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SYSTEM KLASYFIKACJI ORGANIZMÓW � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 5 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � # � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � 5 � � � � � � � � � � � � � # � � � � � � � 1 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 5 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �$ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ( � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � - � ( ) - � � � � � 5 � � � � � � � � � !� � � � � � � � � � � � 5 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � !� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � # � � � � � � � � � � � � � � " � ( � - $ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � $ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � # � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �( � - � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � . � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � 5 � � � � � � � . � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � # � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �

PROKARYOTA � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � ! � " # $ % & � ' # ( $ % ! ) * + ! � # , # - . � / 0 % - & � $ ' - � " � ) & � ! - # � 1 � ! ( # � & " - � ! $ % - � ! � � ! # 1 % - & � $ ( & � ) 2 - � 3 # $ # 4 � � % � 4 $ & 4 � 4 " - � ! 51 � & ( ! ' # 4 . - ' 0 � # � � � 67 8 8 9 : � ; CYANOPHYTA < = : � � � � � � > ? @ A � B � @ � � � � � � � C D � @ � � � E � F � � : � < � � : � � �� � C � GH % # $ I � ' # � # 1 I J ! ' # 4 . - ' 0 1 � I � & - $ % � # � & 3 � # � & * K - & 4 5 I ) ! 4 � ! / 0 � ! � � L % - � � & � & - $ % � & 4 I - ! � # � & 6

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� & " # ) ! 1 � � � � � � � % � ( & ' # 1 & � � 6 9 8Chroococcales � � � : � � � � � � � � �� � 2 8 9 : �� ! 1 � # ' # 4 . - ' # � ! 0 " # 1 � & � � " # " - � ! � � � ! ( I 3 " � � � ' # � & � ! 6 9 8Pleurocapsales

� � : � � � � � � � D � � � � �2 8 9 : �� ! 1 � # ' # 4 . - ' # � ! 0 " # 1 � & � � � � � ' ( ! � ! ( # ' - # % � ! 0 - # � 4 � & J & ) � $ L" - � ! � � � % � & - � & � ! 1 - # 3 � � � � ' # 4 . - ! ' * ! � 1 # $ " # - � ! + � # $ " # - � / 6 9 8Nostocales

� � : � � � � � � � D � � � D � � 28 9 : �� % ' # � & % ! 0 3 ! � " - & � 1 � � � � � - # � + & � L � ! � 0 4 ! � & ) � � ! % ! - # � � $ % � 6 9 8

Stigonematales� � : � � � � � � � D 9 : � � �2 8 9 : �� % ' # � & % ! 0 - # � + & � L � & ) � � ! $ L 0 � � % # " ( & � 4 & % � � � � ! " # � � � � ! � & 4 L 51 � � ' # 4 . - ' & 4 0 4 ! � & ) � � ! % ! - # � � $ % � 6� � � � � 7 � � 7 7 � � � � � � > 7 A @ �F � � � � � E � F � � : � G� ! 4 & ) � , ' # 3 ( $ # 4 . � 0 � � � 4 ! ) $ � ! � � ( # - # , (

a6� � � � � � � � 7 � � � � � � � � � � : � � � < = : � �� � � �� ! , # % # $ � � % ! � I ) � � ! % ! - 4 # , ( ! * % I

Thermus/ 67 8 8 9 : � ; BACTERIA � � � � � � C �� ! � 1 # ( � ! 1 # , # % # ( � � � # 1 � 0 4 ! � & ) � - � L $ ' 6� � 8 � 8 8 9 : � ; NEGIBACTERIA � � � � : � � � < = : � � � � � �� � ! 3 � # � � ' # 4 . - ' # � ! * K - & 4 5 I ) ! 4 � ! / ) & ' $ � � ! 6� � � � � � � � � � � 7 � �� % ( ! � & ) � $ & - ' # � # 1 . - ( I 3 � ! % ! - # % - # , � � � ! 0 � % ' # � & % ! " ! � � & ) � � !' # ( # � ! ( I 3 # + - # 4 � ! ' # 4 . - ' 6 9 8

Beggiatoales� � F � � � � � � � � � C> � � : � � : F � � � � � � � � : @ � � � � � � � � : � E � � � �� � � D G � � � � � 2 8 9 : �� � � � � 7 � � 7 � � � � � � < � F � � E � � � 8

et al � � � � � G! � L $ ' � � $ % & ) � � ! � & � ! � � � % - � 6 9 8Rhodobacterales

� � � � : @et al � � � � �> � � 8 � E � F � � : � � � � � : � � � < = : � � � � � C G" # % # $ � � % ! � I ) � � ! 6 � 8 9 : � � � � 8 � B : � : � � � F � � � � # � � : � �� � $ B � � � � � C � 9 8

Bacteriales� � � = � � � � � � � = � � � �� � � �! � L $ ' 0 ) ! % ( $ � 0 - . � � # 4 ! - � ! - # � 4 ! $ � � � # � ! 6 9 8

Pseudomonadales� � � � 8 � ? � � � � @ � �< = : � � � � D C! � L $ ' " # ( & - � ! 6 9 8

Caulobacterales� � � � : F : � & � � � � � �� � � D' � # 1 ! ' # 4 . - ' # - � L $ # � ! " # ( & - � ! 0 " . ( � ! ) � � % � & - � & ) � � . J ' L� � � � < � � 7 � � � � � � < � � : � � � ) � �� : � � � � � � � * � � + � : ,! � L $ ' � 3 I 1 # � & � ! 4 L 1 � � 1 � ! 3 � # � � 0 " # - I $ � & ) � $ L $ ' - L % & 4 � & � ! ) ' # 4 . - ' 6 9 8

Spirochaetales� � F � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � 7 ? � � � � < - � � � � � � � D> � � � � F � E � F � � : � � � � � : � � � < = : � � � � � C G. � # 1 - L 3 � # � ! # % # � � # � ! 3 � # � � / ) � 1 - # 0 * � I � ( ! # 1 / 0 3 & � ' # � &% � & � & ' # 4 . - ' # � & * � ! 4 I - ! � & / 6

9 8Planctomycetales < F � � � � � � �< � F � � E � � � 8 � � � � �� � � � � � � ? � � 7 � � � � � � � � � F � � �� � � � � � � C� % ' # � & % ! ' # ( # � ! 0 - . � � # 4 ! - � ! I - � L $ ! � ! 6 9 8Chlamydobacteriales

� � F � � � � � �� � � CH � # 3 # 1 � ! J � ) � � ! 6� � � � ? � 1 7 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �2 ! � � & ) � 0 ! ( & $ % � � � � & % � & � & ' # 4 . - ' # � & 6 9 8Archangiales � F � � � � � � F � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � 9 8Polyangiales � F � � � � � � F � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � > < � � � � � : � � � � F � � � � � � F � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � G 9 8Myxococcales � F � � � � � � F � � � � �� � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � 7 7 � � � � � � � � � � : � � �< = : � � � � � �" # % # $ � � % ! � I ) � � ! & ! - # 3 # � ! % ! - 4 # , ( ! 6 � 8 9 : � � � � � = � : � F � � � � � � � � 8 � = = � � � � � � 8 9 : � � � � � � � E � F � � : � F � � � � � � � � E � � � �� � � � � 8 9 : � � � � � � � # � � A � F � � � � � $ B � � � � � C �� � � � � � 7 1 � � � 7 � 7 � 7 � � � � � � � : E E � � � ? � � � � @ � � � C � > � � � � � E : E � F � � : � � � � � : � � � < = : � � � � � G" # % # $ � � % ! � I ) � � ! & � & ! - # 3 � � � � ( # - # $ # 4 & 4 6 � 8 9 : � � � � � � � E : � F � � � � B � � � � 8 � � � D �� � 8 � 8 8 9 : � ; FIRMIBACTERIA

� : E E � � � ? � � � � @ � � � C � > 3 � : E � F � � : � � � � � : � � � < = : � �� � � C 3 � : 8 � � = B � � � � � @ � � � � B � � � � � � G� ! 1 � & 3 � # � & ' # 4 . - ' # � & 0 � � � ' ( ! # ' - � % & # 1 � ! � � � % - � 4 I - ! � # � � % � & � � * K - & 4 5 1 # 1 & % � ! / 6� � � � � 7 < � � � � � � � � � � � : � � � < = : �� � � C� # - 4 & ( � & 3 � # � & ' # 4 . - ' # � & 6 9 8Actinomycetales

� � F � � � � � � � � � C! # � + & � L � # � ! � % ' ( I 3 " & � ! � � ' # � & % ! 6

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9 8Corynebacterales

� � � = � � � �� � � = � � � � � � � C > � F F � � � � � � = � � � �� � � = � � � � � � � � � � @ � B � � � � � � � : � 9 � � � �� � � � G2 ! - � # % � ! " & � ! � � ' # � & % ! 0 � % . - � ! ' I ( $ % ! ' # 4 . - ' 6 � 8 9 : � � � � F : � � � F � � � - : F � � � � � � � D� � # - � � ! � 1 # $ " # - � * � � 1 � ! ( & � ! � - � � 1 � � 1 # $ " # - & ( ! $ ! & � � 0� � � � / � 8 9 : � � � � F � E � F : � � � F � � � � : � � � �et al �� � � C � 8 9 : � � < � � B � F � F F � F � � � � � : E � � � < � �� � � @ � � � C � 9 8

Rickettsiales� : � 9 F 9 @ � : � � : F 9 � � � � �> � � � = @ 8 : � � � < � � 9 � � � � � � � � C � � ? @ F � �B � � = � � � � - � � � � 8 � � � D D � ? @ F � B � � = � � G

2 & $ # J � % � 3 ! � % � & � � ' # 4 . - ' # � ! ) 0 � 3 I 1 # � I ) � � 3 � # � L � � # ( ! $ % ! 5- # ( J � � � ! ( & 6� � � � � � � � 7 � � � � � � � � � � �- � A � � � C C > ? � � 8 � : F � � � : E E � � �? � � � � @ � � � C � G. � � & � & ! % ! - # � ! � & 4 & $ % ! $ % - # � � � � � � ! � & 3 ! � " ! � � ! � &" - � ! 1 ! ' $ % - ! 4 & ( � � 4 � & - I � ' & 4 J � � & 6 � 8 9 : � � ? � � � � � E � F � � : � F � � � � � � � � � �� � D � � 8 9 : � � � � � � E � F � � : � F � � � � : E E � � � � � C � � 8 9 : � � � � � � = � F � F F � � � � : � � : � � � � � � � 8 9 : � � < � � # � � � E � F � � � > � � � � � F � � � � � � �� �et al � � � � � < � � # � � � E � � � � � � � � = � B � � � � � � � G

VIRALES* � : � � @ ,2 & $ # J � % � � � ! " ( & � 4 1 � ( I 3 � � ! / � 1 � � � & � ! 0 - I � � # 4 ! � # % � ' 1 � ! 1 � � � � # % � 6 � ! $ � % # � L � # $ # 3 � ! # - + & � � 4 � � ! 3 � � # 3 � " # % - � ! 3 � % � # 5- � ! � & 1 ( & � � � ( � � ! I $ � # � $ ' ! + # $ � $ % ! 4 I ' ( & $ � , ' & � ) 0 + 1 � 3 � � ! 1 & ( ! ' # " # $ I � L % & ! � # ( I � ) & � � 3 # ( # + 4 # - , # ( # + 6

wirusy i bakteriofagi DNA� " 1 # � & # % # � � ' & * - # 1 � � � 2 ( & $ 4 & � - 1 & ! � # - % � # � - 1 & ! / 0� % ' # � & % ! * � # � - 1 & ! / 0 - ! + I ( & - � ! � # 4 ! % - � � � � ! * ' # $ & � ! 1 - 0' � - # � - 1 & ! / 0 " # 1 � . ) � & ' & " $ I � & ( � # � ! � � � * � ! � % � - 1 & ! / 0� ! ' % . - ! � � # J # � ! ' # � $ % - I ' � � ) � ! 0 � ' I - � � ( � � * ' � # � - 1 & ! / 0 ' - . % ' � * 2 ! 1 # � - 1 & ! / ( I 3 � ! ' I - � � ( � � 1 � I + � � . J ' � * H % � ( # � - 51 & ! / 6wirusy i bakteriofagi RNA H � 4 ! % - & $ � ! % � # ' � % � & * � � $ % # � - 1 & ! / ( I 3 - ! + I ( & - � ! � # 4 ! 5% - � � � � ! * ' # $ & � ! 1 - 0 � ! � � - 1 & ! / 6� � � � � � �

PROTISTA> � � � � F : � & � � � � � � � � � G * B : � � � � � : � � : ,� � 1 - # ' # 4 . - ' # � ! * ) & ' I 1 & ( $ � � � � / 0 ) ! 1 � # ' # 4 . - ' # � ! 0 ' # ( # � ) � ! ( I 3 � # 1 � ! " ( ! � � # � � ! 67 8 8 9 : � ; RHODOPHYTA � � � : � � � � � � > � � 8 � B � � = � � � � � � � @ � � � � � � � 8 � B � @ F � � � � E � � � � � � � � � � G * � � � � � � � @ ,2 ! - � # % � ! 3 ! � $ % & 1 . � � � # � � � � � ! � % - # ( 0 % � ( ' # � � ( # - # , (

a � & % � ( & ' # 1 & � � � � ( # - # " ( & $ % . � 6 9 8

Cyanidiales � � : � � � � � � � � �� ! 1 � # ' # 4 . - ' # � ! 0 " - � � $ % # $ # � & � ! 1 # $ ' - & ) � � � � � & - I � ' . � 6� � � � � � � � � 7 � � � � 8 � � � � : � � � � C2 # ) ! 1 � � � � � + � & � 1 ' # � � � � ( # - # " ( & $ % � ' # 4 . - � ! 6 9 8Porphyridiales < � � � � � � � � > � � � : � � � : F � � � � < � � � � � � � � � = B � � � � � � � < F � = : 9 � � � � B # � � : F � � � 8 � F � � � � � � �� � � @ � � � � C < @ � � � � = � � � � � � � � � � D � G � � 8 � � � 2 8 9 : �

� # 4 . - ' " # � � � & � ! ) ! 1 � � ! % ( I � ! 4 * 3 ! � ) & 4 ! ' / 0 ) ! 1 � # ' # 4 . - 5' # � ! ( I 3 � % ' # � & % ! ' # ( # � ! 6 9 8Bangiales � � � � � : � � � � C � � � � � 28 9 : � & " ( # 1 & ( � ! $ % & 1 & 3 ! � ) & 4 ! ' 0 1 " ( # 1 & ( � ! � ) & 4 ' & 4 * ) ! 1 � # � & - 5$ % � # � � � � # " / � � ! ( I ( # � � � % � & � ! ' # 4 . - ' # � ! ) 0 + � & ( 1 � $ % !" # 1 � & � � " # $ � � � ! + . ( � � � � ' # 4 . - ! ' � � � & � � ( I 3 " � & $ ' ! " ( ! � � � 6� � � � - � 7 � � � � > � � = � � � � � A � � � � � G� � � � � � � � � � �. � - # $ % � � � � ' I " # 1 � & � I ' # 4 . - ' & " ' & ( � ! ) 3 # � � � � � � � ) & 4 ' 4 L 1 � � ' # 4 . - ' & 4 0 + & 4 ! % & � + & 6 9 8Corallinales

� � � F � � � � � � � � � � � �* � : � � = � : � , � � � 8 � � � � � 8 � � 2 8 9 : �2 ( ! � � � % � # - � � � ! � & $ ' # - I " ! � & 0 � � � ' ( ! � � & " � & � ! % � & � � ' # 4 . - 5' # � ! 0 1 � ! � & - $ % � � � � # " I ) & 4 ' 0 4 ! ) # � & � $ " # - & � + & � � 6 9 8Acrochaetiales - � � 8 = � � � � � � D �> � � � = � � : � � � � � : � @ � � � � : � � � � � C � � � � �F � � � = � � � � � � � B � � � < � � � 8 � � � � � � �

� � � E : � � : � � � < � � � � � ? $ � � � � � � � � � : � � � � � : � � � � # � < � � � 8 � � G� ! � ' & � ! � � L % - � � & � & - $ % � & � � # " I ) & 4 ' * ) & ' � ! 4 & ( & ( ! $ / 6 9 8Nemaliales < F � = : 9

in � � � � � � � � � � �> � � � � � = � : � � : � � � - � � 8 = � � � � - � � 8 = � � � �� � � � � � � � F � � B � � = � � � � � � F � � � � � � � �� � � � G � � � � � � 2 8 9 : �� & 4 ' � 1 � ! 4 & � & - $ % � & 4 � � # " I 6 9 8Hildebrandiales

� � � F � � � � � � � �� � � �� & 4 ' � ) ! 1 � � � & - $ % � � � � # " I 3 � # � � 6 9 8Gracilariales - � � 8 � � : F � � � � = = � � � � � 8 � � � � �� & 4 ' % � ( ' # � 3 � # � � 0 � & - # 1 � ' $ % & 1 I 4 1 " ( # 1 & ( � ! + # 3 ! � " # 5% - ! 1 � # � ' # 4 . - ! ' " � � # � � � � 0 3 ! � & I ' $ � ( & - � ! ) � " $ ! I 1 # " & - ! � 5� � � 4 & 6 9 8Gigartinales < F � = : 9 � � � � �

> � � 8 @ = � � : � � � < F � = : 9 � � � � � � � � F � = : � � � < � � 8 � � � � � � # � @ B � � � = : � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � @ = � � : � � � < � � � 8 � � � � � � # � � � � � G� & 4 ' % � ( ' # � 3 � # � � 0 " $ ! I 1 # " & - ! � � � � 4 & 6 9 8Ceramiales

7 � = � � � � � � � D

> � � � : �8 : � � � � @ � : � � � � � � G � � = B � � 2 8 9 : �

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� & 4 ' % � ( ' # � 3 � # � � 0 + L $ % # - # � + & � L � # � ! � % ' # � & % ! " ( ! � � � � 3 " # 5( & - � ! ' ! � ' # � & � ! $ " # - 6 9 8Ahnfeltiales

? � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �> � : � : � � � � � � � � : = � � � < � � � � � � 8 � � E E � �� � � � G � & 4 ' � & + ! 0 � & - # 1 � ' $ % & 1 I 4 1 " ( # 1 & ( � ! + # % � # - � � 1 � $ ' # � & % !� & $ ' # - I " ! � & 67 8 8 9 : � ; FLAGELLATA � � � � � � D � * � : F : � � F � ,. � � ! � % - # ( ! * ) & ' I 1 & ( $ � � � � / 0 ) ! 1 � # ' # 4 . - ' # � ! 6� � � � � � � 7 - � � � � � � � � � � $ F � � : �� � � D > � : � � B � @ � - � : F � � � � � � G* E � � 9 8 � : F � ,2 ! - � # % � ! , ' # 3 ( � & � � ( # - # , (c

� ) ! 1 � & � � � # % & � � & - . � � 5' # � # ' # 4 . - ' L 0 � � - # 4 # $ # 4 � � � % ! - , & � ! 0 " # � ! - � � � � & ' # 54 . - ' " # ' - � % & � ! ( I ( # � # � � 4 " � � % ' & 4 � � 1 � ! ( & � � 4 � � � $ % ! - 5� & � � 3 � # � � 6 9 8Gymnodiniales � B � : � � � � � � � � � �� : � 2 8 9 : �� � � � ! 0 � ! - ! + I ( & - � ! - # � 4 ! $ � � � # � ! " � � % ' 6 9 8Gonyaulacales � � @ � � � � � � � �! ! + I ( & - � � I ' � & 1 " � � % ! ' 6 9 8Peridiniales � � � � � E � � � � � � � � � � � � : �2 8 9 : �� 6 � 6 & ( ! � ! � # 4 # ( # + � � � � 6 9 8Prorocentrales

� � = = � � = � � � � � � � � � � � � � 2 8 9 : �. � & " ' & ( � ! 0 3 ! � 3 - I � 1 6 9 8Dinophysidales

� � # � : 8 � � � � �� - ! 1 I ' # � & � & + . - � & " . � ' I ( & 6 9 8Phytodiniales � � : � � � � � � � � �� # 4 � I ) ! # $ & 1 � ! $ % & 1 I 4 � ! + ! % & % � � � ! 6 9 8Thoracosphaerales � � � � � � � � � � �. & " ! � � & � ! � � L % - � � & % � & � ' & ' # 4 . - ' $ % & 1 I 4 � ! + ! % & % � � � ! + # 6 9 8Blastodiniales � � � � � � � � �2 & $ # J � % � � � ! 6 9 8Noctilucales

� � � F � � � � � � � �H % & 1 I 4 � ! + ! % & % � � � ! - # � 1 L % ! " - � ! � � & ' I # ( ! 6 9 8Syndiniales

� � � E � : F � � � � � � � C �� � 1 - # � & � ! - & � $ % # � � 0 & ( ! � � % � " I 3 - I � 1 � � # � ! + # 0 " & $ # J � % � 6� � � � < � 7 7 � 7 � � � � F � � � � � � C � > � B : �F � = B � � A � � � � : � � � � � C � G� # 4 " ( ! ' $ & " ' & ( � � * � & " ! � � ! � 4 ! � # � � & " & - & % � � # � � / 0 " - � � 5" # � ! - � � � � # � ! � � $ % ! - � � 3 � # � � � " & $ # J � % � � � ! 6 9 8Gregarinida � � # � � � � � � � � 9 8Coccidia

� � � F � � � � � � C � 9 8Piroplasmida � � � @ � � � � � � � > � � �� = � � 9 � � G� � � � � 3 � � � � 7 � � � � � � � F � � � � � � � �* � � � � � � @ ,� � $ ' # 1 & ( � !

cristae4 % # � � # � 1 - . � � - # � 3 I 1 # � & � � � � % # $ � ' ! ( ! % �" # 1 � I J � � 4 � $ % L + & 4 4 ' - # % I 3 I ( 6 9 8

Euglenida � $ F � � : � � � � � � � F � � 28 9 : �. � � � � # $ ' & 4 " # ) ! 1 � ! ) $ % - # � ! " L ' ! 4 4 ' - # % I 3 I ( 0 � � ( # - # 5" ( & $ % � * ) ! % ( $ � / � " # % - . ) � � � ! � � L % - � � � 3 � # � � � & � ! - & ) � � � ( # - # , (

a b

0 ) & ' # $ I 3 $ % & � � ) L � & " & $ # � � � � % � & - � & ) � " & - & 4 � ( # � 6 9 8Hemimastigida - � : � � �

et al � � � � �> � � � 8 � F : � : � � � � � � : � � � < = : � � � � � � 2 Ste-

phanopogonG

� � � � ! � � � - � L 1 & � � 6 9 8Diplomonadida � � � @ � � � � � � � > � � � � � = � � � 8 � � G

� $ # � � $ � ' ! ( ! % 4 ' - # % I 3 I ( & - � � * & ' $ # $ % � ( / 0 " ! - � # % � ! " # 1 � . ) � !* 1 ' � ! % � 1 � / � " & $ # J � % � 3 ! � 4 % # � � # � 1 - . � 6 9 8Trichomonadida

� : � E @ � � � � C > � � � � �E � � � : � � � � : � E � � � � � � C � � � � � @ = � � � 8 : 8 � �� @ B � � = � : � � � G� " & - & % K # ( + ! + # � ( � � � � 4 ' � ! % # $ # 4 & 4 * � & � # " & - & 3 & � & ( � ! / I" # 1 $ % & � � � � * " ! - � # % � ! � � % ! - ! � � / � " & $ # J � % � 3 ! � 4 % # � � # � 51 - . � 6� � � � � � � � 7 � 7 � 7 < � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � D � � � F � � � = � � � 8 � � � � � � : � � �< = : � � � � � D G� � $ ' # 1 & ( � !cristae

4 % # � � # � 1 - . � 6 9 8Schizopirenida� ! 1 � # ' # 4 . - ' # � ! 0 & 4 ! 3 # 1 & ( � ! � � � # � � 4 $ % & 1 I 4 0 % I 3 I ( & - � !

cristae4 % # � � # � 1 - . � 0 � ! 4 & ) � & " & - & % I K # ( + ! + # 6 9 8Acrasida � � � � � : � � � � � � � � � �> < � � � � � � � � � � G' & ) � $ % & 1 I 4 � � # � ! 0 " ( & � 4 # 1 & � � % � & - � & ) � I � ! $ # � ! � � # J # � !# � # � � ' # ' # 4 . - ' # � ! ) # - + & � � & � ) 6� � � � � � � � � 7 � � � < � � � � � � � � : � E � � � �� � � �� & - 1 � # 1 � I + ! � � ( � 1 - � � � � ! 4 % # � � # � 1 - I 4 � - # � $ � ! - � ! � ! 4* ' � ! % # " ( & $ % / � 1 � $ ' # 1 & ( � � 4

cristae6 9 8

Bodonida� � � � � � 8 � � � � D �� � ! $ � # 3 # 1 � ! � � 6 9 8

Trypanosomatida� � � � � � � �2 # ) ! 1 � � � � & � � � � � ' ( ! " # � � � & � & " # 1 � I J � � 3 � # � � � " # � ! - � � � 5� � ' # 4 . - ' 6� � � � � � � 7 � � � � � � � F � � � � � � � � > � � @ B � = � � � 8 � � G� � ! " ! - � & $ % ! � � * ) ! 1 � & & $ � 4 ! % - � � � � ! / � � � ( # - # " ( & $ % � " # 5� � � . - � � 3 � # � � � I ' ( ! # 1 ! 4 4 L 1 � � � 4 * I " - # $ � � � # � � $ � 4 3 # 5% � � � � � ' - & $ � # - # $ % � / 0 , ' # 3 ( $ # 4 � � & % � ( & ' # 1 & � � 6 9 8

Goniomonadales � � � � : � � � < = : � �� � � � 9 8Pyrenomonadales � � � � � � � � � F � �� � � �� � 1 - # � ! � � � % - � ' ! $ � # � ' " - ! � # 1 I 6 9 8Cryptomonadales < � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � 3 7 � � � � � � � � � F � : � � # # �� � � � > � � � � F � B � @ � < � � � � � � D � � � � � � F � F @ � � B � @ � � : � � � � � � = � � � � � � � � � � � � F � �F @ � B � @ F � � � < F � � # # � � � � � � � � G� � ( # - # " ( & $ % � � 4 I - ! � # � � % � & � ' � * $ � 4 3 # % � � � � ! $ � � ! � / 6

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7 8 8 9 : � ; CILIATA � � # � � : � � � � � � * � � 9 + � : , > B � � � 9 � � � � 8 9 @ � � @ � � E � � 8 9 : � 9 ; � � � � @ F � � � � @ �# : � � F : � � : � � � @ � : F 9 � � @ = � 9 + 8 � = � � 8 � F � � � � + B � 8 � � � G� " ( # 1 & ( � !micronuclei

# , I � ' � ) & � � " � � # � � � � � ! + ! % & % � � � ! 0 " # ( " ( # 1 & ( � !macronuclei

0 " - � � " # � ! - � � � � # � ! � � $ % ! - � � 0 ( � � � ! � � * - � L 5$ ' / " # � � � & � ! � ! $ # 3 � 4 ' - # % I 3 I ( & 4 6� � � � � � � 7 � � � � � � � � � : � � � C �� � � � ! 1 � ! ( � � ! $ L " - & � ! 1 " ( # 1 & ( � !macronuclei

0 - # � 3 I 1 # 5� & � ! " L ' 4 ' - # % I 3 I ( � % � � I � � 6� � � � < � � 7 � � � � � $ F � � : � � � � � > � @ �B � � : F � � GH " - & ( � ! " - � ! 3 ! + & ) � � ! " & $ 4 # " # � � � � # � � � � � + - I " � - � L $ ! ' �# ' # ( � � � � % # $ % # 4 I 9 8Heterotricha < � : � � � � D �! # � 3 I 1 # � & � ! " L ' 4 ' - # % I 3 I ( � % � � I � � 6 9 8Hypotricha < � : � � � � D �

� � I + ! � � + 4 ' - # % I 3 I ( $ I 3 ' # - % � ' & ( � � � � � ' - # � � � ! " L � � ' - � L $ ! '" # " � & $ ' ! ) 3 - � I $ � � ! ) $ % - # � ! 6 9 8Oligotricha

� $ F � � : � � � � C > � : � : � �� : 8 � � � # � : 8 � � = B E � � � � � � � � G! � L $ ' � - ! 1 I ' # � & � ! 1 # " & $ & # % & � � & ) � � ! + # ' # 4 . - ' L 6� � � � 7 � � 7 � � � 8 � � � @ � � � F et al �� � C �� � � � � � < < 7 � � 7 � � < = � � � � � @ � � �� � � �� " " ( & � 4 & 6� � � � 7 � � � 7 � � ? � � 7 � � 7 � � 8 � � � @ � � � � F et al � � � C �� " " ( & � 4 & 6� � � � � � � 7 < � 7 ? � � � � < = � � � � � @ � � �� � � �

H ! � ' I - � � ( � � � � 3 & � ! ' � � J � � � � � � & � � � " # " - � ! � � � ! � $ % � J ' 4 ' - # % I 3 I ( & - � ! � # ' # ( � � � � % # $ % # 4 I 6� � � � � 7 < � 7 ? � � � < F � � � : � � � # # � � � � �� � % # $ % # 4 � " - � ! 1 � ! ' # 4 . - ' 6� � � � � � � � � 7 � � � � � � � � 8 � � � @ � � � � F et al � � � C �! & 1 & ( � ! - # � 4 ! $ � � � # � ! $ % - I ' % I - � 4 ' - # % I � I ( & - � ! � # ' . � � � % # 5$ % # 4 I 6 9 8Cyrtophorida - � � � � � - � � = : �

in � � � : � � � D �' & � - # � I � ( ! � " # ( & 4 3 # + & % � 4 I 3 # + 4 � � � � 6 9 8Chonotricha � � � � � � � � � � � � � � D F @ � @ � 2 8 9 : �� $ & 1 � ! ' ! ( $ � ' # � & % ! " - � � % � ! - 1 � # � ! 1 # ' I % ' I ( $ ' # - I " & ' . � �

macronuclei� " # ( & 4 3 # + & % � 4 I 3 # + 4 � � � � � - # � 4 � & J & � !" - � ! � " � � � ' # � & � ! 6 9 8

Phyllopharyngia8 � � � @ � � � F et al �� � C �! # � 4 � & J & � ! " - � ! � " # 1 � & � 6 9 8

Suctoria � � B � � � 8 � � � � F � = � � � �� � D � . � 4 # � � # � ! 4 ' - # % I 3 I ( & 4 � � I � ' 0 # $ & 1 � ! 1 - & " ! J � ' 01 # ) - � & � ! 3 ! � � � 6 9 8Rhynchodia � � � � � � � � # # � � � � �2 & $ # J � % � 4 # - $ ' � � 3 ! � ' - L + # � � . � 67 8 8 9 : � ; RHIZOPODA � � � < : � E � � 8 � � � � D� # 4 � I ) � $ % & 1 & & 4 ! 3 # 1 & ( � ! � 1 � I � � # � ! " ( ! 4 � ' 6� � � � � 7 � 7 � � � � � : � � � < = : � � � � � � 9 8

Cercomonadida ) : F � � � = � � � � � � �2 ! � � & ) � � ! � � # � � ! 6 9 8

Chlorarachnida � : E E � � � � � � � : �� � � �� ! ( # � � � � ( # - # " ( & $ % � � I ' ( ! # 4 # - , ! 4 * $ � 4 3 # � % � / 6 9 8

Gromiida � � B � � � 8 � � � � F � = � � � �� � D � > � � � F � � # : � � � G� - + & � � � � & $ ' # - I " ' & � ! � � # J # � � 4 I ) % � ! 4 0 , ( # " # 1 & ) & ' I# % � # - � � 0 & ( ! + & 4 ! % � ) ! 1 � # � � # � ! 6 9 8Haplosporida � � � � � � @ � ? � � : � �� � � � > � F � � B � � � < B � � � � � � � � C � G2 ( & � 4 # 1 & ( � ! " & $ # J � % � � � ! - � � % 0 � � + # % & � � % � & - � & � # ' . � ) � 1 - &+ - I 3 � % � & � ' L � � ! � � ' ! 4 * " - � ! % - � & ( � ' / 6� � � � - 7 � ? � � � - � � 8 � 7 � E : � � @ � � � � �* � � � � � : F � ,� # 4 . - ' � � % � & - � & ) � # - + & � � � � � ( I 3 4 � ! - & ( � � $ ' # - I " ' L �# % � # - ' & 4 0 " - � ! � ' % . - ! � � � � # 1 � � � ! - ! + I ( & - � ! & � & $ % # 4 # � I ) � 5� ! + # � % ' # � & % ! � 3 � � . J ' * , ( # " # 1 & / 6 9 8Allogromiida

� � � E � : F � � � � B B � � �� � � �� - + & � � � � & $ ' # - I " ' & 0 " $ ! I 1 # " # 1 & � 4 ' - # % I 3 I ( & - � � 4 $ � ' ! ( ! 5% ! 4 6

9 8Textulariida � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 8 �� � � � � 8 � E � � 2 8 9 : �� + ( I % � � I ) � � ! ' I ( $ % ! 3 � 1 ( - I - ' # � & % ! $ ' # - I " ' 6 9 8Fusulinida � � 8 � � : � 8 � � � � C � � 9 � : � �# � � � 2 8 9 : �� � & � ' & � 4 ' - # + - & � I ( & - � ! + # ' & ( � � % I 0 � & � ! � � � % - � � ! ' ! 1 �& + ( I % � � I ) � � ! 0 � ! ( # ' # 4 # - # � ! 6 9 8Involutinida

� � � � � � � � � � � � : � � � � �� � C C � � � � � � 8 2 F � � � = � �2 - & � 1 # " # 1 # 3 � ! " ! - � # % � ! & - & + # � % # � & % � & � ' & � " # � $ % & � � � !� � � ! $ � � 4 " ! - 4 ! � 2 $ ! I 1 & 4 4 4 # 1 � 1 & ! 6 9 8Miliolida � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 8 � � � � � � � # � � 2 8 9 : �� � & � ' & ' & ( � � % # � & 0 " # - � ! ( & � # � & * - � & 1 ' # & + ( I % � � I ) � � ! � ! � ! � & 5' � 1 & ! / � " # � � # 1 � � � & " ! � � ! # 1 , I � I ( � 2 $ ! I 1 & 4 4 # 1 $ � 1 & ! 6 9 8Silicoloculinida

� : �et al � � � � � = : � F � � 2 8 9 : �� � & � ' & ' - � ! 4 # � ' # � & � " # ' - ! � � ! 4 ( # ( 1 # 4 6 9 8

Spirillinida � � � � � � � � � � � � : � � � � �� � C D � � @ � 2 8 9 : �H ' # - I " ' & � ) ! 1 � ! + # ' - � $ � % & � I ' & ( � � % I ( I 3 � ! $ " # � I ' - � $ � % & � . � #I " # - � � 1 ' # � & � ! ) # - ! � % & � ) 6

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2

9 8Lagenida � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 8 � � � � � B � 9 : 8 � � : 2 8 9 : �� � & � ' & � ' - � $ � % & � . � ' & ( � � % I # - ! � % # � & � � � � " - # $ % # " & 1 ( ! 1 #" # � ! - � � � � � 4 # J ! " # � � # 1 � � # 1 " - # $ % � � � , I � I ( � % � " I

Eerlan-

dia6 9 8

Robertinida � � � E � : F � � � � B B � � �� � � � � � : 9 @ � 2 8 9 : �� - & + # � % # � & % � & � ' & � # $ & 4 ' - � $ % & ( % . � " - # $ % # " & 1 � � 4 1 #" # � ! - � � � � � 4 # J ! " # � � # 1 � � # 1 & + ( I % � � I ) � � � � � � - # � � & 4 4 � 51 & ! 6 9 8

Globigerinida � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 8 �� � � � * � � � E : � � � : � @ , B � : � � E � F � 2 8 9 : �2 ( & � ' % # � # � ! 0 " # - # � & % & % � & � ' & ' & ( � � % # � & � ' - � $ � % & � & 4 " - # $ % # 5" & 1 � � 4 1 # " # � ! - � � � � � " # � � # 1 � � # 1Oberhauserella

6 9 8Rotaliida � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 8 � � � � � � � � � � 2 8 9 : �� � & � ' & " # - # � & % & � ( & 4 ! ( ( & - � ! + # ' & ( � � % I � � 1 � ! ( & � ! + # � 1 � I$ % - # � # - + & � � � � ! ) � & - $ % � � � " # � � # 1 � � # 1

Oberhauserella6 9 8

Carterinida� � � E � : F � � � � B B � � �� � D D� � & � ' & � ( I ( � # - # � 4 ! $ � � � # � � � � + ! � ! ' ' & ( � � % # � � � � 6� � � � � � < � � � � < F � � � 9 � � � � D �

s.s.> � � � � F � � � � E � � G � � = � � � � � F � � 2 8 9 : �� - + & � � � � & $ ' # - I " ' & � # % � # - ! 4 0 " - � ! � ' % . - � � � � � # 1 � � � 3 � 5� . J ' * ( # 3 # " # 1 & / 6 9 8

Arcellinida� � � � � � � � B � � � � � �9 � : � � � � � = � � � � � � E 2 8 9 : �

� � � � 1 � � 7 � � � 7 � � 7 � � < F � � � 9 � �� � � C! # � + & � L � # � ! " ( & � 4 # 1 & � - I - ' & � � # & + ( I % � � I ) � � � � � % � & � ' & � � 0� � � % # " ( & � 4 ! ' - � $ � % & � � 3 & - � % I � + � L 3 � # � ! 6� � � � � ? 7 � � 7 � 7 � � � � � � E � � � � � � � �2 # ( , ( ! % � � � � ! � 0 & 4 ! 3 # 1 & ( � ! , # - 4 � 6 9 8Amoebida � � � � � E � � � � � � � � 9 8 � Rhizomastigida

� $ F � � : � � � � �> � � � � E : � � : 8 � � ? � : � � = � � E : 8 � �� � � @ � E � � � � G� 4 ! 3 � 3 ! � 4 % # � � # � 1 - . � 0 $ � � � � % ' # � & � ! , I � ' � ) # � & ( � & � � �) ! 1 � � 4 % � ( ' # � & � ' ! 4 3 & � & ( � � 4 * � % . - � ! I " - # $ � � � # � ! / 6� � � � ? � 1 7 ? � � � � < � � � � � � � > ? @ F � � � 9 � � � � � � � @ � � � D � 9 8Protosteliales

7 � : � � � � � C �� 4 ! 3 � 4 # + � $ L � ( ! � & � � " ( & � 4 # 1 & 0 & ( ! � ! % � # - � � 1 I J � � �# � # � � ' . � 6 9 8Dictyostelida

� : � � � � � � �� # 4 � I ) ! $ % & 1 I 4 & 4 ! 3 # 1 & ( � ! 0 # � # � � ' " # � $ % & ) � � " ( & � 4 # 51 I 4 6 9 8Mycetozoa

8 � � � � @ � � � D �� # 4 � I ) ! $ % & 1 I 4 " ( & � 4 # 1 & ( � ! 6 9 8Plasmodiophorida

� � B # � � � � � > � � @ � � = @ A � � G2 & $ # J � % � - # % ( � 67 8 8 9 : � ; ACTINOPODA � � � : � � � � � �! & 1 & ( � ! " - # $ % ! � � " I $ % ' � � % # " ( & � 4 � � # $ # � � 4 $ � ' ! ( ! % ! 4 4 ' - # % I 3 I ( & - � � 4 *actinopodia

/ 0 � ! - ! + I ( & - � ! � � " I $ % ' � � % # " ( & � 4 � � � � � # 1 � �" # � & % � & � L ' # 4 . - ' *capsula centralis

