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LABOUR LAW-I

INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES IN INDIA

RESEARCH PROJECT

( Labour Law-I)

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

Saurav Mahto Dr. Mita Poddar

Semester./Section.-VII/A Faculty

Roll.-18 !a"our la#-I

$A%I&$A! '$IV(RSI%) &F S%'D) A$D R(S(AR*+ I$ !A, RA$*+I

1



INDEX

%oic P.$o.

I$%R&D'*%I&$ 0

I$D'S%RIA! DISP'%(

*auses 2

*onse3uences o4 Industrial Disute 5

0.F&RMS &F I$D'S%RIA! DISP'%( &R

I$S%R'M($%S &F (*&$&MI* *&(R*I&$

Stri6es 8

Forms o4 Stri6e 7

Pic6etin 7

herao 10

9andh 12

*onclusion 17

9i"liorahy :;

2



! INTRODUCTION

Accordin to Section :<=> o4 the Industrial Disutes Act 17 and ?industrial disute@ means

any disute or di44erence "et#een emloyers and emloyees or "et#een emloyers and

#or6men or "et#een #or6men and #or6men #hich is connected #ith the emloyment or non-

emloyment or the terms o4 emloyment or #ith the conditions o4 la"our o4 any erson.

%hus 4orm the leal oint o4 vie# industrial disute does not merely re4er to di44erence "et#een

la"our and caital as is enerally thouht "ut it re4ers to di44erences that a44ect rous o4

#or6men and emloyers enaed in an industry. (ssentially there4ore the di44erences o4

oinions "et#een emloyers and #or6men in reard to emloyment non-emloyment terms o4

emloyment or the conditions o4 la"our #here the contestin arties are directly and

su"stantially interested in maintainin their resective contentious constitute the su"Bect-matter

o4 an industrial disute.

%he causes o4 industrial con4lict or disutes have "een much varied. %hese may "e descri"ed

artly a sycholoical or social and artly olitical "ut redominantly economic. %here are

many imortant 4actors resonsi"le 4or industrial con4lict and oor industrial relations such as

#aes ro4its "onuses retrenchment #or6in conditions etc. %hese 4actors led to the

emerence o4 disute amon the #or6ers and (mloyers.

%he various 4orms o4 disute constitute Stri6es and !oc6out out o4 #hich Stri6e is enerally

re4erred.

Stri6eC means a cessation o4 #or6 "y a "ody o4 ersons emloyed in any industry actin in

com"ination or a concerted re4usal or a re4usal under a common understandin or an num"er o4

ersons #ho are or have "een so emloyed to continue to #or6 or to accet emloyment.

Pic6etin herao and 9andh *onsitute it 4urther.

Pic6etin is a common tactic used "y trade unions durin stri6es #ho #ill try to revent

dissident mem"ers o4 the union mem"ers o4 other unions and non-unionised #or6ers 4rom

3

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_action






#or6in. %hose #ho cross the ic6et line and #or6 desite the stri6e are 6no#n eBoratively

as sca"s.

herao means encirclement o4 the manaers to criminally intimidate him to accet the demands

o4 the #or6ers. It amounts to criminal consiracy under Section 1:;-A o4 the I.P.*. and is not

saved "y Sec. 1 o4 the %rade 'nions Act on the rounds o4 its "ein a concerted activity.

9andh oriinally a +indi #ord meanin EclosedE is a 4orm o4 rotest used "y olitical activists

in South Asian countries such as India and $eal. %he eression there4ore conveys a idea that

everythin is to "e "loc6ed or closed. 9andh is distinct and di44erent 4rom a eneral stri6e or

hartal.

"! INDUSTRIAL DISPUTE

An industrial disute may "e de4ined as a con4lict or di44erence o4 oinion "et#een manaement

and #or6ers on the terms o4 emloyment. It is a disareement "et#een an emloyer and

emloyeesG reresentative usually a trade union over ay and other #or6in conditions and can

result in industrial actions. ,hen an industrial disute occurs "oth the arties that is the

manaement and the #or6men try to ressuriHe each other. %he manaement may resort to

loc6outs #hile the #or6ers may resort to stri6es ic6etin or heraos.

As er Section :<6> o4 Industrial Disutes Act17 an industrial disute 1 in de4ined as any

disute or di44erence "et#een emloyers and emloyers or "et#een emloyers and #or6men or "et#een #or6men and #hich is connected #ith the emloyment or non-emloyment or the terms

o4 emloyment or #ith the conditions o4 la"or : o4 any erson.

%his de4inition includes all the asects o4 a disute. It not only includes the disareement

"et#een emloyees and emloyers "ut also emhasiHes the di44erence o4 oinion "et#een

#or6er and #or6er. %he disutes enerally arise on account o4 oor #ae structure or oor

#or6in conditions. %his disareement or di44erence could "e on any matter concernin the

#or6ers individually or collectively. It must "e connected #ith emloyment or non-emloyment

or #ith the conditions o4 la"or.

From the oint o4 vie# o4 the emloyer an industrial disute resultin in stoae o4 #or6

means a stoae o4 roduction. %his results in increase in the averae cost o4 roduction since

1 The defnition o the “industrial dispute” is taken rom an (English) Act 19!(! Ed" #$$ %&')

2 adras *mkhana %lu+ Emplo*ee,s -nion ./ *mkhana %lu+0 (19!') 2 '20'29(%)

&

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikebreaker

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal










4ied eenses continue to "e incurred. It also leads to a 4all in sales and the rate o4 turnover

leadin to a 4all in ro4its. %he emloyer may also "e lia"le to comensate his customers #ith

#hom he may have contracted 4or reular suly. Aart 4rom the immediate economic e44ects

loss o4 restie and credit alienation o4 the la"or 4orce and other non-economic sycholoical

and social conse3uences may also arise. !oss due to destruction o4 roerty ersonal inBury and

hysical intimidation or inconvenience also arises.

For the emloyee an industrial disute entails loss o4 income. %he reular income "y #ay o4

#aes and allo#ance ceases and reat hardshi may "e caused to the #or6er and his 4amily.

(mloyees also su44er 4rom ersonal inBury i4 they indule into stri6es n ic6etin and the

sycholoical and hysical conse3uences o4 4orced idleness. %he threat o4 loss o4 emloyment in

case o4 4ailure to settle the disute advantaeously or the threat o4 rerisal action "y emloyers

also eists. Proloned stoaes o4 #or6 have also an adverse e44ect on the national roductivity

national income. %hey cause #astae o4 national resources. +atred may "e enerated resultin in

olitical unrest and disrutin amica"le social/industrial relations or community attitudes.

