirkon-d-u(n) „i-ber-eb-a“, Cun-d-u(n) (doCundu CaSuSda,

doCunafe{le{(n) CaSuSebula) `SuSdeba~ (igive struqtura zmniswiniT:

Prev.-R-d-u(n): mo-nWin-d-u(n) „da-mwif-d-eba“, go-ZRikon-d-u(n) „ga-i-bRenZ-

eb-a“...).

2. R-d-u-u(n): pixvon-d-u-u(n) „putkun-d-eb-a, buTxuz-d-eb-a“, rison-d-u-

u(n) „siv-d-eb-a“, „wyiwyon-d-u-u(n) „lip-d-eba“, WviWvon-d-u-u(n) „RaJRaJ-d-

eba“ (zmniswiniT: Prev. -R-d-u-u(n): mo-Tirxon-d-u-u(n) „ga-i-bRinZ-eba“,

ela-rCqin-d-u-u(n) „amo-Cn-d-eb-a, gamo-Cn-d-eb-a“. e-cqvicqvon-d-u-u(n) „a-i-

burZgn-eb-a“, e-Zgviron-d-u-u(n) „a-i-lew-eb-a a-i-buz-eb-a“)...

rogorc korneli danelia SeniSnavs, „vnebiTi gvaris prefiqsuli

warmoebis upiratesobiT kolxuri Zvel qarTuls uaxlovdeba, magram

sufiqsuri warmoebis iSviaTobiT axal qarTuls Sordeba, e.i. amosavali

viTareba erTgvaria, ganviTarebis tendencia ki - sxvadasxvagvari“ (23,174).

es namdvilad asea, Cven mier warmodgenili masala ki gviCvenebs

Tanamedrove tendencias: cxadi xdeba, rom megrulSi, TandaTanobiT, Zvel

qarTulTan SedarebiT, gzas ikafavs da mkvidrdeba doniani zmnuri

yalibi. –d sufiqsi ki saxelis zmnad mqcevi, derivaciuli,

maintensivebeli, maaqtiurebeli sufiqsia da ara vnebiTi gvaris niSani.

171

gavrcelebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, aRniSnuli erTpiriani -d

sufiqsiani zmnebi paraleluri i- prefiqsiani warmoebiT xasiaTdeba (23,

173-4); Cven SevamowmeT saanalizo masalis yvela magaliTi: 244 formidan

mxolod 5,4% aRmoaCnda paraleluri erTpiriani i- prefiqsiani varianti,

1.6% - uprefiqso, 93% - srul umravlesobas ki Seadgens -d sufiqsiani

erTpiriani zmnebi yovelgvari paraleluri prefiqsuli warmoebis gareSe.

mocemul diagramaze

warmovadgenT -d sufiqsisa

da i-/Ø- xmovanprefiqsTa

procentul ganawilebas (ix.

diagrama #4.5).

diagrama #4.5

amgvarad, -d sufiqsian

zmnaTa ricxvi 19-idan 244-

mde gaizarda. sainteresoa, rom am zmnaTa umravlesobas ar eZebneba

paraleluri i-R-eb-u(n) varianti, rogorc magaliTad, WiTondu(n)

„wiTldeba“- iWiTarebu(n) „wiTldeba“ nasaxelari zmnis SemTxvevaSi. Cven

mier moZiebuli absoluturi R-d-u-u(n) struqturis (e.w. „doniani“) zmnebi

meoreulia da maTi umravlesoba sakuTriv megruli zmnuri Zirebisganaa

nawarmoebi. procentulad, zmnaTa -d sufiqsiani warmoeba ver

gadaaWarbebs prefiqsuls, Tumca, 244 zmna, romelTa ricxvic, savaraudod,

kidev ufro gaizrdeba, Cveni azriT, sinqroniul etapze, gamonaklisad

da araproduqtiulad ver CaiTvleba.

4.3.1.10. II diaTezis erTpiriani zmnebi (Sejameba)

meore diaTezis erTpiriani zmnaTa sul 9 qvestruqturuli jgufi

gamoiyo. maTi zogadi struqturaa R-უ(n), konstrucia ki, iseve rogorc

yvela zmnisa meore diaTezaSi, nom-erg-nom-nom-ia. gvaqvs rogorc zmnuri,

aseve saxeluri fuZeebisgan warmoebuli formebi.

172

4.3.2. brunvaucvlelobieqtiani R-u(n) qvestruqtura,

konstruqcia nom-erg-nom-nom,

gvari - aqtivi

4.3.2.1. Sesavali

am qvejgufis zmnaTa konstruqciaa nom-erg-nom-nom, iseve rogorc

yvela sxva danarCeni zmnebisa, meore diaTezaSi. gamovlenili eqvsi

qvestruqturuli saxesxvaoba ki ZiriTadi, gvareobiTi R-u/e(n)

qvestruqturis farglebs ar scildeba. subieqtur da obieqtur pirTa

aRniSvna aqac vinis rigis markerebiT xdeba.

semantikur doneze, Tamamad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom am qvejgufis

zmnaTagan yvela magaliTi aqtiuri moqmedebis gamomxatvelia. swored

amitom, gvaris semantikuri kategoriis mixedviT isini aqtivebia.

sailustraciod movixmobT TiTo-orola magaliTs, Sesabamis

qveparagrafebSi ki ufro vrclad mimovixilavT maT:

1. prev-R-u(n) qvestruqtura #93: gilaTxozu(n) joRorinom

katusdat `dasdevs ZaRlinom katasdat~ ...

2. prev-a- R-u(n) qvestruqtura #94: ginaadirTu(n)

`gamoesarCleba~...

3. a-R-u-u(n) qvestruqtura #95: abarju{u}(n) èreva, eweweba~,

aburcuu(n) `daeZgereba, daejaxeba, ekveTeba, daebuceba~...

4. prev-a-R-u-u(n) qvestruqtura #96: giarCqvanuu(n) `daeCveva~,

giaponuu(n)/gჷTàmiaponuu èyrdnoba~, (aTe politika

gჷTàmiaponuu: yazayiSi gazeTi, 06.03.1930, gv. 1 --es politika

emyareba (eyrdnoba) (qaj).), akaaTxozuu(n) ùkan misdevs,

ekideba~...

5. prev-i-R-u-u(n) qvestruqtura #97: aleTiruu(n) ènacvleba~

(*ala-i-Tir-uu(n))...

173

meore seriaSi subieqti, saerTo wesisamebr, moTxrobiT brunvaSia,

mesame seriaSi – isev nominatiuri konstruqcia gvaqvs, meoTxe seriis

formebis konstruqcia ki yvela tipis zmnisTvis nominatiuria - meoTxe

seria, sintaqsuri konstruqciis TvalsazrisiT, saopozicio calebis

gamoyofis safuZvels ar iZleva.

mivyveT Tanmimdevrulad da ganvixiloT meore diaTezis dinamikuri,

brunvacvalebadobieqtiani zmnaTa qvestruqturebi.

174

4.3.2.1. qvestruqtura prev-R-u(n) #61

prev-R-u(n) qvestruqturis zmnaTa konstruqciaa nom-erg-nom-nom.

saanalizo zmnuri formebi, msgavsad amave struqturis uzmniswino

variantebisa (`tibu(n)~ Tbeba da sxv.) TiTze CamosaTvlelia megrulSi.

awmyoSive dadasturebuli preverbi xSir SemTxvevaSi, daclilia

maaspeqtirebeli funqciisagan da gezsa da orientacias azustebs. myofad-

wyvetilis mwkrivebi am zmnebs zmniswinis garTulebiTa da qo-

dadasturebiTi nawilakiT ewarmoeba. mag.,

awmyo: awàmoxvadu(n) `xvdeba~

myofadi: awoxvadu(n) `xvdeba~

myofadi: qawoxvadu(n) `daxvdeba~

amave rigisaa gafacu{n} `uvlis (yuradRebas aqcevs)~. Wandis SordiT

garaჸandჷ, gafacჷdჷ, gacacჷdჷ: masal., gv. 66 `buzs neSoTi ugeriebda,

uvlida, cecebiT efereboda~(qaj.)), gilaTxozu(n) `dasdevs~, gilasqidu(n)

„1.gamorCeba; 2.CamorCeba“, geRuru(n) „daakvdeba“ gilaRuru(n) „{da}akvdeba:

akoSkaSe ginore, Ce bJalara miore: i. yifS., gv. 136 „fanjridan aris

gadmomdgari, TeTri mzis sxivi adgas“, muS squas ginare „Tavis Svils

esarCleba“, gilarTxozuq landiSoro oWmareSe onjuaSa: k. samuS., qxps, gv.

121 „dagdev landiviT dilidan saRamomde“, ginodirTu(n) gamoesarCleba,

godirTu(n) `dgeba~; akaSa marcxi qomoxvadun, ukuli narReba mus

oxvarunia: xalx. sibr., 1, gv. 6 „erTxel marcxi rom moxdeba, mere

naRvloba ras uSveliso“, Cqimi Tia doWvimi do qawobxvadi Cqimi dRas: i.

yifS., gv. 140 `Cemi wili iwvime da win damxvdi Cems dReSi (Cems

sicocxleSi), Cqimi naragadu, mudga jgiri vardasini, iSeni gurs

miTmàoxvadu `Cemi naTqvami, ramdenic kargi ar iyos, mainc guls xvdeba~,

gurgofaCilo diTmoxvadu muSoT saჸorofo xalxis `gulRiad xvdeba

misTvis sayvarel xalxs...~ magaliTebidan TvalnaTliv Cans, rom

CamoTvlili zmnebi arafriT gansxvavdebian sxva aqtivebisgan

semantikurad, morfosintaqsurad ki sakuTari struqtura da konstruqcia

175

aqvT, rac ar gamoricxavs semantikurad aqtiur gvars. uRlebis paradigma

regularulia:

awmyo: gilaRuru(n) `kvdeba~

wyvetili: gilaRuru `mokvda~

I rezultativi: gilaRurele(n) `momkvdara~

III rezultativi: gilànoRurue(n) `mokvdeboda Turme“

4.3.2.2. qvestruqtura Prev.-a-R-u(n) # 62

Prev.-a-R-u(n) qvestruqturis zmnaTa konstruqciaa nom-erg-nom-nom.

piris niSnebi markirebulia vinis rigis afiqsebiT. myofad-wyvetilis

mwkrivebs qo- dadasturebiTi nawilakiTa da zmniswinis garTulebiT

awarmoeben. SedarebiT patara paradigmaa, awmyoSive dadasturebuli

zmniswini mravalferovani mimarTulebisa da gezis gamoxatvis

saSualebas iZleva: gimaadirTu(n) `gamoadgeba~, ginàmaadinu(n) `gadaagebs~,

ginaadirTu(n) `gamoesarCleba~, gimaakvetelu(n) èkideba~, gaarsxipu(n)

`mWidrod ekvris (mag., tanze kaba)~, gaarZRiku(n) `gadaexveva~,

gaaqvaqvalu(n) `fusfusebs, irgvliv trialebs~: veercxiebu, gaaqvaqvalu

àr Sordeba, irgvliv trialebs (masTan)~, gaaqvacalu(n) `moucileblad

irgvliv trialebs~: `veCerTxuu, Teli dRas gaaqvacaludu àr CamoSorda,

mTeli dRe gars utrialebda~, gaacacu(n) èloliaveba~, gaajudu(n)

`gadakocnis~...

CamoTvlil magaliTTagan yvela forma aqtiuri moqmedebis

gamomxatvelia, tradiciuli klasifikaciiT, ki am zmnebs pasivebi

ewodebaT, vfiqrobT, gaumarTlebelia megrul Prev.-a-R-u(n) struqturisa

da maT Sesatyvis saliteraturo qarTul Prev.-e-R-eb-i struqturis zmnebs

pasivebi vuwodoT, maSin, roca aqtiuri moqmedebis gamomxatvelni arian

da subieqtis mier Cadenili moqmedeba uSualod aisaxeba brunvaucvlel

obieqtze. maTi aseTi bunebis gamo, samecniero literaturaSi maT aqtiur,

iribgardamaval zmnebsac uwodeben (iribi obieqtidan amosvliT) (67,34).

176

aRsaniSnavia, rom moyvanil magaliTTagan ramdenime zmnur formas

piris kategoriis mixedviT uRlebisas gamouvlindeba struqturiseuli -o

prefiqsi nacvlad –a prefiqsisa: aTantilu(n) èbmeva~ _ aTà-me-o-ntil-u-q,

aSàmaCirTu(n) èSleba~ _ aSàm-o-CirTu(n), gimaadirTu(n) `gamoadgeba~ _

gimàv-o-dirTuq, ginaadirTu(n) `gamoesarCleba~ _ ginàv-o-dirTuq,

gaarsxipu(n) `mWidrod ekvris~ _ gàmorsxipu(n), qaaCirTu(n) `cdeba~ _ qav-

o-CirTuq...


awmyo: ginaajudu(n) `gadakocnis, gadaekocneba~

wyvetili: qginaajudu ` gadakocna, gadaekocna ~

I rezultativi: qginojudele(n) `gadaukocnia~

III rezultativi: ginnojudelue(n) `gadakocnida Turme~

amave struqturulis nairsaxeobaa a-R-u-u(n) qvestruqturis zmnuri

formebi. maTi konstruqciac nom-erg-nom-nom-ia. piris niSnebi

markirebulia vinis rigis afiqsebiT. myofad-wyvetilis mwkrivebi

zmniswinisa da qo- dadasturebiTi nawilakis darTviT ewarmoeba. sul

ramdenime forma Segvxvda a- xmovanprefiqsiani; amave qvestruqturis

zmniswiniani varianti gacilebiT ufro produqtiuli aRmoCnda (ix.

momdevno qvestruqtura #96).

yvela maTgani awmyo drois gamomxatvelia da uRlebis sruli

paradigma aqvs. abarju{u}(n) èreva, eweweba~, axvadu(n) `xvdeba~, abonduu(n)

èwvneba~, abondRuu(n) èqseleba~; aCirT(u)u(n) `cdeba~: `brelq qaaCirTu,

mara mus iqunq! bevri Secda, magram ras izam!~ ...

uRlebis nimuSi:

awmyo: abonduu(n) èwvneba~

wyvetili: daabondu `daewna~~

I rezultativi: dobonduun `daswvnia~

III rezultativi: donobondue(n) `daewvneboda Turme~

am agebulebis zmnaTa myofadis struqturaa Prev.-a-R-u-u(n). preverbul da

xmovanprefiqsul morfemaTa sazRvarze rigi fonetikuri procesebi

mimdinareobs, xan asimilirebulia xmovanprefiqsi, xanac – reducirebuli,

mag., awazaduu(n) awo-a-zad-u(n) `win egebeba~...

177

samecniero literaturaSi megruli zmnis klasificirebisas am

zmnebs, yvelgan pasivebad, anu vnebiTi gvaris zmnebad moixsenieben, Cveni

azriT, semantikuri TvalsazrisiT es zmnebi aqtiuri zmnebia, moqmedebiTi

gvarisaa. vinaidan, isini aqtiursubieqtiani zmnebia; gana marTebuli

iqneba, semantikurad awazaduu(n) Tina Tis `win egebeba is mas~ miviCnioT

pasivad?!

diaTezaTa klasifikaciaSi gvari semantikuri kategoriaa, is ar

aris mijaWvuli konkretul morfologiur struqturaze, semantikur

doneze aqtivebi SeiZleba iyon rogorc R-Ø, ise R-u(n) struqturis

megruli zmnuri formebic da Pamis naTeli magaliTia Prev.-a-R-u-u(n)

qvestruqturac: yvela forma aqtiursubieqtiania (moqmedeba uSualod

gadadis brunvaucvlel obieqtze):

awmyo: aTantilu(n) Tina Tis èbmeba is mas~ - aorist.: qaTantilu

Tiq Tis `Seeba man mas~: viTi koCi aTantilჷ, meuRu Cakal-CakaliT: aia,2,

gv. 62 àTi kaci Sebmia da Zlivs zidavs, miaqvT borZik-barbaciT~,

aTagujuu(n) àwveba (qvevidan), ecoba~, aTanjiruu(n) `(Se)uwveba (qvevidan)~:

ekabunuu(n) èbmeba~, ekadvaluu(n) `(ukan) edevneba~, elazi/ჷmuu(n)

èzomeba, etoleba~, gegàSaCirTuu(n) `CamorCeba~, geSaჸunuu(n) àmoyveba~,

gegàlaSqvarTuu(n) `lerwamiviT sworad CamoeSala~, giaguu(n) èCveva~,

geSaarTuu(n) `gamoeyofa~, giaxviluu(n) `dasWirdeba~: koCi Rula bigasiT

qegiaxviluu: i. yifS., gv. 178 `kacs moRunuli joxic dasWirdeba~,

gianZalebuu(n) `daeZaleba~20, gianjiruu(n) `rameze dawola~: ჸori

ventiredua do keri Ji geTàmanjirudua: T. saxok., gv. 271 `dedaRori ver

eteoda da taxi zed awvebodao~, giarCqvanuu(n) `daCveva~...

produqtiulobis TvalsazrisiT, Prev.-a-R-u-u(n) qvestruqtura meore

diaTezis dinamikuri qvejgufis erT-erTi vrceli qvestruqturaa.


awmyo: geSმarTuu(n) èyofa~,

myofadi: geSarTuu(n) `gamoeyofa~,

wyvetili: geSaarTu `gamoeyo~

20 Cveni xelmZRvanelis, batoni merab Cuxuas miTiTebiT, saliteraturo enidan unda iyos Sesuli megrulSi.

178

I rezultativi: geSarTuu(n) `gamohyofia~

III rezultativi: giSnorTue(n) `gamoeyofoda Turme~

4.3.2.3. qvestruqtura Prev.-i-R-u-u(n) #63

Prev.-i-R-u-u(n) qvestruqturaSi, Cveni kvlevis am etapze sul

ramdenime zmna movipoveT. am zmnaTa konstruqciaa nom-erg-nom-nom. piris

niSnebi markirebulia vinis rigis afiqsebiT. myofad-wyvetilis mwkrivebi

qo- dadasturebiTi nawilakis an zmniswinis cvlilebiT ewarmoebaT. am

paradigmis formebi i- prefiqsiania, rac iSviaTobaa meore diaTezis

aqtivebSi - brunvaucvlelobieqtian zmnebSi; am zmnaTa subieqti

TviTmoqmedi ki ar aris, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, aramed aqtiuri

moqmedebis gamoxatvelia: subieqtis mier Cadenili moqmedeba uSualod

aisaxeba brunvaucvlel obieqtze: aleTiruu(n) Tina Tis `enacvleba is

mas~: xojems qaleTiru meZobels `xarebSi Seenacvla mezobels~ - CvenTvis

miuRebelia am da sxva msgavs magaliTebSi zmnis pasivad gaazreba,

mxolod imitom, rom mas R-u(n) daboloeba aqvs.

amave rigisaa: akizgumonjuu(n) `erTdeba, erwymeba~, aki{i}rduu(n)

`(Se)ezrdeba, Seuxorcdeba~.

