M. A. II Marathi P. 11 & 15 SSU Title 2019/M...4 ì`mnH$ Mm¡H$Q>rVyZ {d{eîQ> gm{hpË`H$, Ë`m Mr...

{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

Xya{ejU H|$Ð

gÌ 3 : Aä`mgn{ÌH$m H««$. 11

g_rjm {gÕm§V Am{U Cn`moOZ

gÌ 4 : Aä`mgn{ÌH$m H««$. 15

_amR>r g{_joMr dmQ>Mmc

(e¡j{UH$ df© 2019-20 nmgyZ)

E_. E. ^mJ 2 : _amR>r

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KQ>H$-1

Cn`mo{OV g_rjoMo ñdê$n

KQ>H$ g§aMZm

1.1 C{ÔîQ>o

1.2 àñVmdZm

1.3 {df` {ddoMZ

1.3.1 Cn`mo{OV g_rjoMo ñdê$n

1.3.2 gm{hË` g_rjoMo ñdê$n

A) _mZgemñÌr` g_rjm

~) Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjm

H$) g_mOemñÌr` g_rjm

S>) _mŠg©dmXr g_rjm

B) ê$ndmXr g_rjm

B©) g§{hVmcjr g_rjm

1.4 g_mamon

1.5 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX d eãXmW©

1.6 ñd §-AÜ``Z àíZ d CÎmao

1.7 joÌr` H$m ©/CnH«$_

1.8 g§X © J«§W gyMr

1.0 C{ÔîQ>o

1. Cn`mo{OV g_rjoMo ñdê$n g_OyZ KoUo.

2. AmYw{ZH$Vm Am{U g_rjmàdmh `m§Mm {dMma H$aUo.

3. _mZemñÌr` g_rjm g_OmdyZ KoUo.

4. Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjoMo ñdê$n g_OmdyZ KoUo.

àm.àdrU cm|T>o/Xÿa{ejU H|$Ð/{edmOr {dÚmnrR>/H$moëhmnya

E_.E.^mJ-2 : _amR>r : gÌ-3 : nona-11 : g_rjm {gÕmÝV Am{U Cn`moOZ

MA.Part-2 : Marathi : Semi-3 : Paper-11 :47

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5. g_mOemñÌr` g_rjoMo ñdê$n g_OmdyZ KoUo.

6. _mŠg©dmXr g_rjoMo ñdê$n g_OmdyZ KoUo.

7. ê$ndmXr g_rjm g_OyZ KoUo.

8. g§{hVmcjr g_rjm g_OyZ KoUo.

9. CnamoŠV g_rjm nÕVr g_OyZ KoD$Z Ë`m§Mo AmH$cZ H$aUo.

1.1 àñVmdZm

{dÚmWu {_Ìhmo, `m KQ>H$mV Amnë`mcm Cn`mo{OV g_rjoMo ñdê$n, AmYw{ZH$Vm Am{U

g_rjmàdmh VgoM Cn`mo{OV g_rjm nÕVtÀ`m àH$mam§Mm AmT>mdm ¿`md`mMm Amho. gm{hpË`H$

ì`dhmam_Ü o AmnU "g_rjm' hm eãX Zoh_r dmnaV AgVmo. na§Vw "g_rjm' åhUOo H$m`? "g_rjm'

`m g§koMm AW© H$m`? ho XoIrc g_OyZ KoUo _hÎdmMo Amho. "g_rjm' hm eãX "g_ + B©j' `m _yi

KQ>H$eãXm§Zr V`ma Pmcm Amho. `m{R>H$mUr "g_' åhUOo gd© ~mOy§Zr, gJirH$Sy>Z Am{U "B©j' åhUOo

nmhUo qH$dm {dMma H$aUo, åhUOo gdmªJrU ~mOyZo {dMma H$aUo Ago åhUVm oB©c. WmoS>Š`mV, AmnU

EImÚm JmoîQ>rMm {dMma H$aVmo Voìhm Vmo EHo$ar ~mOyZo Z H$aVm gd© ~mOyZo H$aV AgVmo. CXm. EImXr

H$mX§~ar dmMcr AgVm Ë`m H$mX§~arMo AmH$cZ CcQ>-gwcQ> nÕVrZo H$arV AgVmo. H$Yr H$mX§~arVrc

Zm`H$mÀ`m {R>H$mUr ñdV: amhÿZ Va H$Yr IcZm`H$mÀ`m {R>H$mUr ñdV:cm R>odyZ Ë`m H$mX§~arVrc

AZw d{díd Ý`mhmiV AgVmo. "g_rjm' `m eãXmcm B§J«Or_Ü o "{H«$Q>r{gP_' Ago g§~moYco OmVo.

Criticism hm eãX To Criticise `m eãXmnmgyZ V`ma Pmcm AgyZ `mMm AW© Q>rH$m H$aUo qH$dm

{M{H$Ëgm H$aUo Agm Amho. "_amR>rVrc g_rjm' `m eãXmà_mUoM B§J«OrVrc Criticism hm eãX

ì`mnH$ AWm©Zo dmnacm OmVmo. "g_rjm' hr g§km X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhmamV Z dmnaVm Vr \$ŠV gm{hË`ì`dhmamV

dmnacr OmVo. åhUOo EImXr gm{hË`H¥$Vr qH$dm H$cmH¥$Vr dmMcr AgVm Ë`m~ÔcMo Amnco _V qH$dm

{ZarjU Zm|XdrV AgVmo Ë`mcm gm{hË`ì`dhmamV g_rjm Ago g§~moYco OmVo. na§Vw ho _V Zm|XdrV

AgVmZm Vo {dícofU, AW©{ZU© Z Am{U _yë`_mnZ `m VrZ _mÜ`_m§VyZ Zm|X{dUo JaOoMo AgVo. Ë`mVyZ

g_rjm AmH$mamcm oV AgVo. gm{hË`H¥$VrÀ`m JwUXmofm§Mo narjU d _yë`_mnZ hmoV AgVo, Ë`mg

"g_rjm' Ago åhQ>co OmVo. Ë`mMm Cn`mo{OV g_rjoÀ`m AmYmao Aä`mg `m KQ>H$mV H$aUo Ano{jV

Amho.

1.2 {df` {ddoMZ

{d{eîQ> gm{hË`H¥$VrÀ`m JwUXmofm§Mo narjU H$aUmao coIZ ho Cn`mo{OV g_rjo_Ü o oVo. `m

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Cn`mo{OV g_rjo_Ü o EImÚm coIH$mÀ`m g§nyU© gm{hË`mMo _yë`_mnZ H$aUmao coIZ AgVo qH$dm

Ë`m§À`m coIZV§ÌmMm CcJS>m H$aUmao coIZ `m§Mmhr g_mdoe Cn`mo{OV g_rjoV Ho$cm OmVmo. Cn`mo{OV

g_rjm åhUOo AW©{ZU© Z, {dícofU d _yë`_mnZ BË`mXr à{H«$ oÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ gm{hË`H¥$VrMo

AmH$cZ H$ê$Z XoUo hmo . _amR>r gm{hË`{dMmamV gm_mÝ`nUo g_rjm åhUOoM Cn`mo{OV g_rjm Ago

g_Oco OmVo. na§Vw g_rjm hr g§km `m AWm©Zo doJir AmoiI XmI{dVo H$maU {Vcm g¡ÕmpÝVH$,

VmpÎdH$, Am¡nn{ÎmH$ Aer {deofUo cmdyZ Xþgè`m àH$maÀ`m åhUOo emñÌr` d g¡ÕmpÝVH$ g_rjoMm

{ZX}e Ho$cm OmVmo. agJ«hU, agmñdmX, AmñdmX, g_mcmoMZ, AmcmoMZm, AmË_cú`r narjU

`mgma»`m BVahr g§km§Zr Cn`mo{OV g_rjm AmoiIcr OmVo.

Cn`mo{OV g_rjoMo B§J«OrV ê$T> Pmcoco H$mhr àH$ma åhUOo g§ñH$madmXr (B§àoe{ZpñQ>H$) g_rjm,

Ý`m`{ZU© mË_H$ (Á w{S>{e`c) g_rjm, à{VH¥${VdmXr (_m`{_{Q>H$) g_rjm, n[aUm_cú`r (n°½_°{Q>H$)

g_rjm, Am{dîH$madmXr (EŠgào{gìh) g_rjm, ê$ndmXr g_rjm Ago àH$ma AmhoV, Ago Agco Var

AmYw{ZH$ _amR>r g_rjmna§naoV `m {d{dY àH$mam§Mr à{Vq~~o nS>V Agë`mMo {XgVo. AmO {dgmì`m

eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V _amR>r Cn`mo{OV g_rjm {VÀ`m _amR>r gm{hË`mÀ`m ^ŠH$_ A{YîR>mZm_wio

Amncr ñdV:Mr AmoiI {Z_m©U H$aV Agë`mMo {XgVo. Cn`mo{OV g_rjo_Ü o {d{eîQ> gm{hË`H¥$VrMr

g_rjm Ho$cr OmVo. gm{hË`H¥$VrÀ`m {d{eîQ> JQ>mMr g_rjm Ho$cr OmVo. gm{hË`H¥$Vrà_mUoM {d{eîQ>

gm{hpË`H$m§Mr qH$dm gm{hpË`H$m§À`m {d{eîQ> JQ>mMr g_rjm Ho$cr OmVo. Ë`mM~amo~a {d{eîQ> g_rjH$m§Mr

qH$dm g_rjH$ JQ>mMr g_rjm Ho$cr OmVo. `m{edm` AÝ` ^mfmVrc gm{hË`H¥$Vr gm{hpË`H$,

g_rjmH¥$Vr, g_rjH$ BË`mXrMr g_rjmXoIrc Cn`mo{OV g_rjoV _moS>Vo.

1.3.1 Cn`mo{OV g_rjoMo ñdê$n

{d{eîQ> dmL²>_`rZ _yë o d {d{eîQ> OrdZ_yë o `m§À`m H$iV-ZH$iV ñdrH$macoë`m Mm¡H$Q>rVyZ

gm{hË`H¥$VrMr VH©$g§JVnUo Ho$cocr AmH$cZo qH$dm _yë`m_mnZ hm Cn`mo{OV g_rjoMm _w»` àH$ma

Amho. coIH$, Ë`mMr gm{hË`H¥$Vr Am{U dmMH$ `m VrZ KQ>H$m§Mm ñWc-H$mc-napñWVrMm Omo

AdH$me doTy>Z AgVmo. Ë`mVrc dmL²>_`rZ ì`pŠV_Îd, dJu` Om{Udm `m§Mr Zm|X KoVcr OmVo.

gm{hË`H¥$VrMm {dMma ~møVm§{ÌH$ aMZm, Ame`mMm gm_m{OH$-Z¡{VH$, Vm¡c{ZH$ d _yë`_mnZmË_H$

{ddoH$mMo Xe©Z, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Ü o o, C{ÔîQ>o `m§Mm g§X © oVmo. VgoM AmñdmXH$, dmMH$ d Ë`mMm AmñdmX

àË`` `m§À`m nH$S>rVyZ ~mhoa nSy>Z g_J« dmMH$ d Ë`mMm ^md{ZH$, ~m¡pÕH$ à{H«$`m§Zr ì`ŠV hmoUmam

dmMZàË`` `mH$S>o Cn`mo{OV g_rjm A{YH$ H$c XoVo. Ë`m_wio dmL²>_`rZ, gm§ñH¥${VH$ na§nam d

n[apñWVr `mg§~§YrMo g_rjr` ^mZ `m Cn`mo{OV g_rjoVyZ {XgyZ `oVo.

Cn`mo{OV g_rjo_Ü o g§emoYZ, AmH$cZ, AmñdmX d _yë`_mnZ `m JmoîQ>tZm _hÎd AgVo. `m

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ì`mnH$ Mm¡H$Q>rVyZ {d{eîQ> gm{hpË`H$, Ë`m§Mr gm{hË`H¥$Vr qH$dm {d{eîQ> gm{hË`àH$mam§Mm Aä`mg

hmoV AgVmo qH$dm EH$mM gm{hË`H¥$Vrg§~§Yr AZoH$ g_rjH$ Amnmnë`m narZo Amncr _m§S>Ur H$aV

AgVmV. CXm. AdH$mir nmdgmÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo (g§nm. gVre H$m_V) `m g§nmXZm_Ü o AmZ§X qdJH$a

`m§Zr {c{hcoë`m "AdH$mir nmdgmXaå`mZMr JmoîQ>' `m H$mX§~arMr AZoH$m§JmZr g_rjm H$aÊ`mV

Amcocr {XgVo. VgoM EH$mM gm{hË`H$mÀ`m {d{dY coIZmMrXoIrc g_rjm Ho$cr OmVo. CXm. "~hþnoS>r

qdXm' (g§nm. {dO`m amÁ`mÜ`j) `m g§nmXZmVyZ qdXm H$a§XrH$a `m§À`m g_J« gm{hË`mMo Am{U Ë`m§Zr

{c{hcoë`m g_rjoMr g_rjm H$aÊ`mV Amcocr Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a XmoZ doJdoJiçm gm{hË`H$m§À`m

gm{hË`mMr VwcZmXoIrc `m g_rjoV Ho$cr OmVo. `m{edm` nwñVH$narjUo hm Cn`mo{OV g_rjoMm EH$

_moR>m ^mJ Amho. doJdoJiçm _m{gH$mVyZ, {Z`VH$m{cH$mVyZ, {deofm§H$mVyZ nwñVH$narjUo {c{hcr

OmVmV. {edm` H$mhr dV©_mZnÌmVyZXoIrc Aer narjUo nhm`cm {_iVmV.

1.3.2 gm{hË` g_rjoMo ñdê$n

gm{hË`H¥$Vr ApñVËdmV oV AgVmZmM {VMr g_rjm ApñVËdmV oV AgVo. g_rjo{edm` {VMo

ApñVËd Ho$di EH$ coIZH¥$Vr BVHo$M AgVo. Ë`m_wio g_rjm hr H$coÀ`m g§X^m©V An[ahm © AgVo.

H$cmH¥$VtMm AmñdmX KoUo Am{U AmñdmXmÀ`m AmoKmVM Amdí`H$ VoWo Q>rH$m H$ê$Z Ë`m H$cmH¥$VrMo

_yë`_mnZ `m g_rjoV Ho$co OmVo. Cn`mo{OV g_rjm H$aV AgVmZm gm{hË` VÎdmMm emoY KoD$Z

gm{hË`mMo à`moOZ gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr_mJrc hoVy Am{U gm{hË`H¥$VrMo OrdZmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo _yë` `m KQ>H$m§Mr

VnmgUr Ho$cr OmVo. hr VnmgUr H$aV AgVmZm gm{hË`H¥$VrMm AmH¥${V~§Y, Ë`mVrc Ame`mMo ñdê$n,

Ame`, ^mfm `m gd© ~m~tMm {dMma Ho$cm OmVmo. `m {R>H$mUr Amnë`mcm AmYw{ZH$VoÀ`m AZwf§JmZo

g_rjoMm {dMma H$aUo A{^àoV Amho. g_rjoMm B{Vhmg nmhm`Mm åhQ>cm Va Vmo Amnë`mcm àmMrZ

H$mimnmgyZ {XgVmo. àmMrZ H$mimV ^m_h, dm_Z, XÊS>r, éÐQ>, ^aV `m§Zr eãX, AW©, dmŠ`, H$mì`,

ag `m§Mr {d{dYm§JmZo g_rjm Ho$cr hmoVr. EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©nmgyZ lr. H¥$. H$moëhQ>H$a,

H¥$.à. Im{S>cH$a, VmË`mgmho~ Ho$iH$a, Zm.gr.\$S>Ho$, ~m.gr._T>}H$a `m§MrXoIrc g_rjm _amR>r

gm{hË`mV {XgyZ oVo. 1960 Z§Va AZoH${dY àdmhm§Zr _amR>r dmL²>_` {dídmV _mocmMr ^a KmVcr.

doJdoJiçm àH$maÀ`m AZw d{dídm§Zr ~aoM gm{hË` _amR>rV Zì`mZo OÝ_ KoD$ cmJco. `m gm{hË`mda

AZoH$m§JmZo CcQ>-gwcQ> MMm© Pmë`m. nwT>o Ë`m g_rjmê$nmZo _amR>rV Amë`m. `mVyZM AZoH${dY

g_rjmàH$ma _amR>rV CX`mcm Amco.

àmMrZ ^maVr` g_rjm hr {gÕmÝV _m§S>Umao J«§W Am{U {d{eîQ> J«§Wm§Mr {M{H$Ëgm H$aUmar Aem

ñdê$nmMr hmoVr. `m g_rjoV nÚaMZocm àmYmÝ` hmoVo. nÚ ho nmR>m§Va Am{U AmH$cZmgmR>r gmono

Agë`m_wio Aem _mJm©Zo Aä`mg H$aUo hr Ë`mH$mir kmZàmßVrMr nÕVr hmoVr. VgoM Aem J«§Wm_Ü o

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AZmdí`H$ H$mhr Z XoVm AënmjaËd aMZmhr Agë`mMo {XgVo. H$mcm§VamZo `m_Ü o ~Xc KS>V Jocm.

nwT>o _amR>çm§À`m gÎmoMm eodQ>, ga§Om_emhrMm AñV, B§J«Or {ejUmMr gwédmV, nwÊ`m_Ü o Pmcoë`m

{ejUmMr gmo , _wÐUH$coMm àdoe Am{U àMma, {Z`VH$m{cH$m§Mm àma§ , XiUdiUm§À`m AmYw{ZH$

ì`dñWoMm àma§ `mgma»`m KS>m_moS>r_wio EH$ àH$maMm {e{jV g_mO ~mhoa nSy>Z cmJcm. `m g_mOmMo

{dMma, g§H$ënZm d ñdmZw d `mVyZ gm{hË` AmH$mamcm oV Joco, `m gm{hË`mda AZoH$m§er MMm© hmoD$Z

_amR>rV g_rjm {Z_m©U hmoD$ cmJcr. B§J«Or {dÚm, nmíMmË` AmMma-{dMma d g§ñH¥$Vr, Ë`mVyZ

Pmcoë`m ^m¡{VH$ gwYmaUm `m_wio AmnUXoIrc nmíMmË`mgmaIo ~Zco nm{hOo. Zdo {ejU KoVco nm{hOo.

Aer OmUrd gd©Ì ~imdy cmJcr. `mVyZ gm{hË`mÀ`m `m ZdrZ hmcMmcrg àma§ Pmcm. gwédmVrcm

emco nmR>çnwñVHo$ Z§Va "Xn©U', "à^mH$a', "kmZàH$me', "kmZmoX`', "kmZXÿV', "B§XÿàH$me' `mgmaIr

{Z`VH$m{cHo$ AmH$mamcm Amcr. `m {Z`VH$m{cH$m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ZdrZ nwñVH$m§Mm n[aM` H$ê$Z

XoÊ`mV oD$ cmJcm. Ë`mM~amo~a Ë`mVrc JwUXmofm§Mmhr CëcoI hmoD$ cmJcm. EImÚm J«§WH$mamÀ`m

Am{U Ë`mÀ`m {d{dY coIZH¥$VtMm EH${ÌV {dMma hm àH$ma Zì`mZoM ApñVËdmV Amcm, Ë`m§À`m

gm{hË`mg§~§Yrhr ^mfUo hmoD$ cmJcr. `m ^mfUm§Mo d coIm§Mo g§J«h {ZKmco. àmMrZ g§ñH¥$V

dmL²>_`mÀ`m VwcZoZo AmnU Hw$R>o AmhmoV `mMr VwcZm Ho$cr OmD$ cmJcr. `mVyZ g§ñH¥$V Am{U nmíMmÎ`

gm{hË`emñÌmMm Aä`mg gwê$ hmoD$Z "g_rjm' hm gd©ñdr ZdrZ Agm àH$ma _amR>r gm{hË`mV Amcm.

AmYw{ZH$ _amR>rVrc _hÎdmMo n{hco-d{hco g_rjH$ åhUyZ {dîUwemñÌr {MniyUH$a `m§Zm

AmoiIco OmVo. {MniyUH$am§nmgyZ AmYw{ZH$ _amR>rMo wJ gwê$ Pmë`mMo _mZco OmVo. _amR>r JÚcoIZmcm

Ë`m§Zr diU {Xco; _amR>r ^mfm d g§ñH¥$Vr `m g§~§YmZo VËH$mcrZ g_mOmcm EH$ ZdrZ ÑîQ>r {Xcr.

J«§Wmda Q>rH$m H$m H$amdr? d H$er H$amdr? Mm§Jë`m Q>rH$mH$mamÀ`m A§Jr H$moUH$moH$Uo JwU AgmdoV?

`m{df`mg§~§Yr Ë`m§Zr coIZ Ho$co. Ë`m§À`m `m coIZmMo nwT>o AZoH$m§Zr AZwH$aU Ho$co. {MniyUH$am§À`mZ§Va

_amR>r g_rjo_Ü o lr. H¥$. H$moëhQ>H$a `m§Mo H$m © {XgyZ oVo. gm{hË`{dMma Am{U H$cm{dMma `m§Zm

H|$ÐñWmZr _mZyZ _amR>r g_rjocm emñÌewÕ diU XoÊ`mMo H$m_ lrnmX H¥$îU H$moëhQ>H$a `m§Zr Ho$co.

g_H$mcrZ Z. {M§. Ho$iH$a `m§Zr {Z~§Y coIZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ g_rjmcoIZ Ho$co. Ë`m§À`m `m

AgmYmaU H$m_{Jar_wio Ë`m§Mm Jm¡ad gm{hË`g_«mQ> åhUyZ Pmcm Amho. nÌH$m[aVm, àñVmdZm, ^mfU,

^mfm{df`H$ _Vo Ë`m§Zr _m§S>cr, `m~amoaM {d.c. ^mdo, c. am. nm§JmH$a, Zm. ^. {^S>o, {d. dm. {^S>o,

qMVm_Uamd d¡Ú, Zm. Jmo. Mm\o$H$a `mgma»`m coIH$m§Zr g_rjm{dídmV Amnco ñWmZ {Z_m©U Ho$co.

g_rjoÀ`m Zì`m Q>ßß`m_Ü o {Vcm EH$ Zdo ê$n àmßV Pmco. 1930 À`m gw_mamg {dÚmnrR>r`

Aä`mgH«$_mV ~Xc hmoD$ cmJco. Ë`m_wio _amR>rgma»`m Xoer ^mfm§Zm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ àmßV Pmco Ë`mVyZ

AZoH$ g_rjm J«§W V`ma hmoD$ cmJco. `m H$mimV am. lr. OmoJm§gmaIo Zm_d§V g_rjH$ CX`mg Amco,

Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m "A{^Zd H$mì`àH$me' `m J«§WmVyZ ^aV_wZrnmgyZ Vo OJÝZmW n§{S>Vmn ªV gw_mao XmoZ

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hOma dfm©Mr H$mìèmñÌmÀ`m na§nam§Mm n[aM` H$ê$Z {Xcm. `m_Ü o H$mì`cjU, H$mì`à`moOZ,

H$mì`H$maU, eãXm§À`m eŠVr, dH«$moŠVr, ar{V{dMma, ag{dMma Ago {df` _amR>r g_rjocm CcJSy>Z

XmI{dco. J. Í`. Xoenm§S>o `m§Zr àmMrZ H$mìèmñÌmMr Am{U âV ZmQ>çemñÌmMr AmoiI H$ê$Z {Xcr.

g§ñH¥$V gm{hËèmñÌmMm n[aM` H$ê$Z XoUmam "^maVr` gm{hËèmñÌ' hm Ë`m§Mm _hÎdmMm J«§W åhUyZ

AmoiIcm OmVmo. nwT>À`m H$mimV nmíMmÎ` g_rjoMm n[aUm_ _amR>r gm{hË`mda hmoD$ cmJcm. `m

nmíMmÎ` gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmVyZ Zm. gr. \$S>Ho$, {d. g. Im§S>oH$a, J. Í §. _mS>ImocH$a, ~m. gr.

_T>}H$a, lr. Ho$. jragmJa, nw. {e. aoJo, Hw$gw_mdVr Xoenm§S>o, dm. c. Hw$cH$Uu, J§JmYa JmS>Jri, {X.

Ho$. ~oS>oH$a `mgmaIo Zm_d§V g_rjH$ CX`mcm Amco. `m nmíMmÎ` gm{hË`m_wio _amR>r dmL²>_`mV

AZoH${dY ~Xc Pmco. Jm§YrdmX, _mŠg©dmX, H$cmdmX, OrdZdmX `mgmaIo dmX _amR>rV M{M©co Joco.

Ë`mVM 1960 Z§Va _amR>r dmL²>_`{dídmV AZoH$ ~Xc KS>co. Xþgao _hm wÕ, ^maVmcm {_imcoco

ñdmV§Í`, amÁ`KQ>ZoMr {Z{_©Vr, Ë`mVyZ Zì`mZo {eHy$Z ~mhoa nS>coë`m VéUmcm Amcoco AmË_^mZ `m_wio

AZoH$ àH$maMo gm{hË` {Z_m©U Pmco. `m gm{hË`mda AZoH$m§Jr MMm© hmoD$Z g_rjoMo doJdoJio àH$ma

{Z_m©U Pmco, Ë`m g_rjmàH$mam§Mm Aä`mg `m{R>H$mUr Ho$cm Jocm Amho.

A) _mZgemñÌr` g_rjm :-

g_rjoÀ`m àH$mam_Ü o _mZgemñÌr` g_rjm hr EH$ à^mdr g_rjm nÕVr Amho. Joë`m e§ aoH$

dfm©_Ü o OJâ _mZdr _ZmMm Aä`mg H$aUmao emñÌ àJV Pmco Amho. Ë`m_wio Ë`mMm à^md

OrdZmÀ`m AZoH$ ^mJmda nS>V Amho. n[aUm_r g_rjoÀ`m g§X^m©Vhr _mZgemñÌr` g_rjmnÕVr hr

_hÎdmMr R>aVo. H$moUVrhr gm{hË`H¥$Vr hr Ë`m coIH$mÀ`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMm, _Zmo{dídmMm, Ë`mÀ`m

AZw d{dídmMm Am{dîH$ma AgVo. _mZgemñÌr` g_rjmnÕVr_Ü o gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr hr Om{UdoÀ`m

nmVirda _mZcr Agcr Var {VÀ`mV Zo{UdoÀ`m A~moY _ZmÀ`m nmVirdarc {dídmMm _moR>çm

à_mUmda Am{dîH$ma hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio coIH$mÀ`m AZw d{dídmcm `m{R>H$mUr _hÎd àmßV hmoVo.

gm{hË`H¥$Vr KS>V AgVmZm Ë`mVrc à{V_m-àVrHo$, Ame`, ê$n{deof ho {d{eîQ> àH$maMo H$m? `mMm

CcJS>m coIH$mÀ`m A~moY _ZmVrc à{H«$`m H$ië`mda hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio gm{hË`H¥$VrMo AmH$cZ A{YH$

Zo_Ho$ Am{U `WmW© hmoVo. hr _mZgemñÌr` g_rjoMr YmaUm Amho, §H$maU gm{hË`H¥$VrMm coIH$mÀ`m

_Zmer gmjmV g§~§Y AgVmo, Ë`m KQ>Zm§Zm coIH$mMo _mZ{gH$ g§X © AgVmV. Amnë`m _ZmVrc AZoH$

g§X © coIH$ nmÌm§H$adr gm{hË`H¥$VrVyZ _m§S>V AgVmo. CXm. "emim' hr {_qcX ~moH$sc `m§Mr H$mX§~ar.

nm¡JS>mdñWoVrc _yë`m§Mo AZw d{díd aoImQ>VmZm {XgVo. WmoS>Š`mV, gm{hË`H¥$VrÀ`m AW©{ZU© mgmR>r

_Zmo{dícofU V§ÌmMm dmna H$aUmè`m gm{hË`g_rjocm _mZgemñÌr` g_rjm Ago åhUVmV. gm{hË` ho

_mUgmÀ`m _ZmVrc ^md{dídmMm doY hmoVo Va _mZgemñÌ _mUgmÀ`m _ZmMr {M{H$Ëgm H$aVo.

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_mZgemñÌmÀ`m AmYmao gm{hË`mVrc ^mdê$nmMo, ^md{ZH$ g§Kfm©Mo gyú_ d AMyH$ AmH$cZ H$aVm

oVo. Voìhm _mZgemñÌmÀ`m kmZmMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr_mJrc VgoM gm{hË`H¥$VrVrc

_Zmoì`mnmamMm emoY KoVm oVmo.

_mZgemñÌr` g_rjm nÕVr_Ü o gm{hË`H¥$VrMm coIH$mÀ`m _Zmer gmjmV g§~§Y Aä`mgcm

OmVmo. `m g§~§Ym_wio gm{hË`H¥$Vr Am{U coIH$ `m§À`m AZw d{dídmMm emoY KoVcm OmVmo. gm{hË`H¥$VrV

AgUmè`m ì`pŠVaoIm§À`m _mZ{gH$ AdñWmMo {MÌU Am{U àË`j coIH$mMo _Zmo{díd `m§Mm emoY KoUo

_hÎdmMo R>aVo. gm{hË`mZw dmMr à{H«$`m hr EH$ _mZ{gH$ à{H«$`m AgVo, Ë`mVrc KQ>Zm§Zm EH$

_mZ{gH$ g§X © AgVmo. Ë`mMm Aä`mg `m g_rjmnÕVr_Ü o Ho$cm OmVmo. _mZgemñÌr` g_rjm

nÕVrMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm qgJ\$S> \«$mB©S> `m _ZmoemñÌkmÀ`m {gÕmÝVmMm Aä`mg H$aUo _hÎdmMo R>aVo.

{g½_§S> \«$m°B©S> `m§Zr g~moY (Conscious), ~moYnyd© (Pre-Conscious) Am{U A~moY/ZoUrd

(Unconscious) Aem VrZ _mZ{gH$ à{H«$`m§Mo Am{U Ah§ (Ego) AË §h (Super ego) Am{U VV²

(ID) Aem VrZ epŠVH|$ÐmMo {ddoMZ Ho$co. Amnë`m Om{UdoÀ`m nmVirdarc KS>m_moS>r åhUOo g~moY

à{H«$`m AñnîQ> Aem Om{Udm åhUOo ~moYnyU© à{H«$`m Am{U Zo{UdoVrc H$Yrhr Z H$iUmè`m KS>m_moS>r

åhUOo Ag§k A~moY à{H«$`m hmoV. _ZmÀ`m `m {Vgè`m à{H«$ oVrc àd¥ÎmrMr OmUrd Amnë`mcm H$Yrhr

hmoV Zmhr, Ë`mMà_mUo AmnU H$m`, H$go AmhmoV `mMr OmUrd åhUOo Ah§ hmo . AË §h åhUOo

Amnë`m H¥$Vr-CŠVtMo _yë`_mnZ H$aUmar eŠVr åhUOoM Amncr gX²gX²{ddoH$~wÕr hmo . hr ZrVrer

g§~§{YV Amho. Om{UdoÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo AZmH$cZr` AgUmar, _yë`V_ Z¡g{J©H$ àoaUm§Zr ^acocr, Ë`mMo

g_mYmZ H$aVmZm AÝ` H$moUË`mhr JmoîQ>rMo ^mZ Z R>odUmar Amnë`mVrc eŠVr åhUOo VV² hmo .

\«$m°B©S>Zo `m{edm` goÝgm°a Am{U a{VeŠVr Aem XmoZ H$ënZm _m§S>ë`m AmhoV. goÝgm°a hr Amnë`m

Om{Udocm ZH$moem dmQ>Umè`m JmoîQ>r Xÿa cmoQ>Umar à{H«$`m Amho. VgoM a{VeŠVr åhUOo ì`mnH$ AWm©Zo

c¢{JH$ àoaUm_Yrc eŠVr Amho. \«$m°BS>À`m _Vo, Amnë`m _ZmV `m gd© eŠVr H$m ©aV AgVmV.

Amnë`m {d{dY àH$maÀ`m d {d{dY nmVù`mdarc BÀN>m§Mr nyV©Vm H$aUo ho `m _ZmMo _w»` C{ÔîQ²>

AgVo, Ë`m_wio `m eŠVr øm Amnë`m _ZmVrc gdmªV _hÎdmMr àoaUm Amho.

\«$m°B©S>À`m _Vo, c¢{JH$ eŠVr hr gd©Jm_r AgVo. hr eŠVr Á`m {R>H$mUr pñWamdVo Ë`mda

_mUgmMo ì`pŠV_Îd Adc§~yZ AgVo. `mg§X^m©V \«$m°B©S>Zo B{S>ng H$m°åßcoŠg, BcoŠQ´>m° H$m°åßcoŠg Am{U

H°$ñQ´>oeZ H$m°åßcoŠg Ago _ZmoJ§S> gm§{JVco. B©{S>ng H$m°åßcoŠg hm _hÎdmMm _ZmoJ§S> AgyZ _wcmcm

Amnë`m AmB©{df`r dmQ>Umao (c¢{JH$) ào_ Ë`mVyZ ì`ŠV hmoVo. `mCcQ> _wcrcm Amnë`m d{S>cm§{df`r

dmQ>Umar AmoT> hr BcoŠQ´>m° H$m°åßcoŠg_YyZ AmoiIcr OmVo. _wcmÀ`m `m AmB©darc ào_mV Ë`mMo dS>rc

_w»` à{VñnYu AgVmV, Ë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m _ZmV Ë`m§Zm ZîQ> H$aÊ`mMr BÀN>m hmoVo. na§Vw dS>rc A{YH$

epŠVemcr Agë`m_wio Vo Amnco IÀMrH$aU H$aVrc Aerhr {^Vr Ë`mcm AgVo. hm H°$ñQ´>oeZ

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H$m°åßcoŠg hmo . gwg§ñH¥$V hmoÊ`mÀ`m d`mV _wcmcm `m BÀN>m§À`m ^rVrMr OmUrd hmoVo d Ë`mÀ`m `m

Om{Udm A§V_Zm©V Imocda åhUOoM Zo{UdoV T>H$cë`m OmVmV. na§Vw nwT>o Ë`mÀ`m doJdoJiçm

dmJÊ`mVyZ, Ë`mÀ`m ñdßZmVyZ qH$dm gm{hË`mVyZ Aem _mÜ`_mVyZ àH$Q> hmoV amhVmV. AWm©V

gm{hË`H¥$Vr_YyZ `m JmoîQ>tMm Am{dîH$ma hmoVmo. `mVyZM \«$m°B©S>Zo nwT>o {XdmñdßZmMm {gÕmÝV _m§S>cm.

{XdmñdßZm_Ü o _mZdmÀ`m _ZmVrc {d{dY àH$maÀ`m BÀN>m d dñVwpñWVrMr OmUrd `mV Zoh_r Û§Û

AgVo. "A§h' `mVyZ _mJ© H$mT>m`Mm AgVmo. Amnë`m BÀN>m§Mr V¥ßVr H$aÊ`mgmR>r _mUgmcm dñVwpñWVrV

AZwHy$c ~Xc KS>dyZ Amnco B©pßgV gmÜ` H$am`Mo AgVo. na§Vw AZoH$Xm hm ~Xc KS>dyZ AmUVm oV

Zmhr Vo eŠ` Pmco Zmhr Va _mUyg {XdmñdßZ a§JdVmo Am{U Ë`mX²dmao Amnë`m BÀN>m§Mr V¥ßVr H$ê$Z

KoVmo. {XdmñdßZm§_mJo _mUgmÀ`m XmoZ à_wI BÀN>m AgVmV. Ë`m åhUOo OJmV _moR>onU {_i{dÊ`mMr

BÀN>m d c¢{JH$ àoaUmV¥ßVrMr BÀN>m `m hmoV. H$mX§~arVrc Zm`H$ à{VHy$c n[apñWVrda _mV H$ê$Z

_moR>m hmoVmo Am{U Ë`mZo _moR>onU {_i{dë`mZo AWm©VM Ë`mÀ`m c¢{JH$ àoaUm§Mr V¥ßVrhr {dZmgm`mg

hmoVo. dmMH$ Amncm "A§h' H$mX§~arÀ`m Zm`H$m§_Ü o nmhV Agë`m_wio H$mX§~ar dmMZmV {XdmñdßZmà_mUoM

AWm©V Ë`mÀ`mhr `m àoaUm§Mr, BÀN>m§Mr V¥ßVr hmoV AgVo. \«$m°BS>Mm hm {dMma {d{eîQ> àH$maÀ`m, a§OH$

gm{hË`mnwaVmM _`m©{XV Amho. nwT>o gm{hË` d ñdßZ `m§Mo ZmVo H$moUË`m àH$maMo Amho, hohr Vmo gm§JVmo.

\«$m°BS>À`m _Vo, ñdßZmV AmnU Amnë`m d EHy$UM _mZdOmVrÀ`m ~mcnUmV, åhUOo g§ñH¥$VrMo

g§ñH$ma Pmcoco ZmhrV Aem _yi AdñWoV OmV AgVmo. oWo AmË_H|${ÐVVm, A_`m©X gwIcmocwnVm,

c¢{JH$, qhò d {dÜd§gH$ BÀN>oMo àm~ë` AgVo. Amnë`m ñdßZmV `m BÀN>m§Mr V¥ßVr hmoV AgVo.

åhUOo Á`m§Zm AmnU Om{UdoVyZ, Amnë`m gwg§ñH¥$V OrdZmVyZ ~mhoa H$mT>coco AgVo, Aem BÀN>m§Mr

V¥ßVr Mm§Jë`m loîR> gm{hË`mVyZ hmoV AgVo.

WmoS>Š`mV, gm{hË`H¥$VrVrc aMZmVÎd, e¡cr AmXr KQ>H$m§_wio AË §hcm AmnU {ZaW©H$,

{dÜd§gH$ eŠVtZm cJm_ KmVcocm Amho, Agm {Xcmgm {_iV AgVmo, åhUOoM gm{hË`m_wio BÀN>m-

V¥ßVr hmoV AgVo Am{U hr BÀN>mnyVu Om{UdoVrc ZgyZ Zo{UdoVrc AgVo. EHy$UM _mZgemñÌr` g_rjm

ÑpîQ>H$moUmÀ`m AmYmao gm{hË`mÀ`m g§X^m©Vrc doJdoJiçm JmoîQ>rMo ñnîQ>rH$aU {_iVo.

~) Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjm :-

Am{X~§Ym_Ü o _ycV_ Aer _Zmoê$no gm_mdcocr AgVmV, Ë`m_wio Am{X~§YmMm Am{dîH$ma

H$aUmè`m dmMH$m§Zm AgUmao AmdmhZ ho gyú_ ñdê$nmMo AgVo. gm{hË`H¥$VrMo gyú_ dmMZ Am{U

{dícofU H$ê$Z `m AmdmhmZmMo ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$aUo åhUOo Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjm hmo . Am{X~§YmË_H$

g_rjoMr {dMmagaUr hr _mZgemñÌmda AmYmacocr Amho. doJdoJiçm H$mimV d g_mOmV {d{dY

àH$maMo gm{hË`, cmoH$gm{hË`, g_mOmVrc {dYr, ñdßZo, {_WHo$, à{V_m, àVrHo$, ì`pŠVaoIm,

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dmVmdaU. H$WZ, H¥$Vr `m§Mo AmH¥${V~§Y nwÝhm-nwÝhm Am{dîH¥$V hmoV AgVmV. `m Am{dîH¥$V hmoUmè`m

Jmoï>rZm§M Am{X~§Y Ago åhQ>co OmVo. Am{X~§YmMo ho Am{dîH$ma gyú_ ê$nmMo AgVmV. Am{X~§Y åhUOo

EImÚm dñVyMm _yi AmH¥${V~§Y hmo . Archetype (Am{H©$Q>mB©n) hm _yi J«rH$ eãX Arche Am{U

Typos `m XmoZ eãXm§Zr {_iyZ V`ma Pmcm Amho. Arche åhUOo Am{X_, _yi, CËn{ÎmñWmZ Va

Typos åhUOo AmH¥${V~§Y, Z_wZmê$n, ~§Y, àH$ma Aem AWm©Zo V`ma Pmcm Amho. ho XmoÝhr AW©

{dMmamV KoD$Z _amR>rV "Am{X~§Y' hm n`m© r eãX V`ma Ho$cocm Amho.

gm{hË`, {eëno, {MÌ, H$cm `m_Ü o Ooìhm Am{X~§YmMr g§H$ënZm dmnacr OmVo. Voìhm Vr

H$moUË`m Var gmd©{ÌH$ ñdê$nmÀ`m Am{X_ AmH¥${V~§YmMm qH$dm _ycê$nmMm {ZX}e H$arV AgVo.

Am{X_Ëd, gmYmaUËd d gd©ñn{e©Ëd ho JwU{deof YmaU H$aUmè`m Am{U gmVË`mZo nwZamd{V©V

hmoUmè`m nmÌ-à{V_m, KQ>Zm-àg§J, ag-^md, d¥Îmr-àd¥Îmr, H$Wm~§Y BË`mXrÀ`m _yi AmH¥${V~§YmZm

gm{hË`JV Am{X~§Y åhUVm oB©c. gm{hË`g¥îQ>rV X¡dr nwéf, F${fVwë`, kmZd«V, YramoXmÎm Zm`H$,

IcZm`H$, à{VZm`H$ `mgma»`m ì`ŠVtMo, nmÌm§Mo AZoH$ Am{X~§Y AmT>iyZ oVmV. OÝ_-_¥Ë y, kmZ-

H$_© AmXr gZmVZ {df`m§Zm Am{X~§Y ê$n åhUVm oB©c. gy ©-M§Ð, AmH$me-n¥Ïdr, ZXr-g_wÐ, d¥j-

njr, ñdJ©-ZaH$ AmXrÀ`m gZmVZ à{V_m§Zm Am{X~§Yê$n à{V_mê$n åhQ>co OmVo, Va _mVm-{nVm,

nVr-nËZr, ~hrU-^md§S>o AmXtÀ`m ^mag§~§YmVyZ CX² dUmao gwI-Xþ:ImMo àg§J, VmU-VUmd `m§Zm

Am{X~§Yê$n KQ>Zm åhUVm oB©c. VgoM _mZd-B©ída, _mZd-{Z`Vr, _mZd-{ZgJ©, _mZd-g_mO

`m§À`m_Yrc _yc yV gKf© g§dmXmMo Am{X~§Yhr gm{hË`mV àH$Q> hmoV AgVmV.

`m g_rjm nÕVrMm àdV©H$ _mZgemñÌk H$mc© JwñVmd w§J _mZcm OmVmo. Ë`mÀ`m _Vo,

Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjoMr {dMmagaUr _mZgemñÌmda AmYmacocr Amho. w§JZo _mZ{gH$ à{H«$`m§Mo VrZ

ñVa _m§S>co.

1) Om{Udoer g§~§{YV Agcocm ñVa - MoVZm.

2) Zo{Udoer g§~§{YV Agcocm ñVa - A~moY _Z.

3) `m XmoÝhr ñVam§Zm OmoS>Umam ñVa - Ah§_².

w§JZo Ago VrZ ñVa _mZyZ "gm_y{hH$ Zo{UdrMr g§H$ënZm _m§S>cr. `mV ñdßZmVrc àVrHo$.

{_WHo$, Y_©, gm{hË` `m JmoîQ>rMo H$mhr Adeof AgVmV Ago gm§{JVco. w§JÀ`m _Vo, gm_y{hH$ Zo{UdoV

Am{X_ H$mimnmgyZ Vo AZw d dm§{eH$ dmaemZo MmcV Amcoco AgVmV. Vo _mZdOmVtÀ`m dm§{eH$

ñ_¥VrgmaIo AgVmV. EH$m AWm©Zo ho AZw d åhUOo _yc yV _mZ{gH$ g§aMZm AgVmV Vo Om{UdoMo

_ycmH$ma AgVmV. Vo VH©$eyÝ` AgVmV. `m gm_y{hH$ ZoUodoVrc KQ>H$ OÝ_OmV AgVmV. ì`pŠVJV,

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AZw dm§VyZ {_imcoco ZgVmV. Vo Om{UdoÀ`m nmVirda oV ZmhrV, Ë`m§Mm {MÌê$n, à{V_m-

àVrH$m§_Yrc Am{dîH$ma hm Om{UdoÀ`m nmVirdarc AZw dmMm {df` hmoVmo. gm_y{hH$ Zo{UdoVrc ho

KQ>H$ åhUOoM Am{X~§Y hmo . Vo {_Ïg, gm{hË` BË`mXr_YyZ Am{dîH¥$V hmoVmV. Am{X~§Y ho _ycV_

AZw dm§er g§dmXr Agë`m_wio Vo Om{UdoMo _ycmH$ma Agë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr g§»`m _`m©{XV AgVo. w§JZo

"ñd' (The Self), g§km (Consciousness), _wIdQ>m (Persona), Am{X_mVm (Great Mother),

A{Z_m-A{Z_g, N>m`m, d¥Õ AmßV Ago H$mhr Am{X~§Y gm§{JVco Vo nwT>rcà_mUo gm§JVm oB©c.

1. A{Z_m :-

A{Z_m åhUOo nwwéfmÀ`m gm_y{hH$ AMoVZm_Ü o Á`m ñÌr-gwc^ d¥Îmr-àd¥Îmr AgVmV, Ë`m

ñÌrÀ`m àVr_oV ì`ŠV hmoUo hmo . ho àH$Q>Z ñdßZmV, H$ënZm a§OZmV hmoV AgVo. hr ñÌr à{V_m åhUOo

nwéfmÀ`m {R>H$mUr dgV Agcoco ór VÎdmMo gZmVZ A§J hmo . nwéfm§Zr {c{hcoë`m H$Wm, H$mX§~ar,

ZmQ>H$, H${dVm `mVrc ñÌr-{MÌUmV ~è`mM doim `m gZmVZ ñÌr-à{V_oÀ`m N>Q>m Mm§Jë`m dmB©Q>

{_gicoë`m AgVmV. CXm. ~mcH$dtMr "\w$camUr' hr H${dVm gm§JVm oB©c.

2. A{Z_g :-

A{Z_g åhUOo nwéf _ZmVrc ñÌrËdmÀ`m gZmVZ A§Jmà_mUoM ñÌr_ZmV Agcoë`m nwéfmMo A§J

A{Z_g hmo , Ooìhm ñÌr_ZmV nwéfmMr à{V_m AmH$ma KoD$ cmJVo, Voìhm hm Am{X~§Y AmH$mamg oVmo.

`m à{V_oV Am{X~§YmV wJmZ wJo ñÌrZo KoVcoë`m nwéfmÀ`m AZw dmMr _yg AgVo hr _yg åhUOoM

"A{Z_g' hm Am{X~§Y hmo . ñÌr co{IH$m§Zr {c{hcoë`m gm{hË`mV nwéfm§~ÔcMo Ë`m§Mo AmH$cZ ~aoMgo

A{Z_gÀ`m _wgrV AdVaVo. Amnë`m gm{hË`H¥$VrVrc nwéfm§À`m àVr_m `m Om{UdoVyZM ñÌr co{IH$m

AmH$mamg AmUVo. CXm. OZm~mB©À`m {dÇ>c, _ram~mB©Mm {J[aYa Jmonmi.

`m ñdê$nmÀ`m _mZgemñÌr` {dMmagaUrZwgma àË oH$ ñÌrÀ`m qH$dm nwéfmÀ`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmV

Ago {df_qcJr KQ>H$ AgVmV, Ë`mVyZ H$cmd§VmÀ`m H$coV, à{V_m gmH$ma hmoVmV. Aem H$coÀ`m

g_rjoV hr Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjm A{YH$ àH$me Q>mHy$ eH$Vo.

g§koMm Am{X~§Y hm A{YH$ ì`mnH$ ñdê$nmM Amho. Am{X~§YmË_H$ AZw d ho ñdmË_ gmYcoë`m

Am{U {VÀ`m A§VJ©V Agcoë`m g§km{dH$mgmÀ`m à{H«$ ocm oVmV. g§km {dH$mgmÀ`m à{H«$ oMm Am{X~§Y

hm g§koMm Am{X~§Y åhUyZ AmoiIcm OmVmo. g§km Am{X~§Ym^modVr BVa Am{X~§YmMm nw§OH$m O_m

Pmcocm AgVmo. Ë`mV _mVoMm, {nË`mMm `mgmaIo Am{X~§Y AgVmV. A§h (ego) hm g§koMo, Om{UdoMo

H|$Ð AgVo. Ë`m_wio gm{hË`mVyZ {M{ÌV hmoUmè`m à{V_m§Mo AmH$cZ `m_wio hmoD$ eH$Vo. _mVoMm

Am{X~§Ym_Ü o J^m©e`mVrc ~rOmMr H$ënZm gm_mdcocr AgVo.

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c{cV Am{U c{cVoVa H$cm{Z{_©Vr hm _mZdr _ZmMm EH$ d¡{eîQ>çnyU© ì`mnma Amho. H$coVyZ

_mZdr _ZmMm à{V_m-àVrH$mË_H$ Am{dîH$ma KS>Vmo. `m Am{dîH$mam_mJo H$cmd§VmMo MoVZ, AY©MoVZ

d AMoVZ _Z `m nmVù`mdê$Z H$m ©erc AgVo. MoVZ, _Z, à{V_m, àVrH$m§Mr {Z{_©Vr AY©MoVZ d

AMoVZ `m XmoZ ñVam§À`m gmhmæ`mZo H$aV AgVmo. gm_y{hH$ AMoVZmMm ñVa ghO àd¥{Îm_ycH$

dV©Zê$nmer g§~§{YV AgVmo. H$Yr-H$Yr `m ghOàd¥Îmr XS>në`m OmVmV d Ë`m H$coVyZ Am{dîH¥$V

hmoVmV. Ë`mVyZ H$coV gm{hË`H¥$VrVrc H$mhr à{V_m àVrHo$ oVmV. Ë`m§Mm emoY Am{X~§YmË_H$

g_rjoÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo KoVm oVmo.

coIH$, H$dr, Amnë`m PnmQ>coë`m AdñWoV Ooìhm gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr H$aVmo Voìhm `m à{V_m

Am{X~§YmMo ê$n KoD$Z gm{hË`mV AdVaVmV. H$cmd§V \$ŠV _mÜ`_m§Mo H$m_ H$aVmo. ~è`mM

gm{hË`H¥$VrMr {Z{_©Vr {d{eîQ> Pmcocr AgVo. Ë`mV MoVZnmVirdaÀ`m {H«$`m-à{H«$`m oVmV. Ë`m§V

Am{X~§Y `oÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm H$_r AgVo.

Am{X~§YmMo ì`mnH$ ñdê$n Amnë`mcm àmH²$H$WmV nmhmd`mg {_iVo. draZm`H$mÀ`m Am{X~§YmV

AgÊ`mM§ AmB©-d{S>cm§Mm _wcJm Zer~ H$mT>md`mg {ZKmcocm amOnwÌ, ZmdS>VrMm _wcJm, gmV AaÊ o,

gmV g_wÐ nma H$ê$Z OmUmam amOnwÌ, Zm`H$ Ago Am{X~§Y àmH²$H$WoV oVmV. àmH²$H$Wm `m àm_w»`mZo

Am{X~§YmÀ`m Am{dîH$maH$ AgVmV. Aem H$Wm CËñ\y$V© {Z_m©U Pmcoë`m AgVmV.

Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjm Ho$di Ame`dmXr Zmhr VgoM AmH¥${VdmXhr Zmhr, Va {VÀ`mV `m

XmoÝhtMm g_mdoe AgVmo. à{V_m-àVrH$m§Mm AW© CcJS>V-CcJS>V {VMm AÝd`mW© gmH$ma hmoV OmVmo.

`m g_rjm nX²YVrV _mZgemñÌ g§H$ënZmMr OmU Am{U gyú_ dmMZmMr JaO AgVo. H$cmË_Vonojm

_mZdVoMm ÑpîQ>H$moU `m g_rjocm OdiMm Amho. `m g_rjoVyZ H$cmH¥$VrMo H$cmVrV _yë` cjmV oD$

eH$Vo.

Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjoMo H$m © ê$ndmXr, g_mOemñÌr`, _mZgemñÌr`, Eo{Vhm{gH$ `mgma»`m

g_rjoer OmoSy>Z MmcVo. Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjm dmL²>_` _yë`mMm emoY hmoVo. Ë`m{edm` Ë`mÀ`mhr

ncrH$S>o OmD$Z gm{hË` Am{U g§ñH¥$VrMo ZmVohr Xe©{dVo hr g_rjm nÕVr Ho$di gm¢X © VÎdmcmM doY

KoVo Ago Zmhr Va _mZdr OrdZmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo H$coMo Agcoco _hÎd hr ñnîQ> H$aVo.

WmoS>Š`mV Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjo_Ü o gm{hË`H¥$Vr_Ü o H$moUVo Am{X~§Y Amco AmhoV `mMm emoY

KoVcm OmVmo Am{U Ë`m§À`m AVm{H©$H$ ñdê$nmMm, JyT> ^mfoMm AW© cmdcm OmVmo. gm{hË`H¥$VrV ì`ŠV

hmoUmao Am{X~§Y ho à{V_m àVrH$m§À`m ê$nmV qH$dm {_Ï`À`m ê$nmV AgVmV. `m à{V_m àVrH$m§Mm d

{_Ï`gMm EH$_oH$m§er Agcoë`m g§~§YmMm emoY `m g_rjm nÕVrV KoVcm OmVmo.

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H$) g_mOemñÌr` g_rjm :-

{d{eîQ> gm_m{OH$ ÑpîQ>H$moUm§À`m, {dMmam§À`m AmYmao gm{hË`mMo {dícofU qH$dm g_mOmÀ`m

g§X^m©V Ho$cocm nÕVera Aä`mg åhUOo g_mOemñÌr` g_rjm nÕVr hmo . `m g_mOemñÌr` g_rjm

nÕVrMm Aä`mg XmoZ àH$mao Ho$cm OmVmo.

1. g_mOcú`r :-

`m àH$mam_Ü o doJdoJiçm H$mimVrc gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrMm {dMma H$aÊ`mgmR>r, {VMo {ZXmZ

H$aÊ`mgmR>r gm{hË`mMm EH$ gmYZ åhUyZ Cn`moJ H$aVmV. gm{hË`mVrc {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mr {M{H$Ëgm

H$ê$Z Ë`mMm AW© cmdyZ {d{eîQ> g_mOm{df`r H$mhr {ZîH$f© H$mT>co OmVmV hm g_mOcú`r Aä`mg

hmo`.

2. gm{hË`cú`r :-

`m Aä`mgàH$mam_Ü o gm{hË`mcm, gm{hË`H¥$Vrcm H|$ÐñWmZr R>odyZ {VMm g_mOmÀ`m g§X^m©V

gm_m{OH$ ÑpîQ>H$moUmVyZ Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo. gm{hË`mH¥$VrVrc {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mr {M{H$Ëgm H$ê$Z

Ë`mMm AW© cmdyZ {d{eîQ> gm_mO{H$ n[apñWVrZo ho KQ>H$ H$go à^m{dV Ho$co Vo XmI{dco OmVo.

`m g_rjmnÕVrVyZ VËH$mcrZ g_mOmMr EH§$Xa OS>UKS>U, kmZmMm àM{cV ì yh, VËH$mcrZ

gm§ñH¥${VH$ na§nam d {VMo {deof `m§Mm Aä`mg H$aVm oVmo. gm{hË` d gm{hË oVa H$cm§Mr pñWVr d

nañna g§~§Ymda àH$me Q>mH$Vm `oVmo.

g_mOemñÌ `m kmZemIoVrc _yc yV kmZmÀ`m AmYmao gm{hË` g_rjoV dmnaÊ`mgmR>r Zo_Š`m

g_mOemñÌr` g§H$ënZm§Mr OmUrdnyd©H$ {ZdS> H$ê$Z gm{hË`mMr Ho$cocr g_rjm åhUOo g_mOemñÌr`

g_rjm hmo . gm{hË` ho gm{hpË`H$mZo {d{eîQ> gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrcm {Xcocm à{VgmX AgVmo.

gm{hpË`H$ gm{hË`H¥$Vr d AmñdmXH$ `m§À`m OS>UKS>UrV gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVr An[ahm ©nUo _hÎdmMr

AgVo åhUyZ gm{hpË`H$ {Z{_©VrMm ì`ŠVrJV {Z{_©Vr åhUyZ {dMma Z H$aVm EH$ gm_m{OH$ K{Q>V

åhUyZ Aä`mg H$aUo ho g_mOemñÌr` g_rjoMo J¥hrVH$ _mZco OmVo.

g_rjoMm hm gm{hË`àH$ma gm{hË`mÀ`m AmH¥${V~§Ymnojm H$cmË_H$VoMm emoY KoÊ`mnojm Ame`mda

^a XoUmam Amho. gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr_mJrc gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrcm gm{hpË`H$mZo H$gm à{VgmX {Xcm ho

gm§JUmam Amho.

g_mOemñÌr` g_rjmnÕVrMr gwédmV \«|$M VÎdk {hßnmocrZ VoZ `m§À`mnmgyZ Pmcr VoZ `m§Zr

gm{hË`H¥$Vr hr d§e, n[apñWVr Am{U wJàd¥Îmr `m§Mr {Z{_©Vr AgVo Ago gm§{JVco.coIH$ Á`m d§emV

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OÝ_Vmo, dmT>Vmo Ë`m d§emMm {d{eîQ> Om{UdoVyZ Amnë`m gm{hË`H¥$Vr«Mm aMZm~§Y Am{dîH¥$V H$aV

AgVmo. Amnë`m AmOy~mOyMo g_H$mcrZ ar{V[admO, gm_m{OH$ n`m©daU, `mVyZ Ë`mMm ñd^md KS>V

AgVmo, Ë`mMr A{^ì`ŠVr gm{hË`mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ H$aV AgVmo. WmoS>Š`mV dmL²>_` ho {Z{_©{VH$mcrZ

wJY_m©Mo, gm_m{OH$ n`m©daUmMo Am{U dm§{eH$ Om{Udm§Mo gmaê$n AgVo. gm{hË`mMm Ame`, ^mfm

Am{U gm¢X ©VÎdo `m gJiçm§À`m _wim§er ho EH${ÌV g_mO^mZ AgVo. Ë`m_wio g_mOemñÌr`

g_rjo_Ü o dmL²>_`H¥$VrMm EH$ gm¢X ©H¥$Vr åhUyZ {dMma Z H$aVm g_J« OrdZnQ>mMm Am{dîH$ma åhUyZ

{dMma Ho$cm OmVmo.

WmoS>Š`mV, gm{hË` Am{U g_mO `m§À`m AZw~§YmMm Aä`mg g_mOemñÌr` nÕVrV oVmo. EH$m

gm{hË`H¥$VrMo {dícofU H$ê$Z {VÀ`m {Z{_©Vr_mJrc gm_m{OH$-Am{W©H$ àoaUm H$moUË`m AmhoV.

coIH$mMm Ë`m gm{hË`H¥$VrVyZ ì`ŠV hmoUmam ÑpîQ>H$moU, gm{hË`H¥$VrVrc ì`pŠVaoIm, KQ>Zmàg§J d

Ë`m§Mr aMZm `m gdmª_mJo `m àoaUm H$em AmhoV Vo `m g_rjm nÕVr_Ü o ñnîQ> H$aVm oVo. {edm`

EH$m coIZmMo g_J« gm{hË`, {d{eîQ> gm{hË`àH$ma, gm{hË`àdmh, gm{hË`mg§~§YrMo VmpÎdH$ àíZ

B.JmoîQ>tMr _r_m§gm Am{U gm{hË o{VhmgmMr _m§S>Ur `m g_rjm ÑîQ>rVyZ Ho$cr OmD$ eH$Vo.

g_mOemñÌr` nÕVrZo gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm doJdoJiçm H$mimVrc n[apñWVrMm {dMma

H$aÊ`mgmR>r gm{hË`mMm EH$ gmYZ åhUyZ Cn`mooJ H$aVm oVmo. gm{hË`mVrc {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mr {M{H$Ëgm

H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo AW© cmdyZ {d{eîQ> g_mOmMo H$mhr {ZîH$f© H$mT>Vm oVmV. gm{hË`mcm Jm¡U _mZyZ g_mO

ho H|$ÐñWmZr R>odco OmVo qH$dm `m g_rjm nÕVrV gm{hË`H¥$Vrcm H|$ÐñWmZr R>odyZ {VMm g_mOmÀ`m

g§X^m©V gm_m{OH$ ÑpîQ>H$moUmVyZ Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo. gm{hË`H¥$VrVrc {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mr {M{H$Ëgm

H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mm AW© cmdyZ gm_m{OH$ ÑpîQ>H$moUmVyZ gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo. `mZwmga EH$m

gm{hË`H¥$VrMm Zmhr Va EH$m àdmhmVrc EH$m gm§àXm`mVrc d H$mimVrc gm{hË`mMm Am{U coIH$mMm

qH$dm dmMH$mÀ`m g_mOemñÌmMm Aä`mg H$aVm oVmo. g_mOemñÌr` g_rjm hr gm{hË` Am{U

gm_m{OH$ ~m§{YcH$s `m§Mo ñnîQ>rH$aU H$aVo. g_mOmV KS>Umè`m àË oH$ KQ>Zm§Mo à{Vq~~ ho gm{hË`mV

nS>V AgVo. ì`ŠVr hm g_mOmMmM EH$ KQ>H$ Agë`mZo g_mOmVrc Mm§Jë`m-dmB©Q> àd¥ÎmrMr XIc,

g_mOmV KoUmao n[adV©Z coIH$ Amnë`m dmL²>_`mV KoV AgVmo. Ë`mMm Am{dîH$ma gm{hË`mVyZ hmoV

AgVmo. g_mOmV KS>Umè`m KQ>Zm§er coIH$m§Mo EH$àH$mao A§VJ©V ZmVo AgVo. `m ZmË`mVyZM

dmL²>_`mVrc g_mO OrdZ {M{ÌV hmoV AgVo. Ë`mMo ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$aUo ho g_mOemñÌr` g_rjoMo

H$m © AgVo.

EHy$UM g_mOemñÌr` g_rjo_wio g_mOmMr OS>UKS>U, g_mOmMm {dH$mg d {dH$mgmMr {Xem

`m§Mr OmUrd hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. VËH$mcrZ cmoH$m§Mr dmL²>_`m{^ê$Mr, dmL²>_`m~ÔcMr OmUrd-OmJ¥Vr

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`m§Mr _m{hVr {_iVo. amOH$s`-gm_m{OH$-Am{W©H$ n[apñWVrMm A§XmO oVmo. gm{hË`mMr OrdZdmXr

{dMmaYmam {dH${gV hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.

S>) _mŠg©dmXr g_rjm :-

gm{hË`mVrc gm_m{OH$Voda ^a XoUmar dJu` g§Kfm©Mo ñdê$n Am{U g_mOOrdZmda Ë`mMm

hmoUmam n[aUm_ emoYUmar Ë`mVyZ gm{hË`H¥$Vrcm àmßV Pmcoë`m _yë`mcm _hÎd XoUmar g_rjm åhUOo

_mŠg©dmXr g_rjm hmo .

`m g_rjm nÕVr_Ü o ^m¡{VH$ OrdZmVrc CËnmXH$ à{H«$`m _Zwî`mÀ`m OrdZmÀ`m H$jm KS>drV

AgVo hr {dMmaYmam gm{hË`H¥$VrVyZ {H$VnV {XgyZ oVo `mMm Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo. gm{hË`H¥$VrVrc

gm_m{OH$VoMm emoY KoVcm OmVmo. g_mOmVrc CËnmXZg§~§YmMo ñdê$n cjmV KoD$Z coIH$mMr dJu`

y{_H$m Am{U Ë`mVyZ {M{ÌV Pmcoë`m g_mOOrdZmVrc emofU dJu` {hVg§~§YmMm Aä`mg Ho$cm

OmVmo.

emo{fV g_mOmMo {MÌU H$aUmè`m dmL²>_`mcm _mŠg©dmXr g_rjoV _hÎd Amho. Voìhm EImÚm

gm{hË`H¥$VtMr g_rjm H$aVmZm Ë`m gm{hË`H¥$VrVyZ {M{ÌV Pmcoë`m g_mOmMo, Ë`mÀ`m emofUmMo,

Ë`mÀ`m àíZmMo, Am{W©H$ g_ñ`m§Mo, dJ©dmXmMo §g§X © cjmV KoUo _hÎdmMo R>aVo.

_mŠg©dmXr g_rjoMm _yc yV ÑpîQ>H$moU AW©emñÌm{YpîR>V Amho. VgoM gm_m{OH$ ÑpîQ>H$moUhr

Amho. àË oH$ ì`ŠVrÀ`m ì`pŠV_Îdmda Ë`m-Ë`m g_mOmMm à^md nS>cocm AgVmo. Ë`m g_mOmVyZ Vr

ì`ŠVr KS>V AgVo. g_mOmMm EH$ KQ>H$ åhUyZ Vr H$m ©aV AgVo. n[aUm_r g_mOmV KS>Umè`m KQ>Zm,

àg§J, MmcrarVr, AZw d `mgma»`m AZoH$ JmoîQ>r gm{hË`mVyZ Am{dîH¥$V hmoV AgVmV. _mŠg©À`m _Vo,

H«$m§Vr KS>dUmam dJ© hm _Ü`_dJ© AgVmo. Ë`m§Mm Am{W©H$Voer Am{U H$coer OdiMm g§~§Y AgVmo.

Ë`m_wio Vmo gm{hË`mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Am{W©H$ {hVg§~§YmZm {damoY H$aVmo Am{U Amnë`m gm{hË`mVyZ

H«$m§VrMm AmdmO CR>{dVmo. Ë`m_wio g_mO, coIH$ Am{U gm{hË`H¥$Vr Agm hm g§~§Y AgVmo Am{U

`m g§~§YmMm emoY _mŠg©dmXr g_rjoV KoUo Ano{jV AgVo.

^m¡{VH$ OrdZmVrc CËnmXH$ à{H«$`m _Zwî`mÀ`m gm_m{OH$, amOZ¡{VH$ d ~m¡pÕH$ OrdZmÀ`m

H$jm KS>drV AgVmo Am{U hr {dMmaYmam gm{hË`H¥$VrVyZ {H$VnV {XgyZ oVo `mMr {M{H$Ëgm

_mŠg©dmXr g_rjm H$aVo.

1930 Z§Va _mŠg©dmXr g_rjoMo EH$ ñdV§Ì XmcZ ApñVËdmV Amco. dmñVddmXmMm ^m¡{VH$dmXmMm

{dMma `m g_rjoV ñdrH$mê$Z g_mOaMZoMm nm`m Am{W©H$ g§~§Ymda Agë`mMo VÎd ñdrH$mê$Z Aem

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g_mOmMo ñdê$n H$go AgVo `mMo ñnîQ>rH$aU _mŠg©dmXr gm{hË`{dMmamV Ho$co OmVo. H$cm d gm{hË`

Aem aMZm§MmM EH$ ^mJ AgVmo. Agm {dMma g_rjoV H$mhr Aä`mgH$m§Zr ñdrH$macm. gm{hË`H¥$VrVrc

gm_m{OH$VoMm emoY KoVmZm Ë`m g_mOmVrc CËnmXZ g§~§YmMo ñdê$n coIH$mMr dJu` y{_H$m, Ë`mVyZ

{M{ÌV Pmcoco g_mOOrdZ, emofU, dJu` {hVg§~§Yhr _mŠg©dmXr g_rjm cjmV KoVo.

_mŠg©dmXr g_rjm {dMma hm gm{hË`H¥$VrÀ`m gm_mm{OH$Voda ^a XoVmo. _mUyg ì`ŠVr åhUyZ

nyU©nUo ñdV§Ì amhÿ eH$V Zmhr. Ë`mÀ`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMr OS>UKS>U hr g_mOmVM hmoV AgVo. Aem

g_mOmV KS>coë`m H$cmd§VmÀ`m H$cmH¥$VrV gm_m{OH$Vm oUo hr ñdm^m{dH$M AgVo. gm{hË`H¥$VrMo

gm_m{OH$ A§J, {VMo gm_m{OH$ ñdê$n `mMr {M{H$Ëgm _mŠg©dmXr g_rjm H$aVo. Ë`m_wio gm{hË`mVrc

àd¥ÎmrMo ñnîQ>rH$aU _mŠg©dmXr g_rjoV nhm`cm {_iVo. Ë`mgmR>r gm{hË`H¥$Vr Ho$di H$cmdñVy Zìho

Va Vr EH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ dñVyhr AgVo ho cjmV oVo. _mŠg©dmXr gm{hË`{dMma hm gm{hË` Am{U OrdZ

`m§Mr gm§JS> KmcUmam Amho. Y_©, AW©, VÎdkmZ, amOH$maU BË`mXrVyZ OrdZmcm AZoH$ n¡cy àmßV

hmoV AgVmV. Ë`m_wio gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm `m OrdZmMr OmU KoUmar ÑîQ>r _mŠg©dmXr g_rjoV

_hÎdmMr _mZcr OmVo.

_mŠg©dmXr g_rjm hr g_mOemñÌr` ÑîQ>rZo _hÎdmMr _mZcr Jococr g_rjmnÕVr Amho. H$maU

gm{hË`H¥$VrMo _yi ho dJm©{YpîR>V AgVo. gm{hË`mVrc gm_m{OH$Voda ^a XoUmar, dJu` g§Kfm©Mo ñdê$n

Am{U g_mOOrdZmda Ë`mMm hmoUmam n[aUm_ emoYUmar Ë`mVyZ gm{hË`H¥$Vrcm àmßV Pmcoë`m _yë`mcm

_hÎd XoUmar Aer g_mOemñÌmcm OdiMr _mŠg©dmXr g_rjm Amho.


hmoUmam n[aUm_ emoYUmar Ë`mVyZ gm{hË`H¥$Vrcm àmßV Pmcoë`m _yë`mcm _hÎd XoUmar Aer

g_mOì`dñWm Odi AgUmar g_rjm åhUyZ _mŠg©dmXr g_rjm AmoiIcr OmVo. H$mc© _mŠg© Am{U

\«o$S>[aH$ E§Jëg `m§À`m gm_m{OH$, amOH$s` Am{U Am{W©H$ {dMmamVyZ CËnÝZ Pmcoë`m {dMmaì yhmcm

_mŠg©dmX Ago åhQ>co OmVo. _mŠg©À`m _¥Ë yZ§Va _mŠg©dmXr g§àXm` CX`mcm Amco. ^m§S>dcemhrMo

{dícofU ho _mŠg©À`m {dMmam§Mo H|$Ð ~Zco. ^m§S>dcemhr H$er CËnÝZ hmoVo. {VMr H$m ©nÕVr H$m`

Am{U dmQ>Mmc H$er hmoVo, `m{df`rMo {ddoMZ _mŠg©Zo Ho$co. gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ g§~§YmMm {dMma

H$aVmZm ^m§S>dcemhrÀ`m _wIdQ>çm_mJo, CËnmXZmMr gmYZo hmVr Agcoë`m ^m§S>dcXmam§Mm dJ© Am{U

OJÊ`mgmR>r H$îQ> H$aUo ^mJ nS>cocm H$m_Jma dJ© `m XmoZ dJm©Vrc g§Kf© Ë`mcm AmT>iyZ Amcm.

namË_VoMm {gÕmÝV, l__yë`mMm {gÕmÝV Am{U B{Vhmg{df`H$ ^m¡{VH$dmXr y{_H$m ho VrZ _hÎdmMo

{gÕmÝV ^m§S>dcemhrÀ`m {dícofUmVyZ CËnÞ Pmco. `m Aä`mgmVyZM _mŠg©dmXr g_mO{df`H$

^y{_H$m V`ma Pmcr.

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gm_m{OH$ CËnmXZ à{H«$ oV _mUgo nañnam§er {d{eîQ> g§~§Y {Z_m©U H$arV AgVmV. ho g§~§Y

_mZdmÀ`m BÀN>meŠVrda Adc§~yZ ZgyZ Vo {d^ŠV AgVmV. CËnmXZmMo g§~§Y Am{U CËnmXZmÀ`m

^m¡{VH$ eŠVrMm {dH$mg `m§À`m g_Ýd`mVyZ g_mOmMr Am{W©H$ KS>U hmoV AgVo. øm Am{W©H$

KS>UrdaM H$m`Xm, amOH$maU, gm_m{OH$ MoVZoMr {d{dY ê$no AmYmacocr AgVmV. CËnmXZmMr

nÕVr, gm_m{OH$, amOH$s` d ~m¡{ÕH$ OrdZmMr gd©gmYmaU {H«$`m {Z`V H$aV AgVo. _mUgmMo

gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y CËnmXZ g§~§Ymda AmYm[aV AgVmV. g_mO, gm{hË`, H$cm, VÎdkmZ, g§ñH¥$Vr `m

gd© JmoîQ>r Am{W©H$ ì`dñWoX²dmam AZwem{gV hmoVmV. g_mOmVrc CËnmXZà{H«$ oVrc n[adV©Z XmoZ

{damoYr eŠVtÀ`m g§Kfm©VyZ hmoV AgVo. Ë`mV emofH$ Am{U emom{fV Ago XmoZ dJ© AgVmV. _mŠg©Zo

Ë`mcm dJ©g§Kf© Ago Zmd {Xco. `mM ÑpîQ>H$moUmVyZ gm{hË`mMo {dícofU H$aÊ`mÀ`m à`ËZmVyZ

_mŠg©dmXr g_rjm CX`mcm Amcr. gm_m{OH$ dmñVdmÀ`m {demc Mm¡H$Q>rVM dmL²>_`mMo `WmW©

AmH$cZ hmoD$ eH$Vo ho _mŠg©dmXr g_rjoMo gyÌ Amho. `mVyZM _mŠg©À`m nm`m Am{U B_cm `m

g§H$ënZm CX`mg Amë`m, Ë`m§Mm AmT>mdm nwT>rcà_mUo :-

_mŠg©À`m ÑîQ>rZo {d{eîQ> H$mimVrc H$moUË`mhr g_mOmMm Ë`mVrc EHy$U OrdZmMm _ycmYma

nm`m Ë`m g_mOmMr AW©ì`dñWm AgVo. H$moUË`mhr g_mOmÀ`m Ë`mVrc gm_m{OH$, amOH$s`, Ym{_©H$,

Z¡{VH$ B. AmMma{dMmam§À`m, {d{dY g§ñWm§À`m d g_mOmVrc EHy$U ~m¡{ÕH$, _mZ{gH$ à{H«$`m§Mm

{dMma H$aVmZm Amnë`mcm Ë`m-Ë`m g_mOmVrc Am{W©H$ g§~§Ymda cj H|${ÐV H$amdo cmJVo. `m

g§~§YmMo `WmW© kmZ Zgoc Va Ë`m g_mOì`dñWoMo Ë`mVrc g§ñWm§Mo IaoIwao AmH$cZ hmoUma Zmhr hm

_mŠg©Mm B_cm {gÕmÝV Amho.