%hus Industrial disutes are the disutes #hich arise due to any disareement in an industrial

relation. %he term Gindustrial relationG involves various asects o4 interactions "et#een the

emloyer and the emloyees amon the emloyees as #ell as "et#een the emloyers. %rade

'nion as such are not mentioned as they act on "ehal4 o4 the #or6men only. 0 In such relations

#henever there is a clash o4 interest it may result in dissatis4action 4or either o4 the arties

involved and hence lead to industrial disutes or con4licts. %hese disutes may ta6e various

4orms such as rotests stri6es demonstrations loc6-outs retrenchment dismissal o4 #or6ers

etc. It is a disareement "et#een an emloyer and emloyeesG reresentative usually a trade

union over ay and other #or6in conditions and can result in industrial actions. ,hen anindustrial disute occurs "oth the arties that is the manaement and the #or6men try to

ressuriHe each other. %he manaement may resort to loc6outs #hile the #or6ers may resort to

stri6es ic6etin etc.

"!Cau#$#

%he various reasons "ehind an industrial disute can enerally "e cateoriHed into economic and

non-economic 4actors. %he di44erent tyes o4 economic causes are related to monetary

comensation li6e salary #aes allo#ances "onus #or6in hours #or6in conditions leave

medical "ene4its holidays #ithout ay illeal termination re4usal o4 emloyment retrenchments

and unBust layo44s. &n the other hand olitical 4actors symathetic stri6es ill treatment "y other

#or6ers o4 the comany indisciline etc. come #ithin the urvie# o4 non-economic 4actor

#hich o4ten lead to an industrial disute or a maBor la"our issue.

E%o&o'% %au#$# :

3 4angalore 5/%/ and ills %o/ ./ Their 5orkmen (19!6) $ 71& at 716

7

http://industrialrelations.naukrihub.com/

http://industrialrelations.naukrihub.com/



%he most common causes o4 industrial disutes are economic causes. %hese are 4ollo#s

• Demand 4or hiher ,aes Rise in the cost o4 livin 4orces the #or6ers to demand more

#aes to meet the risin cost o4 livin inde and to increase their standards o4 livin. %his

"rins them into con4lict #ith their emloyers #ho are never #illin to ay more #aes

to #or6ers.• Demand 4or Allo#ances and 9onus Increase in cost o4 livin #as the main cause o4 the

demand o4 certain allo#ance allo#ances such as dearness allo#ance house allo#ance

medical allo#ance niht shi4t allo#ance conveyance allo#ance etc "y the #or6ers to

e3uate their #aes #ith the rise o4 rices. 9onus also lays an imortant role as a cause

o4 industrial disute. 9oth the amount and the method o4 "onus ayment have led to a

num"er o4 disutes.

• +ih Industrial Pro4its In the chanin #orld concet o4 la"our has chaned

considera"ly. At the resent emloyers consider themselves as a artner o4 the industry

and demand their share in the ro4its.

No&-$%o&o'% %au#$#:

• R$r$&%*'$& a&+ ,$r#o&&$ ##u$# :A very nominal 0J o4 the industrial disutes are

caused "y 4actors li6e retrenchment and layo44s #hile 1J o4 the industrial disutes are

caused "y ersonnel.

• I&+#%,&$ a&+ '#%o&+u%# :&ne o4 the leadin causes o4 industrial disutes and

la"our ro"lems in the industries is due to misconducts indisciline and o4ten violent

"ehaviours o4 the #or6men to#ards the comany. And un4ortunately this trend o4

indisciline and misconducts is movin to#ards an u#ard rah. Around 2;J o4 the

industrial disutes are direct results o4 misconducts o4 the emloyees/ #or6ers.

• Bo&u#. Wor/&0 *our# a&+ o*$r %r$ra:Around -8J o4 industrial disutes are due

to demand 4or "onus. %houh slo#ly this trend o4 disutes arisin out o4 demand o4

"onus is ever increasin. Moreover 4actors li6e #or6in hours and leave lead to only 1-

:J o4 industrial disutes.

M#%$a&$ou# %au#$#

Aart 4rom these a"ove mentioned 4actors an industry 4aces ro"lems due to reasons li6e ro"lems "et#een t#o di44erent unions non-imlementation o4 a#ards areements violation o4

standin orders service rules ecessive #or6 ressure on the emloyees charter o4 demand

violation o4 statutory rules and reulations etc.

"!" Co&#$1u$&%$# o2 I&+u#ra Co&2%#:

!



1. 'nrest and unnecessary tensions enul4 the hearts and minds o4 all the eole involved

- la"ourers and senior manaement.

:. %here is economic loss due to con4licts "ecause con4licts may result in stri6es and

loc6-outs. %his causes lo# or no roduction resultin in industrial loss.

0. Industrial losses may cause economic deression "ecause many industries are

interlin6ed. A ro"lem in one industry may drastically a44ect another industry.

. %he lives o4 lo#-level la"ourers "ecome #orse #hen they are out o4 #or6. %hey may

"e the only #or6in mem"ers o4 the 4amily and their Bo"lessness may lead everyone in

the 4amily to overty.

2. ,hen industrial con4licts et out o4 hand they "ecome a threat to eace and security.

,or6ers may resort to violence and indule in sa"otae.

3!4ORMS O4 INDUSTRIAL DISPUTE OR INSTRUMENTS O4 ECONOMIC

COERCION

In eneral !a"our@s instruments o4 economic coercion comrise o4 such #or6er@s action or

omission in 4urtherance o4 an industrial disute #hich threaten or in4lict 4inancial loss on themanaement. %hey ut manaement under economic ressure to accet the <industrial disute>

demands o4 #or6ers.

!i6e#ise manaement@s instruments o4 economic coercion comrise o4 such manaement@s

action or omission in 4urtherance o4 an industrial disute #hich is resorted to #ith the o"Bective

o4 in4lictin 4inancial loss on the la"our so that they #ould rather accet manaement@s term than

su44er irreara"le 4inancial loss. Further in harmony #ith the vie# no #or6 no aymentC the

closin o4 a lace o4 emloyment or susension o4 #or6 or the re4usal "y an emloyer to

continue to emloy any num"er o4 ersons emloyed "y him is the means adoted to ut the

re3uisite economic ressure.

%he activities may assume various 4ormse.. #ithdra#l o4 la"our and 3uarantines o4 la"our

ra# material roduct customer dealer or any com"ination o4 these .Further this #ithdra#l may

"e total or artial.

