MBA BIS Hardware Tg

8/3/2019 MBA BIS Hardware Tg

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Eng. Martin Manuhwa

University of Zimbabwe

Hardware Resources

MBA BIS 2011


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Business Information Systems

Eng. Martin Manuhwa

Computer Hardware


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MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES

WHAT IS A COMPUTER SYSTEM?: CPU AND PRIMARYSTORAGE

SECONDARY STORAGE

INPUT & OUTPUT DEVICES TECHNOLOGY TRENDS

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Basic Computer Hardware

Components

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Primary Storage (Main Memory)

Input Devices (Keyboard, Mouse) Output Devices (Screen, Printer)

Secondary Storage (Disk, Tape)

Buses (connections between components)


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Computer System Components

Central Processing Unit

Output

Devices

CacheMemory

PrimaryStorage

SecondaryStorageDevices

ControlUnit

ALU

SpecialPurposeProcessors

Output

Device

s

Input

Device

s


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Putting the Pieces Together

CPU

Secondary

Storage

Primary

Memory

Output Device

Input Device

DMA

DMA


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BIT:Binary Digit. On/Off, 0/1, Magnetic/Not

BYTE:Group of bits for one character

EBCDIC- Extended Binary Coded DecimalInterchange Code (8 bits per byte)

ASCII- American Standard Code for Information

Exchange (7 or 8 bits per byte) PARITY BIT:extra bit added to each byte to help detect

errors

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HOW CHARACTERS ARE STORED


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INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES

POINTING DEVICES

SOURCE DATA AUTOMATION

OUTPUT DEVICES*


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Input Technology Trends

FirstGeneration

SecondGeneration

ThirdGeneration

FourthGeneration

FifthGeneration

PunchedCardsPaper Tape

PunchedCards

Key to Tape/Disk

Keyboard DataEntryPointing DevicesOptical Scanning

VoiceRecognitionTouch DevicesHandwritingRecognition

Trend:Towards Direct Input Devices that Are More Naturaland Easy to Use


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Common Input Devices Keyboard

Pointing Devices

Pen Based Computing

Speech Recognition Optical Scanning

Magnetic Ink CharacterRecognition

Smart Cards Digital Cameras


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POINTING DEVICES

KEYBOARD MOUSEWIRED INFRA-REDTRACKBALLTOUCH PAD

JOYSTICK

TOUCH SCREEN*


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CAPTURES DATA IN COMPUTER FORM AT TIME &PLACE OF TRANSACTION

OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION (OCR):saves characters, format

BAR CODE: identifies products in stores, warehouses,shipments

MAGNETIC INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION(MICR):special ink identifies bank, account, amount

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PEN-BASED INPUT:Digitizes signature DIGITAL SCANNER: Translates images & characters

into digital form

VOICE INPUT DEVICES:Converts spoken word intodigital form

SENSORS: Devices that collect data fromenvironment for computer input (e.g.,thermometers, pressure gauges)

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Common Output Devices Video Output

CRT

LCD

Printed Output

Inkjet

Laser


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Output Technology Trends

FirstGeneration

SecondGeneration

ThirdGeneration

FourthGeneration

FifthGeneration

Punched CardsPrinted Reportsand Documents

Punched CardsPrinted Reportsand Documents

Printed Reportsand DocumentsVideo Displays

Video DisplaysAudio ResponsesPrinted Reportsand Documents

Video DisplaysVoice ResponsesHyperlinkedMultimediaDocuments

Trend:Towards Output Methods that Communicate Naturally,Quickly, and Clearly

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Storage Trends

FirstGeneration

SecondGeneration

ThirdGeneration

FourthGeneration

FifthGeneration

MagneticDrum

MagneticCore

MagneticCore

LSISemiconductorMemory Chips

VLSISemiconductorMemory Chips

Trend:Towards Large Capacities Using Smaller Microelectronic Circuits

Trend:Towards Massive Capacities Using Magnetic and Optical Media

Magnetic TapeMagnetic Drum

Magnetic TapeMagnetic Disk

Magnetic DiskMagnetic Tape

Magnetic Disk

Optical DiskMagnetic Tape

Optical DiskMagnetic Disk

PrimaryStorage

SecondaryStorage

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CPU & PRIMARY STORAGE

CPUPRIMARY

STORAGE

DATA BUS

ADDRESS BUS

CONTROL BUS

INPUT

DEVICES

OUTPUT

DEVICES

SECONDARY

STORAGE

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CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

RAM

PRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORY

CONTROL UNITARITHMETIC/LOGIC

UNIT

ROMCLOCK

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CPU

Does all manipulations Controls other computer components

Components

Arithmetic-Logic UnitControl Unit

Registers

Information must be on the CPU

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ALU & CONTROL UNIT

ARITHMETIC- LOGIC UNIT:CPU component performslogic and arithmetic operations

CONTROL UNIT:CPU component controls, coordinatesother parts of computer system

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Primary Memory

Can be accessed directly by CPU

All commands/data must be in primary memory.