zmniswinisa da xmovanprefiqsis Sesayarze, megrulis preverbuli

mikrostruqturisTvis gamoyvanili fonotaqtikis wesebis Tanaxmad, ai

e (119, 370-271), Sedegad, aleTiruu(n) *ala-i-Tir-uu(n).


awmyo: akàmi{i}rduu(n) `Seuxorcdeba~

myofadi: akàmi{i}rduu(n) `Seuxorcdeba~

wyvetili: aki{i}rdu `Seuxorcda~

I rezultativi: akorde{le}(n) `Sexorceubula~

III rezultativi: akànordue(n) `Sexorcdeboda Turme~

179

4.3.2.2. II diaTezis brunvaucvlelobieqtiani zmnebi

(Sejameba)

meore diaTezis brunvaucvlelobieqtiani zmnebi R-უ(n)

struqturisaa, seriebis mixedviT maTi konstrucia nom-erg-nom-nom-ia.

gvaqvs rogorc zmnuri, aseve saxeluri fuZeebisgan warmoebuli formebi.

fuZis struqturis mixedviT sul sami qvestruqtura; fonetikur

niadagze saxecvlili erTeulebi ki qvestruqturaTa qvejgufebSi

gamovyaviT.

samecniero literaturaSi maTi R-u(n) struqturis gamo pasivebad

kvalificirdebian, rasac Cven ar viziarebT: R-u(n) struqtura aris

zogadi, gvareobiTi struqtura romelic SeiZleba iTavsebdes sxvadasxva

gvaris formis gamoxatvis funqcias (dawvrilebiT ix. zemoT, meore

diaTeza). gamomdinare iqidan, rom meore diaTezis

brunvaucvlelobieqtian zmnaTagan yvela aqtiuri moqmedebis

gamomxatvelia, gvaris semantikuri kategoriis mixedviT, es zmnebi

aqtivebia, Sesabamisad, maT gvaris mixedviT aqtivTa jgufebSi vaTavsebT.

rogorc meoTxe Tavis Sesaval nawilSi, meore diaTezis

struqturasa da konstruqciaze msjelobisas aRvniSneT, R-u(n)

struqturis zmna SesaZloa gamoxatavdes aqtiur, avtoaqtiiur

(TviTmoqmed) da `mier/gan~ tipis konstruqciisa da usulo subieqtis

SemTxvevaSi – pasiur moqmedebas: (1) Cqim jima iWaruu(n) werils `Cemi Zma

iwereba werils – aqtivi, (3)Tel dRas feisbuqis Toloruancà, skaipis

rwvaneT giTorCqà do muTuns va iWaruu(n)! `mTeli dRe feisbuqs

aTvalierebs, skaipSi mwvaned Cans da arafers iwereba!~ – avtoaqtivi.

pasivis formebi Teoriulad dasaSvebia, magram megrulad metyvelisaTvis

Zalze xelovnurad JRers, rac mosalodnelia kidec (iWaruu(n) werili

jimaSe `iwereba werili Zmis mier~ – pasivia). amgvarad, meore diaTezis

orpiriani, brunvaucvlelobieqtiani zmnuri formebi aqtiursubieqtianebi

arian, zmniT gamoxatuli moqmedeba uSualod aisaxeba zmnaSi CarTul

obieqtze. swored amitom, isini aqtivebad kvalificirdebian.

180

4.4. meore diaTeza

(Sejameba)

amgvarad, meore diaTezaSi Sedis R-u/e(n) struqturisa da nom-erg-

nom-nom konstruqciis mqone zmnuri formebi, romelTa subieqtic vinis

rigis niSnebiTaa gamoxatuli. meore diaTezaSi ori ZiriTadi

qvejgufia: (a.) statikuri da (b.) dinamikuri.

(a.) statikuri qvejgufi ugvaroa, aq Sedis (1)mwkrivnakli statikuri

zmnebi R-u/e(n) struqturisa (ar ewarmoebaT meore da mesame seria) da

(2) erTpiriani i-R-e(n) struqturis potencialisebi (mwkrivTa sruli

paradigma arc amaT aqvT specifikuri Sinaarsis gamo. rac Seexeba

termins `potencialisi~, viziarebT mosazrebas, romlis Tanaxmadac

potencialiss sakuTari, mkveTrad Camoyalobebuli, gramatikuli

(morfologiuri) yalibi aqvs megrulSi (141,113; 119,618). i-R-e(n)

struqturis potencialisebi morfosintaqsuri niSnebiT swored am

qvejgufSi unda moTavsebuliyo, radgan: (1)maTi sintaqsuri

konstruqciaa: nom-erg-nom-nom, (2)maTi morfologiuri struqturaa R-

e(n) da (3)piris niSnebic vinis rigis afiqsebiT aqvT markirebuli

(msgavsad meore diaTezis yvela zmnisa).

rac Seexeba orpirian a-R-e(n) struqturis potencialisebs, maTi

morfosintaqsuri Cveneba srulad emTxveva ara meore, aramed mesame diaTezis

zmnaTa niSnebs: relatiuri potencialisebi (1)manis rigis piris niSnebiT aris

markirebuli da (2)sintaqsuri konstruqcia datiuri aqvT: dat-dat-dat-dat; zmnaSi

CarTuli meore piris konstruqciaa nom-erg-nom-nom: pirvel, mesame da meoTxe

seriebSi saxelobiTSia, meore seriaSi – ergativSi. gobinuu(n) `Sehbnevia~,

gonobinue(n) `SesZlebia Sebneva mas~, abaren abaru `SeZlo ebera (suli)~,

baruu `bervia, SeuZlia uberos suli, (qaj.)), Sdr.:

erTpiriani potencialisis konstruqcia yvela seriaSi saxelobiTia

da markirebulia vinis rigis piris niSnebiT:

awmyo: eirTene(n) `SeiZleba garToba, Seqceva~ isnom,

wyvetili: eirTinu `SesaZlebeli gaxda Seyolieba~ isnom,

I rezultativi: erTafel/re(n) `SesaZlebeli gamxdara Seyolieba~ imisgen

Sdr.:

181

orpiriani potencialisebis subieqti mudmivad datiuria,

markirebulia manis rigis piris niSnebiT; meore aqtanti ki pirvel,

mesame da meoTxe seriaSi saxelobiTSia, meore seriaSi – moTxrobiTSi

awmyo: abine(n) Tis Tina `masdat SeuZlia Seabnios isnom,

wyvetili: abinu Tis Tiq `maserg SeZlo Seebna mannom ~

I rezultativi: gobinu(n) Tis Tina `Sehbnevia masdat isnom

III rezultativi:, gonobinue(n) Tis Tina `SesZlebia Sebneva masdat

imisigen”

amgvarad, erTpiriani potencialisebi, morfosintaqsuri niSnebiT

meore diaTezaSi xvdebian, orpiriani potencialisebi ki – mesame

diaTezaSi.

(b.) dinamikur qvejgufSi Sedis R-u/e(n) struqturis (1)erTpiriani da

(2)brunvaucvlel obieqtiani zmnebi. (1)erTpiriani zmnebi, rogorc wesi

i- prefiqsiani da –d sufiqsiani zmnebis variantebia R-u/e(n)

struqturis yalibSi, maTi moqmedeba introvetizebulia, moqmedebis

procesi subieqtsave miemarTeba. amitom, gvaris mixedviT, isini

avtoaqtivebia, `mier” tipis konstruqciis an usulo subieqtis

SemTxvevaSi ki, igive formebi pasiuri Sinaarsisaa (avtoaqtivi: imaleba

bavSvi. Sdr.: pasivi: imaleba CanTa qalis mier~).

(2)brunvaucvlel obieqtiani zmnebi, rogorc wesi, a/e-R-u(n)

struqturis orpiriani zmnuri formebia, isini aqtiuri moqmedebis

gamomxatvelni arian, amitom, gvaris mixedviT aqtivebia. mwkrivTa

warmoeba regularuli aqvT, semantikurad dauSvebeli variantebis

garda yvela mwkrivi ewarmoebaT.

amgvarad, meore diaTezaSi, saerTo jamSi 24 qvestruqturuli jgufi

gamoiyo, amaTgan:

• statikuri qvejgufisaa 12 qvestruqtura (aqedan 9 _ erTpirian

statikur zmnaTa, xolo 3 _ erTpirian potencialisTa qvestruqtura).

statikuri qvejgufi mwkrivnakli uRlebiT upirispirdeba dinamikur

zmnebs.

182

• dinamikur qvejgufSi Sedis 12 qvestruqtura (dinamikur qvejgufSic

ori ganyofilebisgan Sedgeba – erTpiriani da brunvaucvlel

obieqtiani. erTpiriani, absolutur zmnaTaTvis sul 9 qvestruqtura

gamoiyo, brunvaucvlelobieqtiani zmnebisTvis ki – 3).

meore diaTezis yvela zmna seriebis mixedviT aris nom-erg-nom-nom

konstruqciisa, subieqti markirebulia vinis rigis piris niSnebiT da

struqturulad Tavsdeba R-u/e(n) ZiriTad gvareobiT struqturaSi. am

wess gamonaklisi ar aqvs.

amgvarad, saerTo jamSi, meore diaTezaSi 24 qvestruqtura gamoiyo

xmovanprefiqsebis, Tematuri sufiqsebis, -d sufiqsisa da awmyos

mwkrivSive dadasturebuli zmniswinis mixedviT, qvejgufebi ki

gamoyofilia gvaris semantikuri kategoriis mixedviT:

• ugvaro (statikuri zmnebi gvaris mimarT neitralurebi arian);

• avtoaqtiuri gvarisa (absolutivebi, romlebic, konteqstis

mixedviT, zmnuri forma+mier/gan tipis konstruqciasa da

usulo subieqtis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba pasivad moiqces.).

• aqtiuri gvarisa (orpiriani zmnebi).

ugamonaklisod, yovel maTgans aerTianebs vinis rigis piris

niSnebeiT markirebuli R-u/e(n) qvestruqtura da nom-erg-nom-nom

konstruqcia.

183

Tavi V. mesame diaTeza

5.1. mesame diaTezis sintaqsuri konstruqcia

mesame diaTezis gamoyofis safuZvelia zmnis datiuri konstruqcia

da manis rigis piris niSnebiT markirebuli moqmedebis mdgomareobis

aRmqmel-ganmcdeli aqtanti _ susti nebelobis, inaqtiuri subieqti.

saliteraturo qarTulSi es diaTeza narevi struqturis zmnebs Seicavs,

romelTagan gansazRvruli raodenobis _ `miyvars~ tipis (mSia, mwyuria,

mciva, mcxela...) R-Ø struqturis zmnebi pirvel qvejgufs qmnian. isini

arqauli, pirveladi, Zireuli zmnebia, romelTa inaqtiuri subieqti

micemiT brunvaSia. II qvejgufs qmnian R-Ø da R-[th.s.]-i struqturis

zmnebi, romlebic I da II diaTezis zmnaTa konversiuli formebia:

manatrebs is me mas menatreba me is, mazizRebs is me mas mezizReba me

is _ sadac dakargulia makauzirebeli piri, xolo moqmedebis realurad

Semsrulebeli _ ekzekutori gagebulia sxvisi nebis Semsrulebel, susti

nebelobis, inaqtiur subieqtad (68, 95). msgavsi mdgomareobaa megrulSic:

aq yvela zmna statikuria, Sesabamisad, ver visaubrebT gvaris

semantikur kategoriaze.

`megrulSi micemiTi brunvis funqciuri datvirTva qarTulis

msgavsia: is aris rogorc iribi, aseve pirdapiri obieqtis brunva, aseve,

mesame seriaSi inversiul-gardamavali zmnebis realuri subieqti da

relatiur-statikuri zmnebis realuri subieqtic micemiTSi dgas~ (119,

286).

megrul erTpirian statikur zmnebSi moqmedebis aRmqmel-ganmcdeli

aqtanti mudmivad micemiT brunvaSi dgas yvela seriaSi; relatiur-

statikur zmnaTa SemTxvevaSi ki saanalizo formiT gamoxatuli

mdgomareobis monawile meore aqtanti yvela seriaSi saxelobiTSia garda

meore seriisa; aq igi megruli sintaqsis saerTo wesisamebr, moTxrobiTi

brunvis formiT iqneba warmodgenili.

mesame diaTezaSi Semdegi tipis zmnebi erTiandeba:

1. miჸors tipis Zireuli pirveladi zmnuri formebi;

184

2. R-Ø struqturis (pirveli diaTezis) labiluri konstruqciis

pirdakarguli zmnebi, romelTac uneblie moqmedeba axasiaTebT

(moqionuafuans `mamTqnarebs~ tipisa)

3. R-[th.s.]-u(n) struqturis (meore diaTezis) labiluri

konstruqciis pirdakarguli formebi, romelTac, aseve,

maTdauneburad mosdiT/eCvenebaT zmniT gamoxatuli konkretuli

moqmedeba: moginZoru(n) `megrZeleba~, moWiWoru(n) `mepataraveba~...

4. R-[th.s.]-e(n) struqturis potencialisis relatiuri formebi,

romelTac msgavsad am diaTezis yvela zmnisa, datiuri

konstruqcia da subieqtis m-s rigis prefiqsacia axasiaTebT

(ajabine(n) `SeuZlia idardos~).

mesame diaTezis pirveli _ miჸors tipis zmnebs, maTi datiuri

konstruqciis gamo inversiulebad ganixilaven gamomdinare im dadgenili

sqemidan, romelSic v-s rigis niSnebi apriorulad subieqtis markerebad

kvalificirdeba, xolo m-s rigis niSnebi _ obieqturi piris markerebad.

rogorc qarTuli zmnis morfosintaqsuri (gramatikuli)

klasifikaciis Sedegad miRebulma diaTezebis sqemam aCvena, qarTveluri

zmnis piris niSnebis manis rigi obieqturi piris garda aRniSnavs susti

nebelobis mqone inaqtiuri subieqtic. da es wesi ugamonaklisod

moqmedebs samive diaTezaSi:

manis rigis piris niSnebi subieqtur pirs aRniSnaven I diaTezis III

seriaSi (sadac zmnis subieqti susti enbelobisaa, araaqtiuria) da III

diaTezaSi, sadac subieqti, aseve, susti nebelobisaa, inaqtiuria.

amgvarad, III diaTeza susti nebelobis mqone subieqtis zmnaTa

diaTezaa.

megrulSic manis rigis piris niSnebiTaa markirebuli sulieri

mdgomareobis aRmqmel-ganmcdeli aqtanti mesame diaTezis uklebliv

yvela zmnur formaSi. am wess gamonaklisi ar aqvs. mag., m-i-ჸor-s ma Ti

boSi `miyvars me is biWi~, Já(r)neCdoSqviTian miჸuns uCaS da

`ormocdaSvidiani myavs ufrosi da~ (22, 35).

185

magram saintereso, saliteraturo enisgan gansxvavebul suraTs

gviCvenebs mesame diaTezis relatiur zmnaTa meore aqtanti: saerTo

wesisamebr, saliteraturo qarTulSi m-anis rigis piris niSnebiT

markirebul, datiuri konstruqciis mqone zmnebSi CarTulia ori, yvela

seriaSi brunvaucvleli piri:

1. pirveli - zmnis piriani formiT gamoxatuli mdgomareobis aRmqmel-

ganmcdeli aqtanti, romelic mudmivad micemiT brunvaSi dgas da m-s

rigis piris prefiqsebi miemarTeba (mag., mwyuria me wyali);

2. meore - mudmivad saxelobiT brunvaSi mdgari aqtanti v-s rigis piris

niSnebiTaa markirebuli; mag. (ix. cxr. 5.1.):

cxrili 5.1.

awmyo: scviva xesdat foTlebinom

wyvetili: am formas ar ewarmoeba wyvetilis forma, Tumca, rom hqondes, konstruqcia igive iqneboda saliteraturo qarTulSi : ***xesdat foTlebinom

I rezultativi: gascvenia xesdat foTlebinom

e.w. `realuri obieqti~, romelic saliteraturo qarTulSi

brunvaucvleli saxelobiTbrunviani aqtantia, megrulSi wyvetilSi

brunvacvalebadad moiqceva da wyvetilSi moTxrobiTi brunvis niSniT

iqneba warmodgenili mag., misu ma saxes krem `misvia saxeze kremi~, *mas(u)

ma saxes kremq `mesva me saxeze kremma~. Sdr. cxrili #5.2., gv. 210):

cxrili #5.2.

awmyo: scviva xesdat foTlebinom ucens jasdat furcelefinom wyvetili:

*** xesdat `foTleb-maerg~

qoucu/qouciu jasdat furcelefiqerg

mag., namnefcdat vegiocu inaSe xerqerg `romlebsacdat ar dascvivda imisgan xeir-maerg~ (yazay., 6.05.31, gv.3, qajaia o., lema #14617)

I rezult.: dascvenia xesdat foTlebinom

qudocumu(n) jasdat furcelefinom

III rezult. gascvivdeboda Turme xesdat foTlebinom

qudànocumue(n) jasdat

furcelefinom

amgvarad, sintaqsuri konstruqciis TvalsazrisiT,

saerToqarTveluri normidan garkveuli gadaxra gvaqvs aoristSi,

186

mesame diaTezis yvela zmnaSi megrulSi, rac ergativis arealis

gafarToebis tendenciaze miuTiTebs. (ix. cxrili 5.3.).

cxr.: #5.3.

III diaTezis zmnaTa sintaqsuri konstruqcia

piris niSanTa markireba>> manis rigi moqmedebis aRmqmel-ganmcdeli brunvaucvleli aqtanti

vinis rigi brunvacvalebadi aqtanti

I seria ->> II seria ->> III seria ->> IV seria ->>

Dat Dat Dat Dat

Nom Erg Nom Nom

megrulSi e.w. `realuri obieqtis~ moTxrobiTi brunvis formiT

warmodgenasTan dakavSirebiT, wyvetilSi, b. jorbenaZe SeniSnavs: `II

seriis formebTan qvemdebaris (subieqtis dasmas moTxrobiTSi ori mizezi

ganapirobebs: 1) formaluri momenti: analogia moqmedebiTi gvaris

(gardamaval) zmnebTan, rac iwvevs sxvadasxva tipis konstruqciebis

unifikacias; 2)semantikuri momenti: formobrivad vnebiTis modelis mqone,

magram aqtiuri semantikis gamomxatveli zmnebi ganapirobeben subieqtis

dasmas moTxrobiT brunvaSi. formawarmoebisa da konstruqciis

struqturaze semantikuri zegavleniT nivelirebulia formobrivi

Sepirobebuloba~ (165, 239; 34,330-331)

vfiqrobT, analogiis procesi namdvilad aris ZiriTadi mizezi

moTxrobiTi brunvis arealis amgvari gafarToebisa.

