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lFES 6

18

Final Project Report July 1, 1997 -December 31, 2001, Civic Education

2001

Kazakhstan

R01685

~I~ E

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INTERNATIONAL FOUNDATION FOR ELECTION SYSTEMS

REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

Final Project Report

July 1, 1997 - December 31,2001

USAID Cooperative Agreement EE-A-OO-97-00034-00

Civic Education Textbook "The Civic Education: Basic Course," 1st Edition, (Russian, Kazakh)

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1. James D. Gwartney and Richard L. Stroup, What Everyone Should Know About Economics and Propserity. (1993). ~eliMc }:(. ryaJlTHH H PwIapi\ JI. Crpoyn, 'ITO HY?KHo 3HaTh Ka?K.!!OMY 06 3KOHOMHKe H rrpoUBernHHH)

2. Cnell)'1Omne Pa3i\eJIhI npOIlHTHPOBaJIId H3 Charles F.Bahmueller, General Editor, CIVITAS: " A Framework For Civic Education. (1991), pp.188-192. (IIapJlh3 EaaMJOnnep, rnasHhIii

pei\aKT0p, CHBHT AC: PaMKH rpalKllaHcKoro 06pa30BaHHJI, 1991. Cm. 188- I 92)

3. P.A.SamueIsoD, Economics: An Introductory Analysis. n.A.C3MlOenbcoH, 3KOHOMHKa: BBOl!Hhtii aHaJlli3).

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mm60JThmero ~OBepHJI. CeMhJl T3IOKe C'lHTIleTCJI llpHIOTOM'KOMIPOpra H 6e30naCHOCTH, a TaKlKe B3aHMonOHHMaHHJI. C'lHTIleTCJI, 'ITO ceMhJl npe~araer ~H,lI)' COOTBeTCTBYJOII\)'IO cpe.llY, OIl\)'ll\eHHe 061l\H0CTH 6e3 )'II1eMJIeHHJI CaMOCTOJlTeJThHOCTH H H1IHIWaTHBhI, 06ecne.nmaJI eM)' npH 3TOM T3IOKe H MeCTO JVllI pacmHpeHHJI 3THX 1i03MolKHocreH. B H,l\e8JJe, XOTJI 3TO He Bcer~a COOTBeTCTByer .neHCTBHTeJThHOCTH, ceMhJl 03Ha'laer YCHlleHHe nOTeHIUl8JJa KIDK,110ro' 'ee .'meHa. no .3TOH npH'lHHe HeKOTOphIe nOJIHTll'leCKHe IPHuOCOIPhI llhIT8JJHCh ypasHJlTh CeMhIO, crapaJICh C03~aTh nOJIHTll'leCKHe Mo~enH 60nee KpynHoro Macmra6a. 3r0 He Bcer~a 6hIBaer B03MOlKHO, HO .0T'laCTH TaKHenOllhITKH OCHOBaHhI Ha H,l\ee,. 'ITO ceMhJl JIBJllIercJI He'TOJThKO HaH60nee OCHOBononaralOmeH COWlanbHOH e~~eH, HO B03MOlKHO H HaH60nee "ecreCTBeHHoH", B CMhIcne BaJKHOCTH ~aHHoro ,epMHHa.

(5) Bonpocbl CeJHbU, npucy~ue omi>eJ/bIIo 63J1moii cmpane.

• CrpYKTYPa ceMeH B pa3ilH'lHhIX 3THH'IeCKHX nowpynnax CTpaHhI;

• CeMeHHoe npaso: npaBHlla HaCne~OBaHHJI HMyIDecTBa, pa3BO~OB, 6paKoco'leraHHll, ceMeHHoe HM)'II1eCTBeHHOe npaso;

• COWlanbHaJI cTaTHcTHKa, CMOTpJl B KaKOH creneHH OHa ~ocrynHa; • np06neMhI, CTOJlillHe nepe~ Mono~ COBepmeHHOneTHHMH ilIO~MH .

1. George Murdock, Social Structure (1949).~op.l\lK Mep~OI(, CO!IH8JJhHaJI CTJ)YKTYPa. 1949). '

2. J.Aldous and RHill, International Bibliography of Research in Marriage and the Family. 1990-1964 (1967). ~.Am,.lIYC H P.Xmm; MeJKl!YllaponHaJI 6H6DHornaWHJI

. 6paKOCO'leraHHJI H CeMhH. 1990-1964).

3. D.R.Biitzen, The World of the Family (1963). ()J;.P.E~eH, MHp CeMhH, 1963).

4. J.N.Anderson, ~d., Family Law in Asia and Africa (1968). ~.H.~epCOH. pe~aKTOp, CeMeHHoe npaso B AlHH H AWpHKe. 1968).

5. W.Friedrnan, ed., Matrimonial Property Law (1955). (Y.«l>p~aH" pe~aKTOp, CeMeHHoe lfMYDleCTBeHHOe IIpaso. 1955).

6. Francis Fukuyama, Trust: The Social. Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity (1995). (<<l>peHcHc «l>yKyJlMll, DOBe!!He: CollHanbHaJI IIpHJ)()1la H C03naHHe IIpOllBeTaHHJI. 1995).

21

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26

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27

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• • •

• • •

KaKHe 3THlf'IeCKHe rpyrrnLi COCTaBllJIIOT HannID?

MOlKHO nH 3TH 3THH'IeCKHe rpynllLl nOAPaJAenHTh Ha pennrn03HL1e nOArpyrrnLl?

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CCLlJIKH:

1. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (1651). (ToMac ro66c, JIeBnadJaH, 1650. 2. John Locke, The Second Treatise, of Government (1690). (.llJKOH JIOKK, BTopoii T1JaKTaT 0

IIpasHrenLCTBe, 1690). 3. Hans Kohn, The Idea of Nationalism: A Study in Its'Origins and Background (1944). (raRC

KOOH, IWeJl HanHOHanH3Ma: HCCneAOBaHHe ero rrPoHCXOlKi\eHHlI H KopHeii, 1944). 4. Hannah Arendt, On Revolution (1963). (XaHHa ApeHi\T, 0 peBonIOUHH, 1963). 5. Douglas KluSmeyer, Between Consent and Descent: Conc!;ptions of Democratic Citizenship

(1996). Ot'rnac KnIOcMeiiep, Me1K1IV cornaCHeM n aTaKoii: KOHqemU!H AeMoKpaTH'IeCKoro' rpaJKl!aRCTBa, 1996). .

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35

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MJleonOrmI H3BepHJIKa:OTpHI\ana·· T8KOe· orrpe,llenelme. HMnepHH, ,lIaJKe KOr,lla OHH rrpe,llOCT3BIDIJIH HeKOTOphle rrpeHM)'IQeCTlla nOKOpeHHhIM HapO,llaM, 6hInH BCer,lla - comaCHO 04>HIUlaJThHOrO onpe,lleneHIDI - npOi1)'KTOM CHJIhI H 33BOeBairnH. ,l(BIDKeHHe 3a ,lIeKOnOHH3aumo

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'" B ,lIaHHOM pa3,l1ene cneiIYeT OllHCaTh cne,llywmue TeMbl:

• K8KOBa TeK)'lnal! 4>0pMa: npasneHIDI B CTpaHe (TO ecn., KOHCTHTj'IUIOHanbHal! pecny6nHKa H T8K,lIanee).

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• B KaKJIX COI03ax )"laCTII)'eT CTpaHa?

CCbIDKH:

1. Carl J.Friedrich, Man and His Government: An Empirical Theory of Politics (\ 963). (Kapn ,LQx. <l>pH,llpHX, qenoBeK Hero QllaBHrenbCTBO: 3MllHpH'leCKal! reopHli nOnHTHKH, 1963).

2. Harry Eckstein and David E. Apter, eds., Comparative Politics (1963). (rappH 3KCTeHH H ,[{3BMJI E. Amep, pe,ll8KTOphl, Cp3BHHTelThHal! nOnHTHKa, 1963).

3. John C. Wahlke and Alan Dragnich, eds., Government and Politics (1966). (,[QKOH BanbKe H . Anan ,[{parHH'l, pe,ll8KTOphl, np3BHTelThCTBO H nOnHTHKa, 1966).

36

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Ko.To.po.H npo.Bo..l\lITClI no.BTOpHLIe BLI6o.PLI, eCJIH HH o..l\HH KaH.l\H,/\aT He no.nyqaer a6co.JIIOTHo.ro 60.JILIllHHCTBa roJIo.Co.B B pe3yJILTaTe nepBLIX BLI60.po.B.