Read Only Memory (ROM)

non-volatile holds OS/BIOS (how to be a computer)

Random Access Memory (RAM) volatile hold high level OS, application, data


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Other Type Primary Memory

ROM PROM - write once

for single & low volume uses

EPROM - rewritable

CMOS

holds setup memory, needs battery

RAM


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Secondary Storage

Sequential Access

9 track reels

tape cartridges

Direct Access Storage Devices (DASD) floppy disk drives

hard disk drives

CD-ROMDVD

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DISK

TAPEOPTICAL STORAGE

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SECONDARY STORAGE


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TRACKS AND SECTORS

EACH TRACK HOLDSSAME AMOUNT OF DATA

SECTOR

TRACKS

DIRECTORY ON TRACK 0

STARTOFTRACKS

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DISK PACK STORAGE

LARGE SYSTEMS RELIABLE STORAGE

LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA

QUICK ACCESS & RETRIEVABLE

TYPICAL: 11 2-sided disks

CYLINDER: Same track all surfaces

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CYLINDER 10: TRACK 10 (TOP AND BOTTOM OF EACH DISK)

DISK 1DISK 2

DISK 3DISK 4DISK 5

READ/WRITEHEADS

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OPTICAL STORAGE


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CD-ROM:500-660 MEGABYTES

LAND: flat parts of disk surface reflects light PITS: small scratch on surface scatters light

WRITE ONCE / READ MANY (WORM):

CD-R: Compact Disk - Recordable

CD-RW:CD - Rewritable

DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD):CD size, up to 10 gigabytesof data

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OPTICAL STORAGE

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STANDARD FOR SEQUENTIAL FILES SPOOL OF PLASTIC TAPE COVERED WITH FERROUS

OXIDE (2400 feet per spool)

RECORD GROUPS: BLOCKING FACTOR (e.g., 10 records per

block) GROUPS SEPARATED BY INTER-BLOCK GAP

RECORDS READ BLOCK AT A TIME

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HEADER IBG BLOCK 1 BLOCK 2 BLOCK 3

MAGNETIC TAPE

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ENCLOSED FERROUS OXIDE TAPE

USED PERIODICALLY TO BACK UP RECORDS

INEXPENSIVE

STORED IN SAFE LOCATION

CAN BE REUSED

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MAGNETIC CARTRIDGE

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STORAGE AREA NETWORK (SAN)

HIGH-SPEED NETWORK CONNECTS VARIOUS STORAGE DEVICES

TAPE LIBRARIES

DISK ARRAYS

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Data Bus

Information is moved to/from components on the DataBus via the CPU

Typically want data bus = word size

Some systems have a data bus < word size Some systems allow for Direct Memory Access (DMA)

which bypasses the CPU

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Bus Standards

ISAIndustry Standard Architecture (1984) MCAMicro Channel Architecture (1987)

EISAExtended ISA (1998)

VLBVESA Local Bus (1992)

PCIPeripheral Component Interconnect (1993)

AGPAccelerated Graphics Port (1996)

USBUniversal Serial Bus (1995)

FirewireIEEE 1394 (1994)

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Width Clock Throughput


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Width Clock Throughput

(bits) (MHz) (MB/s)

ISA 16 8 8

MCA 32 10 20

EISA 32 8 33

VLB 32 33 132 PCI 32 33 132

AGP 32 66 256

USB -- -- 12 Firewire -- -- 400

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AGP

Basically an enhancement of the 66 MHz PCI specification Targeted at high performance 3D graphics applications.

Standards exist for 2X (512 MBps) and 4X (1024 MBps).