3!Sr/$#

'



A stri6e is a very o#er4ul #eaon used "y trade unions and other la"or associations to

et their demands acceted. It enerally involves 3uittin o4 #or6 "y a rou o4 #or6ers

4or the urose o4 "rinin the ressure on their emloyer so that their demands et

acceted. ,hen #or6ers collectively cease to #or6 in a articular industry they are said

to "e on stri6e.

Accordin to Industrial Disutes Act 17 a stri6e is a cessation o4 #or6 "y a "ody o4

ersons emloyed in an industry actin in com"ination or a concerted re4usal o4 any

num"er o4 ersons #ho are or have "een so emloyed to continue to #or6 or to accet

emloyment or a re4usal under a common understandin o4 any num"er o4 such ersons

to continue to #or6 or to accet emloymentC. %his de4inition thro#s liht on a 4e#

asects o4 a stri6e. Firstly a stri6e is a re4erred to as stoae o4 #or6 "y a rou o4

#or6ers emloyed in a articular industry. Secondly it also includes the re4usal o4 a

num"er o4 emloyees to continue #or6 under their emloyer.

In a stri6e a rou o4 #or6ers aree to sto #or6in to rotest aainst somethin they

thin6 is un4air #here they #or6. !a"ors #ithhold their services in order to ressuriHe their

emloyment or overnment to meet their demands. Demands made "y stri6ers can rane

4rom as6in 4or hiher #aes or "etter "ene4its to see6in chanes in the #or6lace

environment. Stri6es sometimes occur so that emloyers listen more care4ully to the

#or6ers and address their ro"lems.

Stri6es can occur "ecause o4 many reasons such as Dissatis4action #ith comany olicy

Salary and incentive ro"lems Increment not u to the mar6 ,ron4ul dischare or

dismissal o4 #or6men ,ithdra#al o4 any concession or rivilee +ours o4 #or6 and rest

intervals. !eaves #ith #aes and holidays 9onus ro4it sharin Provident 4und and

ratuity Retrenchment o4 #or6men and closure o4 esta"lishment Disute connected #ith

minimum #aes

T5,$# o2 Sr/$

1. (conomic Stri6e 'nder this tye o4 stri6e la"ors sto their #or6 to en4orce their

economic demands such as #aes and "onus. In these 6inds o4 stri6es #or6ers

as6 4or increase in #aes allo#ances li6e travelin allo#ance house rent

allo#ance dearness allo#ance "onus and other 4acilities such as increase in

rivilee leave and casual leave.

:. Symathetic Stri6e ,hen #or6ers o4 one unit or industry o on stri6e in

symathy #ith #or6ers o4 another unit or industry #ho are already on stri6e it is

called a symathetic stri6e. %he mem"ers o4 other unions involve themselves in a

& ection 2(8 ) $ndustrial ispute Act0 19&'

6



stri6e to suort or eress their symathy #ith the mem"ers o4 unions #ho are on

stri6e in other underta6ins. %he #or6ers o4 suar industry may o on stri6e in

symathy #ith their 4ello# #or6ers o4 the tetile industry #ho may already "e on

stri6e.

0. eneral Stri6e It means a stri6e "y mem"ers o4 all or most o4 the unions in areion or an industry. It may "e a stri6e o4 all the #or6ers in a articular reion o4

industry to 4orce demands common to all the #or6ers. %hese stri6es are usually

intended to create olitical ressure on the rulin overnment rather than on any

one emloyer. It may also "e an etension o4 the symathetic stri6e to eress

eneraliHed rotest "y the #or6ers.

. Sit do#n Stri6e In this case #or6ers do not a"sent themselves 4rom their lace o4

#or6 #hen they are on stri6e. %hey 6ee control over roduction 4acilities. 9ut do

not #or6. Such a stri6e is also 6no#n as Gen do#nG or Gtool do#nG stri6e. ,or6ers

sho# u to their lace o4 emloyment "ut they re4use to #or6. %hey also re4use toleave #hich ma6es it very di44icult 4or emloyer to de4y the union and ta6e the

#or6ersG laces2. In Kune 1778 all the Municial *ororation emloyees in PunBa"

o"served a en do#n stri6e to rotest aainst the non-accetance o4 their demands

"y the state overnment.

2. Slo# Do#n Stri6e (mloyees remain on their Bo"s under this tye o4 stri6e. %hey

do not sto #or6 "ut restrict the rate o4 outut in an oraniHed manner. %hey

adot o-slo# tactics to ut ressure on the emloyers5.

5. Sic6-out <or sic6-in> In this stri6e all or a sini4icant num"er o4 union mem"erscall in sic6 on the same day. %hey don@t "rea6 any rules "ecause they Bust use

their sic6 leave that #as allotted to them on the same day. +o#ever the sudden

loss o4 so many emloyees all on one day can sho# the emloyer Bust #hat it

#ould "e li6e i4 they really #ent on stri6e.

. ,ild cat stri6es %hese stri6es are conducted "y #or6ers or emloyees #ithout the

authority and consent o4 unions. In :;; a sini4icant num"er o4 advocated #ent

on #ildcat stri6e at the *ity *ivil *ourt remises in 9analore. %hey #ere

rotestin aainst some remar6s alleedly made aainst them "y an Assistant

*ommissioner

7 These strikes "ere frst used in the -A and :rance /The* set their oot on the $ndian soil in April

1939/ The then %ongress o.ernment "as hesitated to declare them as illegal/ The* attracted the

attention o the $ndian udiciar* in 1972/

! 4harat ugar ills td ./ ai ingh (19!1)2 !&&(%)

9



3!" 4or'# o2 Sr/$

!P%/$&0

P%/$&0 is a 4orm o4 rotest in #hich eole <called ic6eters> conreate outside a lace o4

#or6 or location #here an event is ta6in lace. &4ten this is done in an attemt to dissuade

others 4rom oin in <Ecrossin the ic6et lineE> "ut it can also "e done to dra# u"lic attention

to a cause. Pic6eters normally endeavor to "e non-violent. It can have a num"er o4 aims "ut is

enerally to ut ressure on the arty tareted to meet articular demands and/or cease

oerations. %his ressure is achieved "y harmin the "usiness throuh loss o4 customers and

neative u"licity or "y discourain or reventin #or6ers and/or customers 4rom enterin the

site and there"y reventin the "usiness 4rom oeratin normally.

Pic6etin is a common tactic used "y trade unions durin stri6es #ho #ill try to reventdissident mem"ers o4 the union mem"ers o4 other unions and non-unionised #or6ers 4rom

#or6in. %hose #ho cross the ic6et line and #or6 desite the stri6e are 6no#n eBoratively

as sca"s.