5.1.1. zmnur struqturaTa distribucia mesame diaTezaSi

rogorc Cveni naSromis pirvel TavebSi aRvniSneT, megrulSi zmnis

sul ori ZiriTadi, gvareobiTi struqtura arsebobs: (1) R-[Th.s.]-Ø da (2)

R-[Th.s.]-u/e(n); iseve rogorc saliteraturo qarTulSi, sadac zmnis ori

ZiriTadi struqtura gvaqvs: (1) R-[Th.s.]-Ø da (2) R-[Th.s.]-i (ix. 66; 67;

162,184).

mesame diaTezaSi zmnur struqturaTa distribuciis ganxilvamde

kidev erTxel gadavxedoT pirveli da meore diaTezis zmnaTa

struqturebs:

187

• pirvel diaTezaSi subieqti gvxvdeba vinis rigiT markirebuli R-

[Th.s.]-Ø struqtura (romelic mesame seriaSi m-s rigis piris

niSnebiT Seicvleba);

• meore diaTezaSi subieqtis vinis rigiT markirebuli R-[Th.s.]-u(n)

struqtura;

• mesame diaTezaSi orive struqturaa, oRond subieqti manis rigis

piris niSnebiTaa markirebuli: mag.:

R-[Th.s.]-Ø: miჸors `miyvars~, Sqirens `Sia~...

R-[Th.s.]-u/e(n): moWiWaru(n) ma Tina `mepataraveba me is~,

oWifaru(n) Tis Tina èviwroveba mas is~, ozaralu(n) Tis Tina

èzaraleba mas is~, oTakilu(n) Tis Tina èTakileba mas is~,

oimendu(n) Tis Tina èimedeba mas is~, abadine(n) Tis Tina

„SeuZlia dabados mas is“, abaze(n) Tis Tina „SeuZlia cemos mas

is“, abaTiline(n) Tis Tina „SeuZlia gaabaTilos mas is“,

abaTqe(n) Tis Tina „SeuZlia cemos mas is“ aWabake(n) Tis Tina

„SeuZlia tkepnos mas is“...

mesame diaTezaSi morfologiuri struqturisa da datiuri sintaqsuri

konstruqciis safuZvelze Segvaqvs megruli orpiriani potencialisebi.

maTi morfologiuri struqtura sakmaod produqtiulia da Zalze

sistemurad aris Camoyalibebuli megrulSi, faqtobrivad, dasrulebulia

misi morfologiur kategoriad formirebis procesi: lazurisgan

gansxvavebiT, megrulSi maT sakuTari morfologiuri yalibi aqvT, rac

meoreuli movlenaa (meoreulobas mowmobs lazuris Cvenebac, (27, 85-86;

Cuxua, 119, 614-624).

ratom Segvaqvs e.w. orpiriani potencialisebi mesame diaTezaSi?

struqturuli TvalsazrisiT, orpiriani potencialisebis struqtura

R-[Th.s.]-u/e(n) gvareobiTi struqturis qvestruqturuli nairsaxeobaa ix.

cxrili #5.4.:

188

cxrili # 5.4.

morfosintaqsur garemoebebze msjelobisas ki Semdegi parametrebi

gvaqvs mxedvelobaSi:

1. orpiriani potencialisebis sintaqsuri konstruqcia

datiuria – moqmedebis aRmqmel-ganmcdeli aqtanti yvela

seriaSi micemiT brunvaSi dgas (mesame diaTezis gamoyofis

safuZveli ki, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, zmnis datiuri

konstruqcia da manis rigiT gamoxatuli moqmedebis

aRmqmel-ganmcdeli piria);

2. orpiriani potencialisebiT gamoxatuli moqmedebis

aRmqmel-ganmcdeli aqtanti manis rigis piris niSnebiTaa

warmodgenili;

3. msgavsad mesame diaTezis sxva zmnebisa, orpiriani

potencialisebis meore aqtantic, romelic ar aris

moqmedebis aRmqmel-ganmcdeli, aoristSi moTxrobiTi

brunvis niSniT formdeba; mag., kos vagaginu ambeq `kacs ver

gaego ambavma~, mezobels yudeq vakeTinu `mezobels saxlma

ver gaakeTa~ da sxv.

SeniSvna: amave principiT, erTpiriani potencialisebi,

romelTa subieqtic vinis rigiTaa markirebuli da Tan maTi

konstruqcia seriaTa mixedviT nom-erg-nom-nom-ia, meore diaTezaSi

movaxvedreT, radgan aq yvela sxva zmnas swored es

morfosintaqsuri principi aerTianebs.

samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba potencialisTa

da e.w. `inversiul zmnaTa~ konstruqciis msgavsebis Sesaxeb (rogorc

R-(Th.s.)-u/e(n)

R-(Th.s.)-უ(ნ)

R-(Th.s.)-ე(ნ)

189

zemoT aRvniSneT, funqciurad, mesame diaTezaSi m-s rgis piris niSnebi

swored rom subieqts, moqmedebis aRmqmel-ganmcdel pirs aRniSnaven,

pirvel-meore diaTezaSi ki – obieqtebs, maTi distribucia mkveTrad aris

dapirispirebuli da arasodes aireva erTmaneTSi. mTavaria, vinisa da

manis rigis niSnebi ar mivakedloT romelime erT konstruqcias da

davuSvaT maTi varireba diaTezaTa mixedviT: `cnobilia, rom relatiur-

statikuri zmnebi mcirericxovania qarTulSi da, Sesabamisad, zanurSic.

magram inversiul formaTa raodenobas zrdis potencialisis kategoriis

arseboba megrul-lazurSi. rogorc specialur literaturaSia

aRniSnuli, potencialisis erT-erTi niSani inversiulobaa, radganac,

potencialisis relatiuri forma, Cveulebriv, gamoxatavs realuri

subieqtis qmedebis SesaZleblobas (141, 110-112, 133, 6-7, 119, 287).

aRniSuli mosazreba kidev ufro gvarwmunebs imaSi, rom manis

rigis prefiqsebiT markirebul orpirian potencialisTa adgili (vinis

rigiT markirebuli erTpiriani potencialisebis gareSe) swored mesame

diaTezaSia – identuri morfologiuri struqturisa da konstruqciis

zmnebTan erTad.

rac Seexeba semantikur dones, aq aucileblad unda aRiniSnos

unebliobis kategoriis Sesaxebac: SegviZlia Tamamad vTqvaT, rom mesame

diaTezis yvela zmna Seiwyobs inaqtiur, susti nebelobis mqone sulieri

mdgomareobis aRmqmel-ganmcdel pirs. amiT Sinaarsoblivad gansxvavdeba

mesame diaTezis yvela zmna pirveli da meore diaTezis zmnaTagan;

subieqtis moqmedeba uneblia, zmnis semantika gamoxatavs subieqtis

sulier grZNobebs, siyvaruls, siZulvils, eWvs, yoymans... mag., moWiWaru(n)

ma Te kaba `mepataraveba me eg kaba~, onatru(n) Tis Tina `enatreba mas is~.

momdevno paragrafebSi ganvixilavT, Tu ra qvestruqturuli

jgufebi gamovlindeba mesame diaTezis manis rigis piris niSnebiT

markirebuli datiuri konstruqciis mqone ori gvareobiTi struqturis

R-[Th.s.]-Ø da R-[Th.s.]-u/e(n)) farglebSi.

190

5.2. mesame diaTezis R-Ø struqtura

5.2.1. Sesavali

mesame diaTezis R-Ø qvestruqtura, marTalia, magaliTebis

simdidriT ar gamoirCeva, magram igi Sedgeba xmarebis sixSiris

TvalsazrisiT aqtiuri moxmarebis arqauli zmnuri leqsemebisgan

(rogorc erTpiriani, ise orpiriani zmnur formebisagan). yvela

SemTxvevaSi, moqmedebis aRmqmel-ganmcdeli aqtanti, participanti

micemiTbrunviania, meore aqtantis brunvebi ki, mesame diaTezisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli megruli CarCos mixedviT, nom-erg-nom-nom-ia (meore

seriaSi ergativSia):

lur-s Tis `sZinavs mas~, jer-s Tis `sjera mas~, mowon-s Tis Tina ,

`moswons mas is~, wan-s Tis Tina `swams mas is.

magaliTebi:

lurs `sZinavs~: baRanas gemuano lurs - bavSvs gemrielad (/tkbilad)

sZinavs; Ti koCis iro lurs - im kacs yovelTvis sZinavs.

am zmnebs xan ewarmoeba meore seria, xan ara; mesame da meoTxe seriis

formebi ki, rogorc wesi, regularulia (mogvyavs ZiriTad, sabaziso

mwkrivTa formebi):

qiduuruluafu(n) `dauZinia~, norulue(n) `daiZinebda Turme~

baRanas gemuano qiduuruluafà `bavSvs gemrielad (/tkbilad) dauZinia~,

Ti koCis iro norulue ìm kacs yovelTvis (sul) sZinebia~

mowons `moswons~ _ Ti boSis Ti ZRabà mowons ìm biWs is gogo

moswons~ maswavlebels ninoS pasux mowons `maswavlebels ninos pasuxi

moswons~

*mewonu `moewona~

Ti boSis mewonu Ti ZRabiq ìm biWs moewona im gogom~

mowoneb(u)(n) `moswonebia~:

Ti boSis Ti ZRabà mowonebà ìm biWs is gogo moswonebia~;

maswavlebels ninoS pasuxà mowonebà `maswavlebels ninos pasuxi

moswonebia~;

191

wans `swams~:

Cqim ojaxis RoronTiS wans `Cems ojaxs RmerTis swams~;

TeSner sityvaS wans àmnairi sityvis swams~

jers `sjera~

TiS naragadà ifrelà jers `misi naTqvami yvelaferi sjera~

sqanà jers `Seni sjera~

5.2.2. qvestruqtura prev-R-Ø #64

mesame diaTezis prev-R-Ø struqturac manis rigis prefiqsebiT

gamoxatuli arqauli statikuri zmnaTa struqturaa. samagaliTo masala

aqac mwiria, magram, maTi gaerTianeba sxva qvestruqturis zmnebTan

SeuZlebelia, radgan awmyos mwkrivSive darTuli zmniswini mxolod

axlandeli viTarebis damazustebelia, daclilia droisa da aspeqturi

gagebisagan. sul rmdenime formaa da yvela maTgani orpiriania. zmnuri

forma, semantikurad, statikuria. moqmedebis aRmqmel-ganmcdeli piri

mudmivad micemiTbrunviania, meore aqtantis brunvebi ki, mesame

diaTezisTvis damaxasiaTebeli CarCos mixedviT nom-erg-nom-nom-ia, zmnis

statikuri bunebidangamomdinare, mwkrivnaklia, mxolod pirveli da

meoTxe seriis mwkrivebi ewarmoeba:

awmyo: mikaquns / mukaquns/ mჷkaquns àcvia~

III rezultativi: `muknoqunue(n) ècva Turme, nacvama~

ninos skvamà (skamà) kaba mikaquns `ninos lamazi kaba acvia~

ciras koxtas mikaquns `ciras koxtad acvia~.

192

5.2.3. qvestruqtura R-en-Ø #65

mesame diaTezis R-en-Ø struqturis zmnebi, msgavsad mesame diaTezis

sxva zmnebisa, datiuri konstruqciisaa. m-s rigis piris niSnebiT

gamoxatulia moqmedebis aRmqmel-ganmcdeli piri, xolo v-s rigis piris

niSnebiT ki zmniT gamoxatuli moqmedebis obieqti, pჸumenc `mwyuria~; iro

fSqirenc `sul mSia~ (yifS, gv.69. vimowmebT qajaiadan). aseve, Sqir-en-s Tis

„hSia mas~, lukas (oWkumalà) Sqirens `lukas (saWmeli) hSia~, Cqim squas

Sqirens `Cems Svils hSia~.

es statikuri zmnebia; Sesabamisad, mwkrivnaklia; ramdenime maTgans

nasesxebi aqvs aoristis forma: mimaSqirenu(n) `momemSia~ mimaჸumenu

`momewyura~.

oTar qajaias leqsikonSi miTiTebulia, rom maT `mxolod awmyos

wrisa da meoTxe seriis formebi ewarmoeba~. es asec aris, magram Cven

mier Caweril masalebSi adgili hqonda formaTa aRrevas: am zmnebs, Cveni

respondenti, misda uneburad iyenebda sxva zmnis wyvetilis mwkrivis,

warsuli sruli drois gagebiT. ra Tqma unda, es dinamikuri zmnebi am

statikuri paradigmis gagrZeleba ar aris, vfiqrobT, formaTa

Canacvleba-aRrevis saintereso faqtia:

wyvetili: momaჸumen(à) goRa ser `*momewyura (momwyurda) guSin RamiT~

I rezultativi: moჸuminaf(à) (qჷmoჸuminaf(à)) - moswyurebia: Cqim mumas

(muma Cqims) moჸumenafà (qჷmoჸuminafà) `Cems mamas (mamaCems) moswyurebia~;

saqonels moჸuminaf(à) (qჷmoჸuminaf(à)) `saqonels moswyurebia~.

paralelurad gvxvdeba am zmnaTa aRweriTi formebic: Sqireni mafu(n)

`mSia~, ჸumeni mafu(n) `mwyuria~. ჸumenq mau (/an maჸu) goRa `momwyurda

guSin~; ჸumenq mau (/an maჸu) goRa ser `momwyurda guSin RamiT;

màmaSqirinu//à goRa `momSivda guSin~; màmaSqirenu//à goRa ser `momSivda

guSin RamiT~.

193

5.2.4. i/u-R-Ø qvestruqtura #66

mesame diaTezis i/u-R-Ø qvestruqturis zmnaTa konstruqciac

datiuria, moqmedebis aRmqmel-ganmcdeli piri manis rigis prefiqsebiTa

da micemiTi brunvis niSniT aris markirebuli yvela seriaSi. msgavsad

statikur zmnaTa umravlesobisa, am zmnebs meore seria ar moepovebaT.

pirvel-meore pirSi i- prefiqsiani struqtura gveqneba: m-iჸ-ors,

giჸors `miyvars, giyvars~...

warsuli drois semantikis gamosaxatavad, iseve rogorc

saliteraturo qarTulsa da mis dialeqtebSi, uwyvetlis mwkrivi

gamoiyeneba: u-ჸor-s ~uyvars~ - u-ჸor-d-u ~uyvarda~, uWirs ùWirs~ –

uWirdu ùWirda~. zmnaSi CarTuli meore aqtanti ki pirvel, mesame da

meoTxe seriaSi saxelobiTSia, meore seria, rogorc aRvniSneT, mesame

diaTezis u-R-Ø qvestruqturis zmnaTa srul umravlesobas ar ewarmoeba.

uRlebis paradigma naklulia:

awmyo: uWirs ùWirs~

gakveTiliS gageba uWirs `gakveTilis gageba uWirs~

TeS ragad uWirs àmis Tqma uWirs~

wyvetili: ar ewarmoeba.

I rezultativi: gaWireb(u) `gaWirvebia~

gakveTiliS gageba gaWireb(u) `gakveTilis gageba gaWirvebia

TeS ragad gaWireb(u) àmis Tqma gaWirvebia~

awmyo: uჸors ùyvars~

didas squa mangaro uჸors `dedas Svili Zalian uyvars~

baRanas burTiS laჸaf uჸors `bavSvs burTis TamaSi uyvars~

wyvetili: ar ewarmoeba.

III rezultativi: noჸorofue(n) `Sehyvarebia~

boSis ZRab noჸorofue(n) `biWs gogo Sehyvarebia~

194

cxadia, i/u- prefiqsi am struqturis zmnebSi sasxviso qcevis

Sinaarss ar gamoxatavs, rogorc wesi, gramatikulad, igi pirTa

sakorelacio daniSnulebisaa.

am zmnaTa rigisaa upirW-an-s formac, romlis –an sufiqsi

sinqroniul WrilSi fuZes Seuxorcda, Tumca, savaraudod, igi

warmoSobiT Tematuri sufiqsi unda iyos. dRes igi Temis niSnad ar

gaigeba da, Sesabamisad, u-pirWan-s forma mesame diaTezis statikur, u-R-Ø

qvestruqturaSi gaerTiandeba. metyvelebaSi xSirad vxvdebiT am zmnis

araorganul, aRweriT warmoebas: gopirWinafili afu(n) `uWyetia~. meore

seriis formebi ar ewarmoeba, uRlebis paradigma naklulia, gvaqvs

mxolod pirveli da meoTxe seriis formebi:

awmyo: upirWans `daWyetili aqvs (farTod gaxelili aqvs)~

Tol upirWans `Tvali daWyetili aqvs (farTod gaxelili aqvs)~

wyvetili: (naklul.)

III rezultativi: nopirWafue(n) `daaWyetili eqneboda Turme~

SeniSvna: galis raionidan ltolvilTa metyvelebaSi am zmnas

sruliad CamoSorebuli aqvs yalibiseuli sufiqsi: goupirWinuaf,

qoჸorofeb da sxv., zogan naSTis saxiT à xmovali gvaqvs SemorCenili.