H$cm Am{U ^m¡{VH$ nm`m (~og), H$cm Am{U CËnmXZg§~§YmMr g_J«Vm `mV {ZpíMV H$mhr

g§~§Y Amho. CËnmXZg§~§YmV ~Xc Pmcm H$s B_ë`mMm (gwnañQ´>ŠMa) EH$ ^mJ Agcoë`m H$coVhr

~Xc KS>Vmo. BVa {dMmaàUmcrà_mUo Vr EH$Va _mJo nS>Vo AWdm gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmMm A§XmO H$ê$

eH$Vo. `m nm`m Am{U B_cm `m§À`m nañnag§~§Ym{df`rÀ`m _V oXmVyZ _mŠg©dmXr g_rjoMo doJdoJio

àdmh CX`mcm Amco. Ë`m_Ü o à{Vq~~ àmê$n, CËnmXZ àmê$n, CËnÎmr àmê$n, ZH$mamË_H$ kmZ Am{U

^mfmH|${ÐV àmê$n Aer nmM à_wI àmê$no _mZcr JocrV Am{U Ë`mVyZ _mŠg©dmXr g_rjm AmH$mamcm

`oV Jocr.

WmoS>Š`mV Ago åhUVm oB©c H$s, ^m¡{VH$ OrdZmMr ^m¡{VH$ gmYZo {Z_m©U H$arVM _Zwî` OJVmo.

{Z_m©U nÕVr Oer AgVo Vgo {d{eîQ> gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y V`ma hmoVmV. CËnmXZnÕVr ~Xccr H$s

gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y qH$dm gm_m{OH$ dJ© ~XcVmV. CËnmXZnÕVr d gm_m{OH$ {d{eîQ> g§~§Y hm ^m¡{VH$

gm_m{OH$ nm`m Agoc Va Ë`m àH$maÀ`m _mZ{gH$ g§ñH¥$VrMm B_cm C^macm OmVmo. Am{U Ë`mZwgma

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g_mOm_Ü o ~XcmMo MT>CVma KS>V AgVmV, Ago _mŠg© Amnë`m `m g§H$ënZoV ñnîQ> H$aVmo. Ë`mZwgma

nm`m Am{U B_cm `m JmoîQ>r H$m`© H$aV AgVmV.

B) ê$ndmXr g_rjm :-

gm{hË`H¥$VrMm Ame`, eãX, nmÌ, H$WmZH$ B. KQ>H$m§Mr EH${ÌV ~m§YUr åhUOo gm{hË`H¥$VrMm

ê$n~§Y hmo . `mcm gm{hË`mMm KmQ>, aMZm~§Y Agohr åhQ>co OmVo. B§J«Or_Ü o Ë`mcm "\$m°_©' hr

g§H$ënZm dmnacr OmVo. `m ê$n~§Ymcm H|$ÐñWmZr R>odyZ Ho$coë`m gm{hË`g_rjocm ê$ndmXr g_rjm Ago

åhQ>co OmVo. H$moUË`mhr H$cmH¥$Vrcm {Z{_©{VH$mcrZ gm_m{OH$, amOH$s`, Ym{_©H$, d¡Mm[aH$ n[apñWVr,

coIH$mMo OrdZmZw d Ë`mÀ`m Am wî`mVrc MT>CVma Am{U coIH$mcm A{^àoV Agcocr dmMH$ dJ©

Ago g§X © AgVmV. Ë`mZwgma hr H$cmH¥$Vr H$moUË`m-Zm-H$moUË`m Q>ßß`mVyZ AmH$mamcm Amcr Amho.

Ë`mÀ`m Ame` A{^ì`ŠVrZwgma Ë`m H$cmH¥$VrÀ`m ê$n~§YmÀ`m {VÀ`m KmQ>mMm Aä`mg ê$ndmXr

g_rjo_Ü o Ho$cm OmVmo. H$maU H$moUVrhr H$cmH¥$Vr hr EH$m {d{eîQ> H$mimMr {Z{_©Vr AgVo, {VMm

{Z_m©Vm, {VMr ^mfm, {VÀ`mVrc g§Ho$V hr gd© Ë`m H$mimer {ZJ{S>V AgVmV. Ë`m-Ë`m H$mimMo Vo-

Vo g§X © AgVmV, Ë`m g§X^m©Zwgma AmnU VËH$mcrZ H$mimMm AW© cmdV AgVmo. VËH$mcrZ H$mimVrc

^mfoMm. dmL²>_`mMm, ì`mH$aUmMm B{Vhmg OmUyZ KoV AgVmo. Ë`mgmR>r `m g_rjm nÕVrMm AmYma

KoVcm OmVmo.

OJmVrc àË oH$ JmoîQ> H$moUË`m-Zm-H$moUË`m KQ>H$m§Zr ~Zcocr AgVo. {Vcm H$moUVr-Zm-

H$moUVr aMZm AgVo. `m doJdoJiçm KQ>H$m§Mr aMZm H$moUË`m Var VÎdmZo {gÕ hmoVo. `m KQ>H$m§Zm

g§K{Q>V H$aUmao Oo VÎd AgVo, Ë`mcm ê$nVÎd åhQ>co OmVo. Ë`mMà_mUo gm{hË`H¥$VrXoIrc AZoH${dY

KQ>H$m§Zr V`ma hmoV AgVo. Ë`m_Ü o eãX, AW©, à{V_m, àg§J, Ame`, nmÌo, dmVmdaU `mgma»`m

AZoH${dY KQ>H$m§Zr Vr ~m§Ycr Jococr AgVo. {VMm `m ~m§YUr_mJo H$moUVo ê$nVÎd Amho qH$dm

Agm`cm hdo `mMm emoY ê$ndmXr g_rjo_Ü o KoVcm OmVmo.

ê$ndmXr g_rjm hm {dMma 1930-1950 `m H$mimV A±½cmo-A_o[aH$Z g_rjm joÌmV àM{cV

Pmcm. A±½cmo A_o[aH$Z ê$ndmXr g_rjm. hr Zdg_rjm `m ZmdmZo AmoiIcr OmVo. `m Zdg_rjoda

Q>r. Eg. EpëS>nQ> Am{U Am`. E. [aMS>©g² `m XmoKm§À`m g_rjm{dMmam§Mm à^md nS>cocm Amho.

H$cmH¥$Vr hr ñdm`Îm d ñdcú`r AgVo Vr H$drÀ`m ì`pŠVJV ^mdZm d ì`pŠVËdmZw d ì`ŠV H$aV

AgVo. ê$ndmXr g_rjm hr H${dVoda/H$cmH¥$Vrda Amnco cj H|${ÐV H$aVo. H$cmH¥$VrÀ`m `m ê$nmMm

{dMma g§ñH¥$V d nmíMmÎ` na§naoZo àmMrZ H$imnmgyZ Ho$cm Jocm Amho. CXm. g§ñH¥$Vr_Yrc dH«$moŠVr,

ÜdZr, arVr hr ê$nVÎdo AmhoV. A°[añQ>m°Q>cÀ`m H$mì`{dMmamV Am{X-_Ü`-A§V g§ dZr`Vm d g|{Ð`

EH$mË_Vm hr ê$nVÎdo nhm`cm {_iVmV. gm{hË`mÀ`m ê$nmMm {dMma Agm àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ Ho$cm

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Jocm Amho. hr {dMmaàUmcr H$m§Q>À`m ñdm`ÎmmdmXr gm¢X © {dMmamV Amho. {dgmì`m eVH$mV _m§S>ë`m

Jocoë`m ê$ndmXr ÑpîQ>H$moZmMr nmio_wio H$m§Q>À`m gm¢X © {dMmamV gmnS>VmV. Ë`mMr ^mdcocr g§JVr,

hoVyeyÝ` hoVynyU©Vm Aer H$mhr ê$nVÎdo hr à^mdr AmhoV.

{dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m àma§ r {Z_m©U Pmcoë`m a{e`Z ê$ndmXmZo H$coMr, gm{hË`mMr ñdm`ÎmVm

J¥hrVM Yacr. gm{hË`mMo gm{hË`nU H$emV Amho `mMm emoY KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ë`m§Zr Ho$cm Amho,

gm{hË`mä`mgmV Ë`m§Zr coIH$mMo M[aÌ/B{Vhmg, g_mOemñÌ, _mZgemñÌ `m§Mm Ë`m JmoîQ>r gm{hË`~mø

åhUyZ ZmH$maë`m, Ë`m§À`m ÑîQ>rZo gm{hË` ho ^mfoMo EH$ {deof ê$n Amho. "H$mì` åhUOo eãXm§Mm Ioi'

ho Ë`m§À`m {dMmamVrc gyÌ hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, gd©gm_mÝ` ^mfm hr g§XoedhZmgmR>r AgVo Va

H$mì`^mfm hr gm¢X`m©Ë_H$ H$m © H$aVo, Vr ê$ncú`r hmoVo. `mMm emoY KoVmZm pìhŠQ>a eŠcmodñH$s `m§Zo

An[a{MVrH$aUmMo VÎd _m§S>co. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, H$mì`m_Ü o Zoh_rÀ`m ê$icoë`m, gd`rÀ`m Pmcoë`m

^mfoMo An[a{MVrH$aU KoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. a{e`Z ê$ndmÚm§Zm An[a{MVrH$aUmMm n[aUm_ KS>dUmè`m

à wŠË`m§_Ü o ag hmoVm, Ë`m_wio Vo `m gm{hË`mH$S>o EH$ à wŠVr åhUyZ nmhVmV.

a{e`Z ê$ndmX Am{U B§J«Or A_o[aH$Z g_rjm `m XmoZ g§àXm`m§Zr ê$n{ZîR> {dMmaYmaoMm

nwègH$ma Ho$cm. A°[añQ>m°Q>c, H$m§Q>, H«$moMo, H$moc[aO B. gm{hË`H$cm VÎd{dMmaH$m§Zr Oo {gÕmÝV _m§S>co

hmoVo Vo ê$ndmXr g_rjocm nmofH$ R>aco. nwT>o B§J«Or-A_o[aH$Z Zdg_rjH$m§Zr ê$n{ZîR> {dMmaYmaoMm

{dH$mg Ho$cm. gm{hË`H¥$VrÀ`m XmoZ A§JmMm {ZX}e H$aÊ`mgmR>r A{^ì`ŠVr (\$m°_©) Am{U Ame`

(H$ÝQ>oÝQ>) ho eãX dmnaco OmVmV. d¥Îm, c`, aMZm, eãXH$cm, Ac§H$ma, à{V_m-àVrHo$ `m§Mr `moOZm

ho A{^ì`ŠVrMo KQ>H$ Am{U ^md, AW©, {dMma, H$ënZmVÎd, ÑpîQ>H$moU ho Ame`mMo KQ>H$ _mZco

OmVmV. \$m°_© åhUOo gm{hË`H¥$VrMr g§KQ>Zm H$aUmam _Ü`dVu KQ>H$ _amR>rVcm "ê$n' hm Ame` Am{U

A{^ì`ŠVr `mVë`m Û§ÛmMm {Zamg H$aUmam Agm eãX Amho. Ame` Am{U A{^ì`ŠVr `m XmoZ

doJdoJiçm JmoîQ>r ZmhrV Ë`mn¡H$s H$moUVrhr EH$ JmoîQ> Xþgar{edm` ApñVËdmV AgV Zmhr. Ë`m XmoÝhr

EH$mË_ AgVmV Agm {dMma "ê$n' `m g§H$ënZo_mJo Amho. gm{hË`H¥$Vr hm EH$ ê$n~§Y Amho Ago _mZyZ

{VMr g_rjm H$aUmar nÕVr åhUOo ê$n{ZîR> g_rjm nÕVr. `m g_rjoV "ê$n' hr g§H$ënZm H|$ÐdVu

AgVo. {VÀ`m AmYmao gm{hË`H¥$VrMr H$cmË_H$Vm {VÀ`mVco gm{hË`Ëd Am{U {VMo gm¢X ©, gm{hË`H¥$VrV

gm¢X © {Z_m©U H$aUmao KQ>H$ `m§Mm emoY KoVcm OmVmo. gm{hË`H¥$Vr hr EH$ ñdm`Îm ñd §nyU© dñVy AgVo

hr XmoZ VÎdo ê$n{ZîR> g_rjmnÕVr_Ü o AZwñ yV AmhoV. gm{hË`H¥$VrMr ñWmnZm Am{U {VMm

EH$OrZgrnUm `mV Zo_H$m H$moUVm g§~§Y Amho `m{df`rMm {dMma ê$ndmXr g_rjo_Ü o Ho$cm OmVmo.

B©) g§{hVmcjr g_rjm :-

àmMrZ A{^OmV J«§WmMr hñV{c{IVo dm àma§ H$mcrZ _wÐUàVrÀ`m g§nmXZmVyZ {dH${gV Pmcoco

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emñÌ åhUyZ g§{hVm{M{H$Ëgm emñÌ AmoiIco OmVo. `mM AmYmao EImÚm H$cmH¥$VrMr _yi g§{hVm

cjmV KoD$Z {VÀ`mV hmoV OmUmè`m ~Xcm§Mm Aä`mg g§{hVmcú`r g_rjoV Ho$cm OmVmo. EH$mM

J«§Wm§À`m AZoH$ hñV{c{IVo qH$dm nmR> oXm§Mr {M{H$Ëgm H$ê$Z coIH$mcm A{^àoV Agcoë`m _yi

nmR>m§Mr {ZpíMVr H$aUo d Ë`m AmYmao nmR>ewÕ g§{hVm g§nm{XV H$aÊ`mMo H$m © `m nÕVr_Ü o Ho$co

OmVo.

EImXr KQ>Zm, àg§J qH$dm H$WmZH$ EoHy$Z, {chÿZ KoVmZm ldUXmofmUo qH$dm nmhÿZ {c{hVmZm

ÑpîQ> «_UmVyZ {c{hUmè`mH$Sy>Z H$mhr MwH$m hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. AZmdYmZmZo dU©, eãX, dmŠ`,

Amodr `m§Mr EImXr Xþgar Zm|X H$aUo amhÿZ OmVo qH$dm nwÝhm {c{hcr OmVo qH$dm Ë`m§Mr AXcm~Xchr

hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo Ë`m_wio dmŠ`mMo qH$dm eãXm§Mo AW© ~Xcco OmD$ eH$VmV. (CXm. Zmam`Uamd

noedo `m§Zm Yamdo `mEodOr Zmam`U noedo `m§Zm _mamdo Ago Pmë`mZo Ë`mMo g§X © doJio V`ma Pmco)

`m JmoîQ>r {Z_m©U hmoD$ Z oV `mgmR>r _yi g§{hVoMm Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo.

coIH$mZo {c{hcoë`m _yi g§{hVo~amo~a Ë`mMr A§{V_ (_wÐU) àV {gÕ H$aUo ho g§{hVmemñÌmMo

à_wI C{ÔîQ> AgVo. g§{hVmg_rjH$ CncãY hñV{c{IVm§er-_wÐUàVrÀ`m g§{hVoMr nmR>Zm|XUr H$ê$Z

Ë §Mr VwcZm H$aVmo, Ë`mVrc \o$a\$mam§Mr Zm|X H$aVmo. coIH$mZo coIZg§{hVm {gÕ H$aVmZm {Za{Zamiçm

Q>ßß`mda Ho$coco ~Xc emoYyZ H$mT>Vmo Am{U nmR>m§VamMr H$maUo g_OmdyZ KoVmo, Ë`mZ§Va nmR>ewÕ g§{hVm

g§nm{XV H$aVmo. Ë`mV {Za{Zamiçm g§nm{XV Amd¥ÎmrVrc nmR>m§Vam§Mr Zm|X H$aVmo Am{U coIH$mcm

A{^àoV Agcoë`m nmR>m§Mr A§{V_àV {gÕ H$aVmo.

1. {ZåZñVar` g_rjm :-

CncãY àVrVrc g§nmXH$mg gdm©V Mm§Jcr dmQ>Umar àV {ZdSy>Z BVa àVrVrc nmR>m§Vao

Vi{Q>nm§V XoD$Z g§{hVm g§nmXZ H$aÊ`mMr hr nÕV àmW{_H$ ñdê$nmMr Amho `m_Ü o A{YH¥$V nmR> hm

dmMH$ R>adVmo.

2. CÀMñVar` g_rjm :-

`m_Ü o {d{dY nmR>m§VamMr gyú_ {M{H$Ëgm H$ê$Z g§{hVoVrc àjon, Adjon, AnnmR> `m§Mm

gmH$ë`mZo {dMma Ho$cm OmVmo. J«§WmMm H$mi d H$V¥©Ëd ZŠH$s Ho$co OmVo. gm{hË`H¥$VrMm AmYma yV

_ycòmoV emoYcm OmVmo. gm{hË`H¥$VrMo EH$_oH$m§darc à^md cjmV KoD$Z Ë`m§Mr Vm¡c{ZH$ g_rjm Ho$cr

OmVo. _yi coIH$m§À`m g§{hVoVrc A{YH¥$V nmR>mMr {ZpíMVr H$aÊ`mV oVo. A{YH¥$V nmR>{ZpíMVr

H$aVmZm AÝ` g§nmXH$m§À`m Q>rH$m-^mî`m§Mr Zm|X KoVcr OmVo.

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g§{hVoMr {M{H$Ëgm H$aVmZm hñV{c{IVo g§H$cZ H$aUo ho g§nmXH$mMo _hÎdmMo H$m_ AgVo.

g§{hVoÀ`m CncãY hñV{c{IVm§_YyZ _yi hñV{c{IVm§Vrc eãXaMZm d _wÐrVàVr_Yrc eãXaMZm

VnmgyZ ¿`mdr cmJVo. nmR>Zm|XUr (H$cmH¥$VrMr `mo½` Zm|XUr), A{YH¥$V nmR> (CncãY hñV{c{IVmVrc

gdm©V OwZo hñV{c{IV), AnnmR> (dmMZ XmofmVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmar nmR>m§Vao), nwZa©{MV g§{hVm `mgma»`m

JmoîQ>tMm Aä`mg g§{hVmcú`r g_rjoV Ho$cm OmVmo.

1.4 g_mamon

EHy$UM Cn`mo{OV g_rjoMo ñdê$n nmhV AgVmZm AmYw{ZH$Vm Am{U g_rjmàdmh `m§Mm

{dMma H$aVm oVmo hm {dMma H$aV AgVmZm g_rjoMo àmMrZ ñdê$n Am{U CÎmamoÎma {VÀ`mV hmoV

Jococm ~Xc `mMm AmT>mdm `m {R>H$mUr KoÊ`mV Amcm Amho hm AmT>mdm KoV AgVmZm AZoH${dY

g_rjm nÕVrMo {ddoMZ `m{R>H$mUr H$aÊ`mV Amco. Ë`m_Ü o _mZgemñÌr` Am{X~§YmË_H$, g_mOemñÌr`,

_mŠg©dmXr, ê$ndmXr Am{U g§{hVmcú`r `m g_rjm àH$mam§Mm WmoS>Š`mV AmT>mdm KoÊ`mV Amcm.

Ë`mMà_mUo nwT>rc àH$aUmV AmnU g_mOemñÌr` g_rjm, EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mVrc {VMo ñdê$n Am{U

Cn`mo{OV gm{hË`H¥$Vr åhUyZ H¥$îUmV ImoV `m§À`m "Yyi_mVr' `m H$mX§~arMm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.

(Q>rn : àñVwV KQ>H$ coIZmgmR>r _amR>r dmL²>_`H$moe I§S> Mm¡Wm, g_rjm-lmoVm Am{U dmL²>_`rZg§km-g§H$ënZm H$moe `m H$moem§Mm AmYma KoÊ`mV Amcm Amho.)


✒ {H«${Q>{gP_ : g_rjm.

✒ B§àoe{ZpñQ>H : g§ñH$madmXr.

✒ Á`w{S>{e`c : Ý`m`{ZU© mË_H$.

✒ n°½_°{Q>H$ : n[aUm_cú`r.

✒ nmR>{M{H$Ëgm : _yi J«§WmMm Aä`mg.


❏ A) [aH$må`m OmJr H§$gmVrc `mo½` n`m© {ZdSy>Z {dYmZo nwÝhm {chm.

1. _amR>r JÚcoIZmcm .............. `mZr diU {Xco.

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(A) {dîUwemñÌr {MniyUH$a (~) lr. H¥$. H$moëhQ>H$a

(H$) h. Zm. AmnQ>o (S>) Z. {M§. Ho$iH$a.

2. _mZgemñÌr` g_rjoMm nm`m ............ KmVcm.

(A) {gJ_§S> \«$mB©S> (~) {hßnmocrV VoZ

(H$) H$mc© _mŠg© (S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr.

3. g~moY, ~moYnyd© d A~moY `m VrZ à{H«$`m§Mm Aä`mg ........... `m g_rjmnÕVrV Ho$cmOmVmo.

(A) _mŠg©dmXr (~) _mZgemñÌr`

(H$) Am{X~§Y (S>) g§{hVmcú`r.

4. ê$ndmXr g_rjm nÕVr_Ü`o ........... {dMma Ho$cm OmVmo.

(A) g_mOmMm (~) coIH$mMm

(H$) dmMH$mMm (S>) H$cmH¥$VrMm aMZm~§Y.

5. g_mOemñÌr` g_rjmnÕVrMm àUoVm .............. åhUyZ hm AmoiIcm OmVmo.

(A) VoZ (~) _mŠg© (H$) w§J (S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr.

☛ CÎmao : 1. (A) {dîUwemñÌr {MniyUH$a.

2. (A) {gJ_§S> \«$mB©S>.

3. (~) _mZgemñÌr`.

4. (S>) H$cmH¥$VrMm aMZm~§Y.

5. (A) VoZ.

❏ ~) XrKm}Îmar àíZ.

1. g_rjm åhUOo H$m`? Vo gm§JyZ Cn`mo{OV g_rjoMo ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$am.

2. Cn`mo{OV g_rjoMo ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo àH$ma gm§Jm.

❏ H$) {Q>nm {chm.

1. _mZgemñÌr` g_rjmnÕVr.

2. g_mOemñÌr` g_rjmnÕVr.

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3. Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjmnÕVr.

4. ê$ndmXr g_rjmnÕVr.

1.7 joÌr` H$m`©/CnH«$_

✑ Vwåhmcm AmdS>coë`m EImÚm H$cmH¥$VrMr doJdoJiçm A§Jm§Zr g_rjm H$am.

1.8 g§X © J«§W gyMr

1. g§nm.{dO`m amOmÜ`j : ""_amR>r dmL²>_`rZ H$moe-I§S>-4-g§km-g§H$ënZm.''

2. g§nm. dg§V Am~mOr S>hmHo$ : ""dmL²>_`rZ g§km-g§H$ënZm H$moe.''

3. {_qcX _mceo, AemoH$ Omoer : ""AmYw{ZH$ g_rjm {gÕmÝV'', _m¡O àH$meZ, _w§~B©.

4. {XJ§~a nmÜ o : ""gm{hË`, g_mO Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr'', cmoH$dmL²>_` J¥h. _w§~B©.

5.. ZmJZmW H$moÎmmn„o : ""gm{hË`mMm AÝd`mW©'', _ohVm àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya.

6.. Jmo_Q>oída nmQ>rc : ""_amR>r H$mX§~arMr Cn`mo{OV-g_rjm'', X`m© àH$meZ, nwUo.

❏ ❏ ❏

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KQ>H$-2

g_mOemñÌr` g_rjm

2.1 C{ÔîQ>o

2.2 àmñVm{dH$

2.3 {df` {ddoMZ

2.3.1 g_mOemñÌr` g_rjm : g§H$ënZm d ñdê$n

2.3.2 VoZMm {Ì{_Vr {gÕmÝV

2.3.3 g_mOemñÌr` g_rjoMo KQ>H$

2.3.4 g_mOemñÌr` g_rjoMr d¡{eîQ>ço

2.3.5 g_mOemñÌr` g_rjm nÕVrÀ`m _`m©Xm

2.3.6 _mŠg©dmXr g_rjoMo ñdê$n

2.3.7 _amR>rVrc g_mOemñÌr` g_rjm

2.4 "Yyi_mVr' H$mX§~arMo g_mOemñÌr` _yë`_mnZ (coIH$-H¥$îUmV ImoV)

2.4.1 H¥$îUmV ImoV `m§Mm n[aM` Am{U AZw d{díd

2.4.2 "Yyi_mVr'_Yrc g_mOOrdZ d dmñVd

2.4.3 Yyi_mVrMo H$WmZH$

2.5 "Yyi_mVr' H$mX§~arVrc Ame`gyÌo

2.5.1 hadV Mmccocr Z¡{VH$_yë o

2.5.2 H$mù`m AmB©Mr godm H$aUmao Hw$Qw>§~

2.5.3 ñÌrMr g§gma AmoT>

2.5.4 JmdJmS>çmVrc B©fm©

2.5.5 JmdJmS>çmVrc dV©_mZmMo Xe©Z

2.6 "Yyi_mVr' H$mX§~arVrc _w»` nmÌo

2.6.1 amO~m

àm.{dO` nm§Sw>a§J qeXo/_amR>r {d.à_wI/lr_§V ~m~mgmho~ Xoe_wI _hm{dÚmc`,AmQ>nmS>r/_mo.9421166574



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2.6.2 XmXm

2.6.3 XmOr gmdH$ma

2.6.4 AmÊUm

2.7 "Yyi_mVr' H$mX§~arVrc dmL²>_`rZ {deof

2.7.1 àg§J{MÌU d dmVmdaU{Z{_©Vr

2.7.2 ì`pŠV{MÌUo

2.7.3 {ZdoXZe¡cr

2.7.4 ^mfm

2.7.5 g§dmX

2.7.6 åhUr, dmH²$àMma d {eì`m§Mm dmna

2.8 g_mamon



2.11 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`

2.12 A{YH$ dmMZ

1.13 nyaH$ dmMZ

2.14 g§X © J«§W

2.1 C{ÔîQ>o

`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va Amnë`mcm,

✑ "g_mOemñÌr` g_rjm' nÕVrMr AmoiI hmoB©c.

✑ _amR>rVrc g_mOemñÌr` g_rjoMo ñdê$n cjmV oB©c.

✑ EH$mo{Ugeo ZìdXZ§VaÀ`m _amR>r H$mX§~arMo ñdê$n cjmV oD$Z Ë`m_Ü o H¥$îUmV ImoV`m§À`m "Yyi_mVr' H$mX§~arMo ñWmZ g_OyZ KoVm oB©c.

✑ H¥$îUmV ImoV `m§Mr dmL²>_`rZ OS>UKS>U g_OyZ KoVm oB©c.

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✑ "Yyi_mVr' H$mX§~arVrc gm_m{OH$ AdH$me Am{U Ame`gyÌo cjmV oVrc.

✑ "Yyi_mVr' H$mX§~arVrc g_H$mcmMo à{Vq~~ OmUyZ KoVm oB©c.

✑ "Yyi_mVr' H$mX§~arMo dmL²>_`rZ {deof gm§JVm oVrc.

2.2 àmñVm{dH$

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, àñVwV KQ>H$m_Ü o AmnUmg g_mOemñÌr` g_rjm nÕVrMm {dMma H$amd`mMm

Amho. Ë`m AZwf§JmZo gm{hË` Am{U g_mO `m§Mm nañnag§~§Y, g_mOemñÌr` g_rjoMr ì`m»`m,

g_mOemñÌr` g_rjoMo ñdê$n, VoZZo _m§S>cocm {Ì{_Vr {gÕmÝV, g_mOemñÌr` KQ>H$, g_mOemñÌr`

g_rjoMr d¡{eîQ>ço, _mŠg©dmXr g_rjm Am{U g_mOemñÌr` g_rjoVrc _wc yV \$aH$ Am{U _amR>rVrc

g_mOemñÌr` g_rjoMm AmT>mdm BË`mXr _wÚm§Mo {dícofU H$amdo cmJoc. Ë`mM~amo~a J«m_rU OrdZmMo

Añgc {MÌU H$aUmè`m AmOÀ`m _hÎdmÀ`m coIH$m§_Yrc H¥$îUmV ImoV `m§À`m "Yyi_mVr' `m

H$mX§~arMo g_mOemñÌr` g_rjm nÕVrZo {ddoMZ H$amd`mMo Amho. `m_Ü o coIH$ n[aM`, Ame`gyÌo,

à_wI nmÌo, H$mX§~arMo H$WmZH$, H$mX§~arMm AdH$me, g_mOdmñVd, {ZdoXZe¡cr, ^mfm{deof AmXr

KQ>H$m§À`m AmYmao Aä`mg H$amd`mMm Amho.

gm{hË` Am{U g_mO `m§Mm AZÝ`gmYmaU nañnag§~§Y Amho. g_mOmVrc ^m¡{VH$ Am{U

A^m¡{VH$ ñVamda g§ñH¥$Vr ì`dñWm AgVo. g§ñH¥$Vr ì`dñWoMo gm{hË` ho An[ahm © A§J Amho. gm{hË`

Am{U g_mO `m§À`mVrc {ZH$Q>g§~§YmMm Aä`mg gd©àW_ \«$mÝg_Ü o _mXm_ ñVmBc `m {dXþfrZo Ho$cm.

gm{hË` åhUOo gm{hpË`H$mZo {d{eîQ> gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrcm {Xcocm à{VgmX AgVmo. Ë`mÀ`m

OS>UKS>UrV gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrcm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. åhUyZ gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr hr ì`pŠVJV ZgyZ

gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm R>aVo. `mÑîQ>rZo g_mOemñÌr` g_rjm nÕVr_Ü o Aä`mg Ho$cm OmVmo.

""gm{hË` hr g_mOmMr A{^ì`ŠVr Amho'' Ago CX²Jma cwB© S>r ~moZmëS> (1775-1840) `m§Zr

H$mT>co Am{U gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmcm Zdr {Xem {_imcr.

gm{hË` Am{U g_mO `m§À`mVrc nañnag§~§YmMm {dMma H$aVmZm `m~m~V AZoH$ _V_Vm§Vao

AmT>iyZ oVmV. gm{hË` hr ^mfoÀ`mÛmam gmH$maUmar H$cm Amho. à{V^md§Vm§Mr ì`pŠV{d{eîQ>Vm _mÝ`

H$ê$Zhr gm{hË`H¥$VrMr gm_m{OH$Vm emoYVm oVo. `m~m~V àm. J§. ~m. gaXma `m§Zr ì`ŠV Ho$coco _V

_hÎdmMo dmQ>Vo, Vo åhUVmV H$s, ""gm{hË`mMo _yë`_mnZ H$aVmZm àW_ dmL²>_`rZ {ZH$fM cmdco

nm{hOoV. `m~Ôc _mÂ`m _ZmV _wirM g§Xoh Zmhr. _mÌ gm{hË`H¥$Vr EH$Xm ApñVËdmV Amcr H$s, Vr

gm_m{OH$ OrdZmMo EH$ A{d^mÁ` A§J ~ZV Agë`mZo `m ÑîQ>rZohr {VMr ñdV§ÌnUo {M{H$Ëgm H$aUo

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H«$_àmßV R>aVo.'' `m nmíd© y_rda gm{hË` Am{U g_mO `m§À`mVrc g§~§Y Vnmgmdo cmJVmV.

gm{hË`mer gm_m{OH$Vm _ycV: d A{d^mÁ`nUo {ZJ{S>V Amho.' gm{hË` {Z{_©VrMm _ycmYma AZw d

AgVmo Omo coIH$mcm g_mOmVM {_iVmo. AZw d, ^mfm, coIZ d dmMZ `m Mmahr JmoîQ>r gm_m{OH$

AmhoV. coIH$mÀ`m AZw dmMm {dMma H$aVmZm Ë`mÀ`m OS>UKS>UrMm {dMma H$amdm cmJVmo.

`m AZwf§JmZo _amR>rVrc g_mOemñÌr` g_rjH$ _hÎdmMo R>aVmV. Ë`m_Ü o Jmo. _m. ndma,

^mcM§Ð Zo_mS>o, {XJ§~a nmÜ o, M§ÐH$m§V ~m§{XdS>oH$a, ZmJZmW H$moÎmmnëco, Zaha Hw$é§XH$a, _. X.

hmVH$U§JcoH$a, {dcmg Imoco, ^m. c. ^moio, gXm H$èhmS>o, h[aíM§Ð WmoamV, A§Ocr gmo_U, dmgwXod

gmd§V, adtÐ R>mHy$a, A{dZme gào `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

2.3 {df` {ddoMZ

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo, g_mOemñÌr` g_rjm nÕVrMm Aä`mg H$arV AgVmZm gm{hË` Am{U g_mO

`m§À`m g§~§Ym{df`rMo CëcoI àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ CncãY hmoV Agco Var, gmYmaUV: EH$mo{Ugmì`m

eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V "g_mOemñÌ' `m ñdV§Ì kmZemIoMm nmíMmÎ` gm{hË`{dídm_Ü o CX` Pmcm.

Ë`mZ§Va g_mOemñÌ hr kmZemIm gm{hË`joÌm_Ü o {Z_m©U Pmcr. VoìhmnmgyZ gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgH$m§Zr

g_mOemñÌr` g§H$ënZm§Mm AmYma KoD$Z gm{hË`mMm {dMma H$aÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$cr. `m_YyZM

"g_mOemñÌr` g_rjm' hm g_rjoMm ñdV§Ì àH$ma ê$T> Pmcm.

`m AZwf§JmZo AmnU "g_mOemñÌr` g_rjm : g§H$ënZm d ñdê$n' d H¥$îUmV ImoV `m§À`m

"Yyi_mVr' `m H$mX§~arMo g_mOemñÌr` g_rjm nÕVrZo {ddoMZ nmhUma AmhmoV.

2.3.1 g_mOemñÌr` g_rjm : g§H$ënZm d ñdê$n

g_mO åhUOo nma§n[aH$ d Zì`mZo {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m {hVg§~§YmÀ`m g§X^m©V EH$Ì Amcocm d EH$Ì

amhUmam _mZdg_yh hmo . gm{hË` Am{U g_mO `m§Mm g_rjmË_H$ ÑîQ>rZo {dMma Ho$ë`mg EH$ JmoîQ>

OmUdVo, Vr åhUOo gm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr H$arV AgVmZm H$Yr gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr H$aUmar ì`ŠVr._hÎdmMr

AgVo Va H$Yr gm{hË` Á`m g_mO{dídm_Ü o {Z_m©U hmoVo, Ë`m g_mOmcm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ {Xco OmVo.

❏ ì`m»`m :-

1. ""g_mOemñÌ `m kmZemIoVrc _yc yV kmZmÀ`m AmYmao gm{hË` g_rjoV dmnaÊ`mgmR>r

Zo_Š`m g_mOemñÌr` g§H$ënZm§Mr OmUrdnyd©H$ {ZdS> H$ê$Z gm{hË`mMr Ho$cocr g_rjm åhUOo

g_mOemñÌr` g_rjm hmo`.'' (_amR>r dmL²>_` H$moe, I§S> Mm¡Wm)

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2. ""g_mOmÀ`m g§X^m©V gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg H$aUo, ho g_mOemñÌr` g_rjoMo H$m © AgVo.

ì`ŠVrMo ImOJr OrdZ Am{U gm_m{OH$ OrdZ `mV nañnamÝd` AgVmo. ho g_mOemñÌmMo J¥hrVVÎd

Amho. gm{hË`mMo _mÜ`_ åhUyZ dmnacr OmUmar ^mfm hr g_mO{Z{_©V AgVo. gm_m{OH$ dmñVd hoM

gm{hË`mMo Ame`Ðì` AgVo Am{U gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr hrhr EH$ gm_m{OH$ ì`dhmamMm ^mJ Amho, ho

g_mOemñÌr` g_rjoMo J¥hrVH$ Amho.'' (dmL²>_`rZ g§km-g§H$ënZm H$moe)

3. ""g_mOemñÌ `m kmZemIoMo _yc yV kmZ {_idyZ gm{hË`g_rjoV g_mOemñÌmVrc

Zo_Š`m H$moUË`m g§H$ënZm dmnaVm oVrc `mMr OmUrdnyd©H$ {ZdS> H$ê$Z àË`j dmL²>_`mÀ`m g§X^m©V

Ë`m§Mm dmna H$aUo åhUOo g_mOemñÌr` g_rjm H$aUo.'' ({_ctX _mceo, AemoH$ Omoer)

darc gd© ì`m»`m§Mm EH§$XarV {dMma H$aVm gm{hË`mÀ`m AmH¥${V~§YmVyZ H$cmË_H$VoMm emoY

KoÊ`mnojm Ame`mda àm_w»`mZo â XoUmam hm Ame`dmXr g_rjm àH$ma Amho ho cjmV oVo. `m

g_rjoMo _hÎdmMo H$m © åhUOo gm{hË`mÀ`m {Z{_©Vr_mJrc gm_m{OH$ à{VgmXmMo AmH$cZ H$ê$Z KoUo.

Ame` Am{U Am{dîH$ma, AmñdmXZ à{H«$`m Am{U gm{hË`mÀ`m VmpÎdH$ g§H$ënZm§daVr gm_m{OH$VoMm

n[aUm_ KS>V AgVmo. g_mOmMm {dH$mg H$aÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$ o_Ü o gm{hË` gmVË`mZo Jw§Vcoco AgVo.

Am{U g_mOmda Vo n[aUm_ KS>dV AgVo. gm{hË` hr gm_m{OH$ eŠVr (Social Product) Am{U

gm_m{OH$ eŠVr (Social Force) AgVo. `m AWm©Zo {dMma hoar BJëQ>ZZo _m§S>coco AmhoV.

g_mOemñÌr` g_rjo_Ü o gm{hË`mMm EH$ gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm `m ÑîQ>rZo Aä`mg hmoVmo.

2.3.2 VoZMm {Ì{_Vr {gÕmÝV

H$coÀ`m g_mOemñÌmMo EH$ à^mdr ê$n {hßnmo{cV VoZÀ`m 'History of English Literature'

`m J«§WmX²dmao g_moa oVo. gm{hË`m_YyZ ì`ŠV hmoUmè`m OrdZme`mMm Am{U gm_m{OH$VoMm K{ZîR> g§~§Y

AgVmo. hm g§~§Y CcJSy>Z XmI{dÊ`mMm n{hcm _mZ g_mOemñÌr` y{_Ho$VyZ gm{hË`mMr nÕVera

nmhUr H$aUmam \«|$M {dMmad§V d g_rjH$ {hßnmo{cV VoZ (1828-1893) `m§À`mH$S>o OmVmo.

Amnë`mH$S>ohr âV_wZtÀ`m ZmQ>çemñÌmV oUmam cmoH$Y_uMm CëcoI hm gm{hË` d g_mO `m§Mm g§~§Y

ì`ŠV H$aUmam Amho.

A°[añQ>m°Q>cÀ`m Jwê$ AgUmè`m ßcoQ>moZohr nmíMmË` gm{hËèmñÌm_Ü o "AZwH¥$Vr' {gÕmÝVmX²dmao

gm{hË`mÀ`m g¡ÕmpÝVH$ {Zê$nUmMm nm`m KmVcm. H$cm åhUOo AZwH$aU qH$dm AZwH¥$Vr AgVo hm

{gÕmÝV Ë`m§Zr _m§S>cm. B©ídaH¥$V AmXe© hrM dmñV{dH$ gÎmm AgVo `m AmXe© {dídmMr AZwH¥$Vr

åhUOo H$cm hmoV. J«rH$ ^mfm ì`dhmamV AZwH¥$Vr H$aUo, Xe©Z KS>dUo, {ZX}e H$aUo, Am{dîH¥$V H$aUo

Agm AW© Amho. _mÌ VoZZo {hñQ>ar Am°\$ B§p½ce {cQ>aoMa (1864) `m J«§WmÀ`m àñVmdZoV emñÌr`

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nÕVrZo gm{hË` d g_mO `m§Mm AZw~§Y gwgyÌarË`m àW_M _m§S>cocm Amho. CËH¥$îQ> H$cmH¥$Vr d

gm{hË`H¥$Vr H$em_wio d H$Yr {Z_m©U hmoVmV. Ë`mMr H$maUo gm§JVmZm VoZZo VrZ ~m~tMm CëcoI Ho$cocm

Amho. gm{hË` ho d§e (Race), n[apñWVr (Milieu) Am{U `wJàd¥Îmr (Moment) `m VrZ KQ>H$m§Mm

n[aUm_ AgVo, Agm {gÕmÝV _m§S>cm. `mcmM {Ì{_Vr {gÕmÝV Ago åhUVmV. Ë`mÀ`m åhUÊ`mà_mUo

`m VrZ ~m~tÀ`m nañna g§~§YmVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m H$ënZm {dcmgm_wio CËH¥$îQ> H$cmH¥$Vr dm

dmL²>_`H¥$Vr {Z_m©U hmoVmV. ho VrZ KQ>H$ VgoM ñdV§Ì AmhoV. EHo$H$mdoir `mn¡H$s EImXm KQ>H$ à~i

R>aVmo Am{U dmL²>_`{Z{_©Vrda Ë`mMm _moR>m à^md nS>Vmo, Ago ñnîQ>rH$aU VoZZo {Xcoco Amho.

gm{hË` d g_mO `m§Mm g§~§Y g_OyZ KoVmZm EH$m gwà{gÕ {dYmZmMr IynM _XV hmoVo. VoZZo

åhQ>co H$s, ""dmL²>_`rZ H¥$Vr hr Ho$di H$ënZm{dcmg ZgVo. IdiyZ CR>coë`m Ja_mJa_ _|XÿMr Vr

EH$mH$s cha ZgVo, Va Vr AgVo g_H$mcrZ AmMma-{dMmam§Mo {MÌU, {d{eîQ> _Zmoì`mnmamMo

àm{V{ZYrH$ {MÌU.'' åhUyZ EImÚm g_mOmÀ`m gm{hË`mMm {dMma H$aVmZm H$Yr "d§e' Va H$Yr

" wJàd¥Îmr' d "n[apñWVr' `m KQ>H$m§da â XoD$Z {dMma H$aUo eŠ` hmoVo, B§J«Or gm{hË`mMm {dMma

H$aVmZm VoZZo "d§e' `m H$ënZoda A{YH$ â {Xcocm Amho.

Amncm {gÕmÝV {deX H$aVmZm VoZZo Fossil Mm XmIcm {Xcm Amho. Fossil åhUOo nwamVZ

H$mimV ApñVËdmV Agcoë`m EImÚm àmÊ`mMr qH$dm d¥jmMr AmO ApñVËdmV Agcocr _wÐm qH$dm

gm§JmS>m. Ogo `m _wÐo_wio Vmo àmUr qH$dm Vmo d¥j H$moUË`m àH$maMm hmoVm ho H$iVo. VgoM

gm{hË`H¥$Vrdê$Z Ë`mÀ`m coIH$mMm emoY KoVm òVmo. gm{hË`H¥$Vr hr EH$ Ñí` dñVy Amho.

{VÀ`m_mJrc AÑí` coIH$_ZmMm _mJmodm Ë`m H¥$Vrdê$Z oD$ eH$Vmo. Ë`m H¥$VrMo g§nyU© d gå`H$Xe©Z

ìhmdo hm KamVrc g_mOdQ> \${Z©Ma, O_rZ, N>V, q^VtZm {Xcocm a§J `m gd© Ñí`m§VyZ Ë`m KamV

amhUmè`m _mUgm§À`m Am{W©H$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ pñWVrMm Amnë`mcm A§XmO oVmo. Ë`m§À`m A{^éMrMr

H$ënZm oVo. gm{hË`H¥$VrÀ`m ~m~VrVhr Ë`m H¥$VrÀ`m _m§S>UrVyZ ì`dñWmnZmdê$Z Ë`m-Ë`m g_mOmÀ`m

_ZmMm ~moY Amnë`mcm hmoVmo, Ago VoZ åhUVmo.

1. d§e (Race) :-

`mH$ënZoMo VoZZo Ho$coco ñnîQ>rH$aU nm{hë`mg Ë`m_Ü o EImÚm _mZdg_yhmcm OÝ_OmV d

dmagm åhUyZ àmßV Pmcocr d¡{eîQ>ço, ñd^mdY_©, earaaMZm BË`mXtMm g_mdoe hmoVmo, Ago _mZd

g_yh doJdoJiçm n[apñWVrV OrdZ OJV AgVmZm Ë`m§À`mda Aem dm§{eH$ IwUm AgVmV, Ago VoZ

åhUVmo. {d{eîQ> àXoemVrc, d§emVrc, H$mcI§S>mVrc ì`H$VtMr {dMma H$aÊ`mMr nÕVr, Ë`m§Mo

_Zmo{dH$ma ho {d{eîQ> àH$maMo AgVmV, ho cjmV KoD$ZM VoZZo "d§e' hr H$ënZm _m§S>cr Amho.

åhUOoM gd©gmYmaUnUo amîQ´>r` ñd^md Ago Á`mcm AmnU åhUVmo, VoM VoZcm A{^àoV Amho. AmnU

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nwîH$iXm "^maVr` g§ñH¥$Vr', "_amR>r ~mUm', "Xm{jUmË` g§JrV', "~§Jmcr {MÌH$cm', "_moJc AmQ>©',

"J«rH$ {eën' `mgma»`m g§km dmnaVmo. Ë`m dmnaVmZm Amnë`m _ZmV Ë`m-Ë`m àXoemMr gm_m{OH$,

gm§ñH¥${VH$ d¡{eîQ>çoM A{^àoV AgVmV. dm. ~. nQ>dY©Z `m§Zr "H$mì` Am{U H$mì`moX`' `m J«§WmV

_amR>r H${dVoMm {dMma _m§S>VmZm `m nÕVrMm dmna Ho$cm Amho. VgoM amîQ´>r` ñd^mdm§~Ôc {XJ§~a

nmÜ o `m§Zr "gm{hË`, g_mO Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr' `m J«§WmV `m KQ>H$m§~Ôc {ddoMZ Ho$coco {XgVo.

2. n[apñWVr (Milieu) :-

VoZMr Xþgar g§H$ënZm n[apñWVr (Milieu) `mMo Ë`mZo A{YH$ ñnîQ>rH$aU Ho$co Amho. `m

g§H$ënZoV {d{eîQ> àXoemMo hdm_mZ, VoWrc yJmoc, {ZgJ© `m ~m~tZm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. Jmo. _.

Hw$cH$Uu åhUVmV H$s, Milieu `m_Ü o gm{hpË`H$ Á`m H$mimV dmdacm, Ë`m H$mimVrc EHy$U

n[apñWVr, n`m©daU (Environment) A{^àoV Amho. _mUyg H$Yrhr EH$Q>m ZgVmo. {ZgJ© d BVa

_mUgo Ë`mcm Zoh_r ì`mnyZ am{hcocr AgVmV. ^modVmcMr ^m¡{VH$ d gm_m{OH$ dñVwpñWVr, _mUgmMr

emar[aH$ d _mZ{gH$ OS>UKS>U H$aÊ`mg H$maUr yV AgVo. Race Zo ì`ŠVrMr AmZwd§{eH$Vm {Z`V

hmoVo, Va Milieu Zo Ë`m {d{eîQ> {XeoZo Ë`mMr àd¥Îmr-àH¥$Vr KS>Vo. àmMrZ _mUyg, AmYw{ZH$ _mUyg

`m g§km§Mm Milieu er g§~§Y Amho.

3. `wJàd¥Îmr (Moment) :-

`wJàd¥Îmr (Moment) `m {Vgè`m KQ>H$mMo {dícofU H$aVmZm VoZ gm§JVmo H$s, àË oH$ wJm_Ü o

H$mhr à^mdemcr H$ënZm AgVmV. Ë`mM~amo~a eVH$mZweVHo$ {Q>Hy$Z amhÊ`mMr j_Vm AgUmao H$mhr

~m¡{ÕH$ ~§Y AgVmV. _mZdm{df`rÀ`m {d{eîQ> g§H$ënZmË_H$ y{_H$m AgUmè`m H$mcI§S>mcm

wJàd¥Îmr Ago åhUVmV. `m H$ënZoV dmL²>_`rZ na§namhr Ë`mZo g_m{dîQ> Ho$coë`m AmhoV. wJàd¥ÎmrMm

Y_© hm d§e Am{U n`m©daUmÀ`m g§ moJmVyZ {Z_m©U hmoVmo. Ë`mcmM Moment Ago åhUVmV.

Amnë`mcm àmßV Pmcoë`m dmL²>_`rZ na§naoMo coIH$ H$m` H$aVmo hm gm{hË`mMm d gm{hË` Am{U

g_mO `m§À`mVrc g§~§YmÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo EH$ _hÎdmMm àíZ Amho. dmL²>_`rZ n§anaoMo ho _hÎd OmUUmam

VoZ hm n{hcm VÎdk Amho. ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimVrc dmL²>_` 1960 Z§VaMo dmL²>_` `m§Mm {dMma Ho$cm

Va wJàd¥Îmrer dmL²>_`mMm g§~§Y AgVmo ho cjmV oVo.

WmoS>Š`mV H$moUË`mhr gm{hË`H¥$VrMo gå`H$ _yë`_mnZ darc gd© KQ>H$m§À`m g§H${cV n[aUm_

cjmV KoD$ZM H$aUo `mo½` R>aVo. `m~m~V {X. Ho$. ~oS>oH$a åhUVmV H$s, ""gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVr d

dmL²>_`rZ H¥$VrMm KmQ> `m§Mm nañnag§~§Y ZgVmoM, Agohr _mZVm oV Zmhr. Vmo g§~§Y AJXr J{UVr

nÕVrZo _m§S>Vm oB©c, Agohr Zmhr. Vmo g§~§Y XþamÝd`mMm Amho hoM Iao. Ago AgyZhr Vmo g§~§Y _mhrV

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H$ê$Z KoÊ`mZo agJ«hUmcm _XV hmoVo d åhUyZ gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrMr OmUrd a{gH$mcm hdr.''

g_mOemñÌr` nÕVrÛmao EImÚm gm{hË`H¥$VrMo Imocda AmH$cZ H$ê$Z KoVm oVo. gm{hË` ho

ì`pŠV{ZîR> AgVo. `m «m_H$ H$ënZocm VoZZo N>oX {Xcm, n§aVw ~aoMgo gm{hË` àM{cV gm{hË` na§nam,

g§Ho$V, ê$T>r `m§À`m à^mdmVyZ {Z_m©U hmoVo, `mH$S>o VoZMo Xþc©j Pmë`mMo {XgVo.

2.3.3 g_mOemñÌr` g_rjoMo KQ>H$

gm{hË`mVyZ gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrMo Xe©Z H$em nÕVrZo KS>Vo Vo `m g_mOemñÌr` g_rjm

nÕVrVyZ cjmV oVo. Joë`m H$mhr dfm©Vrc {deofV: gmR>moÎmar gm{hË`mV {Z_m©U Pmcoë`m X{cV,

J«m_rU, ñÌrdmXr Aem {d{dY àdmhm§_wio `m g_rjoMr Amdí`H$Vm {H$Vr ^mgy cmJcr Amho Vo ghOM

cjmV `oVo.

`m g_rjoMo KQ>H$ AmnUmg nwT>rcà_mUo gm§JVm oVrc.

1) VËH$mcrZ g_mOOrdZmMo EH§$Xa ñdê$n.

2) kmZmMm àM{cV ì yh.

3) Ë`m-Ë`m H$mimVrc gm§ñH¥${VH$ na§nam d Ë`m§Mo {deof.

4) H$cmd§VmMr àH¥$Vr.

5) g§ñH¥$Vr {dVaUmMr {d{dY _mÜ`_o.

6) lmoË`m§À`m A{^éMrMr H|$Ðo.

7) gm{hË` _§S>io, àH$meZ g§ñWm, {d{dY gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§KQ>Zm Am{U Ë`m§Mo H$m ©.

8) gm{hË` Am{U gm{hË`oVa H$cm§Mr pñWVr-JVr, nañnag§~§Y.

9) g§doXZ{dídmda n[aUm_ H$aUmao KQ>H$.

10) {dÚmnrR>mVrc Aä`mgH«$_m§Mr AmIUr, nmR>çnwñVH$m§Mo ñdê$n.

11) Zdà{V^md§V Am{U Ë`m§Mr à^mdH$jm.

12) naH$s` H$cmH¥$Vr, g§ñH¥$Vr, {dkmZ BË`mXtMm n[aM` g§nH©$.

2.3.4 g_mOemñÌr` g_rjoMr d¡{eîQ>ço

1) g_mOemñÌr` g_rjm hr _ycV: Ame`dmXr g_rjm nÕVr Amho. `mV AmH¥${V~§Y d

H$cmË_H$VoMm emoY KoUo Jm¡U AgVo. gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVr _hÎdmMr _mZcr OmVo.

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2) VËH$mcrZ g_mOmMo Xe©Z KS>{dUo d gm_m{OH$ XñVEodO XmI{dUo ho _w»` C{ÔîQ> Amho.

3) g_mOaMZoMo KQ>H$ Am{U gm{hË` g§gKQ>ZoMo KQ>H$ `m§Mo AZmoÝ` g§~§Y ñnîQ> H$aUo ho `m

g_rjoMo à`moOZ Amho.

4) gm{hË`joÌmVrc Zdo àdmh {d{eîQ> àH$maÀ`m gm{hË`mMr cmoH${à`Vm, gm{hË` d

gm{hpË`H$ `m§Mo EImÚm g_mOmVrc {d{eîQ> H$mimVrc ñWmZ BË`mXr ~m~tÀ`m

ñnîQ>rH$aUmgmR>r hr g_mOemñÌr` g_rjm nÕVr Cn`moJr Amho.

2.3.5 g_mOemñÌr` g_rjm nÕVrÀ`m _`m©Xm

g_mOemñÌr` g_rjm nÕVrMo _hÎd AmnUmg _mÝ` H$amdo cmJVo. na§Vw `m nÕVrÀ`m H$mhr

_`m©Xm AmhoV, Ë`m nmhUohr JaOoMo Amho.

1) `m g_rjm nÕVr_Ü o gm_m{OH$ y{_Ho$VyZ gm{hË`mMm {dMma H$aVm, Zoh_rM d àË oH$M

gm{hË`H¥$VrÀ`m AY©{ZU© mgmR>r dm _yë`_mnZmgmR>r {ZH$f {_iVmVM Ago Zmhr.

2) àË oH$ H$cmH¥$VrMm g§~§Y gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ n[apñWVrer OmoS>Uo eŠ` ZgVo. {deofV:

H${dVm, {d{eîQ> ^mdmdñWm ì`ŠV H$aUmè`m AgVmV.

3) gm_m{OH$ y{_Ho$VyZ XrK©H$mi {dMma H$aUmar _amR>r g_rjm gdªH$f d g§nÝZ Aer

AmT>iV Zmhr.

4) Á oîR> g_rjH$ Jmo. _. Hw$cH$Uu åhUVmV, ""_w»` åhUOo `m g_rjoH$Sy>Z gm{hË`mMo

"gm{hË`' åhUyZ Agcoco _hÎd VodT>ogo cjmV KoVco OmV Zmhr. H$cmÑîQ>çm n[anŠd

Agë`mIoarO H$moUVohr gm{hË` g_mO_Zmda åhUmdm Vgm à^md JmOdy eH$V Zmhr. `m

dñVwpñWVrMo ^mZ `m g_rjocm AÚmn Amcoco Zmhr.''

5) g_mOemñÌr` g_rjoZo dmñVddmXr gm{hË`mMo ñdê$n `mo½` àH$mao OmUyZ KoUo _hÎdmMo

AgVo. ~è`mMXm Vgo Z KS>ë`mZo Ho$di dmñVdXeu coIZ H$aUmè`m§Zm "gm{hpË`H$'

åhUyZ XOm© {Xcm Jocm Amho. CXm. gmZoJwéOr, ~m~m Am_Q>o, H$mhr X{cV coIH$.

6) gm{hË`mMm g_mOemñÌr` g_rjm nÕVrZo Aä`mg H$aVmZm g_mOmMr Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr,

amhUr_mZ {d{eîQ> AmH$S>odmar BË`mXr KQ>H$m§~m~V `mo½` Vr _m{hVr {_iocM Ago Zmhr.

7) "coIH$ VodT>çm e¡cr' `m CŠVrà_mUo gm{hË`mMm gm_m{OH$ Aä`mg H$ê$Z coIH$mcm

Amnë`m coIZ àd¥ÎmrV AJa e¡crV \$aH$ H$aUo eŠ` hmoB©cM Ago Zmhr.

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8) gm{hË`m_Ü o gm_m{OH$VoMo WoQ> à{Vq~~ nS>Vo Ago H$ënyZ nwîH$iXm g_rjm ì`dhma

MmcVmo. H$cmË_H$ gË` ho dmñVd gË`mhÿZ doJio AgVo, Vo à{VH$mË_H$ AgVo `mMm

{dMma Z H$aVmM hr g_rjm nÕVrVr AmOda dmQ>Mmc H$aV Amcocr {XgVo.

9) coIH$mMr cm{cË`nyU© e¡cr, H$cmH¥$VrMm KmQ> ^mfoVrc Ac§H$m[aH$Vm, àVrH$-à{V_m§Mm

dmna, ì`pŠVaoIm§Mr _mZ{gH$ Am§XmocZo Am{U àH$Q> VgoM AàH$Q> _ZmMo ì`ŠV hmoUmao

n¡cy `m§Mm {dMma `m g_rjo_wio eŠ` hmoV Zmhr.

WmoS>Š`mV, EImXr H$cmH¥$Vr EH$mM a{gH$mcm doJdoJiçm H$mimV doJdoJim AZw d XoD$

eH$Vo. `mMmM AW© loîR> H$cmH¥$Vr {dícofU Z H$aVm oÊ`mOmoJr AgVo. g_mOemñÌr` g_rjogh gd©

g_rjm nÕVtMo òmoV Aem H$cmH¥$Vrda Q>mH$co Var {VMo ahñ` g§nyU©V: CcJS>co Ago ghgm KS>V

Zmhr. åhUyZ EImÚm H$cmH¥$VrMo gm¢X ©ahñ` H$iÊ`mg Or-Or g_rjm nÕVr CnH$maH$ R>aoc, Vr-

Vr Cn`moJmV AmUUo JaOoMo Amho. g_mOemñÌr` g_rjoMm Cn`moJ H$aVmZm g_rjH$mcm `mMo ^mZ

R>odmdo cmJVo.

2.3.6 _mŠg©dmXr g_rjoMo ñdê$n

VoZÀ`m `m g_mOemñÌr` nÕVrMm XÿaJm_r n[aUm_ A_o[aH$Z d wamo{n`Z gm{hpË`H$ d

g_rjH$ `m§À`mda Pmcm Amho. gm{hË`mÀ`m `m g_mOgmnoj {dMmagaUrcm ^ŠH$_ nm`m, emñÌr`

AmYma àmßV H$ê$Z {Xcm Vmo _mŠg©dmXr g_rjoZo. g_mOemñÌr` g_rjm nÕVrda Iyn _moR>m à^md

_mŠg©dmXmMm Pmcocm Amho. _mŠg©dmXr gm{hË`g_rjm gm{hË`mÀ`m gm_m{OH$ Eo{hH$Voda ^a XoUmar

OrdZdmXr g_rjm Amho. _mŠg©dmX ho OrdZmÀ`m gd© A§Jm§Zm ì`mnUmao AmYw{ZH$ VÎdkmZ Amho.

_mŠg©dmXmMm OZH$ H$mc© _mŠg© (1818-1883) `mZo _mŠg©dmXr {dMma _m§S>cm. BVa VÎdkmZmà_mUo

OJmMm AW© cmdÊ`mV ag ZgyZ OJ ~XcÊ`mgmR>r _mŠg©dmX à`ËZ H$aVmo.

_mŠg©dmX hm AW©emñÌ, B{Vhmg, g_mO Am{U H«$m§Vr{df`H$ {gÕmÝV AgyZ gm_m{OH$

dmñVdmÀ`m {demc Mm¡H$Q>rVM dmL²>_`mMo `WmW© AmH$cZ hmoD$ eH$Vo ho _mŠg©dmXmMo gyÌ Amho.

_mŠg©À`m nm`m (Base) Am{U B_cm (Superstructure) `m g§H$ënZm§Mm _mŠg©dmXr g_rjoda à^md

Amho. CËnmXZ hm H$moUË`mhr g_mOmMm nm`m AgyZ H$cm, gm{hË` Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr ho Ë`mdaMo B_co

AmhoV. _mŠg©dmXr gm{hË` _r_m§gH$m§À`m _Vo gm{hË` ho _ycV: g_mOgÝ_wI AgVo. g_mOmVrc

g§Kfm©Mo Am{U n[adV©ZmMo nS>gmX gm{hË`mV C_Q>VmV. amOH$s`, gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ A{YaMZocm

AW©ì`dñWm hr nm`m yV AgVo. _mŠg©dmXr g_rjm nÕVrMm à^md g_mOemñÌr` g_rjoda Agcm

Var XmoÝhr g_rjm nÕVr EH$ ZgyZ {^ÝZ AmhoV, ho AmnU cjmV KoVco nm{hOo. `m{df`r _amR>r

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gm{hË`mMo Aä`mgH$ Jmo. _. Hw$cH$Uu `m§Mo _V nmhUo _hÎdmMo dmQ>Vo. Vo åhUVmV H$s, ""_mŠg©dmXr

gm{hË`g_rjm nÕVrMm \$ma _moR>m à^md g_mOemñÌr` gm{hË` g_rjoda H$iV ZH$iV nS>cocm

Amho. VWm{n, `m XmoZ g_rjmnÕVr {^ÝZ AmhoV. _mŠg©dmXr g_rjoMm _yc yV ÑpîQ>H$moU àm_w»`mZo

AW©emñÌm{YpîR>V Amho. Va g_mOemñÌr` g_rjm g_mOaMZocm CnH$maH$ R>aUmao Am{U gm{hË`

ì`dhmamcm àoaH$, nyaH$ dm _maH$ R>aUmao Ho$di AW©emñÌr`VoMo Zìho Va BVa gd© gm_m{OH$ KQ>H$hr

{dMmamV AZmoÝ` g§~§Y ñnîQ> H$aUo, ho g_mOemñÌr` g_rjoMo à_wI à`moOZ Amho. gm{hpË`H$mMr _yi

àH¥$Vr, Ë`mMr H$cmàoaUm, Ë`mÀ`m wJmZo Ë`mÀ`mnwT>o Cä`m Ho$coë`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ g_ñ`m, {d{eîQ>

wJmV-{d{eîQ> Ame`mcm qH$dm Am{dîH$ma nÕVrcm Amcoco _hÎd, {Z{_©Vr gm{hË`mMm g_mO_Zmda

hmoUmam n[aUm_, gm{hË`mH$S>o nmhÊ`mMm VËH$mcrZm§Mm ÑpîQ>H$moU, Ë`m§Mr g_rjm_yë o, dmMH$m§Mr d

EH§$Xa dmL²>_`ì`dhmamMr pñWVrJVr, VËH$mcrZ OrdZÑîQ>r, na§nam, AmMma{dMma nÕVr `m gdmªMmM

{dMma g_mOemñÌr` g_rjoV A{^àoV AgVmo.'' `mdê$Z Amnë`m cjmV oB©c H$s, g_mOemñÌr`

nÕVrMm ÑpîQ>H$moU ì`mnH$ Amho.

2.3.7 _amR>rVrc g_mOemñÌr` g_rjm

_amR>r gm{hË`m_Ü o g_mOemñÌr` g_rjoMr nm`m^aUr kmZH$moeH$ma lr. ì §. Ho$VH$am§Zr

"_hmamîQ´>r`m§Mo H$mì`narjU' hm J«§W {chÿZ Ho$cr. Ë`mZ§Va "`mXdH$mcrZ _hmamîQ´>'- S>m°. _w. J. nmZgo,

"nmoV', "epŠV gm¡îR>d'- X. J. JmoS>go, "Ho$edgwVm§Mr H$mì`ÑîQ>r- {X. Ho$. ~oS>oH$a `m§Zrhr

g_mOemñÌr` g_rjmnÕVrMm dmna H$ê$Z gm{hË`mMo {ddoMZ Ho$co Amho. `mZ§Va gm{hË` Am{U

gm_m{OH$ g§X ©- am.J.OmYd, "gm{hË` Am{U g_mO'- A{Zc ghò~wÕo `m§Zrhr `m g_rjm nÕVrMm

dmna Ho$cm. na§Vw Iè`m AWm©Zo "_amR>r gm{hË`mVrc ñn§XZo' (1885) `m J«§WmX²dmao Jmo. _. Hw$cH$Uu

`m§Zr g_mOemñÌr` g_rjm nÕVrMr gm§Jmonm§J AmoiI H$ê$Z {Xcr. adtÐ R>mHy$a `m§Mm "_amR>r H$mX§~ar

: g_mOemñÌr` g_rjm' hmhr J«§W A{cH$S>rc H$mim_Ü o AË §V _hÎdmMm R>acm Amho. ZmJZmW

H$moVmnëco `m§Zrhr _amR>r gm{hË`g_rjo_Ü o _hÎdmMo `moJXmZ {Xco Amho.

2.4 "Yyi_mVr' H$mX§~arMo g_mOemñÌr` _yë`_mnZ (coIH$-H¥$îUmV ImoV)

gmYmaUnUo J«m_rU gm{hË` àdmh A{YH$ J{V_mZ Pmcm Vmo 1960 Z§VaÀ`m H$mcI§S>m_Ü o.

J«m_rU H$mX§~ar J«m_rU OrdZ dmñVdmMm H$cmË_H$ A§JmZo doY KoV am{hcr. J«m_rU H$mX§~ar coIZ

H$ê$Z _hmamîQ´>mVrc Zm_d§V coIH$m§Zr J«m_rU H$mX§~arMr na§nam A{YH$ g_¥Õ Ho$cr Amho. Ë`m_Ü o

ì §H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a, e§H$a nmQ>rc, CÕd eoiHo$, am. a§. ~moamS>o Aem n{hë`m {nT>rVrc J«m_rU

OrdZmMo Xþ:I hodoXmdo JmdJmS>m, JmdmVrc ^mZJS>r, ZmVog§~§Y, CÚmoJì`dgm`, amJ-cmo , amhUr_mZ

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Aem OrdZmMo Amnmnë`m narZo g_¥Õ Xe©Z KS>{dco. Varhr 1990 Z§VaÀ`m H$mim_Ü o J«m_rU

H$mX§~arMo XmcZ A{YH$ geŠV Pmco, H$maU {c{hË`m hmVm§Zm g_mOdmñVdmMo oXH$ Xe©Z H$mX§~arVyZ

KS>{dco. 21ì`m eVH$mÀ`m Ama§ rÀ`m H$mimV OmJ{VH$sH$aU, Xoe d Am§VaamîQ´>r` nmVirdaMo g§Kf©,

dmT>Vr _hmJmB©, A{Vd¥îQ>r Adf©U, yH§$n, _hmnya, dmT>Vm «îQ>mMma Am{U T>mgiV Mmccocr Z¡{VH$,

gm_m{OH$ _yë o `m§Mo {MÌU _amR>r J«m_rU H$mX§~arV geŠVnUo hmoD$ cmJco. "ImCOm' (ImOJrH$aU,

CXmarH$aU, OmJ{VH$sH$aU) YmoaUmMm JmdJmS>çmda {dcjU à^md nS>cm Am{U JmdJmS>çmMo ê$n

nmcQy> cmJco. Jmdnm§T>a Am{U eoVmV Am_ycmJ« ~Xc hmoD$ cmJco. `m gd© ~XcUmè`m XmhH$ OrdZmMo

B§Ë § yV dU©Z dmñVd nmVirda 2001 Z§VaÀ`m J«m_rU H$mX§~arH$mam§Zr Ho$co Amho. Ë`m_Ü o a§JZmW

nR>mao, amOZ Jdg, _mohZ nmQ>rc, {dídmg nmQ>rc, dmgwXod _wcmQ>o, ZmJZmW H$moVmn„o, ~m~mamd _wgio,

gXmZ§X Xoe_wI `m§Zr gyú_ {ZarjUmVyZ _amR>r H$mX§~ar {c{hcr. `m_Ü o H¥$îUmV ImoV `m§Mr "Yyi_mVr'

(2014) gmcr à{gÕ Ho$cr Vr _m¡O àH$meZ, _w§~B© `m§Zr. y_rÀ`m ì`dhmamV O_rZ _mcH$mH$Sy>Z

{dídmgKmVmZo hmoanië`m Jocoë`m àm§Oi, H$îQ>H$ar Hw$imMr, Ë`mÀ`m _Zñdr Hw$Qw>§~mMr, "Yyi_mVr'

hr hocmdyZ Q>mH$Umar H$hmUr Amho.

2.4.1 H¥$îUmV ImoV `m§Mm n[aM` Am{U AZw d{díd

_amR>r J«m_rU gm{hË`mcm doJir {Xem XoUmao Am{U EHy$U gm{hË`{dídmV ñdV:Mm ñdV§Ì R>gm

C_Q>{dUmao à{gÕ coIH$ àm. H¥$îUmV ImoV ho H$moëhmnya oWrc a{hdmer AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m "JmdR>mU',

"am¢Xmim', "PS>qP~S>' Am{U "Yyi_mVr' `m H$mX§~è`m§Zr ~XcË`m J«m_rU OrdZmMo dmñVd {MÌU Ho$co

Amho. nÝhmim {H$ëë`mÀ`m nm`Ï`mcm Ad¿`m 600 cmoH$g§»`m Agcoco {ZH$_dmS>r ho àm. H¥$îUmV

ImoV `m§M§ Jmd Amho. JmdmM§ gJi§ AW©H$maU eoVrda Am{U {deof H$ê$Z ^mVeoVrda MmcUma§.

H$moëhmnya {Oëhm gYZ nU ZXr Odi Zgcoë`m Jmdm§Zm AOyZhr nmÊ`mgmR>r ^Q>H$md§ cmJV§. ho ^rfU

dmñVd. ImoV `m§Zm _hm{dÚmc`rZ OrdZmnmgyZ dmMZ Am{U coIZmMr AmdS> {Z_m©U Pmcr. ehmOr

H$m°coO, H$moëhmnya oWyZ ~r.E. nXdrMo {ejU nyU© Ho$co. Ë`mZ§Va ~r.ES²>. nXdr nyU© Ho$cr Am{U

H«$m§Vrdra ZmJZmW AÊUm Zm`H$dS>r `m§À`m {ejU g§ñWoV dg{VJ¥hmMm aoŠQ>a åhUyZ H$m_ Ho$co. Ë`mZ§Va

nÝhmim gmogm`Q>rÀ`m H$io oWrc _mÜ`{_H$ emioV AÜ`mnZmMo H$m_ H$ê$ cmJco. Xaå`mZÀ`m H$mimV

Ë`m§Zr B{Vhmg, amÁ`emñÌ Am{U _amR>rVyZ E_.E. nyU© Ho$co.Ë`mZ§Va H$io oWrcM Á w{ZAa

H$m°coO_Ü o H$m_ H$ê$ cmJco. gwgÁO AgUmè`m VoWrc J«§Wmc`mVrc AZoH$ nwñVH$m§Mo dmMZ Ë`m§Zr

Ho$co. am. a§. ~moamS>o, AmZ§X `mXd, ^mcM§Ð Zo_mS>o, nw. c§. Xoenm§S>o, _mS>JiyH$a `m§Mo coIZ dmMco.

`m§À`m coIZ àoaUm§VyZ Ë`m§Mm coIZ àdmg Mmcy Pmcm Vmo A{Ve` geŠV VmH$XrZo. Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m

gd©M H$mX§~ar coIZmVyZ J«m_rU OrdZmMo dmñVd {MÌU Ho$co Amho.

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2.4.2 "Yyi_mVr'_Yrc g_mOOrdZ d dmñVd

AmO {XdgoZ²{Xdg IoS>çmVrc O_rZrcmhr gmoÝ`mMo ^md oD$ cmJco AmhoV. Á`m H$miçm

AmB©À`m Hw$erV AmnU OÝ_Vmo, dmT>Vmo, ~mJS>Vmo Vr H$mir AmB© AmVm CÚmoJnVr Am{U {~ëS>aÀ`m

KemV Mmccr Amho. `m nmíd© y_rda àm. ImoV `m§Mr "Yyi_mVr' (2014) H$mX§~ar àH$me Q>mHy$Z

J«m_OrdZmMo dmñVd{MÌ dmMH$m§g_moa R>odVo.

EH$-EH$ H$ê$Z JmdmVrc O_rZr {Jië`m OmV AmhoV. H$moUrVar ehamVrc ~S>m _mUyg oVmo.y

Vmo Am_À`m {edmamV O_rZ KoVmo, _moR>mco Im§~ R>moHy$Z Hw§$nU _maVmo, AmV Q>mocoO§J Ka ~m§YVmo.

Am_À`m JmdmVrc O_rZ gwnrH$ Agcocr Vmo Zm{nH$ H$aVmo. Á`m amZmV ^mV ìhm`Mm, OZmda§

_ZgmoŠVnUo qhS>m`Mr {VWoM Hw§$nU _maco OmVo. JmdmJmdm_Ü o \$m_© hmD$g C^r am{hcr AmhoV.

H§$nmD§$S>À`m AmV OZmdao OmV ZmhrV. eoVH$è`m§Zr KoVcocr O_rZ ZmnrH$ hmoV Zmhr. nU CÚmoJnVr,

{~ëS>aZo KoVcocr O_rZ_mÌ Zm{nH$ hmoVo. `m nmíd© y_rda Yyi_mVrMo H$WmZH$ C o Amho.

Yyi_mVr H$mX§~ar_Ü o JmdmVrc _mUwgH$s AmQ>V Mmccr AgyZ {VMr OmJm ì`dhmamZo KoVcocr

Amho. ehamÀ`m AmaemVM AmnU IoS>oJmdmcm nmhV AmhmoV. Ë`m_Ü o Am_Mr IoS>r ^H$mg d {dXrU©

hmoV Mmccr AmhoV. ehamVrc Bìh|Q> AmO JmdmJmdmV nmohMV AmhoV. Am_À`m JmdmÀ`m OJÊ`mMo

EHy$UM gd© g§~§Y d g§X © ~XcV AmhoV. ^m¡{VH$ gwYmaUm§À`m, gwImÀ`m _mJo cmJë`mZo Am_Mr IoS>r

AmVm {dH|$S>Mr {R>H$mUo Pmcr AmhoV. IoS>r EÝOm° H$aÊ`mMr {R>H$mUr hmoV AmhoV. Iè`m AWm©Zo

JmdmMo Agcoc§ eoVH$è`m§M§ Agcoc§ JmdnUM AmVm hadyZ Joc§ Amho.