%hus ,hen #or6ers are dissuaded 4rom #or6 "y stationin certain men at the 4actory ates

such a ste is 6no#n as ic6etin. I4 ic6etin does not involve any violence it is er4ectly

leal. Pic6ets are #or6ers #ho are on stri6e that stand at the entrance to their #or6lace. It is

"asically a method o4 dra#in u"lic attention to#ards the 4act that there is a disute "et#een

the manaement and emloyees.

%he urose o4 ic6etin is

• to sto or ersuade #or6ers not to o to #or6

• to tell the u"lic a"out the stri6e

• to ersuade #or6ers to ta6e their unionGs side

Types

I&2or'ao&a ,%/$&0 is the leal name iven to the tye o4 ic6etin descri"ed a"ove.

In4ormational ic6etin as descri"ed "y Merriam-,e"sterGs Dictionary o4 !a# entails ic6etin

"y a rou tyically a la"or or trade union #hich in4orm the u"lic a"out a matter o4 concern

imortant to the union. %his is a oular ic6etin techni3ue 4or nurses to use outside o4

healthcare 4acilities.

1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_of_work



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-violent_resistance





http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-violent_resistance






A 'a## ,%/$ is an attemt to "rin as many eole as ossi"le to a ic6et line in order to

demonstrate suort 4or the cause. It is rimarily used #hen only one #or6lace is "ein

ic6eted or 4or a sym"olically or ractically imortant #or6lace. Due to the num"ers involved

a mass ic6et may turn into a otentially unla#4ul "loc6ade.

S$%o&+ar5 ,%/$&0 is #here eole ic6et locations that are not directly connected to the issueo4 rotest. %his #ould include comonent suliers the ic6eted "usiness relies on retail stores

that sell roducts "y the comany "ein ic6eted aainst and the rivate homes o4 the comanyGs

manaement.

Another tactic is to oraniHe hihly mo"ile ic6ets #ho can turn u at any o4 a comanyGs

locations on short notice. %hese 25&0 ,%/$# are articularly e44ective aainst multi4acility

"usinesses #hich could other#ise ursue leal rior restraint and shi4t oerations amon

4acilities i4 the location o4 the ic6et #ere 6no#n #ith certainty ahead o4 time.

Pic6etin is also used "y ressure rous across the olitical sectrum.

D#ru,6$ ,%/$&0 is #here ic6ets illeally use 4orce or the threat o4 4orce or hysical

o"struction to inBure or intimidate or other#ise inter4ere #ith either sta44 service users or

customers.

Increasinly #ith the introduction o4 the Internet and diital hotorahy ic6eters have laced

cameras at the entrances o4 their tarets o4ten accomanied #ith #ritten notices #arnin those

#ho cross the ic6et line that their hotorahs <and #here 6no#n their names and addresses>

#ill "e osted on the ic6etersG #e"site. %he leality o4 these sort o4 tactics have "een challened

in some Burisdictions on the rounds that such tactics violate rivacy rihts and/or are intended

to incite later rerisals aainst such individuals.

E$'$&# o2 P%/$&0

Several elements comrise ic6etin .%here is 4or instance

1. (lement o4 4reedom o4 seech and eression to the etent to #hich the

communication o4 4acts and vie# are involved.

:. (lement o4 4reedom o4 movement to the etent to #hich the ic6eters remain

stationary or indule in movement.

0. (lement o4 4reedom o4 association to the etent to #hich ic6etin involves rou

activity.

. (lement o4 4reedom to carry on trade ro4ession or "usiness to the etent to

#hich the activities may "e desined to imrove the #or6in conditions o4 the

#or6ers and adversely a44ect the corresondin rihts o4 the manaement o4 non-

ic6etin #or6ers.

All these elements may not "e concurrently resent in each and every ic6etin. (vents o4ten

3uic6ly move 4rom a hrase involvin some o4 these elements to another involvin other o4 these

elements.

11

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prior_restraint

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_group


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_photography

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy_rights



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prior_restraint



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_photography




P%/$&0 'a5 b$ a P$r'##b$ W$a,o&

Pic6etin a44ects "usiness and "usiness roerty. Fran64urter and reene have indicated in their

classic treaties the !a"our InBunction the American@s Kudiciary resonse to Pic6etin.,hether

or not Pic6etin #as illeal under the *ommon !a# may "e oen to serious de"ate. 9ut there is

no dou"t that in 9ritish India early Reulations or Statutes #hich directly or indirectly renderedstri6es illeal and eosed stri6ers to criminal rosecution also rendered ic6etin an o44ence

"oth in seci4ied industry as #ell as enerally .%he Indian Penal *ode a44ected ic6etin throuh

a"etment criminal intimidation criminal restraint and amon others "reach o4 contract. Since

170; ic6eters could also "e rosecuted 4or criminal consiracy .%he *riminal !a#

<Amendment>Act170: 4urther a44ected ic6etin. %he relie4 iven "y %rade 'nion Act does not

etend to condonin such acts in 4urtherance o4 a trade disute as it amounted to an o44ence.

%rade Disute Act 17:7 4urther a44ected incitin a"ettin or actin in 4urtherance o4 an illeal

stri6e #as an o44ence-a osition #hich is reserved under the Industrial Disute Act 17 even

thouh the concet o4 illeal stri6e has underone a radical and revolutionary chane. (ven at

the ris6 o4 reetition it may "e reiterated that ic6etin in suort o4 a leal stri6e or ic6etin

in the a"sence o4 any stri6e #hatsoever is not necessarily leal. (ven today in order to maintain

its leality ic6eters conduct must steer clear o4 the a4oresaid rovisions o4 the IP* and the

*riminal !a#<Amendment> Act 170: "ut this may not "e easy.

%he Indian *onstitution added other dimensions to the ro"lem. %o the etent to #hich the

ic6etin involves elements o4 4reedom o4 seech movement association and trade ro4ession

or "usiness and to the etent to #hich the state is enBoined 4rom ta6in a#ay these 4reedoms that

la# cannot adversely a44ect ic6etin.

P%/$&0 a&+ R0* o 4r$$+o' o2 S,$$%*

Section o4 the *riminal !a# Amendment Act 170: rohi"its o"struction o4 access and

intimidation o4 ersons or emloyees or loiterin at laces o4 Residence o4 "usiness #ith the

intent o4 deterrin others 4rom enterin or aroachin or dealin #ith such laces .%he

constitutional validity o4 the section #as challened in Damodar anesh v. State8 and Vimal

=ishore Malhotra v. State o4 'ttar Pradesh7 .It #as held in "oth the cases that Section #as iner

vives o4 the *onstitution.