5.2.5. i/u-R-en-Ø qvestruqtura #67

mesame diaTezis i/u-R-en-Ø qvestruqturis zmnaTa konstruqcia

datiuria, moqmedebis aRmqmel-ganmcdeli piri manis rigis prefiqsebiTa

da micemiTi brunvis niSniT aris markirebuli yvela seriaSi. ukvens

`ukvirs~ (//ukve(n) –zugd.-samurz.); `CarTuli meore piri ki pirvel da

mesame seriaSi saxelobiTSia, meore seriaSi ki – ergativSi (msgavsad

mesame diaTezis sxva megruli zmnebisa, romelTac meore seriis formebi

ewarmoebaT). mag.,

195

awmyo:nabetancჷ ukvens//u-kÍ-e-(n) Te ambe ilonas `Zalian ukvirs es ambavi

ilonas~

I rezultativi: nabetancჷ gakvirebu Te ambe ilobas `Zalian gahkvirvebia

es ambavi ilonas~.

rogorc zemoT, pirveli diaTezis ganxilvisas aRvniSneT, zmnaTa is

jgufi, romelic akaki SaniZesTan saSual-moqmedebiTi gvaris formebad

aris CaTvlili, morfologiuri struqturisa da sintaqsuri (nom-erg-dat-

nom) konstruqciis safuZvelze pirveli diaTezaSi Tavsdeba. ukvens

ùkvirs~ zmnur formas ki datiuri (dat-dat-dat-dat) konstruqcia aqvs (yvela

seriaSi brunvaucvleli subieqtiT); Sesabamisad, misi adgili mesame

diaTezaSia, rac gamoricxavs mis miweras zmnaTa im jgufze, romlebic

e.w. `saSual-moqmedebiTi~ gvaris formebSi erTiandeba.

vicavT morfosintaqsur princips: datiuri subieqti, manis rigis

piris niSnebiT markireba;

amave struqturisaa ucens `1. eseva; 2.ucvivdeba~ zmnuri formac.

oRond, statikuri ukvens ùkvirs~ zmnisgan gansxvavebiT, am zmnas ori

mniSvneloba da ori konstruqcia SeiZleba hqondes konteqstis mixedviT:

(1) vinis rigis piris niSnebiT markirebis SemTxvevaSi - nom-nom-nom-nom

(mag., Sanqarc WkiWkitia qucens `Saqars WianWvela Seeseva~) da (2) manis

rigis piris niSnebiT markirebis SemTxvevaSi ki – dat-dat-dat-dat

konstruqcia (mag., Te dudginotabakers Tumaq gvalo dociu àm

Tavgadatvlepils Tmam sul gascvivda~). pirveli – nominatiuri

konstruqciis SemTxvevaSi subieqti mudmivad saxelobiT brunvaSi dgas

(WkiWkitia `WianWvela~), xolo obieqti brunvaucvlelia da mudmivad

dativSia (Sanqarc `Saqars~). meore SemTxvevaSi konstruqcia datiuria,

subieqti mudmivad micemiT brunvaSi dgas (dudginotabakers

`Tavgadatvlepils”), obieqti ki pirvel da mesame seriaSi saxelobiTi

brunvis niSniTaa markirebuli, wyvetilSi ki - moTxrobiTi brunvis –q

sufiqsiT (Tumaq `Tmam~).

aqedan gamomdinare, semantikur doneze konteqstis mixedviT, xolo

sintaqsur doneze sintaqsuri konstruqciis safuZvelze, pirvel –

nominatiuri konstruqciis SemTxvevaSi ùcens~ zmnuri forma meore

196

diaTezaSi moxvdeba, meore SemTxvevaSi ki – datiuri konstuqciis zmnebis

Semcvel mesame diaTezaSi.


awmyo: ucens `scviva~

myofadi: doucens `gascvivdeba~

wyvetili: doucu//uciu `gascvivda~

I rezultativi: qudocumu(n) `gascvenia~

III rezultativi: nocumue(n) `gascvivdeboda Turme~

mag., Sxu jas didi naxafuli duucensia `msxvil xes didi

nafotebi dascvivdebao~ , jaSi xorxuas breli naZgaSuraq dociu `xis

xerxvisas bevri gverdiTi CamonaWeri dascvivda~, Te koCis ifrel ukve(ns)

`am kacs yvelaferi ukvirs~, Cqim naTquelà gakvirveb(u) `Cemi naTqvami

gahkvirvebia~, katus Tuma ucens `katas Tma scviva~, xeSe irfel ucens

`xelidan yvelaferi scviva~, katus Tuma qudocum(u) `katas Tma

dascvenia~, xeSe irfel qudocumu(n) `xelidan yvelaferi dascvenia~.

5.2.6. Prev.-o-R-u-an-Ø qvestruqtura #68

mesame diaTezis Prev-o-R-u-an-Ø qvestruqturis zmnaTa konstruqcia

datiuria; moqmedebis aRmqmel-ganmcdeli piri susti, inaqtiuri subieqtia,

am qvestruqturis zmnebi manis rigis prefiqsebiTaa markirebuli,

inaqtiuri subieqtis ki mudmivad micemiTSia (yvela realizebul

mwkrivSi). mesame diaTezis Prev.-o-R-u-an-Ø qvestruqturis zmnebi

orpirianis konversiuli erTlentiania _ makauzirebeli piri dakargulia,

misi marker rudimentadaa qceuli, cnobierebaSi darCenilia realurad

moqmedi (ekzekutori), romelic refleqsur subieqtadaa gagebuli da

gamoxatulia amosavali I diaTeis orpiriani formis brunvacvalebadi

obieqtis m- markeriT (67,225-255): ilà-m-o-rgil-u-an-s ma `ma-m-civn-eb-s

medat~. ilà-m-o-Cxur-u-an-s ma `mamcivnebs me~, ilàmofuruans `maxurvebs medat~.

197

arsebobs am zmnaTa o-rgil-u-an-s Tina Tis àciebs, agrilebs is

mas~, o-rCxial-u-an-s /a-rCxial-en-s Tina Tis àcxelebs is mas~, o-fur-u-

an-s Tina Tis àxurvebs is mas~ formebic; konstruqciis TvalsazrisiT

labilurobas amJRavneben: Tu dasturdeba makauzirebeli piri, maSini

isini moiazreben samoqmedo brunvacvalebadi obieqts; maTi yvela

morfosintaqsuri parametri imaze miuTiTebs, rom isini pirveli diaTezis

zmnebia; meore SemTxvevaSi ikargeba makauzirebeli piri da manis rigis

piris niSnebiT markirebuli erTpiriani formebi (samoqmedo obieqti

moiqceva subieqtad) datiuri konstruqciisa Sesabamisad, morfosintaqsur

safuZvelze mesame diaTezaSi gadairicxebian. semantikuradac, isini

mkveTrad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan. mag., awmyo: oJarJaluans

àJrJolebs/akankalebs~, ozarzaluans `1.hzaravs, 2. azanzarebs~ _

labiluri konstruqciis mqonea. konteqstis mixedviT gveqneba ori

mniSvneloba, romelic mkveTrad aris gamijnuli diaTezaTa

morfosintaqsuri parametrebis mixedviT:

mniSveloba #1: o/uzarzazaluans Tina Tis àzanzarebs is mas~, mag.:

eferi mioRoruu, Tel qianas douzarzaluu (Tiq) ìseTi miayvira, mTeli

qveyana daazanzara (man)~) da, Sesabamisad, pirveli diaTezis zmnebia,

xanac dat-dat-dat-dat konstruqciisa: mniSvneloba #2: ozarzaluans Tis

SiSiSe `hzaravs mas SiSisagan.~), da, Sesabamisad, mesame diaTezisa.

awmyo: oJarJaluans àcaxcaxebs~

wyvetili: uJarJaluu àacaxcaxa~

I rezultativi: uJarJaluafu(n) ùcaxcaxebia ~

III rezultativi: noJarJaluafue(n) `caxcaxebda Turme~

morfologiur doneze pirvel diaTezaSi, saerTo wesisamebr, vinis

rigis markireba gveqneba, mesame diaTezaSi ki manis rigisa.

sintaqsur doneze pirvel diaTezaSi, saerTo wesisamebr, nom-erg-dat-

nom konstruqcia gvaqvs, mesame diaTezaSi _ datiuri.

semantikur doneze pirveli diaTezis zmnebSi gaazrebuli

moqmedebaa, aqtiuri subieqtiT. mesame diaTezis zmnebSi ki inaqtiuri

subieqti gvaqvs, romelsac misdauneburad, garemo pirobebis gamo

emarTeba zmniT gamoxatuli moqmedeba-mdgomareoba.

198

uRlebis paradigma naklulia, mxolod awmyosa da meoTxe seriis

mwkrivebi SeiZleba hqondes:

mag.:

aqtiursubieqtiani, vinis rigis piris niSnebiT markirebuli

formebSi orive piri moqmedi da samoqmedo (obieqti) saxezea:

kvercxi vagaargiuluaT (vagaargiuluaT Tqva Tina)! `kvercxi ar

gaagriloT/gaacivoT (ar gaagriloT Tqven is)~, Ticali maxinji

ჸofena, qiჸanas norgilafuena(n): i. yifS., gv. 12 „iseTi qurdebi

yofilan, qveyanas anadgurebdnen (acivebdnen)“. Sdr.:

erTpiriani, inaqtiursubieqtiani, manis rigis piris niSnebiT

markirebuli forma: seriT sinCxes marzensi do dRaSiT

gumorgiluans: qxs, 1, gv. 142 `RamiT sicxes maZlevs da dRisiT

macivebs~ (magaliTebs vimowmebT o. qajaias leqsikonidan).

orJialuans `aJrialebs~: qobZirini, gomarJialu tans `rom

vnaxe, gamaJriala tanSi~


awmyo: mofuruans madat `maxurvebs medat~

myofadi: ilàmofuruans madat `Semaxurvebs medat~

wyvetili: (q)elàmofuru madat `Semaxura medat~

mag., gale Cxurue, ucbaSe muSeni qelàmofuru ma , va miCqu, `gareT civa,

uecrad ratom Semaxura, ar vici~.

zepirmetyvelebaSi wyvetilis mwkrivis forma mainc da mainc

produqtiuli ar aris, rogor wesi, warsuli (moqmedeba-)mdgomareobis

gamosaxatavad am zmnebSi uwyvetlis mwkrivis forma gamoiyeneba (msgavsad

miჸors tipis zmnebisa): ilàmorgiluand(u) `mcioda~, ilàmofuruandà

`mcxeloda~.

199

5.2.7. o-R-af-u-an-Ø qvestruqtura #69

mesame diaTezis o-R-af-u-an-Ø qvestruqturis zmnaTa sintaqsuri

konstruqcia datiuria; semantikurad, moqmedebis aRmqmel-ganmcdeli piri

inaqtiuri subieqtia, misda uneburad mosdis/emarTeba zmniT gamoxatuli

moqmedeba. am qvestruqturis zmnebis inaqtiuri subieqtis brunva ki

mudmivad micemiTia da yvela mwkrivSi manis rigis prefiqsebiTaa

markirebuli. mag., awmyo: CxuruSe o-kankal-af-u-an-s `sicivisgan

akankalebs~, va miCqu muSeni o-qion-af-u-an-s Tisdat àr vici, ratom

mamTqnarebs (medat)~, CqჷCqჷsdat onjuaSe o-Cion-af-u-ans `Cvilsdat saRamodan

aceminebs~; amave paradigmisaa: ojgarjgalafuans àZagZagebs~,

ofirqebafuans àfiqrebs~, oxvalafuans àxvelebs~, oqionafuans (senak.,)//

oqironafuans (zugd.samurz.) àmTqnarebs”, seriT oqironafuans `RamiT

amTqnarebs~, uqironafuafà ùmTqnarebia~, noqironue àmTqnarebda Turme~,

mTel sers uqironafuafà `mTeli Rame umTqnarebia, noqironue(n)

àmTqnarebda Turme~, oCionafuans àceminebs~, mTel dRas oCionafuans

`mTeli dRe aceminebs~, uCionafauafà ùceminebia~, noCionue(n) àceminebda

Turme~, mTel dRas uCionafuafà `mTeli dRe aceminebs~.

ojgarjgalafuans àZagZagebs~: Cxurà afà do ojgarjgalafuans `sciva

da aZagZagebs~,

awmyo: moxvalafuans `maxvelebs~: nikas oxvalafuans `nikas axvelebs~,

wyvetili: qumoxvalafu `damaxvela~: simwareSe qumoxvalafu `simwrisagan

damaxvela~,

I rezultativi: uxvalafuaufà ùxvelebia~: nikaSa mTel sers

uxvalafuafà `nikasTvis mTeli Rame uxvelebia~.

moxvalafuans, moCionafuans tipis zmnebTan dakavSirebiT isic unda

aRiniSnos, rom Teoriulad gamoricxulia pirveli da meore piris

subieqturi wyobis davumTqnarebivar tipis formebi – semantikurad

SeuZlebelia~. (analogiuri movlenis Sesaxeb saliteraturo qarTulSi

(67,240).

uRlebis nimuSi:

awmyo: o-Cion-af-u-an-s àceminebs~

200

myofadi: ga-(a)-Cion-af-u-an-s `daaceminebs~

wyvetili: ga-(a)-Cion-af-u `daacemina~

I rezultativi: gu-Cion-af-u `dauceminebia~

III rezultativi: go-no-Cion-af-u-e(n) `daaceminebda Turme~

5.2.8. mu a-R-en-Ø qvestruqtura #70

mu a-R-en-Ø qvestruqturis zmnebi datiuri konstruqciis zmnebia

(msgavsad mesame diaTezis sxva zmnebisa). dasawyisSive unda aRiniSnos,

rom es ar gaxlavT sakuTriv megruli yalibi, Cveni xelmZRvanelis, prof.

merab Cuxuas SeniSvniT, is saliteraturo enis gavleniT aris Sesuli

megrulSi. SegviZlia Tamamad vTqvaT: qvemoT gaanalizebuli formebi

namdvilad dasturdeba megrul zepirmetyvelebasa da teqstebSi. nawili

ki o. qajaias megrul-qarTuli leqsikonidan gvaqvs amokrebili.

istoriulad, eseni kauzatiuri formebia, magram dReisaTvis dakargulia

nom-erg-dat-nom konstruqciis mqone makauzirebeli piri; moqmedebis

aRmqmel-ganmcdeli aqtantis funqcias zmnur konstruqciaSi darCenili

micemiTbrunviani aqtanti iTavsebs (msgavsad saliteraturo qarTulisa,

(67,241). mag., mu a-Ser-ens `ra agiJebs~, mu a-zeim-en-s `ra azeimebs~, mu a-

ჸal-en-s `ra acofebs~.

mesame diaTezis mu a-R-en-Ø qvestruqturis zmnebs erTvis ra

nacvalsaxeli, romelic mniSvnelobisgan daclil (cariel) nawilakad

aris qceuli. es mu `ra~ nawilaki am zmnur formaTa kiTxviT-negatiur

(`ratom...~) guneba-ganwyobis semantikaze miuTiTebs, msgavsad maTi

saliteraturo qarTuli enis Sesatyvisebisa.

uRlebis paradigma regularulia, Tumca zogierTi zmna,

semantikidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba mwkrivnakli iyos.

awmyo: mu gaSerens?! `ra gagiJebs?!” mag., `si mu goko, mu

gaSerensia?!~, `Sen ra ginda, ra gagiJebso?!~

201

wyvetili: muq gagaSeru `ram gagagiJa~ mag., `va miCqu, muSen

midafrTi qalqiSa, muq gamaSeru?!~ ar vici, ratom wavedi qalaqSi, ram

gamagiJa?!”

I rezultativi: mus guSerebuq `ras gaugiJebixar~ mag., muSe gaRol

aTe gvarq, mus gauSerebuq `ratom dagemarTa amgvari, ras

gaugiJebixar/gadaurevixar?!~

III rezultativi: gonoSerebueq `ganagiJebxar~

sxva magaliTebi: mu azeimens `ra azeimebs~: codas mu azeimens `sawyals

ra azeimebs?!~, mu aჸalens `ra acofebs?!~: mu aჸalens Te koCis `ra

acofebs am kacs~, mus gauჸaleb(u) Te koC(i) `ras gaucofebia es kaci~, mu

a-xang-en-s `ra agiJebs/SeSlis~: mu axangens Te ZRabis `ra agiJebs/SeSlis

am gogos, mus g(a)uxangeb(u) Te ZRab `ras gaugiJebia/SeuSlia es gogo~.

mu a-R-en-Ø qvestruqturis zmnaTa msgavsi, analogiuri

morfosintaqsuri procesebis Sedegad aris warmoqmnili Semdegi mu `ra~

nawilakiani xuTi qvestruqtura. mu a-R-en-Ø qvestruqturis zmnebTan

SedarebiT mxolod mcire, fuZis struqturuli sxvaoba gvaqvs, amitom,

calke qveTavebad aRar gamovyofT da aqve davasaxelebT qvestruqturul

jgufs Sesabamisi magaliTebiTurT:

5.2.9. mu prev.-R-un-Ø qvestruqtura #71

mu ginmo-las-un-s `ra revs~: i osurs mu ginmolasuns `im qals ra

gadarevs?!~, ginolasu gadaria~: muq ginolasu Ti boSi?! `ram gadaria is

biWi?!~ gegànuulasu (gegànulasu) `gadaurevia~: ezma tyuraT gegànuulasu

`amdeni tyuiliT gadaurevia~.

202

5.2.10. mu o-R-u-an-Ø qvestruqtura @# 72

mu va-(o)-svanj-u-an-s `ra ar asvenebs~: mu osvanjuans `ra asvenebs~:

mu vasvanjuans Te osurs `ra ar asvenebs am qals~, mus vamousvanjuaf(u)

`ras ar mousvenebia~: mus vamousvanjuaf(u) Te osur `ras ar mousvenebia

es qali~; mu varuluans `ra ar aZinebs~: mu varuluans Te baRanas `ra ar

aZinebs am bavSvs~, sinCxes vadourulaf baRana `sicxes ar dauZinebia

bavSvi~, mu o-bir-u-an-s `ra amRerebs~, mu o-Squr-in-u-an-s `ra aSinebs~, mu

osxap-in-u-an-s `ra acekvebs~, mu oZic-in-u-an-s `ra acinebs~, mu o-rZin-u-an-

s `ra aZlebinebs~, mu obiruans `ra amRerebs~, iro mu obiruans

`yovelTvis ra amRerebs~, mus ubirafuafà `ras aumRerebia~, mu mizezis

ubirafuafà `ra mizezs aumRerebia~, mu oSqurinuans `ra aSinebs~, TeS

mamwaraT mu oSqurinuans àse mwared ra aSinebs~, TeS mamwaraT mus

uSqurinuafà àse mwared ras SeuSinebia~, mu osxapinuans `ra acekvebs~,

Tezmas mu osxapinuans àmdens ra acekvebs~, mus usxapin(af)uafà Te ZRabà

`ras aucekvebia es gogo~, mu oZicinuans „ra acinebs“, Te baRanas iro mu

oZicinuans „am bavSvs sul ra acinebs“, Te baRana mus gouZicinuafà „es

bavSvi ras gaucinebia“, mu orzinuans (orZinuans) „ra aZlebinebs“, mu

orzinuans (orZinuans) Ti ojaxis „ra aZlebinebs im ojaxSi“,

5.2.11. mu o-R-af-u-an-Ø qvestruqtura #73

mu o-ragad-af-u-an-s `ra alaparakebs~: Tezàmas mu oragadafuans

àmdens ra alaparakebs~, mu o-Cxup-eb-af-u-an-s `ra aCxubebs~, Te koCis

iro mu oCxupebafuans àm kacs sul ra aCxubebs~, mu o-yayal-af-u-an-s

`ra ayayanebs~, osurens Tezàmas mu oyayalafuans `qalebs amdens ra

ayayanebs~, muzàma uyayaluafà `ramdeni uyayania~, mu oRvarafuans `ra

ayvirebs~: xviCas iro mu oRvarafuans `xviCas yovelTvis ra ayvirebs~,

ciras muzàma uRvaru(n) `ramdeni uyviria ciras~...

203

5.2.12. mu o-R-eb-af-u-an-Ø qvestruqtura #74

mu oqeifebafuans Tezma xans `ra aqeifebs amden xans~,

qouqeifebafuaf(u) arZaSa gemuano `uqeifebia yvelasTvis gemrielad

(kargad)~, mu o-qaqaneb-af-u-an-s `ra aqaqanebs~: mu oqaqanafuans Te osurs -

ra aqaqanebs am qals, note mu orzebafuans//orzinuans urcxo qianaSa

`netavi ra aZlebinebs ucxo qveyanaSi?~...

mesame diaTezis R-Ø struqturis ra nawilakiani formebi xSirad

netav nawilakTan erTadac gvxvdeba; note mu moZicinuans `netav ra

macinebs~.