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42

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1997 r. rrapnaMeHTa (1) A!/JrrumCTaH' , IlIlP IlmopanHCT. 205 An6aHHJI IlapanneJIhHhlii )];pC Ilony-IlIl 140 J!.n=~ CIlIl IlIl 430 AMepHKaHcKoe CaMoa IlIlP IlmoPBnHcT. 20 Au.noppa IlapanneJIhHhlii- Ilony-IlIl 28

bnoKoBhlii AHrona CIlIl IlIl 220 A a H bap6a.noc ' IlIlP IlmoDBnHcT. 17 ApreHrHHa CIlIl IlIl 257 ApMeHHJI IlapanneJIhHhlii-IlIlP Ilony-IlIl 189 Apy6a naB)thl) IlIlP IlmoDanHCT. 21 ,AaCTPanHJI Ar MIDKODHT. 148 Aac-rpHJI CIlIl IlIl 183 Alep6aii,nJKaH IlapanneJIhHhlii~)];PC Ilony-IlIl 125 baraMhl IlIlP IlmoPanHCT. 49 baxpeiiH (2) IlIlP-bnoKoBhlii IlmoPanHCT. 30 bairrna.nem IlIlP IlmoPBnHCT. 300 bap6a,noc IlIlP IlmoPanHCT. 28 benapycb )];pC MIDKOPHT. 260 beJIhrHJI CIlIl IlIl 150 benH3 IlIlP IlmopanHcT. 29 beHHH' CIlIl IlIl 83

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43

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44

u'"'~ ll~Jo1.Mb,lA JShlUUIJUH - -crm rm 240 crm rm 111 crm IlmoPaJIHCT. 485 crm rm 81 crm rm .. .' 120

IIapannem,HLIii-Crm IIony-rm 180 IIIIP IlmoPaJIHCT. 295 crm rm 79 crm rm , 19

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}lPC MaJKoPHT. 85 }lPC MaJKoPHT. 125 crm rm 120

6e3 IIPXMhIX BLl6opOB - -crm rm 168 }lPC MaJKopHT. 42 }lPC MaJKopHT. 125

'IIIIP IImopaJIHcT. 25 crm rm .57 .

IIapannem,HLIii-CIll1 IIony-rm 124 . }lPC MaJK0pHT. 589

crm rm 80 crm rm 200 crm rm 179 lIE IImopaJIHCT. 65 ...

IIIIP IlmoPaJIHCT. 31 crm rm 120

IIapannem,HLJii-IIE IIollY-rm 77 }lPC MaJKopHT. 444 crm rm 84 crm rm 80

,crm rm 80 crm rm 101 IIIIP IImoPaJIHCT. 547 IIIIP IImOpaJIHCT. 14

EnoKoBLIH-IIIIP IImopanHcT. 70 crm rm .. 200 ,wc MaJKopHT. 577 ...

,lJ,I'C MaJK0pHT. 19 crm rm 41 ·}lPC MaJKo~HT. 120 IIIIP IlmoPaJIHCT. 36

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TImoPaJIHCT . .175 TImoPaJIHCT. 60

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TImoPaJIHCT. 50 MIIlKOpHT. 35

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rm 138 TImoPaJIHCT . 177 TImoPWIHcT. 192 TImoPaJIHCT. 40 MIIlKOPHT. 147

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45

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46

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4- 3061 49

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(5) Cmpy«mypa npa6UmeJlbCm6a, npucyw,a.Jl OmOeJlbHO 63Rmou cmpalle.

3ToT pa3,l1en ,lIOnlKeH BKnIO'IaTh OllBCaHHe CTpYKTYPbI npasneHHJI H npasHTeJIhCTBa:

• BH,lI 3aKOHO,llaTeJIhHOrO opraaa (,lIByxnanaTHhlli H TaK ,lIanee);

• KaK H36HpaJOTCJI npe,llcTaBHTenJl; o BIi,l\ HCnOJIh3yeMoii H36HpaTeJIhHOii CHCTeMLI;

• nOnHOMO'lHll HCnOnHHTeJIhHOii BernH; • . CTpYKTYPa cY,lle6Hoii BernH; .' 'ITO COCTaBnlIeT nonHTH'lecK)'IO napTHlO; • KTO MOlKeT pa3Mell:\aTh KaH,llH,llaTOB B H36paHHOM OI!lHce; • KaKOBbI npasHna npoBe,lleHHll BbI60pOB.

1. Karl Lowenstein, Political Power and the Governmental Process. 2nd ed., (1965). (Kapn JIoBeHCTaiiH, nOnHTH'leCKaJI snaCTh H nponecc llJlaBneHHll. BTopoe H3l!aaHe. 1965).

2. Charles de Montesquieu, The Spirit of Laws (1748). (llIapJIh MOHTeCKbe, 1lyx 3aKoHoB, 1748).

3 .. Andrew Reynolds and Ben Reilly, The International IDEA Handbook of Electoral System Design (1997). (3I1)\PIO PeiiHoll,llc H beH PeHnH, Me?KJ!)'Hapol!HblH cnpasi'IHHK HIffiA no H36!f])aTeJIhHbIM CHCTeMaM. 1997),

4. Joseph G. Lapalombara and Myron Wittner, eds., Political Parties and Political Devdopment (1966). o:(iK03eIjJ r. JIanano!dfiapa H MapOH YHTHep, pe,llaKTOpbI, nOnHTH'IecKHe napTHH H nOJIHTH'leCKOe pa3BHTHe. 1966). '

50

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IlpHclIlKHble 'B cYJle6HbIX pro6HpaTeJIbCTBaX no rp!llK,!\aHCKOMY npaBy. )KIQPH

npHClIlKHbIX lIBJIlIeTCli YCTaHOBJIeHHOH TJlaJIHIIHeH B cHCTeMax rp!llK,!\aHCKOro npaBa, XOTli ero

,<jloPMbl MOryr OTJIHqanCli OT TaKOBOH B cHCTeMax 06mero IIpaBa. OH MOlKeT H He COCTom'H3

JlBeHaJllIarn JIHlI, HJIH' 3aQaCTYIO' OH MOlKeT npHHHMan <jlopMY npHClIlKHbIX 3aCeJlaTeJIeH,

KOTopble 3aCeJlaIOT COBMeCTHO C CYJlbllMH, a TaKlKe MOlKeT He TJle60BanCli eJ\HHo.Il)'UlHlilli

BepJlHKT JIJllI BblHeceHHlI 06BHHeHHll.

PeJIHrH03Hble npaBOBble TJlaJIHQHH. B HeKOTOpbIX 06meCTBax npaBOBble CHCTeMbl

OCHOBblBaIOTClI, B proJIHqnOH CTeneHH, Ha PeJIHrH03HbIX 3aKOHax, COJleplKaIQHXCli B

npe06JIaJlaIOmeH B JlaHHOM 06meCTBe PeJIHrHH. IlpHMepaMH TaKHX PeJIHrH03HbIX npaBOBbIX

CHCTeM lIBJIlIIOTCli cpeJlHeBeKOBal! XPHCTHaHCKal! EBpona H CBlIII\eHHal! PHMCKal! JiMnepHJI

nepHOJla pe<jlopMaQHH, KJIaccuqeCKal! MBJ\HlI, J13paHJIb H HCJIaMCme' 06meCTBa. B QaCTHOCTH

54

;,'.' Tp~OHHOC HcnaMCKOC DpaBO, HJIH WapHaT, JlBJIlIeTCH BJIHJITeJILBOH CHJJOH B COBPCMCHHOM

M)'CynLMIlHCKOM MHpC. B BCKOT0E!¥ apa6CKHX CTpllHax H HpllHe OB HMeeT ocp~am,HLIii CTaryC. B ,lIpyrHX JKe M)'CynLMIlHCKHX CTpllHax OB coc~eCTByeT co . CBeTCKHMH npaBOBLIMH

CHCTeMaMH, ynpaBlllIlI HJJH OKa3bIBWI BJIHJIHHC Ba oDpc.neneHHLIc 06naCTH npaBa, TaKHC KaK

CCMeHHOC HJIH lIH'IHOC DpaBO. OTJIH'lHTeJILHhIe. '1epTLI XPHc1'HaHCKOro H HcnaMCKOrO npasa

OIlllCaHhI HHJKe.

I ,

'.'

XPHCTHIlHCKoe npaBO. XpHCTHaaCKOe npaso, H3BCCTHOC TaIOICC KaK KaHOHH'lCCKOC

npaBO, COCTOHT H3 CHCTeMLI 3aKOBOB, KOTOpLIC CPOpMHpyroT OCHOBY 0pTIlHH3~ H npaJIJIeHHH

XPHCTHaHCKOH I1epKBH. Co BpeMCHH CBOerO OCHOBIlHHH XPHCTHaHCKWI I1epKOBb pa3pa6aTLIBaHa

CBOH C06CTBeHHLIC 3aKOHhI H npasHJJa, KOTopLIe 3a'laCTyro 06pawanHCb K pa:JJlH'llfLIli! BOnpOCaM

HJJH HHTepDpeTHpOBanH BOnpOCLI HHa'lC, '1eM :no HMCHO MeCTO B CBeTCKOM npase.

KaHOHH'leCKOC DpaBO He npc.nCTaHJllleT C060H HCH3MeHHeMLIil CBO.n npaBHn, BO OTpaJKaeT

H3MeHJllOll\HeCH KYHbTYPHhIe, COI\HaHbHhIC, nOnHTH'leCKHe H I1epKoBHhIe KOHTCKCTLI H

nOCTOJIHHO a.nanrnpOBaHOCb K HOBLIM ycnOBHHM.