P%/$&0 a&+ 4r$$+o' o2 Mo6$'$&

' :rankurter and reene 0a+our $n;untion0(193)

6 A$< 1(971) 4om+a* &79/

9 A$< (197!) Allaha+ad 7!/

12



Article 17<1><d> o4 the *onstitution uarantees to every citiHen the riht to move 4reely

throuhout the territory o4 India. %his riht ho#ever does not rotect loiterin at or near a lace

#here such ersons or mem"ers o4 his 4amily resides or #or6s or carries on "usiness 1;. A

3uestion there4ore arises #hether Section o4 the *riminal !a# Amendment Act 170: or other

la# curtails the 4reedom o4 movement "y ma6in a mere eercise o4 the riht o4 4reedom o4

movement enal under certain circumstances. 'holdin the same the 9om"ay +ih *ourt in

Damodar Ganesh v.State11 o"served

In testin there4ore the validity o4 Section o4 *riminal !a# Amendment Act #e have to see

#hether this restriction on 4reedom o4 movement viH. loiterin under certain circumstances

accomanied "y the re3uisite intention is Busti4ied "y *l.<2> o4 Article 17 o4 the *onstitution.

P%/$&0 a&+ 4r$$+o' o2 A##o%ao&

I4 ic6etin is resorted to in com"ination "y a num"er o4 #or6ers or involves rou activity it

may #ell raise the 3uestion o4 4reedom o4 association. %hus Article 17<1><c> o4 the *onstitutionuarantees to all citiHens to 4orm associations or unions. %his riht is ho#ever su"Bect to

reasona"le restrictions in the interest o4 u"lic order and morality .For instance i4 #or6ers resort

to ic6etin #hich endaners u"lic eace or inter4erence #ith the maintenance o4 the u"lic

order or the administration o4 the la# it is not rotected under Article 17<1><c> . In other #ords

this Article does not include riht o4 ic6etin .

"!7*$rao

%he #ord ?herao@ is to 4ound in the several o4 the Indian and Persian !anuaes and literally

mean encirclement1:. herao meanin EencirclementE is a #ord oriinally 4rom +indi and is a

tyically Indian #ay o4 rotest. 'sually a rou o4 eole #ould surround a olitician or a

overnment "uildin until their demands are met or ans#ers iven. It is used to descri"e the

certain activities o4 the #or6ers in la"our manaement relations and is o4 recent oriin. In the

sities herao "ecame the most otent #eaon in the hands o4 the #or6ers. Its use sread

throuhout the lenth and "readth o4 India and 4ound a secial niche in ,est 9enal #here

ironically it 4or the 4irst time lost its leitimacy in 1758 10. %his rincile #as introduced as a

4ormal means o4 rotest in the la"our sector "y Su"odh 9anarBee the P,D and !a"or Minister

in the 175 and 1757 'nited Front overnments o4 ,est 9enal resectively. !i6e 9andh

1 <a; =arain ./ tate 0 A$<(19!1) adras 731/

11 A$<(1971)4om/&79

12 amodar anesh ./ tate A$<(1971)4om/&79

13 Annual <eport o the ministr* o a+our0 19!'>!6 p/13

13


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subodh_Banarjee


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal






herao is another Indian term that has "ecome a household #ord o#in to its alica"ility in

every #al6 o4 our collective li4e #hether social economical olitical or educational . In simle

#ords it imlies ?encirclement@ or con4inement o4 the emloyers "y the emloyees 4or coercin

them to meet their demands as er their satis4action. %he main inredient o4 this eculiar tactic

lies in the con4inement o4 other arty 4or any lenth o4 time. %hat is it is a 4orm o4 loc6-in o4

manaement emloyers manaers the o44icers are sometimes ?"esieed@ in their o44ices "y

their emloyees or su"ordinates 4or hours and days until their demand are met1. It may mean

encirclement in the sense o4 "loc6ade or a comlete and artial encirclement #ith the o"Bect o4

reventin eress to or inress 4rom a articular lace #hether it is some o44ice #or6sho

4actory even lace o4 a"ode in #hich situation the oint o4 tresass may arise12 .

As Dr. S.*. =ashya says ,hen emloyers and 4actory manaers etc. are encircled in their

o44ices or else#here "y the la"ourers and are revented 4rom 4reely movin a"out or out 4or

hours or days toether until their demands are conceded the action is called herao15.C

A herao is usually short "ut may "e lon . A eace4ul herao involves crimes li6e #ron4ulrestraint and criminal tresass .A violent herao ossess a threat to li4e and roerty too. In

herao it #ould re3uire some oriinal o44ence aart 4rom the simle act o4 herao to ma6e it a

criminal o44ence in la#. I4 violence and criminal intimidations or other criminal o44ences #ere

committed "y the #or6ers durin herao it #ould "e illeal and the #or6ers #ould "e unished

accordin to the rocedure esta"lished "y the la#. +o#ever 4or a herao "e illeal there must "e

criminal intimidation criminal tresass #ron4ul con4inement or mischie4 to erson or

roerty unla#4ul assem"ly or other criminal o44ences under la# . !astly #hen a herao may

#ell "ecome violent in that case the overnment is Busti4ied in inter4erin there.

Since this mode o4 demonstration has "een held to "e unconstitutional and unla#4ul involvinthe "reach o4 several rovisions o4 the criminal la# its commission #ill also "e misconduct 4or

the urose o4 discilinary action "y the industrial emloyers .All #or6men uilty o4 #ron4ully

restrainin any erson "elonin to the manaement or #ron4ul con4inin him durin a

herao #ould "e uilty under Section 007 or 0; o4 the Indian Penal *ode 4or havin committed

coniHa"le o44ence 4or #hich they #ould "e lia"le to "e arrested #ithout #arrant and unisha"le

#ith simle imrisonment 4or a term #hich may etend to one month or #ith 4ine #hich may

etend to ruees 4ive hundred or #ith "oth. %hus herao as it is racticed and so 4ar as it see6s to

4orci"ly con4ine or restrain a erson amounts to an o44ence under the IP*. (ven under the %rade

'nion Act o4 17:5 any act o4 violence #hich amounts to the commission o4 an o44ence is never

1& /%/ohari0 herao0A ?ernicious techni8ues o Agitational ?olitics in $ndia0 in ournal o %onstitutional

and ?arliamentar* tudies0 =e" elhi0 #ol/$#0=o/2(19')0pp0231>232

17 // 4anner;ee0 herao0p/7

1! /%/@ash*ap0 The ?olitics o eection0p/3&&

1&



ecused. An areement to commit an o44ence is not eemted "y Sec 1 o4 the %rade 'nion Act.