204

5.3. mesame diaTezis R-u(n) struqtura

mesame diaTezis R-u(n) struqturis zmnebic morfosintaqsur

niadagze erTiandebian am diaTezaSi: uRlebisas maTi konstruqcia

datiuria. miuxedavad imisa, erTpiriania zmna Tu orpiriani, zmniT

gamoxatuli mdgomareobis aRmqmel-ganmcdeli piri inaqtiuri mudmivad

micemiTi brunvis niSniTaa markirebuli. relatiuri formis SemTxvevaSi

mag., Codu(n) Tis `scalia masdat~, S-u(n) Tisdat Tinanom: `diirCinu

ciraq, muWom SqverTeria ZRabi fSu(n) `daberda ciram, rogori aSoltili

gogo maxsovs~.

rogorc aRvniSneT, mesame diaTezaSi gaerTianebul zmnaTa

konstruqcia datiuria. es ki imas niSnavs, rom zmniT gamoxatuli

moqmedeba-mdgomareobis aRmqmel-ganmcdeli susti nebelobis subieqturi

piri mudmivad micemiTbrunviania, yvela mwkrivSi (rac ki gaaCnia). meore

aqtanti ki, romelic, saerTo wesisamebr, mudmivad saxelobiT brunvaSia

saliteraturo qarTulsa da mis yvela dialeqtSi, megruli zmnebis

wyvetilis mwkrivSi moTxrobiTbrunviani konstruqciiT warmogvidgeba: ir

koCq arTo gimajogu Cqimian do SxvaSi Turqu `yvela kacma erTad

SemZulda Cemiani da sxvisi mogvare~ (magaliTs vimowmebT o. qajaias

leqsikonidan). saliteraturo qarTulsa da mis dialeqtebSi ki igive

winadadeba ase gaimarTeboda: `yvela kaci SemZulda...~.

erTpirian zmnebSi saxelobiTSi dasmuli piri gauCinarebulia.

saxezea mxolod moqmedebis aRmqmel-ganmcdeli inaqtiuri

micemiTbrunviani aqtanti, meore aqtanti ki mxolod maSin gamoCndeba,

rodesac konkretul konteqstSi konkretuli forma datiur

konstruqcias Seicvlis nom-erg-dat-nom an nom-erg-nom-nom

konstruqciebiT, xolo manis rigis piris niSnebs - vinis rigis piris

niSnebiT; mag.,

datiuri konstruqcia (III diaTeza) nom-erg-dat-nom (I diaTeza):

mozarzaluans `mzaravs medat~ __> vozarzaluanq `vazanzarebs menom masdat~.

mag.:

205

III diaTeza: uzarzaluans Tisdat SiSiSe `hzaravs mas SiSisagan~

(mwkrivnaklia, msgavsad mesame diaTezis zmnaTa umravlesobisa).

Sdr.:

I diaTeza:

ndirinom `murs, mara uzarzaluans dixas (m.xub., gv.31) devi `midis, magram

azanzarebs/zanzars awyebinebs miwas (vimowmebT o. qajaias leqsikonidan).

mivyveT Tanmimdevrulad da ganvixiloT R-u(n) struqturis

qvevariantebi, romelic, morfosintaqsur doneze datiuri konstruqciiTa

da manis rigis piris niSnebiTaa markirebuli. semantikur doneze ki

zmnasTan Sewyobili micemiTbrunviani saxeli, rogorc wesi, susti,

inaqtiuri subieqtia. umravles SemTxvevaSi igi sulieria. am tipis

zmnebi, ZiriTadad, mwkrivnaklia.

qvestruqturebs Soris mxolod fuZis agebulebis mxriv aris

sxvaoba, magram yvela maTgans aerTianebs gvareobiTi ZiriTadi

struqtura - R-u(n) da datiuri konstruqcia. amitom, qvestruqturaTa

ganxilvisas aRar visaubrebT morfosintaqsur gvareobiT markirebaze da

uSualod, TiToeul struqturul qvesaxeTa nimuSebs movixmobT:

5.3.1. R-u(n) qvestruqtura #74

Cod(u)(n) `scalia~: ilonas vaCodu(n) TeSa ìlonas ar scalia

amisTvis~, mumas vaCodu(n) Cqimda àr scalia CemTvis~; muT ren

(qu)mouComiluaf) `rogorc iqna mouclia~. aCi(n)Colu(n) èmsxvreva~:

Wirqef aCinColu(n) `Wiqebi emsxvreva~, doCi(n)Colu(n) `damsxvrevia~,

Wirqef doCi(n)Colu `Wiqebi damsxvrevia~, anjamu(n) èxileba (Tvali)~:

WiWe-WiWeT Tolà anjamu(n) `nel-nela Tvali exileba~, gonjamu(n)

`gauxelia~: lexis Tolà gonjamà àvadmyofs Tvali gaxelia~...

206

5.3.2. prev.-R-u(n) #75

ge-Z-u(n) `hmarTebs, valad adevs~: Ti koCis Cqim vali geZu(n) ìm kacs

Cemi vali marTebs~, Tis SxvaS xolo geZu(n) `mas sxvisic marTebs~, SxvaS

xolo ginoZve(n) `sxvisic emarTa Turme~...

5.3.3. o-R-u(n) qvestruqtura # 76

statikuri o-R-u(n) qvestruqturis zmnebi, romlebic manis rigis

piris niSnebiT arian markirebulni da Tan datiuri konstruqcia aqvT,

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvelaze produqtiulia sxva qvestruqturebTan

SedarebiT.

statikur zmnaTa saerTo wesis mixedviT, umravlesoba zmnebisa

mwkrivnaklia: meore seriis formebs ver awarmoebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom

am qvestruqturis gamaerTianebeli parametrebia morfologiuri forma da

sintaqsuri konstruqcia, aucileblad miviCnevT kidev ori qvejgufis

gamoyofas statikuri da dinamikuri zmnebisTvis. maT Soris arsebuli

sxvaoba Tavs iCens am zmnaTa uRlebisas:

statikur zmnebs mxolod pirveli da meoTxe seriis

mwkrivebi ewarmoeba, Tumca, zog formas mainc aqvs gamarTuli paradigma:

awmyo: wyvetili: I rezultativi:

ma moonjRoru(n) `mcxvenia~ demeonjRoru daonjRorebu(n)

Tis oridu(n) `mas erideba~ me(e)ridu moridebu(n)

ma moSquru(n) `me meSinia~ maSqurinu fSqurinebu(n)

mag., obadu(n) àbadia~: muT obadu(n), muS naSrom re `rac abadia,

misi naSromia~, muT nobadue(n), muS naxandi ჸofe `rac ebada Turme,

misi naSromia; obaru(n) àbaria~: muT obarun, jgiro Txilans `rac

abaria, kargad icavs~, muT nobaruen, jgiro noTxilue(n) `rac ebara

Turme, kargad icavda~, ondu(n) èndoba~, Cqim sityvas ondu(n) `Cems

sityvas endoba~, Cqim sityvaSa undebu `Cems sityvas endo Turme~,

207

onebu(n) `nebavs“, unCaSis TaS onebu(n) ùfross ase nebavs“, unCaSis

TaS nonebue(n) ùfross ase eneba Turme“, owvadilu(n) `swads

/swadia“: iro jgiriS keTeba owvadilu(n) `yovelTvis kargis keTeba

swadia“, owyinu(n) `swyins“: ifrel owyinu(n) „yvelaferi swyins“, Cqim

naragad wyinebu(n) `Cemi naTqvami swyenia“, oSquru(n) èSinia“: seriT

xvale oSquru(n) `Rame marto eSinia“, ma joRoràSa moSquru(n) `me

ZaRlis meSinia“, seriT xvale Squrnebà `Rame marto SeSinebia“,

lukas joRorSa Squrnebà `lukas ZaRlis SeSinebia~, ჸudeS ula

oxiolu(n) `saxlSi wasvla uxaria~, squaS warmateba oxiolà

`Svilis warmateba uxaria~... osizmaru(n) èsizmreba~: nikas burTef

osizmaru(n) `nikas burTebi esizmreba~, ciras Tojinefq

qigiasizmaru `ciras Tojinebma daesizmra~, baRanas olaჸafe

gesizmaraf(u) `bavSvs saTamaSo dasizmrebia~, oridu(n) èrideba~:

unCaSefiS ridebu(n) ùfrosebis mohridebia~, mumaS moridebu(n)

`mamis moridebia~, sumariSi eridebà `stumris moerida~, ozaru(n)

èzareba~: ragad ozaru(n) `laparaki ezareba~, kiTxir ozaru(n)

`kiTxva ezareba~, deezarebu(n) faraSi mejRonaq `daezara fulis

migzavna~, kiTxir dazarebu(n) `kiTxva dazarebia~, Cqumalaq

vadgezaras baRanaqiS `***baRanamis gagzavnam ar dagezaros~ da sxv.

kidev erTi tendencia gamoikveTa qvemoT moyvanili magaliTebis

gaanalizebisas: sporadulad ikargeba da iSviaTad viwrovdeba (u(n) à)

pirveli TurmeobiTis –u(n) sufiqsi: mag., Squrneb- `SeSinebia~, xiolebà

`gaxarebia~, dosqvamaf- `dahSvenebia~, Sexarbeb- `Sehxarbebia~ da sxv.

marTalia, leqsikurad aRniSnuli magaliTebi saliteraturo

qarTulanaa saziaro, magram megrul yalibSi Casmisa da Semdgom

morfologiuri sufiqsis mokvecis SemTxvevebi imdenad xSiria, rom ar

SeiZleba ar aRvniSnoT am tendenciis Sesaxeb.

statikuri zmnebis formebi warsuli drois formebis gamosaxatavad

aqtiurad iyeneb uwyvetlis mwkrivis formebs: osqu(n) -osqudu `hSvenis –

hSvenoda~ da sxv.

208

sxva magaliTebi: onatru(n) ènatreba“: mxolod awmyos wris

mwkrivebSi didas squa onatru(n) `dedas Svili enatreba~, ninos cira

monatreb(à) (es forma enartebu–s rigSi uweria o. qajaias) `ninos cira

mohnatrebia~, osqu(n) `hSvenis~, Te fer osqu(n) ès feri hSvenis (uxdeba)~,

osqu(n) ferq veSexvadà `rogoric hSvenis iseTi (imferi) ar Sexvda“,

dosqvamaf(u) `dahmSvenebia~: Te fer dousqvamuaf(u) ès feri daumSvenebia

(moxdomia)~, osaWiru(n) `sWiria~: Cqim moxvara osaWiru(n) `Cemi daxmareba

sWiria~, osaWirun(i) fer saqme re `rom sWiria (sWirdeba) isei saqmea~,

fara osaWiru `fuli sWiria~, dosaWirebu `dasWirvebia~, Cqim moxvara

dosaWirebà `Cemi daxmareba dasWirebia~, fara dousaWireb `fuli

dauWirvebia (misTvis)~, oxarbu(n) (igivea: onjaru(n))`Surs, exarbeba~, SxvaS

ifrel oxarbu(n) (/onjaru(n)) `sxvisi yvelaferi exarbeba (/Surs),

xarbebu(n) / njarebu(n) `Sehxarbebia~: SxvaS Sexarbeb(à)(/ njarebu(n))

`sxvisi Sehxarbebia~, oadvilu(n) èadvileba~: davalebaS keTeba

oadvilu(n) `davalebis keTeba uadvildeba~, Te saqme oadvil(à) ès saqme

eadvileba~, gauadvileb(u) `gauadvilebia~: davalebaS keTeba gauadvilebà

`davalebis keTeba gauadvilebia~, Te saqme gauadvilebà ès saqme

gauadvilebia~, oamayu(n) èamayeba~, jgir squa oamayu(n) `kargi Svili

eamayeba~, uamayebu(n) ùamayia~: jgir squaT uamayeb(à) `kargi Svili

uamayia~, obrelu(n) èbevreba~: fara obrelu(n) `fuli ebevreba~, paticema

obrelu(n) `pativiscema ebevreba~, ogemuanu(n) ègemrieleba~, Cqim ჸudes

ogemuan `Cems saxlSi egemrieleba~, didaS xe ogemuanà `dedis xeli

egemrieleba~, Cqim ჸudes gemuanebu(n) `Cems saxlSi egemriela Turme~,

didaS xe gemuanebu(n) `dedis xeli egemriela Turme~, oginZaru(n)

ègrZeleba~, dRa oginZaru(n) `dRe egrZeleba~, dRa gagrZelebà `dRe

gagrZelebia~, odiardu(n) èdideba~, madvalar odiardu(n) `fexsacmeli

edideba~, davaleba odiardu(n) `davaleba edideba~,oeWu(n) èeWveba~,

TeSner saqmeS oeWu(n) àseTi saqmis eeWveba~, TiS naragad(à) oeWu(n) `misi

naTqvami eeWveba~, (da)eWvebu(n) `daeWvebia~: TeSner saqmeS (da)eWvebu

àseTi saqmis daeWvebia~, TiS naragadà (da)eWvebu(n) `misi naTqvami

daeWvebia~, oWifaru(n) èviwroveba~, giSaular Sara oWifaru(n)

`gasasvleli gza eviwroveba~, ninos kaba oWifaru(n) `ninos kaba

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eviwroveba~, Wifarebu(n) èviwrova~, giSaular Sara Wifarebu(n)

`gasasvleli gza eviwrova~, ninos kaba Wifarebu(n) `ninos kaba eviwrova~,

ozaralu(n) èzaraleba~, TeSàmadida (Te xela) sufraS gofaCua

ozaralu(n) àmxela sufris gaSla ezaraleba~, TezàmaS Cuqeba

ozaralu(n) àmdenis Cuqeba ezaraleba~, uzaralebu(n) ùzaralia~:

TeSmadida (Te xela) sufraS gofaCuaT uzaralebà àmxela sufris

gaSliT uzaralia~, TezmaS CuqebaT uzaralebà àmdenis CuqebiT

uzaralia~, oTakilu(n) èTakileba~, Te sityva oTakilu(n) ès sityva

eTakileba~, mudgaren iSen oTakilu(n) `raRac mainc eTakileba~,

uTakileb(u) ùTakilebia~, Te sityva uTakileb(u) ès sityva uTakilebia~,

mudgaren iSen uTakileb(à) `raRac mainc uTakilebia~, oimendu(n)

èimedeba~, muS muma oimendu(n) `misi mama eimedeba~, muS squa oimendu(n)

`misi Svili eimedeba~, douimendebà `dauimedebia~: muS muma douimendebà

`misi mama dauimedebia~, muS squa douimendeb(à) `misi Svili dauimedebia~,

owyiTu(n) èmlaSeba~, oWkumal owyiTu(n) `saWmeli emlaSeba~,

dawyiTareb(à) `damlaSebia~, oWkumal dawyiTarebà `saWmeli damlaSebia~,

okuntaru(n) èmokleba~, Sara okuntaru(n) `gza emokleba~, kaba

okuntaru(n) `kaba emokleba~, kuntarebu(n) èmokla~, Sara kuntarebu(n)

`gza *hmoklebia.mokle eCvena~, kaba kuntarebu(n) `kaba mokle moCvenebia~,

oSxuaru(n) èmsxvileba~, muS dud oSxuarà `Tavisi (sakuTari) Tavi

emsxvileba~, Sxuareb(à) `msxvilad moCvenebia~, muS dud Sxuareb(à) `Tavisi

(sakuTari) Tavi msxvilad moCvenebia~, oqequ(n) èmCateba~: tan oqequ(n)

`tani emCateba, oRal oqequ(n) `tvirTi emCateba~, (da)qeqebu `damCatebia~,

tan (da-)qeqebu(n) `tani (da)mCatebia~, oRal daqeqebu(n) `tvirTi

damCatebia~, omonju(n) èmZimeba~, omwaru(n) èmwareba~, oWkumal omwaru(n)

`saWmeli emwareba~, (ga)mwarebu(n) `(ga)mwarebia~, oWkumal mwarebu(n)

`saWmeli mwarebia~, owyiTu(n) èmwuTxeba~, oWkumal owyiTu(n) `saWmeli

emwuTxeba~, (da)wyiTarebu(n) `(da)mwuTxebia~: oWkumal (da)wyiTarebu(n)

`saWmeli (da)mwuTxebia~, onarRu(n) ènaRvleba~, iro squa onarRu(n) `mudam

Svili enaRvleba~, si mu gonarRu(n) `Sen ra genaRvleba~, mangaro

unarRebà `Zlier unaRvlia~, oWiWaru(n) èpataraveba~, fara oWiWar(à)

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`fuli epataraveba/ecotaveba~, saCuqar oWiWarà `saCuqari epataraveba~,

fara WiWorebà `fuli epatarava Turme~, olibaru(n) èrbileba~

baliS olibaru(n) `baliSi erbileba~, divan olibarà `divani erbileba~,

dolibarebu(n) `darbilebia~, baliS dolibarebu(n) `baliSi darbilebia~,

divan dolibarebu(n) `divani darbilebia~, oonjRoru(n)/orcxvinu(n)

èrcxvineba~ noojRorebue(n) `Sercxveboda Turme~: TiS qceva

oonjRoru(n)/orcxvinu(n) `misi qceva ercxvineba~, urCqenjobaq

geonjRoras, kirTxiq varia ùcodinrobam Segrcxves, kiTxvam arao~; TiS

qcevaS onjRorebà? `misi qcevis Sercxvenia?~, osastiku(n) èsastikeba~,

Tecal ganaCen osastiku(n) àseTi ganaCeni esastikeba~, Tecal ragad

osastiku(n) àseTi saubari esastikeba~, osaxelu(n) èsaxeleba~: mSobels

squa osaxelu(n) `mSobels Svili esaxeleba~, cira ojaxis osaxelu(n)

`cira ojaxs esaxeleba~, osiamovnu(n) èsiamovneba~: maswavlebels ninoS

rCqila osiamovnu(n) `maswavlebel ninos mosmena siamovnebs~, skuamas

mikoquna osiamovnu(n) `lamazad Cacma siamovnebs~, ogemuanu(n)

ègemrieleba, etkbileba~, Cai ogemuanu(n) `Cai egemrieleba, etkbileba~,

didaS xuma ogemuanu(n) `dedis xma egemrieleba, etkbileba~, didaS xuma

gemuanuebà `dedis xma egemrieleba, etkbileba Turme~, oukadrisu(n)

èukadriseba~: sityvaS ragad oukadrisu(n) `sityvis Tqma eukadriseba~,

zedmet qceva oukadrisu(n) `zedmeti qceva eukadriseba~, zedmet qcevas

ukadrisebu(n) `zedmeti qceva eukadriseba Turme~, ouSnou(n) èuSnoveba~:

muS dud ouSnou(n) `Tavisi Tavi euSnoveba~, barg ouSnou(n) `tansacmeli

euSnoveba~, oucxou(n) èucxoveba~, sqan naragad oucxou(n) `Seni naTqvami

eucxoveba~, ouxerxulu(n) èuxerxuleba~, koCiS wuxeba ouxerxulu(n)

`kacis (adamianis) Sewuxeba euxerxuleba~, ofiqru(n) èfiqreba~ olegs

Tena iro ofiqru(n) òlegs es sul efiqreba~, oSoru(n) èSoreba~, samuSa

oSoru(n) `samsaxuri eSoreba~, skola oSoru(n) `skola eSoreba~, Sorebà

`hSorebia~, samuSa Sorebu(n) `samsaxuri Sorebia~, oZviru(n) èZvireba~:

Sanqar oZviru(n) `Saqari eZvireba~, barg oZviru(n) `tansacmeli eZvireba~,

oZnelu(n) èZneleba~: olegs muTuni vaoZnelu(n) òlegs araferi

eZneleba~, ula oZnelu(n) `wasvla eZneleba~, gurafa oZnelu(n) `swavla

eZneleba~, orCxialu(n) ècxeleba~: wyar orCxialà `wyali ecxeleba~,

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oWkumal orCxialà `saWmeli ecxeleba~, oxalisu(n) èxaliseba~, ambeS

ragad oxalisu(n) àmbis moyola exaliseba, ula oxalisu(n) `wasvla

exaliseba, obedu(n) èbedeba~, fara obedu(n) `fuli ebedeba~, sixarul

obedu(n) `sixaruli ebdeba~, ocodu(n) èbraleba~, ombol baRanef

ocodu(n) òboli bavSvebi ebraleba~, baRanef codebu(n) `bavSvebi

Sescodebia / Sebralebia~, ozizRu(n) èzizReba~: ai, aTeSeni jogჷna do

ozizRჷna(n) Cqini kaTas, ami amitom sZulT da ezizRebaT Cvens xalxs

(vimowmebT qajaiadan), oSumal ozizRu(n) `dasalevi ezizReba~, mgzavroba

ozizR(n) `mgzavroba ezizReba~,

olandu(n) èlandeba~: iro midgaren olandu(n) `yovelTvis viRaca

elandeba~, midgaren molandebà `viRac molandebia~, Cqimian do SxvaS(i)

Turqu, midgarenq qawmaland(à) (qxs, 1. gv.55, vimowmebT qajaiadan) `Cemiani

da sxvisiani, viRac momelanda, onarRu(n) ènaneba~: qomons yvali

onarRudua do osurs dergi (xalx. sibrZ., 1, gv. 144, vimowmebT o.

qajaiadan) `qmars yveli enanebodao da cols dergi~, onanu(n) ènaneba~:

droS dinafa onanu ` drois dakargva enaneba, osizmaru(n) èsizmreba~:

nikas burTef osizmaru(n) `nikas burTebi esizmreba~, ciras Tojinefq

qigiasizmaru `ciras Tojinebma daesizmra~, baRanas olaჸafe

gesizmaraf(u) `bavSvs saTamaSo dasizmrebia~, ocodu(n) ècodeba~: moTas

bebi ocodu(n) `SviliSvils bebia ecodeba~, lukas nika codeb(à) `lukas

nika Sescodebia~, oxaTru(n) èxaTreba~: ninos maswavlebeliS oxaTru(n)

`ninos maswavleblis exaTreba~, ciras mSoblefiS moxaTreb(უ) `ciras

mSoblebis moxaTrebia~, oxarbu(n) èxarbeba~: SxvaS jgirobua oxarbu(n)

`sxvisi kargad yofna exarbeba~, ogvianu(n) àgviandeba~, samuSaSa ogvianu

`samsaxurSi agviandeba~...

amave agebulebis zmnaTa struqturuli nairsaxeobaa prev.-a-R-u(n)

qvestruqtura: a o zmniswiniseuli xmovnisa da o- xmovanprefiqsis

morfemul sazRvarze: gartyu(n) àrtyia~ (Semortymuli aqvs): wels

ortyafà gartyu `welze qamari artyia~, welàSa ortyafà qigurtyafu

`welze qamari Semourtyia~, gaaCqu(n) (/gaarCqu) `gaaCnia~, irfel gaarCqu(n)

saqmeSa `yvelaferi saqmes gaaCnia~, maZu(n) àcvia (fexze)~, skvam tuflef

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maZu(n) `lamazi fexsacmelebi acvia~, III rezultativis formebi iqneba:

munoZve(n) ècva Turme~, munortyve(n) èrtya Turme~...

5.3.4. R-o(n) qvestruqtura #77

statikur R-o(n) qvestruqturaSi sul ori magaliTis

dasaxelebaa SesaZlebeli.

oko(n) `surs~: muT okon Tis orTu `rac surs magas akeTebs~,

sodga okon Tevre meurs `saiTac surs iqiT midis~, muT nokobuen

Tina ukeTebu `rac mosurvebia is ukeTebia~, joxo(n) `hqvia~: Tes

luka joxo àmas luka hqvia~, Tis nika nojoxobue `mas nuka

narqmeva/hrqmevia~. mag., `gasagebi ninaT moko ma qofTque jimalefi~

`gasagebi eniT minda me (qe)vTqva, Zmebo~ (53,141)

5.3.5. i/u-R-u(n) qvestruqtura #78

mesame diaTezis i/u-R-u(n) qvestruqturis zmnebi produqtiulobiT

ar gamoirCeva, magram, miuxedavad amisa, isini megruli zmnis erT-erT,

Zalze mniSvnelovan segments warmoadgenen: gamoxataven micemiTSi

dasmuli saxelis guneba-ganwyobilebas. datiur subieqts pirveli da

meore piris formebSi i- prefiqsi moudiT, mesame pirSi ki –u prefiqsi

gveqneba.

m-i-sxun-u(n) `mirCevnia~

g-i-sxun-u(n) `girCevnia~

u-sxun-u(n) ùrCevnia~

i-/u- xmovanprefiqsebi pirTa sakorelacio daniSnulebisaa.

msgavsad sxva statikuri zmnebisa, am zmnaTa umravlesobas mxolod

pirveli da meoTxe seriis formebi ewarmoeba.

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mag., usxunu(n) ùrCevnia~: ninos TaS usxunu(n) `ninos ase urCevnia~,

usu(n) ùsvia~: saxes krem usu(n) `saxeze sacxi usvia~, ufinu(n)

ùfenia~: polSa nox ufinu(n) ìatakze xaliCa ufenia~, (ufinu(n)

ùfenia~ zmnis organuli warmoebis paralelurad gvxvdeba misi

aRweriTi variantic: dorCafili afu(n) àqvs~); u-Z-u(n) ùdevs~:

kabinetis wignef uZu(n) `kabinetSi wignebi udevs~, ubaRu(n) `hyofnis~:

ubaRu(n) muT imuSunà `hyofnis rac imuSava~, ubaRu(n) muT iჸidunà

èyofa rac iyida~, ujgu(n) `sjobs~: uTqualc naTqueli ujgunia (xalx.

sibrZne, 1, gv. 132, vimowmebT o. qajaias leqsikonidan), ùTqmels

naTqvami sjobso~), uleku(n) irfeli ùyria yvelaferi~, ujanu(n)

ùwevs~...

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu subieqti vinis rigis piris niSniT iqneba

markirebuli, maSin am zmnebs datiuri konstruqcia ergatiuli

konstruqciiT SeecvlebaT: dat-dat-dat-dat nom-erg-dat-nom da mesame

diaTezidan pirvel diaTezaSi gadainacvleben:

III diaTeza: ZigiriSi genardis ZigiriSi geRura usxununia èkalze

gazrdils ekalze dakvdoma urCevniao~.

I diaTeza: ჸuCa ula vosxune `saxlSi wasvla varCie~

5.3.6. i/u-R-eb-u(n) qvestruqtura #79

mesame diaTezis i.u-R-eb-u(n) qvestruqturis zmnebi, rogorc wesi,

orpiriani zmnuri formebia. pirvel da meore pirSi am zmnebs i-

prefiqsi eqnebaT, mesame pirSi ki u- prefiqsi pirTa sakorelacio

daniSnulebisaa da arc erT SemTxvevaSi ar gamoxatavas e.w. `sasxviso

qcevas~. u-k-eb-u(n)/u-kin-eb-u(n) ùkavia, ukavia, uWiravs~, miToxe xoxuCa,

ukineb xamuCa `qveS (SigniT) zis mxoxavi (gveli), uWiravs dana (danuka)

(nawyveti Selocvidan)~, xes wignef ukebu(n) / ukinebu(n) `xelSi

wignebi ukavia~, beWed gaukeTebu(n) `beWedi gaukeTebia~...

214

sainteresoa, rom amave yalibis uwonebu(n) zmnur formas o. qajaias

leqsikonSi vnebiTi gvaris formis kvalifikacia eniWeba:

gamomdinare iqidan, rom es forma statikuria, mas ar SeiZleba

hqondes romelime gvaris forma. igi ugvaro statikuri zmnaa, romelic

manis rigis piris niSnebiT markirebisa da datiuri konstruqciis gamo

mesame diaTezaSi erTiandeba; magaliTebi: uwonebu(n) `eguleba~: nikas

jgir adgil uwonebu(n) `nikas kargi adgili eguleba~...


awmyo: ukebu(n) `ukavia, uWiravs~

III rezultativi: nokebue(n) `sWeria~

5.3.7. prev.-ი/u-R-eb-u(n) qvestruqtura #80

mesame diaTezis prev.-u-R-eb-u(n) qvestruqturis zmnebi amave

struqturis uzmniswino variantTan SedarebiT nakleb produqtiulia,

rac bunebrivia kidec awmyos struqturaSive zmniswiani formis mqone

statikur zmnaTaTvis. zmniswini aq moklebulia sruli aspeqtis

gamoxatvis funqcias: Seulebu(n) `SeuZlia~: dio xolo Seulebu muSeba

„jer kidev SeuZlia muSaoba, mangaras Seulebu, muSi madida oRale

meuTiru -- magrad SeuZlia, ra sididis tvirTs miaTrevs (vimowmebT o.


i-/u- xmovanprefiqsebi pirTa sakorelacio funqciisaa. saerTo

wesisamebr, i- gveqneba I-II pirSi, u- _ mesameSi.

gabmul metyvelebaSi awmyos struqturaSi zmnuri fuZe yalibiseuli

–u(n) sufiqsis gareSea warmodgenili: misiT Seulebà daaჸanasჷn gafa,

barbanCi elaxon qariS `visac SeuZlia daawynaros (daamSvidos)

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qrola, gizgizi aRmosavleTis qarisa~, misiT Seulebà doSqiritasჷn

eladgineri WiTa morRia `visac SeuZlia Caaqros amomdgari wiTeli

ganTiadi~, mis Seulebà daarCqalas zoRvaS lჷma? `vis SeuZlia

daawynaros zRvis brZola?~ (vimowmebT o. qajaias leqsikonidan)..

aRniSnuli yalibiseuli –u(n) bolosarTi, saerTo wesisamebr, srulad

aris SenarCunebuli sxvaTa sityvis –ia da kiTxviTobis –o sufiqsTa

darTvisas veSeulebunia ragad àr SeuZliao saubari~. xSir

SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs aRniSnuli sufiqsis daviwrovebas: misiT

Seulebჷ daaჸanasჷn gafa, barbanCi elaxon qariSi `visac SeuZlia

daawynaros (daanelos) qrola, gizgizi zemouri (aRmosavluri)

qarisa~ (vimowmebT o. qajaias leqsikonidan); muTuni Seulebჷ `rame

SeuZlia~.

es zmnebic statikuria, am struqturis zmnaTa uRlebis paradigma

naklulia, mxolod awmyos wrisa da meoTxe seriis mwkrivebi

ewarmoebaT.

awmyo: Semilebu(n) `SemiZlia~

III rezultativi: Se-no-b-leb-u-e(n) `SemZlebia~

5.3.8. a- R-u-af-u(n) qvestruqtura #81

mesame diaTezis a-R-u-af-u(n) qvestruqturis zmnebi, rogorc wesi,

erTpiriani, inaqtiuri subieqtis mqone afeqturi zmnebia; miuxedavad

imisa, rom mocemul formebSi ori piris niSania warmodgenili. zmna

uneblie moqmedebis gamomxatvelia. m-aCion-u-af-u(n) `mecemineba~ aWvax-u-

af-u(n) èmJaveba~, aqionuafu(n) èmTqnareba~. angaruafu(n)/

angarinuafu(n) ètireba~ iro makaSuafun do mangaruafu gursu: qxs, 1,

gv.41- sul oxvra minda da metireba gulSi~. oWkumalà qaaWkominuafu(n)

`saWmeli SemoeWmeva~, oWkumalà qooWkumafu(n) `saWmeli SemoWmevia~,

aCion-u-af-u(n) ècemineba~: dedas aCionuafà `dedas ecemineba~, aWvax-u-

af-u(n) èmJaveba~, mudgaren aWvax-u-af-u(n) `raRac emJaveba~,

aqionuafu(n) èmTqnareba~: mTel sers aqionuafu(n) `mTeli Rame

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emTqnareba~, mTel sers uqironu(n) `mTeli Rame umTqnarebia~,

angaruafu(n)/ angarinuafu(n) ètireba~: ifrelSe angarinuafu(n)

`yvelaferze etireba~, ciras nino ungarinuafu(n) `ciras nino

autirebia~, aCaminuafu(n) èfxaneba~, joRors aCaminuafu(n) `ZaRls

efxaneba~, akurcxinuafu(n) èRviZeba~, seriT iro akurcxinuafu(n) `Rame

sul eRviZeba~, seriT gokurcxinafu(n) `Rame gaRviZebia~, aZicinuafu(n)

ècineba~: lukas aZicinuafu(n) `lukas ecineba~, lukas goZicu(n)

`lukas gaucinia~, aჸvinTuafu(n) èyvinTeba~, baRanas aჸvinTuafu(n)

`bavSvs eyvinTeba~, ayintuafu(n) èylapeba~, wyarà ayintuafu `wyali

eylapeba~, wyarà geuyintu(n) `wyali Cauylapavs~.

5.3.9. a-R-en qvestruqtura #82

mesame diaTezis a-R-e(n) qvestruqturis zmnaTa morfologiuri

struqtura da sintaqsuri konstruqcia sruliad emTxveva zmnaTa im

jgufs, romelic relatiur potencialisebad aris kvalificirebuli.

samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom R-e(n) morfologiuri

struqtura sakuTriv potencialisis formaTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

struqturaa, R-u(n) morfologiuri struqtura ki SedarebiT

meoreulia – sakuTriv e.w. `vnebiTi gvaris~ formebisTvis gaCenili

(132, 203; 57,195). axlaxans gamocemul monografiaSi `lazur-megruli

gramatika~ (119, 614-618) miTiTebulia Svidi R-e(n) struqturis mqone

zmnuri forma, romelic moklebulia potencialisis semantikas:

aSqurine(n) èSinia~, axicine(n) èxicineba~, aZire(n) èlandeba, eCveneba~,

antire(n) èteva~, aZicine(n) ècineba~, angarine(n) ètireba~,

akurcxine(n) èRviZeba~. am zmnaTa wyalobiT mtkicdeba arn. Ciqobavas

mosazreba, romelic man lazuri R-e(n) struqturis zmnaTa viTarebis

safuZvelze ivarauda: `megrulSic (msgavsad Wanurisa) erT warmoebaSi

unda yofiliyo SeTavsebuli Cveulebrivi vnebiTic da potencialisic.

am warmoebis ZiriTadi mniSvneloba unda yofiliyo potencialisi,

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Cveulebrivi vnebiTi ki (i-u, a-u) diferenciaciis gziT Semdeg unda

mogveRo~ (142:1).

Cvenc viziarebT mosazrebas, rom aRniSnuli zmnebi rudimentis

saxiT unda iyos SemorCenili megrulSi; Cven mier damuSavebuli

masalis safuZvelze potencialisis semantikas moklebuli kidev

ramdenime zmna gamovlinda R-e(n) struqturisa:

aRole(n) èmarTeba~: fazari aRole orins, oxvalafuans,

osqiliduana jaSi rwvane gordiT `fazari emarTeba saqonels,

axvelebs, arCenebe xis mwvane bayayiT~ (manis rigiT aris markirebuli).

asime(n) èsmis~: mudgarenq maasimu raRac Semoesma; kos koCi joguni,

iSi Wkomua Cqvafafo maasimensia `kacs kaci rom sZuls, imisi Wama

Tqvlefad moesmiso, vimowmebT qajaias leqsikonidan, i. yifS., gv. 179),

(manis rigiT aris markirebuli).

aSine(n) àxsendeba~: kalkaleSa qogaSine paton-WkoralaSi xana:

vimowmebT o. qajaias leqsikonidan, qxs, 1, gv. 36 `zogjer gaaxsendeba

baton-ymobis dro~ (manis rigiT aris markirebuli).

a-rCqil-e(n) èsmis~: ჸurisens, iTam vaarCqile(n) `(wa)uyruebs, viTom

ar esmis~. Wkua Selasiri mafu, vamarCqile(n) Cqinobura `Wkua Seryeuli

(SeSlili maqvs, ar mesmis Cveneburi~(vimowmebT o. qajaias

leqsikonidan: k. samuS., qarT. zep., gv. 38). baRanas ifrel arCqile

`bavSvs yvelaferi esmis~, teqnikaS arCqile `teqnikis esmis~. rjogჷni i

koCiSi ula Carxi-CarxiT algasჷmenia do Wkumua – Wkapi kapiT `rom

gZuls im kacis wasvla Carxunad Cagesmiso da Wama -- Wkapi-Wkapado~

(xalx. sibr., 1, gv. 119, vimowmebT o. qajaias leqsikonidan).

iჸe(n) iჸi(n) ìqneba~ (jvarul TqmaSi, 132, 202) (vinis rigiT aris

markirebuli).

ajine(n) èlodeba~ (vinis rigiT aris markirebuli).

aTajine(n) `qvevidan uyurebs~: aTajinàni, Ziqva vamaaZà `qvevidan rom

amoxeda, Ssarvali ar acvia~ (vinis rigiT aris markirebuli).

aucileblad unda aRiniSnos Targmnisas teqstebsa da leqsikonSi

ismens/esmis zmnaTa vinisa da manis rigiT markirebul formaTa aRrevis

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Sesaxeb: pirveli da meore piris formebSi visumenq/isumenq

`vismen/ismen~ miTiTebulia mniSvneloba: `mesmis/gesmis~; mag.: sodgareni

visumenq wiwiaSi wiafis `sadRac mesmis wiwilis wivili~ (vimowmebT o.

qajaias leqsikonidan, qxs, 1, gv. 224) _ unda iyos `vismen~.

aRniSnul magaliTebSi, erTi SexedviT, R-e(n) struqturis zmnaTa

morfologiuri agebuleba TiTqos emTxveva relatiuri potencialisis

zmnaTa struqturas, magram formaTa aRreva SeuZlebelia, radgan maT

an ar saerTod ewarmoebaT potencialisis formebi, an adgili eqneba

ormag sufiqsacias: R-en-en: mag., arCqil-in-en (arCqilinu `SeZlo

moesmina, monorCqilafue(n) `SesZlebia moesmina~).

uRlebis nimuSi:

awmyo: arCqile(n) èsmis~

wyvetili: arCqilu èsma~

I rezultativi: rCqiluu(n) `smenia~

III rezultativi: norCqilue(n) èsmoda Turme~

5.3.10. (prev.)-o-R-en qvestruqtura #83

prev.-o-R-e(n) qvestruqturis zmnebic statikuria, Sesabamisad

mwkrivnaklia. amasTan, naklebproduqtiuli qvestruqturacaa.

awmyos mwkrivSive dadasturebuli zmniswini daclilia aspeqturi

gagebisagan. uRlebis paradigma naklulia. moqmedebis aRmqmel-

ganmcdeli piri micemiTbrunviania, msgavsad mesame diaTezis sxva

formebisa.

mag., gi-o-x-e(n) àWdevia, etyoba~: asakჷ gioxe àsaki aWdevia

(etyoba)~, o-W-e(n) `sWirs~ (Sdr.: o-Wir-s), giore(n) àdgeba~: giordu

Cxana ჸudes `mze moadga saxls~ ...

