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VFR FLIGHT

Rules

References

Operational Considerations Simulator View

Ground Ref. Maneuvers

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Still remember the Traffic Pattern?

Upwind Crosswind Downwind (1000ft)

Base - Final

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VFR flying

Where we are and our DESINATION

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Visual Flying Rules- Clear of cloud

- In sight of the ground and sea

- Have other aeroplane in sight

- Avoid collision with other planes or terrain- Not at night (CARS 94)

SummaryYOU TAKE CARE OF YOUR SEPARATION

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VFR Weather Minima

1. General

Visibility 5 km and cloud ceiling of not less

than 3000ft.

In Uncontrolled airspace remain clear of cloud

and in sight of surface under 3000ft.

Not at night!

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How can I not

collide with others?

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General Flight Rules

A/C CONVERGING FROM THE RIGHT

TRAFFIC AT THE RIGHT

HAS THE RIGHT OF WAY

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CONVERGING

TRAFFIC AT THE RIGHT

HAS THE RIGHT OF WAY

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General Flight Rules

A/C APPROACH HEAD-ON

EVERYONE TURNS RIGHT!

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General Flight Rules

A/C OVERTAKING

RIGHT OF WAY

OVERTAKE FROM THE RIGHT

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How to Read VFR Flight

Instruments

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Instruments in the aircraft

Gives information about the airplanes flight situation

Altimeter

Attitude Indicator

Turn Coordinator

Heading Indicator

Vertical Speed Indicator Used in particularly poor visibility

i.e. clouds, or no outside visual reference points.

What ARE flight instruments?

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Called the six pack

Layout

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Moving around the airport

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Movement/Non Movement Areas

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Runway MarkingsThreshold Marking

Provides width of the runway, each stripe

represents 5m wide

So 4x5=20m, 6x5=30m, etc.

Usual measurement reported in feet.

Displaced Threshold

Can increase TORA

Landing is prohibited

Can taxi, take off.

White arrows toward the runway

Blastpad

Yellow chevrons, no movement

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Touchdown Zone Marking [TD zone]

Two SOLID blocks of marking

A visual reference for pilots to perform

touchdown nearby the marking

Usually 1000 feet from the threshold

Runway Designation Consists of the a magnetic track of the

center-line

+-5 degrees

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Taxiway Signage

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Critical/Warning Signs and Runway Ind.

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Hold Short Markings

Exit Markings

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Hold Short Markings

h k

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Other Markings

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Runway Taxiway Markings

Runway Boundary Sign (Holding Point)

A reference which separate between taxiwayand Runways

The runway-side are dashed, non-runway-side

are solid

ILS Critical Area Boundary Sign

A line reference which notify the traffic is

crossing the ILS gild slope path and maycause ILS signal distortion for Approaching

traffics.

May also serve as Runway Boundary Sign for

ILS CAI II / III runway.

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Closed Runway The 'X' Indicates that the taxiway/runway

is not in service.

However runway with the X sign can

also considered as taxiway.

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Taxiways MarkingTaxiway markings

Taxiway center-line

Solid yellow

Taxiway edge Double dash yellow

o Allowed to cross

Double solid yellow

o Not allowed to cross

Vehicle Roadway Markings

Mainly for ground crew

Roadway center-line

Dash white

Roadway edge

Solid or zipper stylewhite (same usage)

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Visual Approach Slope Indicator PAPI

Precision Approach Path Indicator

PAPI Consist of four lights visible from distance

Color pattern changes as aircraft's glide angle

from touchdown zone

The steepness of the glide path should

be usually 3

For visual reference, doesnot coincide with ILS during final

What is a glide path?

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Runway Lighting

Glide Slope

PAPI (Red and White)

Runway Centerline (White, with Red at the end)

Runway Edge (White, with Yellow at the end)

Threshold (Green bar)

Approach Lighting System (Varies)

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Taxiway Lighting

Runway end

Taxiway Centerline (Green)

Taxiway Edge (Blue)

Intersecting taxiways