%here4ore herao is an asect o4 industrial disute and trade unions have no secial rivilees

and eemtions to this ecet #here criminal consiracy is involved under Section 1.

herao is not an o44ence as such "ut #here it is accomanied "y con4inement restraint or

other o44ences the 4act that it is doen "y mem"ers o4 a trade union and used as an instrument o4 collective "arainin ive rise to no secial treatment or eemtion 4rom lia"ility under the la#.

In the landmar6 case o4 Jay Engineering Works v. State of West Bengal 17 the court reiterated this vie# and

stated that the eemtions ranted under s. 1 o4 the act do not etend to

areements to commit an o44ence or intimidation molestation or violence #here they amount

to an o44ence. Mem"ers o4 a trade union may resort to eace4ul stri6e such as cessation o4 #or6

#ith the o"Bect o4 en4orcin their claims. Such stri6es must "e eace4ul and never violent and

there is no eemtion #here an o44ence is committed.%here4ore a movement "y #or6men "y

atherin toether either outside or inside an industrial esta"lishment #ithin the #or6in hours is

ermissi"le #hen it is eace4ul and does not violate the rovisions o4 la#. +o#ever #hen such a

atherin is unla#4ul or commits an o44ence then such eemtion is lost. %hus #here the

#or6men resort to con4inement o4 ersons criminal tresass or #here it "ecomes violent or

indules in criminal 4orce or assault or mischie4 to erson or roerty then the eemtion

ranted under s. 1 o4 the act cannot "e claimed.C

In this case the court de4ined herao as a hysical "loc6ade o4 a taret either "y encirclement or

4orci"le occuation.C It declared that the o"Bective o4 a herao is to 4orce the manaement in

o#er to aree to the demands o4 the #or6ers #ithout reard 4or the machinery rovided 4or

redressal o4 comlaints as rovided 4or "y the la# and hence it too6 the vie# is that a herao is

illeal and the ersons involved cannot "e ranted immunity 4rom criminal rosecution.

As stated earlier in herao since some criminal intimidation is involved hence it #ould also not

"e #ron to reard herao as such to "e leal.

$o dou"t on the art o4 the emloyees it is considered as romt and easy redress to their

rievances #hile accordin to emloyers it is not only unBust and unla#4ul "ut also anti-social

and most condemna"le "reach o4 disciline in any underta6in connected #ith this ideoloical

di44erences "et#een the t#o is the aroach to the ro"lem that is #hether to reard it as a

leitimate #eaon on the art o4 the emloyees to have their demands 4ul4illed or to handle it as

a ro"lem o4 maintainin la# and order and allo#in or even directin the olice to interveneand ta6e such action in the matter as may "e called 4oe in the circumstances 4or the rescue o4 the

ersons heraoedC and 4or disersin the emloyees resorted to it.

3!Ba&+*

1' A$<(19!6) %alcutta &'/

17



9andh oriinally a +indi #ord meanin EclosedE is a 4orm o4 rotest used "y olitical activists

in South Asian countries such as India and $eal. %he eression there4ore conveys a idea that

everythin is to "e "loc6ed or closed. 9andh is distinct and di44erent 4rom a eneral stri6e or

hartal18. &4ten the community or olitical arty declarin a "andh eects the eneral u"lic to

stay in at home and not reort to #or6. Most a44ected are sho6eeers #ho are eected to 6ee

their shos closed as #ell as u"lic transort oerators o4 "uses and ca"s #ho are eected to

stay o44 the road and not carry asseners

A "andh is a o#er4ul means o4 civil diso"edience. 9ecause o4 the hue imact o4 a "andh on the

local community it is a much-4eared tool o4 rotest17.

9urlary 4orced closures arson attac6s stonin and clashes "et#een the "andh oraniHers and

the olice are common durin the eriod o4 closure. %he state #ith the hihest incidence o4

"andhs in India is ,est 9enal #here the averae num"er o4 "andhs er year is ;-2; <ranin

in duration 4rom a coule o4 hours to a maimum o4 t#o days er "andh>.

%he Industrial Revolution in (uroe contri"uted to the #orld in more #ays than one. Aart 4rom

economics it also contri"uted in rovidin methods o4 rotest to the #or6in/la"or class #hich

has had a dee imact on the %rade 'nions across the #orld and also ave a #eaon o4 rotest

4or the olitical class #hich could "e used aainst the rulin overnment.

,hile India #as slo# to catch u #ith the rocess o4 Industrialisation ho#ever it #as not slo#

in adotin 9andh as a use4ul rotest mechanism. 9andh "ecame a stron #eaon o4 Political

rotest durin the strule 4or Indeendence and Mahatma andhi used it to the 4ullest etent

durin the $on-*o-oeration movement. %he o"Bective o4 "andh those days #as to sti4le

economic activity and also to indicate that one canGt oress eole o4 a country to do #hat itdoesnGt #ant to. It had itGs e44ect and de4initely made the then 9ritish overnment ta6e notice o4

such rotests. Post Indeendence one #ould have thouht that the need 4or such #eaons o4

rotest li6e "andh #ouldnGt have a lace <ecet 4or the !a"or/,or6in class> aainst a

overnment that #as suosed to "e 9y the &4 the and For the Peole o4 India.

)et 9andhs continue to dominate the olitical landscae even till date and remains one o4 the

6ey #eaons o4 rotest 4or the oosition arties aainst the eistin overnment and their

olicies #hether in the state or at the *entre.

Ba&+* - U&+$'o%ra% a&+ U&%o&#uo&a

In India it has "ecome a norm 4or olitical arties and oraniHations to call 4or G9andhGs

<shutdo#n> #hen they #ant to "e heard. More o4ten than not such shutdo#ns are called to

16 4harat @umar @/ ?alicha ./ tate o @erala 0 A$< (199') @er/291 at 297/

19 1999 < 2&

1!











http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_disobedience

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arson

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoning

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police







http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_disobedience

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arson

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoning

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police




eloit a olitical or a sensitive issue and to ain attention. Althouh in India #e have learnt to

accet G9andhG as a mode o4 rotest it is not. (ven thouh Political arties consider that it is their

4undamental riht to call u"lic shutdo#n they cause reat hardshi and su44erin and disrut

normal li4e. Shutdo#ns are usually 4orced on the eole "y their leaders and conse3uently every

such act is associated #ith violence resultin in loss o4 u"lic and rivate roerty and inBury to

individuals. Such is the history o4 rotests in India that one #ould eect u"lic oranisations-

#hich ot 4or such measures- to "e at least cautious a"out its outcomes as it may even lead to

mass causality. Moreover you hardly see eole not a44iliated to olitical arty call any

shutdo#ns indicatin that such shutdo#ns are usually carried out under the uidance o4 #ily and

in4luential olitical leaders. In a #ay its ironic ho# #e "lindly 4ollo# our leaders than them

consultin us "e4ore resortin to such drastic measures.