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5.3.11. mu o-R-u(n) qvestruqtura #84

statikuri mu o-R-u(n) qvestruqturis zmnebi erTpiriani zmnebia da

rogorc wesi, yvela maTgani gamoxatavs micemiTSi dasmuli aqtantis

gunebaganwyobilebas. maT mxolod manis rigis piris niSniani formebi

ewarmoebaT; rogorc wesi, es zmnebi gxvdeba mu `ra~ kiTxviT

nawilakTan erTad, romelsac dakarguli aqvs kiTxviTobis semantika.

mag., mu onarRu(n) `ra enaRvleba~, Tis mu onarRu(n) `mas ra enRvleba~,

mu oqeifu(n) `ra eqeifeba~, iro mu oqeifu(n) `yovelTvis ra eqeifeba~.

mu oxvaru(n) `ra eSveleba~, lexis mu oxvaru(n) `avadmyofs ra

eSveleba~, nikas mu oxvaru(n) `nikas ra eSveleba~.

aRniSnul zmnebs SeiZleba win daerToT note `netav~ nawilaki:

note mu oqeifu(n)? `neta ra eqeifeba?!~ note `netav~ nawilakis darTvis

SemTxvevaSi konstruqcia natvris niuanss Seicavs.

analogiuri viTarebaa sxva mu `ra~ nawilakian qvestruqturebSic:

ZiriTadi morfologiuri struqturisa (mu R-u(n)) da sintaqsuri

(datiuri) konstruqciis mixedviT amave rigisaa momdevno sami

qvestruqturac, amitom, maT magaliTebsac aqve movixmobT:

5.3.12. mu o//a-R-u-af-u(n) qvestruqtura #85

mesame diaTezis mu a//o-R-u-af-u(n) qvestruqturaSi ori qvejgufi

gamoiyofa: a//o-R-u-af-u(n) da a//o-R-in-u-af-u(n). vnaxoT magaliTebi:

mu o-zeim-u-af-u(n) `ra ezeimeba: mus uzeimebu i kos, mu ozeimuafudu

Tecal dros ` ra uzeimia im kacs, ra ezeimeboda aseT dros~; mal-in-

uafu(n): `sqan mxareSa mal-in-uafu(n) iro `Sen mxaresken

mesvlevineba*(mindeba wamosvla) sul~, malaჸaf-in-uafu(n) ma do meurq

olaჸafuSa `meTamaSeba da mivdivar saTamaSod~ mu alaჸaf-in-uafu(n)

`ra eTamaSeba~: lukas iro mu alaჸaf-in-uafu(n) `lukas sul ra

eTamaSeba~, mu aTeatruafu(n) `ra eTeatreba~, mu aTeatruafu(n) aka `ra

eTeatreba erTi~, mu amxiaruluafu(n) `ra elxineba~: mu

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amxiaruluafu(n) Te sawyals `ra elxineba am sawyals~; mu maqinuafu(n),

mu abiruafu(n) `ra emRereba~: mu abiruafu(n) Te koCis `ra emRereba am

kacs~, mu ubiru(n) Te koCis `ra umReria am kacs~, mu

auniversitetuafu(n) `ra euniversiteteba~: mu auniversitetuafu(n) Te

Cxurs `ra euniversiteteba am siciveSi~, mu aosuruafu(n) `ra eqaleba~,

mu aosuruafu(n) dio `ra eqaleba jer~, mu aqeifuafu(n) `ra eqeifeba~,

mu aqeifuafu(n) Te boSis `ra eqeifeba am biWs~, mu uqeifebu(n) e boSis

`ra uqeifia am biWs~, mu aqalaquafu(n) `ra eqalaqeba~, mu aqalaquafu(n)

Te ZRabis `ra eqalaqeba am gogos~, mu aRiRinuafu(n) `ra eRiRineba~, mu

aRiRinuafu(n) Te baRanas `ra eRiRineba am bavSvs~, mu asxapinuafu(n)

`ra ecekveba~, mu asxapinuafu(n) ninos `ra ecekveba ninos~, mu

awanwaluafu(n) `ra ewanwaleba~, mu awanwaluafu(n) gale `ra

ewanwaleba gareT~, mus uwanwalinu(n) Te Cxurus, ჸudes vedintiru(n)? –

ras wasula wanwaliT am siciveSi, saxlSi ver daetia?!

5.3.13 saxeli + afu/uCqu #86

calke unda gamoiyos is pirveladi mniSvnelobis zmnebi, romelic

saliteraturo qarTulSi organulad iwarmoeba, megrulSi ki aRweriTi

warmoebiT xasiaTdeba; zogadi struqtura ase gamosaxeba: saxeli +

afu/uCqu/uRu. rogorc vxedavT, zmnuri nawili manis rigis piris

niSnebiTaa markirebuli, sintaqsuri konstruqcia ki – datiuria. swored

amitom movaqcieT es zmnebi mesame diaTezaSi: Cxuru mafu(n) `mciva~,

onjRore uCqu(n) `scxvenia~: ifrelSa onjRore uCqu(n) `yvelafris

scxvenia~, ifrelSa onjRore noCque(n) `yvelafris scxvenoda Turme~.

sinCxe miRu(n) `mcxela~: Tel dRas sinCxe mafu(n) `mTeli dRe mcxela~,

gopirWinafili afu(n) `uWyetia, daWyetili aqvs~: i baRanas Tolef

gopirWinafili afu(n) `im bavSvs Tvalebi daWyetili aqvs~, Cxuru mafu(n)

`mciva~: MmereT Cxuru mafu(n) `saswaulad mciva~, baRanas Cxur ჸofu(ნ)

`bavSvs Semcivnia (scioda Turme)~, baRanas sinCxe ჸofu(n) `bavSvs dascxa

Turme~.

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am zmnaTa saliteraturo qarTuli Sesatyvisebic manis rigis

prefiqsaciiTa da datiuri konstruqciiT xasiaTdeba. Tumca, Segvxvda

iseTi megruli aRweriTi formebic, romelsac teqstebSi Cvens

saliteraturo enaze datiuri konstruqciiT aris gadmoRebuli,

megrulad ki vinis rigiTa da nom-erg-nom-nom (meore diaTezis)

konstruqciiT aris agebuli; mag., nene kurcxe re(n) `nenes hRviZavs,

sityvasityviT: nene gaRviZebuli aris~ marTebuli Targmani iqneboda:

`mRviZare aris~; mTel sers kurcxe re(n) `mTeli Rame mRviZarea/hRviZavs~,

oWumareSe miidRvazu, sirgila re(n) `dilidanve moiqufra, sicivea,

sityvasityviT: sicive aris~).

rogorc araerTxel aRvniSneT, Cven vxelmZRvanelobT

morfosintaqsuri principiT, Sesabamisad, morfosintaqsuri kriteriumebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, nom-erg-nom-nom konstruqciis zmnaTa adgili meore

diaTezaSia da swored iq iqneba ganxiluli.

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5.4. mesame diaTezis R-e(n) (qve)struqtura

morfologiuri struqturisa da datiuri konstruqciis

gaTvaliswinebiT, semantikuri terminis qveS gaerTianebuli

potencialisebis erTi jgufi – kerZod, relatiuri, orpiriani R-e(n)

(qve)struqturis zmnebi mesame diaTezaSi moeqca. maTi morfologiuri

struqtura sakmaod produqtiulia da Zalze sistemurad aris

Camoyalibebuli megrulSi, faqtobrivad, potencialisi

morfologiuri kategoriaa, morfologiuri struqturiT markirebuli:

lazurisgan gansxvavebiT, megrulSi potencialisebs sakuTari

morfologiuri yalibi aqvs, rac meoreuli movlenaa (meoreulobas

mowmobs lazuris Cveneba, 119, 614-624).

kidev erTxel davazustoT, Tu ratom Segvaqvs e.w. `relatiuri

potencialisebi~ mesame diaTezaSi:

struqturuli TvalsazrisiT, orpiriani potencialisebis R-e(n)

struqtura R-[Th.s.]-u/e(n) gvareobiTi struqturis qvestruqturuli

nairsaxeobaa:

orpiriani potencialisebis sintaqsuri konstruqcia datiuria –

moqmedebis aRmqmel-ganmcdeli aqtanti misTvis dasaSveb yvela

mwkrivSi micemiT brunvaSi dgas (mesame diaTezis gamoyofis safuZveli ki,

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, zmnis datiuri konstruqcia da manis rigiT gamoxatuli

moqmedebis aRmqmel-ganmcdeli piria);

orpiriani potencialisebiT gamoxatuli moqmedebis aRmqmel-

ganmcdeli aqtanti manis rigis piris niSnebiTaa warmodgenili;

mesame diaTezis yvela relatiuri zmnis msgavsad, orpiriani

potencialisebis meore aqtantic, romelic ar aris moqmedebis

aRmqmel-ganmcdeli, aoristSi moTxrobiTi brunvis niSniT gaformdeba

da misi konstruqcia iqneba: nom-erg-nom-nom; mag., kos vagaginu ambeq

`kacs ver gaego ambavma~, mezobels yudeq vaRolinu `mezobels saxlma

ver gaekeTebina~ da sxv.

SeniSvna: amave principiT, erTpiriani potencialisebi,

romelTa subieqtic vinis rigiTaa markirebuli da Tan maTi

konstruqcia seriaTa mixedviT nom-erg-nom-nom-ia, meore diaTezaSi

223

ganvixileT, radgan aq yvela sxva zmnas swored es principi

aerTianebs.

semantikur doneze ki, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom mesame diaTezis

yvela zmna Seiwyobs inaqtiur, susti nebelobis mqone inaqtiur

subieqts, romelic zmniT gamoxatuli moqmedeba-mdgomareobis

aRmqmel-ganmcdelia. Sinaarsoblivad amiTac gansxvavdeba mesame

diaTezis yvela zmna pirveli da meore diaTezis zmnaTagan:

semantikur doneze, subieqts moqmedeba uneblied, misdauneburad

mosdis mesame diaTezaSi; mag., moWiWaru(n) ma Te kaba `mepataraveba

me eg kaba~, moWiWaru ma Te kabaq `mepatarava me am kabam~, monatru(n)

Tis Tina ènatreba mas is~.

qvemoT ganvixilavT e.w. `relatiuri potencialisebis~, Cveni

klasifikaciiT ki R-e(n) struqturisa da datiuri konstruqciis

mqone zmnuri formebis zmniswinian da uzmniswino variantebs

(qvestruqturebs).

ver uarvyofT, rom am zmnaTaTvis, semantikur doneze

potencialisis semantikuri niuansia damaxasiaTebeli; Tumca ara

yvela maTganisTvis: rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, megrulSi arsebobs

R-e(n) struqturis zmnaTa mcire jgufi, romelTaTvisac aseve

damaxasiaTebelia datiuri konstruqcia da markireba manis rigis

piris niSnebiT. amis Sesaxeb pirvelad SeniSnulia 2015 w.

gamocemunl monografiaSi `lazur-megruli gramatika~, gv.614-624);

miuxedavad amisa, am mcire jgufis zmnaTaTvis ucxoa potencialisis

yovelgvari gageba. am mcire jgufs Tu ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi,

R-e(n) struqturis zmnebi potencialisis semantikur niuanss

Seicaven – isini dasaSvebad an dauSveblad warmogviCenen zmniT

gamoxatuli moqmedebis SesaZleblobas.

potencialisis kategoria mkafiod aris gamokveTili

megrulSi, rasac ver vityviT sxva qarTvelur enobriv ganStoebebze.

samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia: `qarTvelur enaTagan

qarTul-svanurSi SeuZlebloba organulad zmnaSi maSin aisaxeba,

roca zmnas egueba ubralo uaryofis àr~ nawilaki (mag., àr

meWmeba~)~ (51, 112);

224

qarTulSi `posibiluri Sinaarsis relatiur formebs mxolod

awmyos jgufis mwkrivebi ewarmoebaT. amasTan mxolod manis rigiT

markirebuli formebi aqvT~ (67,252). megrulSi ki ase ar aris: am

zmnaTa srul umravlesobas moepoveba pirveli, meore da meoTxe

seriis formebi; SezRudva, ZiriTadad, TurmeobiTis mwkrivebze

vrceldeba; mag., agrinjine(n) `SeuZlia magrad cemos, dabegvos” -

agrinjinu `SeZlo magrad ecema~, -- , donogrinjinue(n) `SesZlebia

magrad cema~.

5.4.1 qvestruqtura a-R-e(n) #88

agube(n) `SeuZlia daagubos~, agudore(n) `SeuZlia Seaxramunos~,

aguriSTe(n) `SeuZlia daagviristos~, agure(n) `SeuZlia iswavlos~,

aguline(n) `SeuZlia aseirnos~, (agulinu `SeZlo eseirna~, -- ,

nogulebue(n) `SesZlebia seirnoba~, aguje(n) `SeuZlia gatenos~...

Cveni respondentebisTvis ucxo aRmoCnda Cven mier mopovebuli

masalidan ramdenime magaliTi. mag., zugdidur-samurzayanouli

kilokavis warmomadgenlis TqmiT, mis kilokavSi ar gamoiyeneba

agi/ჷme(n) `SeuZlia momkas~, abnenine(n) `SeuZlia daabnios~;

leqsikonSi Segvxvda abreline(n) `SeuZlia gaamravlos~, Sdr.:

amravline `SeuZlia gaamravlos~ formebi, magram gadamowmebisas

aRmoCnda, rom isini xelovnuria megrulad mosaubreTaTvis.

magaliTebi:

aangariSine(n) `SeuZlia iangariSos~: nikas ukve aangariSine(n) `nikas

ukve SeuZlia iangariSos~, anwჷ aangariSine(n) àwi SeuZlia iangariSos~,

aarsebine(n) `SeuZlia iarsebos~: aarsebinen Tizàma uRu(n) ìmdeni aqvs,

rom SeuZlia iarsebos~, muS samuSaT aarsebine(n) `Tavis samsaxuriT

SeuZlia iarsebos~, xvale wyariT uarsebebà `marto wyliT uarsebia~,

abadine(n) `SeuZlia dabados~: baRana malas abadine(n) `bavSvi SeuZlia

male dabados~, azref abadine(n) àzrebi SeuZlia dabados~, baRana

daubadebà `bavSvi daubadebia~, abaze(n) `SeuZlia cemos~, luka TiSàmadida

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re nika abaze(n) `luka imxelaa, rom SeuZlia cemos~, abaTiline(n)

`SeuZlia gaabaTilos~, angariS abaTiline(n) `angriSi SeuZlia

gaabaTilos~, abaTqe(n) `SeuZlia cemos~, qixmauràda, maswavlebels

moswavle abaTqe(n) - Tu ixmaura, maswavlebels moswavle SeuZlia cemos,

abake(n) „SeuZlia tkepnos, magrad cemos“, Tical Zala uRu(n), dixa abake(n)

„iseTi Zala aqvs, SeuZlia miwa tkepnos“, Tical Zala uRu(n), muS udidaS

mangaro abake(n) „iseTi Zala aqvs, SeuZlia masze didi magrad cemos“,

abanZRe(n) „SeuZlia aurios, daxlarTos“, TiSner SuriS re abanZRe(n)

ifrel „iseTi sulis aris, rom SeuZlia aurios, daxlarTos yvelaferi“,

abanWe(n) „SeuZlia magrad scemos“, mumas abanWe(n) squaSa glaxaS

maRolamari „mamas SeuZlia magrad scemos SvilisTvis cudis

gamkeTebeli~, abaJe(n) `SeuZlia dabaJos~: mebaJes abaJe sazRvars ginmalჷ

`mebaJes SeuZlia dabaJos sazRvarze gadamsvleli~, abarge(n) `SeuZlia

gamarglos~: lait (simind) abargen TiSàmadida re(n) `simindi imxelaa,

SeuZlia gamarglos~, nodis ჸÍana doubargჷ `nads yana gaumarglavs~,

abarine(n) `SeuZlia daabaros~, didas ninoSa ჸude abarine(n) `dedas

SeuZlia ninos saxli daabaros~, abare(n) `SeuZlia {da}baros~, bebis

ortvin abare(n) `bebos SeuZlia bostani dabaros~, mebaRes sayvavilo

abare(n) `mebaRes SeuZlia sayvavilo dabaros~, abaRine(n) `SeuZlia

akmaros, amyofinos~, diasaxlisis oWkumal abaRine(n) `diasaxliss

SeuZlia saWmeli akmaros, amyofinos~, aginZa/orine(n) `SeuZlia

{ga}agrZelos~.

moyvanili qvestruqturis myofadi Semdegi agebulebisa iqneba:L prev-a-R-

e(n): gaSaarTine(n) `SeuZlia gamoyos~, gaamorZgvine(n) `SeuZlia

gaimarjvos~, gaamorZgvinu `SeZlo gaemarjva~, -- , gonomorZgvebue(n)

`SesZlebia gaemarjna~, ga-a-jin-in-e(n) `SeuZlia gaxedos~, daadabaline(n)

SeuZlia daadablos, daadabalinu(n) `SeZlo daedablebina~, -- ,

donodabalebue(n) `SesZlebia dadableba~), daavaline(n) `SeuZlia

daavalos~, daavalinu SeZlo daevalebina~ -- , donovalebue(n) `SesZlebia

davaleba~). mag., alaCine(n) `SeuZlia urCios~, Tical koC re, jgir

226

alaCine(n) `iseTi kacia SeuZlia kargi urCios~, jgir azri urCiebà `kargi

azri urCevia~.

227

5.5. mesame diaTeza

(Sejameba)

amgvarad, mesame diaTezaSi gamoiyo 25 qvestruqtura (R-Ø struqturis

qveS _ 11 qvejgufi, xolo R-u/e(n) struqturis qveS – 14 qvejgufi (aqedan:

13 _ R-u(n) da da 1 ki _ R-e(n) qvestruqtura), romelTac:

1. aqvT datiuri konstruqcia: zmniT gamoxatuli moqmedebis aRmqmel-

ganmcdeli piri (susti, inaqtiuri subieqti) brunvaucvlelia da

yvela seriaSi micemiTi brunvis niSniT aris gaformebuli (`miჸors~

miyvars da misT.); zmniT gamoxatuli moqmedebis aRmqmel-ganmcdeli

brunvaucvleli piri, manis rigis piris niSnebiTaa markirebuli.