/ 6� � � � � � � 7 � � � � & ? $ � � � � � � � D � * � � �8 : � � � � : � ,� - � ! 4 # � ' # � � $ � ' ! ( ! % � - & 1 & ( � � � � + ! � ' # � � ! � % - � � � � � � �& J I - # � � � � $ , ! - 6 9 8Spumellaria � � � � � E � � � � � � C D> � � A � B � 8 : 8 � - � � � � � � � G � � � � : � � 2 8 9 : �� # ( ! ) � ! $ , ! - � # 3 ! ) 4 I ) � $ L ' # � � ! � % - � � � � ! 6 9 8Albaillellaria � � # � � � 8 � � � � � D � � � � � � : � � � � � � � � � 2 � � � 8 � � � B� � I 3 # � � � ! $ � 4 ! % - � � � � � $ � ' ! ( ! % # $ & % ' # � & % ! ) ( I 3 ( ( % ! ) % � & � 5� ! 6

9 8Phaeodaria

� � � F � � � � � � � � � � @ � 28 9 : �� � I 3 # � � � ! $ � 4 ! % - � � � � � $ � ' ! ( ! % # � ! � ' ! ) ( % ! ) ( I 3 1 - # 3 � #" ! - , # - # � & � ! ) % � & � � ! � % ! � 1 ! � � ) & 1 # - # � 3 I 1 # � � " - � � I ) % � # � � � �' # ( � . � - ! 1 I ' � ) � ! � % - & ( � ! + # $ � ' ! ( ! % I 6 9 8Nassellaria � � � � � E � � � � � � C D > � � � � �8 � � : � � � � F � � � � � � � � G # � = � � 2 8 9 : �� # ( ! ) � ! $ , ! - � - � L 1 ! 4 ) ! 1 � & � & 1 - I + � 0 " L ' & ' $ # " # 1 . � � � � � # 1 � " - � ! � # % � . - � & ' # � � I # $ % & % � ! ) � � � � 6� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � F � � � � � � � �! & 1 & ( � ! + � � $ � ' ! ( ! % I � � ! ( ! $ % � � I * $ & - � � & � I $ % - # � % I / 67 8 8 9 : � ; CHROMOBIONTA� � ( # - # , (

c# 3 # '

a6� � � � � � < 7 � � � � � � � F � � � � � � � �> � � � � � F � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � < � � = � � � B : �� � G * 9 ; � � � : F : � � F � ,� ! 1 � & � � " ! - � & $ % & * � � � # $ ' & 4 " - # 1 I ' # � & � � 4 � & " & - & � !K # ( + ! + # � $ % - & 4 ! � # " ( ! / 0 1 - I + & + � & 1 ' & 6 9 8

Chrysomonadales � � � � � � � � � � � E � � = � 2 8 9 : �� ! 1 � & � � � 3 & - 1 � # ' - . % ' & 0 1 - I + & � 1 � # 4 & - � L 1 & 4 % - � � � � L % � # 5� � � � � � # $ ' . � * 4 & $ % + # � ! 4 / 6 9 8Silicoflagellata

� � � � � � � � � � � > � : F � @ � F � � � � ) � � � � F � � � � � G � � � � 2 8 9 : �� - � ! 4 # � ' # � � - I - ' # � & % � $ � ' ! ( ! % � ! � � � % - � ' # 4 . - ' 0 � � ( # - # 5" ( & $ % � � � ! - ! + I ( & - � ! - # � + & � L � & ) � � � � � $ L � � " I $ % ' & � � � � % # " ( & 5� 4 � 0 ) ! 1 � & � � 6 9 8

Bicosoecida� � � � � � � # � � � 8 � � �� � D �� $ & 1 � ! 0 � � % � & - � & ) � � � % � � # � ! ' ! ( $ � ' 6 9 8

Pedinellida� � F � � � � � � � �. � " I $ % ' � � % # " ( & � 4 � � " - # $ % � 4 $ � ' ! ( ! % ! 4 4 ' - # % I 3 I ( % � # - � �� ! � ! � � # ' . � " # ) ! 1 � � � � ! ) # � � # $ # � ! ) � � 0 # $ & 1 � ! 0 � � . J ' � 03 ! � � � ( # - # " ( & $ % . � 6 9 8

Heliozoa� � � F � � � � � � � � * ; � � � F 9 �� : F � ,! & 1 & ( � ! � � " I $ % ' � � % # " ( & � 4 � � ! � � # J # � � 4 $ � ' ! ( ! % ! 4 4 ' - # % I 53 I ( & - � � 4 * & � # " # 1 & / 0 3 ! � � � ( # - # " ( & $ % . � 6

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9 8Labyrinthulales : � � � � � � : � � � � C

� # ( # � ! � � - � ! � # � # � & % � � � " ! � � & ) � � � � � ' # 4 . - ! ' " # � � � & � � � �� ! $ # 3 � � $ � � I - � � � " I $ % ' & 4 � � % # " ( & � 4 � 0 3 ! � " ( & $ % � 1 . � 6 9 8Opalinida � � � @ � � � � � � � > � � � � � � �= � � � 8 : 8 � � � � � � � � D � � < � � B � � : � : 8 � � � � � � � � � � � � D G� � % ! - # 5 ( I 3 � ! ( # � � # � ! � ! ( # ) � 1 - # � ! 0 3 ! � % ( ! � # � ! 0 J � ) � �# 1 3 � � ! " � & � . � 0 3 ! � " ( & $ % � 1 . � 6 9 8Raphidiomonadea

� � @ � � � 8 � � � �� 8 � � � � � � � � . � 3 ! � � � # $ ' . � 1 � I J $ � & 6 9 8

Eustigmatales� : E E � � 8 � � � � �� I J & � � ! - � # � & " ( & 4 ' & # � � � & 6� � � � 1 � � � � 7 � � � � � � � � � � � �

in - � : � F � � � � � D� � # J # � ! 0 � � � ' ( ! � % ' # � & % ! ' # ( # � ! � , # % # $ � � % ! � I ) � � � � � ' # 4 . - ! '" # � 3 & � # � � � � � � 0 � & $ % & 1 I 4 � � # � � 4 1 # 4 � I ) ! � � �4 & $ % + # � ! 4 & 4 0 + � & 1 ' & � � ' - . % ' & 9 8Vaucheriales

� � � � : � � � � � � � � � �? � � � � # � � 2 8 9 : � � � � � � � � � 7 � � � � � � � : � � � � � � � � �� � ! � � 3 ! � � � # $ ' . � * 4 & $ % + # � ! 4 / 6 9 8Isochrysidales

� � F � � � � � � � � 9 8Prymnesiales

� : E E � � 8 � � � C �� I - � � ( � & � � " I $ % ' & * � & " % # � ! 4 & / 4 L 1 � � � � 4 6 9 8Coccolithophorales

� � � = � � � � � � � �> � : F 9 � � � � 8 9 : � @ = � 9 � 9 � : F 9 � � � : � � @ � : F 9 � � � � � G * � � � � � � : @ , � � @ � 2 8 9 : �. & " � ! ) � � ! � I $ ' 0 � & " % # � ! 4 & 6� � � � � � � � 7 ? � � � � = � � : � � � � � � �* � � � 9 � = � : ,� � I � � L % � # � & ' - � ! 4 # � ' # � & $ ' # - I " ' & 6 9 8Biddulphiales

� : � � � � � � � D � > � � � : �F � � G E � � � � = 2 8 9 : �K & 4 ! % � � � � 4 0 $ ' # - I " ' & # � ! ( I " � & $ � � � � � � & � � $ � 4 ! % - # $ # 5� ! ) 6 9 8Bacillariales

� � � 8 � @ � � � � C > � � � � � � � � G � � = B � � 2 8 9 : �K & 4 ! % � 3 ! � � � 0 $ ' # - I " ' & # 1 � I " � & $ � � � � � � & � � $ � 4 ! % - ( I 3& $ � 4 ! % - � � � � & 0 $ � � � ! ( � & � $ ' # - I " � ! *raphe

/ 0 " - � ! � ' % . - �� � 1 � ! ( & � � ) ! $ % % ( I � 6� � � � < � � 7 � � � � � 7 ? � 7 � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � > 7 � = @ F � � � : � � �in

� �E � � � � � � � � C � G� ! 1 � & � � $ % & 1 I 4 � � # � ! + # " ! - � & $ % & * � 4 & $ % + # � ! 4 & 4 / 01 - I + & + � & 1 ' & 0 $ & " - # , % � " & $ # J � % � 3 ! � � � ( # - # " ( & $ % . � 6

9 8Saprolegniales - : F � � � � � � > � � B � �= : � � � � @ � : � � � � : F � � � � � � G. # 1 � ! 0 � # # $ " # - � , # - 4 I ) � $ L � ! � � � % - � � � � ' ( ! � � 1 � I J # � ! ) ' # 54 . - ' 6 9 8Lagenidiales � " - # $ � � � # � ! � ! � � � % - � ' # 4 . - ' # � ! " & $ # J � % � 6 9 8Peronosporales - : F � � � � � �� � 1 # � ! � I � ! $ # � � 4 $ " # - & � + & 4 6� � � � � � � � 7 � � � � � 8 � � � � @ � � � � �* E � � � � � : F � , � � � � 8 � 9 � : � 2 8 9 : �2 ( ! � � # � ! 0 + & 4 ! % � � ) ! 1 � � � � � " ! - � & $ % � 0 1 - I + � + � & 1 ' � 6 9 8Chordariales < � F � � � � � � � � 8 � � � �� � � D2 # � ! - � � � � # � & � & - $ % � & " ( ! � � � � + L $ % # - # � 4 ! $ � � � # � � � �' - . % ' � � � � 6 9 8Ectocarpales

� � � @ � � � � C� � & % # 4 � � � ! " - # $ % ! * ( I 3 I " - # $ � � � # � ! / 0 � % ' # � & % ! * � ( # " % ! - 1 & 5� ! & ! � � 1 � ! ( & � ! � # $ # 3 � � - � � 1 / 6 9 8Dictyosiphonales < � F � � � � � � � � 8 �� � � � � � � D

(< F @ � : B � � � � � � - � � 8 = � � � �� � � � � � � � : � � � � � � @ � � � � C < B � � � F � �� � � � < � � � � � � � � � � � � D G2 # � ! - � � � � # � & � & - $ % � & " ( ! � � � � � & $ � # - # � 4 ! $ � � � # � � � �' # 4 . - ! ' 0 � � � ' ( ! ( � � � ! � � ( # - # " ( & $ % � � ' # 4 . - � ! * I H � � % # $ " � # 5� & � ! & ! " # ) ! 1 � � � � ! / 0 � � # $ ' � & " # � ! - � � � � ( I 3 ' - & � L 1 � " ( ! � � �� 3 & � & ( � � $ % - ! , � � � - # $ % I 6 � H " # - # � � � & � ! & ! " � & $ ' & ' # 4 . - ' &4 ! - � $ % ! 4 & % � � � � & I " # 1 $ % & � � � ! - � � � # � ' # � ! + # " L � � ' & � � # 5$ ' . � 6 9 8

Sphacelariales ? : � � � � � � � � �� I J & 0 1 � ! ( � � & $ L 3 & � & ( � ! ' # 4 . - ' & � & $ � � � � � ! " ( ! � � � 6 9 8

Dictyotales � � � @ 8 � < � : � � ) : � F � � �� � � D2 � & $ ' ! � 1 ( & $ % # " # 1 � ! ( # � ! " ( ! � � � � " # 1 � I J � � � � - � L 1 . � ' # 4 . 5- ! ' 0 " ( ! 4 � ' ) ! 1 � # � � # � ! 6 9 8

Desmarestiales < � F � � � � � � � � 8 � � � �� � � D� $ # � & � � " ( ! � � � � - � L 1 I 1 I J � � � ' # 4 . - ! ' � # ' . � ' & 4 � % ' # � & 5% � � � # 1 + & � L � ! � 0 # ' - � � & � � � � � & $ % L " � ! + L $ % # - # � 4 ! $ � � � # � � 4 ' # 4 . - ' & 4 ' # - # � � 4 6 9 8Laminariales

? : � � � � � � � � � * � � = : � � �� : � ,K & 4 ! % # , % � � - ! 1 I ' # � & � ! 0 " ( ! � � � � ! � - . J � � # � & � � � � + L $ % #I " & ' # � & � � � � ' # 4 . - ! ' 0 � � � ' ( ! � � � L % � � ' # - � ! � # � � 0 � # 1 � + # � � ( % � # � � 3 ! � � ! - � I 6 9 8Fucales

� � � @ 8 � < � : � � ) : � F � � � � � � C> � � � � : � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � D G * = � � 9 F 9 @ � @ ,� ! 4 & " - � ! 4 & � � " # ' # ( ! � � � � � + # % � � � - & $ % & " ( ! � � & $ " # - # , % I �# - + & � & 4 - # � - # 1 � � � 4 * ' # � � ! " % & ' ( & 4 / � " ( ! � � &Durvillaea

" - � � 5" # 4 � & ( & 4 � & - ! 0Ascoseira

4 & - I - ' " - � ! � # 1 � � � ! � ! � � � % - �" � & � & + � L 3 # � ! ' # � � ! " % & ' ( ! * � � 1 � ! ( & � ! � # $ # 3 � ! - � L 1 � / 67 8 8 9 : � ; FUNGI � : � � � � � C D � > ? @ F � � � 7 B : � � F � � � � G * � � 9 @ E @ ,� I 1 � # J � � � ! 0 " ! - � # % � ! " # ) ! 1 � � � � & + � & 1 ' & � � $ ' ! - # � & � & 1 # % � � I * ) & ' I � � ! - � � % / 6� � � � � 7 � � 7 - � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � �� # � � ! - � � ' � � % # " ( & � 4 & % � � � � � � � � � " I $ % ! ' *

microvilli/ � # ' . �� � 0 ) ! 1 � # ) � 1 - # � ! 6 9 8

Acanthoecida � � � � : � � � < = : � � � � � � � ! � � � % - � ' # 4 . - ' # � � ' - � ! 4 # � ' # � � ' # $ � � � � ! ' 6 9 8

Ministeriida � � � � : � � � < = : � � � � � C2 - # 4 ! � $ % !microvilli

0 � � � 4 ! � # � & � � . J ' L 6 9 8Ichthyosporida 2 & $ # J � % � - � 3 6 � � � � � � � � � � 7 ? � 7 � � 8 � � � � @ �� � � �

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2

� � % � � # � & % � & � & 0 ) & ' I � & $ % L " � � � � 0 � ! ( # ) � 1 - # � ! 0 ' # - � ! � # 5� & % ! � � " I $ % ' ' # 4 . - ! ' 0 " & $ # J � % � $ & " - # , % � 0 � � % � & - � & ) � � 5� # � ! � # # $ " # - � " - � ! % - � & ( � ' # � ! $ " # - � 6 9 8Chytridiales < F � � � � � � � � > ? � � � �E � � B � � � : 8 � � � < B � � � � � � � � � � G 9 : � � � 2 8 9 : �' ! ) # � & � � � + # � ! 6 9 8Blastocladiales

� � � � � � � � � � C 9 : � � � 2 8 9 : �2 - � ! 4 & � & " # ' # ( ! � � 4 ! ) # � � " # 1 � � & $ � # # $ " # - I ( & � ) 6 9 8Spizzellomycetales� � � � � � � 7 ? � � � � < - : F � � � � � � � �� � + # % & " - � ! % - � & ( � ' # � & � + - I 3 � % � & � ' � * � � + # $ " # - & / % � # - � � $ L� & ' # � % & ' � ! � � + - � � 3 � 0 - . � � ! J 3 ! � " � � # � ! $ " # - � * ' # � 1 & / �� ! 4 & $ % & 1 I 4 � � # � ! + # * ) & ' I � & $ % L " � � � � / 6 9 8Entomophtorales

3 � 8 � � � � � 8 � � � � �2 & $ # J � % � # � & 1 . � 6 9 8Zoopagales

� � � @ex

� � � � = : � �� � C � > � : = � � � � � : � � � � � � B � � � � � � � : F �� A � � � � � � G2 & $ # J � % � 0 ' # � 1 & � ! # 1 - � I � & � ! 6 9 8Trichomycetes

� � : 9 @ � � 2 8 9 : �2 & $ # J � % � ) ! ( % # � ! 9 8Mucorales - � : � � � � � �

> � � 8 � � � � � � � ? � � � � �

ex� � � � = : � � � � C � ? � � : � � � � � � � � G* B � � � � : � � : , 9 : � � � � � � � # � � 2 8 9 : �' � # 1 ! " ( ! � � � ) ! 1 � # ' # 4 . - ' # � ! � $ ! " % & � ( � � � � 4 " # - & 4 * � � 1 # 5+ # � & � ! & ! 4 ' # - � � & ( � ! � ' # - % ! - ! ( ( & � ! & ! % � # - � � 1 ! ( ' & % � ! + - � � 3 5� ! / 6 9 8

Glomerales ? � � � � � � � � � @ � � � � �> � � � = � � � G � � � � 8 � � 2 8 9 : �� � # - � � 1 I J ! " # ) ! 1 � � � � ! � ! ( # ) � 1 - # � ! $ " # - � � 4 ' # - � � & ( � !$ � 4 3 # � % � 4 $ � & ' . � - # % ( � � & � � � � # � � � � 6� � � � � � < � � � 7 ? � � � � < 8 � � � � @ � � � � �* B � 8 � � F 9 � � : ,� # " I ( I ) � � ! � � $ " ! � ) & ( � # � & � ! $ % - � L " ' 0 ' # " I ( & � ) & ) � 1 ! - " - # � & 51 � 1 # " # � $ % & � & " # 1 $ % & � ' � � & - # 1 � ' & 4 � & $ � � � � � ! 6 9 8

UstilaginalesH % & 1 I 4 1 � I ) � 1 - # � ! " & $ # J � % ! 4 - # % ( � 0 % � # - � � � 4 I ) � � ! $ " # - � �' % . - � � � � � - & $ % & " # 1 $ % & � ' & 0 " # 4 ! ) # � ! / 1 - # J 1 J # � & % ! 0 $ % & 1 I 4$ & " - # 3 # % � � � � ! 6 9 8Uredinales � : � � � � � � � �> � � F F : � : � � � � � � � �

et al � � � � � G � � F � � 28 9 : �/ ! 1 � & � 3 # J # � & 0 � & " # 1 $ % & � ' & � � " # " - � ! � � � ! # 1 1 � ! ( & � ! $ " # - �* - . J � # - # 1 � ! / 6 9 8Tremellales2 & $ # J � % � � � ! - � � % 6 9 8DacrymycetalesH & " - # , % � � & 1 - ! � � ! � + & ( & - ! % # � & % � # � # � � ' 6 9 8Cantharellales 9 8Auriculariales 9 8Phallales - : F � � � � � � � � � � F � � 2 8 9 : �� � # � � ' " ! - � # % � ! / % - I , ( # � & % � 0 & ( 3 # � � . J ' � ' & " ! ( I $ � ! 4 #" # 1 $ % & � ' & � � � & � ! � � L % - � � ! ) " # � ! - � � � � 6 9 8Thelephorales ' ' # - � � & ( � ! 6 9 8Polyporales

* � � E @ , � � F � � 2 8 9 : � 2 & $ # J � % � 1 - � ! � � 1 I J � 4 # � # � � ' & 4 6

9 8Agaricales

* E � 8 ; � : , 9 : � � � 2 8 9 : �� � # � � ' � � . J ' � 3 ( & $ � ' # � & % � 4 ' & " ! ( I $ � ! 4 6 9 8Boletales

* � � 9 @ E @ � � � � � � � , � � F � � 28 9 : � � � # � � ' � � � ' ( ! � - I - ' # � & % � 4 ' & " ! ( I $ � ! 4 6� � � � � < 7 ? � � � � < � � � � � � � @ � � � D C* � � � � � � F � , 9 : � � � 2 8 9 : �H " # - � " # � $ % & � ! � � � � ' I 4 ! ) # � � - # � 4 ! $ � � � # � ! � � � ' ( ! ( � # � #� � # - ' I *

ascus/ 6 9 8

Taphrinales> � � 8 � = @ F � � < � F �F � � � � = @ F � � 8 � � � � @ � � � � � � � = : � F � �= @ F � � G * 8 � � � 8 � � ,. # - ' � ! � & 4 ' � L % ! � # � # � � ' & � � � � � � ' ( ! ) ! 1 � # ' # 4 . - ' # � ! 6 9 8

Pezizales < F � � � � � � � C = : � F � � 28 9 : �� & � ! 4 � ! 0 & " # % � ! � & � & � ! - & ) � � # - ' � � ! � � ' ! 4 6 9 8Laboulbeniales � � � � � � � � � � �

. ! ( # ' # 4 . - ' # � & 0 � � � ' ( ! - # � + & � L � # � & " ( ! � � & , # - 4 I ) � � & $ L � &' I % ' I ( $ % & � # � # + . � 6 9 8Spathulosporales

� � � � = � @ � � � � � C �2 & $ # J � % � ' - & $ � # - # $ % . � 6 9 8Pyrenomycetes - � : � � � � � � 9 : � � � � � � F � � 2 8 9 : �. # - ' � " L � � ' & � � ( I 3 � & - $ % � & � � & ' % � � � ! # $ � # 3 # 1 � & � ! �# � # � � ' . � 0 " & $ # J � % � 0 " $ ! I 1 # " & - ! � � � � 4 & 0 3 � � 4 # J ! " # � � # 1 � �# 1 " # - # $ % . � 6 9 8Discomycetes - � : � � � � � �

H & " - # , % � 0 ) & ' � & $ % L " � ! 0 # � # � � ' � " # $ % & � ' ! ( $ � ' . � 6 9 8Tuberales� & 4 ' � L % ! " # 1 � ! 4 � ! # � # � � ' * 4 # 1 � , ' & � ) &

apothecium/ 6 9 8

Myriangiales . # - ' # 1 1 � ! ( � ! - # � 4 ! $ � � � # � ! � % ' & � � ! # � # � � ' . � 6 9 8Eurotiales. # - ' � � & # % � � � � ! - # � 4 ! $ � � � # � ! � ! � � � % - � 4 ' - # $ ' # " ) � � � �# � # � � ' . � 0 3 � � 4 # J ! " # � � # 1 � � # 1 " # - # $ % . � 6 9 8Ascosphaerales K - I " � � # - ' . � � � & � ' & ) � � � % � & � ' � � ! � $ " . ( � ! ) � � % � � # � ! )# % # � � � ! 0 " & $ # J � % � # � & 1 . � 6 9 8Verrucariales 9 8Melanommatales� � � � � � � � � � < * B � � � @ , 9 : � � � 2 8 9 : �. # - ' # � � ! � $ � 4 3 # % � � � � � 4 � ! ( ! � � & 4 � " ( ! $ � ! 6 9 8Caliciales� & - # 1 � ' " & $ � � � ! I � & ( � & � ! � � # - ' . � * � " - � ! � � ! � $ % � ! 1 #" # � # $ % & � � � � " # - # $ % . � 0 + 1 � ! � & - # 1 � ' � � $ % - � ! ( � & � ! $ � � � # - 5' . � / 0 $ � 4 3 # � % + � . � � ! � % ' # � & % &

Trentepohlia6 9 8

Pyrenocarpales� � # � � ' � � � $ ' 4 I ) % � ! 4 0Trentepohlia

6 9 8Graphidiales

> � � � � � � : � � � G2 � & $ ' ! # � # � � ' � ! - ! + I ( & - � � � � ' $ � % & � % . � 0Trentepohlia

6 9 8Lecanorales

> @ F � � F � � B � � � G� � $ ' # � & % ! # � # � � ' � # 3 - � ! J ! 4 0 $ � 4 3 # � % + � . � � ! � & - � & ' # � &� ! ( ! � � &Trebouxia

6� � F � � � � F � � : 9 8Microsporidia

� � � E : � � : � � � � � > ? � � F � � : � � � � � � : 8 � ) : � : � � � � � C C ? : � : B � � : 8 �< B � � � � � � � � C � G

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3

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� � � F � � � � � � � � > � � � � = ) � � � � E : � � G * � � � � : � @ ,� � ( # - # , (b

� $ ' - # 3 & 4 & + & � � � # � & � & � � � ( # - # " ( & $ % & � � * & � ! � � % # " ( & � 4 ! / 67 8 8 9 : � ; ALGAE� : � � � � � C D � > � � � � � E : � � � G * � � � � @ 9 : � � � � � ,� ! 4 & ) � $ � " & - ! ' & � % ' & � ' " - � ! � # 1 � � � ! ) 6� � � � � � < � � 7 � � � � � � � � 8 � � � C � � � � � 8 � � � � � 8 � � 2 8 9 : �� ! 1 � # ' # 4 . - ' # � ! � ! ( ! � � ! 0 ' # 4 . - ' � 1 � ! 4 & � � 4 " # ' - � % !� I $ ! � � ' & 4 6 9 8

Mamiellales 9 8Pseudoscourfieldiales 9 8Microthamniales 9 8Pyramimonadales � � 8 � # � � 8 � � � D �

9 8Tetraselmiales� � � � � � 7 7 � � � � � � $ 9 : � � � � � � D> � � � � � B � @ F � � � � : � � �

in � � � = : � � � � � � � � � � � � B � � = � � � � � � � @ � � � � � G * 9 : � � � � : F � ,� � & � & ' # 4 . - ' # � & � " ! ' % � � � ( I 3 � ! ( I ( # � � 6 9 8Volvocales - � � � F � � � � � � * � F 9 � : , � � � # � � 8 � � � � F � � 2 8 9 : � 9 8Chlorococcales

� � F � � � � � � � D* B : � � � � � : , � � � C � � � � � � � 8 � � 2 8 9 : �� ! 4 & � ! + ! % & % � � � ! + # " # 1 � & � I ' # 4 . - ! ' 6 9 8Chlorosarcinales 9 8Chaetophorales � : � � �

in � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � �! # � + & � L � # � ! � % ' # � & % ! ' # ( # � ! 9 8Oedogoniales � � � � � � � � : # � � 28 9 : �H & % ! � � ' # � & % � " - � � % � ! � � � � � ( # - # " ( & $ % 0 - I � � ( � ! $ % & 1 & � � ! � 5� ! 4 � � 6� � � � 3 � ) 7 � � � � � � ? � � A � < � �� � � � � � � �� - � � J # � � $ � $ % ! 4 ' # - � ! � # � � � � 4 ' - # % I 3 I ( � � 6 9 8Ulotrichales

� � � 9 : � � � � D # � � � 2 8 9 : �� � � ' ( ! � % ' # � & % ! 0 " # ) ! 1 � � � � � " � & $ ' � � ( # - # " ( & $ % 6 9 8Ulvales

� � � F � = � � � � � � � � @ � � � � � � # � � � 2 8 9 : �2 ( ! � � � 3 ( & $ � ' # � & % ! 3 � 1 ( - I - ' # � & % ! 6 9 8Cladophorales � � � � � � � * � � ; + �9 � � : , � � � C � � 2 8 9 : �. ! ( # ) � 1 - # � ! ' # 4 . - ' 0 � % ' # � & % ! ' # ( # � ! 6 9 8Dasycladales

� � F � � � � � � � � > � � � � � �B � � � < � F � � � � � � � � � � - � � 8 = � � � � � � � � � @ �� B : 8 � � � < F � � # # � � � � � � � G � � � � 8 � � 2 8 9 : � � # 4 . - � � & ' % � # - � � � ! � � # � ' # � & % ! " ( ! � � � 0 " # 1 � & � � ' # 4 . - ' # � !% � ( ' # " - � ! 1 - # � 4 � & J & � ! 4 6 � 8 9 : � � � 8 : � F � � � � � � � : � �

ex� � � � � 8 : � : �� � � �

H " ( ! � # � ! � ! � ' ! � � � ! ( # # $ # � ! ) " ( ! � � � * , # - 4 � � � 1 � ! ( & � !) & ' # � 1 # % ! & � ! & ! 4 & ) � 3 ! � 3 & - � � ! ( ! I ' # " ( & $ % � # 3 I 4 ! - & ) � " #� � % � # - � ! � I + & 4 ! % / 6 � 8 9 : � � < : B � � � � F � � 8 � F � � � < F � = : 9 � � � C �H ! + - ! + & � � ) � � " # 1 � & � ' # 4 . - ! ' � ! � � � % - � 4 & � ! - � � $ % ! ) 6 � 8 9 : � � � � � � � B � F � � �2 ( ! � � & � " � # J � � & $ L � � L % � � 6 � 8 9 : � � @ F � � F � : � � F � � � � : � � � � � D 2 ( ! � � & � - # � + & � L � ! � & 4 - & 1 & ( � ! � � � � # 1 � � � � 4 � + � . � ' � &� . J � ! 6 � 8 9 : � � � F � � E � � � � : � F � � � � � � F � � � � � D B � � = 2 8 9 : �. � 1 � I J # � ! + & 4 ! % & � + & � # ' . � ' & � � � # $ # � ! � � L % � " ( ! � � � � & " 5� ! ) � 6 � 8 9 : � � � � @ F � � 8 � F � � � � $ 9 : � � � � � � � � � F � � 2 8 9 : �� I ( $ % ! + & 4 ! % & � + & � & - # � + & � L � ! � & � � # ' . � ' . � 6� � � � � � 7 � � � � � � E � � � � � � � � � �* � � = : � � : F �s.l.

,� & � ' 3 � # � � ) � 1 - # � ! ) " # 1 � � & $ " # 1 � & � . � 6 9 8Chaetosphaeridiales

> ? � � : � = � � � B � @ F � � � ? � � : � � ? � � � � � : � � � � � � � G 9 8Klebsormidiales � ! 1 � & ' # � ! 0 1 � I � � # � ! + & 4 ! % � 0 � ! - # � + & � L � # � ! � % ' # � & % !' # ( # � ! 3 ! � " - � � � � ! " . � 6 9 8Conjugales � � � � � � � � � � � > � @ � � � �= � � � � � � � 8 � � � � � G * B � 9 + � � : F � , � 9 : � � � �� : # � � 2 8 9 : �� ! 4 & $ % & 1 . � � � # � � � � 0 ) ! 1 � # ' # 4 . - ' # � ! ( I 3 � % ' # � & % ! � I% � � � � & $ % L " � � � � , - & + 4 # " ( & $ % 6 9 8Coleochaetales

� = 2 8 9 : �� ! ( # � & � � + # % & # 3 - & $ % & � & " - � ! � ' # 4 . - ' # 1 J � � & ) � � ! " � & $ ' ! )" ( ! � � � 6 9 8 � Protosalviniales � � 9 � : � 2 # � = � � 9 8Charales

� : � 8 � � @ � � � � � * � � = : � � : F � , � � 8 � � � 2 8 9 : �� % ' # � & % ! " ( ! 4 � ' � # $ # � � $ % - I ' % I - � 4 ' - # % I 3 I ( & - � � 0 ' # 4 . - ' ) & ) # � ! # % # � � # � ! " - � ! � � � ' # - # � ! 0 " ( ! � � & � � # � ' # � & % ! + #" # ' - # ) I 6 � 8 9 : � � � � � F � : � : F � F � � � � � 8 � � � 2 � � � � 2 - & � # $ ' - L % � ! # # + # � & 6 � 8 9 : � � < @ F : 8 : � F � � � � @ � � 2 � � � � . ! ( # ' # 4 . - ' # � ! � � ' # - # � ! - . � � # ( ! + � ! 1 # # $ # # + # � I 4 6 � 8 9 : � � � � F � � � � F � � � � @ � � � � ! $ L � � � ' # - # � � � � ( ! � # $ ' - L % � ! + # # # + # � I 4 6 � 8 9 : � � � � � � F � � � : F � � � 8 � � � � � � # � �2 8 9 : �2 L � � � ' # - # � � � � ( ! � # $ ' - L % � ! + # # # + # � I 4 67 8 8 9 : � ; BRYOPHYTA � � � � � � � � � � * = 9 � � : ,

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� ! � 3 & - � � � $ " # - # , % # � � ( � 1 - � � � � � 4 " L 1 � ! " & $ # J � % I ) � � � � & + & 4 ! % # , � ! * � ! ( # � � I � & ) " ! - � # % � ! ) $ � � � � , # - 4 / 0 $ " # - � " ! - � # % � ! � " ! - 4 & 5� ! � % � � � � % ! % - & 1 & � � ( I 3 1 & 1 & � � 6� � � = � �Cryptosporites

: F � � � 8 � � � - � � 8 �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � : � � 2 � � 8 @ � 9 8Horneophytales

� � � 8 � � � � � � B � : 8 � � :2 9 : � � �! # � + & � L � # � � 0 � ! ( # � � $ " # - # , % � + & 4 ! % # , % " # 1 # 3 � � & � & % # 4 � � 5� ! 6� � � � � � � � � � � � � : � � � � � C D � * � � � �E � � F � ,K - � 3 ! % # 3 - � I $ � � & # - + & � � & � ) & + & 4 ! % # , % I 6 9 8Marchantiales � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � : �2 8 9 : �K & 4 ! % # , % " � & $ ' 0 " ( ! � � # � & % � 0 � ! ( # ' # 4 . - ' # � ! $ � " & - ' 6 9 8Anthocerotales � � � � � � � � � � � # � � � � �= � � @ F � 2 8 9 : �K & 4 ! % # , % " � & $ ' 0 " ( ! � � # � & % � 0 ) ! 1 ! � 4 $ ! � � ' # � & % � � � ( # - # " ( & $ % �' # 4 . - � ! 0 , & $ # ( # � & % ! $ � " & - ' * ) & ' I � & $ % L " � � � � / 6

9 8Jungermanniales

� � � � � � � � � � � � F � �2 8 9 : �K & 4 ! % # , % � 3 # � � � � 4 ( $ % ' & 4 6� � � � ? 3 < � � : � � � � � C D � > � � @ � B : 8 � � � = � � � � � � � D � G * = F � @ ,� $ # � & $ � 4 ! % - & + & 4 ! % # , % I 0 " - � ! � # 1 � � � ! ' # 4 . - ' � # 1 � ! * � � 51 - # 1 � / 6 9 8Sphagnales � � � � � � � � � � � * � � # � � F � , � � � � � � 8 2 8 9 : � � 1 - # 1 � � $ ! � ' # 4 . - ! ' � � � ( # - # " ( & $ % & 4 6 9 8Andreales � � � � � � � � � � � 9 8Bryales � � � � � � � � � � � 8 � � � # � 2 8 9 : � 9 8Tetraphidiales 9 8Polytrichales

* B ; � � � : � : , � � F � � 28 9 : �H " # - # , % � � - & $ % & � & $ � � � � � ! + & 4 ! % # , % I 67 8 8 9 : � ; PTERIDOPHYTA � : � � � � � C D � * B � B � � � : � : ,� & � � � � & � ( + � � # � � 4 " ! - % � ! � & 4 � $ " # - # , % � ! ( # � � � � - & $ % & � & # 3 I 4 ! - & ) � � � 4 + & 4 ! % # , � ! 0 $ " # - � " ! - � # % � ! � % - . ) 1 � ! ( � � 4 $ � � ! 4 6� � � � � < � � 7 � � � � � � : 8 � � � � � � � �� � � C * B @ � � # : @ ,. - � ! � # � # � & % ! � & - # 1 � ! � & � ! - � � � # � ' & � � * ( I 3 � � � " # 3 ( J I /� 1 ( & $ % # - # � + & � L � & ) � � � � � $ L " L 1 . � 6 9 8

Rhyniales� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 2# � � �K � & 1 ' ! � � ( � 1 - � � � � ! " L 1 � $ " # - # , % I 6 9 8

Psilophytales � : 8 � � � � � � � � � � � C> � � : = � � � B � @ � � � � � � � � � � � � G 9 : � � � 2� : # � �� # ( � � & $ % ! ( I 3 3 - # 1 & � ' # � & � ! " L 1 �� � � � � � 7 � � � � � < F � � � � � �H " � & $ � � � # � ! � & - # 1 � ! - # � 4 ! $ � � � # � ! $ " - & ( � ! � � 1 � I J # $ " L 1 I� " & � � � � & � � ( $ % ' . � 6 9 8

Zosterophyllales� � � � � � � � � B � : �8 � � : � � � � 8 @ � 2 # � � �K � & 1 ' ! " L 1 � 3 ! � ( $ % ' . � 6 9 8

Lycopodiales� � � � � � � � � � � * � : �8 ; � � : , � : # � � 2 8 9 : �! . � � # $ " # - # � ! 6 9 8

Isoëtales � � � � � � � � � � � * B � � @ E � : � @ �� � B : 8 � 8 � � 8 � � � @ : : � : � � � � : � , � � # � � 2 8 9 : �� - � ! � & $ % ! - . J � # $ " # - # � ! 6 9 8Lepidocarpales � � � = � � � � � F � �� � � � � � � � � # � = � � 2 � # � �� - � ! � & $ % ! 0 " - & � ! � & $ ! � � ! 6 9 8Selaginellales

� � � � : � � � � � � * � : �8 � : F 9 � : , # � = � � 2 8 9 : �� ! ( � ! 0 - . J � # $ " # - # � ! 6� � � � � � 3 � < � � � � � � � � � 8 � � � � � D� & - # 1 � ! � + - I " & � � # ' . � ' # � # - # � 4 ! $ � � � # � � � � � � 1 � I J " L 1 I 0� & + L % ! ' I # $ " L 1 I 6 9 8Sphenophyllales

> � � � = � � : � � � ? � @ � � � � � C � G * � � : � � � : @ , # � � � 2 � � � � � � 8� % � ! ' ( � # � & % ! 6

9 8Calamitales

* � � � � = : @ , � : 9 � � 2� � : 9 @ �� - � ! � & $ % ! 6 9 8Equisetales � � � � : � � � � � C � * � � 9 @ �B @ , � � � � : � 2 8 9 : �� ! ( � !