POHb KaHOHH'leCKOrO npaBa. KaHOHH'lCCKOe npaso, onpe.neJllleMOC KaK npHHI\HllLI

60JKeCTBCHHoro XPHCTHaHCKOrO DpaBa, HrpaeT cpYH.llaMeHTanbHyro pOHb B OpTllHH3~ HLIHcWHeH PHMCKOH KaTOnH'leCKOH I1epKBH, ee nHTYPrHH H yqeHHHX. KaHOHH'lecKoe npaso

YCTaHaBnHBaeT npaBHna HJJH Ko.neKcLI OmpaBnCHHH penHrH03HLIX 06PJl.llOB H nOBe.neHHH

OT.neHbHLIX nHI\ H yqpeJK)leHHil, 06pawWlCb K TaKHM BOnpOCaM, KaK neHHoCTH, ;dOPam, H

I1epKoBHoe npaso. B HLIHCWHHX PHMCKO-KaTOnH'leCKHX CTpllHax KIlHOHH'lCCKOC npaso

npo.nonJKaeT JIBJIlIThCH OCBOBHLIM BH)lOM npaBa H 3aKOHHOCTH )\JIll BepyrolllHX, OKa3bIBWI

Henocpc.nCTBeHHOe B03.neHCTBHe Ha HX nH'IHyro JKH3Hb H Bepy.

OCHOBa KaHOHH'leCKOrO Dpasa. KIlHOHH'lCCKOe DpaBO OCHOBaHO Ba PHMCKOM npase,

HOBOM 3aBeTe H HOPMOTBOp'IeCKOH .neJITeHbHOCTH nan H nepKOBHLIX COBCTOB, a TaIOICe Ha

Tpa)\HI\HHX H npcne.neHTe. KaHOHH'lecKoe npaso CneI\HaHbHO 3aHMCTBOBaHO H a.nanTHPOBaHO

KOHI\CnI\HH H npaKTHKY H3 MHOJKeCTBa HCTO'IHHKOB.

BnHJIHHc KaHOHH'lCCKOro Dpasa Ha .npyrnc npaBOBLIe CHCTCMLI. B Cpe)\HHe BeKa

KaHOHH'leCKOC npaso, CCPOpM)'JIHpOBaHHOe PHMCKOH KaTOnH'leCKOH nepKOBblO, OKa3aHO

CHHbHoe BnHlIHHe Ha CHCTeMLI rpaJK)lllHCKOrO npaBa, Ha'IHHWI OT HOpM ~eCTBcHHoro DpaBa,

6paKOCO'leTllHHH H yronoBHoro Dpccnc.noBIlHHH H BaKa3llHHH, .no CPOPM)'JIHpOBIlHHH npHHI\HllOB

MCJK)IYHapO)IHoro npasa H pa3pa60TKH COBpeMeHHOH H)leH rocy.napCTBeHHoro CTpoHTeJILcTBa.

MeTO)ILI .n03HIlHHH KIlHOHH'leCKOrO npasa TaIOICC 6LInH npHHJITLI rpaJK)lllHCKHMH cy.naMH,

BMecre C DpaKTHKOH rocy.napCTBcHHoro 06BHHCHHH.

OTHoweHHH MeJK)ly nepKOBbIO H rocy.napCTBOM. BonpoCaM OTHoweHHH sacerdotum K

imperium (nepKOBHOH snaCTH K rocy.napCTBeHHoH snaCTH) y.neJIlleTCH nOCTOJlHHOe BHHMaHHe B

Tpy.nax no KIlHOHH'leCKoM)' npaBY, H OHH CTanH OCBOBOH )\JIll pa3pa60TKH npaBOBLIX npHHI\HllOB

B3aHMooTHoweHHil nePKoBb-rocy.napCTBO. O)IHaKO, cne.nyeT yHCHHTb,' 'ITO cornaCBO

KnaCCH'lecKoH XPHCTHaHCKOH TeopHH, HC c~eCTByeT TaKHX OT.neHbHLIX cyfiDeKTOB npaBa, KaK

"I:\epKOBb" H ''rocy.napCTBo'', a cKopce c~eCTByroT )\Ba ''Me'la'' - cBHll\eHHLIil H CBeTCKHH -

npc.ncT3BJllIIOll\He C060H 06e '1aCTH C)lHHoro, 061>C)lHHHeMoro B "XPHCTHaHCryro Pccny6mncy".

rYMaHH3Hpyroll\eC BnHlIHHe KaHOHH'leCKoro npasa. KaHOHH'lCCKOe npaBO OKa3aHO

pa3Ho06pa3HLIe ryMaHH3Hpyroll\He 3cpcpeKTLI Ha DpOI:\e.nypLI yronoBHoro DpaBa, HaKa3aHHH H

HCnpaBnCHHH. HanpHMep, XPHCTHaHCKWI .noKTpHBa yrnepJK)laeT, 'ITO '1CnOBC'IeCKWI npHpo.na

n03BOJIlleT .n06HTbCH HcnpasneBHH npecrynmflmB, H 'ITO '1aCTbIO HaKa3aHHH .nOnJKHO 6LITh

HCnpaBneHHe, a Be CMepTb. B pe3YHbTaTe 3TOro KaHOBH'lCCKOe npaBO 'OTCTaHBaeT TIOpei.rnoe

3aKnIO'IeHHe H HcnpaBneBHC BMCCTO CMepmOH Ka3HH.

55

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i I I I

KlIHOHH'leCKOe npano OKa3LJBaeT BJIWIHlIe Ha KO~emnno ~;eCTeCTseHHoro npana.

XpHCTHlIHCKHe AOKTpHHhl nOMeplKllBaJIH KO~emnno "eCTeCTBeHHoro,:.npana':. B .. ,xaqeCTBe

BepXOBHOrO BCeJ1eHCKOrO 3axoHa. ECTeCTBeHHOe npano, . COrllaCHO .:·HllTepnp~ KlIHOlill'leCKoro npana, lIBJlJleTCg 01'paJKeHHeM 3axOHOB Bora l.;ill cBmnemlOro . npana. 3Ta

KO~eIIJUU! CBmneHHOrO npOHCXQ)K,IIeru "eCTeCTBeHHOrO' npana"· .:n03AHee. 6hI.lIa

MO)1HQnulHPoBlIHa H npRnQ)KeHa K, CBeTCKHM mrrepnpeianIDw': npana,'" 32JlliMalOmerOCg

!\J)'lIJIaMeHTaJlbHhIM npanOM - KOHC1'IfI)'UdOHHLIM npanOM - Kax PaJHOBH)UlOCTH "BhlCWerO

npana", ynpanlJjliOmerO npanHTeJ]jIMH, 'TaX lKe Kax KO\>OJIH H npHImhl lIBJlJlJIHCL cy6neKTaMll

CBmneHHOrO npana B Ko~ellilHH KlIHOHHqeCKOrO npana TpYAHO nepeOUeHHTL BJIHjlHHe H

BalKHOCTL MeH ''Bhlcwero npana".

POJIL KlIHOHH'leCKOrO npana B' COIIHanLHOii H CBeTCKOii C!\Jepax: KlIHOHuqeCKOe npaBO

TaKlKe OKaJanO rJIy6oKoe BlIHjlHHe Ha CBeTCKHe acneKThJ XPHCTHlIHCKOii IIHBHJIH3aUHH,

B03AeiiCTBOBan Ha TaKHe . o611acm, Kax npoueccYaJILHhle AeiicTBHjI, CBg3l1HHhle C

6paKOCOqeTlIHHeM, PaJBOAOM, 3anemaHHeM H HaClIeAOBlIHHeM; AOKaJaTeJ1LCTBOM H YJIHKoii;

HMYmeCTBeHHhIMH npanaMH H npHo6peTeHHeM co6CTBeHHocm; H BlIa,IIeHHeM H

06j13aTellLCTBaMH ..•

E. HClIaMCKOe npanoH HClIaM. ,LVuI Toro ~o6h1 nOHHTL xapaKTep 1'pa)1HIIHOHHOro

;:; HClIaMCKOrO npana, Heo6xo,IIHMo 3HaTL' onpeAeJ1eHHhle OCHOBHhle AOrMaThl HCJIaMCKOii

PeJ1IITHH. OAHaxo, ClIeAYeT nOMllllTL, ~o Meg HClIaMCKOro npana B H3JIOlKeHHOM 3AecL 'BBAe

OTel-OHT AOCTaTOqHO AalJeKO OT' AeiiCTBHTeJILHOii npaxmKH ero npHMeHeHHjI B 60JILWHHCTBe

HLlHeWHHX' HClIaMCKHX 06meCTB, rAe (Kax OTMeqeHO HHlKe) rpaJKAlIHCKHe' cy.zjLJ H

nOJIHTfiqeCKHe ynpanlleHqeCKHe opraHh! qaCTO KYJILTHBHPYlOT 1'pa)1HIIHOHHhle BAeH, oco6eirno

B CB1I3H C BOnpOCaMH ToproBoro H yrolloBHoro npana. C APyroii CTOPOHhI, B KOHCepBaTHBHOii

CaYAOBCKOii ApanHH Bce eme npllBHT .CTapali 1'paAHfiHjI; a B peBOllIOIIHoHHOM HplIHe

HClIaMHCThI-!\J)'lIJIaMeHTalJHCThI YCTaHOBRnH npanlleHHe CBoero BapHaHTa HClIaMCKOrO npana.·

CJIHlIHHe peJIIITHH H lKH3HH B' HClIaMe. HClIaM, KOTOphlii 0603HaqaeT nOA'lHHeHHe RnH

npeKJIOHeHHe nepeA BOlleii rOcnOAa, 'npeACTaBJIlIeT co6oii PeJIHI'HlO, KOTOPali OXBaThlBaeT BCe

CTOPOHhl lKH3HH. "HClIaM He npOBO)1HT paJJIWlliJI MelK,lly peJIHrHeii H lKH3HhIO, HuqTO He

HCKJIIOqaeTCli H3 peJ1HrHH H BHe ee HWrrO He lIBJlJleTCg "CBeTCKHM" (3~oneJlHjl HClIaMa).