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USB

Intended to lower costs by using standard connectorsand eliminating add-on cards

Requires compatible BIOS, OS, peripherals

Supports hot swapping of devices

127 devices possible using USB hubs

Max cable length 5 meters

Supports 12 Mbps aggregate data rate, 1.5Mbps for low

speed devices

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IEEE 1394 (FireWire)

Similar concept to USB but directed at high speedperipherals

Supports speeds of 100, 200, and 400 Mbps

63 same-speed devices on single bus

Up to 1,023 buses can be interconnected

Expect future computer to have both a low speed bus(USB) and a high speed bus (FireWire)

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Hard Disk Interfaces

ST-506/ST-412 (MFM, RLL) ESDI - Enhanced Small Device Interface

IDE/ATA - Integrated Drive Electronics / AT

AttachmentATA-2, Fast ATA, Fast ATA-2, ATA-2, Ultra ATA,

ATAPI

16-bit,

EIDE - Enhanced IDE

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S ll C t S t I t f


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Small Computer Systems Interface

SCSI1(8 devices) 8-bit narrow bus, 5 MHZ bus (5MB/s)

SCSI-2Wide-16 bit or 32-bit (not common) Fast - 10MHz bus (10MB/s @ 8bits)

SCSI-3Ultra20MHz bus (20MB/s @ 8 bits)

Serial SCSI (Firewire)Up to 400MHz (50+ MB/s)

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INPUT

DEVICES

SECONDARY

STORAGE

PRIMARYSTORAGE

COMPUTER COMPONENTS

CPU

OUTPUTDEVICES

COMMUNICATIONSDEVICES

BUSES

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I-CYCLE:

1. FETCH

2. DECODE3. PLACE IN INSTRUCTION REGISTER

4. PLACE INTO ADDRESS REGISTER

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INSTRUCTION & EXECUTION CYCLE

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E-CYCLE:5. SEND DATA FROM MAIN MEMORY TO STORAGE

REGISTER

6. COMMAND ALU

7. ALU PERFORMS OPERATION

8. SEND RESULT TO ACCUMULATOR

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INSTRUCTION & EXECUTION CYCLE

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COMPUTER TIME

Millisecond .001 second thousand 15min 40 secMicrosecond .001 millisecond million 11.6 daysNanosecond .001microsecond billion 31.7 years

Picosecond .001 nanosecond trillion 31,700 years

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NAME LENGTH SECOND TO 1 SECOND

# PER COMPARED

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VLSI CIRCUIT WITH CPU

WORD LENGTH:bits processed at one time

MEGAHERTZ:one million cycles per second

DATA BUS WIDTH:bits moved between CPU & other devices

REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTING (RISC):embedsmost used instructions on chip to enhance speed

MultiMedia eXtension (MMX):enhanced Intel chip improvesmultimedia applications

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MICROPROCESSOR

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EXAMPLES OF


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NAME MICROPROCESSOR WORD DATA BUS CLOCK SPEED

MANUFACTURER LENGTH WIDTH (MHz)

PENTIUM INTEL 32 64 75 - 200

PENTIUM (MMX) INTEL 32 64 166 - 233

PENTIUM II INTEL 32 64 233 - 450

PENTIUM III INTEL 64 64 500+

PowerPC MOTOROLA, IBM, APPLE 32 64 100 - 400

ALPHA DEC 64 64 1000+

EXAMPLES OF

MICROPROCESSORS

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PENTIUM PCs

PENTIUM (MMX) MULTIMEDIA

PENTIUM II HIGH-END PCs, WORKSTATIONS

PowerPC HIGH-END PCs, WORKSTATIONS

ALPHA COMPAC & DEC WORKSTATIONS

PENTIUM III MULTIMEDIA

NAME USE

USES OF MICROPROCESSORS

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SEQUENTIAL & PARALLEL PROCESSINGSEQUENTIAL PARALLEL

TASK 1

RESULT

TASK 2

RESULT

Program

CPU

Program

CPU

Program

CPU

TASK 2

CPU

TASK 3

CPU

TASK 1

RESULT

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DATA PROCESSING

BATCH PROCESSING:Transaction data stored untilconvenient to process as a group. Useful for less time-sensitive actions.

ON-LINE PROCESSING:Transaction data entered directly

into system, constantly updating files. Requires direct-accessdevices.

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KEYBOARD INPUT

BATCH OFTRANSACTIONS

SORTED TRANSACTION

FILE

OLD MASTER FILE

NEW MASTERFILE

VALIDATE AND UPDATE

ERRORREPORTS

REPORTS

BATCH PROCESSING

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ON-LINE PROCESSING

TRANSACTIONS

KEYBOARD

PROCESS /UPDATE MASTER

FILE

MASTER FILE

IMMEDIATEINPUT

IMMEDIATEPROCESSING

IMMEDIATEFILE UPDATE


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MAINFRAME

LARGEST ENTERPRISE COMPUTER 5O MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE GIGABYTE RAM

COMMERCIAL, SCIENTIFIC, MILITARY APPLICATIONS

MASSIVE DATA

COMPLICATED COMPUTATIONS

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MIPS: Millions of Instructions per second