2. mesame diaTezis yvela zmnis relatiur formaSi meore aqtanti,

romelic ar aris moqmedebis aRmqmel-ganmcdeli, pirvel, mesame da

meoTxe seriebSi saxelobiTi brunvis niSniT, xolo meore seriaSi

moTxrobiTi brunvis niSniT iqneba gaformebuli. mag., qàmmaSqirenà

oWkumalq `momSivda (me) saWmelma~ mezobels yudeq vakeTinu

`mezobels saxlma ver gaekeTa~ da sxv.

3. struqturuli TvalsazrisiT mesame diaTezaSi orive struqtura

gvxvdeba, datiuri aRmqmeli aqtantiT, romelic manis rigis piris

niSnebiT aris markirebuli:

R-[Th.s.]-Ø (miჸors `miyvars~) da

R-[Th.s.]-u/e(n) (moWiWaru(n) `mepataraveba~, oWifaru(n)

`eviwroveba~, abaze(n) „SeuZlia cemos“, abaTiline(n) „SeuZlia

gaabaTilos“, abaTqe(n) „SeuZlia cemos/dabeTqos“...).

4. semantikurad mesame diaTezis yvela zmna Seiwyobs inaqtiur, susti

nebelobis mqone moqmedebis aRmqmel-ganmcdel pirs. Sinaarsoblivad

amiTac gansxvavdeba mesame diaTezis yvela zmna pirveli da meore

diaTezis zmnaTagan.

5. mesame diaTezis yvela zmna statikuria, Sesabamisad, meore seria

defeqturi aqvT, Tumca gvaqvs gamonaklisi SemTxvevebic, rac sxva

qarTveluri enobrivi erTeulebisTvisacaa damaxasiaTebeli (Sdr., ,

aWaruli: momemSia `momSivda~); gvaqvs rogorc absoluturi, ise

relatiuri statika.

228

ZiriTadi daskvnebi:

1. samecniero literaturidan cnobilia, rom agebulebisa da

morfologiuri kategoriebis mixedviT megruli zmna Tvisobrivad ar

gansxvavdeba qarTuli samwignobro enisa da sxva qarTveluri

qvesistemebis zmnisagan. bolo periodSi qarTuli enis zmnuri

formebis gansxvavebuli klasifikacia warmoadgina d. meliqiSvilma;

kerZod, man samwignobro enis zmnis formebis klasifikacia moaxdina

diaTezis morfosintaqsuri kategoriis mixedviT (67; 68). aqve diaTeza

ganmartebulia, rogorc `qarTuli zmnis gramatikulad markirebuli,

struqturiTa da konstruqciis erTianobiT gansazRvruli kategoria,

sadac gvari semantikuri niSniT gansxvavebuli qvesaxea. d.

meliqiSvili gamoyofs qarTuli zmnis sam diaTezas, romelTagan

TiToeuls aerTianebs morfologiuri struqturisa da sintaqsuri

konstruqciis erTgvaroba. manve gamoTqva varaudi, `megruli zmnis

uRlebadi formebis induqciuri meTodiT kvlevam kidev erTxel

daadastura diaTezebis Teoriis meTodologiuri marTebuloba da is

winaswari varaudi, rom diaTeza warmoadgens saerToqarTveluri

zmnis ZiriTad, arqaul models, romelmac saxe icvala megrul-

WanurSi ergativis gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT (68, 94). warmodgenil

naSromSi Cven miznad davisaxeT diaTezebis Teoria Segvemowmebina

momcvelobiTi megrulis masalis mixedviT.

2. statistikur monacemebze dayrdnobiT megruli zmnis struqturisa da

konstruqciis Seswavlis mizniT, davamuSaveT: ioseb yifSiZis teqstebi

/„megruli enis gramatika teqstebiTa da leqsikoniT“, 1914/, p. Waraias

qarTul-megruli da megrul-qarTuli SedarebiTi leqsikoni /masalebi

iafeturi enebis mkvlevarTaTvis, Sedgenili p. Waraias mier (manqanaze

gadabeWdili), 1918/, makar xubuas megruli teqstebi, tf., 1937, qarTuli

xalxuri sityviereba, 2, megruli teqstebi (qarTuli TargmaniTurT),

1991, T. saxokias mier Cawerili megruli andazebi da gamoTqmebi /ike,

28-e, Tb., 1989/, kalistrate samuSias `qarTuli zepirsityviereba,

megruli nimuSebi~, Tb., 1990, alio qobalias `megruli leqsikoni~ da

229

oTar qajaias megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni (2001-2004). analizis

procesSi gamoviyeneT aseve, savele eqspediciebiT Cven mier

mopovebuli masala. saanalizo masalis SerCevisas gaviTvaliswineT

Semdegi sabaziso kriteriumebi: reprezentaciuloba, masalis

xelmisawvdomoba, SerCevis moculoba da Sedegebis ganzogadeba.

naSromSi megruli zmnis yvela SesaZlo morfologiuri struqtura

warmovadgineT awmyos Temis mixedviT; masala gavaanalizeT

TiToeuli zmnuri yalibis mwkrivis formebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

megruli zmnuri formebis morfosintaqsuri klasifikaciisas

gamovricxeT gvari, rogorc morfologiuri kategoria, radganac

gvaris gamoyofis safuZveli – konversia xSir SemTxvevaSi ar muSaobs

qarTveluri polipersonaluri zmnisaTvis. gamomdinare iqidan, rom

aqtivis formaTa konversiiT, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ver viRebT pasivis

Sinaarss, Cven ar viziarebT gvaris rogorc morfologiuri

kategoriis tradiciul kvalifikacias.

3. TiToeuli diaTezis parametrebia: morfologiur doneze – zmnuri

formis struqtura, sintaqsur doneze _ misi konstruqcia da

semantikur doneze - gvari; amgvarad, gvari diaTezaTa klasifikaciaSi

semantikuri qvekategoriaa. Sesabamisad, gvaris semantikuri

klasifikaciis adgili morfologiur klasifikaciaSi ar aris.

diaTezaTa morfosintaqsuri klasifikaciis farglebSi gvari ar aris

mijaWvuli romelime morfologiur struqturas. metic, erT

morfologiur struqturaSi dasaSvebia gvaris semantikuri triviumi:

avtoaqtivi, aqtivi, pasivi. maTi garCeva mxolod zmnis semantikiTa

da/an konteqstis saSualebiT aris SesaZlebeli. Cven mier mimoxiluli

megruli magaliTebis mixedviT pasivebad miCneuli aforuu(n)

`efareba~ tipis magaliTebi (atyobuu(n) ZRabi didas `emaleba gogona

dedas~) da msgavsi uamravi sulieri subieqtis mqone zmna

semantikurad aqtiuria, moqmedeba uSualod gadadis irib obieqtze:

aCxiCxuu(n) Tina Tis `(saCxubrad) ejaxeba is mas~ - ar aris pasivi,

piriqiT, aqtiuri moqmedebis gamomxatvelia, oRond R-[th.s.]-u(n)

struqturisa; amdenad, gvari mxolod semantikuri kategoriaa, miT

ufro, rom erTsa da imave morfologiur yalibs SeuZlia gamoxatos

230

aqtivic, pasivica da sagnis niSan-Tviseba/statusic (mag., `spilenZis

fuli iWreboda – vnebiTi, pasivi Sdr.: gamomSrali puri

axalgamomcxvar purze ufro advilad iWreba – statusi, gamoixateba

sagnis niSan-Tviseba da Sdr.: mebrZoli razmi mtris banakSi iWreba –

aqtivi, moqmedebis semantika~ (162, 110-111));

4. megruli zmnis morfosintaqsuri analizis Sedegad gamoiyo ori

ZiriTadi morfologiuri struqtura (sul 88 qvestruqturuli

variantiT) da sami sintaqsuri konstruqcia. TiToeul sintaqsur

konstruqciasTan mudmivad dakavSirebuli morfologiuri struqturis

safuZvelze ki Camoyalibda sami saopozicio erTeuli _ diaTeza.

pirvel diaTezaSi Sedis iseTi zmnuri formebi, romelTa

konstruqciaa nom-erg-dat-nom, xolo struqtura ki - vinis rigiT

markirebuli R-Ø; meore diaTezaSi Sedis iseTi zmnuri formebi,

romelTa konstruqciaa nom-erg-nom-nom, struqtura ki - vinis rigiT

markirebuli R-u/e(n); mesame diaTezaSi Sedis iseTi zmnuri formebi,

romelTa konstruqciaa dat-(dat)-dat-dat, struqtura ki - manis rigiT

markirebuli R-Ø da R-u/e(n).

5. pirvel diaTezaSi erTiandeba (ugamonaklisod) R-Ø struqturisa da

nom-erg-dat-nom konstruqciis brunvacvalebadobieqtiani usruli da

sruli konstruqciis mqone sul 39 qvestruqturuli jgufi. R-Ø

struqturis usruli konstruqciis qveS gamoiyo 22 qvestruqtura

(aqedan absolutivebi – 15 da brunvaucvlelobieqtianebi - 7) awmyoSive

dadasturebuli zmniswinis, xmovani prefiqsebisa da Tematuri niSnebis

mixedviT; R-Ø struqturis sruli konstruqciis qvejgufSi – 17

gansxvavebuli qvestruqtura gamovyaviT (aqedan meCvidmete (bolo)

struqtura kauzativTa jgufia 5 qvestruqturuli nairsaxeobiT).

6. meore diaTezaSi, saerTo jamSi 24 qvestruqturuli jgufi gamoiyo,

amaTgan: statikuri qvejgufisaa 12 qvestruqtura (9 _ erTpirian

statikur zmnaTa, xolo 3 – erTpirian, vinis rigiT markirebul

potencialisTa qvestruqtura). statikuri qvejgufi mwkrivnakli

uRlebiT upirispirdeba dinamikur zmnebs. dinamikur qvejgufSi Sedis

12 qvestruqtura (dinamikur qvejgufSic ori ganyofilebisgan Sedgeba

231

– erTpiriani da brunvaucvlel obieqtiani. semantikurad meore

diaTezaSi ori ZiriTadi qvejgufia: (a.) statikuri da (b.) dinamikuri.

(a.) statikuri qvejgufi ugvaroa, aq Sedis (1)mwkrivnakli statikuri

zmnebi R-u/e(n) struqturisa (ar ewarmoebaT meore da mesame seria) da

(2) erTpiriani i-R-e(n) struqturis potencialisebi (mwkrivTa sruli

paradigma, xSirad, arc amaT ara aqvT specifikuri Sinaarsis gamo. i-R-

e(n) struqturis potencialisebi morfosintaqsuri niSnebiT swored am

qvejgufSi unda moTavsebuliyo, radgan: (1)maTi sintaqsuri

konstruqciaa: nom-erg-nom-nom, (2)maTi morfologiuri struqturaa R-

e(n) da (3)piris niSnebic vinis rigis afiqsebiT aqvT markirebuli

(msgavsad meore diaTezis yvela zmnisa). erTpiriani potencialisis

konstruqcia yvela seriaSi saxelobiTia da markirebulia vinis rigis

piris niSnebiT (awmyo: eirTene(n) `SeiZleba garToba, Seqceva~ isnom,

wyvetili: eirTinu `SesaZlebeli gaxda Seyolieba~ isnom, pirveli

rezultativi: erTafel/re(n) `SesaZlebeli gamxdara Seyolieba~

imisgen). (b.) meore diaTezis dinamikur qvejgufSi Sedis R-u/e(n)

struqturis (1)erTpiriani da (2)brunvaucvlel obieqtiani zmnebi.

(1)erTpiriani zmnebi, rogorc wesi i/Ø- prefiqsiani da -d sufiqsiani

zmnebis variantebia R-u/e(n) struqturis yalibSi, maTi moqmedeba

introvertizebulia, moqmedebis procesi subieqtsave miemarTeba.

amitom, gvaris mixedviT, isini avtoaqtivebia; `mier” tipis

konstruqciis an usulo subieqtis SemTxvevaSi ki igive formebi

pasivebad iqcevian. (2)brunvaucvlel obieqtiani zmnebi, rogorc wesi,

a/e-R-u(n) struqturis orpiriani zmnuri formebia, isini aqtiuri

moqmedebis gamomxatvelni arian, amitom, gvaris mixedviT aqtivebia.

mwkrivTa warmoeba regularuli aqvT, semantikurad dauSvebeli

variantebis garda yvela mwkrivi ewarmoebaT. meore diaTezis, anu

vinis rigiT markirebuli R-u/e(n) struqturis zmnur formaTa

semantikuri qvejgufebi gamoyofilia gvaris semantikuri kategoriis

mixedviT:

- ugvaro (statikuri zmnebi gvaris mimarT neitralurebi arian);

232

-avtoaqtivebi (absolutivebi, romlebic, konteqstis mixedviT,

`mier/gan~ tipis konstruqciasa da usulo subieqtis SemTxvevaSi

SeiZleba pasivad moiqces.).

- aqtivebi (orpiriani, brunvaucvlelobieqtiani zmnuri formebi).

meore diaTezis brunvaucvlelobieqtiani zmnebi R-უ(n) struqturisaa,

maTi konstrucia, iseve rogorc yvela zmnisa meore diaTezaSi, nom-

erg-nom-nom-ia. gvaqvs rogorc zmnuri, aseve saxluri fuZeebisgan

warmoebuli formebi. samecniero literaturaSi isini R-u(n)

struqturis gamo e.w. `pasivebad~ kvalificirdebian, rasac Cven ar

viziarebT: R-u(n) struqtura aris zogadi, gvareobiTi struqtura

romelic SeiZleba iTavsebdes sxvadasxva gvaris formis gamoxatvis

funqcias. gamomdinare iqidan, rom meore diaTezis

brunvaucvlelobieqtian zmnaTagan yvela aqtiuri moqmedebis

gamomxatvelia, gvaris semantikuri kategoriis mixedviT, es zmnebi

aqtivebia, Sesabamisad, maT gvaris semantikuri kategoriis mixedviT

aqtivTa jgufebSi vaTavsebT. meore diaTezis R-u(n) struqturis zmna

SesaZloa gamoxatavdes aqtiur, avtoaqtiur (TviTmoqmed) da `mier/gan~

tipis konstruqciisa da usulo subieqtis SemTxvevaSi – pasiur

moqmedebas: ((1)iWaruu(n) werili jimaSe `iwereba werili Zmis mier~ –

pasivia, (2)Cqim jima iWaruu(n) werils `Cemi Zma iwereba werils –

aqtivi, (3)Tel dRas feisbuqis Toloruancà, skaipis rwvaneT giTorCqà

do muTuns va iWaruu(n)! `mTeli dRe feisbuqs aTvalierebs, skaipSi

mwvaned Cans da arafers iwereba!~ – avtoaqtivi. amgvarad, meore

diaTezis orpiriani, brunvaucvlelobieqtiani zmnuri formebi

aqtiursubieqtianebi arian, zmniT gamoxatuli moqmedeba uSualod

aisaxeba zmnaSi CarTul obieqtze. swored amitom, isini aqtivebad

kvalificirdebian. Tumca, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom megrulad

mosaubreTaTvis pasivis semantikis gamomxatveli konstruqciebi

uxerxulad da arabunebrivad JRers, imave Sinarss isini aqtiuri

wyobiT gadmoscemen.

7. mesame diaTezaSi gamoiyo 25 qvestruqtura (R-Ø struqturis qveS _ 11

qvejgufi, xolo R-u/e(n) struqturis qveS – 14 (aqedan: R-u(n)

233

struqturaSi _ 13 da R-e(n) struqturaSi _ 1 qvejgufi).

struqturuli TvalsazrisiT mesame diaTezaSi orive struqtura

gvxvdeba, datiuri aRmqmeli aqtantiT, romelic manis rigis piris

niSnebiT aris markirebuli:

- R-[Th.s.]-Ø (miჸors `miyvars~) da

- R-[Th.s.]-u/e(n) (moWiWaru(n) `mepataraveba~, oWifaru(n) `eviwroveba~,

abadine(n) „SeuZlia dabados“, abaze(n) „SeuZlia cemos“, abaTiline(n)

„SeuZlia gaabaTilos“, abaTqe(n) „SeuZlia cemos/dabeTqos“...).

semantikurad, mesame diaTezis yvela zmna Seiwyobs inaqtiur,

susti nebelobis mqone moqmedebis aRmqmel-ganmcdel pirs.

Sinaarsoblivad amiTac gansxvavdeba mesame diaTezis yvela zmna

pirveli da meore diaTezis zmnaTagan.

mesame diaTezis yvela zmna statikuria, Sesabamisad, meore seria

defeqturi aqvT, danaklis formebs Sesabamisi –d sufiqsiani

zmnebisgan ivseben. Tumca gvaqvs wyvetilis warmoebis gamonaklisi

SemTxvevebic, rac sxva qarTveluri enobrivi erTeulebisTvisacaa

damaxasiaTebeli (Sdr., aWaruli: momemSia `momSivda~). mesame diaTezaSi

gvaqvs rogorc absoluturi, ise relatiuri statika.

8. samive diaTezis konstruqcia da vinisa da manis rigiT markirebuli

zmnis gvareobiTi struqturebi erTmaneTis mimarT kontrastuli

distribuciis damokidebulebaSi imyofebian da myar, Camoyalibebul

saopozicio erTeulebs warmoadgenen. saboloo suraTis Seqmnis

mizniT warmovadgenT Semajamebel cxrils, sadac kargad Cans

megruli zmnis sintaqsuri konstruqciisa da morfologiuri

struqturis urTierTmimarTeba diaTezaTa mixedviT (ix. cxr. # 5.5):

234

cxrili #5.5. I diaTeza: statikuri gvari: avtoaqtivi//refleqsivi struqtura: R-Ø, konstruqcia: nom-erg-dat-nom usruli konstruqcia: [isnom – manerg – masdat – isnom]; [isnom masdat – manerg masdat – masdat

Ø – isnom masdat];

dinamikuri gvari: aqtivi struqtura: R- Ø, konstruqcia: nom-erg-dat-nom sruli konstruqcia: [isnom masdat–manerg isdat– masdat isnom–isnom masdat]; [isnom masdat masdat–manerg masdat

isnom–masdat Ø isnom - isnom masdat masdat]

II diaTeza: statikuri ugvaro struqtura: R-u/e(n) konstruqcia: nom-erg-nom-nom usruli konstruqcia: [isnom –manerg – isnom - isnom]

dinamikuri gvari: avtoaqtivi //refleqsivi, aqtivi, pasivi struqtura: R-th.s.-u/e(n) konstruqcia: nom-erg-nom-nom sruli konstruqcia: [isnom–manerg–isnom - isnom]; [isnom masdat–manerg masdat–isnom masdat– isnom – masdat];

III diaTeza: statikuri ugvaro struqtura: R- Ø konstruqcia: dat- dat –dat-dat [masdat – masdat – masdat – masdat]; [masdat isnom - masdat manerg – masdat isnom – masdat isnom]

statikuri; ugvaro; struqtura: R- th.s.-u/e(n) konstruqcia: dat-( dat) –dat-dat [masdat–masdat–masdat– masdat]; [masdat isnom - masdat manerg – masdat isnom –masdat isnom]

235

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