2.4.3 Yyi_mVrMo H$WmZH$

Yyi_mVrVrc ZmaJw§S>rMm _mi n§Mdrg-Vrg df} amOmÀ`m d{S>cm§H$S>o XmOr gmdH$mamZo

gmon{dcocm Amho. amO~m {eHy$Z ~±Ho$V ZmoH$ar H$aVmo . nU Ë`mMo dS>rc XmXm, ^mD$ AÊUm, AmB©

Am{U d{hZr ho IoS>çmV amhV AmhoV. _mimda amÌ§{Xdg InyZ, am~yZ nrH$ KoD$Z Ë`m§Mm M[aVmW©

gwê$ Agcm Var gd©gmYmaU eoVH$è`m§à_mUo n[apñWVr hcmIrMrM Amho. gmao Hw$Qw>§~ df© a am~am~

am~Vo. Voìhm Hw$R>o Ë`m eoVmÀ`m Ordmda Mma Kmg doiÀ`m doir {_iVmV. nU nmdgmÀ`m nmÊ`mda

{edma \$mago {nH$V Zmhr. amZmV AmVm am_ Zmhr, Ë`mV am~yZ nmoQ>§ ^mJ§c `mMr ImÌr XmOrgma»`m

O_rZXmamcmgwÕm Zmhr. nmD$g Ho$ìhmhr XJm XoUma. JmdmV nmÊ`mMr ñH$s_ gaH$maZo AmUcr na§Vw Vr

\$gcr. AmVm hm ZmaJw§S>rMm _mi XmOrZo {dH$m`cm H$mT>cm Amho Am{U BVH$s df} Oo Hw$i Vo H$gVo

Amho; Ë`mcmM Vmo {dH$Ê`mMm {dMma Vmo XmXmcm gm§JyZ OmVmo. ehamV amhUmè`m ZmoH$ar H$aUmè`m

amO~mcm KaMm {Zamon {_iVmo. Vmo cJmocJ JmdmV XmIc hmoVmo Am{U H$mX§~arVco ZmQ>ç KS>m_moS>rÀ`m

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ñdê$nmV doJ KoD$ cmJVo. _mi H$gmhr, H$O© H$mTy>Z H$m hmoB©Zm {dH$V ¿`m`MmM Ago XmXm§Mo _V

Amho, Jmd ~XcVo Amho, O_rZrMo ^md JJZmcm {^S>co AmhoV. "H$dm Hw$R>ë`m Om½`mcm _m°c oB©c'

Ë`mMm Zo_ Zmhr. _mUgo n¡gm O_rZrV Jw§VdVmhoV. `m {nT>rcm Zmhr Var nwT>À`m {nT>rcm VwH$S>m Cn`moJr

nS>oc, Agm {dMma H$aVmhoV. XmOr _mi {dH$Vmo , H$maU Ë`m n¡emVyZ Ë`mÀ`m nmoamcm emioV

ZmoH$arcm cmdm`Mo Amho. AmOH$mc ZmoH$aXma Agë`m{edm` nmoaJrgwÕm H$moUr XoV Zmhr. XmOr _mi

{dH$Vmo Am{U H$gmhr H$ê$Z Vmo XmXmcm ¿`m`Mm Amho. H$maU gmam OÝ_ Ë`mZo Am{U Ë`mÀ`m

~m`H$moZo Ë`m amZmV _mVrV Ord dVcm`', Vmo _mi Xþgè`m H$moUmH$S>o OmÊ`mMr Ë`m§Zm H$ënZmhr H$adV

Zmhr. Vmo _mi AmnUM ¿`m`Mm. åhUyZ ""H$mhrVar CcmT>mc H$a nmoam' åhUyZ nmoamcm Ji KmcVmZm

XmXm AJ{VH$ dmQ>Vmo. gmarM KamVrc _mUgo Ë`m amZmV T>moamJV am~cr AmhoV. Ë`mda Ë`m§Mm Ord

Jw§Vcocm Amho.

XmOr gmdH$ma, Ë`mMm nmoaJm e§H$a e§H$aMr AmB©, `m§À`m AmR>dUr, nydm©nmaMo g§~§Y amO~mÀ`m

_ZmV OmJo hmoVmV. XmOrZo amZ {dH$m`cm H$mT>co Am{U Amnë`mcmM KoVm H$m? åhUyZ {dMmaco `mMohr

g_mYmZ `m Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m _ZmV Amho.Ë`m_wio {dMma nŠH$m H$ê$Z n¡emÀ`m VOdrOrcm cmJVmV.

e§H$aÀ`m ZmoH$argmR>r Úmdo cmJUmao VodT>o EH$ cmI én o Var {_imdoV Aer Anojm XmOr ~mocyZ

XmIdVmo, Ë`m n¡em§Zr e§H$acm emioV {enm`mMr ZmoH$ar {_iUma hmoVr.

ZmVodmB©H$m§H$Sy>Z n¡go CgZo AmUUo hmhr AZw d doJimM AgVmo. ZH$ma EoHy$Z ¿`mdo cmJVmV,

nmhþUo _wIm©V H$mT>VmV. OdiMo {H$Sy>H${_Sy>H$ {dH$Ê`mMr V`mar hmoVo. n¡emMr OwidmOwid O_oc Ago

dmQ>Vo. "ZmaJw§S>r~m~mMm _mi, ZmaJw§S>r~m~mMm Imocda éVcocm XJS> Vmo IUyZhr {ZKmcm Zmhr.' Ë`mM§

_yi Jmdm`M§ Zmhr, Ë`mcm dfm©cm Zmai Úm`Mm. Ago XmOrÀ`m åhmVmarZo gm§JyZ R>odcoco. Ë`mÀ`mM

JwUmZo n¡gohr O_VmV Aer lÕm. XmOrÀ`m ê$nmZo VmoM Amcm Ago XmXm§Zm dmQ>Vo. _mi H$gm`cm KoVcm

Am{U _mimVco XJS> CH$ê$Z H$mT>co, dm\o$ V`ma Ho$co. "_mimMm _im Ho$cm' Ago XmOrÀ`m AmB©Zo

H$m¡VwH$mZo åhQ>co Voìhm H$îQ>mMm erU Jocm. Vo H$îQ> OmUyZM§ ZmaJw§S>r~m~mZo XmOrcm ~wÕr {Xcr, `mda

AmB©XmXm§Mo EH$_V Pmco. àW_ hm {dH«$sMm ì`dhma AmnAmngmVM R>odm`Mm Ago XmOr åhUmcm Iam

nU ~mV_r Jmd^a ngacr. ho ~Ý`m~mny gm§Jm`cm oVmo. Voìhm XmXm g§VmnmZo H$mgmdrg hmoVmV. ì`dhma

CÚmda Amcm Am{U XmOrÀ`m ^ademda ~gcoco ho Hw$Qw>§~ AmVm XmOrH$Sy>Z H$m` Vo H$ioc `mH$S>o S>moio

cmdyZ Amho. "XmOr oV ZmhrM, Ë`mÀ`m KamMohr Xma AmVyZ ~§X AgVo. XmXm, AmB©, AÊUm§Mr VJ_J

dmTy> cmJVo. Amnë`mnojm OmñV n¡go XoUmè`mg Va XmOr _mi {dH$Uma Zmhr Zm? `m {dMmamZo Ord

Km~am hmoVmo. XmOrÀ`m OwÝ`m AmR>dUtZr XmXm§Mr d Ë`m§À`m_wio KamVë`m§Mr ~¡MoZr {eJocm nmohmoMVo.

JmdmVco amOH$maU, nañnam§~Ôc dmQ>Umao hodoXmdo `m§Mo nri {Xgy cmJVmV. ho VmUcoco dmVmdaU àm.

ImoV `m§Zr A{Ve` VmH$XrZo C o Ho$co AmhoV.

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XmOrZo Ho$cocm ì`dhma Amnë`mcm _mÝ` Zmhr Ago XmOrMm Wmoacm nmoaJm gm§JVmo; Voìhm XmXm§Mm

amJ AZmda hmoVmo. Amnë`mcm n¡go Jmoim H$am`cm cmdyZ XmOr AmVm eãXmcm OmJcm ZìhVm. Ë`mMr

cmcyM dmT>cr hmoVr. hm _mi XmXm§À`m H$miOmMm VwH$S>m hmoVm. Ë`m_wio AmVm Vmo åhUoc Ë`m n¡em§Zr

¿`mdm Ago amO~mcm dmQy> cmJVo. nU ""nmoamM§ Zmd {Z X oMm ^md' Ago Ë`mMo gwê$ Pmë`mZo AmÊUm§Mm

{VinmnS> hmoVmo. JmdmVcr BVa _mUgo Amnmncr nmoir ^mOyZ KoÊ`mÀ`m à`ËZmV Agë`mMr

dñVwpñWVr cjmV oVo. ~Ý`m~mny, JÊ`m, {^Hy$AÊUm gmaoM Amnmncr Ioir IoiVmV. ~Zdm~Zdr gwê$

AgVo. XmXm§À`m Hw$Qw>§~mVrc gdmªMmM Vmoc gwQy> cmJVmo. g§Vmn Am{U Xþ:I `mZo AmÊUm doS>m{ngm hmoVmo.

XmOr gdmªZm PwcdV R>odVmo, AmH$S>m dmT>drV amhVmo. AmVmn ªV Mm§Jcm dmQ>coë`m XmOrMo dmB©Q>

AZw d KamVë`m§Zm AmR>dy cmJVmV. AmVm Ë`mV gmao Jmd ~mocm`cm cmJVo, CImù`m-nmImù`m {ZKy

cmJVmV. J«m_rU OrdZ {MÌU åhUOo {Zînmn gai, ^moù`m, {ZamJg _mUgm§Mo {díd a§J{dUo hr

nma§nm[aH$ Vèhm coIH$mZo `m H$mX§~arV CISy>Z H$mT>cr Amho. nU Vr {MÌnQ>mVë`mgmaIr H¥${Ì_ d

^S>H$nUo Zìho. VgoM AmnU gai, àoaH$ gXmMmar Agcmo H$s AJXr Amnë`mer gai dmJVo hr

^m~S>r g_OyV coIH$ R>odrV Zmhr. _mUgm§Zm eodQ>n ªV Amem AgVo, gmao Mm§Jco hmoB©c Ago dmQ>Vo;

nU OrdZ {VVHo$go gmono Zmhr. ~mimŠH$m H$mhr _Ü`ñWr H$arc `m Ameoda gmao Ord cmdyZ ~gVmV

Am{U gdmªnojm nmM hOma OmñV XoD$Z ~Ý`m~mny amZ KemV KmcVmo. XmXm ZmaJw§S>r~m~mcm eodQ>Mm

Zmai R>odm`cm OmVmo Voìhm g§Vmncocm AÊUm ZmaJw§S>r~m~mda XJS> KmcVmo. XJS> \w$Q>Vmo nU

ZmaJw§S>r~m~m VgmM amhVmo.

`m Yyi_mVr H$mX§~ar_Ü o gÁOZnUm, Amem, {dídmg, hodoXmdo, Xþ:I, g§Vmn, Z¡amí`,

CX²{d½ZVm, «_{Zamg, _mUwgH$s, ewÕ ì`dhmarnUm, S>mdnoM Aem AZoH$ ^mdZm§À`m Va§Jm§Zr hocH$mdo

{Xcoco {XgVmV. _mZdr ì`dhmamMo g§~§YmMo, _mUgmVë`m Mm§JwcnUmMo Zr \$gdUwH$sMo ho Jw§VmJw§VrMo

nmoV H$mX§~arÀ`m AdH$memV coIH$ {Z_m©U H$aVmo ho {dcjUM åhUmdo cmJoc.

2.5 "Yyi_mVr' H$mX§~arVrc Ame`gyÌo

2.5.1 hadV Mmccocr Z¡{VH$_yë o

JmdJmS>çm_Ü ohr AmVm AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmMo dmao oD$Z pñWamdco Amho. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ JmdJmS>çmVrc

IoS>monmS>çmVrc ZmVog§~§Ymda Pmcm Amho. `mMm àË`` Yyi_mVr_Ü o oVmo Amho. ZmaJw§S>r~m~mMo

nmfmUmgmaIo amhUo, Iao Va EH$m Am»`mZmMo ê$n hmoV AgVmZmM JmdmV {_iyZ dmdaUmè`m XmOrÀ`m

ñd^mdmVco H§$Jmoao AcJXnUo CKS> hmoV OmVmV. ZmaJw§S>r~m~m Xod Zmhr Va nmfmUM Amho ho ñnîQ> hmoVo.

gË`, àm_m{UH$nUm nm`Xir VwS>dV OmUmam XmOr, _ZmMm Wm§J Z cmJy XoUmao JmdH$ar. `mVyZ hadV

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Mmccoë`m Zr{V_yë`m§Mo Xe©Z KS>Vo. Vm|S>mda EH$ ~mocm`Mo Am{U H$aVmZm doJioM H$am`Mo `mMm àË``

XmXm§À`m Hw$Q>§~mcm oVmo. JmdJmS>çmV AmO am_ am{hcm Zmhr. Zr{V_Îmm nma _mVrV {_giV Mmccr

Amho. ñdmWu _mUgm§Mm A§_c dmT>Vmo Amho. c~mS>m§Mo H$m¡VwH$ hmoVmZm {XgV Amho.

2.5.2 H$mù`m AmB©Mr godm H$aUmao Hw$Qw>§~

eoVH$è`m§À`m _Zm_Ü o EH$ lÕm H$m`_ éOcocr AgVo Vr hr H$s, AmnU `m O_rZrMr godm

Ho$cr Va Vr AmnUmcm H$mhr H$_r nSy> XoUma Zmhr`. nU AmnUmg \$gdUmahr Zmhr. Aer ÑT>^mdZm

_ZmV dgV AgVo. hm ^md BVH$m Q>moH$Xma AgVmo H$s, Á`m O_rZrMr AmnU godm H$aV AmhmoV; Vr

Amnë`m _mcH$sMr Amho H$s AÝ` Hw$UmÀ`m. `m ì`mdhm[aH$ O§OmimV Z AS>H$Vm ho Hw$Qw>§~ AË §V

ào_mZo, AmnconUmZo, glÕ _ZmZo H$mù`m AmB©Mr godm H$aVo. XmOrMm àñVmd åhUOo H$mù`m

XJS>mdaMr aoKM dmQ>Vo. na§Vw XmOr {dídmgKmVH$s {ZKVmo. AI§S>nUo {XZamV Hw$imZo KoVcocr XmOrMr

eoVr H$aÊ`mV Ë`mMo _Z Jw§Vco Amho. amO~m ZmoH$arcm Agcm Var Amnë`m IoS>çmVrc Hw$Qw>§~mH$S>o

Ë`mMo AmnconUmZo oUo-OmUo Amho, hr ~m~ AmOÀ`m dmñVd OrdZmV _hÎdmMr Amho. eoVrda Hw$Qw>§~

MmcdVmZm hmoUmar AmoT>mVmU Am{U ZmaJw§S>r~m~mÀ`m _mimV Jw§Vcocm g§nyU© Hw$Q>§w~mMm Ord. `mVyZ

H$mù`m AmB©Mr godm H$aÊ`mVM YÝ`Vm _mZUmao ho XmXm§Mo àm_m{UH$ Hw$Q>§w§~ Amho. g^modVmcMm n[aga

ñdmWu, «îQ>mMmar, c~mS> hmoV AgVmZm EH${ZîR>nUo gÎ`mÀ`m dmQ>oZo OmUmao ho Hw$Qw>§~ EH$ AmXe© Amho.

na§Vw Xþ{Z`m gË`mMr dmcr ZgVo, `mMm àË`` O_rZì`dhmamVrc ZmQ>çmVyZ oVmo. H$moUmÀ`mhr _XVrcm

YmdyZ OmUmè`m XmXm§Zm _mÌ eodQ>r H$moUr _XVrcm oV Zmhr. ho H$Qy> dmñVd Yyi_mVr_Ü o H¥$îUmV ImoV

`m§Zr aoImQ>co Amho.

2.5.3 ñÌrMr g§gma AmoT>

H$mX§~arVrc ñÌr nmÌo XmXmMr ~m`H$mo Am{U gyZ Anma H$îQ> H$ê$Z Amnë`m g§gmamcm hmV^ma

cmdVmV. {Xdg^a Hw$imZo Ho$coë`m eoVm_Ü o, T>moamJV am~m`Mo Am{U Kar nwÝhm gd© chmZghmZ H$m_§

gVV H$aV amhm`Mr. Mma-XmoZ n¡go dmMdÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmZm AmB© Am{U d{hZrhr {XgVmV.

d{hZtcm _yc Zgë`mH$maUmZo Vr _ZmZo AñdñW Amho. na§Vw g§gmamV H$îQ> H$am`cm Vr WmoS>ohr _mJo

gaV Zmhr. AmÊUm _mÌ AmnUmcm _yc hmoV Zmhr, åhUyZ gVV Ë`mÀ`m nËZrcm {eì`m XoV AgVmo.

H$emMmhr amJ Vmo ñdV:À`m ~m`H$moda H$mT>VmZm {XgVmo. XmXm _mÌ gdmªZm JwÊ`mJmoqdXmZo amhÊ`mMm

g„m XoVmV. d` Pmco AgVmZmhr gVV H$m_mV Jw§VdyZ KoÊ`mVM Ë`m§Zm gwI dmQ>Vo. CXm. "AmÊUmM§

c½Z hmoD$Z Mma-nmM _{hZo Pmco hmoVo, AmB©M§ {Z d¡ZrM§ H$emdaZ§ Var cmJc§, ^m§S>U dmT>V Joc§

AmÊUm JßnM§. _J XmXmM§ XmoKtZm CÔoeyZ åhUmco, ""Vwåhr XmoKr~r Ëdm§S> KoD$Z Hw$R>§Var Omdm.'' Ë`mda

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d¡Zr MQ>H$Z åhUmcr, ""Ëdm§S> KoD$Z Om`mcm Amë`mcmo ÝhmB©, _mPm Zdam H$m` Ë o ~mocy Xo, Vwåhr

~mocV Omdy ZJ§gm.'' AmÊUmZ§ Ë`mdoir d¡Zrcm XmoZ-VrZ Wmo~mS>rV _maë`m, d¡Zr aS>cr, XmXm Mma

{Xdg Oodco ZìhVo.'' `m àg§Jmdê$Z dqhZr ""Om`cm Amcmo Zmhr'' åhUVo, Voìhm {VMr g§gmaAmoT>

cjmV oVo. eoù`m Am{U H$m|~S>çm nmiyZ g§gmamV ^a KmcÊ`mgmR>r Vr amÌ§{Xdg am~VmZm {XgVo.

2.5.4 JmdJmS>çmVrc B©fm©

Yyi_mVr H$mX§~ar_YyZ JmdJmS>çmVrc B©fm© H$em nÕVrZo dmT>V OmVo, `mMo àË``H$mar {MÌU

H¥$îUmV ImoV `m§Zr Ho$co Amho. JmdmVrc àË oH$OU ñdV:Mr nmoir ^mOÊ`mMm {dMma H$aVmZm {XgVmo.

XmOrcm Mma n¡go O_rZ {dHy$Z {_imdoV åhUyZ Vmo Amnë`m ñdmWm©cm {MH$Qy>Z ~gcm Amho. Xþgè`mÀ`m

KemV O_rZ Omdy Z o åhUyZ JmdmVrc àË oH$OU Hw$aKmoS>r H$ê$Z O_rZ IaoXr H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ

H$aVmZm {XgVmo. åhmXÿÊUm Am{U Ë`mMm nmoaJm, ~mimŠH$m, {^H$m nmQ>rc, JUyXm, ~Ý`m~mny O{_ZrÀ`m

IaoXrgmR>r Q>nyZ AmhoV. Ë`mgmR>r XmXm§À`m Kar doJio gm§JyZ XmOrcm nQ>dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmZm

{XgVmV.

2.5.5 JmdJmS>çmVrc dV©_mZmMo Xe©Z

AmOÀ`m øm wJm_Ü o _mUgo ZmoH$ar {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r _moR>çm à_mUmV O{_Zr {dH$V AmhoV.

O_rZXma gmdH$ma Amncm EH$ O{_ZrMm H$monam {dH$Uma ZmoH$ar Ë`m§ZmM {_iUma. IoS>çmnmS>çmVyZ

~XcV Mmccocr _mZ{gH$Vm, gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ dmñVdmMm hm ~XcVm Moham XmIdyZ XoVmZm H¥$îUmV

ImoV Ë`mda ^mî` H$arV ZmhrV. qH$dm Ë`m dmñVdmMr ^rfUVm Vo AYmoao{IV H$arV ZmhrV. IoS>çmV

amhUmar Vr _mUgo Oer Zm{nH$s ñdrH$maVmV VgoM ho ~XcVo dmñVdhr {Z_yQ>nUo ñdrH$mamdo cmJVo.

^m{JXmarZo O_rZ H$gm`cm ¿`m`Mr. AVrd H$îQ> H$ê$Z Vr O_rZ hmVmImcr AmUm`Mr, CËnÝZ

dmT>m`cm cmJë`mMo {XgVmM _mcH$mZo Zmhr Va Xþgè`m Hw$imZo Vr ¿`m`Mr Agohr AZw d JmdmVrc

_mUgo nM{dV AgVmV. IoS>çmVrc hm gmam ì`dhma, {ZdoXZmÀ`m AmoKmV coIH$ {dUV OmVmo. hm

H$cmË_H$ g§ _ Am{U Vmoc coIH$mZo g§nyU© H$mX§~ar_Ü o noccocm Amho ho {deof dmImUÊ`mOmoJo

Amho.

2.6 "Yyi_mVr' H$mX§~arVrc _w»` nmÌo

AmOÀ`m H$mimV ~XcV Mmccoë`m IoS>çmVrc EH$m Hw$imMr H$hmUr Yyi_mVr_Ü o Amho.

H¥$îUmV ImoV `m§Zr AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMm OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm IoS>çmda H$gm à^md nS>Vmo. Ë`mVyZ ZmoH$ar

{_i{dÊ`mÀ`m Ü`mgmVyZ nma§n[aH$ eoVr {dH$cr OmVo. `mMo {MÌU àñVwV H$mX§~ar_Ü o Ho$coco Amho.

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amO~m, XmXm, AmÊUm Am{U XmOr gmdH$ma Aer _w»` nmÌo AmhoV. `m H$mX§~arMm Zm`H$ amO~m hm

Amho. Va Jm¡U nmÌo åhUyZ ~Ý`m~mny, åhmXÿÊUm, ~mimŠH$m, JUyXm Aer AmhoV.

2.6.1 "amO~m'

Yyi_mVrMm _w»` Zm`H$ åhUyZ amO~mMr ì`pŠVaoIm àm. ImoV `m§Zr àñVwV H$mX§~ar_Ü o

aoImQ>cr Amho. amO~m hm EH$m eoVmda am~Umè`m Hw$imMm åhUOo XmXm§Mm YmH$Q>m _wcJm. Vmo {eH$Vmo.

Ë`m_wio ~±Ho$V ZmoH$arg cmJVmo. JmdmnmgyZ ZmoH$arMo {R>H$mU Xÿa Ë`m_wio Jmdr oUo-OmUo H$_r. na§Vw

dfm©Zwdf} XmOr gmdH$mamMr O_rZ Hw$imZo H$aUmao XmXm AMmZH$ \$moZ H$ê$Z amO~m ~mocmdyZ KoVmV.

H$maU gmdH$mamZo O_rZ {dH«$sg H$mT>cocr AgVo. O_rZ IaoXr H$aÊ`mgmR>r n¡emMr Owidm-Owid

H$aUo `mgmR>r amO~mMr YS>nS> Mmcy hmoVo. _mÌ XmXmcm gmdH$mamÀ`m YyV© A{dídmgm_wio O_rZ IaoXr

H$aVm oV Zmhr. ~Ý`m~mny gJù`m§nojm OmñV n¡go XoD$Z O_rZ KemV KmcVmo. amO~m hm Amnë`m

XmXm§Zm ^mD$ AÊUm§Zm AmB© Am{U d{hZr `m§Zm àË oH$ àg§Jm§_Ü o gX²gX²{ddoH$ OmJ¥V R>odyZ AMyH$

_mJ©Xe©Z H$aVmo. em§V {dMma H$aUmam, Hw$Qw>§~mMr H$miOr dmhUmam hm amO~m g§nyU© H$mX§~ar_Ü o VS>OmoS>

H$ê$Z d{S>cm§À`m BÀN>ogmR>r dmdaVmZm {XgVmo. Mm§JycnUmVyZ BVam§Zm gm§ miyZ KoÊ`mMr d¥Îmr,

ZmVog§~§Y Z VmUVm Vmo OmoS>Ê`mgmR>r gmVË`mZo à`ËZerc Amho. JmdmVrc amOH$maUmnmgyZ A{cßV

AgyZ amO~mcm _mÌ JmdmVrc gm¡hmX©nyU© dmVmdaU {~KS>V OmD$Z Amoa~mSy>Z KoÊ`mMr d¥Îmr {Xdg|{Xdg

dmT>V Amho. `m{df`r Ë`mcm MrS> {Z_m©U hmoVo. gmao OJ YyV©nUm H$aVmZm amO~m VQ>ñWnUm ñdrH$maVmo.

àË oH$mcm OmUyZ KoÊ`mMm ñd^md Am{U _XV H$aUo Ë`m§À`m aŠVmVM Amho.

2.6.2 "XmXm'

"XmXm' ho JmdmVrc àm_m{UH$nUo ZmaJw§S>r~m~mMm _mi H$gUmao, AmÊUm Am{U gwZogh Amnë`m

nËZr~amo~a Hw$Qw>§~mMm JmS>m hmH$VmV. XmOr gmdH$mamÀ`m amZm_Ü o H$m~mS>H$îQ> H$ê$Z Hw$Qw>§~mcm _XV

H$aUmar hr ì`pŠVaoIm, ZmaJw§S>r~m~mÀ`m _mimV XmXmMm Ord Jw§Vcocm Amho. H$maU {H$Ë oH$ df} Vmo

amZmV H$îQ> H$aVmo . Hw$imZo KoVcocr eoVr nU H$îQ>mcm _mJo gaUmam hm XmXm Zìho. àm_m{UH$nUo OrdZ

OJUmam, H$moUÀ`mhr AÜ`mV_Ü`mV ZgUmam. na§Vw àË oH$mÀ`m AS>MUr gmoS>dUmam XmXm Ooìhm XmOr

gmdH$mamMr O_rZ IaoXr H$amd`mMr AgVo, Voìhm AZoH$ VS>OmoS>r H$amì`m cmJUma åhUyZ AmemdmXrnUo

Vr AmnUmcmM {_ioc, `m {dídmgmda Amho. na§Vw XmOr gmdH$mamÀ`m YyV© amOH$maUmnwT>o Vmo hV~c

hmoVmo. XmXmMr AJ{VH$Vm g§nyU© H$mX§~ar_Ü o nmhmd`mg {_iVo. AmOmar AgVmZmhr XdmImÝ`mMm IM©

hmoB©c åhUyZ XdmImÝ`mVyZ ni H$mT>Umam XmXm, amO~m Am{U AmÊUm `m§Zm {eH$dVmo. chmZmMo _moR>o

H$aVmo. nmoam§À`m c½Zm_Ü o H$gcrM H$ga R>odV Zmhr. Vmo H$O© Pmco Var _mJo Z hQ>Umam, {OÔrZo

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Amncm g§gma H$aUmam Amho. XmOr gmdH$mamÀ`m {dídmgKmVmZo XmXmMo gmao Hw$Q>§w~ nma hmXê$Z OmVo.

XmXm Am{U Ë`m§À`m Hw$Qw>§~r`m§Zm AmoiIUmar _mUgohr MH«$mdyZ OmVmV. XmXm§Zm \$g{dco Joë`mM§ Xþ:I

AmhoM, nU BVŠ`m dfm©À`m KaJwVr ZmË`mda XmOrZo nmUr {\$adc§ `mMo Xþ:I A{YH$ AñdñW H$aV

amhVo.

2.6.3 XmOr gmdH$ma

XmOr gmdH$ma ho nmÌ H$mX§~arVrc _hÎdmMo nmÌ Amho. {Xcocm eãX Z nmiUmam, YyV©, _Vc~r,

ñdmWu, Mma n¡go Á`mXm {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r àm_m{UH$ Hw$imMm {dídmgKmV H$aUmam Amho. XmXm§À`mH$S>o

Amncr O_rZ ~Q>B©Zo/Hw$imZo H$gm`cm XoD$Z {Zdm§V ì`mO~Q²>Q>m H$aUmam XmOr gmdH$ma. ñdV:À`m

_wcmcm e§H$acm emioV {enm`mMr ZmoH$ar cmdÊ`mgmR>r ZmaJw§S>r~m~mMm _mi {dHy$Z Q>mH$Ê`mMm {dMma

H$aVmo, nU XmXm§Zm gm§JVmo H$s, ho eoV VwÂ`m{edm` H$moUmcmM XoÊ`mMr BÀN>m Zmhr. hr ~mV_r H$moUmcm

H$iy Z o. na§Vw ~mV_r Aer Jmd^a ngaVo H$s XmOr gmdH$mamZo amZ {dH$m`cm H$mT>co, Ë`mZ§Va KS>Umao

ZmQ>ç {dcjU ñdê$nmMo Amho.

XmOrH$Sy>Z O_rZ IaoXrMr Ooìhm àË`j doi oVo, Voìhm _mÌ XmOrMm {dMma ~XcVmo. Ë`mcm

A{YH$ n¡emMm cmo gwQ>Vmo. Omo H$moUr OmñV n¡ogo XoB©c Ë`mcm O_rZ {dH$m`Mr Aer Ë`mMr _mZ{gH$Vm

hmoVo. Amnë`m `m ì`dhmam_wio EH$m Hww$Qw>§~mMr _mZ{gH$ em§Vr AmnU Zmhrer H$aV AmhmoV. Amnë`m

AmB©nmgyZ Ë`m Hw$Qw>§~mer Agcoco g§~§Y {~KS>dV AmhmoV, XmXm§À`m Amnë`m~ÔcÀ`m {dídmgmcm VS>m

XoV AmhmoV. Ë`m§À`m ^mdZm§Zm nm`Xir VwS>dV AmhmoV. Amncr O_rZ B_mZmZo {nH${dUmè`m Hw$Qw>§~mMr

AmnU dmVmhV H$aV AmhmoV. Ë`m§Mr gd© ñdßZo Ywirg {_idV AmhmoV, `mMm Oamhr {dMma XmOrÀ`m

_ZmV oV Zmhr. Ë`mcm \$ŠV n¡gm {XgVmo. n¡emÀ`m _mohmnm`r _mZdr ^md-^mdZm Vmo Iwemc nm`Xir

VwS>dVmZm {XgVmo.

2.6.4 AmÊUm

XmXm§Mm Wmoacm _wcJm åhUOo AmÊUm. àm_m{UH$nUo XmXm§Zm KamV _XV H$aUmam, eoVr H$gUmam.

na§Vw AmnUmcm _yc hmoV Zmhr åhUyZ nËZrda gmVË`mZo amJ H$mT>Umam. XmOr gmdH$ma AmnUmg \$gdVmo

Amho ho cjmV oVmM§ amJmZo cmc~w§X hmoUmam AmÊUm, XmOrcm g§n{dÊ`mMm {dMma H$aVmo. amJmÀ`m

^amV {eì`m XoVmo. H$maU Á`m àm_m{UH$nUo H$mù`m _mVrMr godm AmnU Ho$cr, {VÀ`m ì`dhmamV XmOr

Amncr {Xem yc H$aVmo Amho, ho cjmV oVmM Ë`mÀ`m Vinm`mMr AmJ _ñVH$mV OmVo. Ë`mMr ^mfm

{dImar ~ZVo. H$m` H$ê$ Am{U H$m` Zm` Aer AdñWm hmoVo. H$maU AZoH$ g§H$Q>mdoir Vmo YramZo Vm|S>

XoUmam na§Vw AmnUmg \$gdUmè`m XmOr gmdH$mamcm AmVm gmoS>Vm H$m_m Z o. Agm Ë`mÀ`m AñdñW

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_ZmMm CÐoH$ hmoVmo, Ooìhm eodQ>r XmXm ZmaJw§S>r~m~mMr nyOm H$aVmo Ë`mZ§Va AmÊUm Ë`m Xodmda amJmZo

_moR>m XJS> KmcVmo, nU Ë`m XJS>mÀ`mM {R>H$è`m {R>H$è`m hmoVmV Am{U ZmaJw§S>r~m~m VgmM amhVmo.

2.7 "Yyi_mVr' H$mX§~arVrc dmL²>_`rZ {deof

EHy$U Mma ^mJm§_Ü o Am{U Ho$di 106 nmZm§_Ü o Jw§\$coë`m "Yyi_mVr' `m H$mX§~arMo H$WmZH$

AZoH$ N>moQ>çm_moR>çm g§dmXmVyZ d KQ>Zm§VyZ nwT>o-nwT>o gaH$V amhVo. H$WmZH$m_Ü o g§dmXmMm dmna

A{YH$ à_mUmV Pmcocm Agcm Var {ZdoXZmVyZ J«m_rUËdmMm gmO KoD$Z H$moëhmnya n[agamVrc

JmdJmS>çmMo {MÌ H¥$îUmV ImoV `m§Zr aoImQ>co Amho. yVH$mimMm H$Yr doY KoVcm OmVmo Va H$Yr

^{dî`H$mimMm, H$WmZH$ aMZoVrc d¡{dÜ`nyU©Vm hm `m H$mX§~arMm {deof Amho. `m~amo~aM àg§J{MÌU,

dmVmdaU{Z{_©Vr, ì`pŠV{MÌUo, {ZdoXZe¡cr ^mfm, g§dmX, åhUr dmH²$àMma `m dmL²>_`rZ {deofm§Zr

H$mX§~ar Ame`nyU© Pmcr Amho.

2.7.1 àg§J{MÌ d dmVmdaU {Z{_©Vr

nmÌ Am{U àXoe `m§Mm ghg§~§Y AgVmo. VgoM nmÌ {Z{_©VrgmR>r dmVmdaU gmhmæ` yV R>aVo.

H$mX§~ar EH$m {d{eîQ> àXoemV KS>V Agë`m_wio Ë`m àXoemMo {deof H$mX§~ar_Ü o {M{ÌV Pmcoco

AmhoV. H¥$îUmV ImoV `m§Zr Yyi_mVr_Yrc {M{ÌV Ho$cocm n[aga H$moëhmnya-nÝhmim ^mJmVrc Amho,

Ë`m_wio VoWrc JmdJmS>çmVrc {MÌ dmMH$m§Zm ^mdVo. CXm. ""ho ~Km, CR>m amO~m, ~gyZ ^mJm`M§

ÝhmB©, Am{U Vy Oam Ëdm§S> ~§X H$a.'' ""AmB©cm gm§JyZ Vo {Xdg CJdë`mJV ~mocy cmJco.'' ""ømo

KamVcm Wdma hmo , AmOnmVya XmOr Amnë`mcm h_rcm hþ~m ìhm`MmM, Ë oÀ`mgmaIm h_rcm hþ~m

ìhZmam Vw_À`mgmR>r JmdmV _mUyg {_im`Mm ÝhmB©.'' ÝhmB©Va H$moZ Amg§ åhUrc. "~Km {H$ÀM§

AJË`mV Vo ÝhmB© Va R>odyZ `m Xm{JZ§ {Z ~Ky _mJZ§ O_c§ Vdm gmoS>dyZ AmUy `m' _J gm§Jm nXaM§

Xm{JZ§ R>odyZ nXaMr O_rZ Xþgè`mcm XoUmam "_mUyg {_ic§ ìh`?' CJM§ ~S>~S>V ~gy ZJm, ""XmXmM§

_cm nQ>V hmoV§.'' Aem àg§J d dmVmdaUmV n[aUm_H$maH$Vm dmT>dcr Amho. EImXm àg§J S>moù`mnwT>o

hþ~ohþ~ gmH$maÊ`mMo H$m¡eë` ImoV `m§À`m coIZ e¡crV Amho.

2.7.2 ì`pŠV{MÌUo

H¥$îUmV ImoV `m§Zr Yyi_mVr_Ü o AË §V à^mdrnUo ì`pŠV{MÌUo aoImQ>cr AmhoV. ì`pŠV{MÌU

C o H$aVmZm ImoV ~mødU©Z H$aV ~gV ZmhrV Va ì`ŠVtÀ`m g§dmXmVyZM Ë`m§À`m ^md{dídmMo Xe©Z

Vo KS>{dVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo JwU{deof dmMH$m§À`m cjmV oVmV. ì`ŠVrÀ`m A§V_©ZmMm doY KoVmZm

ì`pŠV{MÌUmMr ^mfm hr H$moëhmnya n[agamMr Agë`mZo VoWrc ì`pŠVJwU ghO Ü`mZmV oVmV.

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amO~m, XmOr gmdH$ma, XmXm, AmÊUm Am{U BVa ì`pŠV{MÌUmVyZ ImoV `m§Zr Ë`m§Mm ñd^md,

amhUr_mZ, ^mfm, {dMma H$aÊ`mMr nÕV, àm_m{UH$nUm, ñdmWunUm, _Vc~r, AmemdmX Aem AZoH$

JmoîQ>tMm àË`` AmnUmg `m H$mX§~arVyZ AmUyZ {Xcm Amho.

2.7.3 {ZdoXZe¡cr

H$moUVmhr H$mX§~arH$ma AmnU KoVcoë`m AZw dm§Mo, ^md{dídmMo, OZOrdZmMo AZw d _m§S>VmZm

dm gm{hË` aoImQ>V AgVmZm {ZdoXZmÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo àH$Q> H$aV AgVmo. {ZdoXH$ KQ>Zmàg§J, nmÌ§,

dmVmdaU BË`mXrMo {ZdoXZ H$aVmo. ho {ZdoXZ H$WZ, dU©Z, ^mfm d g§dmX `m Mma KQ>H$m§VyZ g§nyU©

H$mX§~arVyZ AmH$mamcm oVo. "Yyi_mVr'_Ü o {ZdoXZ H$Yr àW_nwéfr Va H$Yr V¥Vr`nwéfr oVo. ho AZoH$

àg§JmVyZ cjmV oVo. CXm. amO~m åhUVmo H$s, ""nmdgmim Mmcy Pmcm H$s ~mhoa {MIcmVc§ Ioi

~§X ìhm`M§ _J XmXm H$Yr H$mir _moR>çm OwZ§ _mZ½`m-{Mì`m§M§ ~ZdyZ R>odcoc§ ImQw>c§ _mù`mdaë`m

ngmè`mVZ§ H$mT>m`Mo, Ë`mcm H$mÏ`mZ§ ~mOë`mJV {dUcoc§ Agm`M§. XmXm Ë`mVc§ EH$XmoZ \o$a VwQ>coc§

Amgco Va naV {dUm`Mo.'' Aem {ZdoXZmVyZ Vmo àg§J A{YH$ {Od§V H$aÊ`mV ImoV èñdr PmcoAmhoV.

2.7.4 ^mfm

^mfm ho Ame`mMo _hÎdnyU© A§J Amho. coIH$ Ame` ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mgmR>r ñdV:Mr ñdV§Ì Aer

^mfm {Z_m©U H$aVmo. ^mfoÀ`m _mÜ`_mV ^md^mdZm§Mr XodmU-KodmU hmoVo. `m Yyi_mVr H$mX§~arÀ`m

Ame`mcm gwg§JV Aer ^mfm Amho. Ë`m_wio {VMr n[aUm_H$maH$Vm A{YH$ dmT>cr Amho. g§nyU©

H$mX§~ar_Ü o H$moëhmnya n[agamVrc ^mfoMm dmna Ho$cocm Amho. ^mfo_Ü o àË oH$ eãXmcm AË §V _hÎd

Amho. Ë`m _mÜ`_mVyZ gm§ñH¥${VH$ AdH$me cjmV oVmo. gmYr, gai, gmonr Aer {ZdoXZ ^mfm

dmnacocr Amho. CXm.:-

"{^H$m nmQ>rc Amc§.'

""amO~m, CÚm n¡g§ âm`M§ hm`V§, JmdmV AmVm H$moZM amZ KoB©Zm Pmc §. Vy CÚm n¡goM XoD$

ZJmo, {Oê$ Xo XmOrMr _ñVr Oam.''

""{^Š`m, coH$mÀ`m H$m` {_iV § Vw_mñZr hoÀ`mV a§? H$mc gm§{JQ>c § Vwcm, {Z AmO naV VoM

gm§Jm` Amcm§ mg?'' XmXm naS>çmH$S>À`m gmoß`mZ§ Joc§ hmoV§ Vo Ë`mÀ`m AmdmOmZ§ EH$X_ CJdc§V,

Vgm {^H$m nmQ>rc Mnmncm.'' Aem àH$mao ghO gmono J«m_rU ~mocr^mfoVrc g§dmX ho ImoV `m§À`m

H$mX§~arMo d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. `mVyZM ^mfoMm {Od§VnUm H$mX§~arÀ`m dmL²>_`rZ {deofm§_Ü o AmIUrZM§

â Q>mH$Vmo.

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2.7.5 g§dmX

g§dmX hm {ZdoXZmVrc EH$ KQ>H$ AgyZ g§dmXmdê$Z ì`ŠVrMm ñd^md, Ë`mÀ`m _ZmVrc Ame`

{dMma cjmV oVmo. àg§J{Z{_©VrgmR>r Am{U H$WmZH$ J{V_mZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Aem g§dmXmMr ^mfm hr

~mocr^mfm dmnê$Z ì`pŠVaoIm {Od§V Ho$ë`m AmhoV. ImoV `m§Zr nmÌmZwgma g§dmXmMm dmna Ho$cm Amho.

hoc H$mTy>Z ~mocÊ`mMr H$moëhmnwar ^mfoVrc cH$~ `m g§nyU© H$m§X~ar_Ü o {XgVo. J«m_rU ^mfoMo EH$

ñdV§Ì ñdê$n `m H$mX§~arV Amcoco Amho. ZmQ>çnyU© g§dmX Am{U {ZdoXZmVrc ghOVm A{Ve`

g_n©H$nUo ImoV `m§Zr _m§S>coco Amho. CXm.-

Cä`mZM§ d¡Zrcm {dMmac§, ""nmoamcm, À`m {Xcmg H$m?'' Am{U _cm åhUmcm,

""H$m` Var Im`mM§ hþVg§'' naV d¡Zrcm, ""^mV hþVm? Hw$R>cm Amgc§. Xþnmar AmÊUmZ§ Imëcm

Ýhd§.''

""^mV hþVm H$s, Ia§, ""d¡ZrZ§ ^mVmM§ nmVoc§ XmIdV gm§{JVc§.

""h§, _r AmVm ImVmo m.'' _r åhUmcmo,

Aem g§dmXmVyZ H$mX§~ar nwT>o gaH$V amhÿZ EH$m JmdmÀ`m AdH$memV g§nyU© H$mX§~arMo H$WmZH$

J{V_mZ hmoVo.

2.7.6 åhUr, dmH²$àMma d J«må` eãXm§Mm dmna

H¥$îUmV ImoV `m§Zr Yyi_mVr_Ü o g_n©H$ åhUr, dmH²$àMma `m§Mm _wŠVnUo dmna Ho$cocm Amho.

Ë`m_wio Amem`cm n[anyU©Vm cm^Ê`mg _XV Pmcocr {XgVo. CXm.- "gwVmdaU§ ñdJ© JmR>Uo',

"CR>mdë`m§Mm ~mOma, {Z C§S>JrMm eoOma', "~gm` ~gU§ {Z gma§ CgU§.' `m~amo~aM J«m_rU eãXm§Mm

{dnwc à_mUmV dmna Ho$cm Amho. ""_T>çmM§ Vm|S>mVc§ _Ur H$mTy>Z Krc, _moS>Š`m Hw$nmcm dmdQy>i

~Krc.'' BË`mXr. `m~amo~aM "Am`M§ ~m§~c§, C§S>Jr, ^dmZr. JmT>d cmdcm, am§S>, ^mS>çm' Aem

AZoH$ {eì`m§Mm dmna MnIcnUo nmÌm§À`m _wImVyZ oVmo, Vmo Ë`m ~mocr^mfoMm {deof åhUmdm cmJoc.

WmoS>Š`mV "Yyi_mVr' `m H$mX§~ar_Ü o åhUr, dmH²$àMma, {eì`m, gw§Xa {ZdoXZe¡cr, g§dmXmVyZ

H$mX§~arMo H$WmZH$ Ame`nyU©arË`m CcJS>V OmVo.

2.8 g_mamon

H¥$îUmV ImoV `m§À`m "Yyi_mVr' `m H$mX§~ar_Ü o XmOr, Ë`mMr nËZr, _wc§, Ë`mcm ^S>H$dUmao

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JmdmVrc JmdH$ar, `mgmaIr aoIrd{MÌo C^r H$aÊ`mV Amcr AmhoV. EH$m H$hmUrVyZ Xþgar H$hmUr

gm§JVmZm ImoV H$mimMm hcH$mM PmoH$m KoVmV. Am{U dmMH$mcm Amnë`m~amo~a yVH$mimV KoD$Z

OmVmV. Ë`m§À`m {ZdoXZmV EH$ {ZVinUm Am{U ^mfocm EH$ c` àmßV Pmcr Amho. WmoS>Š`m eãXm§V

gma§ {MÌ dmMH$m§À`m S>moù`mg_moa C § H$aÊ`mMr VmH$X Yyi_mVrÀ`m eãXm-eãXm§V Amho. eoVH$ar

OrdZmVrc Ag§»` ~maH$mdo H¥$îUmV ImoV `m§Zr {Q>ncoco AmhoV. ho H$mX§~arMo geŠVnU Amho. ho

H$mX§~ar dmMVmZm OmUdVo. H$WmdñVy chmZ AgVmZmhr Ë`m Ë`m H$WmdñVyÀ`m ^modVrÀ`m Á`m

ì`pŠVaoIm Am{U dmVmdaU C § Ho$c§ Amho Am{U Ë`mVyZ Oo _mZdr OrdZmMo _mZdr ^md^mdZm§Mo Oo

{MÌ aoImQ>co Amho, Vo dmMH$m§Zm EH$m AmJiçmdoJiçm Xþ{Z oV KoD$Z OmVo.

H¥$îUmV ImoV `m§À`m "Yyi_mVr'Mo H$WmZH$ ho EHy$U IoS>çmVrc ~XcmMo ~maH$mdo {Q>nUmao Amho.

J«m_rU OrdZmMm gImoc doY KoVmZm dmVmdaU d àg§J{Z{_©VrgmR>r J«m_rU ~mocrÀ`m gw mo½` dmnamVyZ

H$WmZH$ A{YH$ g_¥Õ Ho$co Amho. chmZ-ghmZ Vnercmgh Ho$coë`m ì`ŠVtÀ`m dU©ZmVyZ Ë`m§Mo

JwU{deof ñnîQ> hmoD$Z Ame` dmMH$m§À`m _Zmda q~~Vmo. Ë`m_wio g_mOemñÌr` ÑpîQ>H$moUmVyZ

"Yyi_mVr' `m H$mX§~arg J«m_rU gm{hË`m_Ü o doJioM _hÎd àmßV Pmco Amho.


✒

✒

✒

✒

✒


❒ `mo½` n`m© {ZdS>m.

1. g_mOemñÌr` g_rjoMm OZH$ H$moU Amho?

(A) _mŠg© (~) VoZ (H$) w§J (S>) \«$m°B©S>.

2. "g_rjm åhUOo {ZU© ' Ago _V H$moUmMo Amho?

(A) _°Ï y AZm}ëS> (~) Om°Z S>çwB© (H$) qdMoñQ>a (S>) {g½_§S> \«$m°B©S>.

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3. H$moUË`m g_rjm nÕVr_Ü o g_mO dmñVd emoYco OmVo?

(A) Am{X~§YmË_H$ (~) ñÌrdmXr (H$) Eo{Vhm{gH$ (S>) g_mOemñÌr`.

4. "gm¢X ©_r_m§gm' `m J«§WmMo coIH$ H$moU AmhoV?

(A) dg§V nmQ>UH$a (H$) gwYra agmi

(~) am.^m.nmQ>UH$a (S>) _.gw.nmQ>rc.

5. AmB©Zo O_rZ IaoXr AJmoXa H$moUË`m Xodmcm Zmai \$moS>m`cm gm§{JVcm?

(A) ZmaJw§S>r~m~m (~) dmKOmB© (H$) Omo{V~m (S>) I§S>mo~m.

6. H$moUmÀ`m ZmoH$argmR>r XmOr amZ {dH$Uma hmoVm?

(A) e§H$a (~) gXm (H$) amO~m (S>) XmXm.

7. ZmaJw§S>r~m~mda eodQ>r H$moUr XJS> KmVcm?

(A) AmÊUm (~) XmXm (H$) XmOr (S>) amO~m.

8. {dídmgMo Cfmer H$moUVo ZmVo Amho?

(A) g»Im^mD$ (~) MwcV^mD$ (H$) _m_o^mD$ (S>) AmVo mD$.

9. amO~m H$moR>o ZmoH$ar H$arV hmoVm?

(A) H$maImZm (~) ~±Ho$V (H$) nVg§ñWm (S>) emim.

10. XmOrMo amZ eodQ>r H$moUr IaoXr Ho$co?

(A) AmÊUm (~) JUyXm (H$) ~Ý`m~mny (S>) ~mimgmho~.

CÎmao :-

1. (~) VoZ.

2. (~) Om°Z S>çwB©.

3. (S>) g_mOemñÌr`.

4. (~) am.^m.nmQ>UH$a.

5. (A) ZmaJw§S>r~m~m.

6. (A)e§H$a.

7. (A) AmÊUm.

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8. (~) MwcV^mD$.

9. (~) ~±Ho$V.

10. (H$) ~Ý`m~mny.


❒ A§VJ©V {dH$ënmgh XrKm}Îmar àíZ.

1. g_mOemñÌr` g_rjm nÕVrMo ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$am.

2. "Yyi_mVr' H$m§X~arVrc g_mOdmñVdmMo ñdê$n ñnîQ> H$am.

3. "Yyi_mVr' H$mX§~arVrc Ame`gyÌo g{dñVa {chm.

❒ cKwÎmar àíZ.

1. g_mOemñÌr` g_rjoÀ`m AmYmao VoZMo {dMma ñnîQ> H$am.

2. "Yyi_mVr' H$mX§~arMo H$WmZH$ {chm.

3. "Yyi_mVr' H$mX§~arVrc à_wI nmÌm§Mo dU©Z H$am.

2.12 A{YH$ dmMZ

1. {_ctX _mceo, AemoH$ Omoer (2013) : "AmYw{ZH$ g_rjm', _m¡O àH$meZ, _w§~B©.

2. {XJ§~a nmÜ o : ""gm{hË` g_mO Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr'', cmoH$dmL²>_` J¥h, Amd¥Îmr-2.

3. XÎmm nmQ>rc, {Zcoe eoiHo$ (2018) : ""g_H$mcrZ _amR>r gm{hË` : ñdê$n Am{Ug_rjm'', g§nm. ZmJZmW H$moVmn„o, à{V_m àH$meZ, nwUo.

(Q>rn : "Yyi_mVr' hr H$mX§~ar g_mOemñÌr` g_rjmnÕVrcm Zo_cocr Agë`mZo {Vcm nyaH$

dmMZmV ñWmZ Z XoVm "AmYmaJ«§W' `m gXamV ñWmZ Úm`cm hdo.)

1.13 nyaH$ dmMZ

1. Jmo_Q>oída nmQ>rc (2014) : ""_amR>r H$mX§~arMr Cn`mo{OV g_rjm'', X`m© àH$meZ,nwUo.

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2. H¥$îUmV ImoV (2014) : ""Yyi_mVr'', _m¡O àH$meZ J¥h, _w§~B©.

2.14 g§X^© J«§W

1. H¥$îUmV ImoV (2014) : "Yyi_mVr', _m¡O àH$meZ J¥h, _w§~B©, 2014.

2. adtÐ R>mHy$a d Z§XHw$_ma _moao (2011) : ""g_rjm nÕVr : {gÕmÝV Am{U Cn`moOZ'',nX²_J§Ym àH$meZ, nwUo.

3. Jmo._m.ndma Jm¡adJ«§W (2007) : ""gm{hË` Am{U g_mO'', g§nm.ZmJZmW H$moVmn„o,à{V_m àH$meZ, nwUo.

4. adtÐ R>mHy$a (2007) : ""_amR>r H$mX§~ar g_mOemñÌr` g_rjm'', {XcrnamO àH$meZ,nwUo.

5. lram_ Jw§XoH$a (1999) : ""J«m_rU gm{hË` : àoaUm d à`moOZ'', {XcrnamO àH$meZ,nwUo.

❏ ❏ ❏

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KQ>H$-3

Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjm

❏ Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjm-_mZgemó Am{U Am{X~§Y-{g½_§S> \«$m°BS>, gr.Oo. w§J

❏ _amR>rVrc Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjm

❏ Cn`mo{OV gm{hË`H¥$Vr-_mVrMo nm` (H$mì`g§J«h) a_oe B§Jio

3.1 C{ÔîQ>o

3.2 àmñVm{dH$

3.3 {df` {ddoMZ

3.3.1 Am{X~§Y : g§H$ënZm d ñdê$n

3.3.2 Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjmnÕVr

3.3.3 {_WH$, cmoH$ Am{U c{cV gm{hË` `m§Mm ghg§~§Y

3.3.4 àVrH$ (¡cCBdg) Am{U àVrH$m§Mm {_WH$m§er AgUmam g§~§Y

3.3.5 ñdßZ Am{U àVrH$ `m§Mm ghg§§~§Y

3.3.6 Am{X~§YmMm g§~§Y hm emídVVoer d gZmVZVoer

3.3.7 Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjmnÕVrMo A^maVr` Aä`mgH$

3.3.8 H$mc© JwñVmd w§J `m§Mo {ddoMZ

3.3.9 Omocm§ OmH$mo~r `m§Mo Am{X~§Ym{df`r {dícofU

3.3.10 E[aH$ Zm° _m°Z `m§Mo Am{X~§Ym{df`r {ddoMZ

3.3.11 Zm°W©an \«$m` `m§Mo {ddoMZ

3.3.12 _mVrMo nm` : Am{X~§YmË_H$ Aä`mg

3.3.13 Am{X~§YmË_H$ AmH$cZ

3.3.14 Xw:Imcm A{^ì`ŠV H$aUmè`m H${dVm

3.3.15 ZmË`m§_Yrc AmoT>mVmU ì`ŠV H$aUmè`m H${dVm

3.4 g_mamon/gmam§e

S>m°.{XZoe dmKw§~ao/~id§V H$m°coO,{dQ>m



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3.8 A{YH$ dmMZ

3.9 g§X © J«§W

3.1 C{ÔîQ>o

1. Am{X~§Y hr g§H$ënZm g_OyZ KoUo.

2. Am{X~§Y Am{U _mZgemó `m§Mm ghg§~§Y CcJSy>Z XmI{dUo.

3. Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjoMo ñdê$n d {dñVmamMo AmH$cZ H$aUo.

4. _amR>rVrc Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjoMm {dH$mg g_OyZ KoUo.

5. "_mVrMo nm`' `m H$mì`g§J«hmMo Am{X~§YmË_H$ AmH$cZ H$aUo.

3.2 àmñVm{dH$

àñVwV àH$aUm_Ü o Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjoMr g§H$ënZm, {VMm _mZgemómer AgUmam ghg§~§Y,

_amR>r g_rjo_Ü o Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjoda {c{hcoë`m coIZmMo AmH$cZ H$aUo Am{U "_mVrMo nm`'

`m H$mì`g§J«hmVrc Am{X~§YmMm emoY KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cocm Amho.

3.3 {df` {ddoMZ

3.3.1 Am{X~§Y : g§H$ënZm d ñdê$n

Am{X_mZdmcm Amcoë`m AZw dm§Zm Ë`mZo {Xcoco eãXê$n åhUOo àm¸$Wm hmo . `m àm¸$Wm§_Ü o

Am{X~§Y g_m{dîQ> Pmcoco AmhoV. Am{X_ AZw dm§Mr Vr ñdm^m{dH$ A{^ì`ŠVr hmoVr. ho Am{X~§Y

ñdßZ, {MÌ, gmjmËH$mam§À`m ê$nmV OmUdVmV. Am{X~§Y ho _`m©{XV AmhoV; na§Vw Ë`mMr A{^ì`ŠVr

_mÌ doJdoJù`mm ñdê$nmV ghOnUo OmUdVo. g¥îQ>rVrc JyT>-JhZ KQ>Zm, à{H«$`m§Zm Am{X_ _mZdmZo

{Xcocm hm n{hcmd{hcm à{VgmX hmo . AVH$m©À`m nmVirda AZw dm§Zm gm_moao OmVmZm {Xcocr

ñdm^m{dH$ à{V{H«$`m åhUOo Am{X~§Y hmo . hr JyT>Vm {demc ñdê$nmV OmUdVo. _mZdr _ZmÀ`m

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{d{dY AdñWm§_Ü o ho Am{X~§Y {Z_m©U Pmcoco AmhoV. Ë`m_wio Ë`mV Jw§VmJw§Vhr OmUdVo. {deof åhUOo

gm_y{hH$ AMoVZoÀ`m nmVirda ho hñVm§V[aV hmoVmV Am{U Om{UdoÀ`m nmVirda àVrH$ê$n YmaU

H$aVmV. OrdZmÀ`m Am{X_ AdñWoMo Vo AmH¥${V~§Y AgVmV. w§J hm Am{X~§Ymcm VH©$nyd© _ZmMo B§{Ð`

_mZVmo. AmUIr EH$m {R>H$mUr Ë`mZo Am{X~§Y åhUOo ghOàd¥ÎmtMo {MÎmê$n hmo Ago åhQ>coco Amho.

(Hw$cH$Uu, 1982 : 139) w§J `m§À`m _Vo, gm_y{hH$ A~moY _ZmVë`m H$mhr JmoîQ>r g~moY _ZmÀ`m

H$joV H$Yrhr oV ZgVmV. `m gm_y{hH$ _ZmVrc Ðì`mg "Am{X~§Y' Ago åhUVmV. Am{X~§Y åhUOo

_Zwî`mÀ`m gm`H$sVrc ghOàoaUm§Mr AmË_{MÌo. A~moY _ZmÀ`m {MÌ^mfoV Am{X~§Y ho àVrH$mË_H$

{MÌê$nmV AmT>iVmV. (JUmoaH$a, S>hmHo$, daIoS>o, 2001 : 160) Am{Xà{V_m YmaU H$aUmè`m

H$mì`m_Yrc n[aUm_H$maH$ àH$Q>rH$aUmcm à{VgmX XoVmZm a{gH$-_ZmV AJXr Am{X_ ñdê$nmMo (_yc

^md~§YmgmaIo) Oo H$mhr MoV{dco-Mmi{dco OmVo, Ë`mMm {ZX}e H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~m°S>{H$Z `m§Zr "Am{X~§Y'

hr g§km dmnacr Amho. (nmQ>rc, 1981 : 76) àVrHo$ hr Am{X~§YmMr ì`ŠV .í`mË_H$Vm hmo .

{nT>çm-{nT>çmVyZ g§H«${_V hmoV Agcoë`m Ag§»` AZw dm§Mo _mZ{gH$ Adeof qH$dm _yi AmH¥${V~§YåhUOo Am{X~§Y hmo , Ago J§JmYa nmQ>rc `m§Mo _V Amho. (JUmoaH$a, S>hmHo$, daIoS>o, 2001 : 160)

dmL²>_`rZ Ame` Am{U àVrH$ê$n dñVy `m§À`mVrc JwUgmYå`m©Mr EH$ê$nVm ho àVrH$m§Mo d¡{eîQ>ç

Amho. àVrHo$ _wimV à{V_mM AgVmV; na§Vw à{V_oBVHo$ Vo ^mdì §OH$ ^mdZoZo ^macoco ZgVmV.

gm§Ho${VH$ d àmg§{JH$ àVrH$m§IoarO H$mhr àVrHo$ d¡pídH$ AgVmV. hr àVrHo$ g_mOmÀ`m ^md{ZH$,

d¡Mm[aH$, g§H$ënZmË_H$ AZw dm§Mo à{V{Z{YËd H$aVmV. gm_y{hH$ {ZíMoVZmVrc Ðì`m§Zm Am{X~§Y Ago

Zmd Amho. Ë`m _m¡{IH$ à{V_m AgVmV. Am{X~§Y AÑí` AgVmV. S>m°. _. gw. nmQ>rc `m§À`m _Vo,

""ho Am{X~§Y Ame`ÑîQ>çm nyd©{Z`V ZgVmV. Ë`m§Mo aMZmË_H$ A§J _mÌ ~aoMgo nyd©{Z`V AgVo.

Am{dîH$ma AmZwd§{eH$ ZgVmo. Ë`mMo aMZmË_H$ A§J _mÌ AmZwd§{eH$ AgVo. ho AmH¥${V~§Y ì`ŠVrÀ`m

Zìho Va nyd©Om§Zm Amcoë`m EH$mM àH$maÀ`m AJ{UV AZw dm§À`m aoIm hmoV. Ë`m§Zm a§Jê$n àmßV hmoVo.

Vo d¡ pŠVH$ OrdZ OJVmV. Ago OJVmZmM Am{X~§Y ho Ame`nyU© hmoVmV. hm Ame` ì`pŠVnaËdo

doJim AgVmo.'' (JUmoaH$a, S>hmHo$, daIoS>o, 2001 : 108) Am{X~§Y Am{U Am{X~§YmË_H$ à{V_m-àVrHo$ EH$mMdoir AZoH$ nmVù`mm§da CX² dV AgVmV. Am{X~§Y CËñ\y$V©nUo ì`ŠV hmoVmV qH$dm

{d{eîQ> ì`ŠVrÀ`m Om{UdoÀ`m g§X^m©V Vo {ZíMoVZmMm Am{dîH$ma åhUyZ ì`ŠV hmoVmV. Voìhm Vo

ì`pŠV{Zanoj AWdm g_yh{Zanoj H$m © H$aVmV. _mÌ Vo gm_y{hH$ Zo{UdoÀ`m {Zanoj ZgVmV. d§e,

cmoH$g_yh, Eo{Vhm{gH$ wJ, àË`j pñWVr `m§À`mer Ë`m§Mm g§~§Y AgVmoM. "Am{X~§Y åhUOo EH$

dmL²>_`rZ àVrH$ AWdm àVrH$m§Mm nw§O hmo . hr àVrHo$ dmL²>_`mV nwZ:nwÝhm oV AgVmV.' X. J.

JmoS>go `m§Zr `m g§X^m©V g{dñVa {ddoMZ Ho$coco Amho. Vo {c{hVmV, ""_mZd åhUyZ ApñVËd àmßV

Pmë`mnmgyZ Am{U Ë`m nyduÀ`mhr AdñWonmgyZ _mZd AZ§V wJm§VyZ Ag§»` àH$maMo AZw d KoV

Amcm Amho. ho gmao AZw d _mZdmÀ`m _ZmVrc Cn[a{Z{X©îQ> ñVaì`dñWoV gVV gmR>{dco OmVmV. `m

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AZw dm§À`m agm`ZmVyZ _mZdmÀ`m g_yh_ZmV EH$ ì`m{_l ^md{díd C_Q>co OmVo. `m ^md{dídmVyZ

ñ\w$acoco OrdZ-àoaUm§Mo, BÀN>m-AmH$m§jm§Mo, {dMma-dmgZm§Mo, ^mdZm-H$ënZm§Mo AZoH$ _mZ{gH$ ñVa

Am{U Ag§»` H$ën~rOo _mZdmÀ`m gm_y{hH$ Zo{UdoÀ`m AWm§J ñVamV Imocda OmD$Z ê$OVmV.

AZm{XH$mimnmgyZ hr ~rOo VoWo _mZdmÀ`m AZ§V {nT>çmmVyZ gmVË`mZo ê$OV Amcocr AmhoV. hr

H$ën~rOo gMoVZ Agë`m_wio Zo{UdoMm ñVahr gMoVZ ~ZVmo. H$ën~rOm§Mo M¡VÝ` hoM Ë`mMohr M¡VÝ`

R>aVo. `m M¡VÝ`mcm {ZpíMV AmH$ma, A§J ZgVo; nU Vo àdmhr diUm§Zr à^m[aV hmoV AgVo. hr diUo

à{V_mV AgVmV. `m J{V_mZVoV gmVË` AgVo d Ë`m§Mm ómoV AI§S> AgVmo. J{V_mZ Agë`m_wio

hr diUo daÀ`m ñVam§À`m amoImZo PonmdV AgVmV. ì`pŠVJV Zo{UdoÀ`m ñVam_YyZ _mJ© H$mTy>Z

Om{UdoÀ`m daÀ`m ñVamda nmohmoMÊ`mMr gVV YS>nS> H$arV AgVmV. Om{UdoÀ`m ñVamda nmohmoMë`mda

Om{UdoÀ`m H$m ©j_VoZwgma `m diUm§Zm AmH$ma {_iyZ eodQ>r Vr à{V_mê$nm§Zr gmH$maVmV. `m à{V_m

ê$nm§Zm Am{Xà{V_m åhUVmV Am{U `m à{V_m gm_y{hH$ Zo{UdoÀ`m Á`m diUmVyZ AmH$mamg oVmV. Ë`m

diUm§Zm Am{X~§Y åhUVmV.'' (JmoS>go, 1979 : 56 Vo 59) àm. J§JmYa nmQ>rc `m§À`m _Vo, Am{X~§YåhUOo EImÚm dñVyMo _ycê$n, _ycmH$ma qH$dm _yc AmH¥${V~§Y hmo . hm Am{X~§YmMm gd©gm_mÝ` AW©.

na§Vw `m Am{X~§Ymcm _mZdr _ZmÀ`m g§X^m©V EH$ {deof AW© Amho. Ë`mcm _Zmod¡km{ZH$ ñdê$nmMm

AW© Amho. Am{X~§YmMm hm _Zmod¡km{ZH$ AW© gm{hË`mÀ`m, H$coÀ`m d g_rjoÀ`m joÌmV d g§X^m©V

_hÎdmMm _mZcm OmVmo. Amnë`m _ZmVrc _yc OrdZàd¥ÎmtZm EImÚm {d{eîQ> à{V_oV gmH$ma d

g§K{Q>V H$aUmè`m Am{X_ ~§Ymcm Am{X~§Y Ago åhUVm oB©c. `m Am{X~§YmMo EH$ Q>moH$ _yc àd¥ÎmrV

éOcoco AgVo. Va Ë`mMo Xwgao Q>moH$ à{V_oV nmdcoco AgVo. _ycàd¥Îmr-Am{X~§Y-Am{Xà{V_m Agm

Am{X~§YmMm aMZm_yc àdmg AgVmo. Agm hm Am{X~§YmMm _Zmod¡km{ZH$ ñdê$nmMm AW©. hm _mZdr

_Zmer {ZJ{S>V AgUmam Am{X~§YmMm AW© gm{hË`, {MÌ, {eën AmXr H$cm§À`m d g_rjoÀ`m joÌmV

_hÎdmMm _mZcm OmVmo. (nmQ>rc, 1981 : 70, 71) àm.J§JmYa nmQ>rc `m§À`m _Vo, gm{hË`, {eën,

{MÌmXr H$cm§V Ooìhm Am{X~§YmMr H$ënZm dmnacr OmVo. Voìhm Vr H$moUË`mVar gmd©{ÌH$ ñdê$nmÀ`m

Am{X_ AmH¥${V~§YmMm {ZX}e H$arV AgVo. Am{X_Ëd, gmYmaUËd d gd©ñn{e©Ëd ho JwU{deof YmaUH$aUmè`m Am{U gmVË`mZo nwZamd{V©V hmoUmè`m nmÌ à{V_m, KQ>Zm, àg§J, ag^md, d¥Îmràd¥Îmr, H$Wm~§Y

BË`mXtÀ`m _yi AmH¥${V~§Ym§Zm gm{hË`JV AmH¥${V~§Y åhUVm oB©c. _mUyg Amnë`m g^modVrÀ`m

MamMa g¥îQ>rMo, ào_mÛofmXr _mZ{gH$ AdñWm§Mo {d{dY g_mO g§ñWm§Mo Ag§»` AZw d wJm wJmVyZ KoV

Amcm Amho Am{U Vo Amnë`m ^md{dídmV Imoc A§V^m©JmV gmR>{dV Amcm Amho. ho gmao AZw d

^mfm, {_W, H$cm `mgma»`m àVrH$g¥îQ>rÛmao {nT>çmmZ²{nT>çmm§VyZ g§H«${_V hmoV hmoV ì`ŠVrÀ`m d

g_mOmÀ`m ^md{dídmV àdoe H$aVmV d VoWo Vo AJXr Imocda ê$OVmV. Aem àH$mao {nT>çmmZ²{nT>çmm§VyZ

g§H«${_V hmoV Agcoë`m EH$mM àH$maÀ`m Ag§»` AZw d§mMo (g§ñH$maê$n) _mZ{gH$ Adeof qH$dm _yi

AmH¥${V~§Y åhUOo Am{X~§Y hmoV Am{U `m Am{X~§YmZm _yV© H$aUmè`m à{V_m åhUOo "Am{X~§Yê$n

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à{V_m' qH$dm "Am{Xà{V_m' hmoV.'' (nmQ>rc, 1981 : 67, 69) àm. S>m°. _. gw. nmQ>rc `m§À`m _Vo,

""Am{X~§Y åhUOo ñWycnUo _yi, Am{X_ AmH$ma hmoV. Am{X~§Y åhUOo VH©$nyd© _ZmMo B§{Ð` hmo .

Am{X~§Y ho A_yV© AgVmV. Ë`m§Mo Am{dîH$ma _mÌ _yV© AgVmV. Am{X~§Y ho AZw dmVyZ gmH$maVmV

Am{U ñ_¥Vt_Ü o gmR>dVmV. Am{X~§Y ho H$Yrhr Om{UdoÀ`m nmVirda oV ZmhrV. ghOàd¥ÎmtMo

{MÌê$n åhUOo Am{X~§Y hmo . Á`m§Zm AmnU Iè`m AWm©Zo ghOàd¥Îmr åhUVmo Ë`m emara àoaUm

AgVmV Am{U kmZ|{Ð`m§Zm OmUdVmV; na§Vw Ë`mM~amo~a Ë`m H$ënZm{dídmVhr Am{dîH¥$V hmoVmV Am{U

Amncr CnpñWVr àVrH$mË_H$ ê$nmZo àH$Q> H$aVmV. `mcmM Am{X~§Y åhUVmV. Ë`m§Mo _yi AkmV

AgVo Am{U Vo H$moUË`mhr doir OJmVrc H$moUË`mhr ^mJmV nwÝhm nwÝhm Amd¥Îm hmoV AgVmV. Am{X~§Y

åhUOo nyd©Om§Zm Amcoë`m AJ{UV AZw dm§À`m aoIm hmoV.'' (nmQ>rc, 1989 : 12, 13, 61) `m.

dm. dS>ñH$a `m§Zr w§JMo _V Zm|X{dcoco Amho. gm_y{hH$ {ZíMoVZmÀ`m {gÕmÝVmZwgma Am{X~§Y Aì`ŠV

d Ako AgVmV. Ë`m§Mm gd©àW_ Am{dîH$ma hmoVmo Vmo ñdßZo, H$ënZm{MÌo d ÑîQ>m§V qH$dm gmjmËH$ma

`m§À`m_YyZ. `m _mÜ`_m_YyZ ì`ŠV hmoUmè`m gd©M à{V_m dm àVrHo$ Am{X~§YmË_H$ ZgVmV; na§Vw

Am{X~§YmÀ`m gd©àW_ A{^ì`ŠVrMr _mÜ`_o _mÌ hrM AgVmV.'' (dmS>ñH$a, 1988 : 96, 97)

`mMmM AW© Am{X~§Ym§Mm g§~§Y hm Am{X_mÀ`m gm_y{hH$ Zo{UdoÀ`m ñdamer OmoS>cm Jocm Amho. Ë`mMo

VH©$nyd© AZw d hoM Am{X~§Y, _yc~§Y _mZco Jococo AmhoV.

Am{X~§Y _mZdr Om{UdoÀ`m H$joV oVmo Vmo àVrH$mÀ`m nmVirda. àVrHo$ hr Am{X~§YmMr ì`ŠV

Ñí`mË_H$Vm hmo . Á`m {MÌ-nmVirda Am{X~§Y MoVZmcm Ñ{îQ>JmoMa hmoVmV, Vr àVrH$mMr nmVir

AgVo. àVrH$mË_ à{V_m hr Am{X~§YmMr à{Vê$no AgVmV, Ë`mhÿZ Am{X~§Y doJim AgVmo. Am{X~§YmMo

à{Vê$nU hmoD$M eH$V Zmhr. Am{X~§Y ho "AÑí`' AgVmV. `m g§X^m©V J§JmYa nmQ>rc `m§Zr

nwT>rcà_mUo ñnîQ>rH$aU Ho$co Amho : "_mUyg Amnë`m g^modVrÀ`m MamMa g¥îQ>rMo, ào_-ÛofmXr

_mZ{gH$ AdñWm§Mo, {d{dY g_mO-g§ñWm§Mo Ag§»` AZw d wJm wJm§VyZ KoV Amcm Amho. Am{U Vo

Amnë`m ^md{dídmV Imoc A§V^m©JmV gmR>drV Amcm Amho. ho gmao AZw d ^mfm, {_W, H$cm

`m§gma»`m àVrH$g¥îQ>rÛmao {nT>çm{nT>çm§VyZ g§H«${_V hmoV hmoV ì`ŠVrÀ`m d g_mOmÀ`m ^md{dídmV

àdoe H$aVmV; d VoWo Vo AJXr Imocda éOVmV. Aem àH$mao {nT>çmmZ{nT>çmm§VyZ g§H«${_V hmoV

Agcoë`m EH$mM àH$maÀ`m Ag§»` AZw dm§Mo (g§ñH$maê$n) _mZ{gH$ Adeof qH$dm _yc AmH¥${V~§Y

åhUOo Am{X~§Y hmoV. Am{U `m Am{X~§Ym§Zm _yV© H$aUmè`m à{V_m åhUOo "Am{X~§Yê$n à{V_m' qH$dm

"Am{X-à{V_m' hmoV. ór-nwéf, _mVm-Am{X_mVm, Ka-Jwhm, d¥j-njr, Xod-X¡Ë` BË`mXtÀ`m Am{X~§Yê$n

à{V_m ñdßZo, {_Wg², ÑîQ>mÝV, gm{hË`mXr H$cm `m§_YyZ àH$Q> Pmcoë`m {XgyZ oVmV.' _. gw. nmQ>rc

`m§Zr w§JMr "Am{X~§Y' hr g§H$ënZm nwT>rcà_mUo ñnîQ> Ho$cr Amho : "`m Am{X~§YmMr OmUrd AmnUmg

_ZmV qH$dm H$cmg¥îQ>rV Amd¥Îm hmoUmè`m {d{eîQ> à{V_m§dê$Z hmoVo. `m à{V_m§Zm w§JZo Am{X_ à{V_m

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Ago åhQ>co Amho. Ë`m§Mo ñdê$n ~aoMgo AgVmV. Am{X~§Y ho _yV© Zgco Var Ë`m§À`m Am{dîH$maH$

à{V_m dm H$ënZm `m _yV© AgVmV. ømm à{V_m åhUOo _mZdmZo Amnë`m ApñVËdH$chmV Am{U `m

OJmer OwiVo KoÊ`mÀ`m YS>nS>rV Oo hOmamo df} AZw d KoVco Ë`m§Mo {Zjon hmoV.' _amR>r gm{hË`mV

N>m`m hm Am{X~§Y Or.E. Hw$cH$Uu `m§À`m H$Wm§VyZ, ImZmocH$am§À`m coIZm§VyZ emoYVm oVmo. A{Z_m

hm Am{X~§Y nwéfmoÎm_ {edam_ aoJo, {M. Í §. ImZmocH$a `m§À`m gm{hË`mVyZ A{Z_mMr {^Þ-{^Þ ê$no

AmT>iVmV. d¥Õ AmßV hm Am{X~§Y nw. {e. aoJo, Jm¡ar Xoenm§S>o, Or. E. Hw$cH$Uu `m§À`m coIZmV hm

Am{X~§Y emoYVm oVmo.