G9andhGs "y their sheer nature are unconstitutional as they inter4ere #ith our 4undamental rihts.

Peole are 4orced to suort shutdo#n "y 4anatic suorters and thus "y 4orci"ly closin shos

and haltin u"lic transort. Peole o"serve these rotests on account o4 4ear. %here4ore the

success o4 any such rotests cannot "e attri"uted to u"lic oinion as it may not have "een

o"served voluntarily. %here must "e a clause in IndiaGs *onstitution to hold accounta"le to those

#ho 4orci"ly revent others 4rom eercisin their 4undamental rihts. &ne #onders ho# these

eole ot a#ay #ith it 4or so lon.

&n 5th Kanuary :;1; auhati +ih *ourt declared that 9andhC is illeal and unconstitutional.

It violates citiHen@s 4undamental rihts. *hie4 Kustice Kasti *helames#ar and Kustice Arun

*handra 'adhyay in the liht o4 a 177 Sureme *ourt order uholdin a =erala +ih *ourt@s

Budment declared "andhs are illeal. auhati +ih *ourt ave the Kudment a4ter hearin t#o

searate u"lic interest litiations <PI!s> #hich #ere 4iled "y t#o citiHens in :;;2 see6in

declaration o4 "andhCs as illeal and unconstitutional in Assam and Mehalaya. %he etitioners

told that 4re3uent "andhCs a44ect the economy and education:;. In :;; the 9om"ay +ih *ourt

4ined the Shiv Sena and 9KP Rs :; la6h 4or oranisin a "andh in Mum"ai to rotest "om"

"lasts. %he court ermits eneral stri6es #hich rotest aainst a seci4ic esta"lishment. 9ut they

do not suort total stri6e:1.In a landmar6 decision in 9harat =umar ::a 4ull "ench o4 the =erala

+ih *ourt has declared 9andhsC oraniHed "y olitical arties 4rom time to time as

unconstitutional "ein violative o4 the 4undamental rihts o4 the eole. %he court re4used to

accet it as an eercise o4 the 4reedom o4 seech and eression "y the concerned arty callin

4or the "andh. ,hen a "andh is called eole are eected not to travel not to carry on their

trade not to attend to their #or6. A %hreat is held out either eressly or imliedly that any

2 The Telegraph 0'th an 21

21 pen agaBine0 1&th Aug 21

22 A$<(199')@er/291

1'



attemt to o aainst the call 4or "andh may result in hysical inBury. A call 4or 9andh is clearly

di44erent 4rom a call 4or eneral stri6e or hartal. %here is destruction o4 u"lic roerty durin

"andh.%he +ih *ourt has directed that a call 4or "andh "y any association oraniHation or

olitical arty and en4orcin o4 that call "y it is illeal and unconstitutional. %he +ih *ourt has

also directed the sate and all its la# en4orcement aencies to do all that may "e necessary to ive

e44ect to the court order. %he Sureme *ourt has acceted the decision o4 %he =erala +ih *ourt

iven in Bharat Kumar K. Paliha v.State of Kerala!". %he Sureme *ourt re4used to inter4ere

#ith the +ih *ourt decision. %he *ourt has acceted the distinction dra#n "y the +ih *ourt

"et#een a ?"andh@ and a stri6e in #ommunist Party of $ndia %&' v. Bharat Kumar and others!(. A

"andh inter4eres #ith the eercise o4 the 4undamental 4reedoms o4 other citiHens in addition to

causin loss in many #ays:2.In )anhi Bar *ssoiation v. State +f Bihar 4ollo#in the Ae

court decision mention a"ove the Patna +ih *ourt has ruled that no arty has a riht to

oraniHe a 9andhC causin the eole "y 4orce to sto them 4rom eercisin their la#4ul

activities. %he overnment is duty "ound to revent unla#4ul activities li6e "andh #hich invades

eole@s li4e li"erty and roerty. %he overnment is "ound to ay comensation to those #hosu44er loss o4 li4e li"erty or roerty as a result o4 a "andh "ecause o4 the 4ailure o4 the

overnment to dischare its u"lic duty to rotect them:5.In aroriate cases even the

oraniHers o4 the "andh may "e directed to ay comensation. Any oraniHation inter4erin #ith

the 4unctionin o4 the courts commits contemt o4 court and can "e unished accordinly. A

eace4ul stri6e #hich does not inter4ere #ith the rihts and roerties o4 the eole is ho#ever

not illeal. In the instant case the +ih *ourt did a#ard comensation aainst the State

overnment 4or loss o4 roerty and death o4 a erson durin the "andh 4or 4ailure o4 the

authorities to ta6e aroriate action and rovide ade3uate rotection to the eole@s li4e li"erty

and roerty. %he overnment 4ailed to dischare its u"lic duty to rotect the eole durin the

"andh. <I"id> .Sureme *ourt@s Budment in ,.K. )angara-an vs. State of ,amil adu %!//"'0declarin the riht to stri6e is illeal and ?"andh@ is unla#4ul.

%a6in a serious note o4 various instances o4 lare-scale destruction o4 u"lic and rivate

roerties in the name o4 aitation "andhs hartals and the li6e suo motu roceedins #ere

initiated "y the Sureme *ourt in Destruction o4 Pu"lic L rivate roerties In re case .#.+

Bank v. )a-inder 2al Ka3oor !7 A4ter erusin various reorts 4iled t#o committees #ere

23 A$<(199')@er/291/

2& (199')(')%AE 21

27 4harat @umar @/ ?alicha . tate @erala0 A$< 199' @er 291

2! A$< 1999 ?at 1!9

16



aointed one headed "y a retired Sureme *ourt Kude Kustice =.%.%homas :8 and other

headed "y Mr. F.S.$ariman a senior mem"er o4 the leal ro4ession<$ariman *ommittee>.9oth

the *ommittees su"mitted their reorts searately. A4ter considerin the reorts o4 the t#o

*ommittees and hearin the matter the Sureme *ourt held the recommendations o4 the %homas

*ommittee are #holesome and need to "e acceted. %o e44ectuate the reorts o4 the t#o

*ommittees and addin teeth to the en3uiry the 4ollo#in uidelines are to "e o"served as soon

as there is a demonstration oraniHed

1. %he oraniHer should meet the olice to revie# and revise the route to "e ta6en and to lay

do#n conditions 4or a eace4ul march o4 rotest

:. All #eaons includin 6nives lathis and the li6e should "e rohi"ited

0. All underta6in should "e rovided "y the oraniHers to ensure a eace4ul march #ith

marshals at each relevant Burisdiction

. %he olice and the State overnment should ensure videorahy o4 such rotests to the

maimum etent ossi"le

2. %he erson-in-chare to suervise the demonstration should "e SP<i4 the situation is con4ined

to the district> and the hihest olice o44icer in the State #here the situation stretches "eyond one

district

5. In the event the demonstrations turn violent the o44icer-in-chare should ensure that the

events are videorahed throuh rivate oerators and also re3uest such 4urther in4ormation 4rom

the media and others on the incidents in 3uestion

. %he olice should immediately in4orm the State overnment #ith reorts on the events

includin damae i4 any caused "y the olice and

8. %he State overnment should reare a reort on the olice reorts and other in4ormation that

may "e availa"le to it and should 4ile a etition includin its reort in the +ih *ourt in 3uestion

to ta6e suo motu action.