Klasa FILICINAE Linne, 1753 [paprocie] � & - # 1 � ! � & ' # � � & � � " ! - � & % � ! - # � + & � L � # � � � � " L 1 . � 6 9 8Protopteridales

> � � � � � � B � @ � � � � � � � � � � � � @ � � � 8 � � � � � � � � � � B : @ � � � G � : # � � 2 � � � 8 � � � B� $ % & % � ! - # � + & � L � ! � & " L 1 . � � 1 ( & $ % ! 0 � � ( � 1 - � � � � ! � " - � ! 5' - # ) I 6 9 8Cladoxylales

� : � = � � � � � � � > � E @ � � �� � G � : # � � 2 � : 9 � �� & - # 1 � ! � & ' # � � & � � � 1 ( & $ % � � � - # � + & � L � ! � " L 1 I 3 ! � 3 ( & $ � ' ( % � # � ! ) 0 ( � � � ! ( I 3 + � & ( 1 � $ % ! � � � ' " - � ! � # 1 � � � ! � " � I 6 9 8Zygopteridales

> � � � � B � � : 8 � � � � : = = � � = � � � � � � � � G � : # � � 2 � : 9 � �' # � # " # 1 & ( � ! 0 � � 1 ( & $ % � 4 - # � + & � L � ! � & 4 " ! - � & $ % � � � / ( % � 0" ! - � # % � ! I $ % & � # � � 4 � - . J � � � � " � & $ � � � � � � & � � � % ! � 1 ! � � ) �1 # % � # - � ! � & 3 ( & $ � ' 6 9 8Archaeopteridales

� : = = � � = � � � �� � � � > � � � � � � � � � : � � � � � � � � � � � � � � G # � � �2 � � � � � � 8. 1 ( & $ % ! - # � + & � L � ! � & � ( & � ! � 3 ( & $ � ' L ( % � # � � * ) & ' I � & $ % L " 5� � � � / 0 - . J � # $ " # - # � # % � 0 1 - � ! � & $ % ! � " - � � - # $ % ! 4 � % . - � � 4 6 9 8Botryopteridales

? � @ � � � � � � C � : 9 � � 2 � � � � � � 8� & - # 1 � ! � " ! - % � ! � ! 4 " # + - I 3 # � � � � ' # 4 . - ! ' � & ' # � � & � �- # � + & � L � ! � ( I 3 ' - & � L 1 � & � � ( $ % ' . � 6 9 8Ophioglossales

� � : � � � � � � � � :Psi-

lotum* � � : + � � 9 � ; @ : B � 8 � � � 9 � � @ , B � � � �� F � � 2 8 9 : �

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2 # ) ! 1 � � � � � ( % � " � # � � � ' � # $ � & - # 1 � # � � � � & - # 1 � & 4 � &' - & � L 1 � 6 9 8Marsileales

� : = = � � = � � � � � � D � :Salviniales

� : = = � � = � � � � � � D � * B � B � � F : �� � 8 � � , � � � � 2 8 9 : �� & - # 1 � ! � ! � � � % - � # � # � � ' . � 0 - . J � # $ " # - # � ! 6 9 8Marattiales

� � : � � � � � � � � � � # � � 28 9 : �2 ! - % � ! � # � & % ! � + - I " # � & � & � & - # 1 � � & ' - & � L 1 � & � � ( $ % ' . � 6 9 8

Osmundales� : = = � � = � � � � � � D �* 8 ; � � � 9 � , � � � � � � 8 2 8 9 : �. ! ( # � & - $ % � # � ! � & - # 1 � ! � 1 � ! 4 & + - I " & 4 � + - I 3 & � � � �' # 4 . - ! ' 0 � ! � ! 3 - & � ! � ' I " ' 6 9 8

Polypodiales � � � � � : � � � � � � � � �� � : = = � � = � � � � � � � � > - : � : F � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � G � � � 8 � � � B 2 8 9 : �2 ! - % � ! � " # + - I 3 # � � � � ' # 4 . - ! ' # % � ! - & ) � � � � � � ! � ' # % � ! � � !� & - # 1 � ! � ' I " ' & � � 0 � & - # 1 � ' 3 ! � $ � � I % - . ) 1 � ! ( � ! + # 67 8 8 9 : � ; GYMNOSPERMAE* � � � � 9 � � � � � � � ,' ! + & $ " # - � # 1 J � � & � ! - . � � ! J " # � & " � # 1 � ! � I * � & $ # � & / 6� � � � � � � � � 7 < � � ? � � * B � B � � F : � � � � : � � � � ,' ' - # $ " # - � � " & 1 & ) � � ! 1 # ' # 4 # - � " � � ' # � ! ) 4 & ' - # $ " # - & � + I 4 6 9 8

Lyginopteridales> � � � � � � � = � � � < � � � � 8 � � � � C G # � = � � 2 � # � �� ' - � + � ! � " - � ! ' - # ) I � & $ # � & 0 � & - # 1 � ! � & ' # � � & � � � 1 ( & $ % #" # 1 � ! ( # � � � � ( % � � & - # 1 � # � � � � 6 9 8

Medullosales> � � : � � � � F � � B � � � < � � �� � 8 � � � � C G� ' - � + � ! � " - � ! ' - # ) I � & $ # � & 0 � & - # 1 � ! � ( & � ! � $ � � & � + & 0 I � & 5� � � � # � � � I � ! ( ( I $ 6 9 8

Calamopityales� : � = � � � � � � C� � & ( � ! � " - � ! ' - # ) I � & $ # � & 0 � & - # 1 � ! � & � ! - � � � # � ' & � � � 1 ( & 5$ % � � � ( % � � & - # 1 � # � � � � 6 9 8

Callistophytales � � � � � � � � � � � � � # � � 2 � # � �� � & ( � ! � " - � ! ' - # ) I � & $ # � & 0 � & - # 1 � ! � ! 3 - & � ! � $ � � & � + & � &3 ( & $ � ' & � � ( % � # � � � � 6 9 8

Peltaspermales � � = � F � � � � � � � �# � � 2 � � � @ �� % � ! � & - # 1 � # � ! � $ � � & � + & 4 3 ! � 3 ( & $ � ' 6 9 8Gigantopteridales

> � : � � � � � � = : � � � ? � @ � � � � � � C G � � � � � � 8� + - # 4 � ! 3 ( & $ � ' ( % � # � ! 6 9 8Glossopteridales

> � � E � � : � � � ? � @ � � �� � � � � # � � 2 � � � 8 � � � B � � @ � � : � � � � � � � : � 2 E � � � G� L � � ' # � & % ! ( % � ! " � # � � ! 6 9 8Pentoxylales

� : � � � � � ? � � F � : � � �� � D � � � � � 2 � � E. " � I ' ( ' & # $ # 3 � � � � � � � ! ' " - � ! � # 1 � � � � � � � � % . - � � 4" - � � - # $ % ! 4 6� � � � � � � � � � � � � � A : � � � � � � � � � � � F � F � 9 @ � � � � � � � : � 2 8 9 : � 9 8Gnetales 2 # ) ! 1 � � � � ! � & ( � J � ! � & � ! - � � � # � ' & � � " L 1 . � & ( 3 # � ! 3 - & � ! �' � # $ � 0 " � ( � ' � $ � � $ � ' & � � 0 � ! ' ! 1 � # 3 I " � � # � ! / 0 " � � ! ' " # 51 � I J � ! J ! 3 - # � & � � 6

� � � � � � � � � � � � � A : � � � � � � � � � � �� & % 4 # � & % ! ( % � ! * � � � ' ( ! " ! - � & $ % # " # 1 � ! ( # � ! / 0 � & ( � J � ! " ! - 5� # % � ! � & ' - & � L 1 � & � � ( % � % � # - � � � � � � $ � � $ � ' L 6 9 8Cycadales � � � � � � � � � � � * � � � � F � , � � # � � 2 8 9 : �� � # � # ( $ % ' � 4 � ! ) $ � � 4 ( I 3 � L ' $ � � 4 $ % # " � I $ ' - . � # � ! �" � � ! ' � " # 1 � I J � & 3 - I � 1 � 6 9 8Bennetitales � � � � � � * E � � � � @ @ , �� � � � � � � � : � 2 8 9 : �2 ! - � & $ % ! " � ( � ' 0 # � # � # ( $ % ' I " - # $ � � � # � ! � $ � � $ � ' & � � 0 � � L $ % ## 3 I " � � # � ! ' � & % � 6� � � � � � � � � 7 � � � � � � � � � � : � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � C. 1 ( & $ % # " # 1 � ! ( # � ! ( % � ! " � # � � ! 6 9 8Czekanowskiales � � # � # ( $ % ' � ! $ % & � # � ! " & - & 4 " # ' ( ' & � & � # " & % ' # � & % � � �( % � & � � 6 9 8Gingkoales

� � � @ � � � � � * = : ; � �� 9 + E @ , � � � � : � 2 8 9 : �� ! ( � � � ! � & ( � J � ! � & � ! - � � � # � ' & � � � 1 ( & $ % # " # 1 � ! ( # � � � � ( % � 3 ! � 3 ( & $ � ' 6� � � � 7 � � - � � �� & ( � J � ! � & � ! - � � � # � ' & � � I ( $ % � # � � � � ' - . % ' # " L 1 . � % � # - � � 5� � � � $ � � $ � ' L � " � � ! ' � ' # 4 # - & 4 " # � ! % - � � � 4 6 9 8 � Dicranophyllales � � F � � � � � � � @ � � � � � � � � � � � # � � 2 � � � 8 � � � B� � � � ! � & $ # � & � & ' - . % ' # " L 1 & � � � � - & $ % & ) � � � � � � # $ $ � � $ � ! ' 0( % � ! � 1 ( & $ % # " # 1 � ! ( # � ! 6 9 8Pinales

? � @ � � � � � � � * : � � � � , � � # � � 2 8 9 : �� ! ( � � � ! � & $ # � & � & ' - . % ' # " L 1 & � � " - � ! ' $ � % & � � & ) � � � � � $ L �� I $ ' � & $ % L " I ) � � � � � " ! - � # % � ! � 1 ( & $ % ! ( % � ! # ' - � � # � ! �$ � � $ � ' & � � 6 9 8Cordaitales

> � � 8 � : � � � � � � ? � @ � � �� � � � G * � � � 8 � : @ , � : 9 � � 2 � � � � � � 8� L � � ' # � & % ! ( % � ! � - . � � # ( ! + � � 4 I � ! - � ! � ! 4 0 � & $ # � & 3 ! � " # 5% - ! 1 � # � & # $ & � � � � � ' ( ! � � & - % � � � $ � � $ � ! ' 6 9 8 � Iraniales � � � � : � 2 � � � @ �� & $ # � & � � - & $ % & ) � � ! " & - & 4 � # $ ( I ( � � � � $ � � $ � ! ' 67 8 8 9 : � ; ANGIOSPERMAE* � � � @ � 9 � � � � � � � , � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 5 � � � � � � % � � � � � � ; � � � ( � � � - � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� - # % � L % ! 3 - � ! + # � # � # ( $ % ' & 6� � � � ? � � � 7 � � � � � � � � � � � � : � � � � � � �

s.s. E � � � � = 2 8 9 : �2 ! - � # % � ! ) ! 1 � # 3 - I � 1 # � � " � � ! ' 0 # ' � & % $ " - & ( � � 0 " L � # 5 ( I 3% - . ) ' - # % � � * � " 6 � - $ % # ( # � � & � ! & ! � % - . 1 2 " ! - & ( ! $ / 6 9 8

Amborellales? � � : � @ � � � � � E � � � � �� � @ 9 � � � � � � � �

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2

9 8Nymphaeales < � � : E � � @ � A � � � F � � � 8� � � � � � � � � � E � � � � = 2 8 9 : � 9 8Austrobaileyales � � � � � 8 � � � A � �� � � � � � � � � 9 8Chloranthales

� � � � � � � � � D � � E 28 9 : � 9 8Magnoliales

& � : � � � � A � � � F � � � 8� � � � � � � � � � � E � � � � = � � � E 2 8 9 : � 9 8Piperales

� � � F � � � 8 � � � � � � � � � � 9 8Laurales

& � : � � � � A � � � F � � � 8 �� � � � � � � � � F � � � = � � 2 8 9 : � 9 8Canellales � � � � � : � � � D C0 � � � � / 8 � 8 % 8 6 � & � 9 8 � � � ( & � � � � � � � � � 2 � � � � � ) , � � - � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �2 ! - � # % � ! ) ! 1 � # 3 - I � 1 # � � " � � ! ' 0 % - . ) ' - # % � � # ' � & % 6 9 8Acorales

� : � � � � � � D > � � � � � G B � � � �� F � � 2 8 9 : � 9 8Helobiae

> � � : = � � � � � � � � � � A� � � F � � � 8 � � � � � � � � � � G � � E 2 8 9 : �. # 1 � ! 6 9 8Petrosaviales � � � � � 8 � � � � � � C 9 8Pandanales

� � � � � � A � � � F � � � 8 �� � � � � � � � � � � F � � 2 8 9 : � 9 8Dioscoreales

� � � � � � � � � D 9 8Liliales

� � � � � E � � � � � * � : � : � , = : � F � �2 8 9 : � 9 8Asparagales

� : � � � � � � � > 7 � F � : 8 � � � * � � F 9 @ � : , G� � 8 � 9 8Commelinidae 9 8

Arecales � � � = � � � 8 � � � � � * B � � = @ , � � F � � 2 8 9 : � 9 8

Cyperales > � � � � � < = � � � � � � � � G � � F � � 2 8 9 : �. & % - # " � ( � ! 6 9 8

Commelinales? : � E � � � A � � � F � � � 8� � � � � � � � � � 9 8

Zingiberales� � : � E � F � � � � D �� � � � � 3 � � 7 � � � � � 7 � � �� - . ) 3 - I � 1 # � � " � � ! ' ( I 3 ) ! + # 4 # 1 � , ' & � ) ! � " ! - � # % � ! " L � # 5' - # % � � # ' � & % 6� � 8 � 9 8

Ranunculidae� � � � � � : � � � � � � � 9 8

Ranunculales& � : � � � A � � � F � � � 8� � � � � � � � � � > � � B � � � � � � � � � � � B � @ � � � �� � � � � � � E � � � � � G E � � � � = � � � � E 2 8 9 : �� ' � & % $ " - & ( � � * � ! ( I 4 3 # � & � ! & ! / ( I 3 # ' . � ' # � � " L � # ' - # % � � 6 9 8

Proteales& � : � � � A � � � F � � � 8 �� � � � � � � � � � � � E � F � � � = � � 2 8 9 : �� ' � & % I " - # $ � � � # � � " ! - � # % � ! 1 � I ' - # % � � � � � " # � # - � ! � � % ! - # 5' - # % � � 6 9 8

Buxales � � � � � � � � A � � � � � � � � � �

9 8Trochodendrales � � � � � � � � A � � � � � : � � � � � > � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � A � � � � � � � � � � G7 � � : � B : + F : � � � � � @ � � � � � : � � : � � � B @ � � �� � 8 � � � � 7 < � � � � � � F � � � C � � � � � �2 8 9 : �� ! ( # � ! 1 � & � ' ' ! ( � � & 3 & - � � ! � % . - � ! ) * � / ' # - # � � 0 � � # J # � !" # - � " � � ' I 6� � 8 � 9 8Fabiidae 9 8

Zygophyllales� : � � � � � � � 9 8

Celastrales� : � � � � � � � 9 8

Oxalidales� � � F � � � 8 � � � � � � � � � � � � E 2 8 9 : � 9 8

Malpighiales& � : � � � A � � � F � � � 8 �� � � � � � � � � G > � : 9 � B � � � � � � � < � � : F � � � �� � B � � � E : � � � � � : � � � � � ) : � � � � � G � � E 2 8 9 : �

9 8Fabales

� � � = � � � 8 � � � � � > � � � � = : �� � � � G � � F � � 2 8 9 : � 9 8Rosales

� � F � � � C � � > � � � @ � � � � � � �3 � : F � � � � � � = � � � � G � � � � 2 8 9 : � 9 8Fagales � � � � � � � � � � � > ? @ � : F � � � �& � � � � � 8 � � � � � � � � : � � � � G F � � � = � � 2 8 9 : �. & % - # " � ( � ! 6 9 8Cucurbitales

& � : � � � A � � � F � � � 8 �� � � � > � � � � G = � � @ F � 2 8 9 : �� � 8 � 9 8Malvidae� & - � � ' 3 ! % & ( & � # � ! 6 9 8

Geraniales& � : � � � A � � � F � � � 8 �� � � � � � � � � 9 8

Myrtales& � : � � � A � � � F � � � 8 �� � � � � � � � � F � � � = � � 2 8 9 : � 9 8

Crossosomatales � � � � � � � � A � �� � � � � � � � � 9 8Picramniales � � � � � 8 � � � � � 9 8Sapindales

& � : � � � A � � � F � � � 8 �� � � � � � � � � = � � @ F � 2 8 9 : � 9 8Huerteales � � � � � 8 � � � � � 9 8Brassicales

� � � = � � � 8 � � � � � > � � F : �# � � � � � � B B � � � � � G K ( I ' # � � � & ( & % � * # ( ! ) 4 I $ � % & - 1 # � � / 6 9 8

Malvales& � : � � � A � � � F � � � 8 �� � � � � � � � � � � F � � 2 8 9 : �� � 8 � 9 8

SaxifragidaeRząd � : � � � � : � � � 8 � � � 8 � � � � � A � � � F � � � 8� � � � � � � � � � 9 8

Saxifragales� � � F � � � 8 � � � � � �� � � � > � � = � = � � : 8 � � � G � � E 2 8 9 : � 9 8

Vitales& � : � � � A � � � F � � � 8 � � � � � �� � � � 9 8

Berberidopsidales � � � � � 8 � � � � �

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3

9 8Santalales

� � � � � � A � � � F � � � 8 �� � � � � � � � � > � � � = E � � : � � � � G 9 8Caryophyllales

& � : � � � A � � � F � � � 8� � � � � � � � � � > � � � � B � � = � � � F � � � G = : � F � � 2 8 9 : �� & � ' � ! " - � ! + - # 1 � � $ � I " ' # � I * IPhytolacca

" ! - � # % � ! � ! 5� - # % � L % ! # � # � # ( $ % ' /� � 8 � 9 8Asteridae s.l. 9 8

Cornales� : � � � � � � � > � � F � = = : � � � � � = � F ex � � � � � : � � � � � 3 = E � � � : # � � �� � � G � � = B � � 2 8 9 : � 9 8

Ericales� � � F � � � 8 � � � � � � � � � �> � � � � � � � � E � � � � � � � � : = � � � � � G = � � @ F � 2 8 9 : �� � 8 � 9 8

Lamiidae 9 8Garryales

� : � 8 � � @ � � � � D 9 8Gentianales

& � : � � � A � � � F � � � 8 �� � � � � � � � � > � � � � � � � � E : � � � G � � : � � F � �2 8 9 : �

9 8Solanales

& � : � � � A � � � F � � � 8 �� � � � � � � � � > < F � � B � � � � � : � � � G � � F � � 2 8 9 : �� � 8 � 9 8Asteridae s.s.

> < @ = B � � � � � � = �B � � � � : 8 � � G * 9 � � ; � B ; � � � � � ,� - # $ � ! � - I - ' L " � & % ' ' # - # � � 6 9 8

Aquifoliales < � � # � � � D � 9 8Escalloniales

� � � � � � � � � D 9 8Asterales

� : � � � � � � � > < @ � � � 8 � � � � � � = B � : � � G � � F � � 2 8 9 : � 9 8Lamiales

� � � = � � � 8 � � � � � > � � E : �# � � � � � G 9 8Bruniales � � = � � : � � � � � � � 9 8Apiales � � � � : � � � � � 9 8Paracryphiales � � � � � � � � A � �� � � � � � � � � 9 8Dipsacales

& � : � � � A � � � F � � � 8 �� � � � � � � � �� � � � � � �ANIMALIA

� : � � � � � C D � * 9 � : � � 9 + � ,� - + & � � 4 � � ! ( # ' # 4 . - ' # � ! � I 1 � # J � � � ! 0 � � 1 � ! ( & ) � � ! ' # ( & + ! � ) & ' # $ I 3 $ % & � � ) L 4 L 1 � � ' # 4 . - ' # � � 0 ) ! 1 � # � � # � � " ( ! 4 � ' � ! $ ' # � 1 ! � $ # 5� & � � 4 4 % # � � # 1 - & 4 6� @ B PORIFERA

� � � � � � � � � > < B � � � : � � 8 � � � � : � � : � � � � � � � � G * � E � : ,� # 4 # - � � � # & � # � � % # � ! " - � ! " # 4 " # � I ) � � ! � # 1 L # 1 � ! � � L % - � � ! ) " # � ! - � � � � � & � & 1 # � ! � % - & ( � ! + # ' & � & � I � � ( # % # � ! + # 6 � � � = � 8 � � � � � 7 � � � � � � � � � � �= � � � � � � � � * � � F � � � F � @ ,. & " ! � � ! " # - # � & % ! % � & � ' " # 1 " # � ! - � � � � � � & � & 6 9 8

Monocyathida7 � � � : F � � � � � � � = = � 2 E � � = �� � ( ' # � ! � � L % - � � & % � & � ' & 9 8

Ajacicyathida� � 8 # � � 8 � � � 8 # � � 8 �� � � � � = = � 2 � � � �� � & � ' - . � � ! J � # ' . � " & - & + & $ % - I - & 1 & ( � ! 6 9 8

Syringocnemida7 � � � : F � � � � � � � 8 � E � � 2 � � � �� � & � ' % � # - � � - & 1 & ( � ! - # � 4 ! $ � � � # � ! - I - ' 6 9 8

Sphinctozoa < � : � = � � � � � � � � > � B � � � � F @ � � : 8 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ) � � : F : � � : � : 8 � � � � = : � � � � � � = : � � � � � C C G � � = = � �B � � = E � 2 8 9 : �H % & 1 & ( � � " - � � - # $ % � & � & 6� � � = � 8 � � � � � � 3 � � � � � � : � � � D �> � 8 : � F @ � � � � � E � � � � � � � � � = : � � � � � � �= : � � � � � C � G. & " ! � � ! * & - & + # � % # � ! / + � � � - & 1 & ( � � 4 " - # 4 ! � & 4 + � & � 1 ' # � & % � 4 + � . � ' & 4 " - � � " # � ! - � � � � � & � & 9 8Heteiracyathida

7 � � � : F � � � � � � � 8 � E � � 2 E � � = � � ! $ % & 3 ( � & ( � � 3 & " - # 4 ! � + � . � ! ' + ! � 6

9 8Receptaculitida

& � = � � � � � D � � � � : �2 � � � 8 � � � B * � � F � B � � � � : @ , + � � � - # 4 3 # � � % & - � � ' � # - & � I ' � & 1 ! 4 " # 1 � I J � � � � " # " - � ! � � 5� � � � ' # ( � . � � & - . J � � � � " # � # 4 & � � 6� � � = � 8 � � � � < � 7 � � � � � & � � � � � �� � � � > � � F � � � � � � � � � E � � � � � � � � G * � E � :� � B : � � � � ,. & " ! � � ! * ' & ( � � % # � ! / + � � $ � ' ! ( ! % I � " # ) ! 1 � � � � ! + # ' - � $ � % & � I �1 I J ! � � # & � # � � % � 6 9 8Octactinellida

� : � 8 � � � � � C � 8 � E � �2 � � � � � � 8 + � � � $ � ! % � # 4 & � # - � � # � % & ( � � 4 " - # 4 ! � & 4 " - . � � - & 1 & ( � � � � 6 9 8Pharetrones

� : � � � � � C � > � � � 9 � �< � : � = � � � � � � � � ? � � � � @ � � : 8 � ) � F � � � �� � � � G B � � � 2 8 9 : � + � � " # � � � � # � ! ' & ( � � % # � � % ' & � ' � * � ! � � & " # � $ % & � & � ! ( # ' - # % 5� ! � / 0 " # � & % � 4 ) & ' � & ( � � ! & 6 9 8

Calcinea� : 8 8 � � � � � � � > � � � � : � : 8 �� � � = � � �

� � D �

; � � � F � : 8 � � � � = � � < @ �F � : 8 � � : 8 8 � � G � � � � 2 8 9 : �� & - � & 4 & " # $ % & � 3 ( & $ % I ( � � � # & � # � � % � � 3 & � & ( � � 4 ) � 1 - ! 4 3 ! �� � � � ' I � � � � � % - . ) 5 ( I 3 � � % ! - # # $ # � ! ( I ( � ! + � � * ) & ' � & ( � & - # 5� ! & / 6 9 8

Calcaronea� : 8 8 � � � � � � � > � : � � � : 8 �) � F � � � � � � � � � � � F � � � � � : : 8 � � � � = � � �� � D � � � � � : : 8 � � � � � � � : F et al � � � � � G

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2

2

� � ! - $ ) & ) & 4 � ( & - � � � % - & ' � ! ! 4 3 - # + ! � ! � � 0 I - � L $ ! � ! % � ( ' # �" - � # 1 I * & 4 , 3 ( & $ % I ( & / 0 � � # & � # � � % � � � ! - � � � # � ' # � � 4 ) � 1 - ! 4 0 � &' % . - � 4 I ' # - � ! � # � & ) ! $ % � � * � ! � � & " ! - � # % � & � / 6� � � = � 8 � < � 7 ? � � 7 � 7 7 � � � � � : �F � � � � � � ? � � : � � � � C � * � � = � � B � � @ ,� ( & $ � ' # � & % � 3 & � & ( � � $ � ' ! ( ! % � & " ! � � � � " # � # � � 4 ' # ( � & 4 6 9 8Labechiida

� $ � � � � � C � � � � � � : � �� � � � : � � 2 � � � � H � ' ! ( ! % " L � � ! - � � ' # � & % � � - � & 1 ' 4 ' # ( � & 4 6 9 8Clathrodictyida

� � � � @ � � � � � � � @ � �� � � � > < � � = � � B � � � � � : 8 � < � � � � � � � � � � < � � = � � B � � : 8 � < � � � � � � � � � G � � � � : � � 2# � = � �H � ' ! ( ! % � - # � $ � ! - � & ) � � � � � $ L � & � ! - � � � # � ' & � � $ � I " ' . � " # � # 4 � � � % � & � ! ' 6 9 8

Actinostromatida� � � � @ � � � � � � � @ � �� � � � � � � � � � 2 # � = � �H � ' ! ( ! % � $ ! � " # � # � � � � " # � # 4 � � � $ � I " ' . � 6� � � = � 8 � � � ? 7 < � 7 � � � � � < � � � � � � � C D� - � ! 4 # � ' # � ! 0 � ! � � � % - � ' # 4 . - ' # � ! + � � 0 � & � # 4 & # - + & � � & � ) L' # 4 . - ' # � � * � ! ' % . - ! 4 & ) � � 1 # ( � # % � 1 # � ! � � � % - � ' # 4 . - ' # � ! + #� � 1 � ! ( & � & 3 & � & ( � ! + # $ � ' ! ( ! % I � & " ! � � ! + # � H � ( ! - # $ " # � + & ! & - % 4 & � � K # I - ! & I 0 � � � � � $ ' ( ! - # + � 3 ' � 0 � � & ! % ! % 1 & � ' I ( % � � 0� � � � 0 � � � � ! � & - 1 & H # ' # ( # � 0 � � � � / 9 8

Plakinida � : 8 � � � � � > � � = � F � � �� � B � � � � � � � 8 @ � � � � D G > � � � � : � : 8 � � G� ! 4 & ) � + ! � & ) ! % ( $ � % # 1 - # 3 � ! 3 ! � 4 ' - # $ ' ( ! - 0 1 I J ! � � # 5& � # � � % � * ) & ' I � & " ! � � � � � / 0 3 � # � & " # 1 $ % & � � & " # 1 � � # � � 4� & 3 � # � ' ! 4 ( & - � � � � # & � # � � % & 4 6 9 8

Haplosclerida � � B � � � � � � � B � � � 8 � 2 8 9 : �' & ' - # $ ' ( ! - � % � ( ' # ) ! 1 � # # $ # � ! " # � � � � # � ! $ " # � + � � 0 4 ' - # 5$ ' ( ! - � * ) ! % ( $ � / " - # $ % ! + # ' $ � % & � % I 0 ( & - � & � � & + 4 % � ( � � 4 ' # � � ! 4 6 9 8Poecilosclerida � � B � � � � � � �

� & - � & � � & + 4 % � ( � � 4 ' # � � ! 4 0 4 ' - # $ ' ( ! - � % � " I � � ! ( & 6 9 8Hadromerida � � B � � � � � � � > ? � �� � A � � : � < � � � � � � � � � G � � � = E � 2 8 9 : �/ ! L ' & � 0 I � & $ & 1 � � � � � # & � # � � % I � + � � ) ! 1 � # # $ # � ! � % L " � 4) ! 1 � � 4 ' # � � ! 4 * % � ( # $ % � ( ! / 0 # - + & � � & � ) & � & � & - & 1 & ( � & * % I 3 & � & ( 5� ! � & " � ! ) � � �

Acanthochaetetes/ 6 9 8

Agelasida� � � = � � � � � � � > < F � � � � � B � � � : � � � � � = � � � � � � � � � � � � C �

par-

timG � � � @ � 2 8 9 : �' & � ! ' # 4 # - � � � # & � # � � % # � ! 0 3 & � & ( � ! � & " � ! ) � � ! 6 9 8

Tetractinellida? � � � � � � � � � C �> � � � : : 8 � < � � � � � � � � � > < B : � � B � � � : 8 �� � � � � � : � � � � � � � � � C � � � B � � � : 8 �< � � � � � � � � D � < � � B � F � � � � � B � � � : 8 � � � � �

8 @ � � � � � � � � � � : F � � � 8 � : 8 � � � � @ � � � � C � � A : � � � � : 8 � � � � : � � � D � G B � : � 2 8 9 : �� � % ! - # # $ # � ! + � � $ � ' ! ( ! % I * I � ! ' % . - � � � " # " - � ! � � � ! + � �" # � � � � # � ! $ � - # � + & � L � # � � 4 ' # � � & 4 � � % � $ % 1 & H � � 4 1 % 0� � � � / 6 9 8Keratosa

� � � � � E � � � � � � � � > � : F @ � �F � � � : 8 � ? : � F � : � � � � � � � � � � 8 � � F � � � : 8 �? : � F � : � � � � � � GH � ' ! ( ! % $ " # � + � # � � � - # � + & � L � & ) � � � � � $ L � � . ' ! � 0 3 ! � + ! � 6 9 8 Myxospongiae

� : � � � � � C � > � � � �8 � � : 8 � � � � � @ � � � � � � � � � B � � � � � D �� � � : � � F : 8 � � � � � � � � : � � � � � � ) � � � � � : 8 �� � � � � � : � � � C � G. � � � � � � ! $ " # � + � # � � $ � ' ! ( ! % � + - I 3 � � � � � . ' ! � ( I 3 3 ! �$ � ' ! ( ! % I 6� � � = � 8 � � � 1 � � � � � � � � � � < F � = : 8 �� � C � > ) : � � � � � � = B � � � � � � � � @ � � � B � � �� : � � � � � � � � C � � � : � A � � : � < F � � � 9 � �� � � C G * � E � : 9 � � � � � ,� # 4 . - ' � & � & % � # - � � $ � � � � % I 4 0 ' - � ! 4 # � ' # � ! 0 � ! � � � % - � ' # 54 . - ' # � ! + � � % - . ) # $ # � ! * " # � & � & ) " ! - � # % � ! ) $ � � 4 / 6 9 8Protospongiida

� � � = E � 2 8 � � � � �� ! 1 � & � & - $ % � & 4 & ' - # $ ' ( ! - � � � % ! - ! 4 & " - # 4 ! � & 4 * $ % & I - & � 5% � � / 6 9 8Hemidiscaria < F � � � = = � � � � � � �> � : F � � � � � : 8 � � � D �

partimG � � � � = E �2 8 9 : �' ' - # $ ' ( ! - � � ! ' # 4 " ( ! % � ! & 4 , 1 � $ ' * " & - & � ( & � I ( ! / 6 9 8

Amphidiscophora < F � � � 9 � � � � � C � 9 � : � 2 8 9 : �' ' - # $ ' ( ! - � & 4 , 1 � $ ' 0 " L � � ' + ! � ' # - � ! � # � � � � 0 ' # 4 # - � � � # 5& � # � � % # � ! � ! $ � # 1 1 � ! ( # � ! # 1 $ ! 3 ! 0 + � � ( I ( � ! 6 9 8Lyssakiida

� : � � � � � C C > � @ � F : � � �auctorum

G � 9 � : � 2 8 9 : � + � � ( I ( � ! ( I 3 � ! - ! + I ( & - � ! " # � � � � # � ! ' - � ! 4 # � ' # � � % ' & � ' � 04 ' - # $ ' ( ! - � � ! � & $ % - � * ) & ' � � & $ % L " � � � � - � L 1 & � � / 6 9 8Hexactinosa < F � � � = = � � � � � � � > � � �� � F � � @ F � : 8 � � � E � F � � : F � � � : � : � � � � � � - : � � 8 : � � : 8 � � � E � F � � : F � � & � � � � � � � � � � G # � � � 2 8 9 : � + � � � ( & � ! � ) ! 1 � # - # 1 � � - ! + I ( & - � � $ � ' ! ( ! % 6 9 8Lychniscosa < F � � � = = � � � � � � � � � 9 � : � � � � � � � � 2 8 9 : �

� ! 1 � # - # 1 � � $ � ' ! ( ! % � � 4 # � � # � � ( � � � � $ ' & 4 6� @ BCTENOPHORA � F � F � � � 9 � � � � � * � � E � � B ; � � @ ,� $ # � & $ � 4 ! % - & 0 � � " I $ % ' ) ! ( % & # % � ! - & ) � $ L " # - & 4 � & � ! � � & % - � 0 � ! � � % � & - � & ) � ' I % ' I ( * � ! � 1 # ( � ! 1 # $ � � % ! � � � � % � � � / 6� � � = � 8 � � � � � 7 � 7 � 7 � - � 8 � � � : � � � � � D� - . ) " - # 4 ! � � & $ � 4 ! % - & � & � & 6 9 8Pteridiniida

� # � � � � � � C � � � � 8 2 � � � � = E � � � & ( � ! � � 1 � I J # � ! % - . ) " - # 4 ! � � ! � & � & 6 9 8Tribrachidiida

� � � 8 � & � # # $ � # � L % ! # ' - � + � � % & - � � � � " - # 4 ! � $ % � 4 J ! 3 - & 4 � % - � �� + # � & 1 � � ! � � � % - � 6 9 8 � Angustiochreida) � � � � � � < @ � �: � � � � � C � * � � � E � � : @ , � � � 8 2 � � � � = E �� - + & � � 4 � � % � & - � & � 3 - � ! J � ! � & " ! � � � - I - ' L � ) ! ) $ % & 1 I 4( & - � & ( � ! � # % � # - ! 4 � & � ! - � � � # � ' I 6� � � = � 8 � � � � � � 7 � � ? � � � # � � � � � � C �

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2

� & 4 ' � L % � # $ # � � # - + & � 0 $ ! - & ( � ! ' # 4 # - � " - � � " # � ! - � � � � � & � & 6 9 8Rangeida

� # � � � � � � C � � � � 8 2 � � � � = E � � ! � % # $ # � ! / " . - & 4 # - $ ' ! 0 � " - & � 1 # " # 1 # 3 � ! � � ! 4 # $ � 4 3 # � % �� � ! ( ! 6

� � � = � 8 � � � � 7 � � 7 � � F � F � � � 9 �� � � � * � � E � � B ; � � @ ,� - & 1 & ( � & $ � 4 ! % - & 0 " ! ( & + � � � ! 0 " � � � & ) � # % � # - ! 4 + L 3 # � � 4 1 #" - � # 1 I 0 � � 1 � I J " - # 4 ! � # - + & � � + - � ! 3 � ' # � ! � - � L 1 . � " # � � � � # 5� � � � - � L $ ! ' 0 " ( ! 4 � ' � & ' - # $ # 4 ! 4 6 � 8 9 : � � � � � @ F � � : 8 � � ? � � � � � � � � � � �� � & - 1 ! � & � # � � ! - � � � # � ' # � � 4 � � - # $ % ' ! 4 4 ! $ � � � � � � 4 $ % & % # 5� � $ % L 6 9 8Beroida � F � F � � � 9 � � � � � > � � 8 � � � � � � � C � G� ! � � & � � � ! $ " � & $ � � � # � ! 6

9 8Cydippida

� � � � � E � � � � � � D � > � � � � �F � � � � � F � F � � � 9 � � � � Dpartim

� � = E � 8 � : 8 � 7 B � � � � � � � D G2 & - & � � � + & � � � � � � I � ' . � * ) & ' � � & $ % L " � � � � - � L 1 & � � / 0 # � & ( � !� & � # 0 ) ! % ( $ " � & $ � � � # � ! % # � " � & $ � � � � ( � ! J # � � 1 ' # � ! ) * K & � ! $ � 51 & ! 0 � � & ( & $ $ # � & ( � � 1 & ! / 6 9 8Platyctenida

� � � � � � � � � � �2 ! � � & ) � � ! " # " # 1 � # J I - # � $ � ! - � # � � $ % - # � � + L 3 # � � ( I 3 # $ & 1 � ! 0& " & - & % + - � ! 3 � ' # � � � - ! 1 I ' # � & � � 6 9 8Cestida

� � � � � E � � � � � � D � > � � E � �� F � F � � � 9 � � � � D � � � � � � : 8 � ? � 9 � � � � � � � �� � � � � � F � � @ F : 8 � ? � 8 : � � � � � E : � � �� � C � GH ( � ! $ " � & $ � � � # � ! � " � & $ � � � � ( � ! � � I � ' . � 6� @ BCNIDARIA

> � � � � � � � � � - � � @ � � � � F � � � � � � � Cpartim

G * � = � F � ; � � @ ,� # 4 . - ' " & - � � 1 ! � ' # � ! � 3 ! � # 1 3 � % I 6� � � = � 8 � � � � � 7 � 7 � � � � � � E � � � � � � � �* � � � � � � � F � ,� $ & 1 � ! " # ( " � � " ( & � ' % # � # � � 4 ( & - � & 4 0 1 � I 3 # � � � & $ � 4 ! % - &# % � # - I + L 3 # � ! + # * $ � , # � # + ( � , / 0 ' # 4 . - ' " & - � � 1 ! � ' # � ! � � � � 6� � 8 � � � = � 8 � 3 � 7 < � ? : � � � � 8 � � � 8 �� � : = � � � � D � * � � � � @ � � � � � � � F 9 � � � B � � �= : � � � � ,

2 ! - � # % � ! " # ) ! 1 � � � � ! 0 " # ( " � � 1 � I 3 # � � � � 4 I ' � & 1 ! 4 4 ! � ! � % ! 5- . � � & ' � & 1 & ) � � � � � $ L � % - & ' � ! � � - # $ % I � ) ! 1 � ! ) $ % - # � � � & � & 6 9 8Cothoniida

7 � : � � � � � � � � � � � C> � � @ 8 � � F � � : 8 � � � � 8 � � � � � � G � = = � 2� � @ � � � ! ( � � � � ! � � ' ! 4 6 9 8

Cystiphyllida � : F � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � 8 � � 2 � @ � � ! � L 1 � ' # ( � . � $ ! " % & ( � � � � � & 1 � ! ' ! ( � � & 6

9 8Stauriida

) � � � : � � � � � � D � � � � 8 � � 28 � � � # �H ! " % & � & 1 � ! ' ! ( � � & 6 9 8Heterocorallia < F � : � 8 � � � � # � � � � � � = 2 � � # � �. � " I ' � ! 1 � # ' ! ( � � & � $ ! " % & 4 6 9 8Ceriantharia

� � � � : � � � � � � �' ! � ! � % ! - & " - � � - & $ % & ) � " # " - � ! � � � ! ) $ % - # � ! " # ) ! 1 � � � � ! + # $ � , # 5� # + ( � , I 0 J � ) � � � # - & � � � � % � ! ( # � � � � � # ) � # ' ! 4 � � � $ % - � ! ( # 5� � � � " & - � � 1 ! � ! ' % ( I � I 0 1 � I + ! 3 - � ! J � ! � ! � � � + & � ! � � I � ' ' - . % ' ! " - � � + L 3 # � ! 6� � 8 � 9 8Spirularia � � � � � � � � � � � C C� � 8 � 9 8Penicilaria � � � � � � � � � � � C C 9 8

Antipatharia? : � � � � 8 � � � 8 � � � D �* F 9 � � � � � � � � � � ,H � ! % � � ! � � � + & � � � � � � I � ' . � 0 � 0 � � ( I 3 � � " # ) ! 1 � � � � � � �4 ! � ! � % ! - . � 0 " # ) ! 1 � � � � � $ � , # � # + ( � , � 3 & � ' # � � $ � ' ! ( ! % ' # ( # � 6� � 8 � � � = � 8 � � 7 � � � � � � � 8 � � � � : � �� : � � � � � � � �! & 1 & ( � � 0 $ � ! % � # " - # 4 ! � � � I ' � & 1 4 ! � ! � % ! - . � � ( � � � ! � � � 5+ & � ! � � I � ' 6

� 9 8Kilbuchophyllida < F � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 8 � � 2 � 8 9 : �� - & + # � % # � ! 1 � $ ' # � & % ! ' ! ( � � � � " - � ! + - # 1 & 4 - # � 1 � ! ( & ) � � � 4 $ L # 1 � ! � % - I 4 6 9 8

Scleractinia� � � � � � � � � � � > � � A � F � �� � � � : � � � � F � � � � � � � � � � � � � : = � � B � � � : � � � � � � � � � � � � � G � � : 9 @ � 2 8 9 : � * � � � � � � : �� : � � � � � � � � = � 8 � � B � � � � � � 9 � � F : � B � � �= : � � � � ,� - & + # � % # � ! ' ! ( � � � * I ) ! 1 � ! + # + & % I � ' I � & � ' � ! / � � - ! 1 I ' # � & � !$ � , # � # + ( , � 6 9 8