Am{X~§Y ho àVrH$m§_YyZ Ogo ì`ŠV hmoVmV; VgoM Vo à{V_m§_YyZhr ì`ŠV hmoV AgVmV. H${dVm

`m dmL²>_` àH$mamV Vo A{YH$ àH$fm©Zo AmnUmcm OmUdy cmJVo. qH$~hþZm à{V_mg¥îQ>r hm H${dVoMm

Jm^mM AgVmo, Ago åhUUohr g§ wpŠVH$ R>aoc. H${dVoMr ^mfm hr à{V_m§MrM ^mfm AgVo. Ë`m_wio

àË oH$ H$dr `m Am{X~§YmË_H$ àVrH$mcm Amnë`m H${dVoV à{V_m§Mr OmJm XoV OmVmo.

Am{X~§YmË_H$ à{V_m§Mo d¡{eîQ>çm§ Ago H$s Ë`m§Zr _mZdr _ZmÀ`m Am{X_, àmH¥${VH$ ^md{dídmcmñne© H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. åhUOoM Ë`m§À`m R>m`r Am{X_Vm AgVo. åhUOo _mZdr _ZmMm Omo _yi

OrdZàd¥ÎmtMm Am{X_ ñdê$nmMm Omo Ag§k ^mJ AgVmo Vmo `m à{V_m gmH$ma H$arV AgVmV. åhUyZ

Ë`m§À`m A§Jr Am{X_Vm hm JwUY_© oVmo. VgoM `m Am{Xà{V_m§Zm gm_mÝ` d gmYmaU JwUY_© cm^cocm

AgVmo. Ë`mMà_mUo `m à{V_m§Mm Ame`-AW© gd©ñneu, {dídñneu Agm AgVmo. `m Am{X~§YmË_H$

à{V_m _mZdmÀ`m _yi OrdZàd¥Îmter AVyQ>nUo OmoS>coë`m Agë`mZo Ë`m gm{hË`m_Ü o, H$cmH¥$Vt_Ü o

AZoH$ H$mcI§S>m§VyZ Zdr, ~XcVr ê$no YmaU H$arV nwZ: nwZ: gmVË`mZo AdVaV AgVmV. åhUyZ

Am{X_Ëd, gmYmaUËd Am{U {dídñn{e©Ëd Ago `m à{V_m§Mo VrZ {deof gm§{JVco OmVmV. (nmQ>rc,

1981 : 72).

à{V_mg¥îQ>r hm H${dVoMm Jm^m AgVmo, Agohr åhQ>co OmVo. à{V_m åhUOo eãXm§VyZ {Z_m©U

hmoUmao {MÌ. ê$nH$, Cn_m `m§VyZ {MÌo {Z_m©U hmoV AgVmV AWdm EImÚm dmŠàMmamVyZ {MÌ àË``mg

oD$ eH$Vo. eãX, Amoir, H$S>dr, Yw«dnX, g_m§VaVm, Vmc, c`, N>§X Am{U à{V_m, àVrH$, ê$nH$,

{_W, Am{X~§Y BË`mXr KQ>H$m§Mr g§KQ>Zm åhUOo H${dVm. `mH$mo~gZ `m§À`m gyÌmZwgma H${dVoÀ`m

AmoitVrc eãX, Vmc, c`, à{V_m, àVrH$ BË`mXtMr {ZdS> Am{U OwiUr `m§V ê$nH$mMo VÎd

(g__yë`VoMo, gmYå ©-d¡Yå`m©Mo VÎd) H$m ©aV AgVo. ^mfoMo ho H$mì`mË_ H$m © OoWo à^mdrnUo

àË``mcm oVo Aem aMZocm H${dVm åhQ>co OmVo. (JUmoaH$a, S>hmHo$, daIoS>o, 2001 : 164 Vo 166)

à{V_oÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çmm§_Ü o B§{Ð`g§doÚVm, àgaUercVm, ê$nH$mË_H$Vm, AZw d_yë`, g§KQ>Z_yë`,

g|{Ð`Vm ho Ogo {deof AmhoV; VgoM Ë`mV à{V_m§Mmhr g_mdoe hmoVmo. à{V_oVrc AZw dmÀ`m

ñdê$nd¡{eîQ>çmmdê$Z à{V_m§Mo "Am{Xà{V_m', "ñdßZà{V_m' Ago àH$ma nS>VmV. CXmhaUmW©, nwZO©Ý_mMm

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AZw d ì`ŠV H$aUmè`m A§Yma`mÌm, Oc`mÌm `m àH$maÀ`m Am{X_ AZw yVrMm àË`` XoUmè`m à{V_m§Zm

"Am{Xà{V_m' åhUVmV. A{VdmñVddmXr coIZe¡crV "Am°Q>mo_°{Q>H$ B_oOar' åhUyZ VH©$g§JV ZgUmè`m

"ñdßZ à{V_m§'Mm {dnwc dmna AmT>iVmo. (JUmoaH$a, S>hmHo$, daIoS>o, 2001 : 269, 270) àVrH$m§Mm

g§~§Y {_WH$m§er, àmŠH$Wm§er _moR>çmm à_mUmV Amho. H${dVoVrc H$mhr eãX à{V_mê$n, H$mhr àVrH$ê$n

AgVmV. g~§Y H${dVm àVrH$mË_H$ Agy eH$Vo. H${dVoVrc eãXg_yhmVyZ EImÚm {_WH$mMm (àm¸$WoMm)

~moY hmoVmo; g~§Y H${dVoVyZ EImÚm Am{X~§YmMm Am{dîH$ma hmoVmo. EImÚm H$drÀ`m {d{dY H${dVm§VyZ

EH$ qH$dm AZoH$ Am{X~§Y àH$Q>VmV. CXmhaUmW©, Ho$edgwVm§À`m H${dVm§VyZ draZm`H$mMm, nw.{e.aoooJo

`m§À`m H${dVm§VyZ amYoMm, _T>}H$am§À`m H${dVm§VyZ {dXyfH$mMm, {Xcrn nwéVmofÎm_ {MÌo `m§À`m H${dVm§VyZ

nwéf-àH¥$VrMm, J«og `m§À`m H${dVm§VyZ _mVoMm.

S>m°. am. qM. T>oao `m§Zr "c‚mmJm¡ar', "lr VwiOm^dmZr' `m XmoZ J«§Wm§VyZ Am{X_mVm-Am{XeŠVr

`m Am{X~§YmMm emoY KoVcocm {XgVmo. Ë`m§À`mM "lr {dR²R>c : EH$ _hmg_Ýd`' Am{U "X{jUoMm

cmoH$Xod lr I§S>mo~m' `m J«§WmVyZ "draZm`H$m'Mm Am{X~§Y emoYcm Amho. (R>mHy$a, _moao, 2011 : 218)

S>m°. Vmam ^dmiH$a Amnë`m "Am{X~§Y, AmdV©H$ H$ënZm~§Y, H$Wm§Mo gmMo Am{U cmoH$gm{hË`'

`m coImV {c{hVmV, Am{X~§Y, AmdV©H$~§Y Am{U H$Wm§Mo gmMo `m H$ënZm àm_w»`mZo _mZgemómer

g§~§{YV Aem AmhoV. hr gd© _mZdr OrdZmVrc ApñVËdmÀ`m IwUm XmIdUmè`m A~moY g_yh_ZmMr

{H$_`m Amho. ì`ŠVrÀ`m XS>ncoë`m ^mdZm `m eodQ>r ñdßZm§VyZ qH$dm àVrH$m§VyZ ì`ŠV hmoVmV. hr

àVrHo$ H$Yr emãX Va H$Yr Ñí` ñdê$nmVrc AgVmV. hr Or ñdßZ§ dm AMoVZ _ZmMo JyT> ì`dhma

AgVmV. Ë`mVyZM Am{X~§YmMr {Z{_©Vr hmoV AgVo. AmH}$ = Am{X-åhUOo àma§ rMo qH$dm _yc (_yi)

Am{U ~§Y (Q>mBn) åhUOo aMZm§Mo AmH$ma. Am{X~§Y åhUOo EImXm _yi AmH¥${V~§Y! AWm©V ho

AmH¥${V~§Y _mZ{gH$ Agë`mZo A_yV©M AgVmV. _mÌ Vo Am{X_ AZw dm§Mo AmH$ma g_yh_ZmÀ`m

Vimer AgVmV. `m AZw dm§Mr {Z{_©Vr Am{X_ AdñWoVrc _mZd-{ZgJ© g§~§YmVyZ Pmcr Amho.

Am{X~§Ym§Mo R>amdrH$ gmMo AgÊ`mnojm {d{eîQ> à{V_m§_Ü o _mZdr AZw dmÀ`m _ycÐì`mMr aMZm

H$aÊ`mMr Vr àd¥Îmr AgVo. EH$narZo Vo {Od§V _mZ{gH$ epŠVàdmhm§À`m nmÌmgmaIo AgVmV.

gd©ñn{e©Vm Am{U ñWcH$mcmVrc gmd©{ÌH$Vm hr Am{X~§YmMr XmoZ A§J yV d¡{eîQ>çmo AmhoV. åhUOo

Am{X~§Y gd© àH$maÀ`m _mZdr g_yhmV gd©Ì AgVmV. gd©H$mi AgVmV. _mZdr g_yhmÀ`m ñdßZo,

H$cm, àmŠH$Wm, Y_©{dYr `m gdmªÀ`mÛmao Am{X~§Y Am{dîH¥$V hmoVmV. ho Am{dîH$ma A~moY g_yh_ZmÀ`m

Am{X_ AdñWonmgyZÀ`m g§{MV AZw dm§Mr ì`ŠV ê$no AgVmV. ho AZw d Z¡g{J©H$nUo _mZdOmVrcm

{_imcoë`m dmaemgmaIo AgVmV. Aem àH$mao Am{X~§Y (AZw dm§Mo _yi gmMo) ho _mZdOmVrcm

{_imcoë`m _mZgà{H«$ oMo à{V{Z{YËd H$aVmV, Vo Z¡g{J©H$nUo {_iVmV Am{U Vo d¡pídH$ àd¥ÎmtMm

Am{dîH$ma H$aVmV. Vo àË`j H$moUË`mVar ê$nmZo - CXm. H$Wm, {dYr, BË`mXtÛmam ì`ŠV Pmë`mIoarO

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H$moUVmhr àVrH$mË_H$ Ame` YmaU H$arV ZmhrV. Am{X~§Y `m A~moY g_yh MoVZoÀ`m A{^ì`ŠVrÀ`m

eŠ`Vm AgVmV. Ë`m ì`ŠV hmoVmV, Voìhm H$mcg§X^m©V Ë`m§Zm AW©nyU©Vm oVo. hr A{^ì`ŠVr

àVrH$mÛmam hmoVo. H$cmd§VmMr H$ënZmeŠVr àVrH$ {Z{_©Vr H$aVo d Ë`m_mJMr àoaUm Am{X~§YmÀ`m

gm_Ï`m©Mr AgVo. Zo{UdoVë`m Am{X AZw dmVë`m à{V_m ~møm-Om{UdoÀ`m ñVamda AmUyZ Ë`m§Mo ZmVo

OmoS>Ê`mMo H$m_ H$ënZmeŠVr H$aVo - Oo _wimVM ZgVo Ago H$mhr H$ënZm {Z_m©U H$arV Zmhr. EH$m

narZo gm{hË` d H$cm `m§À`mÛmao _Zwî` Amnë`m g_J«VoMm ñWcH$mcmVrV EH$mË_VoMm emoY KoV

AgVmo. EImXm cmoH$moÎma H$cmd§V Am{X_ à{V_m§Mm g_W©nUo Cn`moJ H$ê$Z KoVmo. g_yhOrdZmVyZ ì`ŠV

hmoUmè`m Am{X~§YmMo ê$n ho ghàd¥{Îm_ycH$ dV©ZmgmaIo AgVo. Am{X AZw d g_yhOrdZmV ì`ŠV

hmoÊ`mgmR>r gd© epŠV{Zer OUy AmVyZ YS>H$m _marV AgVmV Am{U _J Ë`m§Zm H$Wm, X¡dVo, {dYr

BË`mXrÛmam _mJ© {_iVmo. gm_y{hH$ ZoUrd gm_y{h Om{Udoer ZmVo OmoS>Vo; Vo à{V_m§ÛmaoM! `m à{V_m

Zo{UdoVë`m gm_y{hH$ à{V_m AgVmV. Ë`m àË`j Am{dîH¥$V Pmë`m, H$s Ë`m§Zm AW© àmßV hmoVmo. Ë`m§Zr

_mV¥ËdmMr Am{Xà{V_m, draZm`H$mMr Am{Xà{V_m Am{U d¥Õ AmßVmÀ`m Am{Xà{V_m§Mo Am{X~§YmË_H$

{dícofU Ho$coco Amho. nwT>o Ë`m {c{hVmV, Am{X~§Ym§Mr A{^ì`ŠVr {Za{Zamù`mm ê$nm§Zr hmoV AgVo

d Vr ê$no cmoH$H$Wm, àmŠH$Wm `mVyZ nwZ: nwÝhm AmdV©H$ nÕVrZo oV AgVmV. Aem nwZ: nwÝhm

oUmè`m ê$nm§Mo H$mhr _yi gmMo AmdV©H$ H$ënZm~§Y hmoV. XoeH$mc n[apñWVrZwgma Ë`m§Mm Vnerc

~Xccm, Var Ë`mÀ`m _wimer Agcoco Am{X~§YmMo VÎd H$m`_ AgVo. _mV¥ËdmÀ`m Am{X~§YmÀ`m

gO©H$ d g§ajH$ à{V_m§Mo Am{dîH$aU {d{dY ê$nm§Zr hmoVo. _hmcú_r, _hmgañdVr hr Ë`m§Mr gm¡å`

em§V X¡dV ê$no AgVmV. ào_i AmB©, eoOmarU, AmOr, _moR>r ~hrU, d{hZr, amZmV ~odmaer _wcmcm

XyY nmOUmar Jm`, new-njr Aem AZoH$ ê$nm§Mr AmdV©Zo EH$M AmÚà{V_m ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mgmR>r

nwZ:nwÝhm hmoVmV. `mCcQ> {dZmeH$ _mV¥ËdmMm Am{X~§Y _arAmB©, gQ>dmB©, nyVZm Aem CnÐdH$mar

XodVm§VyZ ì`ŠV hmoVmo. Va AÝ` H$Wm§_Ü o gmdÌ AmB©, N>iUmar, gdV, XwîQ> ór, MoQ>H$sU Aem nwZ:

nwÝhm oUmè`m ór à{V_m§VyZ ì`ŠV hmoVmo. (^dmiH$a, 2009 : 127 Vo 133)

S>m°. Vmam ^dmiH$a {c{hVmV, cmoH$gm{hË`mV nwZ:nwÝhm H$mhr H$Wm§Mo gmMo (O§g_ OcM_)

`oVmV. VgoM H$mhr H$ënZm~§Y (motif) àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ AmOn ªV nwZ: nwÝhm H$m oVmV, `m àíZmMo

CÎma g_yh_ZmÀ`m ApñVËdmÀ`m H$ënZoV Amho. BVHo$M Zìho Va _mZdmÀ`m ApñVËdmÀ`m AJXr

Am{XH$mimnmgyZMo H$mhr H$ënZm~§Y _mZdr _ZmV KQ²Q> ê$OyZ ~gco AmhoV. A{VàmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ

AJXr AmOdaÀ`m gm{hË`mV Ë`m§n¡H$s H$mhr H$ënZm~§Y dma§dma oVmV. `mMo H$maU H$m`, Agm emoY

KoVmZm nwÝhm Zo{UdoVë`m g_yh_ZmMo ApñVËd Ü`mZmV ¿`mdoM cmJVo. Zìho Vo _yc yV _mZmdo cmJVo.

_mZdmÀ`m AmÚmdñWonmgyZ g_mO_ZmV ê$OyZ ~gcoco ho Oo Am{XH$ënZm~§Y (arche type) AmhoV

Ë`mVyZ A^m{dVnUo {Z_m©U Pmcoë`m gm{hË`H¥$VtMr g_rjm H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am{XH$ënZm~§YmË_H$ g_rjm

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(architypal criticism) {dMma nwT>o Amcm - hm g_rjmjoÌmVrc AÚ`mdV {dMma g_Ocm OmVmo.`m

Am{X~§YmÀ`m ApñVËdH$ënZo_wio Va AZoH$ Xw~m}Y g_Oë`m OmUmè`m H$Wm§Mm, MmcrarVtMmhr CcJS>m

hmoD$ eH$Vmo. (^dmiH$a,2009:29)

Am{X~§Y Am{U Am{X~§YmË_H$ à{V_m-àVrHo$ EH$mM doir AZoH$ nmVù`mm§da CX² dV AgVmV.

Ë`m_wio EH$m {d{eîQ> Am{X~§YmMr aMZm ñnîQ> H$aUo AdKS> AgVo. AZoH$ AmH$ma, à{V_m, àVrHo$,

Ñ{îQ>H$moU, n¡cy, g§H$ënZm EH$mM doir {Z_m©U hmoV AgVmV; Ë`mVë`m H$mhr EH$_oH$s¨_Ü o ga{_giyZ

OmVmV, Va H$mhr dJië`m OmVmV. gm_y{hH$ Om{Udm Ë`m wJmVë`m Ym{_©H$, Z¡{VH$, H$cmË_H$,

emór` Am{U gm_m{OH$ YmaUm-lÕm§_YyZ ì`ŠV hmoV AgVo. na§Vw `m gdmªÀ`m g_moa Agcocr Cƒ

_yë o hr Zo{UdoVrc AmYma y_rda A{Y{ð>V AgVmV. Ë`m§Mo ñdê$n Am{X~§YmË_H$ AgVo. H$cmd§Vm§À`m

g_H$mcrZm§À`m {ZíMoVZmV Am{X~§Y CnpñWV AgVmV d H$m © H$arV AgVmV. H$moUË`mhr wJmV,

H$moUË`mhr H$mimV gm§ñH¥${VH$ àdmh ho A~moY à{V_m, àVrHo$ Am{U Am{X~§Y `m§Zr {ZYm©[aV Ho$coco

AgVmV. H$cmd§V ñdV:À`m g§ñH¥$Vr_Yrc Cƒ, ì`pŠV{Zanoj _yë`m§Zm ì`ŠV H$arV AgVmoM,

Ë`mM~amo~a Ë`mÀ`m {ZíMoVZmVrc Ame`Ðì`mcmhr AmH$ma XoV AgVmo. `m {ZíMoVZmVrc Ame`Ðì`mcmhr

AmH$ma XoV AgVmo. `m g§X^m©V _. gw. nmQ>rc `m§Mo {ddoMZ nwT>rcà_mUo Amho : "ì`pŠV_ZmÀ`m Iyn

ncrH$S>o OmUmar EH$ gO©H$ eŠVr H$dr_Ü o OUy _wIa hmoVo. gm_y{hH$ {ZíMoVZmÀ`m à^mdmImcr

Agcoë`m H$drV Á`m à{V_m C\$miyZ oVmV Am{U Oo JmUo eãXm{dîH$mamV AdVaVo, Vo OUy gmè`m

_mZdr g§ñH¥$VrMo gO©Zj_ Am{XH$maU ~ZVo. _mZdr _Zm§Vrc {ZUm© H$ EH$mË_VoÀ`m `m A§Ymè`m

K{Q>Vm_YyZM OUy gd© Y_©, H$cm, MmcrarVr `m§Mo gmaê$n C{XV hmoVo. Aem H$cmH¥$Vr H$_rA{YH$

n[anyU© ê$nmV coIH$mÀ`m coIUrVyZ àdm{hV hmoVmV; Ë`mcm Ë`m PnmQy>Z Q>mH$VmV. Ë`m Amnco ê$n

Amnë`m gmo~VM KoD$Z AdVaVmV. Aem H$cmH¥$Vr gm_y{hH$ {ZíMoVZmVyZ C{XV hmoVmV.' Ago nmQ>rc

`m§Mo åhQ>co Amho. `mMm AW© gm_y{hH$ {ZíMoVZmÀ`m à^mdmVyZ H$dr Amncr H$cmH¥$Vr OÝ_mcm KmcV

AgVmo. Ë`mÀ`m à^mdmVyZ Ë`mÀ`m H${d_ZmMr _yg V`ma Pmcocr AgVo. Am{U Ë`m à_mUoM Vmo

Amncr A{^ì`ŠVr H$aV AgVmo. gm_y{hH$ {ZíMoVZmVrc OrdZ_yë o hrM Ë`mÀ`m H${dVoMr OrdZ_yë o

~ZV OmVmV. Ë`mVyZM Vmo Amnë`m H${dVoMr Z¡{VH$ OS>U-KS>U H$aV OmVmo. {Vcm H$cmË_H$Vm àmßV

H$ê$Z XoVmo. ho Ü`mZmV KoVco nm{hOo.

3.3.2 Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjmnÕVr

Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjmnÕVr hr dmL²>_`rZ H$cmH¥$VrMm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mMr ZdrZ nÕVr Amho.

hr nÕVr ê$ndma Am{U g_mOna§nam BË`mXrer {ZJ{S>V ñdê$nmMr Amho. d§e{MÝhmË_H$, {Xì`H$WmË_H$

Am{U {d{Y{dYmZmË_H$ Aä`mgnÕVr Aerhr Zmdo `m Aä`mgnÕVrg Amho. \«o$Pa `m§À`m "X JmoëS>Z

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~mD$', Zm°W©an \«$m` `m§À`m "A°Zm°Q>m°_r Am°\$ {H«${Q>{gP_', "\o$~ëg Am°\$ Am`S>|{Q>Q>r', _m°S> ~m°S>{H$Z

`m§À`m, "AmH$s©Q>m`nc A°ÊS> X H$copŠQ>ìh AZH$m°Ýgg' B. J«§Wm§Zr hr Aä`mgnÕVr ê$T> Ho$cocr Amho.

`m Aä`mgnÕVr_Ü o gyú_g§{hVmdmMZ Amdí`H$ AgVo. gm¢X ©_yë`m§nojm gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yë`m§Zm A{YH$

_hÎd AgVo. _yc yV gm§ñH¥${VH$ AmH¥${V~§Y _hÎdmMo R>aVmV. EdT>oM Zìho Va `mVw{dÚm d Y_©

`m§À`mer Vr g§~§{YV Amho. `m g_rjmnÕVrV à{V_m àVrH$m§Mo AW© {deX H$amdo cmJVmV.

S>m°. _m°S> ~m°S>{H$Z `m§Mm "Am{H©$Q>m`nc² n°Q>Z©g² BZ nmoEQ´>r' hm EH$ _hÎdmMm g_rjmJ«§W _mZcm

OmVmo. `m J«§Wmg§X^m©V J§JmYa nmQ>rc åhUVmV, "`m J«§WmZo Am{X~§Y{Zð> g_rjoMm nm`m KmVcm. àñVwV

J«§WmnmgyZ gm{hË` g_rjoV "Am{H©$Q>mBn' hr g§H$ënZm àM{cV Pmcr.' ~m°S>{H$Z `m§À`m

{dícofUnÕVr{df`r nmQ>rc `m§Zr åhQ>co Amho, "~m°S>{H$Z `m§À`m _Vo Am{X~§YmÀ`m Aml`mZo H$mì`mË_

AZw dmMo XmoZ A§Jm§Zr {dícofU H$aVm oVo. EH$ H$mì`H¥$VrÀ`m A§JmZo d Xwgao a{gH$mÀ`m A§JmZo.

EImÚm g_mOmÀ`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ ^mdg¥îQ>rV d H$mì`g¥îQ>rV gmVË`mZo nwZamd{V©V hmoUmè`m AZoH${dY

Am{X_ à{V_m§Mm emoY KoD$Z Ë`m§À`m {d{dY ê$nm§Mm d AmH¥${V~§Ym§Mm VwcZmË_H$ Aä`mg H$aVm

oB©c. VgoM Aem àH$maÀ`m H$mì`JV Am{Xà{V_m§Zm à{VgmX XoUmè`m a{gH$mÀ`m _ZmVrc Am§V[aH$

AZw dm§Mm Aä`mg H$aVm oB©c.' àmMrZ Am{U Adm©MrZ H${dVoV AmT>iUmè`m Am{X_ à{V_m åhUOo

Am{X~§YmË_H$ AmH¥${V~§Y Aer ~m°S>{H$Z `m§Mr YmaUm Amho. JyT>, ahñ`_` Jwhm, AnamY^mdmZo J«ñV

`m{ÌH$, {ZP©a, nwacoco YmÝ` `m H$mhr à{V_m hmoV. EImÚm OZg_yhmÀ`m H$ënZm{dídmV AmH$mamg

Amcoë`m H$Wm§Mm Ooìhm EImXm Wmoa H$dr Cn`moJ H$aVmo, Voìhm Ë`mMr EH$Q>çmmMr g§doXZercVm ì`ŠV

hmoVo Ago Zmhr. H$drMo _Z Am{U Ë`mÀ`m ^modVrMo OrdZ `mVyZ Amcocm AZw d, Omo ì`pŠVJV Am{U

gm_y{hH$ Agm EH$mM doir AgVmo, Vmo ì`ŠV H$aVmo. Amnë`m ì`pŠVJV OrdZmVrc ^md{ZH$

AmH¥${V~§Y EImÚm CËñ\y©$V H¥$VrVyZ AWdm ñdßZmVyZ Amnë`m àË``mcm oVmV. na§Vw g_yhOrdZmVrc

Am{X~§YmË_H$ AmH¥${V~§Y H${dVoVyZM emoYmdo cmJVrc Ago Ë`m§Zr åhQ>co Amho. {d{eîQ> KmQ> AWdm

AmH¥${V~§Y Agcocr Ame`gyÌo wJm wJmnmgyZ {d{dY ê$nm§_Ü o Am{U nwZ:nwÝhm oV AgVmV. `m

Ame`gyÌm§Zm à{VgmX XoUmè`m _Zm§_Ü o C{XV hmoUmè`m {d{dY ^mdd¥ÎmtÀ`m AmH¥${V~§Ym§er Ë`m§Mo ZmVo

AgVo.

Zm°W©an \«$m` `m§Zr "A°ZmQ>m°_r Am°\$ {H«${Q>{gP_' Am{U "\o$~ëg Am°\$ Am`S>|{Q>Q>r' `m J«§Wm§_Ü o

Am{X~§Y Am{U Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjm `m§{df`rMo {ddoMZ Ho$co Amho. gm{hË`H¥$VrH$S>o nmhÊ`mMm EH$

ZdmM Ñ{îQ>H$moU Ë`m§Zr {Xcm. \«$m` `m§À`m _Vo, H${dVm åhUOo Ho$di {ZgJm©Mr AZwH¥$Vr H$aUmar

H$mam{Jar ZgVo, Va _mZdmÀ`m gO©ZercVoÀ`m AZoH$ H¥$Vrn¡H$s Vr EH$ AgVo. H${dVm hr g§ñH¥$VrMo

EH$ gmYZ AgVo. H${dVoÀ`m gm_m{OH$ A§JmMm {dMma H$aVmZm àVrH$ hm g§àofU`mo½` Agm EH$ KQ>H$

Amho Ago cjmV oVo. Am{X~§Y åhUOo EH$ dmL²>_`rZ àVrH$ AWdm àVrH$m§Mm nw§O. hr àVrHo$

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dmL²>_`mV nwZ:nwÝhm oV AgVmV. H$drZo EImÚm \w$cmMm dmna Ho$cm Agoc Va Vr Am{X~§YmË_H$

à{V_m AgVoM Ago Zmhr. na§Vw H${dVoV EImÚm wdH$mÀ`m _¥Ë yÀ`m g§X^m©V cmc qH$dm Om§ io \y$c

oV Agoc Va Vo àVrH$mË_H$ ~ZVo. _¥Ë yer cmc \w$c OmoS>co OmUmè`m àWoMo Eo{Vhm{gH$ _yi hadcoco

Agco Var hr dmL²>_`mVM Zìho Va g~§Y OrdZmVM AÑí` ê$nmV dmg H$arV AgVo. `mà_mUo

gm{hË`mV Am{U g§ñH¥$VrV nwZ:nwÝhm oUmar à{V_m åhUOo Am{X~§Y; EH$m H${dVoMm Xwgè`m H${dVoer

g§~§Y OmoS>Umao àVrH$ åhUOo Am{X~§Y Aer \«$m` `m§Mr YmaUm Amho. Aem àVrH$m§Ûmao Amnë`m

dmL²>_`rZ AZw dmMo EH$mË_rH$aU Am{U EH$ÌrH$aU hmoVo. Am{X~§Y ho g§àofU`mo½` àVrH$ Agë`m_wio

Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjm gm{hË`mH$S>o EH$ gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm Am{U g§àofUmMr EH$ arVr åhUyZ nmhmVo.

J§JmYa nmQ>rc `m§Zr 1960 Z§Va nmíMmË` OJmV CX`mg Amcoë`m {d{dY dmXm§Mm {M{H$ËgH$

n[aM` KS>dcocm Amho. "Zdg_rjo'Z§Va qH$dm _amR>rVrc AmH¥${VdmXr g_rjoZ§Va nmíMmË` OJmVrc

g_rjoV {d{dY {dMmaàdmh Amco. BH$S>o gm¢X ©emómdarc MM}V {d{dY {dÛmZ ^mJ KoV AgVmZm

Am{U Ë`mM doir {d{dY Midir Am{U gm{hË`{dMma ì`ŠV hmoV AgVmZm nmíMmË` OJmVrc

gm{hË`{gÕmÝVmÀ`m Am{U g_rjoÀ`m joÌmV Zdo {dMmaì yh Amco. gm{hË`mÀ`m AmH$cZmgmR>r,

AmñdmXmgmR>r Am{U Aä`mgmgmR>r Vo dmnaco Joco. nmQ>rc `m§Zr Ë`m {dMmaì yhm§Mm n[aM` H$ê$Z

KoVcm Am{U _amR>r gm{hË`mÀ`m g§X^m©V Ë`m§Mm Cn`moJ H$gm H$aVm oB©c Vo nm{hco. nwéfmoÎm_ {edam_

aoJo `m§À`m H${dVoMr Ë`m§Zr Ho$cocr Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjm (gwöX²JmWm, 1975) hm _amR>r g_rjoVrc

EH$ C„oIZr` Agm à`ËZ Amho. gm¢X ©emómÀ`m MM}V Am{U ê$ndmXmÀ`m AmdVm©V AS>Hy$Z am{hcoë`m

_amR>r g_rjocm Ë`m§Zr BVa {dMmaì yhmH$S>o dm n[a^m{fVm§H$S>o didco ho _hÎdmMo H$m_ Amho.

"g_rjoMr Zdr ê$no' (1981) `m nwñVH$mÀ`m àñVmdZoV Vo åhUVmV, ""nmíMmË` gm¢X ©_r_m§goÀ`m

{dídmg Xwgè`m _hm wÕmZ§Va gm¢X ©{dMmamMo d gm{hË`g_rjoMo AZoH$ àdmh àd{V©V Pmco. Ë`m§_YyZ

AmO gm¢X ©_r_m§goMo d gm{hË`g_rjoMo VrZMma à_wI g§àXm` à^mdr Pmcoco {XgVmV. Ë`m§Vrc EH$

K{Q>VmW©emór` d ApñVËddmXr gm¢X ©_r_m§goMm Amho. Xwgam g§àXm` g§aMZmdmXr gm¢X ©_r_m§goMm d

gm{hË`_r_m§goMm Amho. {Vgam Zd_mŠg©dmXr gm{hË`g_rjoMm.'' Mm¡Wm _mZgemór` d Am{X~§YmË_H$

g_rjoMm. `m§{edm` AmYw{ZH$ ^mfm{dkmZmÀ`m Aml`mZo dmT>Umam e¡cr{dkmZmMmhr AmUIr EH$

Cng§àXm` AmOH$mc {Z_m©U Pmcm Amho. "AZwïw> ²' `m {Z`VH$m{cH$mV Ë`m§Zr "Am{X~§Y' (OmZodmar-

\o$~«wdmar 1978), "A{Z_m d A{Z_g' (Owc¡-Am°JñQ> 1980) ho XmoZ _hÎdnyU© coI Am{X~§YmË_H$

g_rjoÀ`m g§X^m©V {c{hcoco Amho. (JUmoaH$a, S>hmHo$, daIoS>o, 2001 : 54, 55)

àm. J§JmYa nmQ>rc `m§Zr Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjoMm _yc yV {gÕmÝV _m§S>cm Amho. ""H$mì` hr

EH$ àVrH$ê$n ^mfm AgyZ Vr {_W, ñdßZ d cmoH$H$Wm `m§À`mà_mUoM _mZdr _ZmVrc Am{X_ d

gd©ñneu ^md{dídmMm Am{dîH$ma H$arV AgVo Am{U Ë`m_wioM Vr OUy gmè`m _mZdOmVrMr EH$

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gmd©H$m{cH$, gd©ñneu d ñdm^m{dH$ ^mfm ~Zcr Amho. åhUyZ H$mì`mMo AmH$cZ ho _mZdr

àVrH$g¥îQ>r, H$mì`g¥îQ>r, Vr _Yrc g§Ho$V d na§nam `m§À`m g§X^m©V H$ê$Z KoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. VgoM

gm{hË`H¥$Vr hr g_J« gm{hË`g¥îQ>rMo EH$ A§J Amho Am{U nwÝhm gm{hË`g¥îQ>r hr {d{eîQ> g§ñH¥$VrMo

EH$ A§J AgVo Ago _mZyZ g_rjH$mZo gm{hË`H¥$VrMo gm¢X ©J«hU d _yë`_mnZ Ho$co nm{hOo Aer

Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjoMr gm{hË`H¥$VrH$S>o nmhÊ`mMr ÑîQ>r Amho. gm{hË`H¥$VrÀ`m H|$ÐñWmZr AgUmè`m

_yi AmH¥${V~§YmMo Am{U {_WÀ`m _wimer AgUmè`m Am{X~§YmMo AJXr {ZH$Q>Mo ZmVo AgVo `m

ÑîQ>r_wio Am{X~§Y{Zð> g_rjm hr X¡dVH$Wm g_rjoer ghg§~§{YV hmoVo.''(nmQ>rc, 1981 : 83)

`m. dm. dmS>ñH$a `m§À`m _Vo, Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjm hm _w»`V: Ame`mZwJm_r g_rjmàH$ma

hmo . `mMm AW© Agm _mÌ Zìho H$s, hr g_rjm OrdZdmXr Amho. {VMo dV©_mZ ñdê$n A{^OZdmXr

AgyZ g_moarc dñVw{deofmMo {dícofU H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mm CcJS>m H$ê$Z XmI{dÊ`mEodOr Ë`mMo A_yVuH$aU

d JyT>ËdrH$aU H$aUmao Amho. àñWm{nV Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjm Vm{H©$H$Vo{dê$ÕM ~§S> H$aVo. A§{V_

d¡pídH$ gË o ~wÕrÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo g_OyZ KoVm oV ZmhrV. Ë`mgmR>r B§{Ð`mVrc {Xì`ÑîQ>rMr JaO

AgVo. BË`mXr Xmdo _m§S>Vo. gm{hË`mVrc VWmH${WV JyT> d Xw~m}Y JmoîQ>tMo ñnîQ>rH$aU JyT> d Xw~m}Y

gmYZm§À`m gmhmæ`mZo H$ê$ nmhVo. `m à{H«$ oV JyT> JmoîQ>r A{YH$ JyT> H$ê$Z R>odVo. hm g§~§Y IQ>mQ>mon

{deof OZdmXr àd¥Îmrcm AZwgê$Z AgmM AgVmo. (dmS>ñH$a,1988 : 93, 106, 107)

àm. _. gw. nmQ>rc `m§À`m _Vo, "hr g_rjm Ho$di Ame`dmXr Zmhr dm Ho$di AmH¥${VdmXrhr

Zmhr. Vr XmoÝhtMmhr {dMma H$aÊ`mBVH$s g_mdoeH$ Amho. Vo H$aVmZm {Vcm `m XmoZ JmoîQ>tMm doJdoJim

{dMma H$amdm cmJV Zmhr. H$cmH¥$Vr_Yrc à{V_m, àVrH$m§Mm AÝd`mW© {deX H$aVmZm AmoKmAmoKmV

H$cmH¥$VrMm Ame` d {VMr ì`m{_lVm OgOer CcJS>V OmVo, Ë`mM~amo~a H«$_e: C{XV hmoUmè`m

à{V_m- àVrH$m§À`mÛmao H$cmH¥$Vrcm àmßV hmoV OmUmao ê$nhr H$go {gÕ hmoVo Vo XmIdVm oVo. à{V_m,

àVrH$m§Mm AÝd`mW© cmdVmZm Ë`mV {Z{hV Agcoco VmU, Ë`m§Mr ^mdgYZVm d AmdmhH$Vm `m_wio

Ë`m§Zm àmßV hmoUmao gm¢X © Ogo {deX H$aVm oVo. VgoM eãXmWmªMo g{hVÎd d {d{eîQ>Ëd `mMm åhUOo

e¡crJV gm¢X`m©Mm {dMma H$aVm oVmo. H$cm.VtMr g_rjm H$aVmZm Vr_Yrc à{V_m, àVrH$m§da àW_

cj H|${ÐV H$amdo cmJVo. Ë`m§Mm AÝd`mW© cmdmdm cmJVmo. Ë`mVyZ Vmo Am{X~§Y H$gm Am{dî.V hmoVmo

ho XmIdmdo cmJVo. Ë`mZwê$n Ë`m§Mr g§KQ>Zm H$er hmoV Jococr Amho. Vr Am{X~§YmË_H$ AZw dà{H«$ oV

H$er C{XV Pmcr AmhoV. Vr CËñ\y$V© dmQ>VmV H$s Ë`mV {heo~rnUm Amho dJ¡ao JmoîQ>r XmIdyZ Úmì`m

cmJVmV. `m gd© à{V_màVrH$m§VyZ g~§Y H$cmH¥$Vr hr Am{X~§YmË_H$ àVrH$m§Mo ê$n KoVo H$s Zmhr ho

nmhVmZm {VMr AÝ yZmZ{V[aŠVVm dm Ý yZm{V[aŠVVm cjmV ¿`mdr cmJVo Am{U `m H$cm àVrH$m§VyZ

dV©_mZ OrdZmVrc H$moUVo {dg§dmX g_pÝdV Ho$co OmVmV. MoVZ nmVirdarc H$moUVo VmU AMoVZmer

_oi gm{YV à{V{_V hmoVmV `mMm emoY ¿`mdm cmJVmo. Ë`mgmR>r `moOë`m Jocoë`m àmŠH$Wm§Mm g§X ©

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_mhrV Agmdm cmJVmo Am{U Ë`m§À`m `moOZoVrc C{MVmZw{MVVm nmhmdr cmJVo. Ë`m§Zm coIH$ ZdZdrZ

n[a_mUo XoD$ eH$cm Amho H$s Zmhr, Ë`mV ZdrZ a§J AmoVy eH$cm Amho H$s Zmhr, Ë`m g_¥Õ ~ZV

OmVmV H$s Zmhr, coIH$mV Zì`m àm¸$Wm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr VmH$X Amho H$s Zmhr dJ¡ao JmoîQ>tMmhr doY

KoVcm OmUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. EImÚm H$cmH¥$VrMm AmH¥${V~§Y Am{X~§YmË_H$ Amho qH$dm Zmhr ho H$go

AmoiIm`Mo? `m àíZm§Mo EH$M EH$ CÎma XoUo H$R>rU Amho; nU `m AmH¥${V~§YmZo wŠV Agcoë`m

H$cmH¥$VrMo H$mhr {deof Zm|XdVm oVrc. Ë`mn¡H$s EH$ {deof Agm H$s `m H$cm.VtZm AmnU AmH$ma

XoVmo Vmo Am{X~§YmË_H$ AgVmo.(nmQ>rc, 1989 : 84, 85, 72) àmMrZ Ame`gyÌmcm {Xcocm Vmo EH$

dmL²>_`rZ à{VgmX AgVmo.

S>m°. _. gw. nmQ>rc {c{hVmV, Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjmnÕVrZo H$cmH¥$VrMo _yë`_mnZ H$arV

AgVmZm Ë`m_Yrc à{V_m-àVrH$m§da cj H|§${ÐV H$amdo cmJVo, Ë`mMà_mUo Ë`m§Mo _yë`_mnZ

H$aVmZmhr VmoM _mJ© AZwgamdm cmJVmo. hr {Z{_©Vr à{V_mË_H$ Amho H$s Zmhr `mdê$Z Oer {VMr

H$cmË_H$Vm R>aVo Ë`mMà_mUo Ë`m à{V_màVrH$m§H$Sy>Z ì`ŠV hmoUmar ~ìhW©Vm Am{U Ë`m§Mr AmdmhH$Vm

`m§À`m AmYmao {VMo Mm§JconU dm loð>Ëd {deX H$aVm oVo. hm Amnë`mH$S>rc Üd{Z{gÕmÝVmZwgmar

àH$ma hmoB©c. ÜdZr ho AmnU EH$ dmS²._`rZ _yë` _mZVmo. hm ÜdZr Am{dîH¥$V Ame` d Vmo Am{dîH¥$V

H$aÊ`mMr nÕVr `m XmoÝhtZm gm_mdyZ AgVmo. Ë`mMà_mUo oWrc Am{X~§YmË_H$ ê$n ho Am{X_ à{V_m-

àVrH$m§VyZ åhUyZ ÜdÝ`W© Am{dîH¥$V H$aUmè`m eãXê$nm§VyZ gmH$macoco AgVo. Vohr Am{dîH¥$V Ame`

Am{U Am{dîH$manÕVr `m XmoÝhtZm gm_mdyZ KoVo. `m§n¡H$s H$aÊ`mÀ`m nÕVrV EImÚm dmS²._` H¥$VtMr

H$cmË_H$Vm AgVo, Va {VÀ`m H$_rA{YH$ ÜdZZgm_Ï`m©da {VMo Mm§JconU dm loð>nU Adc§~yZ

AgVo. Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjoV _yë`_mnZmgmR>r `m nÕVrMm dmna H$ê$Z nmhVm oB©c Ago dmQ>Vo.''

(Hw$cH$Uu, 1982 : 163)

Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjo_Ü o H$mhr doim XodH$àYmZ, àm¸$WmË_H$ qH$dm {d{YàYmZ Ñ{îQ>H$moZmMm

g_mdoe hmoVmo. ê$ndmXr nÕVrà_mUo {Vcm H$cmH¥$VrÀ`m gyú_ dmMZmMr JaO AgVo; nU H$cmË_H$

AmZ§XmÀ`m Am§V[aH$ _yë`mÀ`m ncrH$S>o OmD$Z Vr _mZdVmdmXr ÑîQ>rZo H$cmH¥$VrH$S>o nmhVo. a{gH$m§Zm

doYyZ KoÊ`mÀ`m H$cmH¥$VrÀ`m eŠVrMo {dícofU H$aVmZm Vr _mZgemór` dmQ>Vo; nU Ë`m doYH$VoÀ`m

H|$ÐdVu Agcoë`m _yc yV gm§ñH¥${VH$ AmH¥${V~§YmMm {dMma H$aVmZm Vr g_mOemór` hmoVo. gm_m{OH$

dm gm§ñH¥${VH$ yVH$mimMr VnmgUr H$aVmZm Vr Eo{Vhm{gH$ ~ZVo; nU H$moUË`mhr {d{eîQ> H$mcI§S>mer

{ZJ{S>V Zgcoco H$cmH¥$VrMo H$mcmVrV _yë` XmIdyZ XoVmZm Vr Z Eo{Vhm{gH$ hmoVo. {VMm A{YH$

g§H$moM H$aUo Q>mim`Mo Va {VMo dU©Z H$cmH¥$Vr_Yrc _hmZ AWm©À`m Am{U _mZdOmVrcm doYyZ

KoUmè`m H$mhr _yc yV gm§ñH¥${VH$ AmH¥${V~§YmMo {ZXe©Z Ago H$aVm oB©c.

^maVr` àm¸$Wm§_Ü o àOmnVr, Am{XË`, B§Ð, déU, A¾r, gmo_ BË`mXr XodVm§er {ZJ{S>V, ~«÷m,

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{dîUy, {ed `m Ì`rer {ZJ{S>V, g¥îQ>rÀ`m CËnÎmrer {ZJ{S>V H$Wm AmhoV; Ë`mMà_mUo A{VàmMrZ

amOd§em{df`r {ZJ{S>V àm¸$Wm AmhoV. CXmhaUmW©, Zhþf, ``mVr, nwéadm Am{U Cd©er, BË`mXr.

_hm^maVmgma»`m àmMrZ J«§WmV {d{dY àm¸$Wm§Zm CnH$Wm§Mo ê$n {_imco Amho. doX, nwamUo, _hm^maV

`m§gma»`m àmMrZ dmL²>_`mVyZ Amcoë`m àm¸$Wm§_YyZ AmYw{ZH$ H$dtZr à{V_mê$no KoVcr AmhoV.

nmíMmË` àm¸$Wm§VyZhr H$mhr à{V_mê$no Amcr AmhoV. CXmhaUmW©, Ho$edgwV, nw. {e. aoJo, _T>}H$a, qdXm

H$a§XrH$a, gXmZ§X aoJo, {Xcrn {MÌo, dg§V Am~mOr S>hmHo$ BË`mXtÀ`m H${dVm§VyZ Aer à{V_mê$no

AmT>iVmV. CXmhaUmW©, Ho$edgwVm§À`m "{Xì` {R>UJr' `m H${dVoV ñdJm©VyZ n¥Ïdrda A¾r AmUÊ`mÀ`m

àm¸$WoMr N>m`m Amho. gXmZ§X aoJo `m§À`m _¥Ë w{df`H$ H${dVm§n¡H$s EH$m H${dVoV Cn{ZfXmgmaIo, nU

CnhmgmË_H$ H$WZ H$arV AgVmZm qhXy nwamH$Wm§_Yrc XodVm§Mr Zmdo Amcr AmhoV.

cmoH$gm{hË`mV Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjocm cmoH$VÎdr` qH§$dm cmoH$~§YmË_H$ g_rjm Ago åhQ>co

OmVo. "cmoH$VÎdr` g_rjm' Agm eãXà`moJ S>m°. à^mH$a _m§S>o, S>m°. am. qM. T>oao Am{U S>m°. Vmam

^dmiH$a `m§§Zr Ho$cm AmhoV Va S>m°. A{Zc ghó~wÕo `m§Zr "cmoH$~§Y' hm eãXà`moJ ê$T> Ho$cm Amho.

cmoH$~§Y hr cmoH$gm{hË`mVyZ Amcocr g§H$ënZm Amho; Va Am{X~§Y hr _mZgemó Am{U _mZdemó

`m kmZemIm§VyZ Amcocr g§H$ënZm Amho. S>m°. A{Zc ghó~wÕo `m§Zm cmoH$gm{hË`mMo _ycJm{_Ëd,

OrdZg_J«Vm, dV©_mZ g§X^m©V, cd{MH$Vm øm gd© g§X^m©V "cmoH$~§Y' hm eãX g§ wpŠVH$ dmQ>Vmo.

cmoH$gm{hË`mMr ñWc-H$mc-n[apñWVr gmnojVm Am{U nma§n[aH$Vm ømm XmoZ JmoîQ>r gy{MV H$aÊ`mMo

gm_Ï © "cmoH$~§Y' `m eãXmV Amho. cmoH$~§YmË_H$ g_rjm H$aUo åhUOo gm{hpË`H$m§Mr ^mdd¥Îmr

cmoH$~§YmÀ`m AmYmamZo An[ahm ©VoZo gm{hË`ê$n H$er KoVo `mMr gm{hË`H¥$VrVrc eãXmVyZ CH$c

KS>{dUo hmo . S>m°. A{Zc ghó~wÕo {c{hVmV, Am{X~§YmË_H$ à{V_m `m cmoH$~§YM hmoV. _mÌ

cmoH$~§YmË_H$ g_rjm Am{X_-à{V_m-àVrH$m§daM Adc§~yZ Z amhVm cmoH$OrdZmVrc àË oH$ jU

dV©_mZ d gË` _mZyZ ñWcH$mc n[apñWVr gmnoj _mZ{gH$ d ì`mdhm[aH$ OrdZmV cmoH$YmaUm

H$aUmè`m åhUOo cmoH$Mo EH${OZgrnUm YmaUmË_H$VoZo ñnîQ> H$aUmè`m gd©M H$ënZm~§Ym§Zm d àVrHo$,

à{V_m `m§Zm gmaIoM _hÎd XoVo. "cmoH$~§Y' Á`m ^m{fH$ ê$nmVyZ ì`ŠV hmoVmV Ë`m ^m{fH$ ê$nmVyZ

_mZdr OrZdmZw yVrÀ`m g_J« d EH${OZgr ê$nmMm doY KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVo.(daIoS>o, ~S>moXoH$a,

1995: 107, 108, S>m°.A{Zc ghó~wÕo `m§Mm "cmoH$~§YmË_H$ g_rjm: g§H$ënZm d à`moJ'hm coI.)

Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m "cmoH$gm{hË` g§emoYZ nÕVr' `m J«§Wm_Ü o {dÚmYa nw§S>{cH$ `m§À`m "_mi' H$WoMo

cmoH$~§YmË_H$ {dícofU Ho$coco Amho. Va "cmoH$~§Y' `m nwñVH$mV ~mcH$dtÀ`m "lmdU_mg' `m

H${dVooMo cmoH$~§YmË_H$ g_rjU Ho$coco Amho. S>m°. Vmam ^dmiH$a `m§Zrhr "cmoH$g§{MV' `m J«§Wm_Ü o

"\w$camUrÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo' `m coImVyZ qhXy {ddmhàWoda cmoH$VËdr` Aä`mgnÕVrZo àH$me Q>mH$cocm

Amho. S>m°. am.qM. T>oao `m§Zr "A§Hw$enwamUm'Mm cmoH$VËËdr` Aä`mgnÕVrZo Aä`mg Ho$cocm Amho.

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cmoH$gm{hË`m_Ü o Am{X~§Ymcm cmoH$VÎd, cmoH$~§Y ho eãXà`moJ àM{cV AmhoV. Va Am{X~§YmË_H$

g_rjmnÕVrcm cmoH$VÎdr` Am{U cmoH$~§YmË_H$ g_rjmnÕVr ho eãXà`moJ ê$T> AmhoV. cmoH$~§Y,

cmoH$VÎd, cmoH$Y_©, H$ënZm~§Y ho gd© eãX Am{X~§Ymcm AJXr OdiMo AW©gmYå © gwM{dUmao Ago

eãX AmhoV. cmoH$~§YmMr ì`m»`m H$aVmZm S>m°. A{Zc ghó~wÕo {c{hVmV, ""AZw yVrVyZ V`ma hmoV

Jococm, "cmoH$'YmaUogmR>r H$m`m©ÝdrV Pmcocm, na§naoV cd{MH$VoZo na§Vw _yc yVVoZo dmhV amhUmam,

gZmVZmVZ Amcocm, dV©_mZmV OmUdUmam, ^{dî`H$mimV àJQ>Ê`mMr j_Vm AgUmam, cmoH$_mZgmVrc

Om{UdoMm, AmZ§X qH$dm gm¢X © mdZmàmßV H$ënZmàdmh åhUOo "cmoH$~§Y' hmo . cmoH$~§Y dV©ZnÕVrVyZ,

{d{Yñdê$nmVyZ, {MÝho, àVrHo$, à{V_m `m§_YyZ Am{U `m gdmªÀ`m ^m{fH$ ê$nmVyZ àH$Q> hmoVmo.''

(ghó~wÕo, 2012 : 42) CnamoŠV cmoH$~§YmË_H$ cmoH$ hm eãX g_yh hr g§H$ënZmM ñdrH$maVmo.

Ë`m_wio Ë`mV w§JÀ`m g_yh {ZíMoVZmMm gh^mJ AmnmoAmn hmoVmo. Vo nwT>o {c{hVmV, "cmoH$~§Y' {dMma

hm _mZgemó, _mZdemó, g_mOemó, X¡dVemó, amÁ`emó, VËËdkmZ, B{Vhmgemó, ^m¡Jmo{cH$Vm

`m gdmªVyZ CX² dcocm Amho, åhUOo Vmo AdKm {dMma AgVmo. AWm©V hm {dMma Amcm Amho _mÌ

cmoH$gm{hË`mMm `m gd© A§Jm§Zr {dMma H$aVmZm "cmoH$~§Y' `m gd© emóàUmctMm ì`mn EH$mË_VoZo

gm§ miUmam Amho Ago åhUVm oB©c. "cmoH$~§Y' àH$Q>rH$aU ^md~§Ym§da Amamo{nV H$ënZm~§Ym§VyZ hmoV

Agë`mZo cmoH$~§Y àË`j g§doÚ hmoVmV Vo ^mfm d VËg_ _mÜ`_mVyZ. H$cmd§VmMr gm{hË`H¥$Vr hr

^m{fH$ê$n AgVo. Ë`m_wio cmoH$~§YmË_H$ g_rjm_mJm©Zo {VÀ`m ^m{fH$ê$nmMrM àW_ nmhUr KSy>

eHo$c. åhUOoM cmoH$~§YmËH$ nmhUr hr gdmªJrU nmhUr hmoD$ eHo$c. (ghó~wÕo, 2012 : 97)

S>m°. ghó~wÕo `m§À`m _Vo, Am{X~§YmVyZ {Z_m©U Pmcoë`m AZoH$ à{V_m cmoH$ì`dhmamV Y_©lÕm,

Zr{VlÕm, cmoH${dYr `m§V AmT>iyZ oVmV. Am{X~§YmË_H$VoMm emoY hm cmoH$OrdZmMm _mZgemór`

emoY AgVmo Ago åhUVm oB©c. na§Vw Am{X~§YmË_H$ à{V_m§Zr ì`mncocm c{cV gm{hË`mVrc ^mJ

VnmgyZ Ë`mVrc _mZ{gH$VoMm emoY KoÊ`mV Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjm {deof ag KoVo. Vr _`m©{XV AWm©Zo

cmoH$~§YmË_H$ g_rjmM Amho. à{V_m§_YyZ ^mdZm§Mm emoY, OrdZmÀ`m Am{X_ AmH$mam§Mm emoY KoUo

ho Am{X~§YmMo H$m ©. "cmoH$~§Y' dV©_mZmVrc à{V_m gË` _mZVmo VgoM Ë`mVrc Am{X_ à{V_m gË`M

_mZVmo. ^mdZm§Mr emídVVm ñWcH$mc n[apñWVr gmnoj àVrHo$, à{V_m, BË`mXt_YyZ àH$Q>VmV,

Ë`m§À`m na§nam {Z_m©U hmoVmV. Ë`m na§nam§_Ü o Am{X_VoMo ^mdmeof AgVmVM. Vo H$Yr dV©_mZmVrc

na§namJV à{V_m§_YyZ OmUdVmV. na§Vw _mZdr dV©Z ho dV©_mZmÀ`m gmnojVocm {deof _hÎd XoVo Am{U

B{VhmgmVrc qH$dm nyd©g§{MVmVrc ^mdZmê$nm§À`m na§nam§Zm ^mdKZVoÀ`m ñdê$nmV dV©_mZmVrc dV©Zmcm

^mdgKZVm XoVo. dV©_mZmVrc cmoH$g§ñH¥${V àdmhmV cmoH$Mo gdmªJmZo nyd©g§{MVmÀ`m gKZVoZo Ago OJUo

gwê$ AgVo. Am{X_, nma§n[aH$ Am{U dV©_mZmVrc Aem gd© na§nam§Zm KoD$Z "cmoH$~§Y' ~Zcoco

AgVmV. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, Am{X~§Ym_Ü o cmoH$à{V_m§À`m _wimMm _mZgemór` emoY Amho, Va "cmoH$~§Ym'À`m

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ÑîQ>rZo {dMma H$aVm dV©_mZmVrc cmoH$YmaUm Ë`m cmoH$~§YmVyZ H$er hmoVo Amho Am{U nma§n[aH$

~§Ym§VyZ Ë`m cmoH$~§Ym§Zm ^mdgKZVm H$er àmßV Pmcr Amho, `m§Mm gd©M emóm§À`m ÑîQ>rZo {dMma

AZwñ yV Amho. "cmoH$~§Y' cmoH$OrdZmMo dV©_mZH$mcrZ ì`m{_l, Ame`KZ ê$n àH$Q> H$aÊ`mMo

gm_Ï © {gÕ H$aVmV. Ë`mVrc Am{X_V_ emoY KoÊ`mMo H$m © Am{X~§Y H$ê$ eH$Vmo. `m ÑîQ>rZo

"Am{X~§Y' _Yrc H$ënZm~§Y ho "cmoH$~§Y' H$ënZoVrc A§J yV ^mJ hmoV, Ago åhUVm oB©c.

cmoH$YmaUm H$aUmè`m gd© H$ënZm~§Ym§Zm cmoH$~§Y åhUVmV. (ghó~wÕo, 2012 : 79, 80) H$moUVrhr

gm{hË`H¥$Vr "cmoH$'_YyZM {Z_m©U hmoVo Am{U "cmoH$'_Ü oM ^mdVo. gm{hË`H¥$VrMr "cmoH$'_Ü o

^mdÊ`mMr {H«$`m cmoH$~§YmË_H$VoÀ`m Ñ{îQ>H$moZmVyZ CcJSy>Z XmI{dUo åhUOoM cmoH$~§YmË_H$ g_rjm

hmo . gm{hË`H¥$VrMo Ago CcJS>Uo dV©_mZmV KS>V AgVmZm g_moa Ho$di ^m{fH$ KQ>Zm H$cmdñVyê$nmV

AgVo. hr g_rjm Ë`mVrc eãXê$nm§À`m AmYmao cmoH$OrdZmÀ`m Am{X_VonmgyZ Vo dV©_mZn ªVÀ`m

cmoH$YmaUoÀ`m gm§ñH¥${VH$, gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$, amOH$s`, Am{W©H$, ^m¡Jmo{cH$, _mZ{gH$, ^m{fH$,

H$cmË_H$, Eo{Vhm{gH$ AmXr gd© A§Jmonm§Jm§g§X^m©Vrc cmoH$~§YmVyZ dV©_mZH$mcrZ cmoH$YmaUoÀ`m

g§X^m©Zo gm¢X`mªZw yVrMr CH$c H$ê$Z gm§JÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVo. `m ÑîQ>rZo hr g_rjm e¡cr{Zð>, ê$n{Zð>,

_mZgemór`, Am{X~§YmË_H$, g_mOemór`, amÁ`emór` AmXr gd© g_rjmnÕVtZm AZwf§JmZo ñne©

H$aVo. (ghó~wÕo, 2012 : 200)

Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjmnÕVrMm g§~§Y hm {_WH$m§er, àmŠH$Wm§er, X¡dVH$Wm§ergwÕm `oVmo.

VwcZmË_H$ nmVirda Ë`mMo Ame` {dícofU H$aÊ`mgmR>r {_WH$m§Mm {dMma An[ahm © R>aVmo. qhXr_Ü o

{_WH$ hmM eãX àM{cV Amho. Ë`m_wio {_WH$s` g_rjm åhUUoM g§ wpŠVH$ R>aoc. qhXrVrc gwà{gÕ

Aä`mgH$ S>m°.nr.EZ.CnmÜ`m` `m§Zr {_WH$s` g_rjoMr H$mhr cjUo d {deof gm§{JVcoco AmhoV.

Ë`m§À`m _VmZwgma, {_WH$s` g_rjm hr q~~-à{Vq~~m§da AmYm[aV AgVo. {_WH$s` g_rjo_Ü o àH¥$Vr

Am{U _mZd `m§À`mVrc g§~§Ymda àH$me Q>mH$cm OmVmo. {_WH$s` g_rjm hr ì`mnH$ _mZdr g§ñH¥$VrMo

g§emoYZ Am{U {dícofU H$arV AgVo. {_WH$s` g_rjm hr gmd© m¡_ gÎmoda {dídmg R>odUmar Amho.

hr gmd©H$m{cH$ _mZdr gm{hË`mMr AI§{S>V na§nam _m§S>Umar AgVo. {_WH$s` g_rjm hr ì`mnH$Vm,

{demcVm Am{U AI§S> Ñ{îQ>H$moZmVyZ AmH$cZ H$aV AgVo. _mZdr g§ñH¥$VrcmM {dídg§ñH¥$Vr _mZUmar

Am{U _mÝ`Vm XoUmar hr g_rjm Amho. {_WH$s` g_rjo_Ü o EH$ AI§{S>V na§nam {ZpíMV Ho$cr OmVo.

{OMm WoQ> g§~§Y hm Am{X_ _mZdr ^mdZm§er Am{U g§H$ënZm§er A{^Þ ñdê$nmV OmoS>cr OmVo.

{_WH$s` g_rjo_Ü o VwcZmË_H$ nÕVrMm ñdrH$ma Ho$cm OmVmo. hr g_rjmnÕVr hr nyU©nUo {_WH$

H|$ÐñWmZr R>odyZ Ho$cr OmVo. {_WH$s` g_rjmnÕVr hr ì`m»`mË_H$ Am{U {dícofUmË_H$ ñdê$nmMr

AgVo. `m g_rjoV {_WH$m§Mo {ddoMZ Am{U {dícofU Ho$co OmVo. `m g_rjonÕVr_Ü o Am{X_

_mZdmÀ`m AZw dm§Mm aMZmË_H$ A§JmZo {dMma Ho$cm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio `m_Ü o gmd©H$m{cH$ Am{U

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gmd© m¡{_H$ {dMmam§Mr _m§S>Ur Ho$cr OmVo. hr ÑîQ>rXoIrc {_WH$s` g_rjoVyZM àM{cV Pmcocr {XgyZ

oVo. na§Vw Ë`mM~amo~a d¡ pŠVH$ A{^ê$Mrcmhr àmYmÝ` {Xco OmVo. AZoH$Xm H$ënZmeŠVrÀ`m AmYmao

AZw_mZmÀ`m nmVirda {ddoMZ Am{U {dícofU Ho$co OmVo. `m g_rjmnÕVrda \«$m°B©S> Am{U w§J `m§À`m

ñdßZ-_Zmo{dícofUmMm Iyn _moR>çmm à_mUmV à^md Pmcocm Amho. ({_l, qgh, 2001 : 212,

213)

darc g§emoYH$m§À`m _VmZwgma, Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjm hr g_rjm ì`dhmamVrc ZdrZ nÕVr

Amho. Ë`mV X¡dVemó, ê$T>r-na§nam, àWm, cmoH$_mZg, g_mOemó, _mZdd§eemó AmXtMm AmYma

KoD$Z gm{hË`H¥$VrMo {dícofU H$amdo cmJVo.

{_WH$m§Mm AW© OmUyZ KoÊ`mMo à`ËZ, cmoH$g_yhmV {_WH$g§ mamMr Amdí`H$Vm Am{U Ë`m~m~VMo

{gÕmÝVZ Am{U {_WH$m§Mo H$cmH¥$VrÀ`m aMZoV OmUrdnyd©H$ Ho$coco gO©H$ Cn`moOZ hrM Am{X~§YmË_H$

g_rjoMr d¡{eîQ>ço gm§JVm oB©c. n[aUm_V: gm{hË`mMo AW©{Zê$nZ H$aUmar hr A{^Zd nÕV åhUVm

oB©c. gm{hË` qH$dm H$mhr A§er BVa H$cm `m§À`m Aä`mgmH$[aVm hr nÕVr Cn`mo{OV Ho$cr OmVo.

Am§Va{dÚmemIr` g§emoYZmÀ`m AmYmao {gÕ hmoUmao Vo ñdV§Ì Aä`mgjoÌ Amho.

S>m°. A{Zc Jdir Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjoÀ`m ghmæ`mZo {dO` V|Sw>cH$a `m§À`m ZmQ>H$m§Mm nam_f©

KoVcocm Amho. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, Am{X~§Y, J§S> Am{U H$mcmdH$memV AS>H$coë`m VÎdkmZmMm, {Ma§VZmMm,

A_mZwfVoMm, àmMrZËdmMm _wÔm J¥hrV Yacm Va AmnUmg _amR>r_Ü o H$mhr CÎm_ H$cmH¥$Vr Am{X~§YmË_H$

g_rjogmR>r CncãY AmhoV. _mÌ `m H$cmH¥$VtMm Am{X~§YmË_H$ Aä`mg AWdm {M{H$Ëgm AmOda

Pmcocr Zmhr. {dO` V|Sw>cH$a `m§Zr "em§VVm! H$moQ>© Mmcy Amho' (1968), "{JYmS>o' (1971),

"gImam_ ~mB§S>a' (1972), "Kmeram_ H$moVdmc' (1973) Aer Mma ZmQ>Ho$ MT>Ë`m H«$_mZo {c{hcr.

oWo MT>Ë`m H«$_mZo hm eãX Ame`mer g§~§{YV AmhoV. 1968 Vo 1973 hm nmM dfmªMm H$mcI§S>

Amho. V|Sw>cH$am§À`m _ZmVrc {dMma EH$m nmR>monmR> EH$ H«$_mZo `m ZmQ>H$m§VyZ Amcoco OmUdVmV. nwÝhm

Ë`m§À`mV EH$ {d{eîQ> Aer gcJVm Amho. Mmahr ZmQ>H$m§V Am{X~§Y Va _Ü`dVu AmhoVM _mÌ Mma

J§S>hr _Ü`dVu AmhoV. H«$m¡ ©, A_mZwfVm, ^`, H$m_ `mMr {d{dY Am{dîH$maê$no AmhoV. Am{XeŠVrMr

{d{dY ê$no Ë`mVyZ àH$Q>VmV. `m ZmQ>H$m§Vrc Zm{`H$m Am{U Zm`H$ d¡ pŠVH$arË`m A~moY _ZmMr

àVrH$ê$no AmhoV, Va ZmQ>H$m§VyZ KS>Umè`m KQ>Zm `m gm_y{hH$arË`m A~moY _ZmMr àVrH$ê$no AmhoV.

(R>mHy$a, _moao, 2011 : 220)

S>m°.A{Zc Jdir `m§Zr Amnë`m "Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjm : ñdê$n Am{U Cn`moOZ' `m coImV

{M. Í §. ImZmocH$a `m§À`m "H$m|Sw>am' `m H$mX§~ar{df`r Am{X~§YmË_H$ {dícofU Ho$coco Amho. Ë`m§À`m

_Vo, H$m_, ^`, Ý yZ `m§Mo Am{X~§Y `m H$mX§~arV oVmV. VmË`m {dhra ImoXm`cm KoVmV Agm EH$

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àg§J H$mX§~arV Amho. C~Xma Vm§~S>çm _mVrMm T>rJ nm{hë`mda VmË`m§Zm R>odUrVë`m C~Xma

cwJS>çmMr, Ë`mÀ`m ñnem©Mr AmR>dU oVo. VmË`m {d{harMm IS²S>m A{YH$m{YH$ Imoc H$aV OmVmV.

VmË`m§À`m _ZmVrc dmgZoMmM hm Ioi Amho. Ë`m§À`m _ZmVrc g§ moJ{H«$ oMr gm§JS> oWo {dhra

ImoXÊ`mer OmoS>cr OmVo. O`m XS>H$a `m§Zr {dhra hr VmË`m§À`m d¡dm{hH$ OrdZmMo n`m© mZo ór-`moZrMo

àVrH$ _mZco Amho. H$m|Sw>am d {dhra hr OUy ^`J§S> Am{U H$m_J§S> `m§À`m ê$nmZo dmdaUmar à{VHo$

AmhoV. K§Q>mZmX Am{U _wir `mhr JmoîQ>r H$mX§~arV oVmV. EH$ JmoîQ> oWo cjmV ¿`md`mg hdr, Vr

åhUyZ {ddmh~mø c¢{JH$ g§~§Y hoM \$ŠV nmn Amho, Aer EH$ g_OyV ImZmocH$am§À`m gd©M

gm{hË`mVyZ A{^ì`ŠV hmoVo. ImZmocH$am§À`m H$mX§~è`m§{df`r Vo {c{hVmV, Y_©, Y_©lÕm, ^`, H$m_

`m ^mdZm, Ý yZJ§S>, AVŠ © JmoîQ>tMr AmdS>, n[aH$WoVrc H$mën{ZH$VoMr hm¡g, Ý yZJ§S>mVyZ àmßV

hmoUmam ZH$mamË_H$ nwéfmW© Ago ImZmocH$am§À`m H$mX§~arVrc Am{X~§Ym§Mo ñdê$n gm§JVm oVo. Ë`m§À`m

H$mX§~arMm Zm`H$ hm dranwéf AgVmo. Ë`mÀ`m^modVr gw§Xa, _mohH$, XoIÊ`m, earamZo agagcoë`m,

gm¢X`m©Zo AmoW§~coë`m Zm{`H$m AgVmV. _mÌ ImZmocH$am§Mm Zm`H$ ZH$mamË_H$ y{_H$m KoVmo. Vmo OonamH«$_ H$aVmo Ë`mda ^`, H$m_ Am{U Ý yZ `m J§S>m§Mm à^md AgVmo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m H$mX§~è`m§Vrc

Zm`H$-Zm{`H$m AV¥ßV amhVmV. Zm`H$ nam yV hmoVmo. Varhr Vmo namH«$_r AgVmo. Zm{`H$m ^moJmcm,

dmgZocm ~ir nS>VmV. Xwgè`mcm eara An©U H$aVmV. Varhr Ë`m AV¥ßV AgVmV. nmd©VrgmaIr

EImXrM ór dmgygma»`m doS>çm Zdè`mcm gm§ miV ñdm{^_mZmZo OJV amhVo. {VMm MwcV gmgam

Zmamo~m hm Iao Va Znw§gH$ Amho. Varhr nmd©Vrcm hmoUmao _yc AmncoM Agmdo hr Ë`mMr A{^cmfm

Amho. na-ór KamV AmUyZ {VÀ`mda ~cmËH$ma H$aUmam Zmamo~m cmdÊ`dVr nmd©Vrcm _mÌ X~Hy$Z

amhVmo. nmd©VrMm ^moJ ¿`mdm hr Ë`mcm AmoT> Zmhr; _mÌ nmd©Vr AmncrM Amho, {VÀ`m nmoQ>mVrc J ©

hm doS>çm dmgyMm ZgyZ AmncmM Amho; Ago gdmªZr _mZmdo Aer Ë`mMr BÀN>m Amho. _mÌ ñdV:Mr

{Z{_©Vrj_Vm {gÕ H$aVm oV Zgë`mZo Vmo VmË`m§er hmV{_idUr H$ê$Z nmd©VrMm J © nmS>Ê`mMo {dH¥$V

Am{U AKmoar H¥$Ë` H$aVmo. Zmamo~m Am{U VmË`m EH$mM doir c§nQ> AmhoV, VgoM Km`mi AmhoV.

gwZo{df`r A{^cmfm Amho; na§Vw {VÀ`m cmdÊ`mZo Km~acocm Zmamo~m nam yV Amho. {VÀ`m nmoQ>mVrcdmgyMm J © AmncmM Amho Ago cmoH$m§Zr _mZmdo Aer gwßV c§nQ> BÀN>mhr Ë`mcm Amho. VmË`m ~«÷Mmar

Amho. _mÌ nmd©Vr{df`r Ë`mÀ`m _ZmV H$m_dmgZm VS>\$S>Vo. nmd©Vr VmË`m§Zm de Pmcr AgVr Va

H$Xm{MV VmË`m ~«h²_M`m©À`m AmSy>Z {VÀ`mnmgyZ Xya niyZ Joco AgVo. VoM VmË`m BH$S>o AZgy oda

~cmËH$ma H$aVmV; _mÌ nwÝhm ñdV:Mm {YŠH$ma H$arV Ka gmoS>VmV. EH$mM doir c§nQ>nUm, H$m_dmgZm

Am{U {daŠVnUm VgoM f§T>ËdmMr ^mdZm VmË`m Am{U Zmamo~m `m§À`m _ZmV Zm§XV amhVo. qM. Í §.

ImZmocH$a `m§Zr "H$m|Sw>am' `m H$mX§~arV {Z_m©U Ho$coco ho XmoZ dranwéf Amnë`m AKmoar namH«$_mZo

Amnë`m nXmg YŠH$m XoVmZm {XgVmV. dranwéfmMm Am{X~§Y ImZmocH$am§Zr ñdrH$macm; _mÌ H$m_

Am{U ^` `m ~mUm§Zr `m nwéfmcm Km`mi H$ê$Z Q>mH$co. AWm©V, H$m_, ^` Am{U Ý yZ hohr

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Am{X~§YmMoM à{VÜdZr AgVmV. (R>mHy$a, _moao, 2011 : 225, 226) `m{R>H$mUr H$m_dmgZoMm

Am{X~§Y àIa ñdê$nmV dmMH$ AZw dVmZm {XgVmo. ór-nwéfm§Mo nañnam§{df`rMo AmH$f©U Am{U

Z¡g{J©H$ C{Udm `m§VyZ {Z_m©U Pmcocm g§Kf© àñVwV H$mX§~arVyZ dmMH$mcm AZw dVm oVmo.