%hus G9andhG a coercive method adoted "y our leaders in India is not only undemocratic "ut

also unconstitutional. ,hy not these so called Gde4enders o4 democracyG resort to leal and

constitutional methods such as demonstratin eace4ul rocessions 4ilin o4 u"lic interest

etitions creatin a#areness throuh mass media holdin 4ast etc. Most imortantly #hy notuse the o#er4ul lat4orm such as !eislative assem"ly and Parliament #hich is meant 4or one

thin only to ive voice to eole. +o#ever it is 3uite ironic that unconstitutional methods are

2' (2')& %%&'&

26 @/T/Thomas %ommittee

19



also "ein adoted inside the house o4 leislature #hen leaders stae #al6outs and cause

commotion. %he loss caused "y such methods has "een enormous to the nationGs economy and

a"ove all to our dinity. %hese methods are nothin "ut unla#4ul and the sooner they are

a"andoned the "etter 4or us.

It is also hih time that #e in India adot or rather en4orce a common code o4 conduct 4or all olitical arties. %here is also an urent need 4or the olitical leaders to chec6 their attitude and

demeanour. &ur olitical and u"lic li4e today is an etension o4 the 4reedom strule. %here4ore

eole enerally consider it leitimate to ta6e recourse to all those means #hich #e emloyed

aainst the 4orein rulers. !et the overnment and all the olitical arties -#hich "elieve in

democracy- come to an areed code and 4ormulate a la# #ith reard to leal #ays o4 eressin

u"lic disaroval. %he house o4 leislature is a 4orum 4or the elected reresentatives and they

should de"ate issues o4 national imortance in that 4orum instead o4 disrutin li4e "y holdin

u"lic 4or ransom 4or anythin and everythin that tic6le their 4ancy. At the same time

constituents should remind their leaders o4 their o"liation and demand that their 4undamental

rihts are rotected at any cost.

8!CONCLUSION

*ritical study o4 the Indian olitical system carried out "y eole outside o4 India has led it to "e

called a Dys4unctional Democracy 4or various reasons this even #hile #e continue to "e roud

o4 "ein the larest democracy o4 the #orld. I am not surrised #ith the 4indins o4 such critical

studies ,here there is aranoia a"out the alternate voice or intolerance to#ards any hint o4

disareement there democracy is murdered. ,hile a lot o4 thin6in is re3uired to et thedemocratic structure "ac6 on trac6 at the minimal #e should loo6 at immediately stoin

archaic and sel4 de4eatist methods o4 Political Protest.

2



9!BIBLIO7RAPHY

1. PRIMAR) S&'R*(S

1.1 !(IS!A%I&$ %he Industrial Disute Act17

:. S(*&$DAR) S&'R*(S

:.1 9&&=S Dr.. 9.D. SinhIndustrial Relations and !a"our !a#s:;;8

.Radha6rishnaiah P.M. Industrial Disute Act 1715 th (dition :;11

Asia !a# +ouse +ydera"ad Dr. SanBeev =umarIndustrial and !a"our !a#s:nd (dition:;;

Dr. Avtar Sinh and Dr. +arreet =aur Introduction to !a"our and

Industrial !a#s:nd (dition :;;8

Pro4. S.$. Mishra !a"our and Industrial !a#s:5th (dition:;11 *entral

!a# Pu"lications

=umar +.!. !a"our Pro"lems and Remedies1;th (dition :;1: 'niversal

!a# Pu"lishin *o. Pvt !td $e# Delhi

Puri S.D. !a"our !a#s 4or (verday Made (asy th (dition :;1:Sno#

,hite Pu"lications Pvt !td. Srivastava S.*.Industrial Relations and !a"our !a#s2th

(dition:;1;Vi6as Pu"lishin +ouse Pvt !td $e# Delhi.

:.: *AS(S

Bangalore W.#. and &ills #o. v. ,heir Workmen <1758> I !!K 21 at 21

&adras Gymkhana #lu4 Em3loyee5s nion v. Gymkhana #lu4 <175> :

!!K :;:7<S*> Bharat Sugar &ills 2td v. Jai Singh <1751>: !!K 5<S*>

Damodar Ganesh v. State AIR<1721>9om.27

Jay Engineering Works v. State of West Bengal0AIR 1758 *al ;

Bharat Kumar K. Paliha v. State of Kerala 0 AIR <177> =er.:71 at :72.

,.K. )angara-an vs. State of ,amil adu %!//"'0

.#.+ Bank v. )a-inder 2al Ka3oor0 <:;;> S**

Bhola Sah *nd +rs. Et. vs ,he State +f Bihar *nd +rs. AIR 1777Pat 157

arok.#.#.v.,ransmara #.#.01666 22) !(

Jagdish #handra v. #or3oration of #alutta0 AIR<1758> *alcutta ;

)a- arain v. State 0 AIR<1751> Madras 201

imal Kishore &ehrotra v. State of .P.0 AIR <1725> Allaha"ad 25.

Bodi *lam *nd *nr. vs State +f Bihar *nd +rs0 AIR<1721>9om.27

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)a-adhyaksha 8 9ikar vs State0AIR 1721 9om".27

:.0 AR%I*!(S

K.*.Kohari heraoA Pernicious techni3ues o4 Aitational Politics inIndia

in Kournal o4 *onstitutional and Parliamentary Studies $e# DelhiVol.IV$o.:<17;>:01-:0:

.!. 9annerBee herao.2;

S.*.=ashya %he Politics o4 De4ection.0

Fran64urter and reene !a"our InBuntion<170;>

:. ,(9SI%(S htt//###.e"c-india.com/la#yer/articles

###.la#commissiono4india.nic.in/

###.lealservicesindia.com/

###.manuatra.com/

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