TaKHM 06paJOM HClIaM OTBepraeT cyrueCTBOBaHHe JII06oro paJJIHqHjI MelK,lly CBmnellHLlM H

CBeTCKHM. Kax ClIeACTBHe ::noro, B npHHUHUe He MOlKeT 6hITL "OTAelleHBjl UepKBH OT

rocYAapCTBa" B HClIaMCKOM' 06meCTBe, H He AOlIlKHO 6hITL 0611aCTH lKH3HH, peryJIHpyeMoii

.", TOJILKO CBmnellHLlM npanOM. ITo::nOMY HClIaMCKoe npano lIBJlJleTCg COCTaBHoii qaCTLIO

H~lIaMCKOii pellHrn03HOii AOKTpHHhl, npOB03rllaruali CBOIO BlIaCTL HanpaBlIjlTb JII060ii acneKT

lKH3HH BepYlOmero qellOBeKa. EOllee Toro, Eor Cq}!TaeTcg e,/\HHCTBeHHLIM 3axoHoAaTeJ1eM. To

eCTL, TO, ~O' npereUAYeT Ha TO, ~o6h1 CTaTL 3axOHOM, AOlIlKHO HaHm peJIHrH03HOe

060cHoBlIHHe, JIH60 OHO OTBepraeTcg.

KopllH B KaqeCTBe nepBHqHOrO HCTOqHHKa lllapHaTa (HClIaMCKOro npana). HCJIaMCKOe

,i.. npano - HJIH lllapHaT - npeiK.z\e· Bcero OCHOBlIHO Ha KopllHe.- MYCYJILMlIHCKOM 3KBHBalJeHTe

EH6JIHH - TO eCTL, nHCaJillJIX, npHHHThIX MYcYlILMaHaMH Kax CBmneHHLIe (60lKeCTBeHHhle)

OTKpoBeHBjl npopOKa' MYXaMMeAa (570? - 632 IT.). B HClIaMe' MYXaMMeA . CqmaeTCg

"nOClIlIHHHKOM Eora", TO eCTL, Annax (apa6cKHii CHHOHHM Dora) CaM roBOPHJI YCTaMH

MYXaMMeAa. TaKHM 06paJOM CqHTae-rCg, qTQ KopllH lIBlJlIeTCli ClIOBOM Dora, a ·He MYXaMMeAa,

KOTOphlii TOllLKO nepeAalJ HX lIIOAlIM. B KaqeCTBe HCTOqRHKa npana, H:6yJIYqH CJIOBOM Eora,

KopllH clIeAYlOmHM 06paJOM HJIlIlOC1'pHpYeT !\J)'lIJIaMeHTaJILHOe MYcYJILMaHCKoe nOHlime

ITpana: 3aKoH eCTL BOJIJI Eora. <l>aKTuqeCKH B KJIaCCHqeCKOM HClIaMe'Eor lIBJlJleTCli He npoCTO

56

l1PaBO H tleJIeHHe HCJIaMa Ha C)'HHlITCKylO H WHHTCKylO BeTBH. 3Ta KllpTHHa HCJIaMCKOrO

CB~eHHOrO rrpaBa, coCTaBJlJIIOmero ero HHTerpaJIbH)'lO 'lacn., OCJIOJKIDIeTCK plI3JlH'1J1J1MH

MelK)1y CeKTaMH BayrpH Ca.'fOH peJIHrHH. OCHOBHOe tleJIeHHe rrpoxo.!IiIT MelK)1y MYCYJlbMaHaMH

C)'HHlITaMH (HJlH 0PTOtlOKCaMH) H ruHHTaMH. OCHOBHOe pa3JIH'IHe MelKJ1Y HHMH COCTOHT B TOM,

'ITO B TO BpeMK KaK C)'IIHlITLI C'lHTaJOT, 'ITO 60JKeCTBeHHOe OTKpOBeHHe npeKpa'rnJIocL co

CMepThlO TIpOpOKa, IIlHIITLI JKe BepKT B OrrpetleJIeHHLIX "BOJKt\eH" - liMaMOB -. KOropLIX BetleT

60JKLe upOBHtleHHe H nO:IToMY OHH 6e3yupe'lHhl, H KOTOpLle COOTBeTCTBeHHO MOryT i\06aBJlKTL

K CYHHaM HJlH 06K3aTeJILHOH TP~H. (CaMH WHHThI TaKJKe pll3i\eJIeHLI Ha pll3JlH'lHhle BeTBH,

Oi\Ha H3 KOTOPLIX - MIPHa-amapHTLI HJlH ",lVleH~aTHHKH" - npH3HaJOT TOJlbKO ilBeH~aTh

MMaMOB, nOCJIei\HHii H3 KOTOPLIX YMep B 874 roIlY, H KOTopLle co BpeMeHeM B03pOi\KTCK.

DOJlbWHHCTBO HpBHneB KBJlKIOTCK 'lJIeHaMH HMeHHO :noH ceKTLJ). TaKHM 06P1l30M, BOrrpOCLI

IIpaBa B 3THX ilBYX OCHOBHLIX BeTBKX HCJIaMa 'laCTO Pll3HKTCK; 1JlJI lliHHTOB rrpaBo MOJKeT

H3MeHKTLCK MMaMaMH, 'ITO He rrpH3HaeTCK CYHHHTaMH, KOTopLle nO~epJKHBaJOT HeH3MeHHOCTh

TPlIi\Hl\HH" •

(5) Mem:oynapoonoe npaBo.

TIOCKOJlbKY 3aKOHLI CTaHOBKTCK 6eCCMLlCJIeHHLIMH, eCJlH HX HeJlb3K HCnOJIHKTL, TO

MeJKt\YHapOtIHoe upaBO KaK 6L1 KBJIKeTCK HeBepHLIM YUOTPe6JIeHHeM TepMHHa: HarrpHMep, HeT

HH Oi\HOrO BCeMHpHoro nOJIHI\eHCKOro, KOTOpLlii 6L1 i\eHCTBOBaJI no YKll3aM TaKoro opraHa, KaK

MeJKt\YHapotlHLlii CYi\. feHepaJIbHaK AccaM6JIeK OOH "npHHKJIa" PKil nOJIoJKeHHii HJlH

"i\OroBOPOB", 'IT06L1 06ecne'lHTL 3amHTY Toro, 'ITO Hll3LIBaeTCK "rrpaBru.rn 'leJIOBeKa". Ho Oi\Ha

IIp06JIeMa COCTOHT B TOM, 'ITO onpetleJIeHHe ''npaB 'leJIOBeKa", B TOM BHtle, KaK OHO i\aHO B

Y CTaBe OOH OT 1945 rotla H BO Bce06meH .I1:eKJIapllliHH no rrpaBaM 'leJIOBeKa OT 1948 rOi\a, He

HaxO)J.HT Bce06mee upH3HaHHe, i\aJKe B rex CTPaHax, KOTopLle nOi\DHcaJIH KaK v CTaB, TaK H

.I1:eKJIapa~.