3.3.3 {_WH$, cmoH$ Am{U c{cV gm{hË` `m§Mm ghg§~§Y

"{_W' `m eãXmMm AW© àVrH$mË_H$ H$WZ AJa JmoîQ> Agm hmoVmo. g_H$mcrZ K{Q>V§mMo AmH$cZ

H$aVmZm Ë`mVrc H$mcmVrVVm ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$dr Amnë`m H${dVm§_YyZ {_WH$m§Mm Cn`moJ H$aVmZm

{XgVmV. {_W AWdm àm¸$Wm åhUOo _mZdr AWdm nam_mZdr ApñVËdmMo JhU ñVa àVrH$mË_H$ arVrZo

ì`ŠV H$aUmè`m H$Wm. Am{X_ _mZdmMm {dMma hm H$mì`mË_ hmoVm. àm¸$Wm§Mo H${dVoer Agcoco ZmVo

åhUOo Ë`mVco ê$nH$ËdM. àm¸$Wm§Mm doJdoJù`mm ñVam§da AW© cmdVm oVmo. _mZdr AmËå`mMr ~wÕrZo

Z CcJS>Vm oUmar ahñ o CcJS>Ê`mMo àm¸$Wm ho EH$ gmYZ Amho. (JUmoaH$a, S>hmHo$, 2001 : 161)

\«$m`À`m _Vo, nwamUH$Wm qH$dm {_WHo$ Am{U Am{X~§Y hr gm{hË`mMr àoaH$VÎdo g_Omd`mg haH$V

Zmhr. nwamUH$Wm qH$dm {_WHo$ åhUOo H$WZ Am{U Am{X~§Y åhUOo AW© Ago _mZco Va EH$ JmoîQ>

cjmV oVo H$s eodQ>r eodQ>r {ZgJ© Am{U OrdZ ømmV EH$ AmíM ©H$maH$ EH$ê$nVm Amho Am{U Vr

{XZMH«$, G$VwMH«$ Am{U OrdZMH«$ `m§Zm gm§YUmè`m EH$m AW©~§YmZo Am{dî.V hmoVo. hm AW©~§Y

Am{X~§YmMm Am{X~§Y, gd©loð> _ycH$ën g_Omdm cmJoc. Aem Am{X~§Ym^modVrM {_WHo$ AWdm

nwamUH$Wm EImÚm XodgÑí` _hm_mZdm^modVr H$WmZH$ C o H$ê$Z AW© {ZdoXZ H$aVmV.({eadmS>H$a,

1998 : 68) {_WH$m§À`m CËH«$_Uerc dmQ>MmcrVyZM _mZdr g§koMm B{VhmgM g§K{Q>V Pmcocm

AgVmo. dmL²>_`rZ g§{hVoV ì`pŠV{Zð> AZw d Am{U g§ñ.{Vg§{MVmVrc _mZdr AZw d `m§À`mVrc

gcJVm àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$cmd§VmH$Sy>Z {_WH$m§Mm d¡{eîQ>çmnyU© dmna Ho$cm OmVmo. nwamUmVco

gË` hoM Am{X_ gË` _mZco OmVo. AZwð>mZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ nwamUH$Wm§Mo nwZé‚mrdZ hmoV AgVo.

Ë`mMoM à{Vq~~ gm{hË`mV ì`pŠV{Zð> ñdê$nmV S>moH$mdVo.

S>m°. à^mH$a _m§S>o `m§À`m _Vo, ""H$Yr H$Yr c{cV dmL²>_`mMr {Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mgmR>r cmoH$dmL²>_`mVrc

{deof ñdrH$maco OmVmV. cmoH$H$Wm§Vrc H$ënZm~§Y, cmoH$JrVm§Mo N>§X VgoM aMZmnÕVr `m§Mm ñdrH$ma

Ho$cm OmVmo. Ho$di Am{dîH$ma nÕVrMrM Zìho Va Ame`mMrhr CgZdmar Ho$cr OmVo. c{cV

dmL²>_`mVrc \$ŠV XmoZ Q> o$ ^mJ Agm AgVmo H$s Á`mMr ~rO§ cmoH$gm{hË`mV ZgVmV. H$Wm, ZmQ>H$,

H$mì` `m dmL²>_` àH$mamMm àma§ hm cmoH$dmL²>_`mVM emoYmdm cmJVmo Am{U AOyZhr dmL²>_`mÀ`m

AmH$cZ Am{U AmñdmXmgmR>r cmoH$VÎdr` .îQ>rMm Adc§~ H$amdm cmJVmo. dmL²>_`{Z_m©Ë`mcm Á`mdoir

cmoH$g_mOmMo Am{U cmoH$g§ñH¥$VrMo Xe©Z KS>dm`Mo AgVo. Ë`mdoir g_mOmV àM{cV Agcoë`m

cmoH$gm{hË`mMm Ë`mcm ñdrH$ma H$amdm cmJVmo. EdT>oM Zmhr Va cmoH$g§ñH¥$VrMo Xe©Z KS>{dÊ`mMm

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Ë`mMm hoVy ZgVmZmhr Ë`mÀ`m {Z{_©VrV cmoH$gm{hË`mVrc H$mhr ^mJ ZH$iV àH$Q> hmoUo An[ahm ©

AgVo.'' (_m§S>o, 2008 : 318, 327 Vo 332) S>m°. Vmam ^dmiH$a c{cV gm{hË`mVrc

cmoH$VÎdm{df`r {c{hVmV, cmoH$gm{hË`mVrc AZoH$ H$ënZm, lÕm, g_OwVr, cmoH$ «_, cmoH$g§Ho$V

`m§Mm Cn`moJ c{cV gm{hË`mVhr AZoH$Xm hmoVmo. cmoH$H$Wm§Vrc `j-J§Yd©-ZmJ, {H$Þa Aer

A{V_mZwfr g¥îQ>r qH$dm wVo-IoVo, yV~mYm Aem àH$maÀ`m lÕm Ë`m_wio ì`ŠVtÀ`m OrdZmda hmoUmam

n[aUm_ `m§Mo {MÌU c{cV gm{hË`mV AgVo. cmoH$OrdZmVrc {dYr, AmMma-{dMma, ew mew H$ënZm,

eHw$Z-AneHw$ZmÀ`m H$ënZm, OÝ_-{ddmh- _¥Ë y `m doiÀ`m MmcrarVr d g_OwVr hr gd©

cmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr_Yrc cmoH$VÎdr` ^mJ Amho. Ë`m§Mm AmT>ihr c{cV gm{hË`mV hmoVmo. _w»` åhUOo `m

cmoH$VÎdm§_wio ì`ŠVr OrdZmda Am{U ì`pŠV_Îdmda hmoUmao n[aUm_ c{cV gm{hË`mV {M{ÌV Ho$coco

AgVmV. Ë`m_wio c{cV gm{hË`mVhr ZrQ> g_OyZ ¿`m`Mo Agoc Am{U Ë`mMo _yë`_mnZ H$am`Mo

Agoc, Va cmoH$VÎdr` ÑîQ>rMr OmU AgUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. (^dmiH$a, 2009 : 120) cmoH$H$Wm

Am{U c{cVH$Wm `m§Mm AZw~§Y emoYVmZm S>m°. EH$ZmW nJma {c{hVmV, ""AmYw{ZH$ H$Wm cmoH$H$WoÀ`m

aMZm~§Ym_Ü o A{YH$ gyú_Vm AmUVo d OrdZdmñVdmMr, OrdZg§Kfm©Mr Jw§VmJw§V g_OmdyZ KoD$ nmhVo.

Ë`mgmR>r cmoH$H$Wm§À`m H$WZ KmQ>m§Mm gO©Zerc dmna H$ê$Z AmYw{ZH$ H$Wm A{YH$ {dcjUnUo

gmH$ma hmoVo. Am{X_OrdZ Om{Udm, cmoH$g_yh_mZg, ór-nwéf g§~§Y, dmgZm{dH$ma, OrdZmVrc

AVŠ ©Vm, B©ídar ApñVËd d _mZdr ApñVËd, {ZgJ© d _mUyg, ào_mÀ`m Am{dîH$ma[aVr, _mZdr

_ZmVrc qhgm, H«$m¡ ©, _ycì`dñWm, B. Ame` gyÌm§À`m A{^ì`ŠVrgmR>r AmYw{ZH$ H$WoZo cmoH$H$WoÀ`m

aMZm~§YmMo AmYw{ZH$ ÑîQ>rZo Cnm`moOZ Ho$co Agë`mMo {XgVo.'' AgmM àH$ma H${dVoÀ`m g§X^m©Vhr

KS>cocm OmUdVmo. cmoH$JrVmVrc {_WHo$, àVrHo$ d à{V_m `m§Mm AmYw{ZH$ H${dVoZo ñdrH$ma Ho$ë`mMo

{XgVo. à{V_m, àVrHo$ qH$dm {_WHo$ `m§Mo cmoH$JrVm_Yrc Cn`moOZ lÕm, ^mdZoVyZ d Ame`mMo

CXmÎmrH$aU ìhmdo Agm àoaUm§_YyZ Pmcoco {XgVo. AmYw{ZH$ _amR>r H${dVm§Zr à{V_m, àVrH§$mMr qH$dm

{_WH§$mMr n§anam ñdrH$macr. `m n§anamJV à{V_§mZm g_H$mcrZ AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ§mMm g§X ©hr OmoS>cm.

ApñVËddmMH$ àíZ, OrdZg§Kfm©VyZ CX² dcoco àíZ, kmZmÀ`m ñ\$moQ>mVyZ {Z_m©U Pmcoco àíZ,

§Ì wJmZo {Z_m©U Ho$coco àíZ, OÝ_ _¥Ë w{df`H$ {MV§Z, ì`pŠV_ZmVrc A§Ymacoco Vi, gm_m{OH$,

Am{W©H$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ àíZ Aem {d{dY àH$maÀ`m Ame`mMr à^mdr _m§S>Ur H$aÊ`mgmR>r AmYw{ZH$

H$dr cmoH$JrVm§_Yrc à{V_m{dídmH$S>o AmH¥$îQ> Pmco. nwÝhm JVH$mcrZ g§X^m©er OmoSy>Z KoVmZm Aem

JVH$mimVrc gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§{MVmcm Zdm AW© XoUmar n§anam AmYw{ZH$ H$dtZm {Z_m©U H$amdr cmJcr

Amho.'' (nJma, 2008 : 61, 37) `mMmM AW© c{cV gm{hË`mV AWmªVamMm {dnwc dmna hmoVmo.

gmaIU, VwcZm, Cn_m, CËnojm, ê$nH$, ÜdÝ`W© `mVyZ hr AWmªVao KS>V AgVmV, AgoM åhUVm oB©c.

{_WH$ Am{U gm{hË` `m§Mm AZw~§Y emoYVmZm Á oð> _ë`mi_ coIH$ Am§ZX `m§Mo _V {dMmaV

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KoÊ`mgmaIo Amho. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, "coIH$mZo B{VhmgmMm AW© CcJSy>Z gm§Jm`cm nm{hOo. Ë`mda ^mî`

H$am`cm nm{hOo. B{Vhmg Am{U nwamUo ho {df` ^mî`mgmR>r A{Ve` CÎm_. _Zwî` H$Yr EH$Q>m ZgVmo.

B{Vhmg, g§ñH¥$Vr, {dkmZ, Y_©, n§anam `m gmè`m§Zr Vmo doT>cocm AgVmo. am_mÙ _hm^maVmVhr

_hmH$mì o Amnë`mg_moa BVHo$ n`m© C o H$arV AgVmV H$s Ë`mVyZ Amnë`m H$ënZmeŠVrcm

nwZ{Z©{_©Vr Am{U ZdrZ ^mî o `m§À`mgmR>r AmìhmZ {_iV AgVo. nm¡am{UH$Vocm EH$ g_H$mcrZ g§X ©

Am{U {dídgZr` ~¡R>H$ Vo {_idyZ XoVmV. coIZ hr EH$ gVV MmcUmar, A§V{da{hV {H«$`m Amho

Am{U Ë`m_wio coIZ Am{U coIH$ `m§À`m~Ôc {ZpíMV Am{U A§{V_ H$moUVoM {dYmZ H$aVm oUma

Zmhr. (n§MYmam, OmZo-OyZ 2000 : 81, 82) `mMm AW©, nwamUdmL²>_`mVrc B§Ð, amYm, H¥$îU, H$U©,

AOw©Z, Xw m}YZ, Ahë`m, gm{dÌr, AmñVrH$ AmXr nmÌm§À`m OrdZmda {d{dY gm{hpË`H$m§Zr ñdV§Ì

ñdê$nmÀ`m dmL²>_`rZ H$cmH¥$Vr {Z_m©U Hoo$coë`m AmhoV. EdT>oM Zìho Va H«$m¢MdYgmaIr am_mÙmer

g§~§{YV AgUmar H$Wm, {VÀ`mdmahr ñdV§Ì nmVirda H$mX§~ar{Z{_©Vr Pmcocr Amho. `mMm AW©

cmoH$dmL²>_`mVrc KQ>H$ ho AmOhr coIH$m§Zm Zd{Z{_©VrgmR>r AmìhmZ XoV AmhoV.

àm. ^m. ì §. {JaYmar `m§À`m _Vo, ""nwamUmZo {Xcocm Vnerc H$mcm§VJ©V Ý`m`mZo H$m`_ R>odyZ

H$cmH¥$VrMr ~m§YUr C^maUr H$aUo åhUOo nm¡am{UH$ gË`mMr OnUyH$ Amho, Ago åhUVm oB©c. AWm©V

`mZ§Vahr H$cmd§V coIH$mcm ânya dmd Am{U Adga AgVmoM. nm¡am{UH$ ì`ŠVrer, H$Wm^mJmer,

KQ>Zm àg§Jm§er, OrdZ{MV§Zmer g_ag Pmcoë`m H$cmd§Vmcm ho gmao OmUdVM AgVo. AZoH$ ÑîQ>rZo

Eo{Vhm{gH$ H¥${Vnojm nm¡am{UH$ H¥$VrV Aer ñWmZo {H$VrVar à_mUmV A{YH$ AgVmV. Agm _w½Y àXoe

qH$dm _m¡Z-joÌ nwamUmV ânya à_mUmV AgVo. B{Vhmg, nwamU {OWo ho _m¡Z nmiVo, {VWo H$cmd§Vmcm

~mocmdo cmJVo. H$ƒo Xwdo gm§Ymdo cmJVmV, {dcJ ^mJ gcJ H$amdo cmJVmV, A§Va ^ê$Z H$mT>mdo

cmJVo. ì`ŠVrÀ`m ì`pŠVËdmMo Jm o emoYmdo cmJVmV. ¹${MV à§gJr H$WmZH$mMr, ì`ŠVrMrhr Zì`mZo

C^maUr H$amdr cmJVo. ZwgË`m dadaÀ`m AmYmamZo, ê$nH$mZo Zdr H$Wmhr KS>dmdr Ago Ë`mcm dmQy>

cmJVo.'' ({JaYmar, 1977 : 1, 2) `mMm AW© {_WH$mMr AZoH$mW© gyMH$mMr A§J yV VmH$XM {VMo

ñWcH$mcmVrV gm_Ï © ì`ŠV H$aVo. Ë`m_wio OJmÀ`m nmR>rda Ë`m Ë`m g§ñH¥$VrVrc {_WH$mda nwZ:nwÝhm

à{V^md§V Zd{Z{_©Vr H$arV AgVmV. Zdo AÝd`mW© Ë`m§Zm gyMV OmVmV. Vo Ë`m Ë`m ñWiH$mimer

EH$sH$S>o g§~Õhr AgVmV Am{U ñWcH$mcmVrVmMrhr AZw yVr XoV AgVmV. {_WHo$ hr H$cmd§VmZm

g_H$mcrZ g§X^m©V àVrHo$ ê$nHo$ åhUyZ ^mdVmV. {_WH${Z{_©VrMm Am{XhoVy ê$nH${Z{_©VrM Amho.

{_WH$mMo Am{Xê$nhr ê$nM Amho. ^mfm OÝ_mcm Amcr Vr EH$narZo ê$nH$mMr n`m© mZo {_WH$mMr

A{^ì`ŠVr H$arVM.

_. gw. nmQ>rc Amnë`m "Am{X~§Y d Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjm' `m coImV {c{hVmV, ""_mZdmMr

gmar àmŠH$WmË_H$ {Z{_©Vr hr _mZdr g§koÀ`m {dH$mgH«$_mer {ZJS>rV Amho. àmŠH$Wm ømm _mZdr g§koV

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nhmQ>coë`m n{hë`md{hë`m Om{Udm§Mo _ycmH$ma Am{dîH¥$V H$aVmV. OS>_yT> _mUyg g§kmerc hmoVmZm

Ë`mcm Amcoë`m {MÎmWamaH$ AZw dm§Mo Vo OUy "{H«$ñQ>c' hmoV. Ë`m§VyZ Ë`m§Mr ghOàd¥{Îm_ycH$

dV©Zê$no Am{U AmH$cZê$no KZr yV Pmcocr AgVmV. Ago "{H«$ñQ>c' V`ma H$aVmZm, Vmo OUy gm_y{hH$

{ZíMoVZmVyZ C{XV hmoUmè`m, Ë`mcm PnmQy>Z Q>mH$Umè`m, Ë`m§À`m _mZJwQ>rg ~gUmè`m wVm§Zm ~m§YyZ

Q>mH$Vmo. åhUyZM Am{X_ g_mOmV Aem _mUgm§Zm _m§{ÌH$m§Mr dm "em_mZ'Mr à{Vð>m àmßV hmoVo. Ago

"{H«$ñQ>c' {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm _mUgmÀ`m R>m`r Ë`mÀ`m ghOàd¥{Îm_ycH$ ñd^mdmÀ`m ê$nmV

{Z{hV AgVo. gm_mÝ` _mUyg `m "{H«$ñQ>cm§'À`m _werVM OJV AgVmo. `m OJÊ`mnH$S>o Oo nmhÿ

eH$VmV, Ë`m§Mo AmH$cZ H$ê$ eH$VmV Vo Ë`m§Mo {Z_m©Vo hmoVmV. OrdZ OJVmZm {Z_m©U hmoUmao VmU

Vo `m _werV ^mdVmV Am{U Am{dîH$maà{H«$ oV `m àmŠH$WmË_H$ à{V_màVrH$m§Mm {dH$mg gmYVmZm Vo

VmU {dg{O©V hmoV OmVmV. Aem à{V_màVrH$m§Mo {dH${gV ê$n åhUOoM H$cmH¥$Vr hmo .'' nwT>o Vo

{c{hVmV, ""àmŠH$WmË_H$ Ame`gyÌmV EH$ {d{eîQ> ê$n dm AmH¥${V~§Y {Z{hV AgVmo Am{U Vmo

wJmZw wJo H$mhr WmoS>çmm \$aH$m§{Zer Amd¥Îm hmoV amhVmo. Ë`mcm à{VgmX XoVmZm à^m{dV hmoUmar _Zo

H$cmH¥$VrÀ`m AmH¥${V~§Ymer g_m§Va Agm Amnë`m ^mdd¥ÎmtMm AmH¥${V~§Y Am{dîH¥$V H$arV AgVmV.

`m à{VgmmV ì`pŠVnaËdo WmoS>r\$ma {d{dYVm Agcr, Var Ë`mÀ`m _ycmH$mamV \$magm ~Xc hmoV Zmhr.

Ë`mMo H$maU, `m àmŠH$Wm åhUOo Ho$di EH$m ì`pŠV_ZmMr {Z{_©Vr ZgVo; Ë`mVyZ g_mO_ZmMr

g§doXZercVm dñVwJV Pmcocr AgVo. Aem gm_y{hH$ AZw dm§À`m KZr yV Am{dîH$mamcm Amnë`m

AgmYmaU g§doXZercVoZo à{VgmX XoV H$dr ho Amnë`m wJmVrc MoVZ d gm_y{hH$ {ZíMoVZ `m

nmVù`mm§darc {dg§dmXm§Zm g_pÝdV H$arV AgVmV. Ë`m_wio Ago Am{dîH$ma EH$mM doir n¥WJmË_ d

d¡pídH$ ê$n YmaU H$aVmV.'' (Hw$cH$Uu, 1982 : 149, 150)

Am{X~§YmMm g§~§Y hm àmŠH$Wm§er gwÕm Amho. AZoH$Xm àmŠH$Wm ømm ê$nH$m§Mo ê$n YmaU

H$aVmV. AZoH$Xm AVm{H©$H$ ghg§~§Y ho àmŠH$Wm§Zr OmoS>co OmVmV. Ë`m_wio àmŠH$Wm§Zm nm{dî`mMo

AdJw§R>Z àmßV hmoVo. Ë`m_wio àmŠH$Wm§Zm Ë`m Ë`m ^m{fH$ àXoem_Ü o _hËËdmMo ñWmZ AgVo. "gm{hË`-

{gÕmÝV' `m J«§WmV Am°pñQ>Z dm°aZ `m§Zr åhQ>co Amho : "{Xì`H$Wm ({_W, àm¸$Wm) åhUOo

{d{YH$m§S>Vcm nR>UmMm ^mJ, {d{YH$m§S>mVyZ C^r amhUmar H$Wm... CËnÎmr{df`r d {Z`Vr{df`r AZm_

coIH$m§Zr aMyZ R>odcoë`m H$Wm§Mo H$WZ Agm {Xì`H$WoMm ì`mnH$ AW© KoVcm OmD$ cmJcm Amho...

{ZgJm©{df`r d _mZdr ^{dVì`m{df`r {eH$dU XoUmar à{V_mg¥îQ>r aMyZ haEH$ g_mO Amnë`m

_wcm~mim§Zm Or ñnîQ>rH$aUo nwadrV AgVmo, Ë`mM {Xì`H$Wm hmoV.' àm¸$Wm§_Ü o {Z{_©Vr Am{U CËnÎmr,

XodX¡dVm§Mo OÝ_, _¥Ë y Am{U _¥Ë yZ§VaMo OrdZ Am{U OJmMr nwZéËnVr Am{U nwZO©Ý_ ho {df`

àm_w»`mZo oVmV. àË oH$ g_mOmH$S>o àm¸$Wm§Mo {demc ^m§S>ma AgVo. àm¸$Wm§_YyZ H$WmgyÌ Am{U

{dMmagyÌ KoD$Z nwamUo, _hmH$mì o aMcr Jocr.' (JUmoaH$a, S>hmHo$, daIoS>o, 2001 : 160 Vo 163)

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àm¸$Wm hr EH$ àH$maMr H$WmM AgVo. Ë`mVcr nmÌo X¡dr qH$dm A{V_mZwfr H$moQ>rVcr AgVmV.

Ë`mVë`m KQ>Zm d H¥$Vr Amnë`m n[aM`mÀ`m H$mimncrH$S>o KS>V AgVmV. {VMmhr H$Wm-~§Y

cmoH$H$Woà_mUo A_yV© AgmM AgVmo. Vo EH$ ñdm`Îm Ago dmL²>_`{díd AgVo. Ë`m_wio c{cVcoIH$m§Zm

àm¸$WoMo AmH$f©U dmQ>Vo. àm¸$Wm hm XoIrc emãX H$coMmM EH$ Am{dîH$ma hmo . gd©M g§ñH¥$Vt_Ü o

àm¸$Wm dmL²>_`mV {_giyZ Jocoë`m {XgVmV. àm¸$WoVyZ gmÑí` Am{U gê$nVm hr XmoZ VÎdo AmT>iVmV.

gmÑí`VÎdmZwgma _mZdr OrdZ Am{U {ZgJm©Vrc K{Q>Vo `m§Zm g_m§Va nmVirda R>odVm `oVo.

gê$nVmVÎdmZwgma "gy ©-Xod', "d¥j-Xod' Aer àVrHo$ V`ma Pmcocr AgVmV. àm¸$Wm§_Yë`m gmÑí`

Am{U gê$nVmVÎdmda AmYm[aV aMZmVÎdo gm{hË`mMrhr aMZmVÎdo ~Zcr AmhoV. {ZgJm©Vrc CX`

Am{U AñV `m§VyZ gwImpË_H$m Am{U emoH$mpË_H$m `m§Mo KmQ> {Z_m©U Pmco AmhoV. CX` åhUOo

dg§VG$Vy, nhmQ>, OÝ_, c¾, nwZéËWmZ; Am{U AñV åhUOo {e{ea, amÌ, {d`moJ, _¥Ë y, ~{cXmZ.

àm¸$WoVrc Z§XZdZ qH$dm ñdJ© Am{U ZaH$ qH$dm AYmocmoH$ `m JmoîQ>r gm{hË`mV AmZ§X_` J«m_OrdZ

{M{ÌV H$aUmè`m n°ñQ>ac AWdm amo_mÝg_Ü o Am{U Cnamo{YH$m dm Cnhm{gHo$Vrc g§J{VhrZ, Xw:I_`,

d¡\$ë`J«ñV OJmÀ`m ê$nmZo Am{dîH¥$V hmoVmV. {d{dY dmL²>_`àH$mam§Mm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mg àm¸$Wm Am{U

gm{hË` `m§À`mVcm g§~§Y àñWm{nV H$aVm oVmo Ago \«$m` `m§Mo _V Amho. (JUmoaH$a, S>hmHo$, daIoS>o,

2001 : 105 Vo 114)

AZoH$Xm c{cV gm{hË`mV Amho Ver àmŠH$Wm qH$dm {VMm nwZdm©na hmoV Zmhr Va Ë`m

àmŠH$WoVrc {d{dY H$ënZm~§Ym§Mm dmna hmoVmo. Ë`m àmŠH$WoVrc aMZmV§Ì, Šc¥ßVr, H$am_V, KQ>Zmàg§J,

g§H$ënZm, AmH¥${V{deof `m§Mm dmna hmoVmo. AZoH$Xm Ho$di H$Wm~rOmMmhr dmna hmoVmo. EH$m H$WoV EH$

qH$dm A{YH$ H$ënZm~§Ym§Mr aMZm AgVo. hr aMZm H°${c{S>AmoñH$mon_Yrc ~XcË`m a§JrV VwH$S>çmm§À`m

AmH$mam§à_mUo {Za{Zamù`mm H$Wm§_Ü o {Za{Zamir Agcr Var {VÀ`mVco _ycKQ>H$ H$m`_ AgVmV;

Ë`m§Mr ñWmZo \$ŠV ~XcVmV d ZdZdrZ H$Wm~§Y V`ma hmoVmV. cmoH$H$Wm ømm H$ënZm~§YmVyZM AmH$ma

KoV Agë`m_wio cmoH$H$Wm§Vrc H$ënZm~§Y dma§dma Amd¥Îm hmoV OmVmV. (JUmoaH$a, S>hmHo$, daIoS>o,

2001 : 152) pñQ>W Wm°ångZ `mÀ`m _Vo, ñdV§Ì ApñVËd Agcocr nma§n[aH$ H$Wm åhUOo

H$Wm{deof (O§g_ OcM_) hmo . EH$m H$Wm{deofmV EH$ qH$dm AZoH$ H$ënZm~§Ym§Mo ApñVËd AgVo.

ñdV§ÌnUo gm§{JVë`m OmD$ eH$Umè`m ømm H$Wm{deofmcm cm§~rMo ~§YZ Zmhr. ñdV§Ì ApñVËd hmM

{ZH$f _hÎdmMm AgVmo. (H$moioH$a, 1987 : 39) ho H$Wm{deof Ë`m Ë`m H$Wm§Vrc _ycKQ>H$ AgVmV.

H$ënZm~§Ym§À`m g§X^m©V Ago åhUVm oB©c H$s, Á`mÀ`mV na§naoZo {Q>Hy$Z amhÊ`mMo gm_Ï © AgVo Agm

H$WoMm chmZmVrc chmZ KQ>H$ åhUOo H$ënZm~§Y hmo . ho gm_Ï © XoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mV H$mhrVar

Agm_mÝ`Ëd qH$dm doYH$Vm Agmdr cmJVo. (H$moioH$a, 1987 : 40) `mÀ`m AZwf§JmZo H$ënZm~§Ym§Mo

VrZ àH$ma _mZco Joco AmhoV. H$WoVrc nmÌo, dñVy Am{U H$WoÀ`m nmíd© y_rVrc H$mhr ~m~r Oem

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OmXyÀ`m dñVy, ê$nm§Va, lÕm, {dídmg dJ¡ao Am{U H$WoV KS>Umè`m KQ>Zm. `mVyZ H$ënZm~§Ym§Mr

{Z{_©Vr Am{U {dñVma hmoVmZm OmUdVmo. X¡dVH$Wm§Vrc H$ënZm~§Y, àmUr{df`H$ H$ënZm~§Y, {ZfoYna

H$ënZm~§Y, `mVw{df`H$ H$ënZm~§Y, _¥Ë w{df`H$ H$ënZm~§Y, M_ËH$ma, MoQy>H$, narjm, nU, MVwa

Am{U _yI©, \$gdUyH$, X¡dnmcQ>, ^{dî`-{ZX}eZ Am{U emn, g§Yr Am{U X¡d, gm_m{OH$ H$ënZm~§Y,

nwañH$ma Am{U emgZ, H¡$Xr d niyZ OmUmao, H$m_{df`H$ H$ënZm~§Y, Y_©{df`H$ H$ënZm~§Y Aem

{d{dY H$ënZm~§Ym§Mr gyMr AmnUmcm XoVm oB©c. Aem àH$maÀ`m H$ënZm~§Ym§_Ü oM Am{X~§Yhr gwßV

ñdê$nmV AZwñ yV Agcoco AmnUmcm OmUdVmV. qH$~hþZm Aem ñdê$nmÀ`m Am{X~§YmMr ^m{fH$

A{^ì`ŠVr hr H$ënZm~§Ym§VyZ Am{U H$Wm{deofm§VyZ {ZpíMV hmoVmZm OmUdVo. Ë`m_wio Am{X~§Ymer

g§~§{YV AgUmar à{V_m-àVrHo$ Am{U H$ënZm~§Y `m§_Ü o ~aoMgo gmå` Agcoco AmnUmcm OmUdVo.

3.3.4 àVrH$ (Symbol) Am{U àVrH$m§Mm {_WH$m§er AgUmam g§~§Y

Am{X~§YmMm g§~§Y hm àVrH$m§ergwÕm oVmo. ho Ü`mZmV KoUo JaOoMo Amho. àVrHo$ hr g_mOì`dñWoVrc

ñdV§Ì ñdê$nmMr ì`dñWm Amho. Ë`m{edm` Ë`mcm ì`pŠVJV n[a_mU§hr cm^cocr AgVmV. dmL²>_`rZ

g§km-g§H$ënZm H$moem_Ü o àVrH$m{df`r Or _m{hVr {_iVo Vr Aer, ì`pŠV{Zð> AZw dmMo àm{V{Z{YH$

AZw dmer Agcoco ZmVo gm§YÊ`mgmR>r dmL²>_`rZ g§kmnZ ì`mnmamV dmnaco OmUmao {MÝh åhUOo àVrH$.

ì wËnÎmrÑîQ>çmm "{gå~m°c' `m eãXmÀ`m _yi J«rH$ ê$nmMm AW© "EH$Ì àjo{nV H$aUo' Agm Amho.

Ë`m_wio EH$ê$nH$Ëd ho àVrH$mMo _hÎdmMo cjU R>aVo. g§ícofH$Vm hmM àVrH$mMm Y_© AgVmo. àVrHo$

_wimV "à{V_m'M AgVmV. Ë`m§Mo {dH${gV, gmYmaUr yV AW© KoD$Z AdVacoco ê$n åhUOo àVrH$.

Ë`m_wio àVrH$ ho à{V_oBVHo$ ^mì`ì §OH$ qH$dm ^mdZoZo ^macoco ZgVo. Ë`mV H$mhrer ~w{ÕJå`Vm

AgVo. H$mhr àVrHo$ gm§Ho${VH$ AgVmV. J{UVmVrc {MÝho qH$dm H$mhr Ym{_©H$ àVrHo$ `m JQ>mV

_moS>VmV. gm§Ho${VH$ d àmg§{JH$ `m H$mhr àVrH$m§IoarO H$mhr àVrHo$ d¡pídH$ AgVmV. hr àVrHo$

g_mOmÀ`m ^md{ZH$, d¡Mm[aH$ dm g§H$ënZmË_H$ AZw dm§Mo à{V{Z{YËd H$aVmV. CXmhaUmW©, "Kw~S>'

ho kmZmMo. Ë`m Ë`m g§ñH¥$VrVrc AZw dm§Mr gmd©{ÌH$Vm ømm àVrH$m§_Ü o JmoR>coë`m ñdê$nmV A§J yV

AgVo.

dmL²>_`rZ àVrH$m§Mm OÝ_ ì`pŠV{d{eîQ> AZw yVrVyZ hmoV Agcm Var Ë`m ì`pŠVJV AZw yVrMo

gmYmaUrH$aU hmoD$Z Ë`m AZw^dmcm gmd©{ÌH$VoMo n[a_mU àmßV H$ê$Z XoÊ`mgmR>r "dmL²>_`rZ

àVrH$m§'Mm dmna Ho$cm OmVmo. gm§ñH¥${VH$ àVrHo$ Amnë`m AZw dm§À`m àjonUmgmR>r dmnaUo hm EH$ _mJ©

coIH$/H$dr dmnaVmV. (JUmoaH$a, S>hmHo$, daIoS>o, 2001 : 271, 272)

gm{hË`mÀ`m joÌmV àVrH$m§Mm dmna Ho$di {MÝh åhUyZ hmoV Zmhr Va A{^ì`ŠVr åhUyZ hmoVmo.

àVrH$m§Mm g§~§Y gm{hpË`H$m§À`m A§V:àoaUoer XoIrc Amho. _mZdr ^md^mdZm§Zm {Xcoco àVrH$mË_H$ ê$n

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åhUOo ^mdgË` hmo . àmMrZ gm{hË`mV dmL²>_`mMr {Z{_©Vr àVrH$ê$nmVM Pmcocr Amho. {_WH$m§Mm

g§~§Y hm _mZdr d¥Îmràd¥Îmter AgVmo. {_WH$m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {_WH$H$mcrZ _mZdmÀ`m BÀN>m,

^mdZm Am{U H$ënZm A{^ì`ŠV Pmcoë`m AmhoV. gm{hË`XoIrc `mM d¥Îmràd¥ÎmtÀ`m A{^ì`ŠVrMo

geŠV _mÜ`_ Amho. gm{hË`mà_mUo {_WH$m§_Ü oXoIrc ^mdZmË_H$Vm, H$ënZmercVm, {MÌmË_H$Vm,

àVrH$mË_H$Vm Am{U ahñ`_`Vm BË`mXr VÎd AZw dVm oVmV. OoUo H$ê$Z Vo gm{hË`mÀ`m A{YH$m{YH$

Odi OmVmV. {_WH$m§Mr ^mfm H$mì`mMr Agë`m_wioM Vr àVrH$mË_H$ Amho. gy ©, M§Ð, n¥Ïdr,

AmH$me, ZjÌ, OÝ_, _¥Ë y `m§Zm Ho$di dmÀ`mW© àmßV hmoV Zmhr Va {_WH$s` AW©hr àmßV

Pmcocm {XgyZ oVmo. {_WH$m§À`m AWm©VyZM gm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr Pmcocr Amho, Ago åhUVm oB©c.

H$moUVohr d¡pídH$ gË` {_WH$m§nmgyZ doJio H$aVm oV Zmhr. nwamU gm{hË`mgmR>r {_WHo$ hr {df`dñVyMo

H$m © H$aV Amcoco Amho. Ë`mVyZM Ym{_©H$ AmñWoMm CX` Pmcocm Amho. àË oH$ wJmV {_WH$mVrc

àVrH$m§Zm cd{MH$Vo_wio ZdrZ g§X © àmßV Pmcoco AmhoV. Ë`m_wio {_WH$m§Mm ghg§~§Y hm _mZdr

_ZmÀ`m A§VJ©V Am{U ~møm OJVmer oVmo. {_WH$m§Mr Ho$di nwZamd¥ÎmrM hmoV Zmhr Va nwZa©MZmhr

hmoV AgVo. (qgh, 1985 : 257).

gm{hË`mVrc nm¡am{UH$ VÎdm§Zm nm¡am{UH$ àVrH$ åhQ>co OmVo. ho nm¡am{UH$ àVrH$ ê$T> AWm©{edm`

BVa AW©hr {Z_m©U H$aV AgVmV. nm¡am{UH$ H$Wm§{df`r OZ_mZgmV {deof Ago AmH$f©U Amho.

nm¡am{UH$ H$Wm ømm Ho$di H$mën{ZH$ AgV ZmhrV Va Ë`mV Xoe, OmVr, H$ënZm, qMVZ, AmñWm,

cmoH$mZw d g§J«hrV Pmcocm AgVmo. nm¡am{UH$ àVrH$m§Zm cmoH$_mZg ghOnUo ñdrH$maV AgVo.

nwamUH$Wm ømm H$moUË`mhr g_mOmÀ`m Ym{_©H$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ na§nam AgVmV. Ë`m_wio nwamUàVrH$

ho Ho$di àVrH$ Z R>aVm H$drMr A§V:àoaUmhr R>aVmV. {deofV: H${dVo_Ü o {_WH$ ho àVrH$m§À`m ê$nmV

dmdaVmV. {_WH$m§Zm nm{dî`mMr OmoS> {Xcr Jococr Amho. {deof åhUOo d¡{XH$ wJmnmgyZ {_WH$m§Zm

nm{dî`mMr OmoS> {Xcr Jococr Amho. {deof åhUOo d¡{XH$ wJmnmgyZ {_WH$m§Zm àVrH$ê$nmV ñdrH$maco

Joco Amho. {_WH§$mZm àVrH$m§Mm g_yh åhUmdo cmJoc. Ë`mVyZM Ë §mZm AZoH$ Am`m_ àmßV Pmcoco

AgVmV. AZoH$ {ZîH$f© Ë`mVyZ {ZKy eH$VmV. àVrHo$ hr ñd §ñ\y$V© Am{U ñd§ _em{gV AgVmV.

AdMoVZoÀ`m ñVamda Vo Am{X_ AW© àH$Q> H$arV AgVmV. H$mì`m_Ü o Ooìhm Vo àH$Q> hmoVmV Voìhm

Ë §mMm AW© AdMoVZoÀ`m ñVamdaM KoVcm OmVmo; n§aVw AZoH$Xm d¡ pŠVH$ AdMoVZoÀ`m ñVamda

XoIrc H$mì`m{^ì`ŠVr KoD$ eH$Vo. hm _mÌ AndmX R>acm OmVmo. (lrdmñVd, 1985 : 70 Vo 86)

àVrH$m§Mr {Z{_©Vr hr àm_w»`mZo àH¥$Vr, g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U {gÕmÝVmVyZ hmoV AgVo. àVrH$ ho _yV©

AgVmV Va {gÕmÝV A_yV© AgVmV. àVrH$ ho ñdV:M AW©{Zê$nU d AW©{dñVma H$arV AgVmV.

AmËå`mZoM Ë`m§Zm AW© àmßV H$ê$Z {Xcocm AgVmo. àVrH$ {Z{_©Vr hr EH$ OQ>rc _mZ{gH$ à{H«$`m

Amho. Ë`m§Mm g§~§Y àm_w»`mZo ñdßZm§er OmoS>cm OmVmo. Ooìhm Vo eãXmVyZ A{^ì`ŠV hmoVmV Voìhm Ë`m

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eãXm§ZmM àVrH$ _mZco OmVo. Ë`mVyZM àVrH$dmX OÝ_mcm Amcocm Agmdm. àVrH$m§Zm gmd© m¡_Ëd

XoÊ`mH$S>o gm{hpË`H$m§Mm H$c AgVmo. {_WHo$ àVrH$m§À`m g§X^m©V A{YH$ d¡{MÍ`nyU© AgVmV; na§Vw

Ë`mV nañna nwaH$Vmhr {XgyZ oVo. àVrH$m§Mr {Z{_©Vr hr ~cràWoVyZ Pmcocr Amho Ago H$mhr

g§emoYH$m§Mo _V Amho. Ë`mVyZM "Hw$c{MÝh' hr g§H$ënZm OÝ_mcm Amcr. àVrH$mË_H$ _¥Ë yMr àWm hm

`mMmM Adeof _mZmdm cmJVmo. Ë`m_wio àVrH$m§ modVr ahñ`_`Vm {Z_m©U hmoVo. Ë`m_wioM H$mc~Õ

àVrH$ ho H$mcmVrVhr hmoVmV. Vo H$Yr {deof Va H$Yr gm_mÝ`hr hmoVmV. `mMmM AW© dmL²>_`rZ

nmVirda àVrH$m§Zm AZoH$mW©Vm àmßV hmoVo. AZoH$Xm àVrH$ ê$nH$m§Mr ^mfmhr ~mocVmV. Ë`m_wio

àVrH$m§Zm AZoH$mW©Vm àmßV hmoVo. àVrH$m§Zm g§Ho$VmÀ`m ê$nmVyZM g_Oco Joco nm{hOo. AZoH$Xm

gm{hË`mMm AW© hm {_WH$m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZM CcJS>cm OmVmo.

3.3.5 ñdßZ Am{U àVrH$ `m§Mm ghg§§~§Y

S>m°. A{Zc Jdir `m§Zr {g½_§S> \«$m°B©S>Mr H$mhr {ZarjUo Zm|Xdcocr AmhoV. H$m_, yH$,

ñdg§ajU Am{U gÎmm `m Mma àoaUm§ modVr _mUyg AWdm BVa àmUrhr KmoQ>miV amhVmV. {g½_§S>

\«$mB©S>Zo _mZdr ì`dhmamÀ`m _wimer AgUmar H$m_dmgZm _hÎdmMr _mZcr. Ë`mMo {eî` A°S>ca Am{U

gr. Or. w§J `m§Zr H$m_^mdZo~amo~aM Zo{UdoVrc g_yh^mdZocm _hÎd {Xco. \«$mB©S> d¡ pŠVH$ _Zmcm

_hÎd XoVmo, Va Ë`mMo {eî` gm_y{hH$ _Zmcm _hÎd XoVmV. _mUgm§À`m OJÊ`mÀ`m Aem Mma àoaUm

AmhoV. (R>mHy$a, _moao, 2011 : 216) `mn¡H$s H$m_ `m àoaUoMm g§~§Y hm ñdßZmer OmoS>cm Jococm

Amho. ñdßZm_Ü o oUmar {d{dY à{V_m-àVrHo$ hr H$m_g§~§YrV A{^ì`ŠVr H$aVmZm {XgVmV. {edm`

earamVrc {d{dY Ad`dm§Mr àVrH$mË_H$ A{^ì`ŠVr H$aVmZm OmUdVmV.

{g½_§S> \«$mB©S>Zo ñdßZm§Zm {d{eîQ> AW© AgVmo, Ago _mZco. Vmo AW© ñdßZm§V Amcoë`m {d{eîQ>

KQ>Zm-àg§Jm§À`m àVrH$_mÜ`_mVyZ A{^ì`ŠV hmoV AgVmo. H$maU Aem àVrH$m§Zm na§naoZo ñdV:Mm EH$

AW© cm^cocm AgVmo. g_yh_mZgmZo Vmo {Xcocm AgVmo. Ë`m_wio ì`ŠVrÀ`m A~moY _ZmVrc `m

ñdßZm§Mm AW© cmdÊ`mg g_mO_Z AmYma yV R>aVo. Ë`m_wio ñdßZmV oUmao àg§J ho àVrH$mË_H$ Am{U

g§Ho$VàYmZ R>aVmV. n[aUm_r ñdßZm§Mo {dícofU H$aVmZm ñdßZ nmhUmè`m ì`ŠVrZo ñdßZ{df`H$

_r_m§gm Ho$crM nm{hOo Ago Zmhr. H$maU g§Ho$VàYmZVo_wio Vr Aä`mgH$mcm qH$dm n[a{MVmcm ghOnUo

H$aVm oVo. Ë`mgmR>r ì`ŠVrÀ`m _mZ{gH$ pñWVrMm Am{U dV©Zì`dhmamMm Aä`mg H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo.

ñdßZmVrc g§Ho$V ho Am{X_ ñdê$nmMo AgVmV. Ë`m_wio ñdßZ ho Am{X_ _ZmMoM Zo{UdoVrc à{Vq~~

AgVo, Ago åhUUo g§ wpŠVH$ R>aoc. na§Vw `m{R>H$mUr g§nyU© ñdßZmMm AÝd`mW© cmdVm oB©c, Ago

åhUUo A{Ve`moŠVnyU© R>aoc. ñdßZm§Vrc H$mhr KQ>ZmH«$_ Am{U Ë`mMr AÝ` K{Q>Vm§er VwcZm hr `mVyZ

gmÜ` hmoD$ eH$Vo. Ë`m_wio ñdßZmVrc {d{eîQ> AdñWoMmM VwcZmË_H$ {dMma H$amdm cmJVmo.

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ñdßZm_Ü o {XgUmè`m dñVyàVrH$m§Mr g§»`m \$ma Zmhr. na§Vw Ë`mcm EH$ AW© na§naoZo ~hmc Ho$cocm

Amho. qH$~hþZm Ë`m dñVyMr gmÑí` AmH¥$Vr qH$dm AmH$ma Ë`mcm Vmo AW© àmßV H$ê$Z XoVmZm {XgyZ

oVmo. CXmhaUmW©,

☞ OÝ_mM§ àVrH$ = nmUr Amho. Vo EH$m AWm©Zo gO©ZmM§ àVrH$ åhUyZ oVo. OÝ_mMm g§~§Y

gVV Hw$R>oVar nmÊ`mer {XgyZ oVmo. EH$ Va AmnU nmÊ`m_Ü o Sw>~Š`m ImV AgVmo qH$dm

nmÊ`m~mhoa oV AgVmo Voìhm EH$ Va eara ~ZV AgV§ qH$dm OÝ_mcm oV AgV§. _mVoÀ`m

CXam_Ü o AgVmZm ì`ŠVr J^m©e`mVrc Ocm_Ü o y«Uê$nmZo am{hcocm AgVmo.

☞ nwéf {eíZ = H$mR>r, N>Ìr, Im§~, PmS>, earam_Ü`o KwgÊ`mMr Am{U BOm H$aÊ`mMr

j_Vm AgUmè`m dñVy, gJir Q>moH$Xma eóo... MmHy$, gwao, I§Ora, Vcdma, AmJ

AmoH$Umar hË`mao, ~§XyH$, {nñVyc, [aìhm°ëda BË`mXr. `m gd© dñVy§_Ü`o EH$ àH$maMr

VmR>aVm AgVo. nwéfmÀ`m qcJmM àVrH$ åhUyZ gn©hr oVmo.

☞ {ó`m§Mo OZZ|{Ð` Am{U J^m©e` = n¥Ïdr, OhmO, nmoH$i IÈ>m, nmoH$i OmJm, Jwhm,

^m§S>§, ~mQ>ë`m, noQ>çmm, {VOmoar, {Igo. ~arMer àVrH§$ OZ|{Ð`mEodOr J^m©e`mH$S>o g§Ho$V

H$aVmV, åhUOo H$nmQ>, ñQ>moìh, Imocr. Myc órÀ`m J^m©M§ àVrH$ _mZc§ OmV§.

☞ dj:ñWi Am{U órÀ`m {ZV§~m§M§ àVrH$ = g\$aM§X Am{U BVa JmocmH$ma \$i§

AgVmV.

☞ OZZ|{Ð`m§daÀ`m Ho$gm§M§ àVrH$ = XmoKm§gmR>rhr O§Jc qH$dm PmS>r. órMr OZZ|{Ð o

A{Ve` JwßV ñWmZr Agë`m_wio Z¡g{J©H$ Ñí o Ë`mMo àVrH$ åhUyZ Cn`moJmV AmUVmV,

åhUOo {eim, O§Jc, nmUr dJ¡ao.

☞ {_R>mB© = H$m_^moJmÀ`m AmZ§XmM§ àVrH$.

☞ Ioi = B§{Ð`gwIm_wio {_iUmè`m V¥ßVVoM§ àVrH$. {n`mZmo dmOdU§hr Ë`mM§M àVrH$.

☞ àdmgmcm OmUo = ho _aUmMo àVrH$ åhUyZ nm{hco OmVo. Ë`mgmR>r AmnU "A§{V_ `mÌm',

"_hmà`mU' ho eãX dmnaVmo.

`m gdmªÀ`m AW©{ZU© mn ªV oÊ`mgmR>r XmoZ dñVy dm KQ>Zm§_Yrc gmhM ©, Ë`m§_Yrc VH©$gwg§JVVm

Am{U AWmª modVr AgUmao nma§n[aH$ dc o `m§Mmhr {dMma H$amdm cmJVmo. AZoH$Xm ~mocr ^mfm§_Ü o

gä`Vm Xe©{dÊ`mgmR>r qH$dm AícrcVm Q>miÊ`mgmR>r Am{U àg§Jr AW©g§dmX hmoÊ`mgmR>r `màH$maÀ`m

gm§Ho${VH$VoMm dmna Ho$cm OmVmo. AZoH$Xm hm àH$ma emãX Am{dîH$mam_Ü o Ogm AgVmo; VgmM Vmo

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gm¢X`m©Ë_H$ H$cm{dîH$mam_Ü ohr ghOnUo AmT>iVmo. emãX Am{dîH$mam_Yrc narH$Wm, nwamUH$Wm,

{dZmoX, MoîQ>m_ñH$arVrc H$mhr eãX, cmoH$H$Wm Am{U Aem AZoH$ JmoîQ>tnmgyZ åhUOo {d{^Þ OmVrVrc

[admO, Aícrc ~mocUo dJ¡a|nmgyZ Amnë`mcm `mMr _m{hVr {_iy eH$Vo. `mMm AW© cmoH$gm{hË` ho

na§naoZo cmoH${ejUmMo H$m_ Va H$aVoM. Ë`mM~amo~a cmoH$_mZgmVrc àVrHo$-à{V_m§Mo g§ñH$ma H$ê$Z

cmoH$_ZmMr OS>U-KS>Uhr H$aVmZm OmUdVo. Ë`m_wio `m gd©M ñdßZm§Zm EH$àH$maMm AW© Amcocm

OmUdVmo. Ë`m_wio ñdßZ Am{U àVrHo$ `m§Vrc gwg§JVVm OmoS>mdr cmJVo. àVrH$m§Mm {dñVma hm

g_mOmÀ`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ {dídmda Iyn _moR>çmm à_mUmV à^md Q>mH$Umam AgVmo. ñdßZm§V oUmar àVrHo$

hm Ë`mVrc EH$ ^mJ _mZVm oB©c. Ë`m_wio ñdßZmV oUmè`m Ë`m àVrH$m§Mm AW© Am{U AÝ`Ì

gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmV AgUmè`m Ë`m àVrH$m§Mm AW© `m§_Ü o doJionUm AgUo JaOoMo Amho.

EH$ _hÎdmMm {ZîH$f© Agm Amho H$s, AÝ` joÌmVrc àVrH$mË_H$Vm hr \$ŠV c¢{JH$ {df`mnwaVr

gr{_V Amho, Ag§ _mÌ Zmhr. nU ñdßZmVë`m `m àVrH$m§Mm Cn`moJ \$ŠV c¢{JH$Voer g§~§{YV JmoîQ>r

Am{U g§~§Y `m§Mm {ZX}e H$aÊ`mgmR>rM hmoVmo, `mM§ H$maU gm§JU§ _mÌ H$R>rU Amho. AmnU Ag§ åhUy

eHy$ H$m, gwédmVrcm c¢{JH$Vm ì`ŠV H$aUmar àVrH§$ _mJmhÿZ doJdoJù`mm JmoîQ>tgmR>r Cn`moJmV AmUcr

Jocr, Am{U Ë`m_wioM àVrH$m§M§ {dícofU H$aU§ {dZme nmdV Joc§ Am{U {dícofUmÀ`m Zì`m nÕVr

dmnaë`m Joë`m? Ho$di ñdßZmVë`m àVrH$mË_H$VoMm {dMma H$ê$Z `mM§ CÎma XoU§ A{Ve` AdKS>

Amho; AmnU BVH$M H$ê$ eH$Vmo H$s Iar àVrH§$ Am{U _¡WwZ `m§À`m_Ü o EH$ {ZH$Q>Mm g§~§Y Amho,

`m {dMmamda R>m_ amhÿ eH$Vmo. AZoH$ _yi eãX _¡WwZmer g§~§{YV Aem àg§JmVyZM V`ma Pmco Am{U

_mJmhÿZ Ë`m§Mm AW© ~Xccm. Oa ho åhUU§ Ia§ Agoc Va ñdßZmVë`m àVrH$m§Zm g_OyZ KoÊ`mMr EH$

Zdr eŠ`Vm Amnë`mg_moa oVo. hr JmoîQ> AmnU J¥hrV Yam`cm hdr H$s Á`m_Ü o Am{X_ AdñWoVrc

H$mhr A§e ~mH$s AmhoV, Aem ñdßZm§_Ü o BVH$s àM§S> _¡WwZmg§~§Yr àVrH§$ H$m AgVmV, Am{U ghgm

hË`mao qH$dm CnH$aU§ hr nwéfm§Mo Am{U BVa dñVy Am{U V`ma Ho$coë`m H$mhr dñVy `m {ó`m§Mr àVrH§$

H$m AgVmV? åhUyZ àVrH$mË_H$ g§~§Y ho ~hþYm Ë`m eãXm§Mo Adeof AgmdoV Oo àW_V: XmoKm§gmR>rhr

Cn`moJmV AmUco OmV AgmdoV, åhUOo XmoKm§gmR>rMr EH$M eãX dmnacm OmV Agmdm. `m dñVyM§

Zmd nydu OZZ|{Ð`dmMH$ åhUyZ Cn`moJmV AmUc§ OmV Ago, VrM AmVm ñdßZm_Ü o OZZ|{Ð`mM§

àVrH$ ~Zy eH$Vo. (\«$mB©S>, 2016 : 113 Vo 126) _¡WwZmer g§~§{YV AgUmar à{H«$`m hr {OVH$s

Am{X_ Amho; {VVH$sM Vr O¡{dH$, emídV Am{U Z¡g{J©H$gwÕm Amho. Ë`m_wio hr àVrHo$ H$moUË`mhr

n[apñWVrV H$mc~møm hmoUo eŠ` Zmhr. H$maU gä`VoVyZ OÝ_mcm Amcocr hr gm§Ho${VH$Vm g_mO

gwg§dmXr R>aUmar Amho.

\«$m°B©S> `m§À`m _Zmo{dícofUna {gÕmÝVm§Mm gm{hË`g_rjH$m§Zr Zoh_rM AmYma KoVcm Amho.

Ë`mMo _w»` H$maU åhUOo A~moY _Z ho H${dVm, H$mX§~ar AWdm ZmQ>H$mà_mUo à{V_m, àVrHo$, ê$nHo$

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`m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ~mocV AgVo. gm{hË`mV OrdZm{df`rMr {dYmZo Ho$cocr AgVmV, AZw dm§Mr

A{^ì`ŠVr Ho$cocr AgVo, Vr à{V_mg¥îQ>r, àVrH$`moOZm, ê$nH$mË_H$Vm `m§À`m gmøm`mZo. ñdßZaMZoMo

V§Ì Am{U gm{hË`H¥$VrÀ`m aMZoMo V§Ì `m§V \«$m°B©S>Zo XmIdcoë`m gmå`mMm g_rjH$m§Zm Cn`moJ Pmcm.

\«$m°B©S>À`m {gÕmÝVmda AmYmacoë`m _mZgemór` g_rjoV g~moY Am{U A~moY `m XmoZ _Zm§À`m

doJionUmda cj H|${ÐV Ho$co OmVo. gm{hË`H¥$VrVrc n¥ð>^mJmdarc Ame`mMm g~moY _Zmer Am{U

A§V:ñVamVrc Ame`mMm A~moY _Zmer g§~§Y OmoS>cm OmVmo. `mVrc A§V:ñVamVrc Ame` d A~moY

_Z `m§Zm g_rjoV A{YH$ _hÎd {Xco OmVo. Ë`m_wio coIH$mÀ`m AWdm gm{hË`H¥$VrVrc nmÌm§Mo A~moY

hoVy Am{U ^mdZm `m§À`mH$S>o {deof cj nwadco OmVo.(JUmoaH$a, S>hmHo$, daIoS>o, 2001 : 292,

294)

3.3.6 Am{X~§YmMm g§~§Y hm emídVVoer d gZmVZVoer

ñdßZm§Vrc {d{dY àVrH$m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Á`mà_mUo earamÀ`m {d{dY Ad`dm§Mo {ZX}e, Ë`m§À`m

{H«$`m Xe©{dÊ`mV Am{U g_OÊ`mV oVmV. Ë`mMà_mUo g¥îQ>rVrc {d{dY KQ>Zm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ _mZdr

OrdZMH«$mVrc KQ>Zm§Mm AZw~§Y OmoSy>Z Ë`mVyZ Am{X~§Y dm gZmVZVm, emídVm Xe©{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ

Ho$cm Jocm Amho. {XdgmÀ`m gm¡a MH«$m_YyZ, dfm©À`m G$VwMH«$m_YyZ, _mZdr OrdZmÀ`m E|{Ð`

MH«$m_YyZ AW©nyU© Agm EH$ AmH¥${V~§Y AmT>iVmo. \«$m` `m§Zr {XZMH«$, G$VwMH«$, OrdZMH«$ Am{U

àm¸$Wm d gm{hË` `m§Mm nañnag§~§Y ñnîQ> {ddoMZ Ho$co Amho. Cf:H$mc, dg§V G$Vy (pñà¨J), OÝ_

hr AdñWm; _Ü`mÝh, CÝhmim (g_a), {ddmh AWdm {dO`mMr AdñWm; gy m©ñV, ho_§V (Am°Q>_),

_¥Ë yMr AdñWm; {V{_a, {e{ea (qdQ>a), {dc`mMr àc`H$mcmMr AdñWm; `m gdmªVyZ G$VwMH«$mer

_mZdr OrdZmMm Am{X~§Y OmoS>Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cocm nmhmd`mg {_iVmo.

Zm`H$mÀ`m emoY`mÌoÀ`m H$Wm§_Ü o (ŠdoñQ> {_W_Ü o) gmè`m gm{hË`àH$mam§Mo _yi Am{X~§YdmXr

g_rjH$mZo emoYco nm{hOo Ago \«$m` `m§Zr åhQ>co Amho. emoY`mÌoÀ`m àm¸$WoVyZ ({Xì`H$Wm = ŠdoñQ>

{_W_YyZ) {ZgJ©MH«$mer g_m§Va Aer gwImË_ Am{U emoH$mË_ _mZdr OrdZÑîQ>r H$er {Z_m©U hmoV

AgVo ho \«$m` `m§Zr XmI{dco Amho. gwImË_ OrdZÑîQ>rV _mZdr OJ OZg_yhmÀ`m ê$nmV oVo AWdm

dmMH$mMr BÀN>mnyVu H$aUmè`m Zm`H$mÀ`m ê$nmV oVo. gwImË_ OrdZÑîQ>rV àm{UOJV ho nmird

àmÊ`mMo AgVo. _|T>çm§Mm H$in qH$dm H$moH$ê$, qH$dm gm¡å` njr-~hþYm H$~yVa. J«m_OrdZmÀ`m

à{V_m§Mm Am{X~§Y. emoH$mË_ OrdZÑîQ>r ì`ŠV H$aUmao àm{UOJV ídmnXm§Mo d qhó nú`m§Mo AgVo.

cm§S>Jo, {JYmS>o, gn©, S´>°JZ Am{U `m§gmaIo. gwImË_ OrdZÑîQ>r ì`ŠV H$aUmao dZñn{VOJV CÚmZ,

d¥jdm{Q>H$m, Hw§$O AWdm OrdZd¥j, Jwcm~ AWdm H$_i `m§Mo AgVo. emoH$mË_ OrdZÑîQ>r ì`ŠV

H$aUmao dZñn{VOJV ^`mdh AaÊ`mÀ`m ê$nmV, amZQ>r PwSw>nm§À`m AWdm AmogmS> OmJm§À`m qH$dm

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_¥Ë yÀ`m d¥jmÀ`m ê$nmV oVo. gwImË_ OrdZÑîQ>r ì`ŠV H$aUmao OS> nXmWmªMo OJ åhUOo eha, B_maV

qH$dm XoD$i, aËZ, PJ_JUmao PmS>, VmaH$m§{H$V AmH$me `m§Mo AgVo. emoH$mË_ OrdZÑîQ>r dmid§Q>,

IS>H$, CX²ÜdñV Adeof `m§VyZ ì`ŠV hmoVo. gwImË_ OrdZÑîQ>rVco AmH$mahrZ OJV åhUOo ZXr.

emoH$mË_ OrdZÑîQ>r g_wÐ, _hmnya, àc` `m§VyZ ì`ŠV hmoVo. `m {ddoMZmV \«$m` `m§Zr _mZdr

OrdZÑîQ>r, {VZo KoVcoco H$cmË_H$ AmH$ma Am{U Ë`m§À`mer g§~§{YV {ZgJ©-à{V_m `m§Vrc nañnag§~§Y

XmI{dcocm Amho.

3.3.7 Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjmnÕVrMo A^maVr` Aä`mgH$

"Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjmnÕVr' hm gm{hË`H¥$VrH$S>o nmhÊ`mMm Zdm Ñ{îQ>H$moU ì`ŠV H$aUmao

coIZ ê$ndmXr g_rjmnÕVr ê$T> Pmcocr AgVmZmM àH$m{eV hmoD$ cmJco hmoVo. Zm°W©an \«$m` `m§À`m

"A°Zm°Q>m°_r Am°\$ {H«${Q>{gP_', "\o$~ëg Am°\$ Am`S>|{Q>Q>r' Am{U _m°S> ~m°S>{H$Z `m§À`m "Am{H©$Q>m`nc

n°Q>Z©g² BZ nmoEQ´>r' `m J«§Wm§Zr "Am{X~§Y', "Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjm' ho eãX ê$T> Ho$co. hr g_rjm nÕVr

d§e{MÝhmË_H$, {Xì`H$WmË_H$ Am{U {d{Y{dYmZmË_H$ `mhr Zmdm§Zr AmoiIcr OmVo. {dë~a ñH$m°Q>

`m§À`m _Vo, hr g_rjmnÕVr gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yë`mcm, _yc yV gm§ñH¥${VH$ AmH¥${V~§Ym§Zm Vr _hÎd XoV

Agë`mZo g_mOemór` dmQ>Vo. gm_m{OH$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ yVH$mimÀ`m {dícofUmÀ`m g§X^m©V Vr

Eo{Vhm{gH$ dmQ>Vo; na§Vw dmL²>_`mÀ`m H$mcmVrV _yë`m§À`m nwañH$mamÀ`m g§X^m©V Vr B{Vhmg{Zð> ZgVo.'

`m g_rjmnÕVrMo _yi ómoV \«o$Pa Am{U w§J `m§À`m coIZmV AmhoV. ñH$m°{Q>e _mZdemók ga

Ooåg \«o$Pa `m§Mm "X JmoëS>Z ~mD$' hm J§«W 1890Vo 1915 `m H$mimV ~mam I§S>mV à{gÕ Pmcm.

`m J«§WmV `mVw{dÚm Am{U Y_© `m§Mm Aä`mg AgyZ àmJ¡{Vhm{gH$ H$mimnmgyZÀ`m {Xì`H$Wm (àm¸$Wm,

{_WH$) EH$Ì Ho$ë`m AmhoV. H$mc© JwñVmd w§J (1875-1961) `m§À`m "gm_y{hH$ Ag§kVo'À`m

(H$copŠQ>ìh AZH$m°Ýeg) g§H$ënZoMm Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjoda A{Ve` à^md Amho. w§JMo {eî` Am{U

{dícofH$ _mZgemók S>m°. E[aH$ Zm° _m°Z `m§À`m "AmQ>© A°ÊS> X {H«$E{Q>ìh AZH$m°Ýeg', "X J«oQ> _Xa

: A°Z A°Z{c{gg Am°\$ {X Am{H©$Q>mBn', "{X Am{H©$Q>m`nc dëS>© Am°\$ hoÝar _ya' `m J«§Wm§Mmhr

Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjoda à^md Amho. AWm©V "AmOÀ`m {Xì`H$WmË_ (Am{X~§YmË_H$, àm¸$WmË_H$)

g_rjoda gdm©{YH$ à^md w§J `m§MmM Amho' ho {d_g°Q> Am{U ~«wŠg `m§Mo åhUUo amñVM Amho.

3.3.8 H$mc© JwñVmd `w§J `m§Mo {ddoMZ

H$mc© JwñVmd w§J `mMm "{X Am{H©$Q>mBßg A°ÊS> X H$copŠQ>ìh AZH$m°Ýeg' hm J«§W Am{X~§Y

Am{U Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjm `m XmoÝhr g§H$ënZm g_OyZ KoÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo _hÎdmMm Amho. `m J«§WmV

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"Am{H©$Q>mBßg Am°\$ X H$copŠQ>ìh AZH$m°Ýeg', "H$Ýg{ZªJ {X Am{H©$Q>mBßg, {dW ñnoec ao\$aÝg Qy> {X

A{Z_m H$ÝgoßQ>', "gm`H$m°cm°{OH$c AmñnoŠQ>g² Am°\$ X _Xa Am{H©$Q>mBn' BË`mXr _hÎdmMo {Z~§Y

AmhoV. H$mc© JwñVmd w§J `mZo A{Z_m Am{U A{Z_gÀ`m ê$nmZo ór-nwéf{df`H$ Am{X~§Y ñnîQ>

H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cocm Amho. A{Z_m åhUOo AmË_ñW à{V_m. w§J `m§À`m _Zmo{dícofUmË_H$

coIZmV Amcocr EH$ g§H$ënZm. nwéfmcm ór_Ü o Á`m A{Z_oMm, "AmË_à{V_o'Mm AZw d oVmo, Vo

Ë`mMo AmË_r` órËd AgVo, Ë`mÀ`m {MVr_Ycm Vmo EH$ KQ>H$ AgVmo. nwéfmÀ`m órËdm{df`rÀ`m

ì`pŠVJV Am{U Am{X~§YmË_H$ AZw dmVyZ A{Z_oMr KS>U hmoVo. Am{X~§YmË_H$ órËdmVyZ A{Z_oMm

CX` Pmë`mZ§Va Ah_² Am{U Ag§k _Z `m§À`mVcm g§~§Y ~XcVmo, Ë`mMà_mUo nwéf Am{U ór

`mVcmhr. VgoM Ag§k _ZmMr {H«$`mXoIrc Zdr Am{U gO©Zerc ê$no YmaU H$aVo. A{Z_m AmH¥$Vrcm

gH$mamË_H$ Am{U ZH$mamË_H$ Ago XmoÝhr n¡cy AmhoV. A{Z_m åhUOo AmË_ñW à{V_m. H$mhr Var

{dcjU AmíM`©H$maH$ Am{U A_Ë`© Aer à{V_m. Am{X_mZdm§Zm AmË_m åhUOo Acm¡{H$H$

OrdZ-{Z:ídmg qH$dm Ádmim Amho Ago dmQ>V Ago. A{Z_m hm EH$ Am{X~§Y Amho. Ag§k _ZmVrc

gma Amho. _Zwî`mÀ`m Am§V[aH$ OrdZmVrc Oo Oo CËñ\y©$V Amho Ë`mVcm Am{X_ KQ>H$ åhUOo

A{Z_m. ór_Ü o AmËå`mcm _mJ©Xe©Z H$aUmar A{Z_g AmH¥$Vr AgVo. A{Z_g åhUOo órVrc

nwéfVÎdmMm n¡cy, órÀ`m Ag§k _ZmVrc {nV¥gÎmmH$ g§aMZm§Mr A{^ì`ŠVr A{Z_gÀ`m ê$nmZo hmoVo.

nwéf_ZmVrc órê$n åhUOo A{Z_m Am{U ór_ZmVrc nwéfê$n åhUOo A{Z_g. (JUmoaH$a, S>hmHo$,

daIoS>o, 2001 : 66, 67)

A{Z_m Am{U A{Z_g `m g§km§~amo~aM {g½_§S> \«$m°B©S>Zo B{S>ng H$m°åßboŠg (ì_H$nMZo

ãdCMg_J) Am{U BcoŠQ´>m H$måßbog (Electra Complex) `m g§kmXoIrc {deX Ho$ë`m AmhoV.

nwamH$Wm, cmoH$H$Wm, nwamUo `m§Mo OJ {Z{fÕ c¢{JH$ g§~§Ym§er {H$Vr OdiMo Amho ho \«$m°B©S>Zo OmUco

hmoVo. "B{S>ng H$m°åßboŠg' `m g§koVyZ _wcmcm AmB©{df`r dmQ>Umè`m JyT> AmH$f©Um_mJMr Jw§VmJw§V ñnîQ>

H$aÊ`mMm \«$m°B©S>Mm à`ËZ Amho. hr {M{H$Ëgm Vmo EH$ _mZgemók åhUyZ H$aVmo d Ë`mMm hoVy

_mUgmcm A{YH$ _wŠV, {ZamoJr, AmË_kmZ d AmË_g§ _ wŠV OrdZ OJVm `mdo hm Amho. _wcmÀ`m

_ZmV _mVo{df`r AgUmè`m ^mdg_wƒ`mcm "B{S>ng H$m°åßboŠg' ho Zmd {Xcoco Amho. _amR>rV gVre

AmioH$am§À`m "_hm{Zdm©U' `m ZmQ>H$mV B{S>ng H$m°åßboŠgMr N>Q>m AmT>iVo. "B{S>ng H$m°åßboŠg'À`m

ZmÊ`mMr Xwgar ~mOy åhUOo "BcoŠQ´>m H$m°åßboŠg'. hr g§km \«$m°B©S>Zo A{Ve` Jw§VmJw§VrÀ`m d Jw§VV

OmUmè`m "{nVm-nwÌr' g§~§Ym§Zm {Xcr Amho. H$Ý ocm {nË`m{df`r AgUmao AmH$f©U d {nË`mcm

AgUmar _wcrMr _m`m `m§_wio {VÀ`m Am wî`mV oUmè`m nwéfm§er AgUmao {VMo g§~§Y {Z`{_V Ho$co

OmVmV Agm \«$m°B©S>Mm {gÕmÝV Amho. {nVm-nwÌr_Ü o AgUmè`m `m gyú_ d ZmOwH$ AmH$f©UmMo öÚ

{MÌU AmT>iVo. _amR>rVco Ë`mMo EH$ CXmhaU åhUOo nw. {e. aoJo `m§Mr "gm{dÌr' hr H$mX§~ar.

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(JUmoaH$a, S>hmHo$, daIoS>o,2001: 118,120)

w§J `m§Zr gd© àH$maÀ`m {dñ_¥V, XS>ncoë`m, {dMma Ho$coë`m Am{U OmUdcoë`m JmoîQ>tMm

g_mdoe d¡ pŠVH$ {ZíMoVZmV Ho$cm; gm_y{hH$ {ZíMoVZmVrc Ðì o hr d§ena§naoZo {_imcoë`m _|Xy§À`m

aMZoV dmaemZo Amcocr AgVmV. gm_y{hH$ {ZíMoVZ hm àË oH$ ì`ŠVrÀ`m gm`H$sMm nm`mM AgVmo.

d¡ pŠVH$ {ZíMoVZ ho EH$m Imoc Aem ñVamda AmYmacoco AgVo. Vo OÝ_OmV AgVo. w§J `m§Zr

"gm_y{hH$' hm eãX dmnacm Amho, Ë`mMo H$maU ho H$s {ZíMoVZmMm hm ^mJ d¡ pŠVH$ ZgyZ {dídmË_H$

AgVmo. gJù`mm _mZdmV Agcocm Am{U ì`pŠVJVVoÀ`m ncrH$S>Mm Agm hm ^mJ AgVmo. `m

ncrH$S>À`m gm_y{hH$ {ZíMoVZmVrc Ðì`m§Zm "Am{X~§Y' (Am{H©$Q>mBßg) Ago Zmd Amho. w§J `m§À`m

_Vo, gm_y{hH$ {ZíMoVZmVrc KQ>H$Ðì o Amf© AWdm àm¸$mcrZ AmhoV; gwXya H$mimnmgyZ ApñVËdmV

Agcoë`m Ë`m d¡pídH$ à{V_m AmhoV. A~moY _ZmVrc AWdm {ZíMoVZmVrc Ame`Ðì` Ago Ë`mMo

ñdê$n AmVm am{hcoco ZgVo. na§naoZo Ë`mMo {d{Y{dYmZmV ê$nm§Va Pmcoco AgVo. Am{X~§Y hm

{Z:g§e`nUo A~moY _ZmVrc Ame` AgVmo; g~moY _ZmV oVmZm Ë`mV ~Xc Pmcocm AgVmo Am{U

ì`ŠVrÀ`m MoVZmMo a§Jhr Ë`mV {_gicoco AgVmV. w§J `m§Zr Am{X~§Y ho {ÛYw«dmË_H$ AgVmV Ago

XmI{dco Amho. Ë`mcm EH$ H$mir ~mOy AgVo, VerM Xwgar COi ~mOy AgVo, Agohr gm§{JVco Amho.

w§J `m§Zr "Am{H©$Q>mBßg Am°\$ X H$copŠQ>ìh AZH$m°Ýeg' `m {Z~§YmV N>m`m, A{Z_m (_mVm) Am{U d¥Õ

AmßV `m VrZ Am{X~§Ym§{df`rMr MMm© Ho$cr Amho.

3.3.9 Omocm§ OmH$mo~r `m§Mo Am{X~§Ym{df`r {dícofU

gm`H$sVrc "ghOàoaUm§Mr AmË_-{MÌo' `m eãXm§V Omocm§ OmH$mo~r `m§Zr Am{X~§YmMo dU©Z Ho$co

Amho. {ZíMoVZmÀ`m {MÌ-^mfoV, Am{X~§Y ho àVrH$mË_H$ {MÌ-ê$nm§V AmT>iVmV. "Am{X_ AZw dm§'Mr

A{^ì`ŠVr åhUyZ Vo Amnë`mcm _hÎdmMo dmQ>VmV. ho Am{X~§Y àm¸$Wm§_Ü o, narH$Wm§_Ü o, Ym{_©H$

na§nam§_Ü`o Am{U {dídahñ`m§_Ü`o nwZ:nwÝhm Amcoco AgVmV. amÌrMm g_wÐ-àdmg, ^«_Uerc

draZm`H$, g_wÐ-X¡Ë` BË`mXr JmoîQ>r åhUOo gy m©À`m AñVmMo Am{U CX`mMo {MÌmV Pmcoco ê$nm§Va

hmo . OmH$mo~r `m§À`m _Vo, A¾r MmoaUmam àm°{_Ï yg, gn©X¡Ë`m§Zm R>ma H$aUmam hŠ w©{cg, {d{dY

CËn{ÎmH$Wm, Z§XZdZmVyZ nVZ, AmË_`kmÀ`m JyT>H$Wm, Hw$_mar _mVoH$Sy>Z hmoUmam OÝ_, draZm`H$mMm

Ðmoh, Am°{g[agMo Ad`dÀN>oXZ Am{U `m§gma»`m BVa àm¸$Wm§_Ü o _mZ{gH$ à{H«$`m§Mo àVrH$mË_-

H$ënZmaå` {MÌU Ho$coco AgVo. {d{dY gn©ê$no, _Ëñ`ê$no, pñ\$ÝŠg, gmømH$mar àmUr, {dídd¥j,

_hm_mVm, _§Ì^m[aV amOnwÌ, OmXyJma, d¥Õ AmßV qH$dm ehmUm, Z§XZdZ ømm JmoîQ>r gm_y{hH$

{ZíMoVZmVrc AmH¥${Vê$n Ðì o AgVmV. _mZdr gm`H$s ho B©ída, _Zwî` Am{U {díd `m§À`mVrc

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g§~§Ym{df`rÀ`m àmMrZ kmZmMo EH$ {demc ^m§S>ma AgVo. `m gm`H$sÀ`m gJù`m JyT>, AàH$Q>

eŠ`Vm Am{X~§Ym§À`m ê$nmZo ì`ŠV hmoV AgVmV.