Actiniaria� � � � : � � � � � � * � � � : � ; @ ,� $ # 3 � � � ! 0 $ � ! % � # " - # 4 ! � � � I ' � & 1 " - � ! + - . 1 0 & ( ! 1 � & $ � , # � # 5+ ( , � 0 � ! ' % . - ! � � 1 � ! ( & ) � ' I % ' I ( L 6 9 8

Zoanthida � � � � � � � � � > � � � � � : � : � �� : � G� # ( # � ) � ! 0 � � # J # � � I ' � & 1 " - � ! + - . 1 0 4 & ) �zooxanthellae

6� � 8 � � � = � 8 � � � � 3 � � � � ? : � � � � 8 � � � 8 � � � : = � � � � D � * � E � � � @ ,� # ( # � ) � ! 0 1 � & � & % � ! � � I � ' . � 0 � � & $ ! 4 � � & " ! � � � 4 $ ' ( ! - � 5% & 4 6 9 8 � Tetradiida7 � � � : F � � � � � � � � � � : � �2 � 9 � : �� ! � � ' ( I � � # � ! 0 J ! % # $ ' ( ! - # + � 3 ' 6

9 8Auloporida < � � � � � � � � � � C � � � � 8 � �2 8 � � � # �! I - ' # � & % ! ' # - & ( % � 6 9 8Sarcinulida < � � � � � � � � � D � � � � � : � �2 � : # � �2 # $ � � � ! + . ( � ! ' # - & ( % � " # � � � � # � ! " ! - % � ! � & 4 ' & � & � . � 6 9 8Favositida < � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � : � � 28 � � � # �K L $ % # I " & ' # � & � ! ' # - & ( % � " # � � � & � ! " # - & 4 � % � & � ' & � � 6 9 8Heliolithida - � � F � � � � � C� � & � & % � ! $ ! " % . � ( I 3 - � L 1 . � ' # ( � . � 6� � 8 � 9 8

Heliolithina Frech 1897 � � � � 8 � �2 � @ � �

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2

� # - & ( % � - # � 1 � ! ( # � ! - I - ' # � & % � ( I 3 " L � � ! - � � ' # � & % � % ' & � ' � 6 � � 8 � 9 8

Halysitina Sokolov, 1947 � � � � �8 � � 2 � � 8 � � �� # - & ( % � I � # J # � ! � ( & 3 - � � % 6� � 8 � � � = � 8 � � � � 7 � � � � � � � � � � � � �> 7 F � F � � � � � : � � � � F � � � � � � � � G * � � � � � �� � = : � B � � = : � � � � ,� $ ! 4 " ! - � & $ % � � � � � I � ' . � 6 9 8

Alcyonida� � = � � � � � A � � � � � � � � �� � � 2 8 9 : �� ! � $ � ' ! ( ! % I # $ # � ! + # 6 9 8

Gorgoniida� � = � � � � � A � � � � � � � � �� : � 2 8 9 : � * � � � � � � : � ,! # � + & � L � # � � # $ # � � 3 & � ' # � � $ � ' ! ( ! % ' # ( # � 6 9 8

Helioporida> � � � � � � F � � : � � � � � � � �� � � D G E � � � � = 2 8 9 : �� - & + # � % # � � $ � ' ! ( ! % 3 & � & ( � � 6 9 8

Pennatularia) � � � : � � � � � D = � � @ F � 2 8 9 : � * B : � � � = � � � : � ,2 # ( " � " � � � ' I ) � � & 3 # ' # 1 # $ # � ! + # 6� � � = � 8 � 7 � 3 � � � � ? � � � � � � � � �� : � � � � � � � D �� � % ! - # " - # 4 ! � � & ( I 3 3 - & 1 & ( � & $ � 4 ! % - & � & � & # � ! � � & � ! )& � & % # 4 � � � ( � 1 - � � � � � $ � ' ! ( ! % � � L $ % # � I ) % � ! 4 � & 4 � ' & � � 4 � &$ " # $ . 3 / # - + & 4 0 6 9 8

Hexaconulariida � 8 � E � � �� - & 1 & ( � & ( I 3 � ! ( # " - # 4 ! � � & $ � 4 ! % - & � � � # 1 - L 3 � # � ! � � & 5" ! � � ' # � & % ! $ % & 1 I 4 ( & - � & ( � ! � I ) $ � ! � & 4 � ' & � ! 6 9 8

Conulariida? : � � � � � � � � � � @ � � � � � � � � � 8 � � � � � � = E � � � � � � : � 2 � � @ � * � � � � � � �� : � ,� � % ! - # " - # 4 ! � � & $ � 4 ! % - & 0 � ! 4 ! � % & � ) & � ! - � � � # � ' ! 4 1 # " # 1 5� # J & 0 I ) % � ! % � " I / # - + & 4 0 6 9 8 � Hyolithellida < @ � : � � � � � D C � = = � 2 � � � 8 � � � B 9 8 � Sabellitida < � � � � � � � � � � D � � � 8 2 � = = � � � � = � 8 � < � � � 7 � 7 � � � � � � � � C* � � � � � B ; � � @ ,� � % ! - # " - # 4 ! � � & $ � 4 ! % - & 0 " # ( " � � � % ! - ! 4 & " - � ! + - # 1 & 4 0 1 # 4 5� I ) ! $ % & 1 I 4 4 ! 1 I � � � - # " & ( & 4 � & ' - & � L 1 � & � � � � � ' # 4 . - ' " & - � � 1 ! � ' # � ! ) � & 4 ! � # � & � ' � 1 # � � ( 6 9 8

Stauromedusae� � � � � � � � � � � �2 # ( " *

scyphistoma/ # $ � + & 1 # ) - � & � # % � " � � # � � � ! # 1 - � � & ) � � $ L# 1 " # 1 � # J & � # $ ! 4 " � & % . � � " L � � ' & 4 + � . � ' # � � � � � � I � ' . � 6 9 8

Coronatae) � � � � # # � � � � � � � � � # � �2 8 9 : �� � � # � 4 ! 1 I � � � 3 - I � 1 � # 1 1 � ! ( & ) � � � 3 - � ! J � � � � L % � 0 J # � � 1 ! '� � # 1 - L 3 � # � � # 1 - & 1 & ( � � � � ' & � & � . � � " # ( " �

Stephanoscyphus� � % � & - � & ) � # - + & � � � � ! - I - ' 6 9 8Semaestomae � � � : 9 � � � � � � � # � �2 8 9 : �. # ' . � # % � # - I + L 3 # � ! + # � � % ! - � " # 1 � ! ( # � ! - & 4 # � & 6 9 8Rhizostomae � � : � � � � � � � � � # � � 28 9 : �� % � . - + L 3 # � � - # � + & � L � # � � � # 3 - L 3 ! - & 4 # � 6

9 8Cubomedusae

� � � F � � � � � � � � > � �� @ E 8 � : 8 � � � � � � � � � G � � = � � 2 8 9 : �� � % ! - � " L � � ' � � I � ' . � � & � & - # J & � � � � $ # ' ! + # 1 � � # � I 0 - # " & ( &� $ # � � ! � ' & 4 0 � ! ( & - I 4 � & ' - & � L 1 � 6� � � = � 8 � � � � 7 � 7 � 7 � � � � � � � * � ; �E : � B ; � � @ ,H % & 1 I 4 4 ! 1 I � � 1 - # 3 � ! � � ! ( I 4 � � 1 � I J ' - & � L 1 � � � � ' # 4 . - ' " & - � � 1 ! � ' # � ! ) � & 4 ! � # � & � ' � 1 # � � ( 6� � 8 � � � = � 8 � � � � � � � � � � � � � F � � � �� � C � � � � � � � � 8 � � � : 9 @ � 2 8 9 : �� 1 " # � ! 1 � ' ! 4 $ % & 1 I 4 " # ( " & ) ! $ % " ! ( & + � � � & ( & - � &actinula

6 9 8Trachymedusae

� � � F � � � � � � C � 9 8Narcomedusae

� � � F � � � � � � C � 9 8Limnomedusae

� � � = B � � � � � 9 8Actinulida < � � 8 = � � � � � � : : � � �� � D � � % ! - $ % � � ) & ( � ! 0 I - � L $ # � ! 0 " # 1 # 3 � ! 1 # ( & - � � - & � � � ( � & 6 9 8Myxosporidia

� $ F � � : � � � � � > ? @ �A � 9 � � � � � � � � � � � G' ' - # $ ' # " ) � ! - # 3 & ' # � & % ! " & $ # J � % � 4 $ � � � # � . � - � 3 0 % � # - � �$ % & 1 & � � & � � ) � ! � � # J # � ! � ' ( ' I ' # 4 . - ! ' � " & - � � 1 ! � ' & 4 6� � 8 � � � = � 8 � � � � � � � � � : � F � � � � � �> � � � � � � � F � � � � � � � : � � � � � � � � � B � � : �� � � � � � F � � � � � � C � G 9 8Milleporida

� : F � � � � � � � � > � B : � �� $ � � � � � � � G � � � � @ � � B � � � � F � � 2 8 9 : �� � I � ' 3 I � & � ' # � & % ! 0 � � L $ % # � ! - ! + I ( & - � ! - # � 4 ! $ � � � # � ! � &" # ( " & � � 6 9 8Stylasterida

� : F � � � � � � � � � � 8 �� � � D > - : � : # � � � � $ � � � � � � � G� ' . � ! ' � % ' # � & % � � � � � I � ' . � � � � � ' ( ! 1 - � ! � ' # � & % ! ' # ( # � ! 6 9 8Hydrida

& � � � � � � � � � � > � B � � � � � � � � � � : � et al � � � � D � � � � � = � 8 � � � � � � F �� � � � � � C � � � � : � � : � = � 8 � � � � � � : � � � � �� � � C G � � # � � � 2 8 9 : �� ! 4 & $ % & 1 I 4 " ( & � I ( 6 9 8

Siphonophora � F � F � � � 9 � � � � �2 ! ( & + � � � ! $ % I � 3 # " � & � � 0 " ! - � # % � ! � " � ! I 4 & % # , # - ! 4 $ % & 1 I 44 ! 1 I � � " - � ! ' $ � % & � � # � ! � � - . J � � # � & � ! , I � ' � ) # � & ( � ! & � & % # 54 � � � ! # $ # 3 � ' ' # ( # � 6� � 8 � 9 8Chondrophora � � = : � � � @ � � � � � � 8 � � � � �� ! � � L % - � � � � � % � � # � � $ � ' ! ( ! % % � # - � � " � ! I 4 & % # , # - 6� � 8 � 9 8Physophorae

� � � F � � � � � � � � > @ � � � � F � � � � � F � � � � � � � C G2 � ! I 4 & % # , # - � � � ' ( ! $ % # � & - � � $ � # � � � + - I " � # $ # 3 � ' . � # , I � ' 5� ) & � � ( # ' # 4 # % # - � � � � � � � * � ! ' % # , # - � / 6� � 8 � 9 8Calycophora

� � � F � � � � � � � D �2 � ! I 4 & % # , # - � & � ' � 0 1 # 4 � I ) � � ! ( � � � ! � ! ' % # , # - � 6� � 8 � � � = � 8 � � � � � � � � : � F � � � � � �> � � B � � � F � � � � � � � : � � � � � � � � � B � = � 8 �� � � � � � F � � � � � � C � G� ! � � L % - � � � � � % � � # � � $ � ' ! ( ! % % � # - � � $ % # J ' # � & % ! # $ � # � � " # ( 5" . �

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3

9 8Macrocolonia

� � F � � � �et al � � � � � � � � � 2 8 9 : �� � � ' ( ! " ! - � & $ % ! ' # ( # � ! � 4 ! 1 I � � 3 ! � $ % & % # � � $ % 6 9 8

Statocysta � � F � � � �

et al � � � � � ' ! 1 I � � � ! $ % & % # � � $ % & 4 � � ! � ! ( ' ! ' # ( # � ! 9 8 : � F � � � � � 8 : Placozoa

� � � � � � � � C �2 ! � � & ) � / ) & 4 � + & $ % - & ( � � 0 " # " # 1 � # J I 6� @ BNEMATHELMINTHES

) � � � � � D � > � F � � � = : � � � � � � E E � � � � � � � G * � � E � � : � E ; � � � E �� � � F � ,� ' - � % ! ' I % ' I ( � � � 1 � I J # � ! � & � # � � � ( � 1 - � � � � � 4 ) ! ( % ! 4 # % � ! - & ) � � � 4 $ L � & ' # � � I # 1 3 � % ! 4 � " ! - � # % � & ) & 4 & � & � & � � " ! � � # � & " � � � ! 4 �$ � 4 ! % - & # $ # � & � � & � # J # � � 1 � I 3 # � � � � 6� � � � � � � $ � � $ 4 & �

9 � � � � � � � � � � � � � ) , *� � � � � � � �. � # 1 - L 3 � # � � - � ) ! ' - # � 1 � 4 & ) � � & $ L " - � ! 1 � & � � L % � � & � & # " & 5% - � # � & � & ' & 4 6 9 8Priapulida < � : B � � @ � � � � � > < � : F � � � �� � � : � < � � � : � : � � � � � � � � � � C � G � 8 � E � � 2 8 9 : � � 1 - & I ( � � � ! - � ) � � ! � # $ & 1 � ! ( I 3 J � ) � � ! � - I - ' & � � 6 9 8Loricifera

� � : � � � � � � � � �' ' - # $ ' # " ) � � " $ & 4 4 # � 6� � � � � � � � � / � 6 8 / 8 $ � � $ � � � � ) � , � � � � � � !� � � � � � � � � � � 3 � � � �� - & ' # ' - L J � � � � 4 L % � 0 " ( ! 4 � ' 3 ! � � � * ) & ' I � ! 4 & % # 1 & / 6 9 8Palaeoscolecida � � � � @ ? � � � : � � E : � � � � � � � � 8 � E � � 2 � � � � 8 � � � I % ' I ( & � 1 - # 3 � � 4 , # $ , # - & � # � � 4 % & - � � ' & 4 6 9 8Nectonematida

� � � � � � � � � �2 & $ # J � % � � � ! ( & - � � 0 � # 1 � ! 0 � % ' # � & % ! $ % & 1 & 1 # - # $ � ! * ) & ' K # - 51 1 & / 0 4 # - $ ' ! 0 1 # - # $ � ! � " # 1 � . ) � � 4 3 # � � � � 4 - � L 1 & 4 $ � � � ! 5� � ! ' " � & � � � � � 6 9 8Gordiida

7 � � � B B � � � � �H � # 1 ' # � # 1 � ! 6� � � = � 8 � � � ? � � 7 � � � 8 � � B � : � � � � �* � : F : � � : � ,� # " I ( & � ) & � " ! � ! % - & � ) � $ " ' I ( 0 I $ % & ( # � & ( � � 3 & ( � ! � * � / 6 9 8Enoplida - : � : B � � � � � � � > � � : B @ � : 8 �� � 8 � � @ � � � C � G : � � � � 2 8 9 : �H � # 3 # 1 � ! J � ) � � ! 0 % ! " # � # $ % & � ! 1 � $ ! ) $ � ! � � ! � ! 4 & ) � � � � �� $ � � � ! � � ' � � I � # � ! � " - � ! 1 � ! � & � & 0 � I ( � L - # � � . ) " # $ % ! 4 53 - # � & ( � � � � � % ! - ! � � $ % & 1 & � � 6 9 8Dorylaimida

� � � � � � � � � �H � # 3 # 1 � ! J � ) � � ! " & $ # J � % � - # % ( � 6 9 8Trefusiida

� � � � � 9 � � � � � � � 9 8Isolaimida � : = = � � � � �

9 8Mononchida

& � : � � B � � : � � � � � 9 8Trichocephalida < � � � E : � � < F � � � �� � � �. � $ I � & � � # $ # � � ( & - � & ( � � # - + & � " ! � ! % - I ) � � � 6 9 8Mermithida

� @ = � � � � � D �2 & $ # J � % � # � & 1 . � 6 9 8Muspiceida

� � : � � � � E � � 8 � � � D � 9 8Araeolaimida � � � � : � F � � < � F � �� � � � � � � � � �� 4 , 1 � % � # - � � $ " - & ( ! 6 9 8Chromadorida - : � : B � � � � � � � 9 8Desmoscolecida - : � : B � � � � � � � �� � = � 8 � � : 8 � � � � � : � F � � � � � D2 ! - % � ! � # � & � & ' I % ' I ( & 0 4 # - $ ' ! 6 9 8Monhysterida - : � : B � � � � � � � 9 8Rhabditida � : � � � 8 � � � � > � : B � � �� � � � : 8 � G 9 8Tylenchida � � � � � � � � � � 9 8Strongylida

? � � : � � � � � � 9 8Ascaridida

� : � � : � � � � � � @ � � � � D 9 8Spirurida � : � � � 8 � � � � � > � = � � �� � � : 8 � � : � � � 8 � � � � � G 9 8Aphelenchida < : 8 8 : � : � � � � �� � � = � 8 � � � � 7 � � � � � � : � � � � 8 �� � � C' ' - # $ ' # " ) � ! 0 ' I % ' I ( & % � # - � � � � ' # ( � � & $ % � � � " ! - % � ! � 6 9 8Cyclorhaga

� � � : � � � � � � � � 9 8Homalorhaga

� � � : � � � � � � � �� @ BCHAETOGNATHA

� � � F � � � � � � D � * � 9 � ; � : = � � � : � � 9 F 9 � F : � 9 F 9 + � : � ,� � � = � 8 � � � � � 7 � � � � � � � � � F � � � �� � D � � ! ( # 4 & , I � ' � ) # � I ) � � & ) & ' # � � 1 - & I ( � � � ! I $ � % � � � ! � !� & � & 0 # 1 3 � % � & 3 - � I $ � � ! ) $ % - # � ! " - � ! 1 # + # � ! 4 # " & % - � # � � 4" # � # 4 � " � ! % � � 0 � � � � % � � & " & - & % + L 3 # � � � - � L 1 . � � & ' . � 6 9 8Protoconodonta

� � � � � � � � � C � B � � � 8 � � E � � = � 2 B � � = E � 9 8Sagittida � � � � � � � E E � � � � � � D � � # � � 2 8 9 : �� � � � = � 8 � � � � � � 7 < � 7 ? 3 � � � � � A �� � D �

' ' - # $ ' # " ) � ! 0 � � # J # � � & " & - & % $ � � � L ' # � � � + & - 1 � ! ( 6 9 8Filospermoidea < � � � � � � � � C �� % ' # � & % ! " ( ! 4 � ' 0 4 L $ ' # % � . - " � � # � � 3 ! � � & - � � 1 I ' # " I ( & 5� � ) � ! + # 6 9 8Bursovaginoidea < � � � � � � � � C �� ! � $ ' ! � & - � � 1 � - # � - # 1 � � ! �

bursa6 9 8

Micrognathozoa� � : � � � � �- � � F � � � � � �� � & - � L 1 � � ! ( # � � # � � � � ' # 4 . - ! ' � & 3 � # � ' & 6� @ B

LOBOPODIA < � � 8 � � � � � � � �

Page 22: Linneuszowska systematyka

2

2

H ! + 4 ! � % & � ) & � & � & 0 " ! - % � ! � # � & � ! # 1 � . J & ' - # � � � ! 6� � � = � 8 � 1 � � 3 < � � � 9 : � � � � � = E : � � � � �� � � � � = = � 2 � 9 � : �� � ( � 1 - � � � � � - � ) ! ' 6 9 8Xenusiida � 9 : � � � � � = E : � � � � � � � � � # 4 # � # 4 � � � ! # 1 � . J & 6 9 8Protonychophora

� � F � : � � � � � � � �sensu

� � � � � � � � � � = � � � � D� � � � % � & " ! - � $ � & " & - & # 1 � . J � 6 9 8Scleronychophora

� � � � � 8� � � � � � = � � � � D� # � � � ! $ ' ( ! - � % � " # � � J ! ) # 1 � . J � 6� � � = � 8 � � � � � � � � � � � @ � � � � � � � �* � : � B � � F 9 � � : , � � = B � � 2 8 9 : �' ' - # $ ' # " ) � � � � - # � 4 & - . � 0 � � # J # � � & " & - & % � # ' . � + L 3 # � � 0' ( ' & " & - # 1 � . J � ' - # � � � � � � 6

9 8Arthrotardigrada

? � � F � � � � � C� ! ( ! $ ' # " # � ! # 1 � . J & 0 " - � ! � & J � ! 4 # - $ ' ! 6 9 8Echiniscoidida

? � � F � � � � � C> � � � � = � 9 � 8 : � G� � � ' ( ! ' I % ' I ( & - � � " � � % ' # � � " & � � ! - � 0 4 # - $ ' ! ( � 1 # � ! 6 9 8Eutardigrada

: F � � � � � � � �> � � � � F � � � � � � B � F � � � � G2 & � I - ' 3 ! � / " & ( � . � 0 6� � � = � 8 � 7 � � � 7 � � 7 � � � � E � � � � D �* B � � F � � � F � , � � # � � 2 8 9 : �� � I � ' � � $ " ! � ) & ( � # � & � ! # 1 � . J & + L 3 # � ! 6� � F � � � � � 8 : Chitinozoa � : � � � F � � � � � � � � = � 8 � � 2 # � = � �

� � & � ! % � ( ' # # $ � # � ' ' # ' # � � ) & ) # � ! 6� @ BARTHROPODA

� � � � : � � � � � � � � * � � � � � � : ,H � % � � � & ' I % ' I ( & � 4 L ' ' 4 " # � � � � ! � & 4 $ % & � # � � 4 � & # 1 � . J & � � $ ! + 4 ! � % & � � � & � & 6� � 8 @ BDINOCARIDES � � � : � � � � � �� 1 � . J & " ! - � $ � ! ) " & - � � � � � % � ! 0 # 1 � � # ' # � ! I " - # $ � � � # � ! �- & 1 & ( � � & " & - & % + L 3 # � � 6� � � = � 8 � � � 7 ? � � 7 � � � � < � � F � � � =2 � ! % � # � & % ! # 1 � . J & # 1 � � # ' # � ! 0 ' ( ' & # $ % & % � � � " & - � � � ' ( !% � # - � � " � ! % � L # + # � # � � 6 9 8

Anomalocarida � � F � � � = > � 8 : � �8 � � � � � � : � � � � � � G � 8 � E � � 2 � = � I J ! � � � � % � ! # 1 � . J & 0 " & - & # � � I 6 9 8Opabiniida � � � F � � � � � � � � � � = E �� 1 � . J & � � � � % � ! � - # % � L % ! � & $ & 1 & 4 % � # - � � � � 4 / % - � 3 L 0 0 " L �# � � I � � # J # � � � � 6� � � = � 8 � � � � � � 7 � � � � � � � : � � � et

al.,� � � �2 ! ( & + � � � ! 0 � ! ( ' ! # � � � � � � � L � I # 3 $ � ! - � ! + # " & � � ! - � &+ - � 3 ! % # � ! + # # $ � & � & ) � � ! + # � & � ! � & � # 6 9 8Isoxyida < : = � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � C D � 8 � E � � 2 � � � � = E �� ! 1 � & " & - & � � � � % � � � � # 1 � . J � + � # � # � � � � 6 9 8Concavicarida

� � : � � � � � # � �� � � � � � � � � F � 2 F � � � = � �� ( ' & " & - � � � � % � � � � # 1 � . J � + � # � # � � � � 6� � � = � 8 � � � � 7 � 7 � � � � � � � � : � � � � � � � �! � ) ! ' " # 1 + L % � 1 # % � � I 0 - ! 1 I ' � ) & # 1 � . J � # 1 � � # ' # � � � � 6 9 8Leanchoillida < � � = � � � � � � � � � � = E � 2 � � � � = E �2 � & $ ' % ! ( $ # � � & ' # � � I � � $ ' ! + # # 1 � � # ' & 6

9 8Palaeopantopodida

� � � : � : � � � � � � = � ( ' & " ! - � $ � � � � " & - # 1 � . J � � 4 # 1 � , ' # � & � � � � 0 3 ! � � # + # 1 5� � # ' � ' ( ' I $ ! + 4 ! � % . � 6 9 8Pantopoda

� � � � F � � � � � � � � * � : � � �� : F � , � = 2 8 9 : �� - ! 1 I ' # � & � � # 1 � � # ' 0 " & ) � ' # � & % # � � 1 � I J # � ! # 1 � . J & ' - # � � � ! 6� � � � = � 8 � ) � � 3 � � 7 � � � < � �et al �� � � �� ! � � # + # 1 � � # ' $ " � & $ � � � # � � � " � ! % � L 0 " & � � ! - � % I � # � # � � � - # 5% � L % � � & 3 - � I � � I � � & & � & � $ # � & � ! , # - 4 � - # 3 & ' # � & % ! 6 9 8

Vetulicolida � � � � � � � � � � � � C � � � = E � 2 � � � � = E �� � � = � 8 � � 3 � � � ? 7 � < � � � � 8 � � � � �� � � �2 � & $ ' ! 4 L ' ' ! � & � # 3 ! � # 1 � . J � ( I 3 � � � - I 1 � 4 ! � % & 4 0 # 1 5� . J & � � � � % � ! � � I � ' # ' $ � % & � % � ! 0 # � � � � � � ' ( ! � & $ � � " I � ' & � � 6� 9 8Vetustovermida

� � � = E � 2 � � � � = E �! # � " # � � & � & ( � ! $ ! - ! - I 1 � 4 ! � % & - � � � � # 1 � . J � # 1 � � # ' & 6� 9 8Amiskwiida � � F � � � = � � � = E � 2� � � � = E �� ! � # ' ! * � / 0 # 1 � . J & � � � � % � ! " - � ! ' $ � % & � � # � ! � � � I � ' � 9 8

Tullimonstrida � � 8 � � � � � � � � � � � # � �� � � � % � ! # 1 � . J & � & ' # � � I - � ) ' & 6� � 8 @ BCHELICERATA

� � @ = � � � � � � � * 9 F 9 + � � F 9 � ; � � � F � � F � � � : F � � � @ ,� 1 1 � & � + � # � # % I � # � & # 3 ! ) 4 I ) � � � $ � ! % � " & - # 1 � . J � 0 � % � 4 1 � ! " & - � � 4 # 1 � , ' # � & � � � � # 1 � . J � � � � � % � � � � 0 # 1 � � # ' " ! - � # % � ! � 1 � I � & $ % I$ ! + 4 ! � % . � 6� � � = � 8 � ? � 7 < � 7 ? � � � � � � � � � � D �* = � � � � = � @ ,� 1 � � # ' $ % # $ I � ' # � # ' - . % ' 0 � % ! � 1 ! � � ) � 1 # � ( ! � & � & $ L �) ! 1 � # ( % � % & - � � L # 1 � . J & 4 � & 4 ! � # � � 4 � $ ' - � ! ( & 3 � 1 ( " - � � 51 & % ' " � � # � ! 6 9 8Xiphosura

� � � � : � � � � � � � � * � : = � � : 8 @ � � � 9 @ B ; � F 9 � , � � � � � � 2 8 9 : �� � � = � 8 � � � � � � � � � � = � � F � � � � � �* B � + F 9 � � : ,� 1 � � # ' � � 1 � I J # � � 3 ! � � # + 0 � # � & ) � � J ! ) " ! - � $ � ! ' ( ' & $ ! + 54 ! � % . � 4 & I ' - � % ! " # � $ % & � ! � # 1 � . J � # - + & � � # 1 1 ! � � # � ! 6

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2

9 8Eurypterida

� � � = � : � � � � � � � � � �� � 8 � � 2 � � � � � � 8. # 1 � ! 0 ' # ( ! � * � ! ' ! 1 � - # � $ � ! - � # � � " � ! % � # � & % # / � & � � L J # � � 4' # � � I # 1 � � # ' & 6 9 8Scorpionida

� � = B � : F � � � � � � � E � � � �� � � � * � � � B : � � @ , � � � 8 � � � � 2 8 9 : �� I J ! # 1 � . J & 1 - I + ! ) " & - � � ! $ � � � � " � & 4 0 ' # ( ! � ) & 1 # � � � &� � L J # � � 4 ' # � � I # 1 � � # ' & 6 9 8Cheliferida

� � � � � � � � C � > � � � 8 � � F � � B : � � � � � � � : � � � � � � � C G * 9 � � � 9 F 9 � � : , � @ � � 2 8 9 : �� I J ! # 1 � . J & 1 - I + ! ) " & - � � ! $ � � � � " � & 4 0 $ � ! - # ' ' # � ! � # 1 5� � # ' & 6 9 8Ricinulei � � � � � � � � � � � � > � � � � � F � �= � � : 8 � � � � F � � � � � � � � : � � � � � � E : 8 � G B � 9 : 8 � � : 2 8 9 : �

� 1 � � # ' � " # $ % & � $ ! + 4 ! � % # � & � ! ) % & - � � � 0 # $ % & % � ! 1 � & $ ! + 4 ! � % �� � $ ' ! 0 - I 1 � 4 ! � % & - � ! 6 9 8Phalangiida

� � � @ � � � � � > 7 B : � : � � � < � � 8 � � � � � � � � � � G * � � � � 9 � , � � # � � 2 8 9 : � H ! + 4 ! � % # � & � � # 1 � � # ' $ � ! - # ' # " # � � � � # � � � + � # � # % I � # � ! 4 0" ! - � $ � & " & - & # 1 � . J � ' - # � � � � � � " ! � � , I � ' � ) ! � � I � # � ! 6 9 8

Solifugae < � � 8 � � � � � � � � � � * � � B � � : , � � # � � 2 8 9 : �K � # � # % I � . � � % . - � ! " # 1 � ! ( # � � � & 1 � & # 1 1 � & � � 6 9 8Acari

� � � � : � � � � � � � � * � � � 9 F 9 � : � � 9 � � F 9 � , 9 : � � � 2 8 9 : �' & ( ! � ' ! 0 + � # � # % I � . � � % . - � ! " # 1 � ! ( # � � � & # 1 1 � & � � 9 8Araneida � � � F � � � C D C * B � � : , � @ �� � 2 8 9 : �� & � � � � $ ! + 4 ! � � ! # 1 � � # ' & # 1 � . J & % � # - � � � ! ' � 1 � # � ' " - � L 1 � ! 6� � 8 @ B

ANTENNATA2 ! - � $ � & " & - & # 1 � . J � + � # � # � � � � % � # - � � � � I � ' 6� � � = � 8 � � � � 7 � � � � � � � F � � � C C � * � @ �� � E : @ ,� & - � � & + � # � # � & # 3 ! ) 4 I ) ! � � I � ' % - � � " & - � # 1 � . J � ' - # � � � � � �� ! - . J � � � � � � $ L # 1 # 1 � . J � % I � # � & 9 8Marrellida � � � F � � � � � � � � � � = E �2 ( & � ' % # � # � ! 0 % & - � � & + � # � # � & � 1 � ! 4 & " & - & 4 � & + L % � � �' # ( � . � " # ( � � ' # � � � � 6 9 8Olenellida

� � � � � � � � � 8 � 8 � � 2E � � = �� � & " � & � � " & � � ! - � 0 & ( ! 3 ! � $ � � . � " # ( � � ' # � � � � 0 � � " # $ % # 4 &" # � � � & � & � " � � % ' � - # $ % - & ( � � 6 9 8Mimetasterida

� � � � � � � � � � � � � � 8 � � � � 2 9 : � � �2 ( & � ' % # � # � ! 0 % & - � � & + � # � # � & � % - � ! 4 & " & - & 4 " - # $ % � � � ' # ( � . �" # ( � � ' # � � � � 6 9 8Redlichiida

: F � � � � � � � � � 8 � E � � 2� � � � = E � � " # $ % # 4 & " # � � � & � & � " � � % ' � - # $ % - & ( � � 0 & ( ! $ � � � " # ( � � ' # � ! �� 5 � $ ! + 4 ! � % � % I � # � # � ! � & $ % & 1 I 4 ( & - � & ( � � 4 � # ( & $ " $ 6 9 8Agnostida < � � � � � � � � � � 8 � E � � 2� 9 � : �2 ( & � ' % # � # � ! 0 % � ( ' # 1 � & ( I 3 % - � � $ ! + 4 ! � % � % I � # � & 0 � ! � & " � ! 5) � � ! " � � % ' & - # $ % - & ( � & � & � � " & � � ! - � � $ % & 1 I 4 " - # % & $ " $ 6 9 8Naraoida < � � = � � � � � � � � 8 � E � � 2B � 9 : 8 � � :� ! � � & " � & � � " & � � ! - � 0 1 I J ! " � + 1 I 4 0 � & � ' & ) � � ! $ ! + 4 ! � % �% I � # � & 9 8Corynexochida

� � E � @ � � : � � � � D> < F � � � � � : � � � � B � � � � D � � � � : � � � : � � � � � �8 � � @ � � � � D G � 8 � E � � 2 # � � � 9 8Asaphida < � � � � � � � � � � � � � = E � 2� � 8 � � � � 2 # ( � � ' ' # � % & ' % I ) � $ L " # % - # 1 ' I $ � � ! 4 ( I 3 � ( & � !* � - ! 1 I ' # � & � & " � � % ' & - # $ % - & ( � & / 6 9 8Ptychopariida < � : � � � � � � � � � � D> 7 � � � : � � � � � B : � � � � : : � � � � � � � D � � � � �� : 8 � - � � � @ � 7 � � � � � � C D G � 8 � E � � 2# � � �

� " # $ % # 4 & " ! - � # % � ! � ! " # � � � � # � & 3 ! � " # % - ! 1 � # � % & - � � � + � # 5� # � � * � ! � & " � ! ) � � ! # % # � � ! � ! / 6 9 8

Phacopida < � � � � � � � � � > � � @ = � � : � �< � : � � � � � � � � � � D � � � � F � B : � � < � � � � � � � D � � � : � � � : � � � � � � : � � � � � � � � � 9 � � � � D C / � � � � : � 2 # � = � �� � � � � - # � 1 � ! ( # � � 4 $ # � � ! � ' & 4 6 9 8

Lichida? � � � � � � � D � > 7 8 � � � � B � � � � : 8 � � � : : � � � � � � � D � G � � � � = E � 2# � � �

� � � = � 8 � 3 < � � � � � � � � � � � � C C C* � � � � B : � � : ,K � # � & � � # J # � & � � � I � ' . � � � % ! - ! � � " & - # 1 � . J � # - . J � � 4 $ % # " 5� I $ " ! � ) & ( � & � ) 1 # - # � 1 - & 3 � & � & " # ' & - 4 I 6 � � 8 � � � = � 8 � � � � 7 ? 7 < � � � � � � � : � � � �� � � �" I - ' & � & ' # � � I # 1 � � # ' & * " - # " # � � � ) ! � � 1 � ! ( ! � & � L ' $ � ! )( � � 3 � " # 1 + - # 4 & 1 � ! $ � I � & $ & 1 � # � ! - # � " # � � & � ! 4 , ( # + ! � ! � � / 6 9 8

Anostraca < � � � � � � C > � : B � � � F �< F � � � # : � � 8 � � � � � � � B � � � � F � � : 8 � < � � � 8 � � �� � D D G 9 : � � � 2 8 9 : �� � � � ! I " - # $ � � � # � ! # 1 � . J & % I � # � & 0 - # � 3 I 1 # � & � & 1 - I + & " & - &� � I � ' . � 0 " & � � ! - � + � # � � � ! � & � � # 1 � � & 1 & ( $ � ! $ ! + 4 ! � % � �" # � L ' $ � # � & ( � � 3 & $ ! + 4 ! � % . � % & + 4 " # � & + � # � # � � � � � - # % ( � # 5J ! - � ! , ( % - & % # - � 6 9 8Notostraca < � � � � � � C * B � 9 � � � B �� : F � , � 9 : � � � � � # � � 2 8 9 : �� � I + ! � � � # � # � & � ! - & 4 # � & , I - ' � " # � L ' $ � # � & ( � � 3 & $ ! + 4 ! � 5% . � % & + 4 " # � & + � # � # � � � � � 1 - & " ! J � ! 6 9 8Branchiura � � � � � � � � � � � � * B � � � � : � ,� � & ( � & % & - � � & + � # � # � & 0 � � � ' ( ! � " # ( & 4 # 1 1 ! � � # � � 4 � &$ " # 1 � ! � � ! " ! � � & ( � � 3 & $ ! + 4 ! � % . � % & + 4 " # � & + � # � # � � � � 6� � 8 � 9 8

Bredocarina? $ � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � B � � = E �� " & - 1 � I + & � L � $ % � � � # 1 � . J � % I � # � # � � � � 6

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2

� � 8 � 9 8Cyclina

� � � � � � � � � � � � > � � � : �F @ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � C G � : 9 � � 2� � � � : � � � = � � @ F � H � % � � � � " & � � ! - � + - � 3 ! % # � � 0 � 5 � " & - � ) ! 1 � # + & � L � $ % � � � # 1 � . J �' - # � � � � � � 6� � 8 � 9 8Argulina � � = � � � : � � � � �* B � � � � :s.s.