TeM He MeHee, HeKOTopLle CTPaHLI rrpOi\OJlJKaJOT H3hlCKHBaTh 'If'':OTOPYJO IPOPMY

MeJKt\YHapOtIHoro npaBOBoro CTaHi\apTa H HHOri\a :ITO 6L1BaeT ycnelllHLIM. HYJKHO KOHe'lHO

nOCOBeTOBaThCK C MeJKt\YHapot\HLIM co06~eCTBoM, KOrtla KaKaK-JIH60 CTPaHa HaMepeBaeTCK

i\eHCTBOBaTh B TaKOH MaHepe, 'ITO 3TO OKll3L1BaeT B03i\eHCTBHe Ha i\pyrHe CTPaHLJ, oc06eHHo B

CJIY'Iae BoeHHOH' HHTepBeHDHH. 3a'laCTylO ''peweHHK'' TaKHX OPraHH3a:QHH, KaK OOH,

C06JIIOtlalOTCK Ha tl06POBOJlbHOH OCHOBe - KaK HarrpHMep B cJIY'lae, KOri\a CIlIA H t{pyrHe

CTPaHLJ pelliHJlH He npOi\aBaTh opYJKHe 60cHHiiCKHM MYCYJlbMaHaM B Ha'lane 1990-x rotlOB -

XOTK MOJKeT H He 6L1Th KaKHX -JIH60 caJIKlIHii B cJIY'lae HX Hec06Jl1Oi\eHHK •

.. MHorne CTPaHLJ nOi\DHCLlBaJOT tlOrOBOPLl C t{pyrHMH CTPaHaMH H 3aKJl1O'laJOT KaK

ilBYCTopoHHHe, TaK H MHOrOCTOpOHHHe i\OrOBOpLl no COTPYtlHH'leCTBY B pll3HLIX Bonpocax, KaK

nOJIHTH'leCKOrO, TaK H 3KOHOMH'leCKOrO COi\epJKaHHK. XOTK H He06K3aTeJILHO, 'IT06L1 TaKHe

i\OroBOPLl 6L1JlH HCnOJIHHMhl Ha MeJKt\YHapoi\HOH apeHe, Bce JKe TaKHe rrpaBOBLle HHCTPYMeHTLl

TeM He MeHee C'lHTaIOTCK BaJKHLIMH acneKTaMH npOBei\eHIDI 3apy6eJKHoil: nOJlHTHKH, KOTOPaK

HMeeT KaK nOJIHTH'leCKHe, TaK H 3KOHOMH'lecKHe pll3BeTBJIeHHK. Ha OCHOBaHHH upe~ymero

nOBei\eHHK CTPaHLJ COCTaBJIKeTCK KaK 6L1 ee UPOIPHJlL, YKll3L1BaJOWHH B KaKOH creneHH re HJlH

HHLle CTPaHLJ CKJIOHHLI c06Jl1OtlaTh CBOH 06emaHHK. 06L1'lHO i\OrOBOpLl TPe6YJOT HeKOToporo

BHi\a paTHIPHKaIlHH B 3aKOHOi\aTeJILHOM opraHe CTPaHLJ.

(6) HpaBoBlIR cmpyKmypa OmOeJlbnO B3Rmoii cmpanbl..

.I1:aHHLJii PlI3t1eJI i\OJlJKeH rrpeJKt\e Bcero Ha'laThCK C OUHCaHHK OCHOBHLIX nOJIOJKeHHH

KOHCTII1)'I(II1f CTPaHLJ. B Htleane KIDK.i\oro 06yqaJOmerocK CJIei\YeT cHa6i\HTh KOUHeH

57

I

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.'

·s:

- -'---J ~ - -r-" - - ---r-'" -·--MJ _a .... y_ .............................. U 'UULI..IoJ"V LLD'f'VpM.a.u"nlU' U AUHJlpt:TtlhlX

33KOHax, peryiIHpyroIUHX npaBOByro CHTY~ B CTpaHe, BKJIlO'IWI:

• HeKoropLIe 06lUHe npHHI\HIILI yroJlOBHOro npaBa; • rplllK,ZlaHCKOe npaBO - 0630p; • KOHKpeTHyro HHCPOPM~ 0 TOproBOM npaBe; • IIpHMepLI MeJI<JlYHapO.I\HLIX ,lIOroBOPOB, nOJlll1lCaHHLIX cymeCTByroillHM npaBHTeJIbCTBOM; • ,lqJ}'THe BHJILI 33KOHOB - npHMepLI, C paJ:blICHeHHJIMH.

CCLIJIKH:

1. John Greenwald, "A Gift to All Nations", Time. 6 July 1987. \AlKOH rpHBB3JIJI, "IIo,llapoK BceM H~", TaHM, 6 HlOIDI 1987 r.).

2. 113 Kenneth Janda, Jeffrey M. Berry, and Jerry Goldman, The Challenge of Democracy: Government in America. 2nd ed. (1989), pp. 11-17. (KeHHeT ,7.VK3HJIa, ,7.VKeCPCPPH M. J)epPH H ,7.VKeppH rOJjJlMaH, BLI30B lIeM0KpaTHH: npaBHTeJIbCTBO B AMepHKe, 2-oe H3,l1aHHe (1989), CTp.11-17).

**.113 CNITAS:.A Framework for Civic Education .. pp. 337-341. (CHBMTAC: PaMKH JIIDI rplllK,ZlaHCKOrO 06PaJOBaHHlI, CTp. 337-341).

58

N ~ .' . . , . .. ~ .' .~ , ,J ';~

'., "

· i

vn rp~aHCKOe ofi~eCTBo

To 3Ha'leHHe BbIpaJKeHHll ''rpaJK,ll;aHCKOe 06mecTBo", B KOTOPOM OHO. 06hI'l11o

HCn01IL3YeTCH B HaCTogmee BpeMH, HBIDIeTCH CPaBIDITeJILHO HOBLIM,. XOTH B mHpOKOM CMhlCne

IpaiK.zlaHCKOe 06meCTBO CaMO no ce6e HBIDleTCH HaCTOlILKO )Ke IIPeBHHM, 'ITO 11. --'IenOBe'leCTBO,

ecnH OTHOCIITb 3TO 3Ha'leHHe KO BceH COD;HaJILHOH )KH3HH B nenOM. Ho TaKoe WHpOKoe

onpeJleneHHe HBIDleTCH 6eCnOne3HLIM. B XOJle HCTOpH'leCKoro nponecca, B 'laCTHOCTH B

3ana)IHOM MHpe, RJleH IpaJK,ll;aHCKOro 06meCTBa 601ILwe YBH3LIBanaCb C onpeJleneHHLIM BRJlOM

nHBHnH30BaHHOH )KH3HH. EMY JlaBanHCb caMbIe pa3Hb1e onpeJleneHHll B Te'leHHe BeKOB, HHOrJla

HMeH B BHJIY TOT acneKT COD;HaJILHOH )KH3HH, KOTOphIii KOHlj>nHKTYeT C cymeCTByroWHM

npaBHTenbCTBOM, B TO BpeMH KaK B IIPyrHe BpeMeHa, B npOTHBOnOnO)KHOCTh 3TOMY,

TPe60BanOCb lj>aKTH'leCKOe yqaCTHe OT '!neHOB 06meCTBa B ynpaBneHHH CTPaHOH.

(1) OnpeoeneHue "zpamoaHCKOZO 06~ecmBa".

3Ha'leHHe cnOBa ''rpaJK,ll;aHCKHH'' HeCeT HBHhIii n03HTHBHhIii OTTeHOK: OCHOBHLIM ero

aHTOHHMOM HBIDIeTCH cnOBO ''BapBapcKHiI'', 0603Ha'iaIDWHiI HpPaD;HOHaJILHOCTb, OTcyrCTBHe

YBaJKeHHll K nIOJlHM, OTcyrCTBHe npHHD;HllOB, H B nenOM HenpHeMneMOe nOBeJleHHe •

. fpaJK,ll;aHcKHiI HnH nHBHnH30BaHHhIii MHP, B CMhlcne cpeJlbl, HBIDleTCH OPraHH30BaHHLIM,

PaD;HOHaJILHLIM H )KenarenbHLIM. JiyJIY'lH KopHeM cnoBa "nHBHnH3anHH", OHO 0603Ha'iaeT 60nee

pa3BHTble CTaJlHH 'lenOBe'lecKoro cymeCTBOBaHHH. ITo 3TOH npH'lHHe, KOrJla 3TO cnOBO 6b1JIo

BnepBble ynOTPe6neHo B BOCeMHRJlnaTOM BeKe B 3ana)IHOH EBpone, KOHDennHH "IpaJK,ll;aHCKOrO

06mecTBa" 6b1JIa TecHO CBH3aHa C RJleeH "nOJIHTH'leCKoro 06meCTBa", nOCKOm,KY

nOIlPa3YMeBanocb, 'ITO nOJlllTH'leCKOe pa3BHTHe HBIDIeTCH He06xoJIHMOH CTaJlHeH pa3BHTHH

nHBHnH3aD;HH. C03J1aHHe npaBOBOro rocYJlapCTBa 06ecne'lHBaeT 3amHTY CB060Jlbl, 6e3 KOTOPOH

HeB03MO)KHbl HH nHBHnH3anHH, HH IpaJK,ll;aHcKoe 06mecTBo.