3.3.10 E[aH$ Zm° _m°Z `m§Mo Am{X~§Ym{df`r {ddoMZ

E[aH$ Zm° _m°Z `m§À`m _Vo, {dícofH$ _mZgemómVrc Am{X~§Y hr g§H$ënZm g_OyZ ¿`m`Mr

Agoc Va {VÀ`mer {ZJ{S>V ^md{ZH$-J{Verc KQ>H$, {VMr àVrH$mË_H$Vm, {VMo Ðì`ê$n KQ>H$ Am{U

{VMr g§aMZm Vnmgcr nm{hOo. gm`H$sÀ`m D$Om©_` à{H«$ oV J{Verc Am{X~§YmMo ApñVËd OmUdVo.

`m à{H«$`m MoVZmV KS>VmV, VemM Ë`m MoVZmÀ`m d {ZíMoVZmÀ`m _Yë`m AdH$memVhr KS>VmV.

Am{X~§YmMm à^md ^mdê$n Am{U A^mdê$n ^mdZm§_Ü o AmT>iVmo; Ë`mMà_mUo AmH$f©UmV Am{U

àjonUmV, qMVoV, {IÞ-CXmg AdñWoV AmT>iVmo. Am{X~§YmMr g§aMZm ho _mZ{gH$ g§KQ>ZoMo EH$

Jw§VmJw§VrMo Omio AgVo. Ë`mV J{VercVm, àVrH$mË_H$Vm Am{U ~moY-KQ>H$ AgVmV. Ë`m§Mo H|$Ð Am{U

EH$mË_rH$aU H$aUmam Vmo Am{X~§YM AgVmo. Am{X~§Y {ZíMoVZmÀ`m ñVamda _mZdr dV©ZmMr {Xem

{ZpíMV H$aVmo. H$moUË`mhr Am{X~§YmMo H$m © H$go MmcV AgVo ho ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mgmR>r Zm° _m°Z `m§Zr

"_mJ©' `m Am{X~§YmMo {dícofU Ho$co Amho. {h_ wJmVë`m àmJ¡{Vhm{gH$ _mZdmV hm Am{X~§Y àW_

àH$Q> Pmcm. ~amMgm {ZíMoVZmMmM ^mJ Agcoë`m {d{Yê$nmVcm hm _mJ© `m _mZdmcm nd©Vm§Vë`m

Jwhm§H$S>o KoD$Z OmUmam hmoVm. Ë`mV XS>coë`m Am{U OdiOdi XwJ©_ Aem KirV Ë`m§Zr Amncr

"Xodio' ñWmncocr hmoVr. Á`m àmÊ`m§À`m {eH$marda Ë`m§Mo OJUo Adc§~yZ hmoVo. Ë`m àmÊ`m§Mr {MÌo

Ë`m§Zr VoWo H$mT>cr hmoVr. Ë`m§Mo `mVw{dÚmË_H$ Am{U Ym{_©H$ _hÎd AmO H$moUr ZmH$marV Zmhr.

Ë`mM~amo~a A{Ve` H$R>rU Am{U YmoŠ`mMm _mJ© AmH«${_ë`mZ§Va `m Jwhm§n ªV OmVm oVo Agm EH$

{d{Y{dYmZmË_H$ dmñVdmMm EH$ ^mJ åhUyZhr Ë`mMo _hÎd Amho. Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV OmUrd A{YH$

{dH${gV Pmë`mZ§Va _mJm©Mm hm Am{X~§Y EH$ OmUrdnyU© Agm AmMma ~Zcm. Ë`m_wio AmVmhr

_§{XamÀ`m J^m©JmamV àdoe H$aÊ`mnydu qH$dm Z§Va àX{jUm KmVcr OmVo. Am{X~§YmÀ`m _mJm©À`m `m

àVrH$mZo AmYw{ZH$ _mZdmÀ`m g§koV _hÎdmMo ñWmZ {_idco Amho. CXmhaUmW©, {dH$mgmMo _mJ©,

VmpÎdH$-amOH$s`-H$cmË_H$ diUo BË`mXr.

Am{X~§YmVrc AZoH$ AmH$ma, à{V_m, àVrHo$, Ñ{îQ>H$moU, n¡cy, g§H$ënZm EH$mM doir {Z_m©U

hmoV AgVmV; Ë`mVë`m H$mhr EH$_oH$s¨_Ü o ga{_giyZ OmVmV, Va H$mhr dJië`m OmVmV. `m

gJù`mmM JmoîQ>r EH$m Am{X~§Ymer - _hm_mVoÀ`m Am{X~§Ymer {ZJ{S>V AgVmV Ago Zm° _m°Z `m§Mo

_V Amho. doJdoJio AmH$ma åhUOo EH$mM {df`gyÌmMr doJdoJir ê$no AgVmV. Ë`m§À`mVcr {d{dYVm,

{damoYr VÎdo BVH$s AgVmV H$s Am{X~§YmÀ`m emídV CnpñWVrà_mUo Ë`mÀ`m àVrH$mË_H$

AZoH${dYVo{df`rhr ~mocmdo cmJVo. Am{X~§Y CËñ\y$V©nUo ì`ŠV hmoVmV, qH$dm {d{eîQ> ì`ŠVrÀ`m

82<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Om{UdoÀ`m g§X^m©V Vo {ZíMoVZmMm CËñ\y$V© Am{dîH$ma åhUyZ ì`ŠV hmoVmV, Voìhm Vo ì`pŠV{Zanoj

AWdm g_yh{Zanoj H$m © H$aVmV. _mÌ Vo gm_y{hH$ Zo{UdoÀ`m {Zanoj ZgVmV. d§e, cmoH$g_yh,

Eo{Vhm{gH$ wJ, Am{U àË`j pñWVr `m§À`mer Ë`m§Mm g§~§Y AgVmoM. Ë`mMà_mUo Á`m ì`ŠVtÀ`m

H¥$Vt_YyZM Vo Am{dîH¥$V hmoVmV Ë`m§À`mhr àË`j pñWVrMm g§~§Y AgVmo. Zm° _m°Z `m§Zr åhQ>co

Amho : "gm_y{hH$ Zo{UdoVrc ({ZíMoVZmVrc) Am{X~§Y ho _ycV: AmH$mahrZ _mZ{gH$ g§aMZm§À`m

ê$nmV AgVmV. H$coV Vo Ñí`_mZ hmoVmV. Ë`m§À`m AmH¥${V~§YmV H$mi, ñWi Am{U ì`ŠVrMr

_mZ{gH$ KS>U `m§Zwgma ~Xc hmoV AgVmV. CXmhaUmW©, "Am{X_mVm' hm AmH¥${V~§Y B{OßV, _opŠgH$mo,

ñnoZ, àmMrZ _Ü` wJ, AmYw{ZH$ H$mc `m§Zwgma doJdoJù`m e¡ctVyZ AWdm ^md{ZH$ Am{dîH$mam§VyZ

ì`ŠV Pmco AmhoV. Am{X~§YmÀ`m emídV ApñVËdmÀ`m ~hþ{dYVoVyZM A{^ì`ŠVrMr AJ{UV ê$no

AmH$mamg oVmV.

3.3.11 Zm°W©an \«$m` `m§Mo {ddoMZ

Zm°W«m°n² \«$m` `m§À`m _Vo, Am{X~§Y åhUOo EH$ dmL²>_`rZ àVrH$ AWdm àVrH$m§Mm nw§O. hr

àVrHo$ dmL²>_`mV nwZ:nwÝhm oV AgVmV. gm{hË`mV Am{U g§ñH¥$VrV nwZ:nwÝhm oUmar à{V_m åhUOo

Am{X~§Y; EH$m H${dVoMm Xwgè`m H${dVoer g§~§Y OmoS>Umao àVrH$ åhUOo Am{X~§Y Aer \«$m` `m§Mr

YmaUm Amho. Aem àVrH$m§Ûmao Amnë`m dmL²>_`rZ AZw dmMo EH$mË_rH$aU Am{U EH$ÌrH$aU hmoVo.

Am{X~§Y ho g§àofU `mo½` àVrH$ Agë`m_wio Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjm gm{hË`mH$S>o EH$ gm_m{OH$

KQ>Zm Am{U g§àofUmMr EH$ arVr åhUyZ nmhmVo. Ho$. a§. {eadmS>H$a `m§Zr "gm{hË`doY' `m J«§WmV

"gm{hË`mVrc Am{X~§Y : Zm°W«m°n² \«$m`Mm g_rjmì yh' ZmdmMm coI {c{hcocm Amho. Ë`mV Ë`m§Zr

\«$m` `m§Mo Am{X~§Ymdarc _VmMr Zm|X KoVcocr Amho. Ë`mV \«$m`À`m _Vo nwamUH$Wm qH$dm {_WHo$

Am{U Am{X~§Y hr gm{hË`mMr àoaH$ VÎdo g_Omd`mg haH$V Zmhr. nwamUH$Wm qH$dm {_WHo$ åhUOo

H$WZ Am{U Am{X~§Y åhUOo AWª Ago _mZco Va EH$ JmoîQ> cjmV oVo H$s eodQ>r {ZgJ© Am{U OrdZ

ømmV EH$ AmíM ©H$maH$ EH$ê$nVm Amho Am{U Vr {XZMH«$, G$VwMH«$ Am{U OrdZMH«$ ømm§Zm

gm§YUmè`m EH$m AW©~§YmZo Am{dîH¥$V hmoVo. hm AW©~§Y Am{X~§Ym§Mm Am{X~§Y, gd©loð> _ycH$ën

g_Omdm cmJoc. Aem Am{X~§Ym^modVrM {_WHo$ AWdm nwamUH$Wm EImÚm XodgÑe _hm_mZdm^modVr

H$WmZH$ C o H$ê$Z AW© {ZdoXZ H$aVmV. \«$m`Zo àñVwV EH$ê$nVoMm EH$ VŠVmM gmXa Ho$cm Amho.

\«$m`À`m _Vo gm{hË`mMo Mma à_wI àH$ma : amo_mÝg, gwImpË_H$m, emoH$mpË_H$m Am{U Cnhm{gH$m Ago

_mZco OmVmV. \«$m`Zo Am{X~§Y ho gm{hË`mVrc g§ moOH$ VÎd _mZyZ EH$ {demc ì yh ì`dpñWVnUo

C^m Ho$cm. {dñV¥V AmH$cZ Am{U ì`dpñWV _m§S>Ur ømm§À`m AmYmamda \«$m`Zo g_rjocm emór`

ñdê$n XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Hoo$cm. Aem Am{X~§YmMm emoY åhUOo gm{hË`mMo {dkmZM Amho. \«$m`Zo

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gm{hË`{dídmV AZoH$ JmoîQ>tMm g_mdoe H$arV H$cm Am{U gm{hË` `m§Zm {dídì`mnr Am{X~§YmMr OmoS>

{Xcr. ({eadmS>H$a, 1998 : 68, 70)

Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjo{df`r \«$m` åhUVmo, ""H$dr hm H${dVoÀ`m EH$g§KVoMo H$maU hmoD$ eH$V

Zmhr H$maU Ë`mVyZ H${dVoÀ`m g§aMZoda H$mhrM àH$me nS>V Zmhr. H$dr H${dVoMo Ho$di {Z{_Îm H$maU

g_OVm oB©c. {Z{_ÎmH$maU _mJo Q>mH$ë`mZ§Va A{YH$ _hÎdmMm ^mJ cjmV oVmo, Vmo åhUOo H${dVoMo

ê$n. ê$n Am{U àH$ma ømm§Mm {dMma åhUOo H${dVoÀ`m ê$nH$maUmMm {dMma hmoVmo. gm{hË`àH$mam§Mm

{dMma H$aVmZm H$moUË`m gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrV Vo {Z_m©U Pmco. H$moUË`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ JaOm§_wio Ë`m§Zm

OÝ_ {_imcm ømmMm åhUOoM gm{hË`mÀ`m CnmXmZ H$maUmMm {dMma hmoVmo. na§Vw ømm gd© H$maUm§Mm

{dMma H$ê$Zhr H$mhr _hÎdmÀ`m JmoîQ>r ñnîQ> hmoV ZmhrV. àË oH$ H$drÀ`m à{V_m§Mr {d{eîQ> g§KQ>Zm

AgVo Am{U doJdoJù`mm N>Q>m Agë`mVar Vt_Ü o gmå` AgVo. AmH$me, g_wÐ, dmXi, dmXimV

gmnS>cocr Zmd, G$Vy, àrVr, _¥Ë y Aem {H$VrVar JmoîQ>r AZoH$ H${dVm§_Ü o, Ë`m§À`m à{V_m§_Ü o

g_mZ AgVmV. Ë`m H${d-H$dt_YyZ, H${dVm-H${dVm§_YyZ ngacoë`m AgVmV. gm{hË`mÀ`m g§X^m©V

AmUIr EH$ àË`` cjmV oVmo. H$mhr gm{hË`H¥$Vt_Ü o A§V y©V Pmcoë`m AZw yVr nwÝhmnwÝhm Am{dîH¥$V

hmoV AgVmV. hm M_ËH$ma H$mcmZwH«$_ ñnîQ> H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr. _Zw Am{U _mgm, Zmohm Am{U Ë`mMr

Zmd Aem JmoîQ>r doJdoJù`mm ñWcH$mcmV H$em H$pënë`m OmVmV? órMo AnhaU Am{U Ë`m_wio

Pmcoco wÕ ho hmo_aÀ`m "B{c`S>'Mo Am{U dmë_rH$sÀ`m "am_m`Um'Mo H$WmgyÌ H$go? gd©M ^mfm§_Ü o

amo{_Amo-Á w{cEQ> AmhoV Am{U qgS´>ocmhr. w{cggMm gmVmg_wÐmdarc àdmg, qgX~mXÀ`m g\$ar

Aem AZoH$ gm{hË`{dîH$mamV g_mZgyÌo AmT>iVmV Vr H$er? ømMm AW© Agm H$s _hmZ gm{hË`H¥$Vt_Ü o

{deof AWm©Mo EH$ H|$ÐmZwgmar AmH¥${V~§Y åhUOo EH$mM AWm©H$S>o OmUmao AmH¥${V~§Y ghO gmnS>VmV.

ho AmH¥${V~§Y Ho$di KQ>Zm§_YyZ CncãY hmoVmV Ago Zmhr Va Vo AmH$me, gmJa, dmXi qH$dm dmXimV

gmnS>cocr Zmd, EH$Q>m àdmgr, dmid§Q> B. à{V_m AWdm àVrHo$ ømm§VyZhr gmnS>VmV. gm{hË`, nwamU

Am{U {_WHo$ ømm§VyZ dma§dma àË``mcm oUmè`m KQ>Zm, ì`pŠVaoIm, à{V_m Am{U àVrHo$ øm§Zm

"Am{X~§Y' AWdm "_ycH$ën' åhUVmV. Vr _mUgm§À`m _yc àoaUm§Zm àVrV H$aUmar AgVmV. øm

Am{X_ê$nm§Zm qH$dm Am{X~§Ym§Zm H|$ÐñWmZr J¥{hV Yê$Z \«$m`Zo g_rjocm EH$ Zdr {Xem XoÊ`mMm

à`ËZ Ho$cm, øm g_rjocm Am{X~§YmË_H$ qH$dm Am{X_ê$n{Zð> g_rjm åhUVm oB©c. ({eadmS>H$a,

1998 : 67, 68)

3.3.12 _mVrMo nm` : Am{X~§YmË_H$ Aä`mg

a_oe B§Jio CÌmXH$a `m§Mm "_mVrMo nm`' hm H${dVmg§J«h (2013) Amho. `m{edm` "XmIc

ImarO' hm H${dVmg§J«h (2001) àH$m{eV Amho. Va H$mX§~ar_Ü o "{ZemUr S>mdm A§JR>m' (2005),

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"gd© àíZ A{Zdm ©' (2011) `m XmoZ H$mX§~è`m àH$m{eV AmhoV.

"{ZemUr S>mdm A§JR>m' `m H$mX§~arg _hmamîQ´> emgZmMm {d. g. Im§S>oH$a nwañH$ma, 2006;

_hmamï´> \$mD§$S>oeZ gm{hË` nwañH$ma, 2007; ghH$ma_hfu e§H$aamd _mo{hVo nmQ>rc gm{hË` nwañH$ma,

2008; _°OopñQ>H$ àH$meZmMm O`d§V Xidr ñ_¥Vr nwañH$ma, 2009 BË`mXr nwañH$ma àmßV Pmco

AmhoV. "gd© àíZ A{Zdm ©' `m H$mX§~arg AZwïw>^ à{Vð>mZMm {d^mdar nmQ>rc nwañH$ma, 2012 cmàmßV Pmcocm Amho.

"_mVrMo nm`' hm H${dVmg§J«h eãX npãcHo$eZZo _o 2013 amoOr à{gÕ Ho$cm. Ë`mMo nwZ_w©ÐU

2015 gmcr àH$m{eV Pmco. `m H${dVmg§J«hmÀ`m AmVrc aoIm{MÌo hr gwà{gÕ gm{hpË`H$ dg§VAm~mOr S>hmHo$ `m§Zr aoImQ>cocr AmhoV. H$dr a_oe B§Jio CÌmXH$a `m§Zr `m H${dVmg§J«hmMr

An©Un{ÌH$m "AmB© Am{U ~m~m§g... Vw_À`m {POÊ`m d gmogÊ`mnwT>o _mPo eãX H$dS>r_moc AmhoV.'Aer An©U Ho$cocr Amho.

`m H${dVmg§J«hmVrc A{YH$m{YH$ H${dVm `m _wŠV eãX d Amnco dmL²>_`d¥Îm `m _m{gH$m§VyZ,

H$mhr eãX XrnmoËgd, _hmamï´> Q>mBåg, Xrnmdcr, gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$mc{ZU© , n[adV©ZmMm dmQ>gê$, h§g,nwéfñn§XZ, cmoH$_V `m Xrdmir A§H$m§_YyZ, Va H$mhr AZmK«mV, Zd AZwïw> , Xe©Z, C_u {Z`VH$m{cH$m§_YyZ

Joë`m Xhm dfm©V doimodoir à{gÕ Pmë`m AmhoV.

`m H${dVmg§J«hmV EHy$U 77 H${dVm§Mm g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Amcocm Amho. `m H${dVmg§J«hmVrcH${dVm§Mr erf©Ho$ Oar dmMcr Va AmnUmcm H${dVm§Mm Am{U H${dVmg§J«hmMm nmoV g_OVmo. "XohmV

Xw:I Xw_Xw_co', "d{S>cmonm{O©V : EH$', "d{S>cmonm{O©V : XmoZ', "EH$mM {dídmË_H$ _m§S>rcm', "n{dÌ{nedr _Zmoha', "AmË_d¡ dmMo gm§Yo', "^rVr dmQ>Vo àM§S>', "doXZoMm Wa', "H$cw{fV eodQ>mMm emn',

"Xodmcm CR>m åhUmcmo...', "_aUmMo emídV VmoaU', "{Q>M^a Xw:ImMo S>~Ho$', "_mVrMo nm`', "naVeyÝ`mn ªV Jocmo', "`mVZm§Mr `mÌm', "aŠVmM§ H$m` H$am`M§?', "j_merc hmoÊ`mMm [a`mO', "gwImV

Zm§Xco Xw:I', " Xw:ImÀ`m Xe©ZmgmR>r', "Xw:ImÀ`m gmjmËH$mar COoS>mV' Am{U "`pËH¨${MV Xw:ImMoH$maU hmoD$ XoD$ ZH$mo', BË`mXr H${dVm Oar àm{V{Z{YH$ KoVë`m Var Ë`m§_YyZ H$dr emídV dm gZmVZ

àíZm§Mr Am{U AZw dm§Mr _m§S>Ur H$aVmZm {XgVmo. ñdV: Am{X_VoH$S>o KoD$Z OmVmZm {XgVmo.

"_mVrMo nm`' `m H${dVmg§J«hmÀ`m _cn¥ð>mda CÌmXH$a {c{hVmV, ""~ohÔ ào_ H$ê$Z Pmc§ Am{U~ohÔ Ûofhr/g§~§YmV `mM Va XmoZ JmoîQ>r hmoË`m ghO H$aVm oÊ`mOmo½`m/H$moUVrM hÔ Cacr Zmhr

A§V~m©øm gJio oX {_Q>co/^mdZm§À`m {_R>rVyZ gwQ>co AZw d/AmVm ~ohÔ Ho$ìhmhr OJÊ`mÀ`mgmohù`mmV {_gimo _aUmMm CËgd'' `mVyZ ào_ Am{U ÛofmZ§ Am wî` OJyZ Pmc§ Ë`m_wio gJioM oX

AmVm {_Q>coco AmhoV. Ë`mVyZ OJÊ`mÀ`m gmohù`mmV _aUmMm CËgd {_giÊ`mMr BÀN>m Amho. H$maU

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OrdZmÀ`m A§{V_ Q>ßß`mV Amnë`m hmVr Ho$di ^c§ _moR>§ eyÝ`M ahmV. AmnU {dZmH$maUM amJ-Ûof-

ào_mV Am wî` KmcdVmo. àË oH$ jU, àË oH$ ì`ŠVr H$mim~amo~a gwQ>V OmVmo. Am{U eodQ>r Ho$diEH$Q>onUmM {e„H$ ahmVmo. Ë`m_wio OJÊ`m_aÊ`mMm gmohim hm A§{V_V: EH$Q>çmmZoM nyU© H$amd`mMm

Amho. ho Ü`mZmV KoD$ZM EHy$U H${dVm§Mr aMZm Pmcocr AmnUmg AZw dVm oVo.

3.3.13 Am{X~§YmË_H$ AmH$cZ

àñVwV H${dVmg§J«hmVrc H$mhr H${dVm `m Am{X~§YmË_H$ AmH$ma ì`ŠV H$aVmZm OmUdVmV. "hr

K{Q>V§ AmhoV åhUyZ', "EH$mM {dídmË_H$ _m§S>rcm', "KamÀ`m ì`mgmEdT>o _hm^maV', "ghmZw yVrMo _wHo$

eãX', "AmË_d¡ dmMo gm§Yo', "ZmioVyZ _m`m dmhVo...',"eóo {Odmda CR>crV', "n{dÌ {nedr

_Zmoha', "ho _mPo AmB©....', "{cnrÀ`m nXamImcr', "AZpÝdV N>imMm Ama§ ', "_wimMm AIoaMm

V§Vy', "_aUmMo emídV VmoaU', "Xodmcm CR>m åhUmcmo...', "H$mJXr \w$cm§Mr ~mJ', "Ord cmdm

åhUmcmo', "nmocmXr {nim§Mr _moha', "H$mimMm _moÇ>m VwH$S>m dOm H$ê$Z', "H$m~mS>mcm A§V ZìhVm',

"AmíM`m©Mr JmUr', "_mVrMo nm`', "naV eyÝ`mn ªV Jocmo', "`mVZm§Mm `mÌm', "gw§ OiVmo Voìhm...',

"H$go eŠ` hmoB©c gmao?', "AOyZ {H$Vr hOma df}', "{OVŠ`m CËH$Q>VoZo.....', "ñdV:cm H$S>H$Sy>Z

oQ>VmZm', "_wÔm_ Wm§~cmo _mJo', "H$mhrM Cac§ Zm{hho amo_hf©H$', "doXZoMm Wa', "AmVm ~ohÔ Ho$ìhmhr'

`mgma»`m AZoH$ H${dVm§§VyZ Am{X~§YmË_H$ A{^ì`ŠVr hmoVmZm {XgyZ oVo. H$Yr H$Yr H$dr Amnë`m

gm§ñH¥${VH$ yVH$mimer g§dmXr hmoD$ nhmVmo; Va H$Yr Amnë`m Eoíd`m©cm à{VnmXZ H$aVmZm {XgVmo.

Va H$Yr gwa{jV Aem H$moemV OJy BpÀN>Vmo. Ë`m_wio H$drcm Amncr gm§ñH¥${VH$ gwa{jVVm A{YH$

_hÎdmMr dmQ>Vo.

"hr K{Q>V§ AmhoV åhUyZ' gma»`m H${dVoVyZ gJwU-{ZJw©UmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ hm Am{X~§Y {XgyZ

oVmo. gJwU-{ZJw©UmMo à_o ho AmH$ma Am{U {ZamH$mamÀ`m A{^ì`ŠVrgmR>r Cn`mo{Oco Joco Amho.

_wimV ho EH$ AmÜ`mpË_H$ à_o Amho. g§nyU© g¥îQ>r `mVyZ àdm{hV hmoVo. ì`ŠVr Ooìhm g¥îQ>rVrc KQ>H$

åhUyZ ñdV:H$S>o nmhVmo Voìhm Vmo Ho$di EH$ gOrd R>aVmo. `m g¥îQ>rMH«$m_Ü o BVam§gmaIoM Ë`mMohr EH$

ñWmZ Amho. AmÜ`mpË_H$ K{Q>Vm§_wio Ë`mcm doJio ñWmZ XoVm oV Zmhr. ho `mVyZ cjmV oB©c. J^m©VyZ

Pmcocr gwédmV hr eodQ>r g¥îQ>rJ^m©VM OmD$Z Wm§~Vo. OÝ_-_¥Ë y hr EH$ gZmVZ Am{U {VVH$sM

emídV à{H«$`m Amho. J^m©Vrc AgUmam hm AZw d gd©g_mdoeH$ Aem ñdê$nmMm AgVmo. Acm¡{H$H$

g¥îQ>rì`dhmamVrc {ZamH$ma Ord AmB©À`m J^m©VM AmH$ma KoVmo. Vmo OÝ_à{H«$ oMm _yc~§Y AgVmo. H$dr

åhUVmo, ""AmnU EH$mM J^m©V AOmUVonUr AZw yVrÀ`m CJ_mcm {~cJcmo/{ZamH$mamÀ`m

Am|H$mamVyZ WoQ>/AmH$mamÀ`m H$„moimV hadcmo/{ZJw©UmÀ`m _Zmoha _m§S>rdê$Z/gai gJwUmÀ`m

H$S>oda Jdgcmo/hm Amncm Am{X~§Y Q>miVm oB©c Q>miy åhQ>ë`mZo/ho Amnë`m ñn§XZm§Mo ~rO

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~Xcoc ~Xcy åhQ>ë`mZo/hm Amnë`m aŠVmVyZ dmhUmam ñIcZmMm CËgd/ZmH$maVm oB©c Zmhr

åhQ>ë`mZo/Amnë`m hmVr Zgcocr ËdMoÀ`mhr AmYr _m§gmcm {~cJcocr/hr K{Q>V§ AmhoV.''

(n¥. 15) Ord OÝ_mcm oÊ`mAJmoXanmgyZM hr K{Q>V§ dmTy>Z R>odcocr AmhoV. ho gd© _mhrV

AgVmZmgwÕm AmnU ZmVoì`dhmam§_Ü o nmoQ>mV Am{U AmoR>m§da Ûof Am{U {df KoD$Z OJV AgVmo. ho

Ü`mZmV KoUo JaOoMo Amho. "EH$mM {dídmË_H$ _m§S>rcm' `mgma»`m H${dVoVyZ ""EH$mM {dídmË_H$

_m§S>rcm Amnë`m nmR>r Q>oH$ë`m/Am{U cwMm`cm EH$M N>mVr {_imcr Amnë`mcm/VwÂ`m

AmoR>m§Zm VodT>m/n{hë`m W|~mÀ`m hfm©Mm n[a_i {~cJcm/Vo Ý yZ _r ^ê$Z H$mT>co.'' (n¥.16)`mVrc "{dídmË_H$ _m§S>r' hr à{V_m Am{X~§YmH$S>o KoD$Z OmVo. hr {dídmË_H$ _m§S>r OJÝ_mVoMr Amho.

`mVyZ _mV¥ê$nmMm Am{X~§Y S>moù`mmg_moa oVmo. `mVyZ àH¥${V-nwéfmMm Am{X_ ghg§~§Y ñnîQ> hmoVmo.

Vmo AmB©Mm Am{U _wcmMm Amho. H$mimMm {H$Vrhr àdmg Pmcocm Agcm Var hm ghg§~§Y Am{X_

H$mimnmgyZ emídV ñdê$nmV ñdrH$macocm Amho. H$dr åhUVmo, ""gmjmV ZD$ _{hZo ZD$ {XdgR>odco nmaS>çmmV/H$moUË`m wVmZo PnmQ>co Amnë`mcm?/H$moUË`m MoQ>H$sZo _Vr Ho$cr Jw§J?/

AmnU ~aiV gwQ>cmo AVm{H©$H$/ho ~ohÔ ~aiUo j_ocm àmßVhr hmoB©c/na§Vw/nmÝhm VwÂ`mgmR>r

\w$Q>cm _m §Xi/_cm Cacm Zmhr/qH$dm VwÂ`mdoir Mmoacocm/_mÂ`mdoir gwQ>cm gwgmQ>/Agm

{dnarV Ami KoUmam Agmo Amnë`mn¡H$s/Ë`mÀ`m _wImV {H$S>o nS>Vrc/XwYmÀ`m W|~mgmR>rVS>\$S>oc Ë`mMm d§e.'' (n¥. 16) Ë`m nwéfmMr AWdm _wcmMr _Vr H$moUË`mVar ór-nwéfmZo qH$dm

wV-MoQ>H$sZo Jw§J Ho$cr Var AmB©Mm nmÝhm _mÌ nwÝhm Amnë`m _wcmgmR>r \w$Q>VM AgVmo. ho Am{X_

gË` Amho! na§Vw `m Am{X_ g§~§Ymda H$moUr Amjon qH$dm Amamon KoV Agoc Va _mÌ g§~§{YVm§Mm d§e

hm VoìhmM XwYmÀ`m W|~mgmR>rhr VS>\$S>oc, `mMmhr {dMma H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. hm _mZdr cm¡{H$H$

ì`dhmamVrc {dMmahr H$dr emn-A{^emnmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ _m§Sy> BpÀN>Vmo.

"KamÀ`m ì`mgmEdT>o _hm^maV' gma»`m H${dVoVyZ ZmË`m§_Ycm gZmVZ Am{U emídV g§Kf©

{Q>nÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm Amho. ho ZmVog§Kf© àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ MmcV Amcoco AmhoV. ^mD$~§XH$sVrc

ho VmU-VUmd EH$_oH$m§da AmgyS> AmoT>Ê`mg g‚m Pmcoco AmhoV. àË oH$ OU EH$_oH$m§À`m ZmdmMm

nmT>m dmMVmo Amho. ""VwQ>oc BVŠ`m Q>moH$mMm {dIma/àË oH$ ~mUmÀ`m Q>moH$mda/__m©da AMyH$

VmUcoë`m/àË §Mm Á`mÀ`m Ë`mÀ`m'' (n¥. 19) `m gma»`m H$mì`n§ŠVrVyZ ho {dImar g§~§Y

Amnë`mcm ghOnUo g_OVrc. Ë`m_wio ZmË`m§Mo _Vc~r nme VmoS>Ê`mVM YÝ`Vm Amho. àË oH$mÀ`m

KamMo AemM ñdê$nmMo Hw$ê$joÌ Pmcoco Amho. `mVrc gZmVZVm Amnë`mcm H$iUo JaOoMo Amho.

am_m`U, _hm^maV H$mimnmgyZ ho MmcV Amcoco Amho. Ë`mcm AmYw{ZH$ Am{U CÎmaAmYw{ZH$ H$mihr

AndmX Agy eH$Uma Zmhr. ho Ü`mZmV ¿`mdo cmJVo. "ghmZw yVrMo _wHo$ eãX' gma»`m H${dVo_YyZ

""ZmË`m§Mo AW© Pmcoë`m Amnë`mgmR>r/ghmZw yVrMo _wHo$ eãX KoD$Z.'' (n¥.21) Ago

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àH$Q>rH$aU H$dr H$aVmZm OmUdVmo. `m H${dVoV "{H$VrVar....' hm eãX AZoH$ doim Amcocm Amho.

hm eãX H$mimMr g§{X½YVm àíZm§{H$V H$aVmZm {XgyZ oVmo.

Amnë`m A{^ì`ŠVrgmR>r H$dr AZoH$Xm nm¡am{UH$ J«§WmVrc g§X © KoVmo Am{U Ë`mcm ZdrZ AW©

XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo. "AmË_d¡ dmMo gm§Yo' gma»`m H${dVoVyZ `mMr à{MVr oVo. `m H${dVoV

am_mÙmMo g§X © oD$Z OmVmV. am_mÙmVrc ^mD$~§XH$sÀ`m ghg§~§Ym§Zm AmYw{ZH$ n[a_mUmV _moOVmZm

nmhVm oVo. am_, cú_U Am{U âV EH$m gyamV JmUmar hr VrZhr ^md§S>o OrdZmM§ JmU§ Amnmnë`mH$S>o

IoMÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aV AmhoV. Am{U EH$_oH$m§À`m Am|OirV agagcoë`m XmUoXma§ doXZm§Zr âcoc§ \$i§

XoD$ BpÀN>VmV. BVam§À`m nm`mV R>UH$Umar n¢OU§ ~m§Yy BpÀN>VmV. `m gdmªVyZ Ho$di d¡ dmMo gm§YoM

{ZIiy nhmV AmhoV. H$dr åhUVmo, ""XmoZ H$mcn ªVMo Q>dQ>drV d¥Õ/AmË_d¡ dmMo gm§Yo{ZIiVmZm nmhÿZ/H$idiyZ H$mo_oOy cmJcoV/gm §H$mcrZ hV~c n[agamda ngacoë`m/

aŠVj`mÀ`m em{nV CÝhmZo H$any cmJcoV.'' (n¥.22) ZmVog§~§Ymda àíZ{MÝh CnpñWV Ho$coco

{XgyZ oVmV. aŠVj`mM§ em{nV CZ ZmË`m§da ngacoc§ Amho. Ë`m_wio AmË_d¡ dmMr ñWmZ§ AmVm

g_mO_ZmVyZ T>iy nhmV AmhoV. gm§ñH¥${VH$ AmXe© g§nwîQ>mV oD$ nhmV AmhoV. `mVyZ g_mO_ZM

hV~c Pmcoco {XgyZ oVo. nm¡am{UH$ J«§WmVrc ZmVog~§Ym§Zm AmYw{ZH$ OrdZnÕVrVyZ {Xcoco ho n[a_mU

_mZVm oB©c. `mVyZ AmË_-d¡ dmMr ñWmZ§ T>iV Mmccocr {XgyZ oVmV.

"ZmioVyZ _m`m dmhVo.....' `m H${dVoVyZ _m oMm Am{X~§Y aoImQ>Ê`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm Amho. Ë`m

_m o_Ü o H$moUË`mhr àH$maMm S>mdm-COdmnUm ZgVmo. åhUyZ {_ioc VodT>r hr "Am{X'_m`m {_idmdr.

`mVyZM Amnë`m d§ed¥¥jmMr d¥Õr {ZpíMV AgVo. Vmo d§ed¥j H$Yr H$Sw>qZ~ AgVmo Va H$Yr AmUIr

H$moUVm Var d¥j. na§Vw `m _m ocm _wH$ë`mda Amncm H$Sw>qZ~ _mÌ IwaQ>m hmoD$Z OmVmo. Ë`mVrc

gigi H$m`_Mr Wm§~Vo. hm nwéf-àH¥$VrVrc Am{X~§YmMm YmJm H$drZo `m H${dVoVyZ ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mMm

à`ËZ Ho$cm Amho. Ë`m_wio hr _m`m gZmVZ nmVirda àdm{hV amhU§ Amdí`H$ Amho. "eóo {Odmda

CR>crV' `m H${dVo_YyZ àmaãY, àmŠVZ, {Z`Vr hr H$er AÑí` eó hmoD$Z Amnë`m Am wî`mda Kmcm

KmcV Amho. `mMo {MÌU oVo. hr {Z`Vr Aew Am{U AneHw$Zr Amho. hr {Z`Vr VcdmarM§ ê$n YmaU

H$aVo Va H$Yr H$adVrMo! Ë`m_wio AmZ§XmMo jU JdVmgmaIo H$mnyZ {ZKV AmhoV. EoZ C_oXrV {Z`VrZo

hr Hy$g ~Xccocr Amho. H$dr åhUVmo, ""XwX£dmÀ`m AS>{H$Î`mV/H$mVaco OmVmhoV VwPo {Xdg/

Aew mÀ`m gmdë`m {Zam§OZo noQ>dyZ/XmQ>rdmQ>rZo Cä`mhoV ^{dî`mÀ`m XwV\$m©/Am{U _r VwÂ`m

nmR>rdaMm/AZoH$m§Zr WmonQy>Z é§X Ho$coë`m nmR>rda/CSy> XoV Zmhr o VwÂ`m doXZoMo qeVmoS>o.''(n¥. 30) BWo {Z`VrerM g§Kf© Amho. {Z`Vr Am{U ì`ŠVr `m§_Ycm hm g§Kf© gZmVZ Am{U emídV

ñdê$nmMm Amho. `mMm g§~§Y hm H$_©{gÕmÝVmer OmoS>Ê`mV Amcocm Amho. g§{MVmer OmoS>Ê`mV Amcocm

Amho. ì`ŠVr hm `m gdmªer g§Kf© H$aV H$aV Amnco ^{dî` gmdaV AgVmo. KS>dV AgVmo. Ë`m_wio

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hr H${dVm gZmVZ g§Kfm©Mr A{^ì`ŠVr R>aVo.

"n{dÌ {nedr _Zmoha' `m H${dVoVyZ gdmªV gwIH$a Am{U gw§Xa Ago Ka åhUOo Amnë`m AmB©Mm

J © AgVmo, ho gm§JÊ`mH$S>o H$drMm H$c Amho. Ë`mgmR>rM H$drZo "n{dÌ {nedr _Zmoha' hr à{V_m

Cn`mo{Ocr Amho. H${dVoV gJù`mV eodQ>r H$dr åhUVmo, ""gJù`m VrWmªÀ`m Xodim§Mo H$ig/

Am{U nm`è`m gmè`m Ym_m§À`m/gm_mdyZ Amnë`mV CaVo Xem§Jwi/{VMr n{dÌ {nedr_Zmoha/AmB©À`m AmoQ>rnmoQ>mhÿZ _moR>o ZgVo/H$moUVohr Ka.'' (n¥. 32) `mVyZ gwa{jVVoMm Am{X~§Y

Am{U AmÜ`mpË_H$ à_o , _mV¥ËdmMo _§Jc ñVmoÌ EH$mM doir gm§JÊ`mMm à`ËZ Pmcocm {XgyZ oVmo.

OrdmÀ`m OÝ_mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmar gwa{jVVm hr AmB©À`m n{dÌ {nedrVM A{YH$ gm_Ï ©erc

AgVo. Ë`m_wio J^m©e` ho eodQ>r n{dÌM AgVo. gJù`mm Xodim§Mo H$ig Am{U nm`è`m `m§À`m

nm{dî`mnojm A{YH$Mo nm{dî` `m {nedrV AgVo. ho gd© AgVmZmgwÕm AmnU _mÌ B_maVtMo B_ë`mda

B_co ~m§YÊ`mÀ`m à`ËZmV AgVmo. Amnmnë`m ñdV:À`m B_maVr ~m§YyZ {d^ŠVnU Xe©{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ

Ho$cm. AmB©M§ _Z OnÊ`mnojm ""BÀN>m§Zm ^JXmS>o H$miOmcm ooJm ^ §H$a/nm§J \o$S>m`Mo gmoSy>Z~oYw§X gmoS>cr cmO/AmUyZ gmoS>co WaWa ídmg h_añË`mda IS>Va.'' (n¥. 32) `mVyZ Amnë`m

BÀN>m-AmH$m§jmcm _hÎd XoUmao _wc§ {XgyZ oVmV. na§Vw H$moUË`mhr Kamnojm eodQ>r n{dÌ {nedr

_ZmohaM A{YH$ gwa{jV AgVo, hoM gwM{dÊ`mH$S>o H$drMm H$c Amho. "ho _mPo AmB©....' hr H${dVm

XoIrc _mV¥ËdmMr _hVr JmUma§ _§Jc ñVmoÌM§ åhUmd§ cmJoc. `m H${dVoVyZXoIrc H$dr Amnë`m_mV¥eŠVrcm Am{U _mV¥g§ñWocm A{YH$ à_mUmV C„o{IV H$aVmZm {XgVmo. Ordg¥îQ>rMm Am{U OrdmMm

Ama§ hmM _wir àH¥$Vr Am{U AmB©À`m J^m©VyZ hmoV AgVmo. hr EH$ gZmVZ à{H«$`m Amho. Am{U

H$moUË`mhr AmB©nojm {VM§ _wc ho _moR>§ ZgV§. Ë`m_wio AmnmoAmnM _wcmH$S>o chmZnU oD$Z OmVo. `m

chmZnUmVM§ Ë`mcm Amnë`m Am wî`mMr YÝ`Vm dmQy> cmJVo. ho gd© `m H${dVoVyZ Amë`mMo OmUdVo.

Amncm H$moUË`mhr àH$maMm cm¡{H$H$ hm Amnë`m AmB©À`m nXamnojm _moR>m hmoD$ Z o. EdT>oM H$drcm

dmQ>Vo! nwéf åhUyZ H$dr hm nwZ: nwÝhm Amnë`m yVH$mimH$S>o OmVmZm {XgVmo. Ë`m gm§ñH¥${VH$

g§{MVm_Ü o Ë`mcm Amncr gwa{jVVm, ào_, ñZoh, dmËgë` A{YH$ à_mUmV OmUdVo. Vmo AmB©H$S>o

gwa{jV H$dM åhUyZ nmhVmZm {XgVmo. EH$ gZmVZ gwa{jV {R>H$mU åhUOo AmB©Mm nXa hmo , AmB©Mr

Hy$g hmo , Ago Ë`mcm OmUdVo. ZmdmJmdmÀ`m JdJì`mnojm Amnë`m AmB©Mm _wcJm åhUyZM Amncr

AmoiI Agmdr, Ago Ë`mcm _Zmo_Z dmQ>Vo. H$dr åhUVmo, ""_r nmhÿZ Amcmo`/gJù`mmVWmH${WV {ÌÁ`m/gJio àM{cV ì`mg/gJù`mm Xe©Zm§hÿZ _moR>m Amho/VwÂ`m ZmioMm n[aK.''(n¥. 33, 34) `mVyZ nwéfmMm àH¥$Vrer AgUmam g§~§Y hm Oar {d{dY VèhoMm Agcm Var VmoR>merdnUo OmUdVmo Vmo Ho$di AmB© Am{U _wc§ `m§À`m ZmË`m§VyZM! ho ZmV§ {Z_©i Am{U {ZVi

ñdê$nmM§ Amho. ho BWo OmUyZ KoUo JaOoMo Amho. Ë`m_wio BVa ZmË`m§nojm ho ZmV§ Zoh_rM {Ma§Ordr

R>aUma§ Amho. åhUyZ H$dr åhUVmo, ""VwÂ`m hmVm§À`m {Ma§Ord nmiÊ`mV/Vy A{XVr/Am{X_m`m

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Am{XeŠVr/Am{XH$maU Amhog Vy `m g¥îQ>rM§/`m g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m _wIn¥ð>m§da/VwÂ`m nmdcm§MoA{d{N>Þ R>go AmhoV/Vwcm n{hë`m§Xm \w$Q>cm nmÝhm/AZ² n{hcm AZmda W|~/AmoKiyZ Q>nH$cm{OWo/{VWo amodë`m Jocrho/`m n¥ÏdrMr _oT>/{VWoM KÅ> éVyZ ~gcrhoV/gmao ÜdO gmè`mnVmH$m/Am{U gmè`m VmoaUm§Mr Am{X_wio.'' (n¥. 33, 34) g¥¥îQ>rM§ Am{XH$maU {hM _wir

_mV¥eŠVr Amho. gd© cm¡{H$H$mM§ H$maU§hr {VM§ Amho. Ë`m_wio gd© K{Q>Vm§À`m {Xem `m {VÀ`mOdiM

oD$Z Wm§~VmV. AmB©nmgyZ OJ²Ý_mVon ªVMm àdmgM H$drZo aoImQ>cocm {XgVmo. AmB©Mr cm¡{H$H$ Am{U

Acm¡{H$H$ Aer XmoÝhr ê$no H$drZo {M{ÌV Ho$cocr nmhmd`mg {_iVmV. Ë`m_wio {VÀ`m WmoadrnwT>o

Amncm S>§H$m hm H$Yrhr dmOdy Z o. AmnU Zoh_rM§ YmH$Q>o nS>Vmo, ho Ë`mcm _mhrV Amho. Ë`m_wio

àH¥$VrnwT>o _mUgmZo Zoh_rM§ ZV_ñVH$ dm crZ ìhmdo, Ago H$dr AmdmhZ H$aVmo. _mV¥eŠVrMr hr

emídVVm hrM Amnë`mcm Vmê$Z ZoD$ eH$Vo, Ago H$drcm dmQ>Vo. hm nwéf-àH¥$VrMm Am{X~§Y H$drZo

crc`m eãX{M{ÌV Ho$cocm {XgyZ oVmo.

"AZpÝdV N>imMm Ama§ ' `m H${dVo_YyZ H$dr Amnë`m yVH$mimer g§dmXr hmoVmZm OmUdVmo.

hm yVH$mi _§Vacocm, Jm¡a{dcocm hmoVm. g§nÞ, gw§Xa {Xdgm§À`m doerOdi nmohmoMmdo cmJVo. lr_§V

_mZcoë`m CËH$Q> jUm§n ©V nmohmoMmdo cmJVo. na§Vw nwT>o _mÌ {dg§JV qH$dm {damoYr {MÌU oVmZm {XgVo.

_yÀN>m© oD$Z _aUmgÞ H$mogiUo, AmÜ`mË_mÀ`m Xoìhmè`mV ngacoë`m gH$c g§km§À`m qMÜ`m,

Jm^mè`mV cQ>H$cocr g_J« YmaUm§Mr cŠVao, VocmgmaIm {MH$Q>cocm VH$m©Mm AH©$, `m§gma»`m

H$mì`n§ŠVrVyZ `m N>imÀ`m Ama§ mMm emoY KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cocm {XgyZ oVmo. na§Vw nwT>o OmÊ`mÀ`m

à{H«$ oV ~iM J_mdyZ ~gmdo cmJVo `m AZw_mZmn ªVhr H$dr oD$Z R>onVmo. "_wimMm AIoaMm V§Vy' hr

AmË_emoYmMr H${dVm Amho. AdVr^modVrMm g_mO hm Amncr ewÕ \$gdUyH$ H$arV Amho. ho _mhrV

AgyZgwÕm AmnU AZmdYmZmZo g§_mohZmcm ~ir nS>cocmo AmhmoV. doirM Amnë`mcm Xya T>H$cyZ

{Xcocohr Amho. AmnU H«y$a WQ²Q>oMm {df` Pmcocmo AmhmoV. Ë`m_wio "" «_mÀ`m ^monù`mmV ~gyZ

Qw>UyH$ Qw>UyH$/g§~§Ym§Zm àX{jUm KmcrZ g~§Y h`mV/_wimMm AIoaMm V§Vy AdJV hmodmo Z

hmodmo.'' (n¥. 48) EH$m {d{eîQ> _ZmodñWo_Ü o H$dr ñdV:Mm emoY KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmZm {XgVmo.

"_aUmMo emídV VmoaU' `m H${dVoVyZ ""_rM ãcoS>Mr H$moar nmVr AmUcr AgVr AZmK«mV/AZ²

{N>cyZ ¿`m`cm nwT>çmmV C^m am{hcmo AgVmo'' (n¥. 55) Aer AmË_ŠboemMr ^mfm H$dr

Cn`moJmV AmUVmZm {XgVmo. H$dr Amnë`m H${dVm§_YyZ nwZ:nwÝhm AmË_emoYmMr ^mfm dmnaVmZm

{XgVmo. AmË_emoYmMr OmUrd Ë`mcm AñdñW H$aVmZm {XgVo. Ë`m§À`m H${dVm§_Ü o Xw:I Am{U

_¥Ë y{df`r ^mî` hmoVmZm OmUdVo. `m XmoZ JmoîQ>t{df`r EHy$UM ^maVr` gm{hË`m_Ü o ^a^ê$Z coIZ

Pmcoco {XgyZ oVo. Ë`m_wio H$drXoIrc `mcm AndmX Agë`mMo {XgyZ oV Zmhr. n[aUm_r `m

H${dVmg§J«hmVrc ~hþVm§e H${dVm `m AmË_{Zð> nmVirda A{^ì`ŠV hmoVmZm OmUdVmV. H$dr åhUVmo,

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""\$ŠV _cm g§n{dÊ`mMr g{XÀN>m/~mocyZ XmIdm`cm hdr hmoVr ñ\${Q>H$_wImZo ñdÀN>/qH$dm

Kmcm`cm hdr hmoVr H$mZm§da AmS>{O oZo AñnîQ>/_r H¥$Vk Anydm©B©Zo ~m§Yco AgVo/_mÂ`m

_aUmMo emídV VmoaU/Vw_À`m AemídV Xmamda.'' (n¥. 55) `mVyZ ZmË`m§_Ü o dmT>V OmUmar

Xar Am{U Ë`mVyZ _¥Ë ycm ghOnUo gm_moao OmÊ`mMr V`mar `mVyZ hV~cVm {XgyZ oVo. {edm`

BÀN>meŠVrMm A^mdhr {XgyZ oVmo. Ë`m_wio Xoh g§ndÊ`mH$S>o H$chr {XgVmo.

"Xodmcm CR>m åhUmcmo....' `m H${dVo_YyZ H$dr gm§ñH¥${VH$ yVH$mimda ^mî` H$aVmZm {XgVmo.

Amnë`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ B{Vhmgmda àíZ{MÝh CnpñWV H$aVmZm {XgVmo. Vmo åhUVmo, dmKZImZo {MÌmVrc

dmKmMm H$moWim H$mT>Umao {MÌ ho Á`m§Zr a§{J{dco, Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m narZo B{Vhmg aoImQ>cm. nwamUmVco

YZwî` Am{U _Ü` wJmVco ^mco `m§À`m H$Wm EoHy$Z Oo ä`mco, Ë`m§Mmhr B{Vhmg a§JdÊ`mV Amcm. nwT>o

H$dr åhUVmo, ""Xodmcm CR> åhUmcmo Am{U à{Vð>m Ho$cr Á`m§Mr/Vo geó X~m Yê$Z hmoVo

Xoìhmè`mV {dQ>oda.'' (n¥. 56) `m H$mì`n§ŠVrVyZ "geó X~m' Am{U "{dQ>oda' `m eãXm§VyZ {damoYr

B{Vhmg H$gm a§J{dÊ`mV Amcm Vo gm§JÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm Amho. gZmVZ Am{U emídV AqhgoMm

nwañH$ma H$aUmam {dQ>odaMm Xod Am{U geó nwOmar hr ~m~M _moR>r {dg§JV Amho. na§Vw XodmMr à{Vð>m

hr Ho$di B{Vhmg-nwamU_r_m§gonwaVrM {e„H$ am{hcocr Amho. àË`jmV _mÌ AZoH$ g_yh ho Kmcm

KmcÊ`mgmR>r geó X~m Yê$Z ~gcoco AmhoV. hr B{VhmgmVrc {dg§JVr qH$dm {damoYm^mghr H$drZo

{M{ÌV Ho$cocm Amho.

"H$mJXr \w$cm§Mr ~mJ' `m H${dVoVyZ ZmË`m§da ^mî` Amcoco Amho. gJirM ZmVr AmVm H$mJXr

\w$cm§gmaIr Pmcocr Amho, Ago _mZÊ`mH$S>o H$drMm H$c Amho. "CS>mcocr ÌoYm', "\${OVrMo H$U',

"\w$cm§Mr H$mJXr ~mJ', "{ZOud ~w§Ym', "{OdmMo Amio, "aŠVmMm {Ma§Ord dmg' `m§gma»`m à{V_m§_YyZ

H${dVm nwT>o OmVmZm {XgVo. ZmË`m§Vrc ZídaVm, {ZOudnUm, Amcocm OS>nUm ho gd© H${dVoVyZ àñV¥V

hmoV OmVo. ""cmoi-H$„moimV/ _aUmcm OmD$Z {^S>ë`m Ádmcm/M[aÌmÀ`m a§Y«ma§Y«mV {eacm

Yya/OiyZ ImH$ Pmcr ~mJ/{VWo AOyZ gS>m qenS>ë`mgmaIo/aŠV Amho nSy>Z/gJù`mm

ZmË`m§À`m VmËn`m©V/OmD$Z {_gicocm Am{X_ dmg Amho.'' (n¥. 57, 58) eodQ>r H$mhrhr Pmco

Var ZmË`m§Zm Am{X_ dmg hm oVM amhUma! hr ~m~hr Z_yX Ho$cr Amho. ho ImH$nU, g§nconU

_mUgmcm g¥îQ>rMH«$mMr AmR>dU H$ê$Z XoUmao R>aVo. hmM Vmo Am{X_ dmg Agmdm!!

"Ord cmdm åhUmcmo' gmaIr H${dVm H$drMr H¡${\$`V _m§S>Umar H${dVm Amho. ì`ŠVr Amncr

ZmVr, ZmVodmB©H$ Am{U gd©ñdM J_mdyZ ~gVmo Voìhm AmOy~mOyÀ`m H¥$_r-H$sQ>H$m§Zm Amnco _mZm`cm

gwédmV H$aVmo. H$maU Ë`mcm EH$Q>onU Agøm hmoV OmVo. BWo gwÕm hmM AZw d oVmZm OmUdVmo.

Amnë`m Kam_Ü o `m H¥$_r-H$sQ>H$m§Zm Ka H$ê$Z ahm åhUmcmo, Ago H$dr åhUVmo. H$dr åhUVmo, ""_rM

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CËgmhmÀ`m \$Q>rV A§S>r Kmcy {Xcr Pwaim§Zm/hQ>Hy$Z hiì`m H$monè`mV H$mo{iîQ>Ho$ dmTy> {Xcr/

AS>JirMm H$mi Amho; C§Xra KwetZm gwImV Zm§Xm åhUmcmo/Iwemc cQ>H$m åhUmcmo

dQ>dmKim§Zm.'' (n¥. 35) `mVyZ H$dr \$ŠV Am{U \$ŠV ñdV:cm Ord cmdÊ`m{df`r Amem n„{dV

H$aVmZm {XgVmo. g_yh, g_mO, ZmVodmB©H$m§{edm` ì`ŠVr {H$Vr eyÝ` qH$_V Agy eH$Vo, `mMo CXmhaU

åhUyZ hr H${dVm oVo. gm_y{hH$ Om{Udo_Ü o Am{U Zo{Udo_Ü o _mUyg OJV AgVmo, ho gaVoeodQ>r

_mZmdo cmJVo. g_yhmÀ`m ApñVËdmdaM _mUgmMo ApñVËd Adc§~yZ AgVo, ho ñdrH$mamdoM cmJVo.

"nmocmXr {nim§Mr _moha' hr nVr-nËZrÀ`m AcJX Am{U Vac ^mdg§~§Ym§da àH$me Q>mH$Umar H${dVm

Amho. `m_Ü o "nmocmXr nri', "Xwc©{jcoë`m H$mMoV', "e§Ho$Imoa gwB©', "Jdm©Zo {_Q>coë`m nmnÊ`m',

'AZ{^{fŠV g\$a' `m gma»`m H$mì`n§ŠVrVyZ H$dr nVr-nËZrÀ`m ZmË`m§Vrc {daKiconU Zm|Xdy

BpÀN>Vmo. amÌrVyZ gwê$ Pmcocm hm G$UmZw~§Y gy ©{H$aUm§À`m gmoZoar gmjrZo n[anyU© hmoVmZm OmUdVmo.

hr ^mdVacVm \«$m°B©S>Mr AmR>dU H$ê$Z {Xë`m{edm` ahmV Zmhr. nVr-nËZrÀ`m ZmË`m§Vrc gwI-

g§doXZM `m{R>H$mUr {M{ÌV H$aÊ`mV Amcoco Amho. na§Vw ""{H$Vrhr ImÌrera _moha Agcr'' `m

H$mì`n§ŠVrVyZ _mÌ `m ZmË`mZm {dídmgmMr Pmca Amdí`H$ Amho, Ago gwédmVrcmM Z_yX H$aVmo.

Ë`m_wio `m ZmË`m_Ü o e§Ho$cm dmd AgVm H$m_m Z o. AÝ`Wm ho ZmV§ wB©gnmQ> hmoÊ`mgmR>r jUmMmhr

{dc§~ cmJUma Zmhr, Agm Bemamhr XoVmo. Ë`m_wio H$moUVohr ZmVo eodQ>r {dídmgmdaM {dg§~yZ AgVo,

ho gm§JÊ`mH$S>oM H$drMm H$c Agë`mMo OmUdVo.

Amnë`m Am wî`mVrc H$mhr AñVmì`ñV ~m~r qH$dm àH$aU AgUmam H$mi Am{U KQ>Zm Omon ªV

AmnU ~mOyycm H$ê$Z OJy eH$V Zmhr Vmon ªV Amnë`m Mohè`mda hgy C_cUma Zmhr, Ago "H$mimMm

_moÇ>m VwH$S>m dOm H$ê$Z' gma»`m H${dVoVyZ H$dr gm§Jy BpÀN>Vmo. H$dr åhUVmo, ""\$mS>VmZm

MdVmicocm _OHy$a/nS>Xm Q>mHy$Z g§nV Zmhr Ioi/CcQ> g§{hVo~mhoaMr nmÌ§ AdVaVmV/

g§dmXm§À`m Jù`mmcm hË`ma§ cmdVmV/H$WmdñVy CMcyZ CMcyZ AmnQ>VmV/AdH$memÀ`m

[aH$må`m Vm|S>mda/_mVr cmoQ>ë`mda _mVrV {_giV Zmhr/CcQ> Amnë`m _aUmÀ`m Ü`mgmZ§/

nwÝhm nwÝhm CJdVmo AÜ`m`.'' (n¥. 61) H$maU _mUgmcm Amncm BîQ> Am{U A{ZîQ> yVH$mi

AmR>dÊ`mMr Am{U Jm|OmaÊ`mMr gd` AgVo. Ë`m_wio AZoH$Xm dmB©Q> KQ>Zm§_wio Vmo Amncm ^{dî`H$mi

J_mdyZ ~gy eH$Vmo. Aemdoir Ë`m ~m~r, Vmo H$mimMm VwH$S>m dOm H$ê$Z OJUoM BîQ> R>ê$ eH$Vo.

AgoM åhUUo g§ wpŠVH$ R>aoc. `m H${dVmg§J«hmVrc AZoH$ H${dVm `m H$mimÀ`m VrZhr ê$nm§da ^mî`

H$aVmZm {XgVmV.

"H$m~mS>mcm A§V ZìhVm' `m H${dVo_YyZ Amnë`m A{^ì`ŠVrgmR>r eoVrer g§~§{YV AZoH$

XmIë`m§Mm AmYma KoVcm Amho. VU, H$UJr, nod, nmoVr, A_mn amer, XmÊ`m§À`m am§Jm, cm|~coë`m

e|Jm, Q>ƒ H$Ug§, Iio `m§gma»`m Ame`Ðì`mMm Cn`moJ Ho$cm Amho. Ë`mVyZ Ë`mMr J«m_{Zð>m,

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H¥${f{Zð>m Va {XgVoM na§Vw Ë`mM~amo~a Amnë`m A§VJ©V Mmccoco H$mocmhc ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mgmR>r gwÕm

Ë`m§Mm AË §V Iw~rZo dmna Ho$cocm OmUdVmo. H${dVoV "VUmdm§À`m docr ngaë`m', "N>mVrÀ`m qnOè`mV

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H$dr Xw:ImMo emídV Xe©Z KS>dVmZm {XgyZ oVmo. g§~§Ym§À`m {ddamVM Xw:Imcm gwédmV hmoVo. EdT>oM

Zìho Va OÝ_-_aUmÀ`m \o$è`mVM Xw:I gm_mdcoco Amho. OO©a Pmcoco eara Ooìhm {dìhiVo Voìhm

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AgË`mÀ`m {dcjU g§ «_mV AmnU gmnS>Vmo. ì`ŠV hmoÊ`m{edm` H$moUVmhr n`m© ZgVmo. Vmo ^mfoÀ`m

~|~rVyZ AdVaVmo. Am{U Ë`mVyZ Xw:Imcm eãX~Õ Ho$co OmVo. H$dr åhUVmo, ""ì`mYr Oam Am{U_aUmÀ`mhr AmYr/Yw_gyZ Yw_gyZ JwX_aVmZm YS>nS>mdo cmJco/AmV AmV Ym` _moH$cyZ aS>mdocmJco/Xw:ImÀ`m Xe©ZmgmR>r _mÌ/A{O~mV ~mhoa nS>mdo cmJco Zmhr.'' (n¥. 89) ho Xw:ImM§

Xe©Z åhUOoM àn§MmM Xe©Z hmo . ñdm^m{dH$nUoM Ë`mMo Xe©Z ho àË oH$ ì`ŠVrcm hmoV AgVo. Ë`mMm

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AmH$iVo, Ago \$maVa åhUVm oB©c.

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BÀN>m ~miJV Zmhr. OJVmZm H$moUË`mhr àH$maMo Ý yZ ZìhVo. na§Vw AMmZH$ A§JUmV AmnÎmtZr gwédmV

Ho$cr. Am{U OJÊ`mMm g_Vmoc T>mgicm. H$dr åhUVmo, ""gJù`m YmaUm YaUrcm {_imë`m/gJù`m g_VmocmÀ`m g§{hVm Pmë`m {VanmJS>çm/{O{O{dfmM Cacr Zmhr \$maer.'' (n¥. 96)Aemdoir _mÌ VwPr (na_oídamMr) AmR>dU Amcr. Xw:ImMr gwédmV Am{U na_oídamÀ`m AmR>dUrMr

gwédmV EH$mM doir hmoVo. nU AmR>dUtÀ`m àdmgmVhr na_oídamMr {ZpíMV oQ> hmoB©ZM Ago Zmhr.

nU H$Xm{MV PmcrM Va Vr KoD$Z nwT>o OmVmhr oB©c! na§Vw Xw:ImZo na_oídamÀ`m Odi _mÌ oVm Amco,

ho _mÌ {ZpíMV!!

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Xw:ImMo H$maU hmoD$ XoD$ ZH$mog Ago na_oídamcm AmdmhZ H$aVmZm {XgVmo. Amnco gd© {dH$ma KoD$Z

g_n©UmÀ`m {ZíM`mZo Vmo na_oídamcm AmdmhZ H$aVmo. ""AJXr _mÂ`m ~a~mXrMr dm§N>m AgocHw$UmMr Va {Vcmhr éOy Xo VwÂ`m X`mKZ Hw$erV.'' (n¥. 97) Agohr H$dr åhUVmo. ñdV:Mm

{ddoH$ OmJm R>odV gdmªMr _ZmoH$m_Zm nyU© H$a§, Aer H$drMr BÀN>m Amho. `mVyZ EH$sH$S>o Xw:ImMr

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`m XoemV Iyn _moR>m B{Vhmg Amho. na§Vw àË oH$ OU Amnë`m d«U XmIdVmo Amho. àË oH$mMo M[aÌ

H$moc_Sy>Z nS>coco Amho. àË oH$ OU Amnë`m ^i^iË`m OI_m XmIdV EH$Q>m nS>cocm {XgyZ ooVmo.

"ñdV:cm _m\$ H$aÊ`mn ªV' `m H${dVoV àË oH$ OU Amnë`mM OI_m nwZ:nwÝhm nmhVmo Amho. Ë`m

nmhÊ`mMm N>§Xhr OS>cocm Amho. gwédmVrMr ZOa Z§Va Z§Va g_OyVXma hmoV OmVo. ""`m dmVmhVrcmHw$Umcm O~m~Xma Yamdo?/_Vr Hw§$R>rV Pmcr Amanma WH$cmo/AIoa hiyhiy BVam§À`m

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MwH$m§gmR>r/ñdV:cm _m\$ H$aÊ`mn ©V oD$Z R>onVmo.'' (n¥. 78) na§Vw EHy$UM Pmcoë`m dmVmhVrcm

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AË §V _hÎdmMr Amho. àñVwV H${dVmg§J«hm_Ü o hr ~m~ àH$fm©Zo OmUdVmZm {XgVo.

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hmoVmo, AmncrM ZmVr H$emàH$mao XwamdVmV, g§ wŠV Hw$Qw>§~mM§ H$emàH$mao {dKQ>Z hmoV§. Ë`mVyZ Amcoc§

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_mVr B§Mm B§MmZ§ _moOcr OmV Amho; {d^mJcr OmV Amho. _mUyg hm _mUgmVrc _mUynU {hamdyZ AmVm

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Am wî`mV ZmË`m§nojm _mVrcm _hÎd àmßV Pmco Amho. Ë`m_wio ZmVr AmVm nmoaH$s Pmcocr AmhoV.

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Amho. `m dV©_mZmMr Zm|X Ë`m§À`m `m H${dVm§VyZ hmoVmZm OmUdVo. "hm Ioi OrdKoUm' `m H${dVoV H$dr

åhUVmo, ""_yR>^a ñWmda AZ² {M_yQ>^a O§J_/`mgmR>r OI_m§Mm {dh§J_ Ioi _m§S>cm`/

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am{hcocm Amho, Ë`m_wi ZmË`m§Yrc B©î`m©, Ûof, _Ëga AmnmoAmn JiyZ nS>mo, Ago H$drcm _Zmo_Z

dmQ>Vo. "d{S>cmonm{O©V : EH$' gma»`m H${dVoVyZ H$dr Oa-VaÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ñdßZdV Xo{Xß`_mZ

yVH$mimcm {M{ÌV H$aVmZm nmhmd`mg {_iVmo. H$dr åhUVmo, ""_mcH$sMr _wi§ _moOm`Mr åhUOo/{hadm a§JM _moOmdm cmJcm AgVm {H$cmo{_Q>aZo/Am{U Mm§XÊ`m§gmaIr OZmda§/cwH$cwH$VmZm{Xgcr AgVr/{haì`m AmH$memV.'' (n¥.13) na§Vw dV©_mZmV _mÌ `m Xo{Xß`_mZVoMr n[a_mU§

~Xccocr AmhoV. AmVm A§~mè`m-nmc»`m§Mr OmJm Q´>°ŠQ>aÀ`m nmc»`m§Zr KoVcocr nmhmd`mg {_iVo._mUgm§Mm am~Vm hmV H$_r Pmcocm {XgVmo. Ë`mMr OmJm §Ìm§Zr KoVcocr Amho. hr AmYw{ZH$ OrdZmMr

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Mwcr Zgcoë`m Amnë`m OJÊ`mVyZ/{dñVdhr Jocm ZgVm/ZŠH$sM ZgVm Jocm.'' (n¥. 14)AR>am{dído Xm[aXç, ngmâ XmÊ`mgmR>rMr _m¡VmX, A~«y PmH$m`cm ~moQ>â qMYr EdT>§M d{S>cmonm{O©V

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Eo{hH$mMm _m`mdr {MIc Hw$Umcmhr gmoS>V Zmhr; àË oH$ OU Ë`mV \$gV OmVmoM. Ë`m_wio doirM

AmB©À`m XwYmMr qH$_V AmnU OmUcr nm{hOo. Ago H$drcm dmQ>Vo. ZmhrVa Am{X_m oÀ`m g§gmamV

AmnUhr nwVù`mmM R>aUma! hohr VodT>oM Iao. "H${dVo~mhoaM§ gJiM§ H$mhr' `m H${dVo_Ü o ZmË`m§À`m

èmnèmM§ {MÌ Ë`m§Zr aoImQ>c§. EH$mM§ è ho Xwgè`mM§ Xw:I R>aV§; K¥Um Am{U H¥$V¿ZVoM§ H$maU

R>aVo. ""EH$mZo M§XZmMo M[aÌ KoVco nmamÙmcm/H$s Xwgam ~MZmJmMr gmdcr YaVmo Ë`m

g§H$ënmda.'' (n¥. 20) `m H$mì`n§ŠVrVyZ ZmË`mZmË`m§_Yrc gZmVZ hmS>d¡a {Q>nÊ`mMmM à`ËZ Ho$cm

Amho. "A^mdmÀ`m ^ŠH$_ q^Vr' `m H${dVo_YyZ ZmË`m§_Yrc naHo$nUm Am{U VQ>ñWVm Xe©{dV àg§Jr

à{VHy$cVoV Hw$Urhr _XVrcm oV Zmhr. ZmË`m§Zr Amnë`m {dídmh©Vm J_mdcocr Amho. fS> §Ì Am{U

Ic~VmZ§ ZmVr VwQ>V§ Mmccr AmhoV. ZmË`m§_Ycm EH$àH$maMm A-^mdM Ë`m§Zr _m§S>cm Amho. Ë`m_wi§

S>moH§$ Q>oH$dm`cmhr {dídmgmMr OmJmhr {_iV Zmhr. Aemdoir ""~mH$s H$emer ZgV§ XoU§KoU§/

åhUyZM AmnU CJdyZ oD$ CSy> Zì`mZo nwÝhm/ZoñVZm~yV H$am`cm CR>co gJio Amnco Oar/

^modVr A^mdmÀ`m ^¸$_ q^Vr Cä`m R>mH$ë`m Var.'' (n¥. 25) Aem AdñWogwÕm AmnU

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{ZînmnnUo OJc§ nm{hOo. `mda Vo {dídmg R>odÊ`mg gm§JVmV. `mMoM {MÌU H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ë`m§Zr

Ho$cm Amho. "àM§S> à{Vð>oMm àíZ' `mgma»`m H${dVo_YyZ à{Vð>oMm àíZ hm H$gm AË §V pŠbîQ> ~ZV

OmVmo, `mMo {ddoMZ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm Amho. ""AmZ§X _mOKamVë`m H$moZmS>çmmV _m§OargmaIm

nSy>Z/Xw:I XmamV ~m§Ycoco Hw$î`mgmaIo/dmQy>Z KoUmam§À`m dmQ>oV XJS> aMcoV VwQ>coë`m

g§dmXm§Mo/R>UH$ R>UH$ H$i H$im Va amhUmaM/nU Vi_i cim AZ² H$idim aŠVmMm/

\o$H$cm n¡em§À`m nwamV \w$JyZ VQ²Q> dmhÿ {Xcm/N>m`m CÝhmMr AZ² _m`m YZmMr ~{Q>H$/XmoKr

g§e`mÀ`m PmS>mda PmoH$m IoiVmV ^ademMm/ZmË`m§À`m XcXcrV AmH§$R> gmjmËH$ma Pmcm

`mMm/W|~mÀ`m cmcgoV gdmªZr ~ir {Xcm VwSw>§~ hm¡XmMm/Z§Va {ZKmcm VmoS>Jm AIoa gd©_mÝ`

EH$XmMm.'' (n¥. 28) H$mimZwgma Á`mà_mUo lr_§Vr oV OmVo Ë`mà_mUo _mUyg A{YH$ à{V{ð>V hmoV

OmVmo. Aemdoir BVa cmoH$ Ë`mcm Jwcm_ dmQ>m`cm cmJVmV. àg§Jr Aer à{Vð>m OnÊ`mgmR>r Vmo

Amnë`m cmoH$m§Mmhr ~ir KoÊ`mg _mJonwT>o nhmV Zmhr. `m_wio ZmË`m§_Yrc g§dmXmMr Xar A{YH$ dmT>V

Am{U {dñVmaV OmVmZm {XgVo. Voìhm ZmË`m§_Yrc AmZ§X hm XwamdV OmVmo. àg§Jr Xw:I _mÌ XmamV oD$Z

R>oncoco {XgVo. eodQ>r _m`m hr YZmMr ~{Q>H$ AgVo. Ë`m _m oVyZM à{Vð>m OÝ_ KoVo.

ho ZmË`m§Mo VwQ>conU qH$dm Xwamdm H$moUË`m Q>moH$mn ªV OmD$ eH$Vmo. `mMm àË`` AmnUmcm

"EH$M {_ioc EH$mdoir' `mgma»`m H${dVoVyZ nmhmd`mg {_iVmo. ~mi qH$dm ~mimMr AmB©, _m`

qH$dm ~mn, _mVrMm VwH$S>m qH$dm T>Jm§Mm nw§OH$m `m n`m© mVyZ hm Xwamdm g_moa oVmo. na§Vw EH$m doir

EH$M {_iUma hr AQ> KmcÊ`mV Amcocr Amho. ho gd© n`m© AmOÀ`m ì`dñWoZo Amnë`mg_moa

ZmB©cmOñVd C o Ho$coco Amho. hm AmYw{ZH$ OrdZe¡crMm n[aUm_ åhUm`Mm H$m? ho Ü`mZmV ¿`mdo

cmJVo. "d`mEdT>r ñ_aUmMr PmS>§' `mgma»`m H${dVoVyZ _mUyg gJù`mmM ~mOy§Zr CKS>m nS>ë`mda

ZmË`m§Mm H$g cmJVmo. AmßVm§Mm H$ghr cmJVmo. àg§Jr {Oìhmù`mmMr ZmVr àíZ{MÝh {Z_m©U H$aVmV.