, 8 9 : � ' L ' ' & % & - � � & � � � % ! - � " & - � 1 � I + & � L � $ % � � � # 1 � . J � % I � # � # � � � � �! ' % # " & $ # J � % � - � 3 6 9 8

Pentastomida � 8 � � B � : � � � � � * B � � � � � = : 8 @ � � � 9 + F � @ , 8 9 : �� � 1 # " & $ # J � % � � � � # - # � # + . � 0 - # 3 & ' # � & % ! 0 3 ! � # 1 � . J � " # � & + � # 5� # � � � � 6� � 8 � 9 8

Porocephalina� � @ = � � �) : 9 � � = � � � � �H " � & $ � � � # � ! � & � # � # 1 � . J & 4 + L 3 # � � 4 * � & ' & 4 / � & 3 - � I $ � � ! )$ % - # � ! � ( & - � & � 1 � # 4 & " & - & 4 # 1 � . J � 6� � 8 � 9 8

Cephalobaenina� � @ = � � �) : 9 � � = � � � � �� � ( � 1 - � � � � ! � & � # � � & ' & 4 / � & / " & - & " # 1 & � � 0 � ( & - � & � % - � ! 4 &" & - & 4 # 1 � . J � 6 9 8

Copepoda? : � � � � 8 � � � 8 � � � � �* � : 8 ; � � � � : , � # � � 2 8 9 : �! # � 3 I 1 # � & � & " ! - � $ � & " & - & � � I � ' . � 0 " ! - � $ � & " & - & # 1 � . J �% I � # � & � � ! $ % & � ! # 1 � . J � + � # � # � � � � 0 1 - # 3 � � � � - # � 4 & - . � 0% I � . � $ ' - . � # � � 0 " & � � ! - � + � # � � � ! � & � � # 1 � � & 1 & ( $ � ! $ ! + 4 ! � % �� � 8 � 9 8 � Mystacocaridina

� � � � � � �� : � � � � � � �2 $ & 4 4 # � 6� � 8 � 9 8Harpacticoina < � � � � � � � � # � �2 8 9 : �� ! � % # $ # � ! � $ � ! % � " & - # 1 � . J � % I � # � # � � � � 0 ) ! 1 ! � � # - ! ' ) & ) # � � 6� � 8 � 9 8Poecilostomatoina � � � � � � � � � � D �H � ! % � 1 # � � % ! - ! � � " & - # 1 � . J � % I � # � # � � � � � ) ! 1 � # + & � L � $ % ! � � % 6� � 8 � 9 8Platycopina - � � � � � � � � � � D� ! � % # $ # � ! � " L � " & - ) ! 1 � # + & � L � $ % � � � # 1 � . J � % I � # � # � � � � 0' - . % ' ! � � % 6� � 8 � 9 8Calanina < � � � � � � �2 ( & � ' % # � # � ! , ( % - & % # - � � " L � " & - # 1 � . J � % I � # � # � � � � 0 1 � I + !� � % 0 " # ) ! 1 � � � � � � # - ! ' ) & ) # � � 6� � 8 � 9 8Siphonostomatoina � � � � � � � �� � D � > ? � � � : � � � : 8 � < � � � � � � � G2 & $ # J � % � � � ! � � � % ! - � " & - � # 1 � . J � % I � # � # � � � � 6� � 8 � 9 8Misophrioina

� � � � � @ � � � � �� � 8 � 9 8Cyclopina

� � � = � : � � � � � � � > � � �� @ � � � � : 8 � � � @ � � � � � ? � � = � � : � � � : 8 �� � A � � � � � � � C � G � B 2 8 9 : �2 ( & � ' % # � # � ! 1 - & " ! J � ' " & $ # J � % � � � � % ! - � " & - � # 1 � . J � % I � # 5� # � � � � 0 1 � & � # - ' ) & ) # � ! 6 9 8Phyllocarida

� � F � � � 8 � � � C � > � � F � � �� � � � F � � � � B � � � F � G � � = � 8 � � 2 � � � 8 � �� � B2 # 1 � & � � & # 1 1 � & � � � & � & 1 � I + & � L � $ % ! � � I � ' ) & ' I ' & ( & � # 5$ % - & � & & ( ! , I - ' & � & ' # � � I # 1 � � # ' & � % & - � � & + � # � # � & # ' - � � & �3 # ' I % I � . � * ) & ' I � & $ % L " � � � � / 6

9 8Ascothoracica

� � F � 9 � � � � � : � � �� � � � � � � � 2 8 9 : �� 1 � . J & + L 3 # � ! " - � ! ' $ � % & � � # � ! � ' � I ) � � � & " & - & % 0 $ � ! % � $ ! + 4 ! � % . �% I � # � & 3 ! � � # + ' - . % ' # 1 � � # ' 0 " & $ # J � % � � ! � � L % - � � ! 6 9 8Cirripedia

� � � = � : � � � � � � � * � � �� � � : , � � � � � � � � � � # � � 2 8 9 : �� $ & 1 � ! , % - & % # - � ( I 3 " & $ # J � % � 0 " ! - � # % � ! " & � � ! - � % I � # � # � �� � # J # � � � � ! ( � ! ) � � � � � � & " ! � � � � � " � � % ! ' 6 9 8Protocarida < : = � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � C D � 8 � E � � 2 � � � � = E �2 # � L ' $ � # � & ( � � 3 & $ ! + 4 ! � % . � % & + 4 " # � & + � # � # � � � � 6 9 8Ostracoda

� � � � : � � � � � � � �� & � # � & � ' # � � ! � & 4 ' � L % ! � � & " � ! ) � � � 4 " ! - � # % � ! 1 � I $ ' # 5- I " ' # � � 4 " & � � ! - � � ' I 6� � 8 � 9 8Palaeocopa

� � � � : � � = � � � � � � D �> � � B � � 8 : : : � � < F � � � � � � G � � � � : � 2 � � � �8 � � � B� � 8 � 9 8 Myodocopa < � � � � � � � � � 9 � : � � �� � 8 � � � 2 8 9 : �� � 8 � 9 8Podocopa < � � � � � � � � � � � : � 28 9 : � 9 8

Conchostraca < � � � � � � C (� : B �� � � � F � � � � � � F � � � � � � � � � � � � : F � � 8 � �� : � 8 � � � � � � D < B : � : F � � 8 � � � : � 8 � � � � � � D G � = 2 8 9 : �� ! # 1 - � I � & � ! � � ( � ' 1 � I $ ' # - I " ' # � ! + # " & � � ! - � & 6 9 8

Cladocera� � � � : � � � � � � � � * � : � �� � � � � : , � # � � 2 8 9 : �� � I $ ' # - I " ' # � � " & � � ! - � # 3 ! ) 4 I ) ! � & � ! � & � # � � � ) � % ' ! 4+ � # � � 0 1 - # 3 � ! 6� � 8 � � � = � 8 � ? � � � 7 < � � � � � � � : � � � �� � � �� 1 � . J & � & ' # � � I # 1 � � # ' & % � # - � � " � ! % � L * I - # " # 1 & / 0 I $ % & 3 ( � # 5� & � & ( � � 3 & $ ! + 4 ! � % . � � & � & * � � � � � / 6 9 8

Euphausiida � � � � � � � D � > � � F � � : 8 �� � � � � � � � � � G * � � : � � , � @ � � 2 8 9 : �" I � ' � ) ! - # � 1 - & 3 � & � & " # ' & - 4 I " ! � � � � � � � � � � ! # 1 � . J & + � # � � 6 9 8 Mysida

� � � � � � � � > � � � � = � E � � � � �F � � ? � � � 8 � � � � C < B � � � � � � : B � � F � �� � � 8 � � � � � D C G � � = � � 2 8 9 : �2 ! - � $ � & * � � & $ ! 4 1 - I + & / " & - & # 1 � . J � % I � # � & � � � � � # � ! � # 1 51 � & � + � # � # � � * $ � � � L ' # � . J & / 0 % ! � 1 ! � � ) & 1 # $ ' - & � & � & " & � � ! - � &% I � # � & 6 9 8Syncarida

� � F � � � 8 � � � � D > � � � B : 8 � �F � � � � = � � � � � � � � � � @ � � � � � F � � � � B B � �: � � � � D < @ � � F � � : 8 � F � � � � � 8 � � � � � G � : 9 � � 2 8 9 : �2 & � � ! - � # + - & � � � # � � 1 # + � # � � 6 9 8Remipedia � � � � � � � � � �. % . - � ! I " - # $ � � � # � ! 0 # � ! ) & $ � � � � " # ' - ! � ! � $ % � & � � 6 9 8 Hemicaridea < F � � � = � � � � > � � � � �: 8 � F � � � � � � � � � D � � = � F � � � � � @ � � �� � � � G � : 9 � � 2 8 9 : �2 & � � ! - � + � # � � � ( & � � � 1 � # 4 & $ ! + 4 ! � % & 4 % I � # � & 0 1 - I + & " & - &$ � � � L ' # � . J � � & � & 1 & � ! & 4 & 4 # � � ! $ � � � � " � ! � � I 4 & � ! & � � & - & ' 5% ! - � � I ) � ' - . % ' ! $ � ! - # ' ! $ ! + 4 ! � % � % I � # � & � ! � ' # 1 � � # ' /

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3

9 8 Stomatopoda

� � � � : � � � � � � � C � � �= � � � � @ � � 2 8 9 : �2 & � � ! - � + � # � # � � � ( & � � � " L � # 4 & $ ! + 4 ! � % & 4 % I � # � & % � ( # 54 & J $ � � � L ' # � . J & 4 0 1 - I + & " & - & $ � � � L ' # � . J � " # � L ' $ � # � & " - � ! ' $ � % & � � # � & * % & ' ) & ' � & $ % L " � ! / � � # J � � # � & % � # - + & � � � � � % � � 6 9 8Isopoda

� � � � : � � � � � � � C * � � � � � � � � : , � � # � � 2 8 9 : �� � � � " - � � - # % � L % ! 1 # " & � � ! - � & + � # � � � - # % � L % ! + # � " ! - � $ � � 4* � � & $ ! 4 1 - I + 4 / $ ! + 4 ! � % ! 4 % I � # � & 0 $ � � � L ' # � . J & � � " # $ & J # � !� � � � � % � ! � & ' 0 ' # � � # � & � � L % � # 1 � � # ' & " # � L ' $ � # � & 6 9 8

Amphipoda� � � � : � � � � � � � � * � E � �� � � : , � � F � � 2 8 9 : �� - � � " & - � # 1 � . J � # 1 � � # ' & I � � ! $ % � � � � � " � ! % � ! # + # � # � ! ) 0� & $ & 1 # � ! � � � # � � # 1 � . J � *

coxae/ % � # - � � " � � % ' 0 � & � # 3 # � � � !$ " � & $ � � � # � ! 6 9 8

Decapoda� � � � : � � � � � � � � * � � � : , � � �� � � � 8 2 8 9 : �� - � � " & - � $ � � � L ' # � . J � 6� � 8 � 9 8

Brachyura� � � � : � � � � � � � � * � � � �E @ , � � � � � 2 8 9 : �� & � ' � ! # 1 � . J & # 1 � � # ' # � ! " � ! % � � # + # � # � ! ) 6� � 8 @ B

ATELOCERATA � � @ = � � � � � �. + � # � ! � & � � I � ' & 4 � & $ % L " I ) � 3 ! � " # % - ! 1 � # J I � & � � ' 6� � � = � 8 � ? � � � � 7 � � � � � F � � � � � � * � : � � ,� 1 � . J & ' - # � � � ! * ( I 3 $ ' # � � � ! / � & # 1 � � # ' I 6� � 8 � � � = � 8 � � � � � 7 � 7 � � * � � � F : � � � � : ,� ( & � ! " & - & 4 $ ! + 4 ! � % � # 1 � � # ' # � ! 0 � + � # � ! % � ( ' # ) ! 1 ! � $ ! + 54 ! � % � & J I � & � � ' & 4 6 9 8

Euthycarcinida� � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � E � � = � 2 � � � @ �� ! � � # + # 1 � � # ' � ' # ( � # � & % � 4 % ! ( $ # � ! 4 6 9 8

Arthropleurida � � � � � � � � � � �> � � � B � � E � � : : 8 � � � # # = � � � � � � � G � = 2 � # � �� ! 1 � & ' # � ! ( � � � ! $ ! + 4 ! � % � # 1 � � # ' & � 1 I J � 4 3 # � � � � 4 � � 5- # $ % ' & 4 0 6 9 8Chilognatha

> � � � = � � : 8 � � � = E � � � : �� � � # # = � � � � � D � � � � = � � : 8 � = : 8 � � � � �� � � D � = @ � : � @ B � 8 : 8 � � � # # = � � � � � � � G* � � � : F � , � � # � � 2 8 9 : �! # � $ � ! - � # � � " ! - � $ � � $ ! + 4 ! � % % I � # � & * � � ) & ) � $ L � ' I ( ' L / 0' - . % ' # 1 � � # ' # � ( & � � � � # $ % & % � � � $ ! + 4 ! � % & � � 0 ) ! % ( $ � # 1 � . J &' # " I ( & � � ) � ! % # " - � � ' # � � I � & � & 6 9 8Polyxenida

� � E E � F � � � � � � F � � � �= � � 2 8 9 : �' & ( ! � ' ! 0 � " L � � ' & 4 $ � � � ! � � ! ' � & + - � 3 ! � ! 0 $ " ! - 4 & % # , # - �" - � ! ' & � � � & � ! 3 ! � ' # " I ( & � ) 6 9 8Pauropodida

� � E E � F � � � � � �' & ( ! � ' ! 0 � % . - � ! I " - # $ � � � # � ! 6 9 8Colobognatha

� � � � 8 � � � � � > � � � @ �8 � = : 8 � � � = E � � � : � � � � # # = � � � � � D � � � � @ 9 � � : : 8 � � � � � � � � = : � � � � � < : B � � �� � : � � : 8 � � � � � � � � D G � � # � � 2 8 9 : �K - � 3 ! % # 3 - � I $ � � ! $ " � & $ � � � # � ! 0 & ( ! + � & 1 ' ! 0 # 1 � . J & ' # " I ( & � � ) � !� " - � ! 1 � ! # 1 � � # ' & 6 9 8Helminthomorpha

� � F � F � � � � � C> � � � @ 8 � = : 8 � � � F � F � � � � � C � � � 8 � � = : 8 �� � F � F � � � � � D < B : � � � � B : 8 � � � = E � � � : �� � � # # = � � � � � D � < B : � � E � � : 8 � � � = �� � � � & � � : 8 � � � � � 8 � � � � � G � � # � � 2 8 9 : �� ' - � + � � " - � ! ' - . ) � & � & 0 # 1 � . J & ' # " I ( & � � ) � ! � " - � ! 1 � ! # 1 � � # ' & 6� � 8 � � � = � 8 � � � � 7 � 7 � � * B � � � F 9 � : � : ,2 ! - � $ � & " & - & # 1 � . J � % I � # � # � � � � � & 4 ! � # � & � ' # ( � ! ) & 1 # � ! 6

9 8Scutigerida

� � F � F � � � � � D * � � : �� � � @ , � @ � � 2 8 9 : �� � � � � � # J # � ! 0 $ % & 3 ( � & ( � � 3 & $ ! + 4 ! � % . � � & � & * � � " & - # 1 � . J � 0& ( ! � % ! - + % . � / 9 8Lithobiida

� � F � F � � � � � D * 8 � � � �� : � � : , � � F � � 2 8 9 : �� & " - � ! 4 ! � � ! 1 � I J $ � ! ' - . % $ � ! % & - � � ! + - � 3 ! % # � ! $ ! + 4 ! � % . � 0$ % & 3 ( � & ( � � 3 & $ ! + 4 ! � % . � � & � & * � � " & - # 1 � . J � 0 � � % ! - + % . � / 9 8Scolopendrida

� � F � F � � � � � D * � � �� � B � � 8 � @ , � � # � � 2 8 9 : �H % # $ I � ' # � # � ! � ! ( ' & ( � � 3 & ) ! 1 � & ' # � � � � $ ! + 4 ! � % . � � & � &* � � 5 � � " & - � # 1 � . J � / 6 9 8Geophilida

� � F � F � � � � � D * 9 : � �= : � � : , � � # � � 2 8 9 : �� � � � ! ) ! 1 � & ' # � ! $ ! + 4 ! � % � � & � & * " # � & 1 � � / 6� � 8 � � � = � 8 � � � � � � � � � = : � � � � � � � D D� - I + & " & - & $ � � � L ' % � # - � � " � � % ' L * ( & 3 I 4 / # + - & � � � & ) � � � # 1 % � � I) & 4 L + L 3 # � � 6 9 8Symphyla

@ 8 � � � � � � � � � # � � 28 9 : �H % & 3 ( � & 0 � � # J # � & $ ! + 4 ! � % & � ) & * � � $ ! + 4 ! � % . � % I � # � & / � " # 1 # 53 ! � $ % � & 4 # ( ! ' I ( & - � ! � $ ' & � I ) � � & � � � � ' � 2 & I - # " # 1 1 & 6 9 8Diplura

� � � � � � � � � � � � � # � � 2 8 9 : �� - # 3 � ! 0 $ � ! % � # � # + ! 6 9 8Collembola

� � E E � F � � � � � � * � � F 9 � �� � � � : , 9 : � � � 2 8 9 : �� - # 3 � ! 0 $ � ! % � # � # + ! 0 � & - � � 1 $ ' # � � � � � # 1 � . J � � 6 $ ! + 4 ! � % I# 1 � � # ' & 6 9 8Protura < : � � � � : � � � � C� - # 3 � ! 0 $ � ! % � # � # + ! 0 � & � ' � ! � � I � ' 0 , I � ' � ) ! � � I � # � ! " ! � � " ! - � $ � & " & - & � . + 6� � � = � 8 � � � < � � � � : � � � � � C D � * � � � 8 @ ,H � ! % � # � # + ! 0 $ % & 3 ( � & ( � � 3 & $ ! + 4 ! � % . � * " ! - � # % � ! � � $ ! + 4 ! � 5% . � # 1 � � # ' & / 9 8Thysanura

� � � � : � � � � � � � � 9 : � � � � �� @ � � 2 8 9 : �2 ! - � # % � ! 3 ! � $ ' - � � 1 � ! 0 � & " � # 1 � ! � ! � ! � � L % - � � ! " - � � I J � � I$ " ! - 4 & % # , # - . � 6 9 8Ephemerida

? � � @ � � � � � � � � * + � : , � � # � � 2 8 9 : �H ' - � � 1 � & � $ " # � � � � ' I I $ % & � # � ! " # � # � # 0 " - � ! � � # 1 � � ( � ! � !� $ % & 1 I 4 ( & % & ) � � � 4 0 � # 1 � ! ( & - � � 6

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2

9 8Odonata - � E � : F : � � � C � � * � � � � : , � � = � � 2 8 9 : �� - & " ! J � ! � # 1 � ! ( & - � � 4 & + # 0 $ ' - � � 1 � & � $ " # � � � � ' I I $ % & 5� # � ! " # " - � ! � � � ! 3 � 1 ( " # � # � # 6 9 8Palaeodictyoptera

� � � 8 � � E � � � �� � D � > � : � B � � � � B � � � 8 � �

� � � � : : 8 � � � 8 � � �8 � � # � � � C C ? � � � � F � B � � � � � � 8 � : � F � �� � � � � � � = � � � = : : 8 � < : � : F � � � � � � � �� � � � � � F � � 8 � � � � ? � � @ � � � � � � � � G � � �= � � 2 � � 8 @ �� � I ) � � ! � & - � � 1 � + L 3 # � ! 0 $ ' - � � 1 � & � $ " # � � � � ' I I $ % & � # � ! � &3 # ' 3 � 1 ( I ' # % � ! 1 # % � � I 0 ( � & � � � & $ % & 1 I 4 ( & % & ) � � � 4 6 9 8Grylloblattida � � � � � � � � � � � 9 8Blattida

� � � � � � � � � � � � * � � � � F 9 � � @ , � � # � � 2 8 9 : �H ' - � � 1 � & I � # J # � ! � � 1 � I J + - � 3 ! % I 0 $ ' - � % � % - � 3 J � � & 0 ' & " $ I � �) & ) # � ! 6 9 8Isoptera

� � � � � � � � � � � * � � = : @ , E � �� : � 2 8 9 : �H " # � ! � � � ! 0 $ ' - � � 1 � & # 1 " & 1 & ) � " # ( # � ! + # 1 # � � 4 6 9 8Mantida

� � � = � : � � � � � � � * = � �8 � : 9 � : , E � � � � = 2 8 9 : �� - & " ! J � ! 0 " # $ � I + I ) � $ L � � � � % � � " ! - � $ � � " & - � � . + 6 9 8Plecoptera

� � � = � : � � � � � � � * � : 8 � � �� : F � , � � � � � � 8 2 8 9 : �. # 1 � ! ( & - � � 0 $ ' - � � 1 � & $ ' � & 1 & � ! � � 1 � I J + - � 3 ! % I 0 $ % & 1 & ( & % & ) � � !' - . % ' # % - � & � ! 6 9 8Dermaptera

� � � F � � � � � D > � � � � � @ � � � 8 � � � : � � @ � � 8 � � � � � G * � � � � : , � � � � � � 8>s.s.

� : � � = � � G 2 8 9 : �2 - � ! 1 � ! $ ' - � � 1 � & $ ' . - � & $ % ! 0 $ ' - . � # � ! 0 % � ( � ! � ! ( # ' - # % � ! $ ' � & 51 & � ! 6 9 8Orthoptera

� � � � : � � � � � C � � * B � � � � � � 9 @ 8 ; � , � # � � 2 8 9 : �H ' # � � � ! % � ( � ! # 1 � . J & 6 9 8Phasmatodea

& � F � E � � � � : � � F � : �� � � � * � � 9 @ � : , F @ @ � 2 8 9 : �� ! - I � � ( � ! ' - ! � � & ' " - # $ % # $ ' - � � 1 � � � � I " # 1 # 3 � # � ! 1 # # % # 5� � ! � & 6 9 8Hemiptera

� : � � � � � C D � > � � = � B � � �� � � F � � � � � � � B � � � � � � � : � � � � � � D � G * B � � � � � : � � : , � � � � � � 8 2 8 9 : �� � I ) � � � � & - � � 1 + L 3 # � � 0 $ ' - � � 1 � & � � 1 � I J + - � 3 ! % I 6 9 8Psocoptera

� � � F � � � � � D * � � @ 9 � : , � � � � � � 8 2 8 9 : �

� - # 3 � ! 0 + - � � � � ! � & - � � 1 � + L 3 # � ! 6 9 8Thysanoptera

� : � � � � � C D � * B � 9 @ � �� � � F � , � � � � � � 8 2 8 9 : �� - # 3 � ! 0 ' � I ) � � � � & - � � 1 + L 3 # � � 0 $ ' - � � 1 � & � 3 - � ! J � � 4 � � # 5$ ' & 4 6 9 8Anoplura

� � F � � � � � �s.l > � � : � � B � � � � ? � � � � B � � � � � : F � � � � � � G * � 9 � ; @ :� 9 @ G � B 2 8 9 : �2 & $ # J � % � � ! � � L % - � � ! $ % & � # � ! " ( � � � � ' - L + # � � . � 6 9 8

Glosselythrodea? � � @ � � � � � � � � 9 8

Neuroptera� : � � � � � C D � * : � � � � � � 9 @ 8 ; � , � � � 8 � � � B 2 8 9 : �� - & " ! J � & ( & - � & 0 $ ' - � � 1 � & I $ % & � # � ! 1 & $ � ' # � & % # 0 # � � # J # � � 4J � � ' # � & � I 6 9 8

Raphidiida� � � F � � � � � D � � � 8 � � � B 28 9 : � 9 8

Coleoptera� : � � � � � C D � * F � � 9 9 �F 9 � , � � � � � � 8 2 8 9 : �2 - � ! 1 � ! $ ' - � � 1 � & � & 4 ! � # � ! � $ � % � � � ! " # ' - � � � 6 9 8

Megaloptera� � � � : � � � � � � � � � � � �8 � � � B 2 8 9 : �. # 1 � & ( & - � & 0 $ ' - � � 1 � & I $ % & � # � ! 1 & $ � ' # � & % # 6 9 8

Mecoptera� � F � � � 8 � � � � � * � � : ; � : , � � � � � � 8 2 8 9 : �� & - � & 4 & ' - . % ' ! � # + � ! � ' # $ ' . - ! ' * + � $ ! � � & / 6 9 8

Siphonaptera� � � � : � � � � � C � �* B F � ; @ , � B 2 8 9 : �H " � & $ � � � # � ! 3 # � � � ! � & � # 0 ' � I ) � � � � & - � � 1 + L 3 # � � 0 $ ' # � � � !� # + 6 9 8

Trichoptera� : � E @ � � � � � * F � � � � F : � : , � � � � � � 8 2 8 9 : �H ' - � � 1 � & " # ' - � % ! � � # $ ' & 4 0 � # 1 � ! ( & - � � 6 9 8

Lepidoptera� : � � � � � C D � * = � @ � � , : � � = � � 2 8 9 : �H ' - � � 1 � & " # ' - � % ! � I $ ' & 4 0 ( & - � � + � $ ! � � ! 6 9 8

Hymenoptera� : � � � � � C D � * E ; � � �� � � � : , � � � � � 2 8 9 : �. � $ ' ! 0 $ " L % ! � ! $ # 3 � $ ' - � � 1 � & # " - # $ % � 4 I J � � ' # � & � I 0 - # � � . )# " ! ' � & 1 ( & - � & 4 6 9 8

Diptera� : � � � � � C D � * = � F � � � � : , � � : 9 @ � 2 8 9 : �� � ( � ! $ ' - � � 1 � & � & 4 ! � # � ! � 3 I � & � ' # � & % ! " - � ! � 4 & � ' 0 ( & - � �3 ! � � # + ! 6

� @ BMOLLUSCA

� : � � � � � C D � * = : + F 9 � � : ,� L � � ' # � & % � # - + & � - # � 1 - & 3 � & � & " # ' & - 4 I � - � L 1 & 4 � � % � � # � � � � � � 3 ' . � * - & 1 I ( & / 6� � 8 @ BAMPHINEURA � � � � � � � : � � � � � C � * � E � � � � � F � ,' ! % & 4 ! - � � � � � $ � ' ! ( ! % � & " ! � � � � & + - � 3 ! � ! 6 9 8 � Tommotiida

? : � � 9 � � � � @ � � � C � � � = = � 2 � � � � = E � � � % ! - � - � L 1 � * � / , # $ , # - & � # � � � � " � � % ! ' � & + - � 3 ! � ! 6 � � � = � 8 � � 7 � � � � � 7 � � 7 � 8 � � � � : � �� : � � � � � � � � > � � � : F � � < F � � = � F � � � � � � � C G* F � : � � @ ,� $ ! 4 � & " ! � � � � � " � � % ! ' � & + - � 3 ! � ! 6

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9 8Hercolepadida � 9 : � � � � � � > ? � � : �B � � F � B � � � � � � � � � � ? � B � � � � � D G � � � 8 � �� � � 2 � � � 8 � � � B

� # 1 & % ' # � ! - � L 1 � � & " ! � � � � � " ( � % ! ' ' # ( � . � 6 9 8Septemchitonida

� � � � � � � � @ � � � � D D � 8 � E � � � � B � � = E � 2 � � 8 � � � 2 - # $ % ! 0 1 & $ � ' # � & % ! " � � % ' 6

9 8Chelodida

� � � � � � � � @ � � � � � � B � � = E � 2 � � � � � � 2 � � % ' " � & $ ' ! 0 $ ! - � # � & % ! + # " # ' - # ) I 6 9 8

Lepidopleurida � � : � � � � � � � � � � = � �2 8 9 : �2 � � % ' $ � ! - # ' ! � � � - # $ % ' & 4 � & � & $ # � � 4 *apophysae

/ 6 9 8Ischnochitonida

� � � � � � � � @ � � � � � � B � : � � E � F � 2 8 9 : �2 - . � � & " # , � � 1 # 1 & % ' # � ! $ % - I ' % I - � � � � � � � ! " � � % ' 6

9 8Acanthochitonida

� � � � � � � � @ � �� � � �2 � � % ' � � � & � � � ! ) � � L % � " # ' - � % ! " - � ! � " � & $ � � � 6� � � = � 8 � � � � � 7 � � 7 � � � � � � � � : � � �� � C �H � ' ! ( ! % � # + & � - ! 1 I ' # � & � ! 6 9 8Solenogastres

� � � � � E � � � � � � C � > � � � = � � : : 8 � < : = � � � � � � � � G! I 1 � 4 ! � % & - � & � # + & � 3 - I ( 1 � ! 0 J � ) � � & " # � ! - � � � � # $ & 1 I ( I 3� & ' # ( # � & � � ) & 4 # � � � # � . � 6

Rząd Caudofoveata � � � � � � � � � D �

> � � � � 8 � � = � : 8 � < : = � � � � � � � � G� � ( � 1 - � � � � ! � & � # 0 - � ) � � # $ & 1 � ! � ) & 4 � " � & $ � � � # � � ' I + . - � ! �# 1 J � � & ) � $ L 4 ' - # # - + & � � 4 & 4 1 ! % - � % I $ ! 4 6� � 8 @ BCONCHIFERA

* = : + F 9 � � : = � 9 � � � � ,2 # ) ! 1 � � � � & � & " ! � � & 4 I $ � ( & � & + - � 3 ! � ! 0 " ! - � # % � ! � � ! � � ' ! 4 6� � � = � 8 � ? 7 � 7 � � � 7 � � 7 � � � � 9 �� � D � * � 8 � � � � F 9 � � F � ,' I $ � ( & � 4 ! % & 4 ! - � � � � � 4 " - � � � � ! " & 4 4 L % � � # + 0 % & - � � ' # 5� & % & � & $ % & 1 I 4 ( & - � & ( � � 4 6 9 8 � Sachitida � � � � � � � * � � � � : � � : � , � = = � 2 � � � � = E � 2 ! - � # % � ! * � / � $ ' # $ % # J ' # � & % & 4 I $ � ( & " � & $ ' !

operculum� �# % # � � ! � I � � " I $ % ! ' � & " & - & % + L 3 # � � � 1 � I " & - + - � ! 3 � ' # � & % � � �$ � � � L ' * 4 # J ! % # " ! - % � ! � � ! / 6 9 8

Tryblidiida� � = F � � � � � D C � � = �= � � � 9 � : � 2 8 9 : �

� $ ' # $ % # J ' # � & % & 4 I $ � ( & # ' - � � & ) � � & � & � ! � & � # � " � & $ ' & 4 I $ � ( &! 4 3 - # � & ( � & 6� � � = � 8 � < � � � 7 � 7 � � � � � � � � � � � �* � � � F � � � � : ,� ! 1 � # � � L % � # � & 4 I $ � ( & � 3 - � ! + & 4 - # � - & $ % & ) � � � 4 $ L " # 3 # ' & � �� 4 � ! ) ( I 3 3 & - 1 � ! ) � � ( � 1 - � � � � � # $ � # � L � & � & 6� � 8 � � � = � 8 � 7 < � 7 7 � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � C �� # � � � ! " # � ! - � � � � ! 4 I $ � ( $ % � ' & ) � � ! $ L � & $ % - # � ! 3 - � I $ � � ! ) - # � + � & � ! * " - � ! � - ! $ # - " � ) L / � 4 & - L � � - # $ % I � & $ % - # � ! + - � 3 ! % # 5� ! ) 6 9 8Ribeiriida

� � E � @ � � : � � � D � � 8 � E � �2 � 9 � : � 9 8Conocardiida � � � = � @ � � � � � � � � �= � 8 � � 2 � � � 8 � � � B

� � 8 � � � = � 8 � < � � � 7 � 7 � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � 8 � � 2 8 9 : �2 # $ % ( & - � & ( � & 4 I $ � ( & � � ( � 1 - � � � � & 0 � # % � # - & 4 � & ' # � � & � � 6� � � = � 8 � � � ) � � ) � � � : � � � � � C D � * = � ; � � ,' I $ � ( & � 1 � I 3 # � � � � � � $ ' # - I " ! ' ) I J � & $ % & 1 I 4 ( & - � & ( � � 4 6� � 8 � � � = � 8 � � 7 � 7 � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � �2 ! - � & $ % ! $ ' - � ! ( & 6 9 8Nuculida

� � � @ � � � � � � � � � : � 2 8 9 : �2 ! - � # � ! * ( I 3 " # - � ! ( & � # � ! / 4 I $ � ( ! � ( � � � � 4 � � 3 ' & 4 � & � & $ I 0' - . % ' & � # + & � " # 1 ! $ � � � 6

� � 8 � � � = � 8 � � � � 7 � 7 � � � � � � = � @ � �� � � �� ! � ' # % � ! � � ! 4 I $ � ( ! � - ! + I � � 3 ! � � & � & $ I 0 $ � 4 3 # % � � � � !3 & ' % ! - ! I % ( ! � & ) � � ! $ & - ' # � # 1 . - � $ ' - � ! ( & � � 6 9 8Solemyida

� � � @ � � � � � � � � � : � � � � � �� � 8 � � 2 8 9 : �' I $ � ( ! - # � $ � ! - � # � ! � " - � ! 1 � ! 0 1 � I + & � # + & 0 " # � # 4 # I $ % & � # � !� � 5 ' $ � % & � % � � � � ' & � & � & � � � 9 8

Praecardiida � � � � � � � � � � D � � � � 8 � �2 = � � @ F � � - # " ( # � & % ! � � & - � $ ! 4 I $ � ( ! � ' # � � ! � % - � � � � � 4 , & � 1 & 4 0 � L � & 51 � # " - � � % � ! - 1 � # � ! 1 # " - � � 4 & % � � � � ! ) � & - $ % � � 4 I $ � ( � 6� � 8 � � � = � 8 � � � 7 ? � � 7 � � < ? � � � � � � � �� � � �K � L 3 # ' # - � ) � � # $ & 1 � ! 0 � � ( � 1 - � � � � ! � ! � ' # % � ! � � ! 4 I $ � ( ! 3 ! �� L 3 . � � & � & $ # � � � � 6 9 8Pholadomyida � � � � � � � � � � D � � � � : �2 8 9 : �� � 8 � � � = � 8 � � � � < 7 ? � � � � � � � = � @ � �� � � �� � � ' ( ! # $ & 1 � ! 0 " - � � % � ! - 1 � & ) � � ! $ L 3 $ # - ! 4 1 # " # 1 � # J & 6 9 8Mytilida

� # : � � � � � � � � � D � � � � 8 � �2 8 9 : �� $ & 1 � ! 0 $ � 4 ! % - � � � � ! 4 I $ � ( ! 0 � & � ' & ) � � � " - � ! 1 � � � ! - & � �4 I $ � ( 6 9 8Arcoida < � � : F 9 � � � � � C � � � � � : � 28 9 : �� � # J # � ! * 1 I " ( � � � I ( & - � ! / � L � & 1 � # � $ � 4 ! % - � � � � ! " # - � ! ( & � # � !4 I $ � ( ! � ( � � � � 4 � L 3 & 4 � & � & $ I " - � � % � ! - 1 � & � ! 3 $ # - ! 4 6 9 8Pteriida

� � � @ � � � � C � � = � 8 � � 2 8 9 : � 9 8Pectinida

� # : � � � � � � � � � D > � : = : 8 � � # : � � � � � � � � � D GH � # 3 # 1 � ! " � � � & ) � � ! 0 # � � � � & 3 - � ! + I " � & $ � � � & 6 9 8Ostreida - � � � � � F � � � � � > � � � � � � 28 9 : � G� $ & 1 � ! 0 & $ � 4 ! % - � � � � ! * ( I 3 � % . - � ! $ � 4 ! % - � � � � ! / 4 I $ � ( ! � # 1% - & $ I � ! 4 ! � % I ) � � ! $ L ( ! � � $ ' # - I " � 6

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2

2

� � 8 � � � = � 8 � � � � � 7 � 7 � � � � � � = � @ � �� � � �' I $ � ( ! � � ! ( � � � � 4 4 # � � � 4 � L 3 & 4 � & � & $ # � � 4 6 9 8Trigoniida

� � = � � F � � � � � � � � � � : � � �� � � � : � � 2 8 9 : �2 ! - � # � ! 4 I $ � ( ! � J ! 3 - # � & � � 4 4 & $ � � � � 4 � L 3 & 4 � & � & $ I 0$ � ! - # ' ! $ ' - � ! ( & 0 ' - . % ' & � # + & � " # 1 ! $ � � � 6 9 8Unionida < � � : F 9 � � � � � C � � � � @ � 28 9 : �H � # 1 ' # � # 1 � ! 0 " ! - � # � ! 4 I $ � ( ! 0 ' ( � # � & % & � # + & 6 9 8Lucinida - � � = : � � � � � � � � � � � � : � �� � � � � � 2 8 9 : �2 � & $ ' ! 4 I $ � ( ! 3 ! � 4 & $ � " ! - � # � ! ) � " - # $ % � 4 � L 3 & 4 � & � & $ � 0J � ) � � � 5 ' $ � % & � % � � � � � # - & � � 0 � ( # % � � ( # % " # " - � ! � � � � � �' - & � � & � � 4 I $ � ( � $ � 4 3 # % � � � � ! 3 & ' % ! - ! I % ( ! � & ) � � ! $ & - ' # � # 1 . -� $ ' - � ! ( & � � 6 9 8Venerida � 8 � = � � 8 � = � � � D � � @ � � 2 8 9 : �2 L ' & % ! 4 I $ � ( ! 3 ! � 4 & $ � " ! - � # � ! ) � 4 & $ � � � � 4 � L 3 & 4 0 " � � % ' #- � ) � � # $ & 1 � ! 6 9 8Rudistae

� � = � � F � � � � � � � � � � � � � 2� @ � � � � � # � � 8 2 B � � � � F � �� ! - I � � ( � ! ( I 3 � ! 4 ! � % I ) � � ! $ L 1 # " # 1 � # J & 4 & $ � � � ! 4 I $ � ( ! �% � ( � � 4 � � ! - & � � ! 4 � & " . � � ! 6 9 8Myida < � � : F 9 � � � � � C � � � � � � � 28 9 : �K � L 3 # ' # - � ) � � # $ & 1 � ! 0 1 � I + $ � , # � 0 � - # % � L % � � 1 � I 6 9 8Pholadida � 8 � = � � 8 � = � � � D � � � # � � 8 2 8 9 : �. ! - � � � " # 1 � # J I 0 � � 1 � ! ( & ) � � & " ! � � ! # $ � # � ' � # ' . � # 1 � ! - 5% . � 0 4 I $ � ( & 4 � ! ) ( I 3 3 & - 1 � ! ) � - ! 1 I ' # � & � & 6� � � = � 8 � � � 7 � � � � � ? � � � � � � � � � * � @ � �� : @ ,. � $ # ' & $ % # J ' # � & % & 4 I $ � ( & * - . � � ! J ( & - � & ( � & / � � & " � & � !� ! � � ' # 0 � # + & � - ! 1 I ' # � & � & 6 9 8Orthothecida

? � � � � � � � � � � = = � 2 � @ � � . ' ( L $ � & " # � ! - � � � � & 4 I $ � ( $ ' ! - # � & � & ' I " # 1 � # J I 0 " - # $ % !I ) % � ! 0 4 ! & � 1 - I ) � � ! ) ! ( % # 6 9 8

Hyolithida < @ � � � � � � D C � = = � 2 � � � 8 � � � B � ) % � ! 4 I $ � ( � ) L � � ' ! 4 0 � & " ! � � ! - & 4 # � & # � ! � � & � ! ) , I � ' � ) *

helenia/ 6 � � � = � 8 � � � < � 7 � 7 � � � � : � � � � C � �* � � : = � � : ,. � $ # ' & 0 $ " - & ( � ! � � � L % & 4 I $ � ( & � & $ % & 1 I 4 ( & - � & ( � � 4 * " ! - � # % � ! / 1 # - # $ � � � � 6

� � 8 � � � = � 8 � � � 7 ? � � � � � � @ � � � � D� & � � # � & � & " ! - � # % � & $ � 4 ! % - & � & � & 6 9 8Bellerophontida

3 � � : F � � < F � # : � � 8 �� � � C � � = = � � � � � � = E � 2 F @ @ � 2 � & $ ' # $ " - & ( � ! � � � L % ! 4 I $ � ( ! 6 9 8Jinonicellida

� � � � � � � � � � C � � � � � : �2 � � 8 � � � ' I $ � ( & � & $ % & 1 & � � " # $ % ( & - � & ( � � � � - # � " - # $ % # � & � & 0 # % � & - % & �# 3 I ' # � � . � 6

� � 8 � � � = � 8 � � 7 < 7 � � � � � � ? : � � �� 8 � � � 8 � � � � � * B � 9 � 8 � � � 9 � � � � , ( � � � � !5 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � -2 # $ % ( & - � & ( � ! $ % & 1 & � & $ � 4 ! % - � � � � � % - # � � # 1 & ( � � 4 I $ � ( � # 3 - . 5� # � � ' I % � � # � * % # - $ ) & , � ) # ( # + � � � & / 6 9 8Pelagiellida

? F � : � � � � � � � � D � = �= � 2 � � � � = E �� I J ! " L � � ' $ � � � ! � � ! ' " # 3 # ' & � � + � # � � 6 9 8Pleurotomariida � A � � � : � � �� � � � > ) � : � � � � B � 8 � < � � � : � : � � � � � � � �� � � � G B � � = E � 2 8 9 : �2 ! - � # � ! 4 I $ � ( ! � � � � L � ! 4 I ) % � & 4 ! $ � � � � � � 4 # 1 3 � % 6

9 8Mimospirida � 9 : � � � � � � > � @ B � � � � � B � : � � � : � � � @ � � : � � � � � � � G B � � = E �2 � @ � � 2 ! - � # % � ! ( ! � # $ ' - L % � ! 6 9 8Macluritida � A � � � : � � � � � � � � � � � : � 2 8 9 : � 9 8Patellida � � � � � � � : � � � � � C �> � � F � � � � � � � � F � � � � � � � � G � � 8 @ � 2 8 9 : �� - ! 1 I ' # � & � ! $ ' - � ! ( & 0 � & � ' % # - $ ) 6 9 8Trochida � A � � � : � � � � � � � � � � � �� : � 2 8 9 : �2 ! - � # � ! 4 I $ � ( ! 6 9 8Neritopsida � A � � � : � � � � � � � � : # � � 2 8 9 : �' I $ � ( ! 3 ! � 4 & $ � " ! - � # � ! ) 0

operculum� � � - # $ % ' ! 4 � & " � ! ) � � !# 1 $ % - # � � � # + 0 � & $ � # � � � L % ! � & " � ! ) � � ! 4 I $ � ( ! ( & - � & ( � ! 6