,D;o BOCeMHRJlnaToro BeKa TepMHHbl ''nJmHnH3anHH'' H ''rpaJK,ll;aHCTBeHHOCTb'' HBIDlnHCb

60nee HnH MeHee B3aHM03aMeHJIeMhlMH HnH CHHOHHMII.'lHbIMH. If Bce )Ke 3TH JIBe KOHDeJWllil

onpeJleneHHO He HBIDIIOTCH CHHOHHMaMH: nOnHTHKa OTHOCHTCH K CTPYKTYPe BnaCTH BHyrpH

rocYJlapCTBa, Ii TO BpeMH KaK IpaJK,ll;aHCKHH ceKTOp CBH3aH C Ha60pOM Bcero pa3H006pa3HJI

Jl06POBOlILHbIX JleHCTBHH IpaJK,ll;aH. fpaJK,ll;aHCTBeHHOCTb MOlKeT BKnIO'laTh H nOJlllTH'leCKOe

yqaCTHe HnH aKTHBHOCTb, HO BMecre C TeM OHa ropa3J10 wHpe BblXOJIHT 3a npe,zienbl npOCTOH

nOJlllTH'leCKOH aKTHBHOCTH. ITo Mepe TOro, KaK BbIKpHCTannRJOBLIBanHCb pa3JlH'IHli Me)KJly

rocYJlapCTBOM, nepKOBblO H 'laCTHLIM CeKTOpOM, nOHJITHe 0 IpaJK,ll;aHCKOM 06meCTBe

CTaHOBHnOCb Bce 60nee "BbIII)'KJIhlM" H CTanO BocnpHHHMaTbCH B Ka'leCTBe OTJleJILHOro

HanpaBneHHll 'lenOBe'leCKOH JleHTelILHOCTH.

HeKOTopble nHcarenH cnopHT, 'ITO IpaJK,ll;aHCKOe 06meCTBO HMeeT oc06hIii CTaTYC, H 'ITO

OHO HMeeT CBoe WInO He TOlILKO 3a npeJlenaMH CBOHX '!neHOB, H 'ITO cymeCTBYeT HeKHil BRJI

"06mero 6nara", KOTopoe MO)KeT nOMeplKHBaThCH IpaJK,ll;aHCKHM 06meCTBOM. ITpeJlllOnaraeTCH,

'ITO "06mee 6naro" HBIDIeTCH reM, 'leMY JlOn)KHbI cneJlOBaTh '!neHbl 06meCTBa JIIDI JlOCTH)KeHHll

C'lRCTbH. ITpeJlllOnOlKHTeJILHO, no 06mee 6naro OTnH'laeTCH, a HHOrJla MO)KeT BocnpHHHMaThCH

KaK He'ITO KOHlj>nHKTyIDmee ('ITO H 6LIBaeT B JleHCTBHTeJILHOCTH) C nH'lHbIMH neIDIMH '!neHOB

06meCTBa, KOTopble MOryr He HMeTb ''rpaJK,ll;aHCKOrO'' C03HaHHJI. fOBOPH JlPyrHMH CnOBaMH,

IpaJK,ll;aHCKOe 06meCTBO MOlKeT paCCMaTPHBaThCH B Ka'leCTBe RJleaJILHOrO 06mecTBa, KOTOpOro

MO)KHO JlOCTH'lb, ecnH nIDJIH CTaHyr HCKpeHHHMH H He 3rOHCTH'lHbIMH. K CO)KaneHHIO, 06hI'l11o

6LIBaeT THlKeno, ecnH He HeB03MO)KH0, JlaTh onpeJleneHHe TOMY, 'ITO B JleHCTBHTenbHOCTH

HBIDIeTCH "06WHM 6naroM". HHorJla Te, KTO npereHJlYlOT Ha TO, 'ITO OHH 3HaIOT 3TO

onpeJleneHHe, lj>aKTH'leCKH MOryr npecneJlOBaTh CBOH nH'lHble nenH H HHTepecbI.. ,D;aJKe re

59

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IVLDJ.\..JllUC<JU1, Kl!Tuphle OTHOC.HTCH BeCLMa CKeII'1'lJqecKH K mo.nCKHM MOTHBauIDIM, Koropidl

XOTeJIH fihl nDABHTJIYI'b JDO,I\eH npeCJIe,l\DBaTL Te neJIH, KDTDphle nDMDraJOT He TDJThKD H~

CaMHM, HD H ,l\pyrHM mo,I\XM, npH3HaJOT, 'ITO, He cymecrnyer npDCTDrD nyrn Dnpe,l\eJIeH"S fimm

,l\JJJI "Bcero DfimeCTBa" B DrphlBe DT J:IWUILIX HBTepeCDB JIlO,I\eH, ,npyrne 1Ke MhlCnHTem

npD,I\DJDKa)()T CnDpHTL, qro JIDD~ecKH HeJTh3S i.\DII)'CTHTL, qTOfihl "DfimecTBeHHDe fiJIan

mlJIHJ]DCb fihl 'IeM-TD HHhlM, qeM cyMMa Bcex JIH'iHhlX neJIeH 'IJIeHDB Dfimecrna.

r,l\e-TD B Cepe,l\HHe 1970-x rD,I\DB KDHI\errnns "rpaJK,l\aHCKDrD Dfimecrna" npHDfipeJI~

BeCbMa cnenncpH'leCKDe 3HaqeHHe B BOCTO'IHDH EBpDne. B YCJlDBHSX TDTaJIHTapHD~

KDMMYHHCTH'IeCKOH CHCTeMhl fihlJIa BD3pD1KJ\eHa KOHI\errnns ''rpaJK,l\aHCKDrD Dfimecrna", B

'IaCTHDCTH B ilDJThrue, r,l\e cymecrnDBaJID CHJIbHDe aHTHnpaBHTeJThcrneHHDe ABIDKeHHe B BHJ\e , ,

npDcpCDI03a «COJIH,I\apHDCTL», npH'IeM ''rpaJK,l\aHCKDe DfimeCTBD" CTaJID C'IHTaTLClI TeM

CeKTDpDM, KDTDPhlH CD3HaTeJIbHD BhlcryrraeT npDTHB neHrpaJIbHDro npaBHTeJThcrna. ~AHDrne

DlKH,I\aJIH, 'ITO. CDBe":CKHH fiJIDK nDTepllHT nDpaJKeHHe DT MaCCDBDro ABIDKeHHlI, BD3rJIaBJIlIeMDro

JlH,l\epaMH ''rpaJK,l\aHCKDro. Dfimecrna". H ,l\JJJI MHDrnx HafiJIIO,I\aTeJIeH H nDJlHTH'IeCKHX

aHaJIHTHKDB mlHJIDCb CIOpnpH3DM TO. DfiCTDlITeJIbCTBD, 'ITO. peaJIbHal! 1KH3Hb paCnDpll.l\HJlaCb

CDBceM no. ,l\pyrDMY. Pacna)\ CDBercKDro CDI03a fihlJI B 3Ha'IHTeJlbHDH CTeneHH Bhl3BaH - ,l\aJKe . .' .

eCJIH H, He HaMepeHHD - erD cDficrneHHhlM PYKDBD,I\crnDM. nDJlHTHKa, nepecrpDiiKH

(pecrpYKTYPH3anHH npaBJIeHHS) H rJIaCHDCTH fihlBIIlerD npe3HJ\eHTa CCCP MnxaHJIa rDpfia'leBa

BHeCJla 3Ha'IHTeJThHhlH BKJla)\ B KDHe'IHhlH pacna)\ KDMMYHHCTHqeCKDii CHCTeMhl. ,npyrne 'IJIeHhl,

fihlBrueH KDMMYHHCTH'IeCKDH 3JlHThl TaK1Ke BHeCJIH CBDii BKJla)\ B 3TDT pacna)\, ,Cpe,l\H KDTDphlX B

DCDfieHHDCTH MDlKHD DTMeTHTb HhlHeruHerD npe3H,1\eHTa rpY3HH 3J1Yap,l\a liIeBapJ\Ha)\3e, a

TaK1I(e H ,l\pyrHX irn,l\epDB KaK Ha KaBKaJe, TaR H B lleHrpaJThHDii MHH.

B na)\eHHe EepJIHHCKDii CTeHhl BHeCJIa CBDii BKJla)\ H peIIlHMDCTL 3ana)\a npD,I\OJll'<aTL

paJpafiDTKy CJlD)I(Hl.lX H 3cpcpeKTHBahlx DfiDPDHHTeJThHblX CHCTeM. KDr,l\a fihlBIIlHH np~H,I\eHT CIlIA PDHaJIb,l\ PeiiraH DTKphlTD HaJBaJI CDBerCKHH COID3 "HMllepHeii 3Jla", DITDJlDCKH 3TDrD

npDKaTHJlHCb no. BceMY CBery. HD BepDlITHD HaHfiDJIee BaJKHblMH Cpe,l\H ,-:ex npD'IHX

DfiCTDlITeJThCTB mlHJIHCb ,3JleKrpDHHhle cpe,l\crna MaCCDBDii HHCPDPManHH, KDTOphle

npe,l\DCTaBHJlH fiDJThrueii 'IaCTH MHpDBDii DfimecTBeHHDCTH Y3HaTL, KaK )IlliBYT moM B

CBDfiDJ\HhlX crpaHax. TeJIeBH,I\eHHe, nDKa3hlBaJID lKH3Hb B ,l\pyrnx crpaHax B peaJThHDCTH, TaR