Am wî`mVrc Cd©[aV Xw:I {JiÊ`mgmR>r EH$Q>çmmZoM Inmdo cmJVo. H$dr åhUVmo, ""VnmgyZ Pmcoë`m

_mUgm§Mm JR²R>m/~mgZmV Jw§S>miyZ R>odmdm/ {eù`mm qnJQ> dV©_mZnÌm§gmo~V/\o$H$mdm AS>JirV/

H$s CJmimdr/EH$M/W§S> aŠVmMr H$mS>r/Or Zm_eof H$aoc/ amI Am{U hmS>§/Amnë`m

d`mEdT>r/ñ_aUmMr PmS>§XoIrc.'' (n¥. 53) Aem àH$maÀ`m ZmË`m§Zr Am{U ñ_¥VtZrM d`mM

PmS>§ dmT>V OmV§. EH$m AWm©Zo Aem àH$maoM OrdZ H§$R>md cmJV§. "{~Z_hÎdmMr JmoîQ>' gma»`m

H${dVoVyZ ZmË`m§_Ü o àg§Jr gd© Wamcm OmD$Z _XV Ho$cr Var BVam§À`m ÑîQ>rZo Ë`mcm H$moUVrhr qH$_V

qH$dm _moOXmX ahmV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio eodQ>r ZmVrM {~Z_hÎdmMr JmoîQ> R>aV OmVo. H$dr åhUVmo,

""ñdV:Mo G$Vy ZjÌ Zgcoë`m H$mimÀ`m/àXrK© nm`KS>çmm A§Wê$Z nm{hë`m/hmVr H$igyÌ

{Xco/~mhþcr ~ZyZ `m§{ÌH$ ZmM Ho$cm/Varhr Vo hmcco ZmhrV/Ðdco ZmhrV qH${MVhr AmVyZ/

Ago H$go AH$ñ_mV/{VañH$mamMo Iw§Q> CJdyZ AmcoV/_Ëgamcm Q>aQ>ê$Z _moS> AmcoV/amÌrVyZ/

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H$ico Zmhr/Am{U/Vo ghmoXa AmhoV/H$mhr gwöX/hr JmoîQ>M Iyn {~Z_hÎdmMr hmoD$Z Jocr`/

EH$mEH$s.'' (n¥. 54) ghmoXa ZmË`m§_Ü o XoIrc H$_mcrMm {VañH$ma {Z_m©U Pmcocm Amho. Ë`m_wio

ZmVrM {~Z_hÎdmMr JmoîQ> R>aV OmV Amho. "a`m Jocrho ZmË`mMr' `m H${dVoVyZ ZmË`m§_Yrc g§e`

Am{U A{dídmg gm§JÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm Amho. Ë`mVyZM ZmË`m§Mr a`mhr Jo{cho ho gm§Jy nmhVmV.

ZmË`m§À`m VmUVUmdm_Ü o Ah§H$mamM VU _mOc§ Amho. Ë`m_wio g§dmXmcm H$m§|~ \w$Q>Ê`mMr AmemM

_ê$Z Jococr Amho. Ë`m_wio H$moUË`mhr àH$maÀ`m AmñWoMm àíZ CX² dy eH$V Zmhr. Aer AmOMr

ZmË`m§_Yrc AdñWm Am{U ì`dñWm Pmcocr Amho. "O` namO`mÀ`m ncrH$S>§' gma»`m H${dVo_YyZ

ZmË`m§À`m cT>mB©ncrH$S>o OmÊ`mMm _mZg ì`ŠV H$aVmZm OmUdVmo. ZmË`m§À`m hmS>d¡am_Ü o H$moUmÀ`mhr

{damoYmV Z OmVm Amnco gËËd OnÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aV ahm`Mm. H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrÀ`m Amhmar Z OmVm

ñdV:da Vm~m R>odm`Mm. Am{U Ë`mVyZM _mJ© nwT>o H$mT>V Om`Mo, hmM _mZg _Zr ~miJVmZm {XgVmo.

`m gJù`mm n[apñWVrVyZ ~mhoa nS>m`M§ Agoc Va O` namO`mÀ`m ncrH$S>o OmD$Z ñdV:cm emoYU§

JaOoMo Amho. ""Hw$Umcmhr _mJo Q>mHy$Z nwT>o Om`Mo Zmhr/_mJo amhm`Mo Zmhr Hw$Umcmhr nwT>o

Q>mHy$Z.'' (n¥. 76) Ago H$dr åhUVmo. EH$m AWm©Zo ñdV:À`m ñdËdmÀ`m emoYmVM H$dr {ZKmcm Amho

H$s H$m`? Ago ghO dmQy>Z OmVo.

"H¡$dë`mMm JOa' gma»`m H${dVoVyZ ZmË`m§Vrc _ËgamMm ~ha {M{ÌV Ho$cm Amho. _YmÀ`m

~moQ>mVrc ZgmVyZ dmhUmar IwÞg, ^aOar eãXm§À`m nmoQ>mV amhUmar cŠVao, nmocmXr {nim§Zm AmVyZ

cmJcocr dmidr, _aUmÀ`m XmamVco am§JmoirMo {R>nHo$, `m§gma»`m H$mì`n§ŠVrVyZ OÝ_mMm AH$mcrM

nm§J {\$Q>ë`mgmaIo OmUdVo. ZmË`m§_Ycm hm Ûof Am{U _Ëga H¡$dë`mÀ`m pñWVrn ªV nmohmoMdVmZm

{XgVmo. hr H¡$dë`mMr pñWVr AmÜ`mpË_H$ ZgyZ cm¡{H$H$ Agë`mMoM OmUdVo. Ë`m_wioM H${dVoMo

erf©H$hr {damoYr^mg {Z_m©U H$aUmao OmUdVo. Ë`m_wio ZmË`m§H$Sy>Z, AmßVñdH$s`m§H$Sy>Z Or H«y$a MoîQ>m

hmoUo {e„H$ hmoVr; Vr Pmcocr Amho. Ë`mVM VmdyZ gwcmIyZhr {ZKmcocmo Amho. H$dr åhUVmo, ""_moSy>Z

nS>Ê`mMm OO©a hmoÊ`mMm JmOmdmOm Ho$cm Zmhr'' (n¥. 79) nwT>o H$dr åhUVmo, ""B§{Ð`m§gmR>r

H$mgdm§H$Sy>Z EH$ g§Wm AmUcr/g§Vm§À`m ÑîQ>mÝVm§Mm aVr~ KmVcm` {MÎmmcm/^moJcoë`m

d¡emIm§Zm Ji KmVcr`/JX© {hadm Jd© {ndim nSy>Z PS>mdm åhUyZ/AmVm hmoVm hmoB©c {VVHo$

X`miy/AZ² A{YH$m{YH$ j_merc hmoÊ`mMr [a`mO gwê$ho.'' (n¥. 79) Ë`m_wio _mUyg åhUyZ

X`miy hmoD$Z AmnUM "j_merc hmoÊ`mMm [a`mO' nmimdm, Ago H$drcm dmQ>Vo. "OwÝ`m g§~§YmMm

gXam' gma»`m H${dVoVyZ _H$iQ> Am{U H$iH$Q> Pmcocr ZmVr {H$Vrhr ñdÀN> Pmcr Var nwÝhm Zì`mZo

ñdrH$maVm oV Zmhr. H$dr åhUVmo, ""na§Vw EH$ Ah_Mm IS>m AgVmo/Vmo H$mhrHo$ë`m {daKiV

Zmhr/n§Mn¹$mÞm§Mm H$Sw>ema H$Mam/n¥ð>^mJmda AgVmo ngacocm/Vmohr {XgV Zmhr H$mhrHo$ë`m/

{H$Vrhr Onco/{eH$ñV Ho$cr {OdmnmS>/Var nmnUrV AS>H$VmoM H$Mam/IS>m {dídmgmÀ`m

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KmgmV/{_giVmoM H$YrVar/_J AMmZH$ H$mZ \w$Q>ë`mgmaIr/EoHy$ oVo g§~§Ym§À`m ídmgmVcr

KaKa/AMmZH$ CKS>coë`m S>moù`mm§Zm/{Z{_fmYm©V g§nyU© AZmoiIr/^mgy cmJVmo {à` n[aga.''

(n¥. 81) Ah§H$ma Am{U {dídmgKmV `m§_wioM ZmË`m§_Ü o EH$àH$maMm Xwamdm {Z_m©U hmoVmo. Vmo

ZmË`m§gmR>r H$m`_M ÌmgXm`H$ R>aVmo. Ë`m_wio ZmË`m§_Ü`o {Z_m©U Pmcocm ~o~Zmd hm H$Yrhr

nyd©pñWVrda oD$ eH$V Zmhr. H$maU ~o~ZmdmMr gc hr H$m`_M _ZmV Ka H$ê$Z amhVo. Vr Ü`mZmV

R>odcr OmVo. Vo VwQ>conU H$m`_M ñ_aUmV amhVo. ho OmUyZ KoVco nm{hOo. "Amnë`m KamV Amnë`mcm'

gma»`m H${dVoVyZ Amnë`m AmZ§XmÀ`m OmJm H$em {hamdyZ KoVë`m OmVmV. Ë`m OmJm§da H$emàH$mao

Pw§S>r gmoS>ë`m OmVmV, `mMo {MÌU H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV Amcm Amho. H$dr åhUVmo, ""Amnë`m

COm©ómoVm§Mm/Amnë`m {ZIi hgÊ`m_mJo XS>coë`m cmI_mocmÀ`m cIcIrV H$maUm§Zm/

JMm§S>çmm XoD$Z h_añË`mda/_wgŠ`m ~m§YyZ \$Q>H$mam`Mo/\$_m©Z gwQ>co Amho/cdH$aM Amnë`m

KamV Amnë`mcm/ _aUm{edm` Xwgao H$mhrEH$ {e„H$ CaUma Zmhr/Amnë`m _OuZo H$amdo

Ago.'' (n¥. 87) Hw$aImoS>çmm H$aU§ hm ZmVo-g_yhm§Mm ñd^md AgVmo. Am{U Vo gVV hoM H$aV

AgVmV. Aemdoir Amnë`m _ZmZo H$amdo Ago H$mhr EH$ {e„H$ amhUma Zmhr. _aU nËH$aUo EdT>oM

{e„H$ amhVo. `mVyZ H$drMr hV~cVm Amnë`mcm ghOnUo {XgyZ oVo. qH$~hþZm ZmË`m§Zr Ho$cocr hr

H«y$a MooooîQ>m `m{R>H$mUr ghOnUo {XgyZ oVo. "VÎdmMm Q>mH$m' `m H${dVoVyZ H$dr Amnë`mVrc gm_rcH$s

Am{U ~m§{YcH$s `m{df`r {ddoMZ H$aVmZm OmUdVmo. Amnë`mcm BVam§gmaIo {Z:g§J hmoD$Z OJVm oV

Zmhr. Amnë`mg_moa AZ¡{VH$Vm Am{U «îQ> ì`dhma hmoV AmhoV. XheVrda H$dZo aMcr OmV AmhoV.

Z¡{VH$VoMm nam^d OmJmoOmJr hmoV Amho. VarXoIrc AmnU Amnco gÎd Vgy ahr T>iy {Xco Zmhr H$s

Cgdy {Xcm Zmhr. `mMm A{^_mZhr ~miJVmZm {XgVmo. ho _mUygnUmMo cjU Ë`mZo Zoh_rM A~m{YV

R>odcoco {XgyZ oVo. "añgrIoM g§ncr Zmhrho AOyZ' `m H${dVoVyZ ì`ŠVrcm ZmË`m§_Ü o IoMcr

OmÊ`mMr àM§S> _hÎdmH$m§jm ~imdV Mmccr Amho. Ë`mVyZ BÀN>m, AmH$m§jm \$mo\$mdV Mmccoë`m

AmhoV. _yë`m§Mm èhmg hmoV Mmccocm Amho. Z¡{VH$Vm c`mcm Mmccocr Amho. n[aUm_m§Mm {dMma Ho$cm

OmV Zmhr. XwamMmar dV©ZmZo {ddoH$sd¥Îmr g§nwîQ>mV oD$ KmVcr Amho. Aem AdñWoVhr añgrIoM hr

MmcyM Amho. hm g§Kfm©Mm H$mi Amho. AmYw{ZH$ OrdZnÕVrZo ZmË`m§_Ü o {Z_m©U Ho$coco ho g§ «_

AmhoV. ho g§ «_ doirM Xya hmoUo JaOoMo AmhoV.

3.4 g_mamon/gmam§e

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1. g§H$ënZm : {dMmaà{H«$ oV àm_w»`mZo à{V_m§Mm dmna Ho$cm OmV Agë`mZo g§H$ënZocm

_hÎd Amho. H$maU g§H$ënZm ho _hÎdmMo àVrH$ Amho. g§H$ënZm ømm gm_mÝ`nUo eãX,

àVrHo$ qH$dm {MÝho `m§Zr ì`ŠV hmoUmè`m gm_mÝ` H$ënZm AgVmV. {d{dY _mJm©VyZ EH$Ì

Ho$coë`m KQ>H$md`m§Zm EH${ÌV H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ g§H$ënZoMo AgVmV.

2. gO©ZercVm : H$co_Ü o, V§Ì{dkmZm_Ü o g_ñ`m {dcjU nÕVrZo AJa Acm¡{H$H$

nÕVrZo gmoS>dyZ Zd{Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mMr nmÌVm AJa Hw$dV åhUOo gO©ZercVm hmo .

3. g_wXm` : g_mZ CX²XoemZo, {dMmamZo, {df`m_wio EH$Ì Amcocm hm AënH$mcrZ d

Ag§K{Q>V g_yh åhUOo g_wXm` hmo .

4. ê$T>r : gm_m{OH$ _mnX§S> qH$dm à_mUH$mMm hm àH$ma Amho. H$moUË`mhr gm_m{OH$ g_yhmV

gmd©{ÌH$[aË`m na§naoZo AmT>iyZ oUmè`m dV©ZmÀ`m àH$mamcm ê$T>r Ago åhUVmV.

5. ñdßZ : {ZÐoVrc à{V_mg¥îQ>r; _mZ{gH$ OrdZmMm ì`mnma Pmon Z _moS>Ê`mBVŠ`m _§X

ñdê$nmV gwê$ hmoD$ eH$Vmo, Ë`m ì`mnmamcmM ñdßZ åhUVmV.

6. YmaUm : {MÎm EH$mM {df`mda H|${ÐV H$aUo.

7. Ah_² g§ajU : BX²À`m {R>H$mUr Agcoë`m H$m_eŠVrMm Ah_²À`m ~MmdmgmR>r Cn`moJ

åhUOo "Ah_² g§ajU' hmo .

8. ^md : g~moY à{H«$`m KS>Uo, AZw d oUo qH$dm nwgQ> OmUrd hmoUo åhUOo ^md hmo .

9. d¡\$ë` : C{ÔîQ> àmßV KoÊ`m_Ü o ì`Ë`` AJa AS>Wio Amë`m_wio Or {Zamem {Z_m©U

hmoVo, {Vcm d¡\$ë` Ago åhUVmV.

10. à{V^md§V : gm_mÝ`nUo Cƒ ~w{Õ_Îmm qH$dm gO©Zerc H$m © H$aUmè`m ì`ŠVrcm

à{V^md§V Ago åhUVmV.

11. g_yh_Z : àË oH$ ì`ŠVrcm Á`mà_mUo _Z qH$dm OmUrd AgVo, Ë`mMà_mUo ì`ŠVrÀ`m

g_yhmcmhr _Z qH$dm MoVZm AgVo Agm VH©$ qH$dm Aä wnJ_ åhUOo g_yh_Z hr

g§H$ënZm hmo .

12. à{V_m : AZwH$aU, EH$gmaIonUm, à{VH¥$Vr, nwZ{Z{_©Vr BË`mXr eãX à{V_m `m eãXmÀ`m

g_mZmWu AmhoV.

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13. EH$mH$snUm : Am§Va-d¡ pŠVH$ g§~§Y K{Zð> AgmdoV, Aer BÀN>m AgUo; na§Vw Vo gmÜ`

Z hmoUo `mVyZ Or EH$ ^md{ZH$ AdñWm {Z_m©U hmoVo Ë`mcm EH$mH$snUm åhUVmV.

14. ì`pŠV_Îd : àË`oH$ _mUgmMo Am§Va~møm Xe©Z åhUOo ì`pŠV_Îd; ì`ŠVrÀ`m

JwUd¡{eîQ>çmm§À`m g_J« ê$nmcm ì`pŠV_Îd Ago åhUVmV.

15. YmaUm : Amcocm AZw d AJa Ho$coco AÜ``Z {Q>Hy$Z ahmUo åhUOo YmaUm hmo .

16. {dYr : {dYr hm dV©ZmMm EH$ àH$ma AgyZ Ë`mV g_mO-OrdZm_Ü o H$moUVr {H«$`m

H$moUË`m nÕVrZo H$amdr `m~m~VrV H$mhr AmXoedOm _mJ©Xe©Z Ho$coco AgVo.

17. cmoH$ «_ : àË oH$ g_mOmV H$mhr H$ënZm qH$dm {dMma AJa g_OwVr «_ê$n AgVmV.

Ë`m§Zm dmñVd gË`Vm ZgVo. VargwÕm Aem JmoîQ>r Iè`m AmhoV Ago _mZyZ à{VHy$c

H$ënZm Q>miÊ`mMm à`ËZ hmoVmo Va AZwHy$c H$ënZm AZwgaÊ`mMm à`ËZ hmoVmo. `m§ZmM

cmoH$ «_ Ago åhUVmV.



3.8 A{YH$ dmMZ

1. ghó~wÕo A{Zc, cmoH$gm{hË` g§emoYZ nÕVr, {ZVrZ àH$meZ, nwUo, 2012.

3.9 g§X^© J«§W

1. JUmoaH$a à^m, S>hmHo$ dg§V Am~mOr, daIoS>o a_oe (g§nm.), dmL²>_`rZ g§km g§H$ënZm

H$moe, ^Q>H$i \$mD§$S>oeZ, _w§~B©, 2001.

2. JmoS>go X. J., cmoH$YmQ>r, nm°ß wca àH$m. _w§~B©, 1979.

3. nmQ>rc J§JmYa, g_rjoMr Zdr ê$no, _°{OpñQ>H$ ~wH$ ñQ>m°c, _w§~B©, 1981.

4. nmQ>rc _. gw., Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjm, Zrhmam àH$meZ, nwUo, 1989.

5. dmS>ñH$a `m. dm., OZgm{hË`mÀ`m {XeoZo, _ohVm npãcoH$eZ hmD$g, nwUo, 1988.

106<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

6. daIoS>o a_oe, ~S>moXoH$a (g§nm.), cmoH$m`Z, cmoH$H$cm gm{hË`g§_ocZ, à. Am. 1995.

(S>m°. A{Zc ghó~wÕo `m§Mm "cmoH$~§YmË_H$ g_rjm : g§H$ënZm d à`moJ' hm coI.)

7. {_l Z§X{H$emoa, qgh N>o{Xcmc OJXod (g§nm.), ^mfm (OZdar, \$adar 2001) Û¡. _m.

n{ÌH$m df© 40 A§H$ 3, àH$m. H|${Ð` qhXr {díd{dÚmc`, ZB© {X„r. (S>m°. nr. EZ.

CnmÜ`m` `m§Mm "{_WH$s` AmcmoMZm' hm coI.)

8. {eadmS>H$a Ho$. a§., gm{hË`doY, _ohVm nmpãcqeJ hmD$g, nwUo, 1998.

9. _m§S>o à^mH$a, cmoH$gm{hË`mMo ñdê$n, JmoXmdar àH$m. Am¡a§Jm~mX, 2008.

10. nJma EH$ZmW, cmoH$gm{hË` Am{U AmYw{ZH$ gm{hË`, `. M. _. _w. {d. Zm{eH$, 2008.

11. {JaYmar ^m. ì §., A{^ì`ŠVr, AZ_moc àH$m. nwUo, 1977.

12. qgh _mcVr, AmYw{ZH$ qhXr H$mì` Am¡a nwamUH$Wm, cmoH$^maVr àH$m., Bcmhm~mX,

1985.

13. lrdmñVd OJXre àgmX, {_WH$s` H$ënZm Am¡a AmYw{ZH$ H$mì`, {díd{dÚmc` àH$m.,

dmamUgr, 1985.

14. \«$mB©S> {g½_§S> (AZw. ^maÛmO dgy), _Zmo{dícofU n[aM`, [a`m àH$meZ, H$moëhmnya,

2016.

15. R>mHy$a adtÐ, _moao Z§XHw$_ma (g§nm.), g _rjmnÕVr : {gÕmÝV Am{U Cn`moOZ, nX²_J§Ym

àH$meZ, nwUo, àW_ Amd¥Îmr, OmZodmar 2011. ("Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjm : ñdê$n Am{U

Cn`moOZ' hm S>m°. A{Zc Jdir `m§Mm coI.)

16. ghó~wÕo A{Zc, cmoH$~§Y, {ZVrZ àH$meZ, nwUo, 2012.

17. H$moioH$a d¡Xohr, _amR>r cmoH$H$Wm ñdê$n_r_m§gm, g{dVm àH$meZ, Am¡a§Jm~mX, 1987.

18. ^dmiH$a Vmam, cmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mg{Xem, ñZohdY©Z àH$meZ, nwUo, 2009.

19. Omoer ~r. Ama (g§nm.), _mZgemó H$moe (gm_m{OH$ emómVrc g§km {gÕmÝVmMm H$moe),

S>m`_§S> npãcHo$eÝg, nwUo, 2008.

20. Hw$cH$Uu Jmo. _., Zdg_rjm (H$mhr {dMma), _ohVm npãcqeJ hmD$g, nwUo, àW_

Amd¥Îmr, 1982.

❏ ❏ ❏

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KQ>H$-4

_amR>rVrc _mŠg©dmXr g_rjm

KQ>H$ g§aMZm

4.1 C{ÔîQ>o

4.2 àmñVm{dH$

4.3 {df` {ddoMZ

4.3.1 _mŠg©Mo ^m§S>dcemhr~ÔcMo {dMma

4.3.2 _mŠg©dmXr gm{hË`{dMma

4.3.3 nm`m Am{U B_cm

4.3.4 _amR>rVrc _mŠg©dmXr gm{hË`

4.3.4.1 cmcOr n|S>go

4.3.4.2 AZ§V H$mUoH$a

4.3.4.3 lrnmX A_¥V S>m§Jo

4.3.4.4 {X. Ho$. ~oS>oH$a

4.3.4.5 eaÀM§Ð _wpŠV~moY

4.3.4.6 ~m. a. gw§R>UH$a

4.3.4.7 J. ~m§. gaXma

4.3.4.8 Xþ. H$m. g§V

4.3.5 H${dVm

4.3.6 H$Wm

4.3.7 H$mX§~ar

4.3.8 ZmQ>H$

4.3.9 Cn`mo{OV gm{hË`H¥$Vr

4.3.9.1 coIH$ n[aM`

E_.E._amR>r : gÌ-3 : nona-11 : g_rjm {gÕmÝV Am{U Cn`moOZ

MA.Marathi : Semi-3 : Paper-11 :47

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4.3.9.2 "AdH$mir nmdgmXaå`mZMr JmoîQ>'

4.3.9.2.1 `emZmZm

4.3.9.2.2 nmd©Vr

4.3.9.2.3 Cfm

4.3.9.2.4 AdH$mir nmdgmXaå`mZMr JmoîQ>_Yrc AÝ` {deof

4.4 g_mamon





4.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X © J«§W

4.0 C{ÔîQ>o

`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va AmnUm§g,

1. _mŠg©dmXr g_rjm åhUOo H$m` Vo g_OyZ KoVm oB©c.

2. _mŠg©dmXr g_rjoMo ñdê$n cjmV oB©c.

3. _amR>rVrc _mŠg©dmXr g_rjm g_OmdyZ KoVm oB©c.

4. nm`m d B_cm `m g§H$ënZm g_OyZ KoVm oVrc.

5. _mŠg©dmX Am{U _amR>r gm{hË` `m§Mm nañna g§~§Y cjmV KoVm oB©c.

6. "AdH$mir nmdgmXaå`mZMr JmoîQ>' `m H$mX§~arMo _hÎd cjmV oB©c.

4.2 àmñVm{dH$

àñVwV àH$aUmV Amnë`mcm _mŠg©dmXr g_rjoMm Aä`mg H$amd`mMm Amho. hm Aä`mg H$aV

AgVmZm àm_w»`mZo _mŠg©dmXr g_rjm Am{U Vrg§~§YrMr Cn`mo{OV gm{hË`H¥$Vr åhUyZ "AdH$mir

nmdgmXaå`mZMr JmoîQ>' `m H$mX§~arMm {dMma H$aUo VgoM _amR>rVrc _mŠg©dmXr g_rjoMm {dMma H$aUo

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A{^àoV Amho. hm Aä`mg H$aV AgVmZm Or gm{hË`H¥$Vr Aä`mgH«$_mcm cmdcr AgVm Ë`m_mJMm

CÔoe g_OyZ KoUo JaOoMo AgVo. Ë`m_wio g§~§{YV gm{hË`H¥$VrMo _amR>r gm{hË`{dídmVrc `moJXmZ

cjmV oVo. Ë`mAZwf§JmZo AmnUmg `m gd© KQ>H$m§Mm {dMma H$aVm oB©c.

19ì`m eVH$mV ^m§S>dcemhrMm A{VaoH$ Pmcm åhUyZ H$mc© _mŠg©Zo gmå`dmXmMm nwañH$ma

Ho$cm. H$m_Jma dJm©À`m hmVr g_mOgÎmm XoUmao VÎdkmZ _m§S>co. emofU_wŠV, dJ©hrZ g_mO ho

_mŠg©À`m {dMmaàUmcrMo _hÎdmMo gyÌ hmoVo. g¥îQ>rMr {Z{_©Vr hr B©ídamMr XoUJr ZgyZ Vr OS> dñVyVyZ

{dH${gV Pmcr Agm {damoY-{dH$mgdmXr, ^m¡{VH$dmXr ÑpîQ>H$moU _mŠg©Zo ñdrH$macm. H$m_Jma dJmªZr

g§K{Q>V hmoD$Z ^m§S>dcemhr{déÕ g§Kf© Ho$ë`m{edm` emo{fVm§Mr àJVr hmoUma Zmhr hr _mŠg©Mr y{_H$m

hmoVr.

gmYmaUV: EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mÀ`m AIoanmgyZ g_rjoV Am{U gm{hË`{dídmV Or {d{dYm§Jr

^a nS>cr Ë`m_Ü o _mŠg©dmXr g_rjocm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. {dO`m amÁ`mÜ`j åhUVmV Ë`mà_mUo

_mŠg©dmXr g_rjm hr H$cmH¥$VrÀ`m Ame`mMo _hÎd AYmoao{IV H$aVo VgoM Vr gm{hË`mMm g_mOmer

AVyQ> g§~§Y Amho ho AmJ«hmZo gm§JVo.

4.3 {df` {ddoMZ

OmJ{VH$ gmå`dmXr H«$m§VrMm nwañH$Vm© H$mc© _mŠg© `m§Mm OÝ_ 5 _o 1818 amoOr O_©ZrÀ`m

èhmB©Z àm§VmVrc Q´>m`a `m Jmdr EH$m _Ü`_dJu` Hw$Qw>§~mV Pmcm. d`mÀ`m 23 ì`m dfu Ë`m§Zr

nrEM.S>r. nXdr nyU© Ho$cr. _mŠg©À`m H«$m§{VH$maH$ {dMmam§_wio d {cImUm_wio VËH$mcrZ gaH$maZo

Ë`m§Zm O_©Zr gmoS>Ê`mMo AmXoe {Xco. H$mc© _mŠg© 1844 _Ü o O_©Z gmoSy>Z \«$mÝgcm Joco. \«$mÝg_Ü o

_mŠg© `m§Zr \«|$M g_mOdmXr gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg Ho$cm. n°[ag oWo \«|$M gmå`dmXmMm Aä`mg H$arV

AgVmZm {d{dY H«$m§{VH$mar JwßV g§KQ>Zm§er Ë`m§Mm g§~§Y Amcm. \«|$M {dMmad§V H°$~oQ>, H«$m§{VH$maH$

VÎddoÎmm ÌyYm±, a{e`Z H«$m§{VH$maH$ S>m°. \«o$S>[aH$ E§Oëg, H«$m§{VH$maH$ ~mHw${ZZ `m§À`mer Ë`m§Mr oQ>

Pmcr. E§OëgZo _mŠg©cm J«§W{Z{_©VrgmR>r Am{W©H$ _XV Ho$cr, XmoKm§Zr {_iyZ AZoH$ nwñVHo$

{c{hcr. O_©Z{damoYr {cImUm_wio \«|$M gaH$maZo _mŠg©cm \«$mÝg_YyZ ~mhoa H$mT>co. Ë`mZ§Va _mŠg©

B§½c§S>cm Jocm. B§½c§S>_Ü o E§OëgÀ`m _XVrZo "gmå`dmXr njmMm OmhraZm_m' hm J«§W àH$m{eV Ho$cm.

1846 gmcr n{hë`m Am§VaamîQ´>r` _Oya g§KQ>ZoÀ`m H$m ©H$m[aUrMo g^mgX åhUyZ Vmo {ZdSy>Z Amcm.

1867 _Ü o Ë`mZo "Xmg H°${nQ>c' `m J«§WmMm n{hcm ^mJ Va Cd©[aV XmoZ ^mJ E§OëgÀ`m _XVrZo

à{gÕ Ho$co. H$m_Jma MidirV Ë`m§Zr gH«$s` gh^mJ KoVcm. 14 _mM© 1893 _Ü o Ë`m§Mm _¥Ë y

Pmcm.

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Amnë`m {d{dY J«§WmÛmao g_mOdmXr {dMma, ^m§S>dcemhr g_mOmVrc Xmof, H$m_Jmam§Mo Am{W©H$,

gm_m{OH$ emofU, dJ©g§Kf©, dJ©{da{hV g_mO `m~m~VMo {dMma _mŠg©Zo _m§S>co. _mŠg©À`m gm{hË`mda

Am¡Úmom{JH$ H«$m§Vr_wio B§½c§S>_Ü o Or EH$ ZdrZ AW©ì`dñWm {Z_m©U Pmcr hmoVr Ë`mMm à^md A{YH$

à_mUmV nS>cm. ~{c©Z {dÚmnrR>mV _mŠg©Zo hoJocÀ`m {\$cm°gm°\$s Am°\$ amB©Q> `m J«§WmMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z

Ë`mVyZ Û§ÛdmXmMr àoaUm KoVcr. hoJocÀ`m d¡Mm[aH$, ~m¡{ÕH$ Û§ÛdmXmcm Ë`mZo ^m¡{VH$dmXr ñdê$n {Xco.

\«$mÝg_Yrc dJ©g§Kf©, amÁ`H«$m§Vr VgoM A°S>_ pñ_W, {dë`_ Wm°_gZ, g|Q> gm`_Z, Mmëg© H$mo[a`a,

coJo, H°$~oQ> `m g_mOdmXr {dMmad§VmÀ`m Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ {dMmam§Mm à^md _mŠg©da nS>cocm

hmoVm.

4.3.1 _mŠg©Mo ^m§S>dcemhr~ÔcMo {dMma

_mŠg©Zo ^m§S>dcemhr ì`dñWoMo gImoc d VH©$g§JV qMVZ Ho$co. Am{W©H$ ÑpîQ>H$moUmVyZ Ë`m§Zr

_mZdr g_mOmMo {dícofU Ho$co. _mŠg©Zo n¡gm, §Ìo, _mc_Îmm, _Oya `m§Zm ^m§S>dc hr g§km dmnacr.

AR>amì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V CËnmXZ gmYZm§Zm V§Ì{dkmZmVrc emoYm_wio A yVnyd© Am¡Úmo{JH$

H«$m§Vr Pmcr. dm\o$À`m eŠVrda MmcUmar AZoH$ §Ìo {Z_m©U Pmcr. `m §Ìmda Á`m§Zr Amncr _mcH$s

àñWm{nV Ho$cr Vo g_mOm_Ü o gÎmmYmar ~Zco VoM ^m§S>dcXma Pmco. Ë`m§Zr amOoaOdmS>o Am{U O_rZXma

`m§Zm gÎmm «îQ> H$ê$Z Ë`mOmJr Amnco amÁ` àñWm{nV Ho$co. Ë`mVyZ ^m§S>dcemhr H«$m§Vr CX`mcm

Amcr.

^m§S>dcemhrV CÚmoJm§_Ü o H$m_ H$aUmam EH$ dJ© AgVmo. Ë`m§À`mOdi \$ŠV l_eŠVr AgVo.

~mOmamVrc dñVyà_mUo _Oyam§Zm {_ioc Ë`m qH$_Vrcm Amnco l_ {dH$mdo cmJVmV. ^m§S>dcXma H$_rV

H$_r qH$_V XoD$Z _Owam§Mo l_ {dH$V KoVmo d Z\$m {_idVmo. Ë`m_wio ^m§S>dcXma A{YH$m{YH$ lr_§V

hmoV OmVmV d _Oya A{YH$m{YH$ Jar~ ~ZV OmVmo. ^m§S>dcemhrV CËnmXZmMr gmYZo, H$m_Jmam§Mo

nJma, _Owar, {dVaU, Z\$m `mda ^m§S>dcXmam§Mo {Z §ÌU AgVo. ^m§S>dcXma H$_rV H$_r _Owar XoD$Z

OmñVrV OmñV CËnmXZ V`ma H$arV AgVmo. _Owam§Zm Ë`m§À`mà_mUo _Oyar XoV Zmhr VgoM CËnm{XV dñVy

~mOmamV {dHy$Z OmXm Z\$m {_i{dV AgVmo.

Am¡Úmo{JH$ àJVrÀ`m H$mimV ^m§S>dcXma dJmªZr H$maImZo gwê$ Ho$co. ZdrZ V§ÌkmZmMm emoY

cmJë`m_wio CËnmXZ dmTy> cmJco. n[aUm_r J«m_rU ^mJmVrc CÚmoJ H$_r hmoD$ cmJco. Ë`m_wio Ë`m

^mJmVrc ~oH$ma VéUm§Mr g§»`m dmTy> cmJcr. Ë`m§Zr CXa{Zdm©hmgmR>r eham§H$S>o Ymd KoVcr.

H$maImÝ`m§g_moa _Owam§À`m am§Jm cmJë`m. `mMm \$m`Xm ^m§S>dcXmam§Zm Pmcm. H$_r n¡emV Ë`m§Zm

OmñV _Oya CncãY PmcoV. {edm` Am{W©H$ eŠVr_wio Ë`m§Zr amOH$s` gÎmm {_idcr. Ë`mVyZ

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Ë`m§Zr ñdV:cm AZwHy$c Ago H$m`Xo H$ê$Z KoVco. Ë`m§À`m Zâ`mMo à_mU dmT>co. `mCcQ> _Owam§Mr

AdñWm Pmcr. {XdgmMo ~mam Vo Mm¡Xm Vmg H$m_ H$ê$Zhr _OwarV dmT> Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m

Xm[aÐçmV dmT> Pmcr. n[aUm_r l_Ordr dJ© A{YH$M Jar~ hmoD$ cmJcm. _mŠg©À`m _Vo,

^m§S>dcemhr ì`dñWoMm {dZme AQ>i AgVmo. H$maU ^m§S>dcemhrVM {VÀ`m {dZmemMr ~rOo noacocr

AgVmV. ^m§S>dcXma hm Zâ`mÀ`m _mJo cmJcocm AgVmo. Ë`m_wio g_mOmMo emofU AZoH$ df}

Mmcë`mZ§Va eodQ>r g_mO BVH$m X[aÐr ~ZVmo H$s Ë`mMo emofU AeŠ` hmoVo. VarXoIrc ^m§S>dcXma

Z\$m {_i{dVM amhVmo. Ë`mgmR>r Vmo OJmVrc BVa ~mOmanoR>m emoYV amhVmo, Am{U Ë`m{R>H$mUr Amnco

^m§S>dc {Z`m©V H$aVmo. Ë`mgmR>r Vmo amOH$s` gÎmoMm dmna H$aVmo. AZoH$ amîQ´>o d ~mOmanoR>m {_imë`mV

åhUyZ à`ËZ H$aVmo. Ë`m§À`mV nañna g§§Kf©, wÕo, ñnYm© V`ma hmoVmV Am{U Ë`mVyZ ^m§S>dcemhr amîQ´>o

ZîQ> hmoVmV.

amîQ´>mÀ`m A§VJ©V ^m§S>dcXmam§Mm nañnam§er g§Kf©, ñnYm© Mmcy AgVo. _mJUrnojm OmñV

CËnmXZ, ~oH$mar, Am{W©H$ _§Xr, A{Z~ªY ñnYm© B. JmoîQ>r \$mo\$mdV AgVmV Aemdoir _OwadJ©

Amnë`m AÝ`m`m{déÕ g§K{Q>V hmoVmo. Vmo ^m§S>dcXmam§À`m{déÕ AmdmO CR>{dVmo, g§K{Q>V _Oya

H«$m§Vr H$ê$Z ^m§S>dcemhr ì`dñWm g§nwîQ>mV AmUVmo. Aem àH$mao ^m§S>dcXma _Owam§Mo OodT>çm OmñV

à_mUmV emofU H$aVmV VodT>çm cdH$a ^m§S>dcemhrMm {dZme R>aoccm AgVmo. ^m§S>dcXma hm

ñdV:À`m Zmemg H$maUr yV R>aUmam H$m_Jma dJ© {Z_m©U H$aVmV. H$m_Jma àma§ r ñdV: d Z§Va g§K{Q>V

hmoD$Z cT>VmV. hm cT>m Vo {d{eîQ> ^m§S>dcXmam{déÕ Z XoVm CËnmXZ {d{eîQ> gmYZm{déÕ XoV

AgVmV.

_mŠg© hm Zoh_r ^m§S>dcemhr g_mOaMZoMm {damoY H$aVmo. H$maU ^m§S>dcemhr g§ñH¥$Vr_Ü o

Hw$Qw>§~, g_yh, amîQ´> B. ñZoh~§YZmZm AmYma yV Agcoë`m JmoîQ>tMm Zme hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio àË oH$ ì`ŠVrcm

H«y$a d ñdmWu ~ZyZ OJmdo cmJVo. åhUyZ Vmo ^m§S>dcXmar g_mOaMZoMm Zme Am{U g_mOdmXr

g_mOaMZoMr à{VîR>mnZm H$aUmè`m ì`dñWoMo ñdßZ nmhVmo. hr ì`dñWm _Zwî`_mÌm§Zm Amnë`m A§JÀ`m

gd© JwUm§Mm d eŠVtMm dmna H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr d àoaUm XoUmar Amho. VgoM {VÀ`mV _Zwî`_mÌm§À`m

JaOm§Zm AZwê$n Aer gmYZo d ^mo½` dñVy {~ZeV©nUo nwa{dÊ`mMr h_r Amho. Z\$m {_i{dUo,

H$m_Jmam§Mo emofU H$aUo, Xm[aÐçmV Am{U _ŠVoXmarV ñdV:gmR>r dmT> H$aUo, amOH$s` gÎmoMm

^m§S>dcXmam§Zr ñdV:gmR>r dmna H$aUo, Ë`m_wio ^m§S>dcXma d H$m_Jma `m§À`mV g§Kf© hmoUo `m JmoîQ>tMm

{dMma _mŠg©Zo Amnë`m gm{hË`mV Ho$cm Amho.

Û§ÛmË_H$ ^m¡{VH$dmX, Eo{Vhm{gH$VoMm d¡{eîQ>çnyU© {gÕmÝV Am{U H«$m§{VH$mar àJVdmXr eŠVrÀ`m

A§{V_ {dO`mdarc lÕm `m XmoZ JmoîQ>tda _mŠg©dmX ^a XoVmo. n[aUm_V: gm{hË` d H$coÀ`m g§X^m©Vhr

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_mŠg©dmXr g_rjm `mM g§H$ënZm§À`m àm_w»`mZo dmna H$aVo. _mŠg© d E§Oëg `m§Zr gm{hË` d H$cm

`mg§~§Yr Oo àmg§{JH$ ñdê$nmMo {cImU Ho$co Amho, Ë`mAmYmao _mŠg©dmX _mZUmè`m Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m

g_rjH$m§Zr Am{W©H$ {ZpíMVVmdmX, d¡{eîQ>çnyU© B{Vhmg{df`H$ ÑîQ>r Am{U àJ{VdmXr ÑpîQ>H$moU hr

_mŠg©dmXr g_rjoMr à_wI VÎdo AmhoV Ago _mZco. X goH§$S> B§Q>aZ°eZcÀ`m (1899) H$mimV \«$m§Q>g²

_o[a¨J d {eA°Jmo ßë oImZm°ìh `m XmoZ g_rjH$m§Zr _mŠg©dmXr g_rjoMm gd©àW_ nm`m KmVcm. Ë`m_wio

a{e`Z amÁ`H«$m§VrZ§Va _mŠg©dmXr g_rjoMo EH$ A{YH¥$V ê$n V`ma hmoV Joco d Ë`mcmM nwT>o

"g_mOdmXr dmñVddmX' ho Amnco gm{hË` d H$cmjoÌmVrc A{YH¥$V YmoaU Amho Ago Omhra Ho$co.

co{ZZ, Jm°H$s©, ñQ>m{cZ, Q´>m°Q>ñH$s ho gd©OU `m YmoaUmMo {eënH$ma hmoVo. `m gdmªZr _mŠg©dmXr g_rjoMr

~rOo amodcr. _mZdVmdmX, _mZdr ñdmV§Í`, ì`pŠVàmYmÝ`, emofU_wŠVr, AmË_^mda{hVVm, kmZñdm`ÎmVm

`m CXma_VdmXr {dMmamVrc à_wI JmoîQ>tMm ñdrH$ma hr Ë`m§À`m {cImUm§Mr d¡{eîQ>ço hmoVr. Ë`mZwgma

_mŠg©dmXr gm{hË` OJâ ngê$ cmJco.

1960 Z§Va npíM_r Xoem§V H¥$îUdUu` Va ^maVmV X{cV OmUrd àH$fm©Zo OmJ¥V hmoD$Z emom{fV

dJ©, dU© Am{U OmV `m§Zr _mŠg©dmXr na§naoer Amncm Xþdm OmoS>cm. 1970 À`m XeH$mnmgyZ Omo_mZo

{dH${gV hmoV Jocoë`m ñÌrdmXr gm{hË`m {dMmamcmhr _mŠg©dmXr {dMma OdiMm dmQ>cm. {_eoc ~maoQ>

d Á w{cAm {H«$ñVodm `m ñÌrdmXr g_rjH$m§Zr _mŠg©dmXr ÑîQ>rZo pñÌ`m§À`m _mZ{gH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$

X_ZmMm {dMma H$ê$Z Ë`mg§X^m©V {df_ ^m¡{VH$ dmñVdmcm O~m~Xma Yaco. ^m§S>dcemhrV ñÌremofUmMo

Oo {d{dY gyú_ àH$ma {Z_m©U Pmco Ë`m§À`mH$S>o nmhÊ`mg ñÌrdmXr {dMmamg _mŠg©dmXr {dMmamMr _XV

Pmcr. gmYmaUV: 1968 nmgyZ OdiOdi drg df} _mŠg©dmXr {dMmam_wio ~m¡pÕH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$

joÌmV ââmQ> hmoV am{hcr. na§Vw 1985 Z§Va gmopìhEV a{e`mVrc amOH$maU d AW©H$maU `m§Zm

doJi§M diU {_imco. A_o[aH$m d a{e`m `m§À`m_Yrc erV wÕg_mßVrZ§Va a{e`Z AW©ì`dñWoMr

nrN>ohmQ> hmoV am{hcr. _moR>çm Am{W©H$ d amOH$s` g§H$Q>mcm Vm|S> XoÊ`mgmR>r {_ImB©c Jmo~m}Md `m

a{e`Z ZoË`mZo nmaXe©H$Vm d nwZa©MZm `m _wÚm§da AmYmacoco amOH$s` d Am{W©H$ YmoaU AmIco.

Am{W©H$ CXma_VdmXmMo ~mOma-AW©ì`dñWoMo, cmoH$emhrH$aUmMo dmao gd©Ì dmhÿ cmJco. An[ahm ©nUo

a{e`mVrc gmå`dmXr njmMr gÎmm WmoS>çmM AdYrV g§nwîQ>mV Amcr. a{e`Z gÎmoMr {d^mJUr hmoD$Z

amOH$s`-Am{W©H$ KS>m_moS>tMm \$Q>H$m _mŠg©dmXr {dMmamcm d g_rjocm ~gcm. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr H$mhr

à_mUmV nrN>ohmQ> Pmcr. Ago Agco Var _mŠg©dmX hr EH$ OrdZÑîQ>r Amho, {Vcm {ZpíMV Aem

{dMmam§Mr ~¡R>H$ Amho. n[apñWVrV hmoUmè`m MT>-CVmam§da _mV H$ê$Z Ë`mVrc VmpÎdH$ d¡Mm[aH$ ^mJ

hm Amnco _V AYmoao{IV H$aV AgVmo. Ë`m_wio _mŠg©dmXr gm{hË`{dMmamZmhr EH$ d¡pídH$VoMr d

emídVoVoMr ~mOy Agë`m_wio _yc yV g_rjmnÕVr d emídVVoMr ~mOy Agë`m_wio _wc yV g_rjmnÕVr

åhUyZ {VMo AmOhr {VVHo$M _hÎd Amho.

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4.3.2 _mŠg©dmXr gm{hË`{dMma

emom{fV g_mOmMo {MÌU H$aUmè`m dmL²>_`mcm _mŠg©dmXr g_rjoV _hÎd Amho. Voìhm EImÚm

gm{hË`H¥$VrMr g_rjm H$aVmZm Ë`m gm{hË`H¥$VrVyZ {M{ÌV Pmcoë`m g_mOmMo, Ë`mÀ`m emofUmMoo,

Ë`mÀ`m àíZm§Mo, Am{W©H$ g_ñ`m§Mo, dJ©dmXmMo g§X © cjmV KoUo _hÎdmMo R>aVo.

_mŠg©dmXr g_rjoMm _yc yV ÑpîQ>H$moU AW©emñÌm{YpîR>V Amho. VgoM gm_m{OH$ ÑpîQ>H$moUhr

Amho. àË oH$ ì`ŠVrÀ`m _Zmda Ë`m-Ë`m g_mOmMm à^md nS>cocm AgVmo. Ë`m g_mOmVyZ Vr ì`ŠVr

KS>V AgVo. g_mOmMm EH$ KQ>H$ åhUyZ Vr H$m ©aV AgVo. n[aUm_r g_mOmV KS>Umè`m KQ>Zm, àg§J,

MmcrarVr, AZw d `mgma»`m AZoH$ JmoîQ>r gm{hË`mVyZ Am{dîH¥$V hmoV AgVmV. _mŠg©À`m _Vo, H«$m§Vr

KS>dUmam dJ© hm _Ü`_dJ© AgVmo. Ë`m§Mm Am{W©H$Voer Am{U H$coer OdiMm g§~§Y AgVmo. Ë`m_wio

Vmo gm{hË`mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Am{W©H$ {hVg§~§YmZm {damoY H$aVmo. Am{U Amnë`m gm{hË`mVyZ H«$m§VrMm

AmdmO CR>{dVmo. Ë`m_wio g_mO, coIH$ Am{U gm{hË`H¥$Vr Agm hm g§~§Y AgVmo. Am{U `m

g§~§YmMm emoY _mŠg©dmXr g_rjoV KoUo Ano{jV AgVo.

^m¡{VH$ OrdZmVrc CËnmXZ à{H«$`m _Zwî`mÀ`m gm_m{OH$, amOZ¡{VH$ d ~m¡{ÕH$ OrdZmÀ`m

H$jm KS>{dV AgVmo Am{U hr {dMmaYmam gm{hË`H¥$VrVyZ {H$VnV {XgyZ oVo `mMr {M{H$Ëgm

_mŠg©dmXr g_rjm H$aVo.

1930 Z§Va _mŠg©dmXr g_rjoMo EH$ ñdV§Ì XmcZ ApñVËdmV Amco. dmñVddmXmMm ^m¡{VH$dmXmMm

{dMma `m g_rjoV ñdrH$mê$Z g_mOaMZoMm nm`m Am{W©H$ g§~§Ymda Agë`mMo VÎd ñdrH$mê$Z Aem

g_mOmMo ñdê$n H$go AgVo `mMo ñnîQ>rH$aU _mŠg©dmXr gm{hË`{dMmamV Ho$co OmVo. H$cm d gm{hË`

Aem aMZm§MmM EH$ ^mJ AgVmo. Agm {dMma `m g_rjoV A{^àoV Amho. gm{hË`H¥$VrVrc

gm_m{OH$VoMm emoY KoVmZm Ë`m g_mOmVrc CËnmXZ g§~§YmMo ñdê$n coIH$mMr dJu` y{_H$m, Ë`mVyZ

{M{ÌV Pmcoco g_mOOrdZ, emofU, dJu` {hVg§~§Yhr _mŠg©dmXr g_rjm cjmV KoVo.

_mŠg©dmXr g_rjm{dMma hm gm{hË`H¥$VrÀ`m gm_m{OH$Voda ^a XoVmo. _mUyg ì`ŠVr åhUyZ

nyU©nUo ñdV§Ì amhÿ eH$V Zmhr. Ë`mÀ`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMr OS>UKS>U hr g_mOmVM hmoV AgVo. Aem

g_mOmV KS>coë`m H$cmd§VmÀ`m H$cmH¥$VrV gm_m{OH$Vm oUo hr ñdm^m{dH$M AgVo. gm{hË`H¥$VrMo

gm_m{OH$ A§J, {VMo gm_m{OH$ ñdê$n `mMr {M{H$Ëgm _mŠg©dmXr g_rjm H$aVo. Ë`m_wio gm{hË`mVrc

àd¥ÎmrMo ñnîQ>rH$aU _mŠg©dmXr g_rjoV nhm`cm {_iVo. Ë`mgmR>r gm{hË`H¥$Vr Ho$di H$cmdñVy Zìho

Va Vr EH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ dñVyhr AgVo ho cjmV oVo. _mŠg©dmXr gm{hË`{dMma hm gm{hË` Am{U OrdZ

`m§Mr gm§JS> KmcUmam Amho. Y_©, AW©, VÎdkmZ, amOH$maU B.VyZ OrdZmcm AZoH$ n¡cy àmßV hmoV

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AgVmV. Ë`m_wio gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm _mZdr OrdZmMr OmU _mŠg©dmXr g_rjoV _hÎdmMr

_mZcr OmVo.

_mŠg©dmXr g_rjm hr g_mOemñÌr` ÑîQ>rZo _hÎdmMr _mZcr Jococr g_rjmnÕVr Amho. H$maU

gm{hË`H¥$VrMo _yi ho dJm©{YpîR>V AgVo. gm{hË`mVrc gm_m{OH$Voda ^a XoUmar, dJu` g§Kfm©M ñdê$n

Am{U g_mOOrdZmda Ë`mMm hmoUmam n[aUm_ emoYUmar Ë`mVyZ gm{hË`H¥$Vrcm àmßV Pmcoë`m _yë`mcm

_hÎd XoUmar Aer g_mOemñÌmcm OdiMr _mŠg©dmXr g_rjm Amho.

4.3.3 nm`m Am{U B_cm


hmoUmam n[aUm_ emoYUmar Ë`mVyZ gm{hË`H¥$Vrcm àmßV Pmcoë`m _yë`mcm _hÎd XoUmar Aer

g_mOì`dñWocm Odi AgUmar g_rjm åhUyZ _mŠg©dmXr g_rjm AmoiIcr OmVo. H$mc© _mŠg© Am{U

\«o$S>[aH$ E§Jëg `m§À`m gm_m{OH$, amOH$s` Am{U Am{W©H$ {dMmamVyZ CËnÝZ Pmcoë`m {dMmaì yhmcm

_mŠg©dmX Ago åhQ>co OmVo. _mŠg©À`m _¥Ë yZ§Va _mŠg©dmXr g§àXm` CX`mcm Amco. ^m§S>dcemhrMo

{dícofU ho _mŠg©À`m {dMmam§Mo H|$Ð ~ZVo. ^m§S>dcemhr H$er CËnÝZ hmoVo. {VMr H$m ©nÕVr H$m`

Am{U dmQ>Mmc H$er hmoVo `m{df`rMo {ddoMZ _mŠg©Zo Ho$co. gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ g§~§YmMm {dMma

H$aVmZm ^m§S>dcemhrÀ`m _wIdQ>çm_mJo, CËnmXZmMr gmYZo hmVr Agcoë`m ^m§S>dcXmam§Mm dJ© Am{U

OJÊ`mgmR>r H$îQ> H$aUo ^mJ nS>cocm H$m_Jma dJ© `m XmoZ dJm©Vrc g§Kf© Ë`mcm AmT>iyZ Amcm.

namË_VoMm {gÕmÝV, l__yë`mMm {gÕmÝV Am{U B{Vhmg{df`H$ ^m¡{VH$dmXr y{_H$m ho VrZ _hÎdmMo

{gÕmÝV ^m§S>dcemhrÀ`m {dícofUmVyZ CËnÝZ Pmco. `m Aä`mgmVyZM _mŠg©dmXr g_mO{df`H$

^y{_H$m V`ma Pmcr.

gm_m{OH$ CËnmXZ à{H«$ oV _mUgo nañnam§er {d{eîQ> g§~§Y {Z_m©U H$arV AgVmV ho g§~§Y

_mZdmÀ`m BÀN>meŠVrda Adc§~yZ ZgyZ Vo {d^ŠV AgVmV. CËnmXZmMo g§~§Y Am{U CËnmXZmÀ`m

^m¡{VH$ eŠVrMm {dH$mg `m§À`m g_Ýd`mVyZ g_mOmMr Am{W©H$ KS>U hmoV AgVo. øm Am{W©H$

KS>UrdaM H$m`Xm, amOH$maU, gm_m{OH$ MoVZoMr {d{dY ê$no AmYmacocr AgVmV. CËnmXZmMr

nÕVr, gm_m{OH$, amOH$s` d ~m¡{ÕH$ OrdZmMr gd©gmYmaU {H«$`m {Z`V H$aV AgVo. _mUgmMo

gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y CËnmXZ g§~§Ymda AmYm[aV AgVmV. g_mO, gm{hË`, H$cm, VÎdkmZ, g§ñH¥$Vr `m

gd© JmoîQ>r Am{W©H$ ì`dñWoÛmam AZwem{gV hmoVmV. g_mOmVrc CËnmXZà{H$ oVrc n[adV©Z XmoZ {damoYr

eŠVtÀ`m g§Kfm©VyZ hmoV AgVo. Ë`mV emofH$ Am{U emo{fV Ago XmoZ dJ© AgVmV. _mŠg©Zo Ë`mcm

dJ©g§Kf© Ago Zmd {Xco. `mM ÑpîQ>H$moUmVyZ gm{hË`mMo {dídofU H$aÊ`mÀ`m à`ËZmVyZ _mŠg©dmXr

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g_rjm wX`mcm Amcr. gm_m{OH$ dmñVdmÀ`m {demc Mm¡H$Q>rVM dmL²>_`mMo `WmW© AmH$cZ hmoD$

eH$Vo ho _mŠg©dmXr g_rjoMo gyÌ Amho. `mVyZM _mŠg©À`m nm`m Am{U B_cm `m g§H$ënZm CX`mg

Amë`m. Ë`m§Mm AmT>mdm nwT>rcà_mUo :-

_mŠg©À`m ÑîQ>rZo {d{eîQ> H$mimVrc H$moUË`mhr g_mOmMm Ë`mVrc EHy$U OrdZmMm _ycmYma

nm`m Ë`m g_mOmMr AW©ì`dñWm AgVo. H$mUË`mhr g_mOmÀ`m Ë`mVrc gm_m{OH$, amOH$s`, Ym{_©H$,

Z¡{VH$ B. AmMma{dMmam§À`m, {d{dY g§ñWmÀ`m d g_mOmVrc EHy$U ~m¡{ÕH$ _mZ{gH$ à{H«$`m§Mm {dMma

H$aVmZm Amnë`mcm Ë`m-Ë`m g_mOmVrc Am{W©H$ g§~§Ymda cj Ho${ÐV H$amdo cmJVo. `m g§~YmMo

`WmW© kmZ Zgoc Va Ë`m g_mOì`dñWoMo Ë`mVrc g§ñWmMo IaoIwao AmH$cZ hmoUma Zmhr hm _mŠg©Mm

B_cm {gÕmÝV Amho.

H$cm Am{U ^m¡{VH$ nm`m (~og), H$cm Am{U CËnmXZ g§~§YmMr g_J«Vm `mV {ZpíMV H$mhr

g§~§Y Amho. CËnmXZ g§~§YmV ~Xc Pmcm H$s, B_ë`mMm (gwnañQ´>ŠMa) EH$ ^mJ Agcoë`m H$coVhr

~Xc KS>Vmo. BVa {dMmaàUmcrà_mUo Vr EH$Va _mJo nS>Vo AWdm gm_m{OH$ n[adV©ZmMm A§XmO H$ê$

eH$Vo. `m nm`m Am{U B_cm `m§À`m nañnag§~§Ym{df`rÀ`m _V oXmVyZ _mŠg©dmXr g_rjoMo doJdoJio

àdmh CX`mcm Amco. Ë`m_Ü o à{Vq~~ àmê$n, CËnmXZ àmê$n, CËnËVr àmê$n, ZH$mamË_H$ kmZ Am{U

^mfmH|${ÐV àmê$V Aer nmM à_wI àmê$no _mZcr JocrV Am{U Ë`mVyZ _mŠg©dmXr g_rjm AmH$mamcm

`oV Jocr.

WmoS>Š`mV Ago åhUVm oB©c H$s, ^m¡{VH$ OrdZmMr ^m¡{VH$ gmYZo {Z_m©U H$arVM _Zwî` OJVmo.

{Z_m©U nÕVr Oer AgVo Vgo {d{eîQ> gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y V`ma hmoVmV. CËnmXZnÕVr ~Xccr H$s

gm_m{OH$ g§~§Y qH$dm gm_m{OH$ dJ© ~XcVmV. CËnmXZnÕVr d gm_m{OH$ {d{eîQ> g§~§Y hm ^m¡{VH$

gm_m{OH$ nm`m Agoc Va Ë`màH$maÀ`m _mZ{gH$ g§ñH¥$VrMm B_cm C^macm OmVmo Am{U Ë`mZwgma

g_mOm_Ü o ~XcmMo MT>CVma KS>V AgVmV. Ago _mŠg© Amnë`m `m g§H$ënZoV ñnîQ> H$aVmo. Ë`mZwgma

nm`m Am{U B_cm `m JmoîQ>r H$m`© H$aV AgVmV.

4.3.4 _amR>rVrc _mŠg©dmXr gm{hË`

_amR>rVrc _mŠg©dmXr gm{hË`mMm {dMma H$aVm Vmo 1932 nmgyZ _amR>rVyZ {XgyZ oVmo. à{V_m,

gømÐr `mgma»`m _m{gH$m§VyZ Ho$. Zmam`U H$mio, cmcOr n|S>go, à^mH$a nmÜ o, {d. h. Hw$cH$Uu,

AZ§V H$mUoH$a, h. {d. XogmB© AmXtZr _mŠg©dmXr {dMmamÀ`m à^mdmImcr g_rjmcoIZ gwê$ Ho$co.

cmcOr n|S>go `m§Mo gm{hË` Am{U g_mOOrdZ ho 1935 gmcr àH$m{eV Pmcoco nwñVH$ _mŠg©dmXr

g_rjoVrc n{hco nwñVH$ _mZco OmVo. Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV H$m°_«oS> lrnmX A_¥V S>m§Jo, ~m. a. gw§R>UH$a,

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Xþ. H$m. g§V, g. am. JmS>Jri, lr{Zdmg XogmB©, J. ~m§. gaXma, {X. Ho$. ~oS>oH$a, eaÀM§Ð _wpŠV~moY

`mgma»`m g_rjH$m§Zr _mŠg©dmXr g_rjm{dMma _amR>rV _m§S>ë`mMo {XgyZ oVo. `m g_rjH$m§Zr

_m§S>coë`m _mŠg©dmXr g_rjoMm nwT>rcà_mUo WmoS>Š`mV AmT>mdm KoVm oB©c.

4.3.4.1 cmcOr n|S>go

1935 _Ü o cmcOr n|S>go `m§Mo "gm{hË` Am{U OrdZ' ho _amR>rVrc _mŠg©dmXr g_rjoMo n{hco

nwñVH$ àH$m{eV Pmco. H$cm Am{U gm{hË`{Z{_©VrMr à{H«$`m, gm{hË` Am{U g_rjUmMr AmYma yV

VÎdo, gm{hË`à`moOZ Am{U Eo{Vhm{gH$ ^m¡{VH$dmXmMo {ZarjU H$ê$Z hmVr Amcoco {ZîH$f© `m nwñVH$mV

AmhoV. gm{hË`{Z{_©VrÀ`m à{H«$ oMo ~rO, ñdê$n d V§Ì `m VrZ emoH$mpË_Ho$À`m {Z{_©Vrcm Eo{Vhm{gH$

^m¡{VH$dmXmMr OmoS> XoD$Z _Zwî`-{ZgJ© g§Kfm©V _mUgmMm namO` hoM Ë`m§Zr emoH$mpË_Ho$Mo H$maU

gm§{JVco Am{U g_mOmÀ`m EHy$U ^mdZm `m CËnmXZgmYZm§À`m _mcH$s hŠH$m_wio {Z_m©U Pmcoë`m

Am{W©H$ g§~§YmZoM {ZpíMV hmoVmV Aer _r_m§gm n|S>go `m§Zr Ho$cr.

4.3.4.2 AZ§V H$mUoH$a

AZ§V H$mUoH$a `m§Zr AZoH${dY gm{hË`g§ñWmÀ`m AÜ`jnXmdê$Z Ho$coë`m ^mfUm§VyZ, _mŠg©dmXr

coIH$m§À`m nwñVH$mcm {Xcoë`m àñVmdZoVyZ, {Z`VH$m{cH$m§VyZ {c{hcoë`m àmg§{JH$ coImVyZ g§OrdZr,

{MÌmgmaIm gmßVm{hH$mVyZ, cKw{Z~§YmVyZ VgoM amIoVrc {ZImao, {hado H§${Xc `mgma»`m nwñVH$mVyZ

coI {c{hco AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m `m {cImUmV _mŠg©dmXmMm à^md {XgVmo. 1935 _Ü o ~S>moÚmÀ`m

_hmamîQ´> emaXm _§S>imÀ`m AÜ`jnXmdê$Z Ë`m§Zr ^mfU Ho$co. `m ^mfUmV nwamoJm_r coIH$m§Mo dU©Z,

Q>r.Eg.E{c`Q>À`m gm{hË`H¥$VrMo narjU, lr_§V, _mcH$_Oya, _mcH$dJ©, g§_ocZàg§Jr, dmL²>_`mVrc

dmñVdVm `m{df`r Amncr _Vo àX{e©V Ho$cr AmhoV. _mŠg©dmXr g_rjH$ åhUOo g_mOemñÌä`mgmer

dmñVddmXr Ago g_rH$aU H$mUoH$am§Zr _m§S>co.

4.3.4.3 lrnmX A_¥V S>m§Jo

Eo{Vhm{gH$ ^m¡{VH$dmXr ÑîQ>rH$mooUmVyZ _amR>rVrc àmMrZ dmL²>_`mMo _yë`_mnZ lrnmX A_¥V S>m§Jo

`m§Zr Ho$co. kmZoídam§nmgyZ Vo emhra A_a eoIm§n ªV gm{hË`mMm CJ_ Vo EH$m {d{eîQ> y{_Ho$VyZ

_m§S>VmV. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, _amR>r dmL²>_`mMm OÝ_ X{cV OZVoZo {nidUyH$s{déÕ C^macoë`m ~§S>mVyZ

Pmcm. ^mJdV H${dVm§Mm àM§S> cm|T>m hm VËH$mcrZ ~hþOZ g_mOmÀ`m VH«$matMm d _mJÊ`m§Mm _hmnya

hmoVm. gm_m{OH$ AÝ`m`m{déÕ ~§S>mVyZ g§Vgm{hË`mÀ`m {Z{_©Vr Pmë`mMo S>m§Jo åhUVmV.

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4.3.4.4 {X. Ho$. ~oS>oH$a

_mŠg©dmXr OrdZÑîQ>rMm _amR>r g_rjodarc à^md ~oS>oH$am§Zr emoYcm. gm_m{OH$ gm¢X ©dmX

_mZUmar gaUr, gm_m{OH$ hoVydmX _mZUmar {dMmagaUr d ag{gÕmÝVmcm _hÎd XoUmè`m {dMmanÕVr

_amR>rV ApñÎmËdmV hmoË`m Ago ~oS>oH$a _mZVmV. _mŠg©dmXmÀ`m n[aM`m_wio gm_m{OH$ hoVwàdUVoÀ`m

g§H$ënZocm ZdrZ d d¡{eîQ>çnyU© AW© àmßV Pmcm Ago Vo _mZVmV. ~oS>oH$am§Zr g_mOn[adV©Z {df`H$

EH$ doJim {dMma _m§S>cm Amho. g_mOn[adV©Z Am{U _mZdr _Z `m§Mm _mŠg©À`m VÎdqMVZmer

Agcocm g§~§Y {H$Vr g|{Ð` Amho `mMr CH$c ~oS>oH$am§Zr Amnë`m coIZmVyZ Ho$cr Amho. AR>amì`m

eVH$m_Ü o Or _mŠg©dmXr MidiM C^r am{hcr Vr VÎdqMVZmÀ`m KQ>nQ>mXr MMm© {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r

C^r am{hcr ZìhVr. Va Vr EH$m gm_m{OH$ Am{U _mZ{gH$ Jwcm_{JarV AS>H$coë`m g_mO_mZgmg

ì`pŠVñdmV§Í`mMm naVcm^ {_idyZ XoÊ`mÀ`m Ü o mZo hr Midir C^r am{hcr hmoVr. ì`pŠVñdmV§Í`mMm

CX²Kmof H$aUmao g_mOn[adV©Z _mŠg©cm A{^àoV hmoVo. _mŠg©À`m `m g_mOn[adV©ZmMr _m§S>Ur ~oS>oH$a

Amnë`m coIZmV H$aVmV. g_mOn[adV©Zm_Ü o _mZdr _Zmcm _hÎd XoD$Z àW_ hoJocZo _mZdr _ZmMm

emoY KoVcm Am{U _Zmdr _ZmÀ`m namË_^mdmMo à_o _m§S>co. nwT>o _mŠg©Zo ho namË_^mdmMo à_o

ñdrH$mê$Z g_mOn[adV©Zmg§~§Yr H$mhr EH$ {dMma _m§S>co. Á`mà_mUo _Zwî`_mÌmÀ`m Ho$di ~mø

AmMmamV qH$dm doe yfoV \$aH$ Pmë`mZo H$mhr gmYUma Zmhr, Ë`mà_mUo Ho$di g§ñWm, Mmcr[aVr d

g§Ho$V `mV ~Xc hmoD$ZXoIrc Iao n[adV©Z hmoUma Zmhr. Iao n[adV©Z ìhm`Mo Agoc Va _mZdr _ZmÀ`m

KS>UrV, {dMmamV d ^mdZoV ~Xc Pmcm nm{hOo. hoM gyÌ _mŠg©À`m g_mOn[adV©Z {df`H$

ÑpîQ>H$moUmÀ`m H|$ÐdVu Agë`mMo ~oS>oH$a gm§JVmV.

4.3.4.5 eaÀM§Ð _wpŠV~moY

1948 nmgyZ wJdmUr `m dmL²>_`rZ {Z`VH$m{cH$mVyZ _wpŠV~moYm§Mo g_rjm{df`H$ {cImU

à{gÕ hmoD$ cmJco. Vo Eo{Vhm{gH$ ^m¡{VH$dmXmMm ñdrH$ma H$aVmV. _mŠg©dmXmZo H$cmg_rjoÀ`m Am{U

H$cmñdê$n {dMmamÀ`m g§X^m©V Zdr ÑîQ>r {Xë`mMo H$~yc H$aVmV. H$coMm dmñV{dH$ {dMma

H$am`Mm Agoc Va Ho$di ì`pŠV-a{gH$ MMm© H$ê$Z H$YrM ^mJUma Zmhr Va H$cmd§V Am{U

a{gH$ ho g_mOmMo KQ>H$ AmhoV ho cjmV ¿`mdo cmJco Ago Vo gm§JVmV. _wpŠV~moYm§Zr AmH¥$Vr

Am{U Ame` `m§À`m {damoYmË_H$ EH$VoMr H$ënZm _m§S>cr. gm_m{OH$ A§V©Û§ÛmVyZ H$coVrc

A§VÛªÛo {Z_m©U hmoVmV. Á`mà_mUo g_mOmV dJ© {dJ«hmMo Û§Û AmT>iVo Ë`mà_mUo H$coVhr Ame` Am{U

ê$n `m§Mo AI§S> Û§Û AgVo. H$coVrc AmH¥$Vr Am{U aMZm `m {Zanoj ~m~r ZgyZ _mZdr A§V:H$aUmer

àË`j g§~§{YV AmhoV Ago _V Vo ì`ŠV H$aVmV. _wpŠV~moYm§Zr OrdZmVrc dJ© gË`mMo ZrQ> AmH$cZ

H$ê$Z Ë`mà_mUo nmÌm§Mo ñd^md aoImQ>Z H$aUmam VX²dVM ñdV:À`m _Ü`_dJu` qH$dm CÀMdUu`

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Om{Udm§er g§Kf© H$ê$Z dJ©{dhrZVm {Z_m©U H$aUmè`m dJ©eŠVrer g_ag hmoUmam H$cmd§V loîR>

R>a{dcm.

4.3.4.6 ~m. a. gw§R>UH$a

g§V Midi d g§V dmL²>_` `m§À`m {ddoMZmcm H|$Ðq~Xÿ _mŠg©dmXr y{_Ho$dê$Z XmoÝhtÀ`m

_yë`_mnZmMm ñdV§Ì Agm à`ËZ gw§R>UH$am§Zr _hmamîQ´>mVrc g§V _§S>imMo Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$m © `m J«§WmVyZ

Ho$cm. gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrdaM H$moUË`mhr gm_m{OH$ Midir Adc§~yZ AgVmV VgoM g§V MidirMr

g_mOgmnojVm Am{U g_mOmMr Eo{Vhm{gH$ ^m¡{VH$dmX gmnojVm ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mda Vo ^a XoVmV. Ë`m§À`m

_Vo, gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ n[apñWVrMm dmL²>_`mda n[aUm_ hmoV AgVmo. Am{U Ë`m AmYmamda Ë`m§Zr

{d{eîQ> g§Vm§À`m dmL²>_`mVyZ Ë`m g§VmMo OrdZ emoYÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm. g§VdmL²>_`mMr d¡{eîQ>ço Ë`m§Zr

_mŠg©dmXr y{_Ho$VyZ _m§S>cr. àma§ rMr g§VMidi, ^pŠVg§àXm`, ^pŠV_mJ© `m§À`m {ddoMZmVyZ Vo

_mŠg©dmXr {dMma _m§S>VmV Am{U n[apñWVrda ^mî` H$aVmV.

4.3.4.7 J. ~m§. gaXma

J. ~m§. gaXma `m§Mo "g§V gm{hË`mMr gm_m{OH$ \$clwVr' ho nwñVH$ 1950 _Ü o àH$m{eV Pmco.

Ë`m§Zr Eo{Vhm{gH$ ^m¡{VH$dmX AmYma yV _mZyZ g§Vgm{hË`mMo narjU Ho$co. _mŠg©à_mUoM {d{eîQ>

H$mimVrc dmL²>_`H¥$VtZm Eo{Vhm{gH$ XñVEodOmMo _hÎd gaXma `m§Zm A{^àoV Amho. Ë`m§Zr dmL²>_`

Am{U n[apñWVr `m§Mm g§~§Y Agë`mMm Xmdm Ho$cm. g§VmÀ`m _`m©XmMr OmUrd H$ê$Z Vo gm_m{OH$

{df_VoMm {ZfoY H$aVmV. Ë`m§À`m dmL²>_`mV dJ© oXmMr OmUrd Amho. nU dJ©cT>çmMr Vrd«Vm Zmhr,

Ago _V Vo ì`ŠV H$aV g§Vm§Mr _`m©Xm Vo gm§JVmZm {XgVmV.

4.3.4.8 Xþ. H$m. g§V

Xþ. H$m. g§V `m§Zr Amnco _mŠg©dmXr g_rjm{df`H$ {dMma "gm{hË` Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr', "H$cm-

{ZVrdmX', 'gm{hË`g§å_ocZo Am{U gm{hpË`H$ àíZ' `m nwñVH$mVyZ _m§S>co. _mZdr g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m Ë`m§Zr

H¥$fr, CÚmoJ Am{U g§ moOZ Aem VrZ AdñWm _mZë`m. Á`m AdñWoV Eo{Vhm{gH$ ^m¡{VH$dmXmZo J¥hrV

Yacoë`m ga§Om_r, ^m§S>dcr d _mŠg©dmXr g_mO ì`dñWmhÿZ doJiçm ZmhrV Ago Vo gm§JVmV.

`m{edm` _amR>r c{cV coIZmVyZ XoIrc _moR>çm à_mUmV _mŠg©dmXr {dMma Am{dîH¥$V hmoVmZm

{XgVmo. AZoH$ H$dr, coIH$, H$mX§~arH$ma, ZmQ>H$H$ma `m§À`m gm{hË`mVyZ _mŠg©dmXmÀ`m Om{Udm {XgyZ

oVmV `m gd© gm{hË`mMm WmoS>Š`mV gm{hË`mMm {dMma nwT>rcà_mUo H$aVm oB©c.

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4.3.5 H${dVm

AmYw{ZH$ _amR>r H${dVoMr gwê$dmV 1885 nmgyZ Pmcr. 1920 n ªV a{e`mV gmå`dmXr H«$m§Vr

pñWamdyZ {VÀ`m n[aUm_ñdê$n OJâ gmå`dmXr {dMmagaUr ngacr. Ho$edgwVm§À`m "_Oya' `m

H${dVoV {JaUr _Oyam§Mo {MÌU {XgVo. Ë`mZ§Va H$dr A{Zc `m§À`m "{Zdm©{gV {MZr _wcmg' `m

I§S>H$mì`mV Va "noV} ìhm' `m H$mì`g§J«hmVyZ _mŠg©dmXmMm à^md {XgyZ oVmo.

AZ§V H$mUoH$a `m§À`m "Mm§XamV' `m H$mì`g§J«hmVrc "XmoZ Xod^ŠV', "cmc ~mdQ>çmMo JmUo' `m

H${dVm§VyZ _Oya{df`H$ H$idi, Ë`m§À`m g§Kf©eŠVrda {dídmg d dJ©g§Kfm©À`m _mJm©Zo gÎmmñWmnZ

H$aVrc Agm _mŠg©dmXr AmemdmX àH$Q> Pmcm Amho. Hw$gw_mJ«Om§À`m "_y{V© §OH$', "{ccmd',

"XodmÀ`m Xmar', "~ir' `m H${dVm§_YyZ _mŠg©dmX {XgyZ oVmo.

gm_«mÁèmhr _hm wÕm_wio {Z_m©U Pmcoë`m n[apñWVr{df`rMr ^m§S>dcemhr g_mOnÕVr{df`rMr

Am{U §Ìm{VaoH$s g§ñH¥$Vr{df`rMr _Ü`_dJm©Mr MrS> _T>}H$am§Zr Amnë`m ZdH$mì`mVyZ ì`ŠV Ho$cr.