9 8Loxonematida

� � � � 8 � � 2 � � � � @ �. � $ # ' ! 4 I $ � ( ! � $ � I $ # 1 & ( � � 4 I ) % � ! 4 6 9 8Heterostropha - : F � � � � � � � D > � � � � �� � � � B � 8 � � � 9 B � � � � � � � � � D G # � = � � 28 9 : �' I $ � ( & ( & - � & ( � & # � � � 4 ' ! - I � ' I � � � L � & 0 � J 1 # - # $ � & * � ! % ! 5- # $ % - # , � � � & / 6

9 8Cerithiida

� � 9 B � � � � � � � � D > � � : � � : � = � � B � � G � � � � @ � � = � � @ F � 2 8 9 : �! # % ( � # J ! - � ! 0 � � $ # ' ! + I � ' # � & � ! 4 I $ � ( ! 6 9 8Littorinida

� � � 8 � � � � : � 8 E � � � � � � C> � : � � : � : = � � B � � G 9 8Ptenoglossa

> � � : B � � � � : 8 � � � & � � � : �� � : 8 � � � � � � : = � : 8 � � G � � � � 2 8 9 : �� - & " ! J � ! 0 1 � I + - � ) ! ' � � & - & ' % ! - � $ % � � � � & - & 1 I ( & � ( � � � � � �� � 3 ' . � 6 9 8Calyptraeida

= � � @ F � 2 8 9 : �� $ & 1 � ! , ( % - & % # - � # � � & " ! � � ' # � & % ! ) 4 I $ � ( 6 9 8Turritellida

> � � � � � � : � � � � �� � 9 B � � � � � � � � � � G � � � � 8 � � � B � � � E 2 8 9 : �" ( % - I ) � � ! " - � � " # 4 # � � % ( I � # � � � � $ ! � 0 1 � I + ! 4 I $ � ( ! " & $ � � � !( ! J � � ! � & 1 � ! ( I 3 � ! 4 ! � % I ) � � ! $ L 1 # " # 1 � # J & 6 9 8Naticida

> < : = � � � : � � � � � 8 � � � � � �partim

G � � � � @ � � = � � @ F � 2 8 9 : �� - & " ! J � ! 0 � ! - � � # % � # - � � 4 I $ � ( & � � 6 9 8Strombida

> � � � � � � F � � G � � @ � 28 9 : �

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3

3

' I $ � ( & � - # � $ � ! - � # � � 4 0 " & ( � � & $ % � 4 � � � ' ( ! I ) % � ! 4 6 9 8Cypraeida

@ � � 2 8 9 : �' I $ � ( & # # 3 ! ) 4 I ) � � � � � $ L � � # ) & � � � ! $ � � � ! ( � # � & % � 4 I ) % � ! 4 0� & � ' # � � ! # $ � # � L % & " � & $ � � � ! 4 6 9 8Heteropoda

� � � � 2 8 9 : �2 ( & � ' % # � # � ! 0 " � � � & ) � " - � � " # 4 # � � $ ' - � � 1 ( & $ % ! + # � � - # $ % ' &� # + 6 9 8

Stenoglossa� � � � : � � � � � � C > � � � � � � � � B � 8 � G � � � � � � � � � � E 2 8 9 : �K - I � � # � � % ( � # � ! " - � ! 1 " ! - % � ! � ! 4 � ! - � # � � 4 0 + & - 1 � ! ( � � & 5$ % & � ' � 0 1 - & " ! J � ! 6� � 8 � 9 8

Nematoglossa> � � F � � � � � : � : 8 � � G � � E 2 8 9 : �� - ! 1 I ' # � & � ! 3 # � � � ! � L 3 � - & 1 I ( 0 " # � L ' $ � # � � % - # 1 ' # � � 6� � 8 � 9 8

Toxoglossa � � � F � � � � � � � � > � �� � : 8 � � G = � � @ F � 2 8 9 : �� & 1 # � % ! 0 3 # � � � ! � L 3 � - & 1 I ( � � � L % ! � " - � ! � # 1 � ) & 1 # � ! 6� � 8 � 9 8Rachiglossa

> ? � � : F � : 8 � � G � � E 28 9 : �! & 1 I ( & � " - � ! 1 � ! - � ) ' & 6� � 8 � � � = � 8 � 7 � � < � � 7 � � � � � � ? : � � �� 8 � � � 8 � � � � � * @ ; � � � 9 � � � � , 9 8Cephalaspidea - : F � � � � � � � � � � � � 2 8 9 : �. & " ! � � & 4 I $ � ( & � � L % � # � # % � ( ' # # $ � # � L % & " - � ! � 4 L ' ' !% ' & � ' 0 � � ! % ! - # $ % - # , � � � � " - # % # ' # � � � � 6 9 8Pteropoda � � : � � � � � � � � � F � � 28 9 : �2 ( & � ' % # � # � ! 0 " � � � & ) � " - � � " # 4 # � � " & - � $ ' - � � 1 ( & $ % � � � � � - # $ % 5' . � � # + 6 9 8Sacoglossa � � � � � � � : � � � � � C � = : � F � � 2 8 9 : �� - ! 1 I ' # � & � & - & 1 I ( & � " - � ! 1 � 4 ' # � � ! 4 I ' - � % � 4 � � # - ! � � ' I 6 9 8Aplysiida

> � � � B : 8 � F � � G = : � F � � 28 9 : �� ! � ' # % � ! � � & 4 I $ � ( & # $ � # � L % & , & � 1 & 4 � # + 6 9 8Gymnosomata

� � � : � � : � � � � � � � � 9 8Nudibranchia � � : � � � � � � C 9 8Soleolifera 9 8Systellommatophora

> � : � � = � � �� � � � � � = � � � � : � � � � B � � � � � � @ = � � B � : � � G� � 8 � � � = � 8 � � 3 � ? 7 � � � � � � : � � � � � � C* B ; � F � 8 @ 9 � � , 9 8Archaeaopulmonata

? � � � � � � � D D � � # � � 2 8 9 : � * � � � � E : � ,� - & ' � � � ! 0 - � & 1 � ! ) ( � 1 # � ! � � L 3 � � & � ! � � L % - � � ! ) � & - 1 � ! 4 I $ � ( 0- ! $ # - 3 # � & � ! � � L % - � ! 0 � ! ' % . - ! � & � � # � & � � � ! % ! - # $ % - # , � � � &" - # % # ' # � � � L $ ' - � � J # � & � ! " � ! � ! - � # � ! 6 9 8Basommatophora

� � # � � � : � � � � � �> � @ � � � B � : � � G � : = � � @ 8 2 8 9 : �� � � � I � & $ & 1 � % - . ) ' � % � � � � � � I � ' . � � � # 1 � ! 6 9 8Stylommatophora < F � = : 8 � � � D � � # � � � � = � � @ F � 2 8 9 : �� � � � � & � ! - � � � # � ' & � � � � ( � 1 - � � � � � � � � � I � ' . � � ( � 1 # � ! 6� � � = � 8 � � � � � � 7 � 7 � � � � : � � � � C � D* � ; � � � � � � : ,

H � , # � * $ � � I - 4 L ' ' ! ) % ' & � ' " - � ! � ' & ) � � � " - � ! + - # 1 � � � ! - � 5� � # � ' I 4 I $ � ( # , I � ' � ) � & - � � 1 � � � 1 - # $ % & % � � � � ! + # / 6� � 8 � � � = � 8 � � � 3 � � � 7 � � � � 7 � � � � � � � �* ; � 8 9 : � : ,� ! � � L % - � � & 4 I $ � ( & 6 9 8 Endoceratida � � : F � � � � � � � � B � � = E � 2 � 9 � : �K - I 3 � 4 & - + � & ( � � $ � , # � # � � ( � 1 - � � � � � � � 0 + - I 3 � � � % � & � ' & � � 04 I $ � ( & $ � & 3 # � & + L % & ' I ( ! ) ' # � * ! � 1 # + & $ % - � � � � & / 3 � 1 ( " - # $ % & 6� � 8 � 9 8

Ellesmeroceratina - � � � � � � � � D �� - . % ' ! ' # � � ! - � � ' $ � , # � & ( � ! 6� � 8 � 9 8Endoceratina � � : F � � � � � � � � * � � �8 � F � � � @ ,� # � � ! - � � ' $ � , # � & ( � ! 1 � I J $ � ! # 1 ' # 4 . - " # � ! % - � � � � � , - & + 4 # 5' # � I 6 9 8

Tarphyceratida - � � � � � � � � D � � � �= � 8 � � 2 � � � � � �. � $ ' 4 & - + � & ( � � $ � , # � # � � ( � 1 - � � � � � � � + - I 3 � � � % � & � ' & � � 01 � I + & 4 I $ � ( & � � � L % & � $ " - & ( L � ' ! - I � ' I + � # � � * ! + � # + & 5$ % - � � � � ! / 6 9 8Discosorida - � � � � � � � � D � � � � � 8 � � 2# � = � �' & - + � & ( � � $ � , # � # - # � 1 L % � � � $ ! + 4 ! � % & � � 0 ' - . % ' & 4 I $ � ( &" ! - � # % � ! � & + L % & ' I ( ! ) ' # � * ! � 1 # + & $ % - � � � � ! / 6 9 8Oncoceratida - � � � � � � � � D � � � � � : � 2� : 9 � � ' & - + � & ( � � $ � , # � # - # � 1 L % � � � $ ! + 4 ! � % & � � 0 ' - . % ' & 4 I $ � ( &" ! - � # % � ! � & + L % & ' I + � # � ! * ! + � # + & $ % - � � � � ! / 6 9 8Orthoceratida

� � � � � � � � � � � � � : � 2� B H � , # � $ I 3 � ! � % - & ( � � 0 1 � I + & 0 � � � ' ( ! " - # $ % & 4 I $ � ( & 6� � 8 � 9 8

Orthoceratina� � � � � � � � � * � � � �F � � � @ ,� � 8 � 9 8

Lituitina � 9 : � � � � � �2 - � � J � � # � # � ! % - � & � ! - I - ' $ � , # � I 6 9 8Nautilida � � � : 9 � � � � C � � � � 8 � � 28 9 : �� � 8 � � � = � 8 � � ? ? 7 � 7 � � � � � : � � � � � � �* � = � � : @ ,' & - + � & ( � � � � $ ' $ � , # � # � ! � ' � � % � & � ' & � � 0 � ! � � L % - � � &4 I $ � ( & 6 9 8Goniatitida

� @ � � � � � �

* � � � : � @ @ , � = 2 � � � � : � ' I $ � ( & ! 4 3 - # � & ( � & " ! - � # % � ! ' I ( $ % & 0 4 I $ � ( & ( & - � & ( � & " - # $ % &( I 3 � & + L % & 0 $ % # " � # � # � # - & � % � % ( ! ) � � � L % ! 6 9 8

Clymeniida� @ � � � � � � # � = � �* � � @ = � � : � ,

H � , # � " - � ! $ I � L % � � & + � # � # � � $ % - # � L 4 I $ � ( 6 9 8Ceratitida

� @ � � � � � � * F � � � @ @ , � � � � � � 8 2 � � @ �! I - ' & $ � , # � I � � ' & ) � � & � � & � # � # - & % - � ! � # � ! + # * ) & ' � � & $ % L 5" I ) � � � � � 1 & ( ! ) - � L 1 & � � / 6 9 8Phylloceratida � � � � � � � � � D � F @ @ �2 = � � @ F � � & # $ % - � # � ! ' # � � ! � & % # ' ( � " - � ! + - # 1 # � ! ) � # � ! & � � � � ! 6 9 8Lytoceratida

� @ � � � � � � � � � � � 2= � � @ F �

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4

� # ( $ % � " - � ! ' - # ) � � # ) I 4 I $ � ( 0 1 � 4 # - , � 4 " � � # � � � � # � ! 5& � � � � ! 6 9 8Ammonitida

� @ � � � � � � � � � � � 2= � � @ F � �. � - & ( � � 1 � 4 # - , � 4 " � � # � � 0 � � � ' ( ! & " % � � � � 6� � 8 � � � = � 8 � 7 � � 7 � � � � � � � � � � � � � �. ! � � L % - � � & 4 I $ � ( & 6 9 8Aulacoceratida < � � � � @ � � � � � � � �= � � 2 � � # � � 8� - & + # � % # � ! - # $ % - I 4 0 $ % # J ' # � & % & ' # 4 # - & 4 ! $ � ' & ( � & � " - & � !" # " - � ! � � � � ' - & � L 1 � � I ) % � & 6 9 8Phragmoteuthida

& � � � 9 � @ � � � � � � � � 8 � � � B 2 � � � � � # 4 # - & 4 ! $ � ' & ( � & 4 I $ � ( � � � � L � ! 4 � & $ % - # � ! 3 - � I $ � � ! ) 03 ! � - # $ % - I 4 6

9 8Belemnitida

� : � � � � � � D * E � � � = � : @ , � � � � � 2 = � � @ F � � & ( � � % # � ! - # $ % - I 4 0 � ' # 4 # - � 4 ! $ � ' & ( � ! ) 4 I $ � ( " # � # $ % & � &) ! 1 � � ! � � $ ' & + - � 3 ! % # � & 3 ( & $ � ' & 6 9 8

Sepiida� : � � � � � � D * � B : � � = � @ , � # � � 2 8 9 : �� ! 4 & ) � " ! - � # � ! ) � & - $ % � � � 4 I $ � ( � 3 I 1 # � & � ! ) � " - � � 4 & % � � � 5� ! + # & - & + # � % I 6

9 8Teuthida � � � # � � � � � * � � � = � � @ , � � �� @ � 2 8 9 : �� & � ' # � � ! � - ! 1 I ' # � & � � , - & + 4 # ' # � 0 % � & � ' & ' # 4 # - � 4 ! $ � ' & ( 5� ! ) � & 4 ! � # � & � + - � 3 ! % # � � 3 ( & $ � ' L *

gladius/ 6 9 8

Octopoda� � � F � � � � � � * � � = : � � � : F � , � � � � � � � � � � � � 2 8 9 : �! I 1 � 4 ! � % � $ � ! - # ' # $ % # J ' # � & % ! ) % � & � ' , - & + 4 # ' # � I 0 � & � ' � !� � I � ' * " # � # $ % & � # # $ ! 4 - & 4 # � / 6� @ B

ANNELIDA� � = � � F � � � � � � * B : � � � F : � � : F � ,H ! + 4 ! � % & � ) & � & � & 0 " ! - � # % � ! 1 � I + & � L � $ % ! # 1 � . J & � 1 � I + 4 $ � � � ! � � ' & 4 # $ " ! � � , � � � ! ) $ % - I ' % I - � ! 0 ' I % ' I ( & � � 4 # � � # � & � � . ' � & 4 ' # ( & + ! � I 6� � � = � 8 � � 7 � � � � � � � � � � E � � � � D �* � : � � � 9 F 9 � @ ,� � � � ! $ � � � ! � � ' � & # 1 � . J & � � 6� 9 8 � Myoscolecida”

� � � = E �� # � � � ! $ " � & $ � � � # � ! � & � # 3 ! � " & - & " # 1 . � 0 " # ) ! 1 � � � � ! $ � � � ! 5� � ' 6 9 8Canadiida

E � � = � 2 � � � � = E �� ! � & � � I ( 0 " & - & � � I � ' . � 0 " & - & " # 1 & � " L � � ' & 4 $ � � � ! � � ! ' 6 � � 8 � � � = � 8 � � � � � � � � � � � � # � � � �� � � � > � F : F � � � � � � � � - � � F � � � 8 � � � � C GH � � � ! � � ' � ! � � � % - � " & - & " # 1 . � *

aciculae/ 0 % - � � � � I � ' 6 9 8

Turrilepadida� : � E � @ � � � � �> ? � F � � � � : 8 : � � : � � � � � � � � G � � = � 8 � � 2� : 9 � �� � & $ � ! - ! + � & " � ! ) � � � � � � � " I $ % ! ' � & + - � 3 ! � ! 6 9 8

Eunicida < � � : � � @ � � � � � > � = B � : � � �= : : 8 � � � � � � � � � � G B � � = E � � � � � � � : � � 28 9 : �� � # J # � � & " & - & % $ � � � L ' # � � * $ ' # ( ! ' # 1 # � % � / 6 9 8Phyllodocida � � � � � � � � � > � � @ F � � : 8 �� � : E � � � � � � � � G � : 9 � � 2 8 9 : �� � 8 � � � = � 8 � < 7 � � � � � � � � � � = � � � � �� ! � " & - & " # 1 . � & � � � # 1 - L 3 � # � ! ) + � # � � 6 9 8Arenicolida � � 8 � � : � � ? : � � �� 8 � � � 8 � � � � �� � 8 � � � = � 8 � < � � � � � � � � � � � � � # � � � �� � � �2 & ( " � 3 - I � 1 & 4 0

capitium0 # $ & 1 � ! 0 J � ) � � � # - ' & � � ( I 3 - I - ' & � � 6 9 8

Spionida � � � � � � � � � @ � � 2 8 9 : �� $ % ' # � & % ! " � & % � " & - & " # 1 . � 0 ( & - � & � 4 ! % & � ! , - 1 I 4 0 $ � & 3 ( & $ % !$ � � � ! � � ' 6 9 8Terebellida

� � � : � � � � � � � �� � I � ' � � � " I $ % ! ' + . - � ! ) � & - + 0 - I - ' � � 1 � ! ( & � ! " - � ! � - # 1 � & )" � & $ � � � & * % & ' J ! � � & $ % L " � � � � - � L 1 & � � / 6 9 8Sabellida

� � � : � � � � � � � �� # - # � & $ ' - � ! ( # � & � & " & ( " 0 # 1 � - . � # � & " # � � � ) & $ � � � ! � � ! ' � &# 1 � � # ' I

9 8Pogonophora

& � � � � � � � � � � C> ) � : = � � : # � � � � � � 8 � � � � � � � � � � � � � C C G � � : � � F � � 2 8 9 : �2 # � 3 & � # � ! ) ! ( % & 0 � � � � & � & ) � $ I 3 $ % & � � ) L # - + & � � � � � � � I � ' & 4 ( I 3 4 & ) � � � ! 4 # & I % # % - # , � � � ! $ � 4 3 # % � � � � ! 3 & ' % ! - ! 6� � � = � 8 � ECHIURA < � 8 � � : F � � � � � �* � F � : � � � : 8 @ , � � # � � 2 8 9 : �� ! � � � + & � � � � J ' # � & % � - � ) ! ' � & 1 # % � # - ! 4 + L 3 # � � 4 0 3 ! � $ ! + 54 ! � % & � ) � & � & 0 � � � ' ( ! " & - & 3 - � I $ � � � � � $ � � � ! � � ! ' 0 � ! ( # 4 & #, I � ' � ) & � � � � 1 - & I ( � � � � � � 6 9 8Echiurida

� � F � � � � � �� & 4 ' � L % � I ' � & 1 ' - � # � # % � � 9 8Xenopneusta - : � � � � � � � �! � � 1 $ � � � ! � � ! ' & � & ( � � � � 0 # % � & - % � $ � $ % ! 4 ' - � # � # % � � 0 % � ( � &� � L % � ) ! ( % & " ! � � , I � ' � ) ! # 1 1 ! � � # � ! 6 9 8Heteromyota - : � � � � � � � �� & - 1 � # 1 � I + - � ) ! ' 0 ( � � � ! � ! " & - � � $ % ! � ! , - 1 & 6� � � = � 8 � 7 � � � 7 � � � � � � � � E � � � � D �* � B � 9 F 9 � @ ,� 1 � . J & � - ! 1 I ' # � & � ! 1 # + - I " ' - . % ' � � $ � � � ! � � ! ' 0 � ! - 4 & , - # 1 � 5% � � � � ! 0 ' # ' # � � ) & ) # � ! � � % � & - � & � ! " - � ! � $ # 1 ! � ' # * % & ' J ! � � & 5$ % L " � ! ) + - # 4 & 1 � ! / 6 9 8Lumbriculida

> � � � � B � � � G� � % ! - � " & - � $ � � � ! � � ! ' � & $ ! + 4 ! � % 6 9 8Haplotaxida

> � ? � � : � : � � � : � � G> � � � : � � � F � ? : F � � � � � � � � � � � G� � � = � 8 � � � 3 � � � � � � � = � � F � � � � � �* B : � � � : , � @ � � 2 8 9 : �H % & 3 ( � & ( � � 3 & $ ! + 4 ! � % . � � " ! - % � ! � # � & � � ' I % ' I ( � 0 " - � � 5$ $ & � ' 0 ' # ' # � � 6 9 8Acanthobdellida� � $ ! + 4 ! � % . � 0 " - � � $ $ & � ' & � & ' # � � I � & � & 0 $ � � � � % ' # � ! $ � � � ! 5� � ' � " - � ! 1 � ! � & � & 6 9 8Rhynchobdellae

� � � � F � � � 8 � � � � C� � $ ! + 4 ! � % � * ) & ' I " # � # $ % & � � � � / 0 � � $ I � & � � - � ) ! ' 6 9 8Pharyngobdellae

& � � � � � � � � � � �� - & " ! J � ! 0 $ " - & ( � ! � � + L % & � ! � � $ I � & � & + & - 1 � ! ( 1 # $ % # $ # � & � &1 # 1 I J � � � # , & - � � ! 4 & I ' � & 1 I ' - � # � # % � ! + # * ) & ' � & $ % L " � ! / 6 9 8Gnathobdellae

) � : � � � � � � � � �

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2

2

� % � . - + L 3 # � � � % - � ! 4 & # $ % - � 4 - # � � � L % � 4 $ � � � L ' & 4 0 � � 5 1 � ! ( & ) � � - I 1 � � L 6� @ BSIPUNCULA < � 8 � � : F � � � � �� 5 ' $ � % & � % � ! ) ! ( % # I � � # 1 � � � ! # 1 3 � % ! 4 I " # 1 $ % & � � ' I - � � ( � ! ) " - � ! 1 � ! ) � � L % � � & � & 0 � # ' . � + L 3 # � � & " & - & % � � I � ' . � 6� � � = � 8 � < � � 3 � 3 � � � � � 8 � � � � : � � : � � � � � � � C 9 8Sipunculida � � � � � � : � � � � � � � E � � = � 2 8 9 : �� @ B

TENTACULATA* F 9 � ; � � � F � ,2 - � � + L 3 # � � & " & - & % � � I � ' # � � * ( # , # , # - / 0 � 5 ' $ � % & � % � ! ) ! ( % # 6� � � = � 8 � � � � � � 3 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �* � � � � � � : @ ,! # � � . ) ! 4 3 - # � & ( � � ) & ' 4 $ � � � # � � * " ! - � # % � ! � � ! 4 ! � % & � ) � 1 #" # 1 � # J & / & ( ! " # ) ! 1 � � � � ! 6 9 8

Cornulitida� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � : � 2� � � # � � = B� I J ! $ % # J ' # � & % ! - I - ' 6 9 8

Microconchida � � � 8 � � � � � � � � � � � � � 2 E � � �' & ( ! � ' ! 0 % - # � � # 1 & ( � ! � � � L % ! - I - ' 6 9 8Tentaculitida

� � � � � � � � � � D D � � �� � 8 � � 2 # � � �H � # 3 # 1 � ! $ " # � � � � & ) � � ! � & 1 � ! 6 9 8Nowakiida

� � � � � � � � � � � � � 8 @ � 2# � = � �2 ( & � ' % # � # � ! 6 � � � = � 8 � � � 7 � 7 � � � � � � E � � � � � � �* = 9 @ � : � ; @ ,� # ( # � ) � ! 0 � � ( � 1 - � � � � � " � & $ � � � � � 1 � ! ( & - I - ' # � & % � $ � ' ! ( ! % 0� � � + & � & # " & % - � # � & ( # , # , # - ! 4 � � L % � � & � & 6� � 8 � � � = � 8 � � � � � � � 7 � � � ? � � �� � � = � � � � � D � � � � 8 � � � B 2 8 9 : �2 # 1 ' # � & $ % � ( # , # , # - 0 � � - # $ % ! ' � & 1 # % � # - ! 4 + L 3 # � � 4 * ! " 5$ % # 4 / 0 1 � % $ � # 1 ' # � # 1 � ! 6 9 8 � Hederellida

� � � � � � � � � � � � 8 � � �2 � � # � � � ! " # - # � & % ! � � ( � 1 - � � � � ! � & " ! � � ! - I - ' * � # # 5! � & / � % ! � 1 ! � � ) & 1 # $ " ! � ) & ( � & � ) " ! - 4 & � ! � % � ! " � � � ' I ) & � � � �� # # 1 . � * $ % # ( # � # # 1 . � / � 4 # - $ ' !� � 8 � � � = � 8 � � � ? � 7 � � � ? � � � � � � = � � �� � D �� � I � ' ( # , # , # - I % � # - � � " ! - % � ! � � # ' . � # % � # - I + L 3 # � ! + # 6 9 8Cyclostomata

� � � � � � D � � � � � : � 28 9 : �. & " ! � � ! % � & � ' - I - ! ' " - � ! 3 % ! " - � ! � � � " I $ % ' % ' & � ! ' 4 L ' 5' � � * " $ ! I 1 # " # - � / 6 9 8Trepostomata

3 � � : F � � � � � � � � = � �8 � � 2 � � � @ �� ! " # - # � & % ! % � & � ' � � 1 � I J # � � � � � & " ! � � � � � - I - ! ' * � # # 5! � . � / 0 � $ " . ( � & ) & 4 & � & � & ' # ( # � ' # � % & ' % I ) ! $ L � & ) ! ) " # 5� ! - � � � � 6 9 8Cryptostomata

) : � � � � � � � � � � � : � 2 F @ @ � � 6 � 6 & ( ! ' - . % ' ! � # # ! � & 0 $ � ' ! ( ! % ' # ( # � I � ! $ # � � # � � $ # ' 4$ % # " � I � % ! + - & � ) 6 9 8Ctenostomata

� � � � � � D � � � � � 8 � �2 8 9 : �H � ! - # ' ! & $ � 4 ! % - � � � � ! I 4 ! $ � � � # � ! " # ( ! 1 � & � & � & 4 L % � � � 51 - & I ( � � � ! + # & " & - & % I � � $ I � & � & ( # , # , # - I 6

9 8Cheilostomata

� � � � � � D � @ � � 28 9 : �� 6 � 6 & ( ! ( # , # , # - " # � � � + � L � I � & ' - � � & � � � ! � � ' ! 4 6� � 8 � � � = � 8 � � � ? � � 7 � 7 � � : F � � � � � � �> � � � B � � F � G � A # � � 8 2 8 9 : �� � I � ' ( # , # , # - I % � # - � � " ! - % � ! � � # ' . � # % � # - I + L 3 # � ! + # # 1 3 � % I 6� � � = � 8 � � � 7 7 � 7 � � � � � � F � � � �� � � �. � - # $ % ! ' � & 1 # % � # - ! 4 + L 3 # � � 4 * ! " $ % # 4 / � 1 � & - & 4 # � &( # , # , # - I 6 9 8Cambroernida � � � � � � � � � @ ? � � �� : � � < � � � � � � � � 8 � E � � 2 � � � � = E �� 5 ' $ � % & � % � ! � � + L % ! � & � ! � & � # � 1 � I + � � . J ' � * ) & ' ( & - � &

Phoro-

nis/ $ ! - � ) � � 4 4 ! � ! � % ! - & 4 * ) & ' " ! - % � ! � � ! / � " ! - � & $ % �( # , # , # - 6 9 8

Phoronida = � � @ F � 2 8 9 : �� ! ( % # � � & � ! ) 1 � I + # % � � � ( � 1 - � � � � ! + # � & � & � " # 1 ' # � & $ % � ( # , # 5, # - 6� � � = � 8 � � � � � 7 � � 7 � � � � � 9 : � � � � � �H % # J ' # � & % � $ � ' ! ( ! % � � % � & - � & � � 3 - � ! J � ! " - � ! � " � & $ � � � � " ! - � & 5$ % � ( # , # , # - 6 9 8

Dinomischida � 9 : � � � � � � � 8 � E � � 2� � � � = E �. � $ # ' # $ % # J ' # � & % ! � & � # � � . J ' � 6 9 8Velumbrellida � 9 : � � � � � � � 8 � E � �2 � � 8 � � � � # � � � �� � $ ' # � & % ! � & � # 6 � � � = � 8 � � � � � 7 � 7 � � � � = � � : � � � � � �* � � = : � � : � � � � : ,� # , # , # - # $ � # � L % � " - � ! � $ ' # - I " ' 4 I $ � ( * + - � 3 ! % # � � 3 - � I $ � � � /" # � # $ % & � & ) � � ! � & � ! � � � % - � I 4 L % � # � � � . J ' L 6� � 8 � � � = � 8 � � � � � � 3 � � � � � � A � � @ �� � � �H ' # - I " ' 4 I $ � ( " # � � � � # � ! � ! $ # 3 � % � ( ' # 4 L % � & 4 3 � 1 ( � & 5� � � % ' # � � 4 � L 3 & 4 � & � & $ # � � 4 6 9 8Lingulida � � � � � � � � � � D * � : � � � � � , � = = � 2 8 9 : �" # $ , # - & � # � ! $ ' # - I " ' 0 1 � I + & 4 & $ � � � & � . J ' & 6 9 8Acrotretida

� � � � � � � � � � 8 � E � � 2# � � �' & ( ! � ' & � . J ' & � � � � # 1 � � � & � � ! - � � � # � ' & $ % # J ' # � & % ! ) , # $ , # - & 5� # � ! ) $ ' # - I " ' 6 9 8Kirengellida

� � � � � � C D � � = = � �� � � � = E � 2 � � � � : � �� � � � ! 0 $ ! - � ) � ! - # � 4 ! $ � � � # � ! 4 L % � ! � � ! - & � � ! � , # $ , # - & 5� # � ! � � � ( I 3 � & " ! � � ! $ ' # - I " ' � ! 4 ! � % I ) � � ! $ L 1 # " # 1 � # J & 6

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9 8Craniida � � � � � � � � � � D > � � �� : � B : 8 � � � � � � � @ � � � B � � � � � � D � � : = � �� � � � : 8 � � � � � � � @ � � � B � � � � � � D G � � � � : � 28 9 : �� # ( � & � � & " ! � � � � � $ ' # - I " ! ' � ! 4 ! � % I ) ! $ L 1 # " # 1 � # J & ( I 3$ � # 3 # 1 � ! ( ! J � � ! 6 9 8Kutorginida

� � � � � � � � � > 7 E � � � � � : 8 � � � � � � � � � � D G � 8 � E � � 2 � � � � . & " ! � � ! $ ' # - I " ' 6� � 8 � � � = � 8 � � � � 3 � � � � � � A � � @ � � � � �� " & - & % � & � & $ # � � � & ' - & � L 1 � ' & ( � � % # � � � � $ ' # - I " ! ' 6 9 8Orthida < F � � F � � � � � � B � � � � � � � E � � = � 2 � � � 8 � � � B� & ) " ! - � # % � ! ) $ � ! - & 4 ! � # � # + � & � & $ # � ! 6 9 8Strophomenida � B : � � � � � � � � = � �8 � � 2 8 � � � # �H ' # - I " ' & � " # 1 ' # � & $ % � 4 ( # , # , # - ! 4 " � & $ ' & 6

9 8Pentamerida < F � � F � � � � � � B � � �� � � � E � � = � 2 # � � �2 L ' & % ! 4 I $ � ( ! � � & � & $ ! 4 � ! " # � � � � # � � 4 � & $ % & � ! 6 9 8Rhynchonellida

� � � � � � � � � � � � �� : � � 2 8 9 : �� # , # , # - � � & " ! � � � 4 $ � ' ! ( ! % ! 4 I � & $ & 1 � 0 # $ % # J ' & � � $ " - & ($ ' ! - # � & � � � � ' I + - � 3 ! % # � 4 I $ � ( � " ! - 4 & � ! � % � � � & � & $ 4 I $ � 5( 6 9 8Spiriferida � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 8 � �2 8 9 : �� & � ! $ " - & ( & ( # , # , # - I # $ % # J ' & � � $ ' ! - # � & � � � � � & 3 # ' 4 I $ � ( �� & " ! � � � 4 $ � ' ! ( ! % ! 4 6 9 8Atrypida

9 � � � : � � @ � � � � � � � � �� � 8 � � 2 # � � �� & � ! $ " - & ( & ( # , # , # - I # $ % # J ' & � � $ ' ! - # � & � � � � ' I + - � 3 ! % # � 4 I $ � ( � � & " ! � � � 4 $ � ' ! ( ! % ! 4 6 9 8Terebratulida � � � � � � � � � � � � � �8 � � � 2 8 9 : �� # , # , # - � ! $ � ' ! ( ! % ! 4 � ' $ � % & � � ! " L % ( 0 " # - # � & % ! 4 I $ � ( ! 6� @ B

NEMERTINI8 � � � � � : � � � � � � � * � + � � : F � ,� 4 L % � # � � - � ) ! ' � � � + & � � 1 # � � " ! � � # � ! ) " � � � ! 4 ' # 4 # - � *

rhynchocoel/ 0 ) ! ( % # � 3 # � � � � 4 � � " I $ % ' & 4 � & ' # � � � # � ! # 1 3 � % ! 4 0 � ! ( # � 5� # � � � & 3 � # � ! ' 6� � � = � 8 � � � 7 � � � < F � � � 9 � � � � D �� % � . - + L 3 # � � # % � ! - & $ L " # � J ! ) - � ) ' & 9 8

Palaeonemertea� � E � � F � � � � C �� ! 4 & 1 ! - 4 $ ( I 3 ) ! $ % + & ( & - ! % # � & % & 6 9 8

Heteronemertea� � � � � � � � � � �. � - & ( � ! � � # 1 - L 3 � # � & 1 ! - 4 $ � ( & - � & " ( 1 I 4 6� � � = � 8 � � � 7 � � � < F � � � 9 � � � � D �> � � B � � � � = � � � � � � E � � F � � � � C � G� % � . - + L 3 # � � - � ) ' & � � � ' ( ! " # � � � � # � ! 0 " - � ! 1 � � # ) ! 4 4 . � + # 5� � 4 0 " � ! � ! - � # � ! � ! � � � % - � � # - & 4 L % � # � ! + # 0 - � ) ! ' � � & $ & 51 � � ! $ � % � ( ! � ' & 4 6 9 8

Polystylifera� � : � � = � � � � � � � C! � ) ! ' � ( � � � � 4 $ � % � ( ! � ' & 4 6� � 8 � 9 8

Pelagica

2 ( & � ' % # � # � ! 6� � 8 � 9 8Reptantia� ! � � ! 0 " - � ! " ( & % & ) � � ! $ L I 4 L % � ! � ! - � � � � # � ! ( I 6 9 8

Monostylifera� � : � � = � � � � � � � C> � � � � = � � � @ � : # � � � � : E � � � � � � � ? � �� � A : B � : 8 : � � � � 8 � � � � � � � ? : F � � = : � � � � 8 � � � � � � � G2 # ) ! 1 � � � � ! $ � % � ( ! � ' 6 9 8

Bdellonemertea) � � � : � � � � � � �> ? � � � F � E 8 � � � : 8 � � G2 - � � $ $ & � ' & 0 J � ) � � & $ ' - � ! ( & � � 4 & � J . � 0 � & - $ % � # � & � ! I 4 L % � ! 5� ! - � � � � # � ! ( I 0 - � ) ! ' � ! I � 3 - # ) # � � 6� @ B

PLATHELMINTHES) � � � � � D � < F � � � : 8 � � � � � C � * � � E � � : B ; � � : � � B ; � 9 : � F � ,K - � 3 ! % # 3 - � I $ � � ! $ " � & $ � � � # � ! � & � # 0 � ! 4 & � % . - � ! ) ) & 4 � � & � & & � # 1 3 � % I 0 � ! ( # � � # � ! ' # 4 . - ' � & 3 � # � ' & 6� � � = � 8 � � 3 � � � � � � � � � � � � E � � � �� � � � * � : � � : ,2 # ' - � % ! # - � L $ # � � 4 � & 3 � # � ' ! 4 0 � ! - 4 & , - # 1 � % � � � � ! 6 9 8

Nemertodermatida� � � � : � � � � � � �� & " � # 1 � ! � ! � ! � � L % - � � ! " ( ! 4 � ' # � � 1 � I J # � ! ) + � . � � ! * ) & ' I� $ � � $ % ' � � 1 & ( ! ) � & $ % L " I ) � � � � � - # 3 & ' . � " � & $ ' � � / & ( ! � � � � 6 9 8

Catenulida � � � # # � � � � D2 ( ! 4 � ' 3 ! � � � 0 4 # ( ! ' I ( & - � ! 3 ( $ ' ! � ! 4 ! - % � 6 9 8

Macrostomida � � � � � � � � 9 8Polyclada

� � � � � � � � �2 - � ! 1 � & + & � � ( ) ! ( % & � ( � � � � 4 # 1 + & � L � ! � & 4 0 4 # - $ ' ! 0 " ( ! 4 5� ' � 1 � ! 4 & � � & 4 � � � * ) & ' I 1 & ( ! ) � & $ % L " I ) � � � � � / 6 9 8Triclada � � � � � E � � � � � � � � > < � � : � �� � � � � � � � � � � G � � # � � 8 � � 8 9 : �� . � % ' # � ' # 4 . - ' & � � # % & � � & ) � � � � � ) & ) # * ) & ' I 1 & ( ! ) � & $ % L " I ) � 5� � � � / 0 ) ! ( % # " # 1 � ! ( # � ! � & " - � ! 1 � ! 1 � & % � ( � ! # 1 + & � L � ! � & 0" ( ! 4 � ' � 1 � ! 4 & � � & 4 6

9 8Rhabdocoela � � � � � E � � � � � � � �> 9 � @ � � � 8 9 : � � � � � � � � : F 9 � � � 9 + 8 @ � = : � � � � @ B � � � @ � F � : � � � � # # � � � � D � � � � @ � � � : 8 �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � = � � F � B � � � � � � � � F � � � 8 �� � � � G2 - # $ % ! ) ! ( % # 0 " ( ! 4 � ' � 1 � ! 4 & � � & 4 ( I 3 3 ! � * ) & ' I 1 & ( ! )� & $ % L " I ) � � � � � / 6 9 8Acoela

3 � � � : � � � � C �� ! � 1 - # J � ! + # ) ! ( % & 6� � � = � 8 � � � ? � � 7 � � � 8 � � B � : � � � � �* B � 9 @ � � @ ,H � � � � % & ( � � % ! + I 4 ! � % � & $ % & 1 & � � " # $ % ( & - � & ( � � � � * ) & ' I % & $ ! 4 5� . � / 0 " & $ # J � % � " - � � % � ! - 1 � & ) � � ! $ L " - � � $ $ & � ' � 0 3 ! � ( # ' # 4 # % # 5- � � � � � � � - � L $ ! ' � & 1 # - # $ � � � � $ % & 1 & � � 6 9 8Udonelloida2 - # $ % ! ) ! ( % # 3 ! � � � " I $ % ! ' � " & $ # J � % I ) � � & $ ' # - I " & ' & � � � " & $ # 5J � % & � � - � 3 6

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9 8Monogenea � � � � � � � �� ! ( % # � � � " I $ % ' & 4 � " & $ # J � % � � ! � � L % - � � ! - � 3 � % & - � � & � � ! " � & �� & ' & 4 � & % � ( � � 4 ' # � � I � & � & 6 9 8Aspidogastrida (� B : 8 � F � @ � � �� � � = � : � � � � � D � G� � # J # � & " - � � $ $ & � ' & � & " - � I � � I � � ! � � L % - � � ! " & $ # J � % � 4 L � � & 5' . � 0 - � 3 J . � � 6 9 8Digenea � � � � � � � �� � ! " - � � $ $ & � ' � � � # J # � � � � ' ( - # � � # ) # � � � ! $ % & 1 I 4 � ! - ' & - 0" ! - � # % � � 4 + # $ " # 1 & - � ! 4 � & � $ � ! 4 L � � & ' 6� � � = � 8 � � < � 7 � � � � � � � E � � � � � � D �* � : � = F � ,2 & $ # J � % � 0 � & � ' � ! ) ! ( % # 6 9 8Gyrocotylida