'ITo. HHKaKal! npDnaraH,l\HCTCKal! MaruHHa He HMeJIa HHKaKDii Ha)\elK,l\1d CKpIdTL qro-JIHfiD. H HaKOHen, BD MHDrnx CJIyqaxx caMH 'lJIeHld KDMMYHHCTHqeCKDii 1I0MelllUlamypbl HanpllMYlO

cnDCDficTBDBaJIH Da)\eHHIO CHCTeMhl - KaK K npHMepy B cnyqae C PYMhlHHeH - H HeDfi1l3aTeJIbHD

no. H,l\eDJlDrH'IeCKHM MDTHBaM. nD3TDMY BnDJlHe BD3MDlKHD paCCMarpHBaTL cofibITHll 1989 H

1990 IT. KaK npDcroe JlDrnqeCKDe DrpaJKeHHe BeKa HHcpDpMaTH3annH H BldpaJKeHHe ilCTOmeHHS

DfiaHKpDTHBIIleiiclI nDJlHTHqeCKDH CHCTeMhl"DCHDBaHHDH Ha HJlJl103HSX H JI)ICIf, a He KaK rpHYMCP

, peBDJllOnnDHHDro'H CD3HaTeJILHDro''rpaJK,l\aHCKDro DfimecTBa" B fiDpbfie npoTHB TOTaJIHTapHIdX

CHJl.

nD3TOMY 3TH npe,l\CTaBJleHHS C Tex nDp 3Ha'lHTeJThHD H3MeHHJIHCb, DT'laCTH BCJle,l\CTBHe

TOro, 'ITo. rpaJK,l\aHCKDe DfimeCTBD He CTaJID TOii peBDJIJDnnDHHDii CHJIDii, Ha 'ITo. paCCqHThlBaJIH

HeKDTDplde, a OT'IaCTH H nDTDMY, qro nDCJle ,na)\eHHlI KDMMYHH3Ma CTaJID DqeBH,I\HD, qro JlIOM

, ,l\DIDKHhl CT!ITL napTHepaMH B npDnecce ,l\eMDKpaTH'leCKHX H3MeHeHHii. MHDrne nDHHMaJOT, qro

Tep~ ''rpaJK,l\aHCKDe DfimeC,TBD" He ,l\DJllKeH nD,I\paJYMeBaTL KDHcpPDHTanHDHHDe DTHDrueHHe

K npaBHTeJlbCTBY; nDT repMHH MDlKer npDCTD DTHDCHTLClI KD BceM He nDJIHTH'IeCKHM

,l\eiiCTBaxM, BKJlIO'Ial! ,l\aJKe 3KDHDMH'lecKYJO ,l\ellTeJlbHDCTL. O,l\HaKD, HeKDTDphle nDJIHTH'IeCKHe

aHaJIHTHKH npe,l\llD'lHTaJOT Bhl'IJIeHllTb 3KDHDMH'IeCKy/o ,l\ellTeJlbHDCTL H OT,I\eJlllTL 'ee DT ,l\pyrnx

aCneKTDB "CDDTBeTCTBY/OmerD rpalK,llaHCKDro DfimeCTBa", KDTOpDe DHM DrpaHH'IHBaJOT

,l\DfipDBDJThHDii He KDMMepqeCKDii ,l\ellTeJIbHDCTLIO. nDCKDJThKY ,l\aHHhlH TepMHH He Bf :r,l\a

HMeer lICHhle, HeABYCMhlCJIeHHhle Dnpe,l\eJIeHHS, TO 3TD MDlKeT Bld3hlBaTL HeKDTDpDe

He,l\OnDHHMaHHe H 3aMeruareJIbCTBD, KDTDpDe DJ\HaKD He lIBJIlIerClI HeH3fielKHldM.

60

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I

KaK 6LI HH H3MeIDIJIOCb' ero 3Ha'leHHe C Te'leHHeM BpeMeHH, nOHlITHe "rpalK,/\aHCKOrO

06lJ..,ecTBa" BCer.lla 3l1KlIIO'larrOCb B H,lIee, 'ITO COUHaJIbHaJI JK113Hb BKJIIO'laeT OT.lIeJIbHLIX llH~,

KOTOpLie oC)'IIleCTBllJIlOT MHorne BeIIUl: OHH yrrpasllJIlOT H (=}lIBmrnrrClI yrrpaBillIeMLIMH;

nO.ll.l\epJKIIBaJOT ce6l1 H Tex,' KTO OT HHX 3aBHCHT; C03.l1aJOT npOH3Be.lleHHll HCK)'CCTBa;

3aJl11MaJOTClI cnopTOM H ,lIpyrmc BH,lIllMH OT.l\LIXa; nOKllOIDIIOTClI BLicmeM)' Pa3YMY H CHllRM,

KfK OHH MOryT HX onpe.llenHTh. O.l\HO H3 CaMLIX 06mHX 3Ha'lemm ''rpalK,/\aHCKoro.06mecTBa'' B

COBpeMeHHOM KOHTeKCTe OXBaTLIBaeT Bce ·WUHaJIbHLIe rp)'IIIILI H HHCTIIT)'TLI, HaxO.l\llIIUleCJI

MeJK.l\Y ceMbeii If ,lIp)'rHMH Kpo:· HOpO.llCTBeHHLIMll rpynnllMH, C o.l\Hoii CTOPOHLI, H

rocY.llapCTBOM BO BceMH ero pa3H006pa3HLIMH HHCTHT)'TRMH, C ,lIpyroii croPOdLI. IIo:noM)'

.lIaHHoe onpe.lleneHHe BKllIO'laeT KaK 3KOHOMlf'leCKHe, TaK H He 3KOHOMH'leCKHe C9UHarrbHLIe

e~, H MOlKeT HCn0nh30BaThClI C MeHbllIeii CTeneHbIO .lIBYCMLICneHHOCTH. H

HeO.l\H03Ha'lHOCTH.

CHnbHOe q: °JK,llaHCKOe 06meCTBO B COBpeMeHHOM KOHTeKCTe nO,llpa3)'MeBaeT HaJIH'lHe

cne.ll)'lOmHX ycnoBHii:

• YCTaHOBneHHe H C06nIO.lIeHHe npHHUHlla BepXOBeHCTBa 3aKOHa, KOTOPbIii 3RIIU1maeT

rpalK,/\aH He. TOnhKO OT ,lIp)'rHX n~, HO TaKlKe II OT rocY.llapCTBa;

• C)'IIleCTBOBaHlle C03.l1aHHLIX B YCTaHOBneHHOM nopll.l\Ke H 31}>I}>eKTHBHLIX

HenpaBHTenhCTBeHHLIX rpynn no HHTepeCRM, KOTopLie MOryT 3all.1MmaTh qneHOB 06mecTBa

OT HapymeHHll HX npaB; H

• IlnIOpaJIH3M npll .l\HCK)'CCHlIX, B33.l1MHaJI TepnHMOen II .lIOCTaTO'lHO pacnpOCTpaHeHHaJI H

60nee = MeHee PaBHOMepHO pacnpe.lleneHHaJI 3KOHOMIf'IeCKaJI MOIIU>, TaK 'ITO HH O.l\Ha

rpynna He lIBnlIeTClI qpe3MepHO .lIOMHHHP)'lOmeii, .lIalKe TaKHe lIBHO npononynHCTCKHe

rp)'IIIILI, KaK npol}>eccHOHaJIbHLIe COI03LI.

B COBpeMeHHOM rocY.lIapCTBe 60nbmHHCTBO qneHOB rpalK,/\aHCKOrO 06m ecTBa TaKlKe

lIBllJIlOTClI H rpalK,/\aHllMH. Ho He BCer.lla no 6LInO TaK. B ,lIpeBHHe BpeMeHa rpalK,/\aHllMH 6LInH

He60nbllIoe KOnH'leCTBO H36paHHLIX nIO.lIeii, H . HX 06113aHHOCTH 6LIBanH BeCbMa

3Ha'lHTenhHLIMH. bonbllIHHCTBO HapO.lla 6LInH npoCTO cy6'beKTllMH HnH nOMaHHLIMH, Ha

KOTOPLIX CKa3LIBanHCb nOnllTH'leCKHe pemeHHll, npHHHMaeMLIe .lIP)'rHMH. IIo Mepe pa3BHTHlI

~HnH3~ rpalK,/\aHCTBO CTaHOBHnOCb Bce 60nee pacnpoCTpaHeHHLIM H BO MHOrHX CTpaHax

CTarro DO c)'IIleCTBY CHHOHHMOM HRUHOHaJIbHOCTH, pacnpocrpaHllllCb DO C)'IIleCTBY Ha Bcex

JKllreneii. II03TOM'j rpalK,/\aHHH 60nee HnH MeHee aBTOMaTH'leCKH CTaHOBHnClI TaKlKe H qneHOM

rpalK,/\aHCKOro 06meCTBa. B 'laCTHOCTH, B .lIeMOK! ~TH'leCKlIX 06m eCTBax rpalK,/\aHe HMelOT KaK

npaBO, TaK H 06113aHHOen ronocOBaTh. 3TO HX OCHOBHaJI - H 3a'lacT)'IO e.l\HHCTBeHHaJI -

06113aHHoen. Ho K COlKaJIeHHlO, MHorne eme He OC03HalOT 3Ha';eHHe 3TOro npaBa H

06113aHHOCTH.