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MIDRANGE/MINICOMPUTER

MIDDLE-RANGE

10 MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE GIGABYTE RAM

UNIVERSITIES, FACTORIES, LABS USED AS FRONT-END PROCESSOR FOR MAINFRAME

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DESKTOP OR PORTABLE

64 KILOBYTES TO OVER 128 MEGABYTES RAM

PERSONAL OR BUSINESS COMPUTERS

AFFORDABLE MANY AVAILABLE COMPONENTS

CAN BE NETWORKED

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MICROCOMPUTER

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SUPERCOMPUTERTERAFLOP:TRILLION CALCULATIONS/SECOND

HIGHLY SOPHISTICATED

COMPLEX COMPUTATIONS FASTEST CPUs

LARGE SIMULATIONS

STATE-OF-THE-ART COMPONENTS

EXPENSIVE

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INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA

INTEGRATES TWO OR MORE MEDIA TEXT, GRAPHICS, SOUND, VOICE, VIDEO, ANIMATION

STREAMING TECHNOLOGY

MP3: Audio compression standard

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NETWORKED COMPUTERS CLIENT:user (PC, workstation, laptop) requires data,

application, communications it does not have

SERVER:component (computer) having desired data,

application, communications

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CLIENT / SERVER

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CLIENT SERVERREQUESTS

DATA,SERVICE

USER INTERFACEAPPLICATION

FUNCTION

DATAAPPLICATION FUNCTION

NETWORK RESOURCES

CLIENT / SERVER

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WORKSTATION

DESKTOP COMPUTER

POWERFUL GRAPHICS

EXTENSIVE MATH CAPABILITIES

MULTI-TASKING

USUALLY CONFIGURED TO SPECIAL FUNCTION (e.g.;CAD, ENGINEERING, GRAPHICS)

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CENTRALIZED:PROCESSING BY CENTRALCOMPUTER SITE

ONE STANDARD

GREATER CONTROL

DISTRIBUTED:PROCESSING BY SEVERAL COMPUTERSITES LINKED BY NETWORKS

MORE FLEXIBILITY

FASTER RESPONSE

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CENTRALIZED / DISTRIBUTED

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DOWNSIZING

TRANSFER APPLICATIONS FROM LARGE COMPUTERSTO SMALL

REDUCES COST

SPEEDS RESULTS TO USER

COMPUTER ASSIGNED TASK IT DOES BEST

COOPERATIVE PROCESSING

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NETWORK COMPUTERS

NETWORK COMPUTER:simplified desktop computerstores minimum data to function (uses server)

TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP (TCO):total cost ofowning technology resources (hardware, software, upgrades,

maintenance, technical support, training)*

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Evaluating Hardware & Software

Hardware evaluation factors Performance

Speed, capacity, throughput

Cost

Lease or purchase price Cost of operations and maintenance

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Hardware evaluation factors (continued)Reliability

Risk of malfunction & maintenance requirements

Error control and diagnostic features

Compatibility With existing hardware and software?

With hardware & software provided by competing suppliers?

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Hardware evaluation factors (continued)Technology

Year of product life cycle

Does it use a new, untested technology?

Does it run the risk of obsolescence?

Ergonomics human factors engineered?

User-friendly?

Safe, comfortable, easy to use?

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Hardware evaluation factors (continued)Connectivity

Easily connected to WANs and LANs that use different types of networktechnologies and bandwidth alternatives?

Scalability Can it handle the processing demands of end users, transactions, queries,

& other processing requirements?

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Hardware evaluation factors (continued) Software

Is system and application software available that can best use thishardware?

Support Is support available?

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Software evaluation factors Quality

Bug free?

Efficiency

Well-developed system of program code that does not use much CPUtime, memory capacity, or disk space?

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Software evaluation factors (continued) Flexibility

Can it handle our processes easily without major modification?

Security

Does it provide control procedures for errors, malfunctions, andimproper use?

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Software evaluation factors (continued) Connectivity

Web-enabled?

Language

Is the programming language familiar to internal software developers?

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Software evaluation factors (continued) Documentation

Well-documented? Help screens and helpful software agents?

Hardware

Does existing hardware have the features required to best use thissoftware?



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TECHNOLOGY TRENDS

INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA VIRTUAL REALITY

ENHANCED WORLD WIDE WEB

SUPERCHIPS

FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS

MASSIVELY PARALLEL COMPUTERS

SMART CARDS

MICROMINIATURIZATION*

MBA BIS Hardware Tg

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