� � � � � � : � � � � � > � � �8 � � : � G! # � ! % ' # � & % & " - � � $ $ & � ' & � % � � I � " & $ # J � % � ) ! ( % # � ! � � 4 ! - 6 9 8Amphilinida

� � F � � � � � � �. � $ I � & � � - � ) ! ' 0 3 ! � " - � � $ $ & � ' � " & $ # J � % � ) & 4 � � & � & ) ! $ # % - . � 0 � � � � � - � 3 J . � � 6 9 8Caryophyllida � � � 8 � � � ? F � � � 8 �� � D �� ! $ ! + 4 ! � % # � & � ! 0 / + � . � ' & 0 � " - � � $ $ & � ' � � " & $ # J � % � ) ! ( % # � !- � 3 $ ' � " # $ � � � ! % . � 6 9 8Spathebothriida� ! � � L % - � � ! � ! $ ! + 4 ! � % # � & � ! & ( ! $ ! - � ) � ! � ! $ % & � � + # � & 1 0/ + � . � ' & 0 � " - � � $ $ & � ' � � " & $ # J � % � ) ! ( % # � ! - � 3 � # 3 I � # + ! 4 ) & ' #J � � � ! ( ! 4 " # % - ! 1 � 4 6 9 8TrypanorhynchaH ! + 4 ! � % # � & � ! * ) & ' � & $ % L " � ! / 0 � � � $ I � & � ! # - + & � � � � ! " � !I � 3 - # ) # � ! � � & ' � " & $ # J � % � ) ! ( % # � ! - � 3 � � - � L $ % � # $ � ' ! ( ! % # � � � � 6 9 8Pseudophyllida � � � � � � � 8 � � � � � D �

� $ � � � ! ( � # � & % ! " - � � $ $ & � ' � " & $ # J � % � ) ! ( % # � ! - � 3 - � 3 # J ! - � � � �' - L + # � � . � * ) & ' � L ' $ � # % � � � J $ � � � � % & $ ! 4 � . � / 6 9 8Tetraphyllida < F � = � � 8 � � � � C �� � � # J # � ! " - � � $ $ & � ' 6 9 8Diphyllida 9 8Cyclophyllida

� � � � � � � � � � > � � � � � �F � B � � � : 8 � � � � � E � � � : : 8 � )� # ' - � + � ! " - � � $ $ & � ' 6 9 8Nippotaeniida � � = � � � : � � � � �2 # ) ! 1 � � � � & " - � � $ $ & � ' & � I " - # $ � � � # � ! 6

� � � = � 8 � ? � < 7 � 7 � � � � � � � � 8 � � � � � C C> � � = E � 9 � � � : F @ � = : 8 � 7 � � � � � F : 8 � GH ' - & ) � ! I " - # $ � � � # � ! " & $ # J � % � 0 " # ' - ! � ! � $ % � & � ! ) & $ � ! 6� � � = � 8 � � � < � 7 � � � � ? � F � � : � � # # �� � � �' ' - # $ ' # " ) � ! � % ! - $ % � � ) & ( � ! 0 # - � L $ # � & $ % - # � & 3 - � I $ � � & 0 + - � 3 ! %# ' - � % � ' I % ' I ( � 6 9 8Macrodasyida

� = � � � � � � � D 9 8Chaetonotida

� = � � � � � � � D� � � = � 8 � 7 � � � 7 � � � � � � � E � � � � � � � �> � : # � � � � � : � � � � C � � G * � � � � : ,' ' - # $ ' # " ) � ! 0 & " & - & % + & - 1 � ! ( # � � 0 � ! 4 & ) � I 4 L % � # � � � �# ' - � � � & � & 0 ' % . - ! � � � ' ( ! # ' - � % ! ) ! $ % # - + & � � � � � � ! � � % - � ' # 4 . - 5' # � � $ ' # - I " ' � *lorica

/ 0 " ( ! 4 � ' � � � � $ ' ! - # � & � � 1 # " - � # 1 I 6 9 8Seisonida

� � � � � � � � �H % # $ I � ' # � # 1 I J ! 0 " - � � % � ! - 1 � # � ! 1 # $ ' - � ! ( " ! - � # % � � � � $ ' # - I 5" & ' . � 6 9 8Bdelloida

� � 8 � � � � � � � � � � � 9 8Monogononta � � � � � E � � � � � � � �� � � = � 8 � � � � � 7 � � 7 � � � : � � � �' ' - # $ ' # " ) � ! # $ & 1 � ! 0 � & � # # ' - � % ! � ! � � � % - � ' # 4 . - ' # � � / ' I % 5' I ( � 0 6� � � = � 8 � � � � � � 7 � � � � � � � 8 � � �B � : � � � � � * � � � F � � ; � � @ , � � # � � 8 � � 8 9 : �H � � � � % & ( � � � & 3 � # � ! ' " ( ! 4 � ' � � � � $ ' ! - # � & � � 1 # " - � # 1 I* ) & ' ! # % & % # - & / 0 � � � + & � � - � ) ! ' � - � L 1 & 4 � & ' . � 0 " & $ # J � % �$ � # 1 ' # � # 1 � � � � - � 3 � " - � ! ) % � # � � 4 J � � � ! ( ! 4 5 $ % & � # � # + ! 4 9 8Archiacanthocephala

? � @ � � � � � � �> 7 � : � � F � � � � � � @ � F � : 8 � � : � � � � � � @ � F � : 8 � G 2 # % - ! 1 � 4 J � � � ! ( ! 4 � ) 0 ( I 3 # � & 1 6 9 8

Eoacanthocephala ) � � � � � � � �� � � � > � � � � F � : � � � � @ � F � : 8 � G2 # % - ! 1 � 4 J � � � ! ( ! 4 � J $ � � $ ' # - I " & ' 0 # $ % & % � 4 3 � � & J . � � 6 9 8

Echinorhynchida � E E � � 8 � � � C �2 # % - ! 1 � 4 J � � � ! ( ! 4 � � J $ � � $ ' # - I " & ' 6 9 8Polymorphida� $ % & % � 4 J � � � ! ( ! 4 " % & ' 0 ( I 3 $ $ & ' 6� � F � � � � � 8 : 9 8Myzostomida

� � � # # � � � � �. � " ( ! 4 � ' & $ ' ! - # � & � & 1 # " - � # 1 I 0 " & $ # J � % � � � ! 6� @ BECHINODERMATA

� � � � � : � � � � � C � � * 9 � � � ; � B � : � ,. ! � � � % - � ' # 4 . - ' # � � 3 ! ( ! � � ' # � & % � $ � ' ! ( ! % � & " ! � � � 6 9 8Helicoplacida � � � � � = � � � � �� � � � � 8 � E � �� � & " & $ � & 4 3 I ( & ' - & ( � ! 0 � � � L % ! � ! ( ' # 1 & ( � ! 6 9 8Ctenocystida

� E : � � � < B � : � � � � �� � � � � � � � = E �� � I 3 # � � � ! $ � 4 ! % - � � � � � & " & - & % � � I � ' # � � 6� � 8 @ BPELMATOZOA

� � � � � � � � �" % - & � � ) � ! � � I � ' # % � . - + L 3 # � � $ ' ! - # � & � � 1 # + . - � 0 � 5' $ � % & � % � ! ) ! ( % # 6� � � = � 8 � � � � 7 � < � � 7 � � � � � : � � : � � �� � D � * � 8 � : � � � � � : 8 @ ,� � I � ' � � & $ � & � & � � � � , & � 1 & 4 3 - I � 1 & � � " & � � ! - � & 6 9 8

Camptostromatida � � � � � = � � � � C E � � = � 9 8Thecoida

& � � � � � � � � � D E � � = � 2 � # � � 9 8 � Cyclocystoidida? : � � � � � � � � � � @ �� � � D � � � � : � 2 � : 9 � �� � � = � 8 � � � 7 � � � � ? : � � � � � � � � � * � : �� : � � F � ,� � I � ' � & - # � + & � L � # � � � � - & 4 # � & � � 6 � � 8 � � � = � 8 � � � � � 3 � � � � � � F � = � � �< B � : � � � � � � � � D2 ! - � # % � & & � & % # 4 & 6

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9 8Aethocrinida � � : F � � � � � � � � = E �� � � � � = � 8 � � 2 � � � � : �2 ! - � # % � ! � � % ! - � " ! - % � ! � ! " � � % ! ' � ' ! ( � � I * � 0 0 � 0 ! / �� # 1 � + & � - � L 1 . � " � � % ! ' 0 & 4 3 I ( & � - & ( & � � % � ! ( # � ! " � � % ' & 4 � I" # � # $ % & � � � � 4 & $ � � � ! ( I 3 ( % ! � � � # � � � # 1 � + - & 4 # � 9 8Disparida

? � � � � � � � � 8 � � � � � � � � � = � 8 � � 2 � � � 8 � � � B� & � ' � � " ! - % � ! � 3 & � & ( . � * � / 0 # 1 3 � % � � � ! $ # � � 6 9 8Cladiida

? � � � � � � � � 8 � � � � � � � � � = � 8 � � 2 � � � 8 � � � B� % - & % & " # 1 $ % & � # � ! + # " ! - % � ! � & * � / " � � % ! ' ' ! ( � � & * ) & ' I� & $ % L " � � � � / 6� � 8 � � � = � 8 � � ? � � � � � � F � = � � �< B � : � � � � � � � � D � � = � 8 � � 2 � � � 8 � � � B� & $ & 1 � 3 - I � 1 & 4 3 I ( & ' - & ( � � � � # % � . - + L 3 # � � # $ � # � L % ! � " ! - � 5$ � ! � � � # � � - & 4 # � � 3 I 1 # � & � ! � ' ! ( � � 6� � 8 � � � = � 8 � - � � 1 � � � � � � � : � � � � � � D � � � � : � 2 � � � 8 � � � BH % # $ I � ' # � # ( I ( � # � ! $ % & � # � ! " � � % ' ' ! ( � � & 0 # 1 $ � # � L % & + L 3 & 6� � 8 � � � = � 8 � � � � 3 � � � �� � L % � � � � # � . � - & 4 # � " # � � � � # � & 4 L % � & 4 � # 1 $ � # � L % & + L 3 & 0" - � � - # $ % � # 1 � + � & " ! - � $ � � 4 � � � # � & 4 6 9 8Encrinida

? � � = � � � � � � � > ? : � � � �� : F � : � : 8 � < : � � � � � � � � � F � � � � D � � � � � � � � �� : F � : � : 8 � < : � � � � � � � � � F � � � � D � G F @ @ � 28 9 : �� - - $ � & 3 # � � ' $ � % & � � # � ! ( I 3 � � � ! 4 & � " - � � % � ! - 1 � # � ! " - � � ( + �1 # " # 1 � # J & 6 9 8Cyrtocrinida < : � � � � � � � � � F � � � � D � B � : � � E � F � 2 8 9 : �H ' - . � # � & � # 1 � + & - & 4 # � & 0 ' ! ( � � � � � ' ( ! , # - 4 I ) ! - # 1 � & )" & � � ! - � & � " - � � % � ! - 1 � # � ! " - � � ( + � 1 # " # 1 � # J & 6 9 8Isocrinida < : � � � � � � � � � F � � � � D � F @ @ � 2 8 9 : �� � I + & � # 1 � + & �

cirri0 ' % . - ! $ � I J � 1 # I ' # - � ! � & � & * � � L $ % # " #& I % # % # 4 / 0 4 & � � ' ! ( � � 6 9 8

Comatulida � � � � � � � � � � � � @ � 28 9 : �H � # 3 # 1 � ! J � ) � � ! 0 $ ' - . � # � & � # 1 � + & � " L � � ' & 4 cirri

6

9 8 � � � � � � � : F � : � : 8 � < : � � � � � � � � � F � �� � D � � � � � 2 8 9 : �H � # 3 # 1 � ! J � ) � � ! 0 $ ' - . � # � & � # 1 � + & � " L � � ' & 4 cirri

6 9 8Roveacrinida < : � � � � � � � � � F � �� � D � � � � @ � 2 � � = B � �2 ( & � ' % # � # � ! 0 � - ! 1 I ' # � & � & � # 1 � + & 0 $ ' - � � 1 ! � ' & � & � � � # � & � � - & 54 # � 6� � � = � 8 � � < � 7 � � � � � � � � � F � � � � � �* F @ � : 8 @ ,� � I � ' � & � ! - # � + & � L � # � � � � - & 4 # � & � � 6 9 8Eocrinoidea

& � � � � � � � � � � E � � = � 2� 9 � : � 9 8Rhombifera

� : � � � � � C � B � � = E � 2# � � �� 1 1 ! � � # � ! - # 4 3 # " # - � 6 9 8Coronata

& � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 8 � � 2� � 8 � � � 9 8Blastoidea < � @ � � � � D � � � � � � 2� � � 8 � � � B� � � � ! 3 - & � � # ( ! 6 9 8Diploporita

? � � � � � � � � D � � � = � 8 � �2 � : # � �� " ( # " # - � 6� � � = � 8 � � � 7 � � � � & � � � � � � � � � � * � � � �B � : 8 @ ,� $ � 4 ! % - � � � � ! 0 $ " # � � � � & ) � � ! 3 # ' ! 4 � & 1 � ! 0 " # ) ! 1 � � � � ! - & 4 L* ) ! % ( ) ! $ % / 6 9 8Soluta

& � � � � � � � � � � E � � = � 2 � = � � & ( � ! � & � # 0 ' - . % ' ! - & 4 L 0 1 � I + & � # 1 � + & " - � � % � ! - 1 � # � & 1 #" # 1 � # J & � 4 � # 1 # � & � � � � $ % & 1 & � � " ! - � # % � � � � , # - 4 6 9 8Cornuta

& � � � � � � � � � � > ? : � � � & � �� � � � � � � � � < @ � � B � � � � � : � � � � � � �� � � � G E � � = � 2 # � � �2 � & $ ' ! & $ � 4 ! % - � � � � ! � & � # 0 � - ! 1 I ' # � & � & � # 1 � + & 0 1 � I + ! - & 4 L 6 9 8

Cincta& � � � � � � � � � � � � � � = E �� - . % ' & � # 1 � + & 0 1 � & & 4 3 I ( & ' - & � & ' - & � L 1 � � & � & * 3 ! � - & 4 # � / 6� � 8 @ B

ELEUTHEROZOA� � � � � � � � �� � I � ' � - � L 1 & � � � & " # � ! - � � � � � & � & " ! � � � , I � ' � ) ! ( # ' # 4 # % # - � � � � ! * � . J ' & 4 3 I ( & ' - & ( � ! / 6� � � = � 8 � � < � � 7 � � � � 8 � � � � : � � : � � � �� � � � * � � 9 � � : � 9 8 @ ,� & � # - # � � � + � L % ! � � 1 � I J " L � I " & $ . � & 4 3 I ( & ' - & ( � � � � 0 � � � ' ( !3 ! � # 1 3 � % I 6 9 8

Somasterida < B � � F � � � � � D � � � � � : � 2� � � � : � �! & 4 # � & # 1 � � # 1 � � � # 1 $ % - # � � + L 3 # � ! ) � & � & 6 9 8Platyasterida < B � � F � � � � � D � � � � � �8 � � 2 � = 2 � & $ ' ! $ � ! - # ' ! " # ( & & 4 3 I ( & ' - & ( � ! 6 9 8Paxillosa

� � � � : � � � � � � � � � � � : � >s.s E � � G 2 8 9 : �� . J ' 3 ! � " - � � $ $ & � ! ' 6 9 8

Granulosa� � � � : � � � � � � � 2 � � % ' " # ' - � % ! ' - . % ' 4 ' # ( � & 4 6

9 8Valvata

� � � � : � � � � � � � � � � � � 2 8 9 : �� . J ' � " - � � $ $ & � ' & 4 6 9 8Forcipulata

� � � � : � � � � � � � � � � � � 28 9 : �� . J ' � " - � � $ $ & � ' & 4 0 3 ! � " & � ( ( 6� � � = � 8 � 7 � � � 3 7 � � � � � � � @ � � � � �* � + � � � : 8 ; � ,� & - � � 1 � � ! � � L % - � � ! $ ' I " # � ! � � ! � % - & ( � ! ) � � L % � � & � & & " L �I 4 L % � # � � � � - & 4 # � " ! � � , I � ' � ) ! ( # ' # 4 # % # - � � � � ! � 3 ! � # 1 53 � % I 6 9 8Stenurida < B � � F � � � � � D C � � � � : � 2# � � � 9 8Oegophiuroidea

? � � = � � � � � � D � 9 � : � 2 8 9 : �

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2

2

9 8Phrynophiuroidea

? � � = � � �� � � D 9 8Ophiurida

? $ � � � � � � � � F � � � � � � � � � � 8 � � � 2 8 9 : �� � � = � 8 � � � � � 7 � � � � � : � � � � � � � * � �� � � F � ,� � # J # � � & " & - & % + L 3 # � � * ( & % & - � & � - � $ % # % ! ( ! $ & / 6 9 8Ophiocystia < � � � � � � � � � � � � � � : � �� � � � � � 2 � @ � � � . J ' & 4 3 I ( & ' - & ( � ! � ! $ � ' ! ( ! % ! 4 � I $ ' # � & % � � � " � � % ! ' 0 " � � % ' � & � & � ! - ! + I ( & - � ! 6 9 8Bothriocidarida

� : � � � � � C � � � � �� : � � 2 � � 8 � � �� ! 1 ! � - � � 1 " � � % ! ' � " & $ ! 4 L 1 � � & 4 3 I ( & ' - & ( � � 4 6 9 8Echinocystitida

& � F � � � � � � � � � 9 � : � 2 � � � � � � 8� I ( � # " # � � � & � ! ( � � � ! " � � % ' $ � ' ! ( ! % I 6 9 8Palechinida

� � � F � � � � � � � � � � 8 � � � 2� � � 8 � � � BH � % � � � # " # � � � � # � ! " � � % ' � ( � � � � � � $ � ! - ! + & � � 9 8Cidarida � � � � � � � � # � � � 2 8 9 : �2 - � � � � ! " � 4 L % � � � � + & ) � � � � � ( & % & - � L � - � $ % # % ! ( ! $ & � & � 1 ( & 5$ % � � � � � - # $ % ' & � � 6 9 8Diadematida � � � F � � � � � � � > � � 9 �8 9 : � � � � � 9 � @ � � � � � � : � � � � 9 + 8 � � G � � � � �2 8 9 : �2 - � � � � ! " � 4 L % � � � � + & ) � � � � � ( & % & - � L � - � $ % # % ! ( ! $ & � & � � - # $ % 5' & � � � ( & � � � � " & - & 4 � & � ! - � � � # � ' & � � *

auriculae/ 6

9 8Clypeasterida � � � : 9 � � � C � > � � �� � F @ B � : 8 � G B � : � � E � F � 2 8 9 : �� � I 3 # � � � & $ � 4 ! % - & * # 1 3 � % " - � ! $ I � L % � 1 # / % � � I 0 / 0 " # $ % L " I ) � � &- ! 1 I ' � ) & � L 3 . � ( & % & - � � - � $ % # % ! ( ! $ & 6 9 8Cassidulida � � � � � � � � > � � � � � �� � : 8 � G � � � � � 2 8 9 : �� 6 � 6 & ( ! � I " ! � � ! 3 ! � $ � � � L ' 6 9 8Spatangida � � � � � � C � E � � : � 28 9 : �" & $ � # ( ! � 1 - # 3 � � 4 + � & 4 + - I � � # � & 4 % ( I � # � � 4 0 J � ) � �� # - & � � � 1 � # 4 & # % � # - & 4 6� � � = � 8 � � 7 � 7 � � 3 � 7 � � � � � : � � �� � � � * � 9 @ � � @ ,� " & - & % � � I � ' # � � � # ' . � # % � # - I + L 3 # � ! + # � � � ' ( ! # $ # 3 � ! " & $ �& 4 3 I ( & ' - & ( � ! � � 1 � I J � & � & 6 9 8Dendrochirota

� � � E � � � � � � � � = � � � � � 2 8 9 : �� - � ! � & $ % ! 1 � I + ! � � I � ' 6 9 8Dactylochirota

� � � � � � - � � � �� � � D � � � � � � : � � = � � 2 8 9 : �� 5 ' $ � % & � % � ! ) ! ( % # 6 9 8Aspidochirota

� � � E � � � � � � � � : 9 @ �2 8 9 : �� - . % ' ! � � I � ' 6 9 8Apoda

� � � � 8 � � � � D � @ � � 2 8 9 : �� ! � & 4 3 I ( & ' - . � 6 9 8Elasipoda � � � � � � � � � � � � : # � � � � � : �9 @ � 2 8 9 : �� � I 3 # � � � ! $ � 4 ! % - � � � � ! 6� @ B

HEMICHORDATA � � � � � � � � � D * B � ; � � � � � F � ,H � � � ! ( � � $ ' - � ! ( # � ! 6 9 8

Cambroernida � � � �et al � � � � � � � � � � � = E �� 5 ' $ � % & � % � ! � & � # � � ! � % - & ( � � � . J ' � 0 " ! - � & $ % � ( # , # , # - 6� � � = � 8 � � � � 7 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � C � * B : � � � � � 9 � � � � ,� 5 ' $ � % & � % � ! ) ! ( % # � � . J ' � � � � ' ( ! " - � ! ' $ � % & � � # � � � " � � � ' I ) � � � $ % # ( # � � ' I % ' I ( & - 4 � 4 $ � ' ! ( ! % 4 0 1 � $ ' " - � ! 1 I $ % � � � � 1 � ! ( & ) & � � $ � ' ! ( ! % # � �' # ( & + ! � � " ! - � & $ % � ( # , # , # - 6 9 8

Cephalodiscida - � � � � � � � � � � � � �= � 8 � � 2 8 9 : �� ! - ! + I ( & - � � 3 & � ' # � � $ � ' ! ( ! % ' # ( # � 6 9 8Rhabdopleurida - � � � � � � � � � � � � � � = E � 2 8 9 : �2 � # J � � ! - I - ' ' # ( # � 3 I 1 # � & � ! � 3 # � � � � � � " & $ ! 4 ! ' *

fuselli/ 6 9 8

Graptolithida� � � � � � � � � � * � � � B � �� : @ ,� � ! $ # � ! � & � & � ! ) 1 � I + # % � - I - ' ' # ( # � � 1 � 4 # - , � 4 ! 4 " � � # 5� � 4 � & � � & � � & ) � � � 4 $ L � - # � 4 & - & � � 6� � 8 � 9 8

Dendrograptina � : F � � � � � �� � C � B � � = E � 2 � � = � �� ! � % # $ # � ! 6� � 8 � 9 8 Graptolithina

� � � � � � � � � � � � �= � 8 � � 2 � = 2 ( & � ' % # � # � ! 0 � & � ' & ) � � � 1 � 4 # - , � 4 6

� � � = � 8 � � � � � 7 � � � 3 < � � � � � � � E � � � �� � C � * � � : � 8 @ 9 � � , � � # � � 2 8 9 : �! � ) � � ! � � 1 - & I ( � � � ! � # $ & 1 � ! " - � ! 1 I $ % � � 4 # 1 1 � & � ! 4 � & � & 0" - # $ % ! ) ! ( % # 0 ( � � � ! $ � � � ! ( � � $ ' - � ! ( # � ! 6� � F � � � � � 8 : 9 8Xenoturbellida � � E � � 8 � � � � �H ' - & ) � ! I " - # $ � � � # � & & � % # 4 & � ' # 4 . - ' " � � # � ! � � - � I � & � !" - � ! � ) ! ( % # 1 # � # 1 � 6� � � = � 8 � � � � � � � 3 7 � 7 � � � � � : � � � � �? � � � � � � � D DH ! - ! 4 L % � # � � � � ' # 4 . - � & + - � 3 ! � ! 0 ) ! ( % # � $ ! - � ) � � 4 � � 5" I $ % ' & 4 6 9 8Dickinsoniida

� � � � : � � � � � ? � � � � �� � D D � � � 8� @ B

CHORDATA � � � � � � � � � � * � � � � � F � ,H % - I � & + - � 3 ! % # � & 6

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2

� � 8 @ BCEPHALOCHORDATA

7 � � � � � � � � * E � 9 F 9 � 9 � � � F �s.l ,2 ! - � # % � ! $ % - I � # � � ! 6� � � = � 8 � � 3 � � � � 7 � 7 � � 9 : � � � � � D2 # " - � ! � � � ! 3 ( # ' 4 L % � # � ! 6 9 8

Yunnanozoida � 9 : � � � � D � � � = E � � # � � � ! $ " � & $ � � � # � ! 6 � � � = � 8 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � D � > � = �B � : � A : ? : � � � � � � � � � G � � � � = E � 2 8 9 : �

* E � 9 F 9 � 9 � � � F �s.s ,

� 5 ' $ � % & � % � ! 3 ( # ' 4 L % � # � ! 0 ' # $ � $ ' - � ! ( # � � 6� � 8 @ BTUNICATA

� � = � � F � � � � � � > 3 � � F � � � 8 � � � � � � � � � � � D G * � ; � � : F � ,2 # ( $ & � � & - � 1 # � � $ � ' ! ( ! % � ! � � L % - � � � 6� � � = � 8 � � � � � � � � 3 � � � � � � � � : � � � �� � � � * � B � � 8 : � � � � � : � � � � � � : F � ,. � 1 � ! ( & ) � , ( % - & � � ) � � / 1 # 4 ! ' 0 � � % � & - � & ) � � � � 4 " - � 1 � # 1 �+ - � 3 ! % # 3 - � I $ � � ! $ " � & $ � � � # � � 4 # + # � ! 4 6� � � = � 8 � � < � � � � � � � : � � : � � � � � � � � �* � F : 8 : � � � � F � � @ ,� # $ � $ ' - � ! ( # � � 0 3 ! � % # $ # � ! 6� � � = � 8 � < � � � � � & � � � � � � � � > � � � � : � F � �� � � 8 � � � � � � � � � � � D � G * � � B @ ,� # $ � $ ' - � ! ( # � � 0 " ( & � ' % # � # � ! 6 9 8

Conodontochordata? � � � � �< F � � � � C � � � = � �� + # � � " - # 4 ! � & 4 " � ! % � # � � 4 6� � 8 @ B

CONODONTA < � � � � � � � �� � I 3 # � � � ! $ � 4 ! % - � � � � � & " & - & % $ � � � L ' # � � 0 � ! � 1 # ( � ! 1 # # $ 4 # - ! + I ( & � ) 6� � � = � 8 � 7 � 7 � 7 � � � � : F � � � E � � � �� � � � * � � � � 8 � � @s.l ,� " & - & % � � � � % � � � � ! $ " # � . � � � 3 ' . � " # 3 # ' & � � # % � # - I + L 3 # 5� ! + # 6� � 8 � � � = � 8 � � � � 7 � 7 � 7 � � �? $ � � � � � � � � �� & � & ( � � " - � � - # $ % ! ( ! 4 ! � % . � � ) ! 1 � ! + # - # 1 � & ) I , # $ , # - & � # � # 5# - + & � � � � ! + # $ � ' ! ( ! % I 6� � 8 � � � = � 8 � � 3 7 � 7 � 7 � � � � � � � � � �� � C � * � � � � 8 � � @s.s ,� " & - & % + L 3 # � � � � ! � � L % - � � � 4 , # $ , # - & � # � � 4 $ � ' ! ( ! % ! 4 " - � � 5- & $ % & ) � � � 4 # 1 � ! � � � % - � * ) & ' ! 4 & ( & � L 3 . � / � � � L $ % # ) & 4 & 3 & � & ( � &! ( ! 4 ! � % . � & " & - & % I � % . - � ! � � " ! � � # � & % ' & � ' � " - � � - & $ % & ) � � � # 11 # � I * ) & ' 1 ! � % � � & / 6 9 8

Panderodontida < � � � � � � � � B � � = E � 2 # � � �� " & - & % " - & � 1 # " # 1 # 3 � ! � � � ! ( ! 4 ! � % . � 3 ! � � � - # $ % ' . � 6

9 8Protopanderodontida < � � � � � � � � B � � = E � 2 � 9 � : �� " & - & % " - & � 1 # " # 1 # 3 � ! � � � ! ( ! 4 ! � % . � � � � ' ( ! 3 ! � � � - # $ % ' . � 6 9 8Prioniodontida � 9 : � � � � C � � � � � : � 2# � = � �� " & - & % � � � ! ( ! 4 ! � % . � 0 ) ! + # ! ( ! 4 ! � % � 4 & $ � � � ! " ! - � # % � ! �% - � ! 4 & � � - # $ % ' & 4 0 ) ! 1 � & " & - & � � � % ! - ! 4 & 6 9 8Ozarkodinida � 9 : � � � � C � � � � � : � 2� � @ �� " & - & % � � � ! ( ! 4 ! � % . � 0 ) ! + # ! ( ! 4 ! � % � " ! - � # % � ! � 1 � # 4 & ( I 3% - � ! 4 & * $ � 4 ! % - � � � � � / � � - # $ % ' & 4 6� � 8 � � � = � 8 � ? � 1 � � � * � � � 9 : F � ,� " & - & % + L 3 # � � � ' ! - & % � � # � � � � � � 3 ' # � & � � � � $ � � � L ' 6 9 8Myxinida

� � � � � � � � � � � # � � 2 8 9 : �� � 8 @ BVERTEBRATA � � : � � � � � � � > � � � : � � � � � F � � � � � � C � G * � � + � � � F � � F 9 � 9 � � � F � ,. � 1 � I J # � ! ' & � & ( ' � ! - ' # � ! 6� � � = � 8 � � � � � � � � � � � F � � � � � � � D * E � 9 9 F 9 + � � � F � ,� & � & � � � # $ # � ! " # � � � � # � ! � ) ! 1 ! � 6� � 8 � � � = � 8 � � � � � 7 < � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � * � � � � � � � � : ,� � 3 ' $ ' . - � ! % & - � � ! � 3 ! � ' # 4 . - ' # � ! ) % ' & � ' , # $ , # - & � # � ! )* & $ " 1 � � � / 0 � � " # � ! - ' � � � & " � ! % � & # + # � # � & 6 9 8

Thelodontida� � � � � � � C > � � � B � �� : 8 � � � � � � � � C � � � � E � � � B : 8 : 8 � � � � � �� � � � G � � � � : � � � � � � 8 � � � � 2 # � � �� & � # # ' - � % ! " # ) ! 1 � � � � � 4 � � 3 ' & 4 $ ' . - � � 4 0 I ) % � & ' & J 1 ! + # �� # - ' . � $ ' - � ! ( # � � � � " # 3 # ' & � � # $ � # � L % ! ' ( & " ' � 6 9 8

Furcacaudiida � : � � � � � � 8 � � � � �� � � � B � 9 : 8 � � : 2 9 : � � �� ! ( # 1 # � % � � 3 # � � � � 4 $ " � & $ � � � ! � ! 4 � & � & 6 9 8Astraspida

� � � � � � � � � � � � � : � 2 � � �� � 8 � �� I � . � � " & � � ! - � I � % & - � � ! ' � � # J # � � � � � ! � ( & � � � � � I $ ! ' 0 # $ # 3 � !I ) % � & � # - ' . � $ ' - � ! ( # � � � � # $ � # � L % ! " � � % ' & 4 6

9 8Pteraspida

� � � � � � � � � B � 9 : 8 � � : 2� : # � �2 & � � ! - � % I � # � # � � � 1 I J � � � " � � % 0 � ( & � ! � I $ ' % � # - � � 1 ! � % � � # � !J ! 3 ! - ' & � � $ " . ( � ! I ) % � & � # - ' . � $ ' - � ! ( # � � � � " # 3 # ' & � � � & � & 6 9 8Psammosteida

� � � � � � � � � 9 : � � � 2# � � �. % . - � � - # � " & 1 " & � � ! - � & % I � # � # � ! + # � & 4 � ! ) $ � ! " � � % ' 6� � 8 � � � = � 8 � 7 < � � 7 < � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � * � � � � � � : ,2 & � � ! - � � % ' & � ' � ' # $ % � � 0 # $ # 3 � ! I ) % � & � # - ' . � $ ' - � ! ( # � � � � 6 9 8Anaspida; � 9 � : � 2 # � � �� # � � � ! $ " � & $ � � � # � ! � & � # # ' - � % ! � � $ ' 4 � I $ ' & 4 0 � � " # � ! - 5' � � � & " � ! � & # + # � # � & 6 9 8Cephalaspidida

� � � � � 8 � � � � � �� � � C � � � 8 � � � � 2 # � � �

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2

K - � 3 ! % # 3 - � I $ � � ! $ " � & $ � � � # � ! 0 � ! % ! - # � ! - ' � � � & " � ! % � & # + # 5� # � & 0 1 � ! " � ! % � � + - � 3 ! % # � ! " � ! % � � " ! - $ # � ! 0 " & - � � $ % !' & " $ I � � � # $ # � ! # % � ! - & ) � � ! $ L 1 # + & - 1 � ! ( 6 � � 8 � � � = � 8 � � � � 7 ? � � 7 � � * = : � � � : ,2 - � � $ $ & � ' & + L 3 # � & 0 # 1 � L � ! " - � ! � # 1 I � # $ # � ! + # # 1 + & - 1 � ! ( 0� 1 # ( � # % � 1 # # $ 4 # - ! + I ( & � ) 6 9 8Petromyzonida

� � � � � � � � � # � = � � 28 9 : �� � � = � 8 � � � < � < � : � � � � � C D � * � @ E @ , ( � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � " � � � � ! 5 � � � � � -H � � � L ' * ) & ' I � � � # - # � # + . � / & ( ! � # 1 � ! 6� � 8 � � � = � 8 � � 7 � � � � � � � � < � � �A � � @ � � � � � * � @ E @ F � � 9 + � � 9 � : � � � � � � ,� & � # " # ' - � % ! 1 - # 3 � � 4 � I $ ' & 4 0 $ � & 3 # - # � � � L % ! ' # % � " # � � # 51 � ! � & � � - � L $ % � ! + # 6 9 8Acanthodida

7 � � � � � � � � * � � � � � � 8 @ , � � � 8 � � � � 2 � � � � � � 8' & ( ! � ' ! + - I 3 ! � I $ ' 0 $ " - & ( ! � L 3 # � ! # ' # $ % � � � � " # 1 $ % & � & � � 6 9 8Chlamydoselachida - � � � � � � � � � C> � @ E � 8 � � : # � � = � G B � 9 : 8 � � : 2 8 9 : �

� & - � � 1 � ' # " I ( & � � ) � ! 0 ' # ( & + ! � # � ! ' & " $ I � � ) & ) # � ! ( I 3 J � � # 5- # 1 � ! * ) & ' � & $ % L " � ! / 0 � L 3 � # 1 � I + 4 % - # 1 ' # � � 4 � ! - � � � # � ' I 6 9 8Xenacanthida

� � � � � � � D D � � � 8 @ � �� @ � � 2 F @ @ �� L 3 � � 3 # � � � � 4 � ! - � � � # � ' & 4 � � & � � � ! � L ' $ � � 4 # 1 % - # 1 ' # 5� ! + # 0 � - # % � L % ! � ! " & - � � $ % ! " � ! % � � 0 $ � # 1 ' # � # 1 � ! 6 9 8Edestida

? � @ � � � = � � ? : � � �� � C � # � = � � 2 F @ @ �� & - 1 � # 1 I J & % - # 1 ' # � & $ " - & ( & � L 3 # � & J I � � � � 6 9 8

Petalodontida� � � � � � � � � � � � � � = � �2 � � � 8 � � � B� ! $ " # � � + I � ' # � & % � � � � L 3 . � 0 " � & $ � � � ' # ' $ � % & � � ! 6 9 8

Selachii � � : � � � � � � � > � � � � � � F � : : � = B � � � � � � � C C G * � � � : � @s.s ,. ! ( # � & - $ % � # � & ! 4 & ( & * ! � & 4 ! ( # 1 / � L 3 . � 6� � 8 � 9 8

Heterodontina � � 8 @ � 2 8 9 : �� � 8 � 9 8

Hexanchiina : � � = � � 2 8 9 : �2 � & $ ' ! % � � � ! J ! 3 � # " � ' # � & � � � � ' - & � L 1 � & � � 6 9 8

Batoidei � = B � � � � � � � C � > � : # � � �= � � � � � � � � � � G * B ; � 9 F 9 � : , � : = � � @ 8 28 9 : �H � � � ! ( � � $ ' - � ! ( # � ! � & 3 - � I $ � � ! ) $ % - # � ! 6� � 8 � � � = � 8 � � 7 � 7 � � � � � � � � � � B � � � �� � � � * 9 � � ; � � ; � � � ,K . - � & $ � � � L ' & *palatoquadratum

/ � ( & � & � � � & $ � ' � 0 � & - � � 1 �' # " I ( & � � ) � ! 0 ' # ( & + ! � # � ! ' & " $ I � � ) & ) # � ! 6 9 8Placodermi

* B � � � � 8 � � = @ , � � � � � � � �� � 8 @ � 2 # � = � � � I � . � " # ' - � % � % & - � � & 4 ' # $ % � � 4 0 � L 3 � � 4 # 1 � , ' # � & � ! ( I 3� & � ' � ! 6 9 8

Chimaerida> � � � 8 @ � 8 � � : � � � = E � �� � � � � � � : � � � � D � � � : � B � � @ � : � � � � � � � � � � � � � � C � G * F � : = � � @ , � : 9 � � 2 8 9 : �

H " - & ( ! � L 3 # � ! " - � ! ' $ � % & � � # � ! � " � � % � 6� � 8 � � � = � 8 � < � 7 � � � � � � � � = � � �� � D D� � ! " � ! % � � + - � 3 ! % # � ! 0 1 I J ! � I $ ' 3 ! � ! 4 & ( 0 ) & 4 � � # $ # � !# % � ! - & ) � $ L 1 # � � L % - � & " � $ ' & *choanae

/ 6 9 8Dipnoi

? $ � � � � � � � � � * � @ E @ 8 � � �8 @ 9 � � , � � 8 @ � 2 8 9 : �2 � � % � � L 3 # � ! 6

9 8Crossopterygii

� � A � � @ � � � � � * � @ E @ � 9 � � � B ; � � � , � � � 8 � � � � � � 8 @ � 2 8 9 : �� $ % - ! � L 3 � 6� � 8 � � � = � 8 � 7 < � � � � � � � � < � � A � � @ �� � � � * � @ E @ � � � � 9 � : � � � � � � ,� ! 1 � & " � ! % � & + - � 3 ! % # � & 6 9 8

Palaeoniscida � � � 8 � : F � � � � � �> � � � @ B � � : # � � = � G * � @ E @ � � � � : 8 � � � , � � �8 � � � 2 8 9 : �

2 � & $ ' ! - # 4 3 # 1 & ( � ! � I $ ' � + - I 3 � " # � � # ' � ! 4 & ( * + & � # � � / 6 9 8Acipenserida

� � � � � � � � � > < � � �� : F � � @ : 8 � � � � � � � � � C G * � : � � @ , F @ @ � � @ � � 2 8 9 : �! ! 1 I ' � ) & � I $ ! ' $ � ' ! ( ! % I $ ' . - � ! + # + � # � � 0 " � $ ' � & 1 # ( � ! )$ % - # � ! 6 9 8 Amiida