Ë`m§À`m g_H$mcrZ AgUmao eaÀM§Ð _wpŠV~moY ho _mŠg©dmXr H$dr åhUyZ AmoiIco OmVmV Ë`m§Zr

Amnë`m "Zdr _idmQ>' H${dVm g§J«hmVyZ _mŠg©dmXr Om{Udm {M{ÌV Pmcoë`m {XgVmV. Ë`m§À`m EHy$U

H${dVm§_YyZ dJ©g§Kfm©Mo, H$m_Jma H«$m§VrMo Am{U _mŠg©dmXr g_mOaMZoMo {MÌU oVo. qdXm H$a§XrH$a

`m§À`m "ñdoXJ§Jm', "Y¥nX' d "OmVH$' `m H${dVmg§J«hmVyZ _mŠg©dmXr Om{UdoÀ`m H${dVm {XgVmV.

_Owam§À`m l_mMo _hÎd Am{U nm{dÍ` gm§JÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$a§XrH$a H$aVmV `mMm àË`` åhUyZ

" §ÌmdVma', "~§S>Imoa AmË_o', "_mÂ`m _Zm ~Z XJS>' `m H${dVm gm§JVm oVrc.

emhra A_a eoI `m§Mm "A_aJrV' hm H$mì`g§J«h 1951 _Ü o àH$m{eV Pmcm. A_a eoI `m§Mo

ì`pŠV_Îd _mŠg©dmXr hmoVo. AmJ AmoH$Umao _mŠg©dmXr emhra Aer Ë`m§Mr AmoiI hmoVr. _mŠg©dmX

hr Ë`m§Mr OrdZ{ZîR>m hmoVr. ^m§S>dcemhr, ga§Om_emhr `mgma»`m emofH$emhrMm Ûof A_a eoIm§À`m

H${dVoV Amho. Ë`m§Mo coIZ ho Ë`m§À`m ñdmZw dmVyZ AmH$mamcm Amco Amho. emhra A_a eoI

`m§À`mgmo~V AÊUm^mD$ gmR>o `m§À`m "ñVm{cZJ«mS>Mm nmodmS>m', "_w§~B©Mm {JaUr H$m_Jma' `mgma»`m

nmodmS>çmVyZ _mŠg©dmXr {dMma {XgyZ oVmV.

ZmamÙ gwd} `m§À`m "Eogm Jm _r ~«÷', "gZX', "OmhraZm_m' `m H$mì`g§J«hmVyZ A{YH$

à_mUmVyZ _mŠg©dmX {XgyZ oVmo. H$m_Jmam§À`m Xm[aÐçmMo, Ë`m§À`m OrdZmV CX² dUmè`m g§n-cT>çmMo,

g§Kf©dmXmMo {MÌU Ë`m§À`m gm{hË`mVyZ àH$fm©Zo OmUdVo. AOw©Z S>m§Jio `m§Mr H${dVm _mŠg©dmXr

àoaUoMm ñdrH$ma H$aVo. Ë`m§À`m "N>mdUr hmcVo Amho' `m H${dVmg§J«hmVrc H${dVm `m _mŠg©dmXmMm

AmYma KoD$Z A{YH$Va gm_m{OH$ àíZ _m§S>VmZm {XgVmV. _mUgmÀ`m dmQ>çmcm Amcoë`m Xm[aÐçmMo

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{MÌU H$aVmZm {XgVmV. chmZnUr d VéUnUr Ë`m§À`mda _mŠg©dmXmMm Pmcocm g§ñH$ma `m_wio Ë`m§Mr

hr ÑîQ>r V`ma Pmcocr Amho. dJ© oX, Am{W©H$ emofU, Xm[aÐç `m§Mr gyÌo Ë`m§À`m H${dVoVyZ àH$Q>VmV.

S>m§Jio Amnco _mŠg©dmXr {dMma ho Am{W©H$ ì`dñWm d ^m§S>dcemhrcm à_mU yV _m§S>VmV. àË`j

^m§S>dc Am{U Ë`mnmgyZ {_iUmao CËnÝZ `mda Am{W©H$ ì`dñWm Adc§~yZ AgVo. H$m_Jmamcm AmnU

Or dñVy {Z_m©U H$aVmo Ë`mda Amncm A{YH$ma ZgVmo hr OmUrd Á`mdoir hmoVo Ë`mdoir Vmo {Zame

hmoVmo. namË_VoÀ`m Om{UdoZo Vmo J«mgVmo. _mŠg©À`m `m gyÌmMm Am{dîH$ma Ë`m§À`m H${dVm§VyZ Pmcm

Amho. `m{edm` O. {d. ndma, X`m ndma, Zm_Xod T>gmi AmXr H$dtÀ`m H${dVoVyZ _mŠg©dmX

àH$Q>VmZm {XgVmo.

4.3.6 H$Wm

_amR>rVrc _mŠg©dmXr Om{UdoÀ`m H$jm {dñVmamMo H$m_ 1930 nmgyZ gwê$ Pmë`mMo {XgVo.

_Ü`_dJu` H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ àíZ, Ë`m§À`mg_ñ`m, Xþ:I `mÑîQ>rZo cKwH$Wm AmH$mamcm oD$ cmJë`m. 1930

Vo 1941 `m H$mcI§S>mV {d.g.Im§S>oH$am§À`m H$Wm§Zr ho H$m © Ho$co. Ë`m§À`m "KaQ>çm~mhoa' `m

H$Wmg§J«hmVyZ _Ü`_dJm©À`m _`m©Xm Am{U Ë`m g§Hw${MV {dídmVyZ ~mhoa nS>Ê`mMr YS>nS> {XgyZ oVo.

"gm§OdmV' `m H$Wmg§J«hmV nogm ho ^m§S>dcemhr g_mOmMo gd©ñd _yë` Pmë`mMo {XgVo. AZ§V

H$mUoH$am§À`m "OmJË`m N>m`m' `m H$Wmg§J«hmV nmoQ>mMr yH$ _mUgmcm H$er cmMma H$ê$Z gmoS>Vo `mMo

{MÌU Amho. gmdH$ma Am{U _Oya `m§À`m OJÊ`m{df`rMo {MÌU Amho. "{Xì`mdaVr A§Yma' `m

H$Wmg§J«hmVyZ _w§~B©À`m {JaÊ`m_Yrc cmc~mdQ>m _Oya g§KQ>ZoÀ`m àoaUoZo cT>{dÊ`mV oUmè`m g§nmMr

nmíd© y_r Amho. H$m_Jma ñÌrMo, g§n\$moS>çm cmoH$m§Mo dmñVd {MÌU Am{U a{e`mVrc H$å w{ZñQ>

H«$m§VrMm H$m¡VwH$mñnX CëcoI Amho.

VgoM _mYdamd ~mJc `m§À`m H$WmVyZ ^m§S>dcemhrMm Owcy_ Am{U {VZo _mOdcocm Yw_mHy$i

`m§Mo {MÌU Amho. e{eH$m§V nwZd©gy `m§À`m H$WmcoIZmVyZ Xþgè`m _hm wÕmV ^m§S>dcemhrZo KoVcoë`m

cm^mZo _Ü`_dJu`mMo {~H$Q> Pmcoco OrdZ, {~S>r H$m_Jmam§Mm g§n, cmc ~mdQ>m, H$å w{ZñQ>,

H$m_Jmam§Mo {hVg§~§Y, Voc§JUm H$å w{ZñQ>m§Zr Mmcdcoë`m g_ñ`m, Am§XmocZmMr nmíd© y_r `mgma»`m

{df`m§Mo {MÌU gmH$macoco Amho. {X. dm. \$S>Udrg ho H$å w{ZñQ> ì`mnmè`mH$Sy>Z {nië`m OmUmè`m

Jar~ eoVH$è`m§Mr ì`Wm, XþîH$mimMm J¡a\$m`Xm KoD$Z AÞYmÝ`mMm H¥${Ì_ VwQ>dS>m d gmR>o~mOr

H$aÊ`mÀ`m ì`mnmam§Mo XþîQ> H$m ©, Ë`mda H$å w{ZñQ> njmMr y{_H$m `mgmaIo AZoH${dY {dMma

\$S>Udrgm§À`m H$Wm§VyZ {M{ÌV hmoVmZm {XgVmV.

AÊUm^mD$ gmR>o ho _amR>rVrc _hÎdmMo _mŠg©dmXr H$WmH$ma. _°pŠP_ Jm°H$s© `m§À`m gm{hË`mMm

n[aUm_ Ë`m§À`mda Pmcm. Ë`m§Zr Amnco àma§ rMo coIZ H$m°_«oS> e. dm. Xoenm§S>o g§nm{XV "_emc' `m

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gmßVm{hH$mVyZ Ho$co. wJm§Va `m H$å w{ZñQ> nmQ>uÀ`m A{YH¥$V _wInÌmVyZhr Ë`m§Zr H$Wm {c{hë`m.

l_Ordr dJm©À`m AZoH$ g_ñ`m Ë`m§Zr _amR>r H$WoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ dmMH$mg_moa AmUë`m. PmonS>nÅ>rV

OJUmar, JwÝhoJmar d¥ÎmrMr, nmoQ>mgmR>r ñ_emZ y_rVrc _¥V cmoH$m§À`m Vm§oS>mVrc gmoZo Jmoim H$ê$Z

CXa{Zdm©h H$aUmar _mUgo Ë`m§À`m H$WoV AmhoV. _w§~B©Vrc cmc ~mdQ>m, H$å w{ZñQ>, {JaUr H$m_Jmam§Mo

g§n, IoS>çmVrc gmdH$mam§Mo nme, X{cV-emo{fV dJ© oX, ^md^mdZm§Mo, ì`WmdoXZm§Mo {MÌU Ë`m§À`m

H$WoV Amho.

H$å w{ZñQ> njmÀ`m co{IH$m Vmam aoÈ>r `m§Zr Amnë`m OrdZ `m H$Wmg§J«hmÛmao _amR>r _mŠg©dmXr

H$Wmgm{hË`mV ^a KmVcr. l_Ordr d _Ü`_dJm©cm cmJcoë`m ^m§S>dcemhrÀ`m Pim, emofU Am{U

emofUm{déÕ ~§S>, ñdm{^_mZr Am{U g§Kf©erc H$m_Jmam§À`m Midir, g§n `mgma»`m {df`m§Mo {MÌU

ho Ë`m§À`m H$WoMr d¡{eîQ>ç AmhoV. `m{edm` 1960Z§Va AOw©Z S>m§Jio, ~m~wamd ~mJyc, Ho$ed _olm_

`mgma»`m H$WmH$mam§Zr _mŠg©dmXr Om{UdoZo H$WmcoIZ Ho$co.

4.3.7 H$mX§~ar

_amR>r H$mX§~arVrc _mŠg©dmXmMm {dMma H$aVm _mŠg©dmXr Om{UdoZo _amR>r H$mX§~arMr Ame`H$jm

{dñVmacocr {XgyZ oVo. Ho$di _Zmoa§OZ hm hoVy Z R>odVm _Ü`_dJu`m§À`m gwIXþ:Im§Mm {dMma,

gmm_{OH$, Am{W©H$ g§Kf© _amR>r H$mX§~arV hmoD$ cmJcm. dm. _. Omoer `m§À`m "am{JUr', "gw{ecoMm

Xod' `mgma»`m H$mX§~è`mVyZ H$å w{ZñQ> {dMmagaUr, ImOJr _mcH$shŠH$mMo CÀMmQ>Z, g_mOì`dñWoVrc

H«$m§Vr `m§Mo Xe©Z hmoVo. Ho$VH$am§À`m H$mX§~è`mVyZ {Z §{ÌV _OyaMidirMo {MÌU oVo. _m_m daoH$am§À`m

H$mX§~è`mVyZ _w§~B©Vrc H$å w{ZñQ> {Z §ÌUmImcrc H$m_Jma MidirMo, ^m§S>dcXma {JaUr _mcH$mMo,

_Owam§À`m dñVrMo {MÌU oVo. _mS>ImocH$am§À`m H$mX§~arVyZ {JaUr _mcH$ Am{U {JaUr H$m_Jma,

O_rZXma Am{U eoV_Oya `m§À`mVrc g§Kf© {XgyZ oVmo. {d^mdar {eê$aH$am§À`m ~ir_YyZ nmoQ>mMr yH$

^mJ{dÊ`mH$[aVm J[a~m§Zm H$amì`m cmJUmè`m ^`mZH$ H¥$Ë`m§Mo dU©Z {M{ÌV Pmco Amho. cmc~mdQ>m,

gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ {df_Vog§~§YrMo {MÌU, ñdmV§Í`mZ§VaMr ^m§S>dcemhr, Cno{jV g_mOOrdZ `m§Mo

Vnerc `m H$mX§~arV Amco AmhoV.

eaÀM§Ð _wpŠV~moY ho _mŠg©dmXr Om{UdoMo coIH$ åhUyZ AmoiIco OmVmV. Ë`m§À`m {jàm, "OZ

ho dmoiVw OoWo' Am{U "gahÔ' `m H$mX§~è`m àH$m{eV Pmë`m. `m {VÝhr H$mX§~è`mVyZ _mŠg©dmX Vrd«nUo

àH$Q> Pmcocm {XgyZ oVmo. _mZdr OrdZmÀ`m AmOdaÀ`m hmcMmcrV dJu` Û§Û hoM J{VàoaH$ VÎd

am{hcoco {XgVo. `mMo {MÌU "{jàm'_YyZ Amco Amho. "{jàm'_Ü o EH$m H${ZîR> _Ü`_dJu` Hw$Qw>§~mÀ`m

ñdmWu, cmo r, ^m§S>dcemhr AZwf§JmZo Amcoco Xmof, ñdApñVËdmgmR>r gwê$ Agcoë`m g§Kfm©Mo {MÌU,

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{jàoH$mR>À`m CÁO¡Z ehamV KS>Umè`m H$WmZH$mVyZ _wpŠV~moYm§Zr ^m§S>dcemhr g_mO ì`dñWoMo

AmH$cZ _m§S>co Amho. gahÔ_YyZ Jmd gmoSy>Z _mderH$S>o ahm`cm Amcoë`m {~eyMm g§~§Y ehamVrc

dJu` Am{U amîQ´>r` Midirer H$gm oVmo `mMo {MÌU Amho. OZ ho dmoiVw OoWo _YyZ ^m§S>dcemhr

eŠVtÀ`m ñdê$nmda _wpŠV~moY ^mî` H$aVmV. ^m§S>dcemhr g_mOì`dñWoMo {dXmaH$ {MÌU H$aVmV.

Va AÊUm^mD$ gmR>o `m§À`m H$mX§~è`mV l_Ordr X{cV dJ© Am{U gmdH$ma, ga§Om_emhr `m§À`m{df`rMo

{MÌU oVo. Xm[aÐçm_wio IoS>çmVrc Vê$UtZm ehamV OmD$Z eara{dH«$s H$amdr cmJVo `mMo {MÌU

"{MÌm'_YyZ oVo. Icmem§À`m g§nmMo, H$m_Jma dJm©Mo {MÌU oVo. "d¡O §Vm'_YyZ Xm[aÐçmer Am{U

à{VHy$c gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrer g§Kf© {XgVmo. `m{edm` Ho$ed _olm_, Zm_Xod T>gmi, _mYd

H$m|S>drcH$a `m§À`m H$mX§~è`m§VyZhr _mŠg©dmX {XgyZ oVmo.

4.3.8 ZmQ>H$

_amR>rVrc _mŠg©dmXr ZmQ>H$m§Mm {dMma H$aVm _. Zm. Omoer `m§À`m "g§JrV {JaUrdmcm' ZmQ>H$

qH$dm "_mcH$-_Oya' `m ZmQ>H$mMm àW_ {dMma H$amdm cmJVmo. 1929 _Ü o à{gÕ Pmcoë`m `m

ZmQ>H$mVyZ _mcH$-_Owam§Mm cT>m {_Q>{dÊ`mMo EH$ Ñí` {MÌ _. Zm. OmoetZr C o Ho$ë`mMo {XgVo.

`mZ§Va _m_m daoaH$am§À`m "gmoÝ`mMm H$ig' `m ZmQ>H$mVyZ {JaUr_mcH$ Am{U H$m_Jmam§Mo nwT>mar `m§Mo

{MÌU oVo. AZ§V H$mUoH$am§À`m "\$mg' d "Pw§O' `m ZmQ>H$mVyZ H$å w{ZñQ> nmQ>u Am{U ^m§S>dcXma,

^m§S>dcemhrZo H$m_JmadJm©Mr Ho$cocr XþX©em, H$m_Jmam§_Ü o ^m§S>dcemhr~ÔcMm Ûof `mgmè`m {df`m§Mo

{MÌU Amë`mMo {XgVo. Zmam`U XogmB© Jwê$Or `m§À`m "H§$Jmc ^maV' Am{U "H«$m§Vrdra' `m ZmQ>H$m§_YyZ

H$å w{ZñQ> H«$m§{VH$maH$, O_rZXma, a{e`mVrc H«$m§Vr, _mUwgH$sMo aŠVemofU H$aUmè`m ^m§S>dcemhrMo

{MÌU Ago AZoH${dY {df` `m ZmQ>H$mV hmVmico AmhoV. emhra A_a eoI `m§À`m "n{hcm ~ir'

`m ZmQ>H$mVyZ Voc§JUmVrc H$å w{ZñQ> eoVH$è`m§À`m CR>mdmVrc qhgmË_H$ Am§XmocZ {XgyZ oVo.

^m§S>dcXma Am{U _Ü`_dJ© `m§À`mVrc g§Kf© VgoM O_rZXmam§À`m AË`mMmamcm ~ir nS>cocr Jar~

Hw$io `m§À`m H$WZH$mda AmYm[aV ho ZmQ>H$ Amho. AÊUm^mD$ gmR>o `m§Zr AZoH$ cmoH$ZmQ>ço {c{hcr.

"_mPr _w§~B©' ho Ë`m§Mo _hÎdmMo cmoH$ZmQ>ç dJ© OmJ¥V H$m_Jma Am{U ^m§S>dcXmam§Mm hñVH$ `m§À`m

g§dmXmVyZ ho cmoH$ZmQ>ç AmH$mamcm oVo. WmoS>Š`mV, _amR>r ZmQ>çg¥îQ>rV g§n, _moM}, {JaUrH$m_Jma

`mgma»`m AZoH${dY JmoîQ>tÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ _mŠg©dmX AdVacocm {XgVmo.

`m{edm` co{ZZ, H$mc© _mŠg©, E§Oëg `m§À`m OrdZmda AmYm[aV M[aÌmË_H$ coIZ Pmë`mMo

{XgVo. `m_Ü o {d. _. wñHw$Q>o `m§Zr H$mc© _mŠg©Zo _amR>rVrc n{hco M[aÌ 1934 _Ü o {c{hco. {d.

h. Hw$cH$Uu `m§Zr _mŠg©dmX d _amR>r Q>rH$mË_H$ dmL²>_` `m ZmdmZo gømÐr _m{gH$mVyZ 1938 _Ü o

{cImU Ho$co. EHy$UM _amR>rVrc _mŠg©dmXr gm{hË`mMm AmT>mdm KoV AgVmZm ^m§S>dcemhr AW©ì`dñWm

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Am{U Ë`mda AmYm[aV H$m_Jma, _Oya `m§À`m g§Kfm©Mo {MÌU _amR>r gm{hË`mV àH$fm©Zo Amë`mMo

{XgyZ oVo.

4.3.9 Cn`mo{OV gm{hË`H¥$Vr

ZìdXmoÎmar H$mim_Ü o eoVH$è`m§À`m AmË_hË oMo gÌ A{YH$ à_mUmV gwê$ Pmë`mMo {XgVo.

eoVrÀ`m _emJVrgmR>r gaH$mar, ImOJr ~±H$m, nVg§ñWm, y{dH$mg, gmogm`Q>çm, ImOJr gmdH$ma

`m§À`mH$Sy>Z eoVrgmR>r H$mT>coco H$O©, gVVMm XþîH$mi Am{U Ë`m_wio Amcoco An`e `mgma»`m

AZoH${dY AS>MUr_wio Jocr XmoZoH$ XeHo$ eoVH$è`m§À`m AmË_hË`m gwê$ AmhoV. `m gd© JmoîQ>r `m

Am{W©H$ ì`dñWoda Adc§~yZ AmhoV. AW©ì`dñWm ~Xcy cmJcr H$s Ë`mMm n[aUm_ CËnmXZ j_Voda

ìhm`cm cmJVmo. `mVyZM Z\$m Am{U VmoQ>m `m JmoîQ>r KS>VmV. dm§adma hmoUmam VmoQ>m hm dmT>Vm Am{W©H$

~moOm, H$O©~mOmarnUm `m_wio hV~c hmoD$Z eoVH$ar AmË_hË oH$S>o AmoT>cm OmVmo. `m gd© JmoîQ>r Ë`mcm

AmË_hË`m H$am`cm àd¥Îm H$aVmV. n[aUm_r Vmo Amnë`m Am wî`mMm eodQ> H$aVmo. na§Vw `m eodQ>mZo

\$ŠV Ë`m§À`m EH$Q>çmMm àíZ g§nVmo. Ë`mÀ`m Hw$Qw>§~mMm ~moOm Amho VgmM amhVmo. CcQ> `mnojm ^`mZH$

`mVZm Ë`m§À`m _wcm§Zm, nËZrcm, AmB©d{S>cm§Zm ghZ H$amì`m cmJVmV. AemM H$mhrem Ame`mMr

H$mX§~ar åhUyZ "AdH$mir nmdgmXaå`mZMr JmoîQ>' `m H$mX§~arMm C„oI H$aVm oB©c.

àñVwV H$mX§~ar "_amR>rVrc _mŠg©dmXrg_rjm' `m KQ>H$mgmR>r Cn`mo{OV gm{hË`H¥$Vr åhUyZ

Zo_cr Amho. åhUyZ `m H$mX§~arMm Aä`mg {dñVmamZo H$aUo oWo A{^àoV Amho.

4.3.9.1 coIH$ n[aM`

gmVmam {OëømVrc H$amS>Odi AgUmao qdJ ho AmZ§X qdJH$a `m§Mo Jmd. Ë`m§Mo dS>rc _w§~B©V

{JaUr H$m_Jma åhUyZ H$m_ H$aV hmoVo. AmZ§X qdJH$a `m§Mo B`Îmm {Vgarn ªVMo {ejU ho _w§~B©_Ü oM

Pmco. Ë`mZ§Va _mÌ Vo AmB©gmo~V JmdmH$S>o naVco. Ë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Mo dmñVì` ho J«m_rU ^mJmVM hmoVo.

{ejU nyU© Pmë`mZ§Va H$mhr H$mi Ë`m§Zr _w§~B©V ñQ>oQ> ~±Ho$V ZmoH$ar Ho$cr. 1985 À`m Xaå`mZ Ë`m§Mr

H$amS>cm ~Xcr Pmcr. H$amS> ^mJmV Ë`m§Mr ~Xcr IQ>md-_mU n[agamVrc {MVir JmdmVë`m emIoV

Pmcr. {VWë`m dmñVì`mV Ë`m§Zm Oo AZw d Amco Ë`mVyZM "AdH$mir nmdgmXaå`mZMr Jmoï>' hr

H$mX§~ar AmH$mamcm Amcr. nwÊ`mVrc "^maV-kmZ-{dkmZ g_wXm`' `m g§ñWoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Vo gmjaVm

d {dkmZmÀ`m àgmamMo H$m_ H$aVmV. "AmË_Q>rHo$À`m CXmg amÌr' Am{U "gw§~amZ§ _m§S>c§' ho Ë`m§Mo

H$mì`g§J«h Va "AdH$mir nmdgmXaå`mZMr JmoîQ>' d AmJm_r "gË`mJ«h' `m Ë`m§À`m H$mX§~è`m AmhoV,

Va "gmYZm', "n[adV©ZmMm dmQ>gê$', "MVwa§J', "AÝd`' `mgma»`m {Z`VH$m{cH$mVyZ Va _hmamîQ´>

Q>mB©åg, cmoH$gÎmm `mgma»`m dV©_mZnÌmVyZ Ë`m§Zr coIZ Ho$co. `m gd© coIZmMo EH$Ì Ago g§nmXZ

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Ë`m§Zr "_mUXoe: Xagmc XþîH$mi' `m ZmdmImcr àH$m{eV Ho$co. àñVwV KQ>H$mV Amnë`mcm "AdH$mir

nmdgmXaå`mZMr Jmoï>' `m H$mX§~arMo ñdê$n nmhmd`mMo Amho.

4.3.9.2 "AdH$mir nmdgmXaå`mZMr JmoîQ>'

coIH$ Á`m g_mOmV amhVmo Ë`m g_mOmMo {MÌU Vmo Amnë`m gm{hË`coIZmVyZ H$aV AgVmo.

Aemdoer Vmo Amnë`m AmOw~mOyMo g_mOOrdZ Ý`mhmiV AgVmo Am{U VoM gm{hË`mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ

Am{dîH¥$V H$aV AgVmo. ho AZw d Ë`mÀ`m EH$Q>çmMo ZgyZ Ë`m g§nyU© g_mOmMo AgVmV. g_mOmV

OJV AgVmZm Ë`mcm Amcoco AZw d ho Ë`mÀ`m {cImUmMo {df` Pmcoco AgVmV. `m {df`mcm

gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$, Am{W©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ d Eo{Vhm{gH$VoMo AZoH${dY nXa àmßV Pmcoco AgVmV.

`mVyZ H$mimMm EH$ nQ> gmH$maV AgVmo.

"AdH$mir nmdgmXaå`mZMr JmoîQ>' hr AmZ§X qdJH$a `m§Mr n{hcrM H$mX§~ar. cmoH$dmL²>_`mÀ`m

dVrZo 2011 _Ü o àH$m{eV H$aÊ`mV Amcr. `mAmYr 2009 À`m "n[adV©ZmMm dmQ>gê$'À`m {Xdmir

A§H$mVyZ hr H$mX§~ar àH$m{eV Pmcrc hmoVr. coIH$mMr hr n{hcrM H$mX§~ar BVH$s dmMH${à` Pmcr

H$s, AmO {VÀ`m gmVoH$ Amd¥Î`m {ZKmë`m AmhoV. hr H$mX§~ar AmZ§X qdJH$a `m§Zr "AmË_hÎ`m

Ho$coë`m eoVH$è`m§À`m Hw$Qw>§~r`m§Zm' An©U Ho$cr Amho. ghmEH$ {XdgmÀ`m H$mcmdYrVyZ hr H$mX§~ar

AmH$mamcm Amcr Amho. `m H$mX§~arVyZ EH$m Hw$Qw>§~mVrc àË oH$ ì`ŠVrMo AZw d{dœ qdJH$am§Zr {M{ÌV

Ho$co Amho. hr H$mX§~ar EH$m H$ï>H$ar eoVH$ar Hw$Qw>§~mV AH$ñ_mV KS>cocr KQ>Zm Am{U EH$ Añ_mZr

g§H$Q> `m§À`m {MÌUmZo gwê$ hmoVmZm {XgVo.

"AdH$mir nmdgmXaå`mZMr JmoîQ>' `m H$mX§~arVco g_mOOrdZ ho _hmamîQ´>mVrc J«m_rU

cmoH$OrdZmVrc Amho. ZìdXmoÎmar H$mimV AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmÀ`m EH$m {d{eîQ> Q>ßß`mdarc ho g_mOOrdZ

Amho. {dH${gV V§ÌkmZm~amo~a Amncm Xoe n¥ÏdrncrH$S>o nXH«$_U H$aV Amho. na§Vw IoS>r AOyZhr

VerM AmhoV. nmÊ`mA^mdr Amog nS>coë`m O_rZr, gVVMm XþîH$mi, {dOoMr H$nmV, eoV_mcmg

{_iUmam H$_r ^md, gmdH$mar noM, A§VJ©V amOH$maU, Xm[aÐç, ~oH$mar `mgmaIo AZoH${dY àíZ `m

H$mX§~arV AmhoV.

èmZmZm, Ë`mMr ~m`H$mo nmd©Vr Am{U Ë`mÀ`m VrZ _wcr Wmoacr Cfm, Z§Va Amem Am{U YmH$Q>r

ZH$moer. Aem `m Hw$Qw>§~mMr hr H$éU H$hmUr Amho. eoVrda {dídmg R>odyZ OJUo, Ë`m {dídmgmcm VS>m

OmUo, Ë`m_wio dmT>Umao H$O©. ImOJr gmdH$mamMm H$Om©À`m ~Xcr O_rZ _mJÊ`mMm VJmXm Am{U `m

gdmªMm eodQ> H$aVm oV Zgë`m_wio Ìm{gH$ d g§Vmnr Pmcocm èd§Vm ho `m H$mX§~arVrc _w»` nmÌ

Amho. Vmo H$Vm© nwê$f Amho. èmZmZm hm gwJr g§nV Amë`mda YwidS>rcm Amnco ~moH$S> {dHy$Z nmoatZm

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H$nS>o, ~m`H$mocm EImXm Xm{JZm Am{U nVg§ñWoMo H$mhr H$O© H$_r H$ê$Z gmdH$mamMm n{hë`m§Xm IQ>H$m

{_Q>dUma hmoVm. na§Vw hr ñdßZ§ nmhV AgVmZm Ë`mÀ`m ~moH$S>mMm Hw$Í`mÀ`m hëë`mV _¥Ë y hmoVmo.

Ë`m_wio amJmZo H«$mo{YV Pmcocm èmZmZm _ocoë`m ~moH$S>mÀ`m OI_m§_Ü o H$sQ>H$ZmeH$ AmoVyZ Vo ~moH$S>

Hw$Í`m§Zr Imdo åhUyZ AmoT>çmcm Q>mHy$Z oVmo. Zo_H$m Ë`mM amÌr _moR>m AdH$mir nmD$g nS>Vmo. `m

nmdgm_wio eoVmVrc nrH$m§Mo ~aoM ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. Xþgè`m {Xder gH$mir AmoT>çmH$mR>r Q>mH$coë`m

~moH$S>mMo _m§g ImD$Z _ê$Z nS>cocr H$mdio Am{U Hw$Ìr {XgVmV. AmoT>çmH$S>o àmV:{dYrcm Jocoë`m

èmZmZmÀ`m S>moŠ`mda H$mhr H$mdio {KaQ>çm KmcVmV. Va H$mhrOU S>moŠ`mda ~gVmV. ^maVr`

g§ñH¥$Vr_Ü o `m JmoîQ>tZm AneHw$Z _mZco OmVo. ~moH$S>mMm _¥Ë w, AdH$mir nmdgmZo eoVrMo Pmcoco

ZwH$gmZ, amJmÀ`m âmV {H$Q>H$ZmeH$mÀ`m dmnamZo Hw$Ìr Am{U H$mdù`m§Mm _¥Ë y. Ë`mMm gyS> åhUyZ

H$mdù`m§Zr Amnë`mda Ho$cocm hëcm `m_wio èmZmZm AñdñW hmoVmo. Ë`m§À`m _¥Ë y_wio g§nyU© Jmd

èmZmZmcm N>r@Wy H$aVmo. Ë`mVM nVg§ñWm, e§H$a gmdH$mamMo H$O© `m gd© JmoîQ>tZm H§$Q>miyZ èmZmZm

Amnë`m nËZrgh {H$Q>H$ZmeH$ {nD$Z AmË_hË oMm _mJ© ñdrH$maVmo. èmZmZmÀ`m _¥Ë yg AmnU

H$maUr yV hmoB©Z åhUyZ e§H$a gmdH$ma `m AmË_hÎ ocm Cfm Am{U gw mf `m§À`m ào_àH$aUmMo H$maU

nwT>o H$aVmo.

èmZmZmÀ`m _¥Ë yZ§§Va Ë`mMm ^mD$ Amnë`m _wcmgh Jmdr oVmo. MmaoH$ {Xdg Wm§~yZ nwÝhm Vmo

nwÊ`mcm {ZKyZ OmVmo. AmB©-d{S>cm{dZm AmnU nmoaHo$ AmhmoV `mMo ^mZ Cfmcm oVo åhUyZ Vr Amnë`m

ào_mMm Ë`mJ H$aVo. Amnë`m chmZ ~{hUtZm gm§ miÊ`mMr V`mar R>odyZ Vr Zì`m Omo_mZo Amnë`m

Am wî`mcm gwédmV H$aVo. ghm {Xdgm§À`m `m H$mcmdYrVyZ g§nyU© H$mX§~ar CcJS>V OmVo. n{hë`m

{Xder ~moH$S>mMm _¥Ë y Am{U AdH$mir nmD$g oVmo Ë`mMm n[aUm_ Xþgè`m {Xder Hw$Ìr Am{U H$mdio

_aVmV. AmnU {ZgJ©MH«$mÀ`m {damoYmV OmD$Z Iyn _moR>m JwÝhm Ho$cm Amho `mMr OmUrd èmZmZmcm

jUmojUr Pmë`mZo èmZmZm AmË_hË`m H$aVmo. `m Xþgè`m {XdgmV AZoH$ KQ>Zm KS>VmV. g§nyU©

{XdgâmMm KQ>ZmH«$_ `m H$mX§~arVyZ oVmo. èmZmZmÀ`m _¥Ë ynmgyZ nmd©Vrcm XdmImÝ`mV ZoB©n ªV d

{VWyZ {VMo àoV Kar oB©n ªV hm {Xdg OmVmo. {Vgam {Xdg A§Ë`{dYrMm Va Mm¡Ï`m Am{U nmMì`m

{XdgmV qnS>XmZ hmoVo. `m VrZ {XdgmV AZoH$ cmoH$m§Mr {MÌo g_moa oVmV. JmdJmS>m, J«m_rU g_mO,

{VWcr g§ñH¥$Vr, ^mD$~§XH$s, JmdnmVirdaMo amOH$maU, Cfm Am{U gw mf `m§Mo ào_g§~§Y, èmZmZmMm

^mD$ {dcmg Am{U nwVÊ`m {dídmg, g`mOr Ë`mMm H$mim Hw$Ìm, e§H$a gmdH$ma hr AZoH$ ì`pŠVaoIm

`m H$mX§~arVyZ àdmg H$aVmZm {XgVmV. eodQ>r ghmì`m {Xder gd© ZmVodmB©H$m§Zm gmoSy>Z Zì`m Omo_mZo

Cfm Amnë`m Am wî`mcm gwédmV H$aVo.

g§nyU© H$mX§~arV hr J«m_rU dmñVd {M{ÌV Pmco Amho. Ama§ mnmgyZ Vo eodQ>mn ªV VrZ

IoS>çmVrc J«m_g§ñH¥$VrMr AZw yVr Amho. J«m_g_mOmVrc ì`dhma, nañnag§~§YmMo VmUo~mUo AmhoV. ho

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g§~§Y Oar VmUVUmdmMo Agco Var Vo àg§JnaËdo ~XcUmao AmhoV. H$mdù`mÀ`m _¥Ë y_wio g§nyU© Jmd

èmZmZmcm N>r@Wy H$aVo. na§Vw Ë`mÀ`m _¥Ë yZ§Va gd©OU hihi ì`ŠV H$aVmV. Ë`m§À`m A§Ë`{dYrn ªV

EH$Ì oVmo. èmZmZm Am{U nmd©Vrcm XdmImÝ`mV Zoë`mZ§VaMo {MÌU, Wmoacr _wcJr Cfm Am{U {VMm

{à`H$a gw mf `m§Mr ào_H$hmUr, {dídmgM§ g»`m ~{hUrgmaI§ CfmdaMo ào_, AmË_hË oZ§Va e§H$a

gmdH$mamZo ào_àH$aUmdê$Z CR>dcocr ami, Ë`mdê$Z Hw$Qw>§~mV Pmcocm VUmd, ^mdH$sVë`m Am{U

JmdmVë`m cmoH$m§Mo nañnag§~§Y ho gmao {MÌU H$_mcrMo Amho. AmB©d{S>cm§À`m _¥Ë yZ§Va Am{U

gw mfÀ`m {d`moJm_wio IMcoë`m Cfmcm ào_àH$aUmÀ`m A\$do_wio Hw$UmH$Sy>Z ghmZw yVrMo Mma eãXhr

{_iV Zmhr. AmVyZ nmoIacocr nU _ZmZo I§~ra Agcocr Cfm Xþgè`m {XderM eoVmVë`m H$m_mgmR>r

~mhoa nS>Vo. Xþ:ImM§ Vm|S> KoD$Z IwS>UrÀ`m ~m`H$mgmR>r _mV§J Am{U ~m¡Õ dgmhVrV oVo Voìhm {VWë`m

gd© ~m`H$m {VÀ`m^modVr Jmoim hmoVmV. "Vy oÊ`mnojm gm§Jmdm YmS>cm AgVm Var Amåhr Amcmo AgVmo'

Agm {Oìhmim XmIdVmV. åhmVmar Ywanm AmÎmr {Vcm _m oZo Odi KoVo Voìhm Cfmcm Aly AZmda

hmoVmV. {VÀ`m S>moŠ`mda KamVë`m Hw$Ur nmUrKmVco Zgë`mMo cjmV oVmM gJù`mOUr {_iyZ {Vcm

ÝhmD$ KmcVmV. EH$sH$S>o CfmÀ`m g_mOmVM {Vcm hrZ dmJUyH$ {_iVo Va XþgarH$S>o {XdgamÌ H$ï>

H$aUmè`m naŠ`m OmVrVrc pñÌ`m AmnwcH$sZo {Vcm Odi KoVmV. {VMr {dMmanyg H$ê$Z {VÀ`m Xþ:ImV

gm_rc hmoVmV. hm {damoYm^mg AmZ§X qdJH$a Iyn AmñWoZo _m§S>VmV. Ho$di EdT>oM Zìho Va

JmdJmS>çmVrc AZoH$ ~marH$-gmarH$ VnercgwÕm `m H$mX§~arV oVmV. EH$m Xþ:IX KQ>ZoZo gwédmV

Pmcoë`m `m H$mX§~arMm eodQ> hm gwImË_H$VoH$S>o oVmo. AmB©-d{S>cm§À`m _¥Ë yZ§Va Wmoacr Cfm Amnë`m

ì`pŠVJV ^mdZm§Mm Jim Xm~yZ XmoÝhr ~{hUtgh {ZYm©amZo n[apñWVrer cT>Ê`mg gÁO amhVo hoM `m

H$mX§~arMo doJionU åhUmdo cmJoc.

WmoS>Š`mV "AdH$mir nmdgmXaå`mZMr JmoîQ>' hr H$mX§~ar AmË_hË`m H$aUmè`m eoVH$è`mMo

à{V{ZYrËd H$aVo. Ë`mÀ`m g_ñ`m _m§S>Vo. dmñVdVoMr A{YH$ ì`mnH$ _m§S>Ur H$aVo. eoVH$è`m§Mo àíZ,

emo{fV Am{U {nS>rV eoVH$arg_yhmMo {MÌ gmH$ma H$aV.

4.3.9.2.1 èmZmZm

èmZmZm (èd§Vm) hm `m H$mX§~arMm Zm`H$ Amho. E|er-ã`mE|er_Ü o Vmo ~mamdr nmg Pmcm

hmoVm. Ë`mdoir S>r.ES>. Ho$co AgVo Va Mm§Jcm {ejH$ Pmcm AgVm na§Vw YmH$Q>m ^mD$ nU {eH$V

hmoVm. XmoKm§Zrhr {ejU KoVco Va _J eoVr H$moU H$aUma? åhUyZ èmZmZmZo {ejU gmoSy>Z eoVrH$S>o

cj {Xco. JmdmVrc cmoH$m§Zm Vmo gVV _XVrMm hmV nwT>o H$aUmam ào_i Am{U cmS>H$m _mUyg.

amOH$maUmV gdmªZm ~amo~a KoD$Z OmUmam, AmXamZo dmJUmam. na§Vw Ë`mÀ`m Am wî`mV H$mhr JmoîQ>r Aem

KS>VmV H$s, Ë`mÀ`m Am wî`mMo J{UV MwH$Ê`mg gwédmV hmoVo. Ho$coë`m àË oH$ à`ËZmV Ë`mcm Anè

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oQy> cmJVo. Ë`m_wio Vmo H$O©~mOmar hmoV amhVmo. AemVM Ë`mcm _wcJm hdm AgVmZm gd© _wcrM

OÝ_mcm oVmV. åhUyZ Vmo Amnë`m nËZrMm nmd©VrMm N>i H$aV amhVmo. àg§Jr {Vcm _mahmUhr H$arV

Ago. {OÔr, H$îQ>miy, {MS>Imoa Am{U hoH$Q> Aem nañna{damoYr ñd^mdm_wio èmZmZmMr ì`pŠVaoIm

CR>mdXma Pmcr Amho. `m ñd^mdm_wioM cmoH$ Ë`mcm "\$m`[a¨J èmZmZm' Ago åhUV. H$mcm§VamZo

Ë`mÀ`m_Ü o ~Xc hmoVmV d `m JmoîQ>r Vmo {dgê$Z OmVmo.

èmZmZm hm KamVrc H$Vm© nwéf Amho. Amnë`m _wcrM§ CfmM§ ào_ gw mfda Agë`mMr XmQ>

e§H$m Ë`mÀ`m _ZmV Agë`m_wio Vmo CfmM§ {ejU ~§X H$ê$Z {Vcm KamV H$m_mcm Ow§nVmo. YwidS>rcm

Amnco ~moH$S> {dHy$Z nmoatZm H$nS>o, CÚm ~m`H$mo _ocr Va {VÀ`m Vm|S>mVR>odm`cm Var EImXm Xm{JZm

Agmdm åhUyZ Am{U nVg§ñWoMo d e§H$a gmdH$mamMo H$mhr H$O© H$_r H$ê$Agm {dMma Amho. na§Vw EH$

~m§S>o Hw$Ìo ~moH$S>mÀ`m A§Jmda YmdyZ OmVo d Ë`mÀ`m _mZoMm cMH$m VmoS>Vo `mV ~moH$S>mMm _¥Ë y hmoVmo.

Ë`m_wio amJmZo H«$mo{YV Pmcocm èmZmZm _ocoë`m ~moH$S>mÀ`m OI_m§_Ü o H$sQ>H$ZmeH$ AmoVyZ Vo ~moH$S>

Hw$Í`m§Zr Imdo åhUyZ AmoT>çmcm Q>mHy$Z oVmo. ho H$ê$ Z o åhUyZ nmd©Vr èmZmZmcm Iyn g_OmdÊ`mMm

à`ËZ H$aVo na§Vw Vo \$moc R>aVmV. Zo_H$m Ë`mM amÌr _moR>m AdH$mir nmD$g nS>Vmo. `m nmdgm_wio

eoVmVrc {nH$m§Mo ~aoM ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. Xþgè`m {Xder gH$mir AmoT>çmH$mR>r Q>mH$coë`m ~moH$S>mMo _mg

ImD$Z _ê$Z nS>cocr H$mdio Am{U Hw$Ìr {XgVmV. AmoT>çmH$S>o àmV{d©Yrcm Jocoë`m èmZmZmÀ`m

S>moŠ`mda H$mhr H$mdio {KaQ>çm KmcVmV. Va H$mhr S>moŠ`mda ~gVmV. ^maVr` g§ñH¥$Vr_Ü o `m JmoîQ>tZm

AneHy$Z _mZco OmVo. ~moH$S>mMm _¥Ë y, AdH$mir nmdgmZo eoVrMo Pmcoco ZwH$gmZ, amJmÀ`m âmV

H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mÀ`m dmnamZo Hw$Ìr Am{U H$mdù`m§Mm _¥Ë y, Ë`mMm gyS> åhUyZ H$mdù`m§Zr Amnë`mda

Ho$cocm hëcm `m_wio èmZmZm AñdñW hmoVmo. Ë`m§À`m _¥Ë y_wio g§nyU© Jmd H$Om©À`m ~Xë`mV _mJVmo.

~mnOmÚm§Zr KoVcocr O_rZ {dHy$Z èmZmZmcm nmnmMo YZr hmoUo _mÝ` Zmhr `m gd© JmoîQ>tMm {dMma

H$ê$Z Vmo AmË_hË oMm _mJ© ñdrH$maVmo. ho EoH$VmM nmd©Vr aS>m`cm cmJVo. CcQ> èmZmZm, "`m

H$Om©À`m nwamV AmeoM§ Hw$R>c§ _wiH$m§S>M {XgV Ýhm` _cm. ~K _r H$gm dhmV Mmccmo _J, EH$Q>r

amhÿZ H$m` H$aerc? Mc _mÂ`m OmoS>rZ§. c½ZmMr Wmoacr, nmR>À`m XmoKr, {T>Jâ H$O©! Hw$R>§ Hw$R>§

nwaerc? XmoZ {XdgmV Vmo e§H$a gmdH$ma KamV {ea§c, H$O© \o$S> Ýhm`Va O_rZ H$a _mÂ`m Zmdmda.

AmZ² hmVMr O_rZ {dH$cr Va Z§Va Amnë`m nmoar OmVrc Hw$R>§? Ë`m namg AmnUmg g§ndyZ Q>mHy$.

H$emcm hdm hm nme? _ocmo Va AmOMr H$miOr OmB©c CÚmda. "~Koc H$m` Vo ^md' (n¥.35) Aer

nmd©VrMr g_OyV H$mT>Vmo Am{U nVr-nËZr H$sQ>H$ZmeH$ {nD$Z AmË_hË`m H$aVmV.

èmZmZmÀ`m ê$nmZo AmZ§X qdJH$a g§~§Y _hmamîQ´>mVrc H$O©~mOmar eoVH$ar g_moa C^m H$aVmV.

Vo åhUVmV, ""EHy$U H$m`, Va AmË_hË`m H$arV AgVmZm H$moUr ~KUmam _mUyg AmoiIrMm {~Ja

AmoiIrMm, OmVr-naOmVrMm Agy Úm, {ZpîH«$` amhmV ZmhrM. EdT>§ AgyZ èmZmZm AmË_hË`m

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H$aVmo M {H$Ë oH$ JmdmV, H$moUr Wm§~dy eH$coc§ Zmhr Ë`mcm. Zm ~m`H$mnmoa§ Zm JUJmoV-^mdH$s,

OmVrVcr JmdmVcr AZ²§ Ag§M nwT>o gaH$ma AZ² gm_«mÁ`mn ªVMr g§nyU© §ÌUm. `m gdmªZm S>mdcyZ

àË oH$ Jar~ _J Vmo H$m_Jma, eoVH$ar, ~oH$ma, OmVnmV Z _mZUmam _mZdVmdmXr H$moUrhr AgyÚmV,

AmË_hË oÀ`m dmQ>oda EH$Q>çm EH$Q>çmZo MmcVM AmhoV ho gd©OU. gdmªMrM hmoV Amho {nidUyH$.

OJU§ Amho Agwa{jV, An_m{ZV AZ² cmMma. Varhr Ë`m§Mm _moMm© hmoV Zmhr. "AmË_hË oÀ`m dmQ>oda

C o Agcoë`m _mUgm§Mm _moMm©!' Aer H$moUVr ~mV_r N>mnyZ oV Zmhr nonamV.'' (n¥.37) Aer

Amnë`m _ZmVrc MrS> `m{R>H$mUr qdJH$a ì`ŠV H$aVmV. AmO Or AdñWm èmZmZmMr Amho VrM

AdñWm àË oH$ eoVH$è`mMr Pmcr Amho. H$O©_m\$s hmoB©c `m AmeonmoQ>r AmOhr Vmo Amnco ApñVËd

{Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo Amho.

4.3.9.2.2 nmd©Vr

nmd©Vr hr èmZmZmMr nËZr Amho. EH$ n{Vd«Vm ñÌr åhUyZ {VMo nmÌ `m H$mX§~arV Amco Amho.

H$moUË`mhr ^maVr` ñÌrgmaIr Vr gmo{eH$ Aer ñÌr Amho. Zdè`m{edm` OJÊ`mMm Vr {dMmaM H$ê$

eH$V Zmhr. {Vcm gma»`m _wcrM hmoVmV. `mV {VMm Xmof ZgVmo. Varhr èmZmZm {Vcm KamVyZ hmH$cyZ

XoVmo. {VMr XmoZ A°~m°e©Ýg Pmcr Agë`mZo Vr A{YH$ H$_Omoa Pmcr Amho. nmd©Vr hr A{Ve` gmpÎdH$

Am{U {MH$mQ>rZo g§gma H$aUmar n{Vd«Vm ñÌr Amho. èmZmZmcm Vr _oocoë`m ~moH$S>mÀ`m OI_m§_Ü o {df

Z KmcÊ`mgmR>r {dZdUr H$aVo na§Vw Ë`mV Vr Anèr R>aVo. èmZmZmÀ`m _ZmV AmË_hË o~Ôc {dMma

oVmM Vr Ë`mcm namd¥Îm H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVo. na§Vw èmZmZm nmd©VrMo EoH$V Zmhr. nmd©Vrcm H$moUVohr

gwI-g_mYmZ Zmhr. Vr g§gmamMm JmS>m _moR>çm qh_VrZo MmcdUmar Amho. XrK© AmOmamVyZ CR>ë`mgmaIr

nmd©Vr AmnUhÿZ gmdY hmoVo Am{U Zdè`mÀ`m nmR>rer H$UIanUo C^r amhVo. {H$Ë oH$Xm Va PmonoVyZ

AMmZH$ OmJr hmoD$Z "Hw$R>o AmhoV _mÂ`m nmoar' åhUyZ ^`^rV hmoD$Z {dMmam`Mr. Vr Aer Va§JV

Amho A§VamimV Am{U nmoar Hw$R>§ {XgV ZmhrV {Vcm. AñnîQ> hmoV OmVmV {VÀ`m ZOaog_moê$Z.'

(n¥.32) Aem _wctda OrdmnmS> ào_ H$aUmar hr nmd©Vr Amho. CfmÀ`m ào_àH$aUmMr Ooìhm {Vcm

_m{hVr hmoVo, Voìhm Vr Cfmcm {dídmgmV KoD$Z `m~m~VMr dñVwpñWVr g_OmdyZ gm§JVo.

Amnë`m Zdè`mZo e§H$a gmdH$mamH$Sy>Z H$O© KoVco `mMr {Vcm H$miOr dmQ>Vo. H$maU e§H$a

gmdH$ma Ooìhm H$O©dgwcrgmR>r Kar oVmo Voìhm Vmo {dH¥$V ZOaoZo {VÀ`mH$S>o nmhVmo `mMo ^mZ {Vcm

Amho. ^m§S>dcemhr AW©ì`dñWo_Ü o gmdH$mam§Zm n¡emMm _mO AgVmo. Vmo n¡gm Ë`mZo gm_mÝ`m§Mr

{nidUyH$ H$ê$ZM {_idcocm AgVmo. Ë`m_wio gÎmm, g§nÎmrdmë`m§Zm EH$Q>r nmd©VrM Zmhr Va AZoH$

pñÌ`m `m Cn^moJmgmR>rM AmhoV Ago Vo J¥hrV YaVmV Ë`m_wioM Va e§H$a gmdH$mamZo Amnë`m Kar

oD$ Z o Ago {Vcm _Zmo_Z dmQ>Vo.

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AdH$mim nmD$g Ooìhm am¡Ð ê$n YmaU H$ê$Z H$mogiy cmJVmo Voìhm Vr ~mhoa oD$Z nmdgmH$S>o

nmhV ""nm`m nS>Vo amOm Wm§~, Vyhr ZH$mo Agm d¡è`mgmaIm dmJy. _mPo gmè`m dfm©Mo H$îQ> CKS>çmda

nS>co hm` amZmV. Ë`mMr YyiYmZ H$ê$ ZH$mo. _r, _mPm Zdam cmI Amåhr AgyXoV AnamYr. nU

nmoam~mim§À`m Vm|S>mVcm Kmg Agm {hamdyZKody ZH$mog.'' (n¥.22) Aer Ë`mcm {dZdUr H$aVo.

èmZmZm Ooìhm AmË_hË oMm _mJ© ñdrH$maVmo. Vo EoH$VmM nmd©Vr aS>m`cm cmJVo. Amnë`m

nVrcm Iyn {dZdÊ`m H$aVo na§Vw eodQ>r nVrÀ`m AmkoMo nmcZ H$ê$Z Ë`mÀ`mgmo~V ñdV: {df {nD$Z

AmË_hË`m H$aVo. `m {R>H$mUr AmZ§X qdJH$a åhUVmV, "nmd©Vrcm _cm øm JmoîQ>rV _mam`Mo ZìhVo.

_wimV {VÀ`m OrdZmMr Xmoar {ZgJ©V:M Amåhm nwéfm§hÿZ \$ma ~iH$Q> Amho. gcH$ XmoZ-VrZ dfmªÀ`m

XþîH$mimV, dJimÀ`m H$mR>mda Amnë`m nmZm\w$cmVyZ S>mocV, BVam§Zm OJÊ`mVcm AmYma XoUmè`m

docVmS> `m amZQ>r docrgmaIr Vr Amho. \$ma H$_r D$O}da VJ Yê$Z C § amhÊ`mMr j_Vm AgVom

Ë`m§À`mV. Aer Vr BË § yV ñÌr! nU ì`dñWm {Od§V R>ody eH$cr Zmhr {Vcm. nmd©Vr _ocr' (n¥.37)

ñÌr OrdZm{df`rMr g_mOmV Or gË`n[apñWVr Amho Ë`mMo dU©Z AmZ§X qdJH$a `m {R>H$mUr H$aVmZm

{XgVmV.

4.3.9.2.3 Cfm

Cfm hr `m H$mX§~arVrc àYmZ Zm{`H$m Amho. H$mX§~arÀ`m gwédmVrcm Vr Xþæ`_ nmÌ

Agcr Var Z§Va Z§Va Vr g§nyU© H$mX§~ar `m nmÌm^modVrM {\$aVmZm {XgVo. Cfm hr èmZmZmMr

gdm©V Wmoacr _wcJr. {VMo gw mfda OrdmnmS> ào_ Amho. Vr E\$.dm`.~r.E. \$ñQ>© Šcmg_Ü o CÎmrU©

Pmcr Amho. {Vcm nwT>o {eH$m`Mr Iyn BÀN>m hmoVr. na§Vw {VMo Am{U gw mfMo ào_g§~§Y hm Jmdâ

MM}Mm {df` Agë`mZo èmZmZmZo {VMo {ejU ~§X H$ê$Z {Vcm KamVrc d eoVmVrc H$m_mcm Ow§nco.

nwéfmÀ`m ~amo~arZo eoVmV H$m_ H$aUmar Cfm Amho. {Vcm Ooìhm-Ooìhm doi oQ>Vmo Voìhm-Voìhm Vr dmMZ

H$aVo. gm_m{OH$ H$m`m©V ^mJ KoVo. {ñÌ`m§Zr Am`mo{OV Ho$coë`m Xmê$~§XrÀ`m _moMm©V MmdS>rg_moa

^mfU H$aVo.

èmZmZmÀ`m AmË_hË oZ§Va Cfm hr _w»` y{_Ho$V {XgVo. H$mZS>r gw mfda {VMo BVHo$ ào_

AgVo H$s, Vo XmoKo niyZ OmD$Z c½Z H$aUma AgVmV. `m JmoîQ>rcm Amnë`m d{S>cm§Mm {damoY AgUma

`mMr {Vcm ImÌr AgyZXoIrc Vo ho nmD$c CMcVmV. na§Vw AmXë`m {Xder AMmZH$ AdH$mir nmD$g

nS>Vmo. `m AdH$mir nmdgmZo Amnë`m eoVmVrc {nH$m§Mo ~aoM ZwH$gmZ Pmco Amho. na§Vw OmVm-OmVm

KaÀ`m§Zm _XV åhUyZ Vr Xþgè`m {Xder gH$mir cdH$a CRy>Z eoVmV OmVo. "{nH$mMr Pmcocr XþamdñWm

nmhÿZ _r Aemdoir niyZ Joco Va dmè`mZo ìhcnQ>Umar _mPr AmB© AmUIrZM IMyZ OmB©c' Agm

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g_§Og {dMma H$ê$Z gw mfMr g_OyV H$mT>Vo. AmB©~mnmÀ`m {df KoÊ`mÀ`m ~mV_rZ§Va Ooìhm Vr Kar

oVo. AmB©cm Orn_YyZ ZoD$Z XdmImÝ`mV XmIc H$am`cm ZoVo. `mdoir {Vcm gw mf, {Xcnm, {dídmg

_XV H$aVmV. AmB©d{S>cm§À`m A§Ë`g§ñH$mamZ§Va Vr Amncm {ZU© ~XcVo. AmB©d{S>cm§À`m _¥Ë wZ§Va

Am{U gw mfÀ`m {d`moJm_wio IMcoë`m Cfmcm ào_àH$aUmÀ`m A\$do_wio Hw$UmH$Sy>Z ghmZw yVrMo Mma

eãXhr {_iV Zmhr. AmVyZ nmoIacocr nU _ZmZo I§~ra Agcocr Cfm Xþgè`m {XderM eoVmVë`m

H$m_mgmR>r ~mhoa nS>Vo. Xþ:ImM§ Vm|S> KoD$Z IwS>UrÀ`m ~m`H$mgmR>r _mV§J Am{U ~m¡Õ dgmhVrV oVo

Voìhm {VWë`m gd© ~m`H$m {VÀ`m^modVr Jmoim hmoVmV. "Vy oÊ`mnojm gm§Jmdm YmS>cm AgVm Var Amåhr

Amcmo AgVmo' Agm {Oìhmim XmIdVmV. "Iam` _mÂ`m coH$s, amZM _mUgmcm nmoQ>mV KoV§, H$m_

gm§JV§ AZ² Xþ:I {dgam`cm cmdV§.' (n¥.151) Ago åhUyZ åhmVmar Ywanm AmÎmr {Vcm _m oZo Odi

KoVo Voìhm Cfmcm Aly AZmda hmoVmV. {VÀ`m S>moŠ`mda KamVë`m Hw$Ur nmUrKmVco Zgë`mMo cjmV

oVmM gJù`mOUr {_iyZ {Vcm ÝhmD$ KmcVmV. EH$sH$S>o CfmÀ`m g_mOmVM {Vcm hrZ dmJUyH$

{_iVo Va XþgarH$S>o {XdgamÌ H$ï> H$aUmè`m naŠ`m OmVrVrc pñÌ`m AmnwcH$sZo {Vcm Odi KoVmV.

{VMr {dMmanyg H$ê$Z {VÀ`m Xþ:ImV gm_rc hmoVmV. {Vcm ^md{ZH$ AmYma XoVmV. Zì`m ZmVog§~§YmMr

C^maUr {VÀ`m _ZmV C^r H$aVmV.

4.3.9.2.4 AdH$mir nmdgmXaå`mZMr JmoîQ>_Yrc AÝ` {deof

^mfm hm gm{hË`coIZmMm _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho. ^mfoÀ`m dmnamVyZ gm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr hmoV

AgVo. AmZ§X qdJH$a `m§À`m H$mX§~arMr ^mfm hr d¡{eîQ>çnyU© Amho. Vr _mUXoer diUmMr Amho.

H$amS>, _mU, _m`Ur `m ^mJmVrc Amho. Ë`m§À`m H$mX§~arMm gdmªJmZo {dMma H$aVm ^mfme¡cr hm KQ>H$

_hÎdmMm R>aVmo. Ame`mMo gmH$maËd ho ^mfoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ hmoV AgVo. ho _mÜ`_ g_mOKQ>H$mÀ`m

H$moUË`m ^mJmVyZ {ZdS>mdo `mMo nyU© ñdmV§Í` coIH$mMo R>aVo. Ë`m_wio AZw djoÌmÀ`m n[aKmVrc ^mfm

{ZdSy>Z coIH$ Ë`m-Ë`m AZw dmcm Ý`m` {_idyZ XoV AgVmo.

^mfm Am{U {ZdoXZ e¡cr hm `m H$mX§~arVrc EH$ _hÎdmMm Agm n¡cy Amho. hr H$mX§~ar

ñdmZw dmMm EH$ Am{dîH$ma Amho. hr ^mfm AmZ§X qdJH$a `m§À`m AZw d{dídmVyZ gmH$ma Pmcocr

Amho. eoVH$è`m§À`m OJÊ`m{df`rMo AZoH$ g§X © `m H$mX§~arVyZ oVmV.

CXm.

"Odi nmM n¡go ZìhVo XmXm. Vwåhr XmoK§ C o am{hcmV. ZmhrVa H$m` Ho$c§ AgV§

_r? Q>mMm KmgrV Ord {Xcm AgVm {VZ§ AmVm _aU ~r H$g§ Amc§ {Zdm§V. Hw$R>o XþIV§

IwnV§ åhUyZ {dìhicr Zmhr.' (n¥. 92)

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H$mX§~ar_Ü o {ZdoXH$ hm KQ>H$ _hÎdmMm AgVmo. {c{IV AWdm _m¡{IH$ ñdê$nmV H$Wm

gm§JUmè`mcm {ZdoXH$ Ago åhQ>co OmVo. H$Wocm H$WZmË_H$ g§{hVoMr Am§V[aH$ OwiUr H$ê$Z n[a^mfoVyZ

lmoË`mer g§dmX gmYÊ`mMo H$m_ {ZdoXH$ H$aV AgVmo. "{ZdoXH$mÀ`m ÑpîQ>H$moUm_mJo coIH$mMm {d{eîQ>

H$cmhoVy AgVmo. `m H$cmhoVwZwgma H$WmH$ma {ZdoXZ nmÌmÀ`m ÑpîQ>H$moUmVyZ H$WoVrc {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mr

{d{eîQ> arVrZo g§KQ>Zm H$aV AgVmo. EH$m AWm©Zo VÎdV: H$WoVrc g_J« ^md{dídmMo gyÌg§MmcZ

H$WmH$ma H$aV AgVmo.' (gwYra agmi : 1987:294) {ZdoXZ nÕVrMo àW_nwéfr Am{U V¥Vr` nwéfr

Ago XmoZ àH$ma AgVmV. àW_ nwéfr {ZdoXH$ ho H$WoVrc EH$ nmÌ AgVo. ho nmÌ H$WoV H|$ÐdVu AgVo.

Va V¥Vr` nwéfr {ZdoXH$ ho H$Wo~mhoarc EH$ {ZdoXH$ nmÌ AgVo. Vr H$Wm {dídmV CnpñWV Zgcocr

ì`ŠVr AgVo. AmZ§X qdJH$a `m§À`m H$mX§~arV V¥Vr` nwéfr {ZdoXZ nÕVrMm dmna {XgyZ oVmo.

CXm.

"Ia§ Va amÌr Cfm AmB©Odi PmonUma hmoVr. H$m Hw$Umg R>md§ nU {Vcm doJirM

hþahþar dmQ>V hmoVr. gH$mir EoH$cocr EImXr JmÊ`mMr Amoi AmnU KmoiV AgVmo.

{Xdgâ, Vg§ Vr EH$M dmŠ` H$mc g§Ü`mH$minmgyZ _ZmV nwQ>nwQ>V hmoVr.' (n¥. 23)

g§dmX hm dU©Z, H$WZ, ^mî` `m {ZdoXZ àH$mamà_mUoM gm{hË` coIZmMm EH$ ^mJ Amho.

nmÌmnmÌm§À`m g§dmXmVyZ d H$Wmg§{hVmVyZ g§dmX A{^ì`ŠV hmoV AgVmV. Ë`m Ë`m ì`ŠVrMm gm_m{OH$

ñVa, qcJ oX, dV©Zñd^md hm `m g§dmXmVyZ ì`ŠV Pmcm Amho. "nmÌm§Mo EH$_oH$m§Zm CÔoeyZ ~mocUo hr

Ë`m§Mr EH$ ^m{fH$ H¥$VrM AgVo. Ë`m_wio ñdm^m{dH$nUoM H$WmZH$ nwT>o ZoÊ`mMo, J{V_mZ H$aÊ`mMo

H$m © g§dmXmÛmao KS>V AgVo.' ({dO`m amOmÜ`j : _amR>r g§km-g§H$ënZm H$moe (I§S>-4) 2002 :

370) g§dmXm_wio àg§JmZm àË`jVoMm n[aUm_ cm^ AgVmo. g§dmXmÀ`m dmnamVyZ Ë`m-Ë`m ì`ŠVrMo

ñd^mdXe©Z dmMH$m§g_moa KS>Vo. g§dmXmVyZ Ë`m-Ë`m ì`ŠVr Am{U Ë`m§Mr _yë`ÑîQ>r, {d{dY _ZmodñWm§Vao

ì`ŠV hmoV AgVmV.

S>moŠ`mda nmQ>r KoD$Z OmUmè`m èd§Vmcm g`m åhUmcm,

""nyOocm Amcm Zmhrg ZmZm, nagmX Var KoD$Z Om, gH$mir gm§JyZ Amcmo

hmoVm KamV.''

""dma§ H$mdXÿa H$m` gwQ>c§ . {Xdgâ KamVë`m§Zr emiy nmS>cm. VemV ho

{dH$m` Amocc§ ~moH$mS> Hw$Í`mZ§ \$mc§ Ë`mM§ hm` ho dP§.''

""Q>mHy$Z Úm`M§g Ë`m {VH$S>§M.'' (n¥.8)

g§dmX ho {d{eîQ> ñWcmdH$memVco AgVmV. J«m_rU n[agamVrc cmoH$m§À`m ~mocrVrc ^mfmê$nm§Mm

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g§dmXmgmR>r dmna Ho$cm Amho. Ë`m Ë`m ì`ŠVrMo _ZmoJV gm§JÊ`mgmR>r ho g§dmX _hÎdnyU© R>aVmV. qH$dm

{ZgJ©{MÌUmMo dU©Z qdJH$a nwT>rcà_mUo H$aVmV,

""Vr ~mhoa Amcr. AÜ`m ^mH$arhÿZ chmZga M§Ð _mdiVrcm Jocm hmoVm.

EH$ em§V âcoc§ dmVmdaU hmoV§ gd©Ì. H$gcr Ymdni Zmhr, Zm H$gcm

H$mocmhc. _mZdr ì`dhmamcm AOyZ gwédmV ìhm`Mr`; BVH§$ àmMrZ. Vr

ñdV:erM nwQ>nwQ>cr XodmZ§ _mÂ`m Am|OirV dmT>c§ Vo _r ñdrH$maoZ.

Am{U C^r amhrZ. {VZo g_moa nm{hc§, AmO àW_M ewH«$mMm Vmam nyd}VyZ

CJdVmZm {Vcm {XgVm. Am{U Jm` h§~acr. {VÀ`m _wImVyZ eãX Amco,

"CRco _r, ZmZm.'

{VMm Moham Iwccm. EH$m An[a{MV CëhmgmM§ âV§ Amc§ {VÀ`m

gdmªJmV. Am{U dfm©Zwdf} MamMamcm n[a{MV Agcoë`m AZw^dr

eoVH$è`mgmaIr {VZo {XdgmÀ`m H$m_mcm gwédmV Ho$cr.'' (n¥.141)

EHy$UM Amnë`m eoVH$è`m§À`m OrdZ{df`H$ AZw dm§Mm Am{dîH$ma qdJH$a `m H$mX§~arVyZ

H$aVmZm {XgyZ oVmV.

4.4 g_mamon

EHy$UM g§nyU© H$mX§~arV J«m_g§ñH¥$Vr, J«m_ì`dhma `mMr àË §Vao oVmV. ñÌr-nwéf oX, nwéfr

dM©ñd, Am§VaOmVr {ddmhmcm {damoY, OmVdmñVd, gm_m{OH$ à{VîR>m, H$O©~mOmar eoVH$ar, ImOJr

gmdH$mamMm nme, AR>am{díd Xm[aÐç, {ZgJ© {MÌU, Am{W©H$ `mgma»`m AZoH${dY {df`m§Zm qdJH$a

ñney©Z OmVmV. `m gd© nmíd© y_rda n[apñWVr hr `m H$mX§~arV gdm©V _hÎdmMr Amho. H$maU `m gd©

JmoîQ>tZm hm H|${Ð yV Agm KQ>H$ Amho. H$mX§~arV Á`m g§nyU© KQ>Zm KS>VmV Ë`m {Zìdi H$Om©nm`r

åhUOoM AWm©{YpîR>V H$maUm_wio KS>VmV. eoVH$ar Amncr l_eŠVr dmnê$Z CËnmXZ dñVy V`ma H$aVmo

Ë`mgmR>r oUmam IM© Vmo gmdH$mamH$Sy>Z KoVmo. gmdH$ma cmoH$ eoVH$è`mcm MH«$ì`mOmZo XoD$ H$aVmV.

eoVrgmR>r cmJUmam IM© OmñV Am{U Ë`mVyZ {ZKUmao CËnÝZ H$_r VgoM {ZKmcoco CËnÝZ ^m§S>dcXma

H$dS>r _mocmZo AWdm H$_r ^mdmZo eoVH$è`m§H$Sy>Z {dH$V KoVmo. `m gdmª_Ü o XmoÝhr ~mOyZo eoVH$ar

âS>cm OmVmo. gmdH$mamMo H$O© Ë`mMo MH«$sì`mO. eoVrCËnÝZmVyZ Pmcocm VmoQ>m `m gd© JmoîQ>r_wio

eoVH$ar g_mO hV~c hmoVmo Am{U Vmo AmË_hË ogma»`m àd¥ÎmrH$S>o H$gm AmoT>cm OmVmo `mMo Ádc§V

CXmhaU åhUyZ `m H$mX§~arMm CëcoI H$aVm oB©c. _mŠg©dmXr gm{hË`g_rjo_Yrc Cn`mo{OV

gm{hË`H¥$Vr åhUyZ "AdH$mir nmdgmXaå`mZMr JmoîQ>' hr H$mX§~ar g_n©H$ Amho.

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✒ {ZdX : Z¡doÚ.

✒ AdH$mir nmD$g : AMmZH$nUo oUmam nmD$g.

✒ J{hda : H§$R> XmQy>Z oUo.

✒ ^m§JcU : eoVmVrc IwanUr, eoVmVrc VU H$mT>Uo.

✒ _wcyI : àm§V, àXoe.

✒ Am^mi \$mQ>Uo : _wgiYma nmD$g oUo.

✒ h§ aS>m \$moS>Uo : AmH«$moe H$aUo.

✒ PrQ> oUo : amJ oUo.

✒ IQ>H$m {_Q>{dUo : {df`mMm eodQ> H$aUo.

✒ {~ZKmoar : {ZpíM¨V AgUo.


❏ dñVw{ZîR> àíZ.

1. "g§V gm{hË`mMr gm_m{OH$ \$clwVr' hm J«§W Imcrcn¡H$s H$moUr {c{hcm.

(A) J. ~m§. gaXma (H$) eaÀM§Ð _wpŠV~moY

(~) AZ§V H$mUoH$a (S>) {X. Ho$. ~oS>oH$a.

2. "AdH$mir nmdgmXaå`mZMr JmoîQ>' hr H$mX§~ar nwñVH$ê$nmZo H$moUË`m dfu àH$m{eV Pmcr.

(A) 2009 (~) 2010 (H$) 2011 (S>) 2012.

3. èmZmZm `m§À`m Wmoaë`m _wcrMo Zmd H$m` hmoVo.

(A) nmdV©Vr (~) Cfm (H$) Amem (S>) ZH$moer.

4. èmZmZmZo H$moUË`m àmÊ`mÀ`m OI_oV H$sQ>H$ZmeH$ Q>mH$co hmoVo.

(A) Hw$Ìm (~) H$mdim (H$) ~moH$S> (S>) Jm`.

5. "AdH$mir nmdgmXaå`mZMr JmoîQ>' `m H$mX§~arVrc gmdH$mamMo Zmd H$m` hmoVo.

(A) èd§Vm (~) gw mf (H$) g`mOr (S>) e§H$a.

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4.7 ñd §-AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao

❏ 1. (A) J. ~m§. gaXma.

2. (H$) 2011.

3. (~) Cfm.

4. (H$) ~moH$S>.

5. (S>) e§H$a.


❏ XrKm}Îmar àíZ.

1. _amR>rVrc _mŠg©dmXr gm{hË`g_rjo_Ü o "AdH$mir nmdgmXaå`mZMr JmoîQ>' `m H$mX§~arMo`moJXmZ ñnîQ> H$am.

2. eoVH$è`m§À`m OrdZmZw dmdarc H$mX§~ar åhUyZ "AdH$mir nmdgmXaå`mZMr JmoîQ>' `mH$mX§~arMo _hÎd {deX H$am.

3. "AdH$mir nmdgmXaå`mZMr JmoîQ>' `m H$mX§~arVrc AZw d{díd ñnîQ> H$am.

❏ {Q>nm {chm.

1. "AdH$mir nmdgmXaå`mZMr JmoîQ>' _Yrc Cfm.

2. "nm`m Am{U B_cm' `m g§H$ënZm ñnîQ> H$am.

3. _amR>r_Yrc _mŠg©dmXr gm{hË`{dMmamMr AmoiI.

4. "AdH$mir nmdgmXaå`mZMr JmoîQ>' _Yrc ^mfm{deof.


1. _mŠg©dmXr gm{hË`mÀ`m AZwf§JmZo EImÚm H$mX§~arMr g_rjm H$aUo.

2. eoVH$è`m§À`m àíZm§er {ZJ{S>V H$mX§~è`m dmMUo.

3. Vw_À`m ^modVmcMo AZw d H$mX§~ar ê$nmV _m§S>Ê`mMm à`ËZ H$am.

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4.10 g§X^© J«§W gyMr

1. {_qcX _mceo (2013) : ""AmYw{ZH$ g_rjm {gÕmÝV'', _m¡O àH$meZ, _w§~B©.

2. h[aíM§Ð WmoamV (2005) : ""gm{hË`mMo g§X ©'', _m¡O àH$meZ, _w§~B©.

3. {XJ§~a nmÜ o (2017) : ""gm{hË` g_mO Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr'', cmoH$dmL²>_`, _w§~B©.

4. Ho$. a§. {eadmS>H$a (1980) : ""_mŠg©dmXr gm{hË`{dMma'', H$m°pÝQ>ZoÝQ>c àH$meZ,_w§~B©.

5. AmZ§X qdJaH$ (2011) : ""AdH$mir nmdgmXaå`mZMr JmoîQ>'', cmoH$dmL²>_`, _w§~B©.

6. g§nmXH$ gVre H$m_V (2017) : ""AdH$mir nmdgmÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo'', cmoH$dmL²>_`,_w§~B©.

❏ ❏ ❏

M. A. II Marathi P. 11 & 15 SSU Title 2019/M...4 ì`mnH$ Mm¡H$Q>rVyZ {d{eîQ> gm{hpË`H$, Ë`m Mr...

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Transcript of M. A. II Marathi P. 11 & 15 SSU Title 2019/M...4 ì`mnH$ Mm¡H$Q>rVyZ {d{eîQ> gm{hpË`H$, Ë`m Mr...