� � A � � @ � � � � �

> � � � � � : < � �= : � � � : # � � = � � � F � @ F � � = : # � � = � � � B : � � � : # � � = � � � � � : 8 � B � � � : # � � = � G � � � �8 � � � B 2 � � F � � � ! � # - # � ( I ( � # � � � � � � ! ' ' # % � $ � � � L ' # � ! ) *

maxillare/ �- ! $ � % � ' # % � # ' - � � # � � � � � � & $ � ' 0 � I $ ' + & � # 1 # � ! 6� � 8 � � � = � 8 � � � � � 7 < � � � ? $ � � � � � � � � �* � @ E @ F : � � � � ; � � : � � � � F : � ,! I � � # 4 & ' # % � $ � � � L ' # � & 0 � ! � ' ! � I $ ' 3 ! � ! 4 & ( * � � ' ( # 5 1 & ( � ! / 0 � � & - % � $ � ' ! ( ! % # + # � & � ! � 4 # 1 � , ' # � & � � 4 � I ' & 4 � ! - � # � � 4 ' - L + . � 0 " ! - � # % � ! ) ! 1 � & " � ! % � & + - � 3 ! % # � & 6 9 8

Osteoglossida � � � � � � � � � � � # � � 82 8 9 : �� # % � $ ' . - � ! � � & $ � ' � � � - & � $ % � - � ! ( 3 � " # � ! - � � � � 6 9 8

Anguillida � � � � � � � � � > � � � B : # � � �= � � � � � � � � 8

et al.� � � � � G * � + � � � �9 � � � � , @ � � � � � � � � � @ � 2 8 9 : �� & - � &

leptocephalus6 9 8

Clupeida� � � � � � � � � � D �

* � � � 8 9 : � �� � � , � B 2 8 9 : �H � I % & ! � & 3 - � I $ � � ! ) � ( I 3 + - � 3 ! % # � ! ) ' - & � L 1 � � & � & 6 9 8

Salmonida� � � � � � � � � � D � > � � F : �# � � = � � � � � � � � � � � D � G * ; � � : � � � � , � B 28 9 : �. � $ I � & � ! $ � � � L ' 0 " � ! % � & % � I $ � � � # � & * � % . - � ! � & � ' & ) � � & 0 ) ! % ( " � ! % � & + - � 3 ! % # � & " - � ! $ I � L % & 1 # % � � I / 6 9 8

Cyprinida� � � � � � � � � � D � * � � � B : � �� � � , B � � � � F � � 2 8 9 : �� # $ % � ! " # � � � � ! � ! " L � � ! - � & " � & � � ! + # � 4 . � + ! 4 * & " & - & % . ! 53 ! - & / 6 9 8

Percida� � � � � � � � � � D � > � F � � � � B � � � @ � : : � � � � � � � C C � �

� � � � F � � : 8 : # � � = � � � � 8 � : F � � � � � � � � � � F � B : # � � = � � � � � �

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2

� � � C @ B � : � � 8 � � : # � � = � G * � � � � : � � � � , F � � � = � � 2 8 9 : � 2 � ! % � � 3 - � I $ � � ! " # 1 " ! - $ # � � 4 0 # $ % - ! " - # 4 ! � ! � " - � ! 1 � !" � ! % � � + - � 3 ! % # � ! ) 6� � � = � 8 � � ? � � � � � � � : � � � � � C D � * B ; � 9 @ ,2 & ( � � & $ % ! ' # � � � � � � " & - � � $ % ! 6 9 8

Labyrinthodontia � � � ? � @ � � � � � � � * � � E : � @ � � 8 � � @ � B ; � 9 @ � � F 9 � � ; � � � # � = � �2 � � � � 8 � ,

. � � L � & I $ � � ! � 1 & � � I " � & $ ' ! ) � � & $ � ' 6 9 8Anthracosauria < � � � � < � 8 � � E � � � �� � � � > < � @ = � � � : � = � � B � � G � : 9 � � 2 8 � � � # � �� - � # � � ' - L + . � � 1 � I ! ( ! 4 ! � % . � " # 1 # 3 � � � � - # � 4 & - . � � - I 5� � # 4 ! " # ( � � ' � � � & $ � � ! 6 9 8Microsauria � � � � � � � � � �

> � : � �B � 8 � ? : � � � � � � C � G � : 9 � � 2 � � � � � � 8� - # 3 � ! 0 � � 1 � I J # � ! � & � # 6 9 8

Apoda7 B B � � � � � � � > � @ = � � B � : � � � � # : � � � � � � � � � � G * B ; � 9 @ E � 9 � � � : � , : � � �= � � 2 8 9 : �� ! � � # + ! 0 - � ) � � + ( ! 3 ! ( I 3 � # 1 � ! 6 9 8

Urodela � � = � � : � � � � � � > � � 8 � �7 B B � � � � � � � G * B ; � 9 @ � � � � : � � , � � � @ � 28 9 : �� � I � ! - � � � # � ' # � ! � L 3 � � - ! 1 I ' # � & � � $ � ' ! ( ! % ' # $ % � � * ) & '� � I - & / 6 9 8Anura - : � � � � � � � � > < � � : � � : � � � � �� � � : � � C � � G * B ; � 9 @ E � 9 � � � � � � � , F @ @ � 28 9 : �� & � ' � � # + # � 0 $ ' # � � � ! % � ( � ! ' # � � � � � � 6� � � = � 8 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � : � � C � � * � � 8 @ ,� & ) & $ ' � & 1 & � ! � & ( � 1 � ! 0 - # + # � ! � I $ ' � & $ ' . - � ! 6� � 8 � � � = � 8 � � � � � < � � � � : � � : � � � � � � C> � � � � � � B : � : � 7 � � � � � � � C G� % � 1 & � � % � � I � � & $ � ' 6 9 8Captorhinida � � � � � � � � C > � @ �� � � � � : � � B � � � � � � � : � 8 � F � = � � B � � G* � � @ � � 9 � � � @ , � # � � 2 � � � 8 � � � B� � L 3 # � ! 0 � & � ' & ) � � ! � � � L � ! I $ � � ! 6 9 8Testudines

� � F � � � C � � > � � � � � : � G* � � ; � : � , � � � � : � 2 8 9 : �2 & � � ! - � ' # $ % � � � # ' . � % I � # � & 0 � # " & % ' " # 1 J ! 3 - & 4 6 9 8Mesosaurida < � � � � @ � � � � � > � � � � � �� � � � � : � � � � � � � � � C G � � � # � � = BH � # 1 ' # � # 1 � ! 0 " # + - I 3 # � ! J ! 3 - & 6 9 8Procolophonida < � � � � @ � � � � � > � � �� � : � � � � : � < � � � � @ � � � � � � � � � � � � : � � � � � �� � D � G � � � � � � 8 2 � � � @ �� % � . - " # ( � � ' # � � * � % . - � ! � & � ' & � 3 � 1 ( � ( ! � & � $ L � # � � # 1 # 5� ! 4 / 6� � 8 � � � = � 8 � < � � � � � 7 < � 3 � � � � � � �� � � CK . - � ! # % � # - � $ ' - # � # � ! � � � L � ! � 1 # ( � ! ) ' - & � L 1 � � � & $ � ' 4 L 1 � � ' # � � ! 4 # � � # 1 # � I & $ % & � ! 4 $ � � � L ' # � � 4 * # % � & - % � 1 # ( � �# % � . - $ ' - # � # � � / 6

9 8Plesiosauria

8 � � � � : � � : � � � � � � � D* B � � 9 � 9 � � � @ , 8 � � � # � 2 = � � @ F � . # 1 � ! 0 % ! � 1 ! � � ) & 1 # - ! 1 I ' � ) - # ( # + # � & " - � � " � � � & � I 0 " � ! % � # 5� & % ! ' # � � � � � � 1 # " # 1 � # 1 � ! + # ( # % I 6 9 8Ichthyosauria

8 � � � � : � � : � � � � � � � D * : F � : � 9 � � � @ , F @ @ � 2 F � � � = � �� ! ' % # � # � ! 0 $ � � 3 ' # " � � � & ) � � ! " - � � " # 4 # � � # + # � & 6 9 8

Placodontia � � � ? � @ � � � � � � � * B � � �� � 8 � � @ , F @ @ � 2 � � @ � 2 - � � 3 - � ! J � ! 4 # - $ ' ! 0 + I � ' # � & % ! � L 3 � " # 1 � ! 3 ! � � ! 0 % & - � � !' # $ % � ! � & % I � # � I 6� � 8 � � � = � 8 � � � � � � 7 < � 3 � � � � � F � � � �� � � � > < � � � = � � 7 B B � � � � � � � G * � � 8 @ ; � � � � � � � � � ,� # ( � ! + . - � ! # % � # - � $ ' - # � # � ! 0 1 # ( � � � � � ' ( ! # % � & - % � 0 4 # � � !" - � ! 1 � ! ' # � � � � � � 0 � � + � & ) � � & � # � & 3 # ' 0 " ! - � # % � ! � L 3 �# $ & 1 � # � ! � & 3 # � � � ! ) " # � ! - � � � � ' - & � L 1 � $ � � � L ' 6 9 8Araeoscelida � : � � : � � � � � � � > � � � �F � : � � � � � = � � � � � � @ � F � � � � � : � G � # � �2 � � � � : �� & 4 ' � L % ! # % � # - � $ ' - # � # � ! 6 9 8Rhynchocephalia

� � � � � � � � � � � C> < B � � � � 8 � � : � � : � � : � � � � � � D G * � � � � : � , � � � � : � 2 8 9 : �H % & � ! � L 3 � 0 1 # ( � � # % � . - $ ' - # � # � � � 4 � ! ) $ � � 4 ( I 3 � L ' $ � � 4$ % # " � I # % � & - % � * � % . - � ! � & 4 ' � L % � I � & % % ! - / 6 9 8Lacertilia � � � � � � � � � � �

* � 9 F 9 � � � :

s.l , F @ @ � 2 8 9 : � > 9 � � � � ; @ � @ 8 9 : � � � : +9 � � F 9 � : � � : + F � � � 8 9 : � G! I � � # 4 & ' # % � ' � & 1 - & % # � & 6 � 8 9 : � � � � � � : � : 8 � � � � � @ � � � � D * B � 8 � � F � ,� - . % ' & � � & $ � ' & 6 � 8 9 : � � ) � � � � : 8 � � � � � @ � � � � C * � � � � � @ ,� � I + & � � $ ' & � � & $ � ' & 0 � L � & 1 � # � " # � # � ! 1 � I + # % � J I � � � � 6 � 8 9 : � � � � � � � � : 8 � � � � � @ � � � � D * � � � � � @ ,2 - � � $ % # $ # � & � ! 1 # 3 ! + & � & " # " # � # � � � � $ ' & � & � � " � & � � 6 � 8 9 : � � � � � � 8 � � = � : 8 � � � : � � = � � � � � � � �� & 1 # � % & % ( � & 6 � 8 9 : � � < F : � F : 8 � � � � � @ � � � � D * F @ � � : ,� I $ ' � ! $ � # 3 # 1 � � 4 ' # � � & 4 6 � 8 9 : � � � � F � � : 8 � � - : 9 : � � � � � � � � � * � 9 �F 9 � � � :s.s ,� L 3 � � ) & 4 � 6 � 8 9 : � � � � � � � : 8 � � * � � � � � � @ ,H ' - . � # � & � � & $ � ' & 6 � 8 9 : � � � � � = : 8 � � * � � � = @ ,H % & � ! I � L 3 ! � ! 0 � � � � % � � ) L � � ' 6 � 8 9 : � � � � = � � � � � : 8 � � � � � @ � � � � D * � � �= � � � � � @ ,H % & � ! I � L 3 ! � ! 0 � � � � % � � ) L � � ' 0 3 # � � � ! $ " � & $ � � � # � ! 0 � & 1 - � ! � � !# 3 ! ) 4 I ) � + & � � � ' " & ( � & 4 " - � ! � � $ % & � � � 4 " # 1 � & 6 9 8Ophidia

� � � � � � : � � � � � � � > < � � B � � � � : � � � � � C D � G * � + � � , � : = � � @ 8 � � F � � � = � � 28 9 : �� & � ' & ) � � ! ' # � � � � � � 0 � � � & $ � � ! ' # % � " - � ! 1 $ � � � L ' # � & � � � � � # � &� L � & 1 � ! 4 $ ' # $ % � & � & " I $ � ' & 4 . � + # � & 0 ( ! � ! " � I � # 4 � ! ) $ � !( I 3 � & � ' � ! 6

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3

� � 8 � � � = � 8 � � � 7 < � 3 � � � B � � � � � �* � � 8 @ � � F 9 � � � � ,� L 3 # 1 # � � 0 # % � . - " - � ! 1 # � � # 1 # � # � � 6 9 8Thecodontia

7 � � � � � � � � > � � � � � �� : � � � @ � � � � : � G * � � � 8 � � @ , 8 � � � # � 2 � � � @ � 9 8Crocodilia

� = � � : � � � C � � * � � � � � �8 @ � � , � � � � � 2 8 9 : �. % . - � ! ' # $ % � ! " # 1 � ! 3 ! � ! 6 9 8Pterosauria

7 � � � � � � � � * B � � � �9 � � � @ , � � � � : � 2 = � � @ F � � � # � & ( # % � & - # � " L % & 4 L 1 � � " & ( � ! 4 1 � # � & " - � ! 1 I 1 � ! 4 6 9 8

Dinosauria7 � � � � � � � � * 8 : � � 9 � � � @ ,� ! $ ' # $ % � & � � % - # 1 ! ' " & � ! � ' $ % & � I 3 # 1 - # � ! + # 6� � 8 � 9 8

Theropoda? � � � � � � � � � � � � : � 2= � � @ F � � � I � # J � ! 1 - & " ! J � ' 6

� � 8 � 9 8Sauropoda

? � � � � � � C � > � � � � � �� � B � 8 � G � � � @ � 2 = � � @ F � � � I + & $ � � ) & # + # � 0 � � � # - # � # J � ! 0 - # % ( � # J ! - � ! # " - # $ % ! ) 3 I 1 # 5� ! � L 3 # � 6 � � 8 � 9 8Ornithopoda

? � � � � � � C � � � � �� : � 2 = � � @ F � ! # % ( � # J ! - � ! 0 � L 3 � " � ' # � & � ! � % ! � 1 ! � � ) � 1 # � � � � ! � & $ L �3 & % ! - ! 6 � � 8 � 9 8Stegosauria

? � � � � � � C C > � � � @ �� � � � � : � 7 E � � � � � � � � G : � � = � � 2 = � � � @ F � � # $ % � � " & � � ! - � % I � # � # � � 6 � � 8 � 9 8

Ceratopsia? � � � � � � � � E � � � � =2 = � � @ F � ' & $ � � � & � � & $ � ' & � / ' # � � ! - � ! 4 0 6� � � = � 8 � � ) � < * B � � : , > � � � : � � � 8 9 @ � � � � F 9 + � F : � � � � F � � � : � # � � = � 8 � � � 9 + 8 � � G� & � # # ' - � % ! " . - & 4 6� � 8 � � � = � 8 � � � � � 7 � � � � � < � � �8 � � � � � � � > < � � � : � � � � � � � F � � � � � � � � �7 8 � � � � � � � � � � � = � � � � � � � � G * B � � B � � : ,� � L 3 # � ! 6 9 8

Archaeopterygida - $ � E � : � � � � � � � � � @ � � 2 E � � � � =� � I + # + # � � ( � � � � � � ' - L + . � 6 9 8Enantiornithida � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � @ � 2 = � � @ F � 2 � + # $ % � ( 6 9 8Hesperornithida - $ � E � : � � � � � � � � � � � � : � � 2 = � � @ F � � I - ' I ) � � ! 4 # - $ ' ! 6� � 8 � � � = � 8 � � � � � � � ? � � � � = � � � � � � � = B � � 2 8 9 : �2 # 1 � ! 3 ! � ! 3 ! � / � & � & $ . � 0 I � & % � & ) � � � � � � + � & � ! 1 � # 3 &* " & ( ! # + � & % � � � � ! / 6 9 8Tinamida

� � A � � @ � � � C � * : � � = � , B � � � � F � � 2 8 9 : �H � & 3 # ( & % & ) � � ! " % & ' $ % ! " # � ! 6 9 8Apterygida

� � � F � � � � � � � � * � : � : ,� ( & $ % � � � � � 1 � . 3 6 9 8Struthionida

� � � � = � � C � � * � � : � , � � F � � 2 8 9 : �� � I + ! 4 # � � ! � # + 0 + � . � � ! - # % ( � # J ! - � ! 6� � 8 � � � = � 8 � � � � � � � � ? � � � � = � � � � �s.s. � = � � @ F � 2 8 9 : �

9 8Gallida

� : � � � � � C D � > � � = = : � F � �� � � � G * � � � � � : , � � F � � 2 8 9 : �K - � ! 3 � � ! 0 4 & ) � � # ( ! 0 $ � & 3 # ( & % & ) � $ % - # � � # 1 � # 1 � 0 � & � � ( & - � # 5� & % # - # � ' � & 1 & � � # + # � � � # J # � ! � & � � # � & � & " � � # � ! 6 9 8Anserida

� : � � � � � C D � > � � � � � � �� � � � G * E � � 9 � � 8 9 : � E � , � � F � � 2 8 9 : �� � . 3 � � ! 1 � � � � 4 3 ( & $ � ' & 4 6 9 8Gruida

� � � � B � � � � � � D � * � � � � � : � �� � � , � � F � � 2 8 9 : �

H " - & � � ! 3 ! + & ) � � ! � " ! - � # % � ! � � + � & ) � � � 4 $ L � & 3 # ' ' - L + # $ � I " ! 4 6 9 8Charadriida

� � A � � @ � � � � C > � � � � � : �F � B � � : # � � = � - $ � E � : � � � � � � � � � G* : � � � � � � � , � � F � � 2 8 9 : �� ! - I ) � � & 3 - � ! + & � � � 3 # - � ' . � � # 1 � � � � ( I 3 3 - # 1 � � � � � # 1 � ! 0% ! � 1 ! � � ) & 1 # � & � ' I " - � ! + - # 1 � 4 L 1 � � � # � 1 - � & 4 6 9 8Ciconiida

� � � @ � � � � � > � � 8 � : # � � = � � � � � � � � � � � � G * E � � 8 9 F � , � � F � � 2 8 9 : �� � I + ! � # + 0 $ � � ) & 1 � . 3 0 ' - # � � � " # � # ( 0 + � ! J 1 J � $ L 4 L 1 � �' # � & - & 4 1 - � ! � 6 9 8Accipitrida

) : � : � � � � � � � � > - � � F � � : �# � � = � < � � � B � � � � C � � � � � � : # � � = � G* 8 � � B : � � � � , � � F � � 2 8 9 : � & � � � ' # � & % # � & ' # � � I � & + L % � 1 � . 3 0 1 - & " ! J � ! 6 9 8Strigida � � � � � � � � � � � * � � @ , � � F � �2 8 9 : �H % ! - ! # $ ' # " # � # � 1 � � � ! 0 � # � � ! 1 - & " ! J � ' 6 9 8Gaviida � � � � � � � � � C > � � = � � � �? : � � � � � � � � � G * � � � @ , � � F � � 2 8 9 : �. # 1 � ! 0 ' - . % ' # # + # � # � ! 0 % - � � " & ( � ! � . + $ " L % ! 3 � # � � 0 � � 3 ) & ) � � !$ L � " # � ! % - � ! " # 1 � I + 4 - # � 3 ! + I 6 9 8Spheniscida < � � � B � �� � � � * B : � � � : � @ , � � F � � 2 8 9 : �� ! ( # % � ! 4 # - $ ' ! " % & ' " # $ � I + I ) � � ! $ L " � ! % � # � & % � 4 $ ' - � � 51 � & 4 1 # " # 1 � # 1 � ! + # ( # % I 6 9 8Podicipedida - $ � E � : � � � � � � � � � * B � � �� � 9 @ , � � F � � 2 8 9 : �. # 1 � ! 0 ' - . % ' # # + # � # � ! 0 � I - ' I ) � " - � � " # 4 # � � � . + " # � 3 & � # 5� � � � 3 � # � � ( ! � � � " � & % & 4 $ ' . - � " # 3 # ' & � � " & ( � . � 6 9 8Procellariida - $ � E � : � � � � � � � � �* � � � � � � � � , � � F � � 2 8 9 : �� � ! & � � � � ! 0 - I - ' # � & % ! - # + # � ! # $ � # � � � & 4 � ' & � � � � � # � 1 - � �* 1 # $ ' # � & � � � L � � / 0 % - � � " & ( � ! � . + $ " L % ! 3 � # � � 6 9 8Pelecanida < � � � B � � � � � � * B � ; � � �B ; � � � , � � F � � 2 8 9 : �. $ � � $ % ' ! � � % ! - � " & ( � ! � . + $ " L % ! 3 � # � � 0 1 # $ ' # � & ( ! ( & % & ) � 6

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2

9 8Cuculida � � � � � � � � � � � > ? � � B � � � : �# � � = � < � � E � � = � � � � � G * � � � � ; � � � � � , � � F � � 2 8 9 : �� I � I ( 1 & ! 4 & ) � " & ( � ! " - � ! � � $ % & � � ! " & - & 4 6 9 8Columbida

� � � � = � � C � � * � � ; + E : � ,' & � & + � # � & 0 � & - � # ) & 1 � � � # ( ! 4 0 " # % - & , � � & 4 � ' & � � # � 1 - � & 6 9 8Caprimulgida

: � � � @ � � � � � * � � � � : , � � F � � 2 8 9 : �� - . % ' 1 � . 3 � & ' # � � I $ � ! - # ' ! + # " � $ ' & 0 � # � � ! 6 9 8Trogonida � = � � : F � � 7 � � : � � � � � : �3 � : � � � � � � � � � F � � 2 8 9 : �� & - � � ! I " ! - � # � ! * % I � I ! % � & ( / 0 " ! - � $ � � 1 - I + " & ( ! � $ ' ! - # 5� & � ! 1 # % � � I 6 9 8Apodida

� � � � � � � � � * � � 9 @ � : : � � � : �E � @ , � � F � � 2 8 9 : �K � & � 1 & � ( ! " & � ! % ( � � � 1 # $ ' # � & ( ! ( & % & ) � 0 $ � & 3 ! � # + 6

9 8Coraciida - � � E � � � � � � > � � F � � � : �# � � = � - $ � E � : � � � � � � � � � G * � � � � � � � � , � � F � � 2 8 9 : �� & - � � ! I " ! - � # � ! 0 4 # � � � 1 � . 3 6 9 8Psittacida � � � � � � � � � � � * B � B � � : ,� I J � � & ' # � & % # � & + L % � 1 � . 3 0 " & ( � ! " - � ! � � $ % & � � ! " & - & 4 6 9 8Picida

? � @ � � � � � � # � � � � � > � � �� : : 8 � ? � � : � � � � C � G * 8 9 : + F : � ; � � � � , � � F � � 28 9 : �' # � � # � & 4 # � # � & � ! 0 $ � % � � � ! $ % ! - . � ' 0 " & ( � ! I $ % & � # � ! 1 #" - � # 1 I * � # ( 1 & ! / 0 I " # � # $ % & � � � � " - � ! � � $ % & � � ! " & - & 4 6 9 8Trochilida � � � � � � � � � � � 9 8Passerida

� : � � � � � C D � * � � � E � � � � � , � � F � � 2 8 9 : �H % # " � " - � � $ % # $ # � & � ! 1 # 4 # � � ! + # � � � � % I � ! � ' � � + & � � � ! ' 0' - % & � 1 # ( � & *syrinx

/ � % ! � 1 ! � � ) � 1 # - # � � # ) I � � # J # � ! + # I 4 L 5% � ! � & 6� � � = � 8 � ? � ? ? � � � � � : � � � � � C D �� ( � L ' " - � ! � # $ � # � ! 1 # I � � & � ! � � L % - � � ! + # " - � ! � % - � � ' # % � � � � # $ � 0 + - I � � # � � " # % # � ! 4 ( ! � � � ! 6� � 8 � � � = � 8 � � � � 7 ? 7 � � � � B � �� � C � > < @ � � B : 8 � 7 E � � � � � � � � G * � � 8 @ � �� � � 9 � ; � � ,� # % � " - � ! � # $ � � � ! 1 ( � L ' � � � J � # 3 - L 3 ! $ % & � I $ � � � L ' # � ! + # 6 9 8Pelycosauria � B � � � � C � � � � � � � 8H � & 3 ! � - . J � � # � & � ! � L 3 . � 0 1 � I + # + # � 6 9 8Cynodontia

7 � � � � � � � �s.l > � � � �� � � � B : � < � � � � @ � � � � D � � � � � B : 8 � � � � � = �� � � D

s.s � � � � : � 8 � � : � � � � � � F � B � � � : � G � � � � � � 8 2 � � � � : �. � # 1 - L 3 � # � ! ' � � 0 " - � � � � ! " 4 L % � J I � � � � - # � 3 I 1 # � & � � ' I+ . - � ! � � & $ � ' 6 9 8Ictidosauria

� � � � = � � � � � � � @ � 2E � � �� - # 3 � ! 0 ' # % � $ � � � L ' # � & $ L + & $ % & � I J I � � � � 6 9 8Deinocephalia < � � � � @ � � � � D � � � �8 � � � B' & $ � � � & � � & $ � ' & 0 # % � . - $ ' - # � # � � � % � ( ! 6 9 8Dicynodontia

7 � � � � � � D � > � � � = � �8 � � : � G � � � � 8 � � � B 2 � � @ �! # + # � � 1 � . 3 0 � & � ' & ) � � ! � � 1 & % � ! ' � � 6� � 8 � � � = � 8 � � 7 � 7 � � � � � � : � � � � � C �* � � � � F �s.l ,. � # 1 - L 3 � # � ! ' # $ % ' $ � I � � # � ! & ( ! � � � J ) & ) # - # 1 � ! � " # ( & + - I 5� � # � . � 4 ( ! � � � � � � 6 9 8

Triconodonta7 E � � � � � � � �

s.l � � @ � 2 � � = B � �K � . � � ! + I � ' � L 3 . � " # ( � � ' # � � � � I $ % & � # � ! � ) ! 1 � � 4 $ � ! 5- ! + I 6 9 8Multituberculata � B � � � � � � * = � � � : � E � � � � � � @ , � : = � � @ 8 2 � � F � �� L 3 � " # ( � � ' # � ! � - . � � # ( ! + � � 4 - � L 1 & 4 + I � ' . � 0 J I � � - I � � & 4 J I � � � � 1 # % � � I 6 9 8Pantotheria

? � � � � � � � � > � � : � E � � �F � � � � � : � � � � � � � � � � G E � � � 2 = � � @ F � K � . � � ! + I � ' � L 3 . � " # ( � � ' # � � � � - # � 4 ! $ � � � # � ! � � + � & ' # � & % #* � L 3 � % - � 3 # $ , ! � � � � ! / � � � % ! - � % - � # � # � � ! 6

9 8Monotremata

� � � � B � � � � � � � � * � �� � � F �s.s , E � � � 2 8 9 : �2 . � ' & I " # 1 $ % & � � ' # - # � � � L 3 . � % - � # � # � � � � � 1 � % 3 ! � � L 3 � ! 6 � 8 9 : � � � � F � @ � � � : 8 � � � : � � � � � C � * � � � �F 9 � � : , � 8 9 : � � 7 � � : � � � � @ � F � : 8 � � � � � � � � � � � �* 8 9 : � E � � : ,� � 8 � � � = � 8 � ? � � � � � � � � � � A � � @ � � � � �H I % ' * ) & ' I � # J � $ ' # � � . � / & ( ! 3 ! � � L 3 . � 4 ( ! � � � � � � � � � ) � % 5' ! 4 2 � � % - � � % - � # � # � � ! 6 9 8

Marsupialia � � � : � � � � � � � � * � � E � F 9 � , � � = B � � 2 8 9 : �� 1 � $ ! ) $ � � � � ' - . % ' # % - � & � & � � J & 0 � # � # - # 1 ' % - � & ( ! " - � � � � ! 5" # � ! 1 # $ I % ' . � 6 � 8 9 : � � � : 8 � � B � : 8 � � � � � @ � � � � � * � B � @ �8 @ 8 � � # @ , � 8 9 : � � � � @ � � : 8 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 8 9 : � � ? @ � = � F � E : : 8 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 8 9 : � � � � � � @ F : 8 � � 7 � : � E @ � � � � � � 8 9 : � � � � � � = � � : 8 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 8 9 : � � � � � � � � : 8 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 8 9 : � � � � � � � � � � � : 8 � � � � � = � � � � � � � 8 9 : � � � � � F � � � = @ : 8 � � � � � 8 # � � � � � � � 8 9 : � � ? � F � � B � 8 : 8 � � 7 � � � � � � � � * � � � �� � � @ ,� � 8 � � � = � 8 � � � � � � � � � � � > � � � � � � : �� : � � � � � C � G * ; � � @ � � � F � ,. � 1 � I J # � & � � J & � " ! - � # % � ! % - � � % - � # � # � � ! 6Gałąź Afrotheria 2 ! - � # % � ! & , - � ' & � $ ' & 6 � 8 9 : � � � � � � � F : 8 � � � � � @ � � � � �� , - � ' & � $ ' ! / ) ! J ! 0 � � & � ' � � � I ' ) & - � 4 # � � 6 � 8 9 : � � � � @ � F � � � � : 8 � � ? : � � � � � � � �� , - � ' & � $ ' ! / ' - ! % � 0 � � & � ' � � � I ' ) & - � 4 # � � 6 � 8 9 : � � ? � F � � F � � : 8 : : 8 � � ? : � � � � � � � �> < F � � 8 � � : � � � � = � � � � � � � G

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2

2

� # $ % � ! " # 1 � ! 3 ! � ! � # % � # - & 4 � $ ' & � � � � & % � ( � � � � ' # � � � � � & � � �- I � � ( � � � # $ 6 9 8Tubulidentata

� � A � � @ � � � C �� " - # $ � � � # � ! � L 3 � " # ( � � ' # � ! 3 ! � ! 4 & ( � " # ' - ! � � ! % ! � - ! ' # 4 6 9 8Hyracoidea

� � A � � @ � � � � � � � F � � 28 9 : �! ! ( ' % # � ! $ $ & ' ' # " � % � ! " # ' - ! � � ! $ � # � # 4 6 9 8Proboscidea � � � : � � � � � � � � * ; � � : � , B � � � � F � � 2 8 9 : �

! # � - # % � L % ! $ ! ' & � � ! * / ' � � 0 / 0 + . - � & � & - + & � # $ " - � ! ' $ � % & � � # � !� % - � 3 L 6 9 8Sirenia � � � : � � � � � � � �

* @ � � � @ , � � F � �2 8 9 : �! # % ( � # J ! - � ! $ $ & ' � # 1 � ! 6

Gałąź Xenarthra Cope, 1889 9 8Edentata

� � � @ � � C � � > 1 � � � � � � � � B � � � � � G * 9 F 9 � � E � � : , � � F � � 2 8 9 : �� # 1 & % ' # � � � � - # $ % ! ' $ % & � # � � � & � ! ' % . - � � � ' - L + & � � � � 4 ! - � ' &2 � 1 6 � 8 9 : � � ? @ � = � F � B � � � : 8 � � � � � � B � � � �� � � � * = � � � � � � 8 @ , � 8 9 : � � � � � 8 @ B � 8 : 8 � � � � � � B � � � � � � � �* � � � : � F � , � 8 9 : � � � � @ B � 8 : 8 � � � � � � B � � � � � � � �* B � � F � � � : � : ,Gałąź Archonta Gregory, 1910 9 8

Chiroptera� � � = � � E � F � � � C C � * � : � � � B � � 9 � , B � � � � F � � 2 8 9 : �� ' % � � � ! ( & % & ) � 0 3 � # � & ( # % � & - # � " L % & 4 L 1 � � ' # � � � � � & 4 " & ( 5� & 4 1 � # � 6� � 8 � 9 8

Megachiroptera � � E � � � � � C D* � � � � � � : ,� � & " ! - � $ � ! " & ( � ! 1 � # � # " & % - � # � ! " & � I - & 4 6� � 8 � 9 8Microchiroptera � � E � � � � � C D� - I + " & ( ! � 1 � # � � - # % � L % � � & ' # � � I � % - � ! � 4 6 9 8

Dermoptera � � � : � � � � � � � �

* F @ � � F � �# � � � , B � � � � F � � 2 8 9 : �� & 1 - � ! � � ! 0 I 1 � $ ! ) $ � � � � 3 � # � & ( # % � & - # � " L % & 4 L 1 � � ' # � � � � 5� & 4 6 � 8 9 : � � � � � : � 8 � B : 8 � � � � � � � � � � � � � C � 8 9 : � � � � � � � B : � � F : 8 � � � � � @ � � � � � > @ �� � F � B � � � : 8 � � < : = B � � � � � � D G 9 8Primates

� : � � � � � C D � * � � F 9 � � � � ,2 ! - � # % � ! � & 1 - � ! � � ! 0 % ! � 1 ! � � ) & 1 # # 3 ! ) 4 # � & � & + & � � � ! '" & ( � & 4 1 # - # � � # ) I $ % ! - ! # $ ' # " # � ! + # � 1 � ! � & � � & 4 ' � ! % �# � � # 1 . � 6� � 8 � 9 8Lemurina

� � � � � � @ � � � � D * � � = � � @s.l � = � ; B : � � : , = � � @ F � 2 8 9 : �

� � - & " � $ L + & ) � ' - & � L 1 � � & - + � 1 # ( � ! $ ! ' & � � ! % � # - � � + - � ! 3 � '# � � � $ � � � & � � " # 1 ) L � � � � ' ! 4 6 � 8 9 : � � � � B � : : 8 � � ? : � � � � � � � � * � B � � ,� $ % - ! " & � I - � 6 � 8 9 : � � � � = � � : 8 � � � � � @ � � � � � * � � = � � @s.s ,2 & � I - � � & 1 � � 1 & % � � 4 # " I $ � ' & 4 ( I 3 " & � � # ' � ! * ) & ' � & $ % L " � ! / 6 � 8 9 : � � � � 8 � : 8 � � � � � � � � � � � �

� 8 9 : � � � � � E � � � � : : 8 � � � � � @ � � � C � � 8 9 : � � � � � : : 8 � � � � � � � � @ � � � � D� � 8 � 9 8Tarsiina

� � � � � � @ � � � � D� � � # $ # � & � & - + & " # � J ! ) � � - & " � ' # $ % � ! 1 � # # � � # 1 # � I * ) & ' � & 5$ % L " � ! / 6 � 8 9 : � � � � � : : 8 � � � : � � � � � C � * � � � 9 � �� @ � � � : ,� � 8 � 9 8Platyrhini

> < � � B : � � : � : � � � # # � � @ �� � � � G * = � ; B @ 9 � � � � � � � � , � � : � � F � � 28 9 : �H � ! - # ' & " - � ! + - # 1 & � # $ # � & 6 � 8 9 : � � � E : 8 � � < � � : � � � � � � � D � 8 9 : � � � � � : � � : F : 8 � � � � � = � � � � � �� � 8 � 9 8Anthropoidea

? : � � � � � � � � > � � �B � � � � : � : � � F � F � � � � � � G * = � ; B @ � � � � � � ,� � ( ' # 1 � & � L 3 � " - � ! 1 % - � # � # � ! 6 � 8 9 : � � � � F � B : � � F : 8 � � � � � � # � � 8 � � � � �* = � ; B @ 9 � : � � 9 � � 9 � ; � � , � � F � � 2 8 9 : �� � I + 0 & ( ! � ! � � � � % � � # + # � 6 � 8 9 : � � � � � � : 8 � � � � � : � � � � � � * = � ; B @F 9 ; � � � � 9 � ; � � , � � F � � 2 8 9 : �� ! � # + # � & 6 � 8 9 : � � � � = : � : 8 � � � � � @ � � � � D * F 9 ; � � : � �� � � � � ,� � I � # J � ! 6 � 8 9 � Australopithecus � � � � � � � D * � � � � � � � B : � � � : , B � : � F � �' & $ � � � ! � L 3 � " # ( � � ' # � ! " - � � � � ! " � 4 L % � J I � � � � $ L + & ) � � !� ! 4 ! � & 6 � 8 9 � Homo

� : � � � � � C D � * F 9 ; � � : � � ,2 - � � � � ! " � 4 L % � J I � � � � % � ( ' # � & $ ' - # � & � � 6� � � � � � Homo habilis� � � � � @

et al � � � � �B � : � F � �� � � � � � Homo erectus> � � E � : � � � � � G* B : � � � � � � � B , B � � � F � �� � � � � � Homo sapiens

� : � � � � � C D � * F 9 ; � �� : � � � � 9 � = � @ , B � � � F � � 2 8 9 : � 9 8Rodentia

� � � 8 : F � � � � � �s.l.

> � � : � � � : � � � � � C D � � � � � � = � � B � � � � � � 8 � � � D D G* � � @ 9 � � : � , � � � � � � B � � � � F � � 2 8 9 : �H % & ( ! - # $ � � � ! $ ! ' & � � ! 0 % ! � 1 ! � � ) & 1 # � & � ' I � L 3 . � 4 ( ! � � � � � � - # � � # ) I $ % & ( ! % � ! - & ) � � � � � $ L ' # - # � � L 3 . � " # ( � � ' # � � � � 6Gałąź Laurasiatheria 9 8

Insectivora� � � 8 : F � � � � � � > � : B � @ �B � � � � � � F � � � � � � � � G * � � � 8 � � � � � � , = � � � @ F � 2 8 9 : �. % . - � ! � ! � - . J � � # � & � ! ) ! ( % # � ! ' # � % & ' % I ) � � ! $ L ' # % � � # � # � ! 6 � 8 9 : � � � � : � � F � : 8 � � � � � � B � � � � � � � � * � �� � , � 8 9 : � � � � � B : 8 � � � � � @ � � � � � * � � � @ , � 8 9 : � � < � � � � � 8 � � : 8 � � � � E � � � � � � � � 8 9 : � � < � � : F : 8 � � � � � @ � � � � � * � @ � � � : ,

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3

9 8Pholidota � � E � � � � � � � * ; � � � � F � , � � F � � 2 8 9 : �� & � # " # ' - � % ! � I $ ' & 4 6 � 8 9 : � � ? � � : 8 � � � � � @ � � � � � 9 8Carnivora

� � � 8 : F � � � � � � > � � � � �8 � � � G

* 8 � � B : � � � � , = � � @ F � 2 8 9 : �� $ % & % � + . - � � � � 3 " - � ! 1 % - � # � # � � " ! - � $ � � 1 # ( � � % - � # � # � � $ �� & 4 & � � & 4 6 9 8Pinnipedia � � � : � � � � � � � �

* B ; � � � � � �� : � 2 # � � : : � F � � � : , = : � F � � 2 8 9 : �� � ( � ! # 1 � . J & " ! � � � , I � ' � ) ! " � ! % � � # + # � # � ! ) 0 # + # � 3 & - 1 � #' - # % ' 6 9 8

Perissodactyla7 � � � � � � � � � � � �8 @ � � � � � � � B � � � � � � ( � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � -

* � : � B � � 9 @ � � � B @ � � , � � � � 2 8 9 : �

� � # 1 � � � & # " & % - � # � � � � ' # " � % ' & 4 � � I 3 ' & � � " & ( � . � 0 � & ) $ ( � ! ) 5$ � � � � � � " & ( ! � % - � ! � 1 # 4 � I ) ! � ( � - # � � # ) # � ! ) ' # � 6 9 8Cetacea

� � : � � � � C � �

* � � � � � : � , � � F � � 2 8 9 : �2 # � L ' $ � # � & ( � � 3 & I " - # $ � � � # � � � � � L 3 . � 0 1 I J � # + # � " - � ! 5' $ � % & � � # � � � " � ! % � L 0 % � ( � ! ' # � � � � � � � - ! 1 I ' # � & � ! 0 � & � ' # � � !� # 1 � ! 6 9 8Artiodactyla

7 � � � � � � � �

* B � � 9 @ � �� � B @ � � , � � F � � 2 8 9 : �

� � # 1 � � � & # " & % - � # � � � � ' # " � % ' & 4 � � I 3 ' & � � % - � ! � ! + # � � � & - 5% ! + # " & ( � & 6� � 8 � 9 8Suina

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