(2) rpfl3lCi1aHcmBo U i1eMOKpamUR.

CnOBO ".lIeMoKpaTHll" npOHCXO.l\HT H3 .lIByx ,lIpeBHerpe'leCKlIX cnOB: OeMOC HnH "HapO.ll"

H KfJamoc, 'ITO 03Ha'laeT "Bnaen". Ho no He 03Ha'laeT, 'ITO .lIeMOKpaTHll paJpa6aTLIBaJIaCb, r:aK

oTnpaBneHHe BnaCTH BCEM HapO.llOM. Ha060poT, rpe'leCKOe nOHHMaHHe ''Ilap0.lla'' - nIO.lIeii

.lIoCToiiHLIX Ha3LIBaThCli rpalK,/\aHllMH, a OTClO.lIa H :JTnpaBillITh nOnHTH'lecK)'IO Bnaen - 6WlO

O'leHb H36uparenbHLIM. B 'leTBepTOM H lllITOM BeKax .lIO Haneii 3pLI, KOr.lla rpe'leCKaJI

.lIeMoKpaTHll npo~BeTarra II 3apO.llHnaCb cOBpeMeHHaJI H,lIeli rpalK,/\aHCTBa, c)'IIleCTBOBarra crporru;

HepapXHJI nH'lHLIX CTaT)'COB H lIMenHCb rny60KHe .lIeMapKRUHoHHLIe JJIilIH1I .l\nlI 06peTeHHlI

rpalK,/\aHCTBa. Ho Bce lKe OCHOBHaJI· H,lIell, - KOTOPaJI H C.lIenarra ee lKH3Hecnoc06Hoii H

cOBpeMeHHoii - COCTOlina B TOM, 'IT06LI OT.lIenHTh 06m ecTBeHH)'lO cl}>epy OT ,I}>epbl KpoBHoro

61

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pO.LI"'llla. H. KJIllHOBOl;TH.. VOll\eCTBeHHaJI cljlepa He ohIJIa )'BJI3llHa C 3T11H'1eCKHM

npOHCXOlK,l\eHHeM; B .lIeifcTBHTem.HOCTH rpeqeCKHe ceneHHll 6hIJIH HaMepeHHO nepeTaCOBaHLI H

peOprllHH30BaHLI, 'lT06hI )'MeHbIIIHTh BJIHlIJIHe H .3Ha'lHMOcn.. HaCne.llCTBeHHhIX KllllHOB HJIH

nneMeH, C neJu.ro C03.l1aHIDI 60nee rOMoreHHOro HapO.lla.

,lijJeBHHe rpeKH - H B qaCTHOCTH, ApHCTOTem. - non~,. 'ITO qenOBeK JIBlliIeTCJI

MOpam.HhIM cymeCTBoM CO CBOHM npe.llHa3HaqeHHeM, KOTOpoe COCTOJillO B .lIOCTIDKeHHH

cqacn.JI. H XOTJI JllO.l\H MOryr .lI06HBaThCJI cqacn.JI pa3HhIMH nyrJIMH, rpeKH 6hIJIH ysepeHhI, 'ITO

qenOBeK no CBoeM)' xapaKTepy JIBlliIeTCJI nonHTH'leCKHM cymeCTBoM, TO ecn., 06IQeCTBeHHhIM, a

He O.l\HHOKHM )KHlIOTHhIM. C'lHTallOCL, 'ITO yqaCTHe B roCY.lIapCTBe!pJOM ynpasneHHH,

npasneHHH JIBlliIeTCJI HaHBhICllIHM 6naroM. Ho He KIDKJIOM)' MOlKHO .lIOBepliTh BaJKHyIO 3a.l1aqy

CaMoynpasneHHll; TOm.KO - Te mo.l\H, KOTophIe nonyqHllH .lIOCTaTO'lHOe 06pil3oBllHHe H

BOCllHTllHHe H Blla.lleroT HM)'IQeCTBOM MOryr JlBllJIThCJI HCTHHHLIMH ''rpIDKJIaHaMH''. HecMOrpJl Ha

CBoe BhICOKoe YSaJKeHHe K lKeHIQHHaM, APHCTOTem. HHKOr.lla He .lIonycKan, 'ITO lKeHl1UffihI

TaKlKe MOryr CTaTh rpIDKJIllHKaMH.

CaMO cnOBO ''rpIDKJIaHHH'' (B aHrJIHiicKOM Jl3hIKe "citizen") naTHHCKOro,. a He

rpeqeCKOrO, npOHCXOlK,l\eHHJI. 3T0 nOHlirne npOHCXO.l\HT OT naTHHCKOrO cnOBa. civis, KOTopoe

03HaqaeT ''lKHTem. rop0.lla" • .Y pHMlllIH 6hIJI ropa3.l10 60nee rnHpoKHii B3rllll.l\ Ha rpIDKJIaHCTBO,

qeM Y rpeKOB. OHH 3HaMeHHThI TeM, 'ITO COCTasHJIH orpOMHoe KOllH'leCTBO 3aKOHOB, KOTophIe

HanOlKHlIH CBoii cne.ll Ha BCro 3an~ H .lIaJKe BOCTO'lHYIO' 'I'pa.llHl\HH. ITo Mepe pacrnilpeHHJI

PHMCKoii HMnepHH B Heii nonyqnn pa3BHTHe HCTHHHO KOCMOnOllHTH'lecKHii no.l\XO.ll K

npasneHHIO. 3'1'0 n03BOllJlllO. JllO.l\lIM pa3HhIX HaJ.\HOHanLHOCTeii, C pa3HhIMH Jl3hIKaMH, pa3HhIM

penHTH03HhIM H 3KOHOMH'leCKHM npOllIllhIM yqaCTBOBaTh B KaKOM llH60 nonOlKeHHH B lKH3HH

roCY.lIapCTBa, C03.l1asllJl. pa3llH'lHhIe cjJOPMhI rpIDKJIaHCTBa C pa3nH'lHhIMH npasaMH H

06J13aHHOCTJIMH.

O.l\HaKO, XOTJI 3Ta CHCTeMa H BOBneKaJIa MHorne HapO.llhI H B 3TOM CMhIcne (lTinn~ana BCJlKOe HenpHJITHe qylKoro, ·Bce lKe OHa npHBena K C03.l1aHHIO BeCLMa C'I'parncjJHIVfPOBaHHoro

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YKa30M rpIDKJIllHCTBO.He 6hIllO .lIaPOBllHO BceM CB060.l\HhIM nro.l\llM HMnepHH. ITo Mepe Toro, KaK

CaMa HMnepHJI Bce pa3paCTaJlaCL, Pa3BHBaJIOCL H npHHJITHe nOHJITHJI, 'ITO rpIDKJIaHCTBO no

.cymeCTBY JlBllJIeTCJI HH.l\HKaTopOM. ~HllH30BaHHOCTH H lIHBHJIH3anHH KaK TaKOBOii,

npe.llCTaBllJIJI c060ii 'lJleHCTBO B HaH60nee Pa3BHTOii C'I'pllHe Mapa. B TO BpeMJI KaK rpeqeCKaJI

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rpIDKJIaHe JlBllJIIOTCJI cy6'LeKTaMH, 'ILH npasa H 3~Ta HMeroT npHOp= Ha.lI HX

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rpIDKJIllHCTBa, : pHMllJlHe B O.llHOM Bce. lKe YCTYllanH rpeKaM, a HMeHHO, B nO.llqepKHBaHHH

BaJICHOCTH yqacTHlI B nponecce. CB060.l\HhIe rpIDKJIllHe fpenHH, C03.l1aBrnHe aKTHBHYIO

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oc06hIii CTaryc paCCMa'I'pHBaJICJI B KaqeCTBe npHBHlleTHH. IT03TOM)' DO Mepe paCllIHpeHHJI

rpalK.l\llHCTBa, OHO B TO lKe BpeMJI Beno K COKpaIQeHHIO MacllITa6HOCTH CaMOro nOHllTHll.

IT03TOM)' nOnHTH'leCKllJI aKTHBHOcn. HeH36elKHO CHHlKaJIaCL B npJIMoii nponopnHH K

pacllIHpemno rpalK.l\aHCTBa. MOlKHO .lIaJKe CKa3an, 'ITO OHO CTaJlO .lIerneBne, H n03TOM)' CTaJIO

MeHee neHHhIM. fpIDKJIaHHH CTaJJ Bcero nHllIL He HaMBOrO 60m.rne cy6'LeKTa HllH nOMaHHOro.

.3'1'0T nponecc eIQe 60m.rne YCHllHllCJI B Cpe.l\HHe BeKa B EBpone, TaK KaK cjJeO.llam.HhIe rocnO.lla

HeCllH OTBeTCTBeHHOcn. 3a uro.lleii, npOlKHBasillHX Ha HX Blla.lleHHJIX, a nepKOBL JlBllJIllaCL

Momaoii nOllHTH'lecKoii cHlloii. ~eMOKpaTHll TaKHM 06Pa30M oTCT)'IIIDla Ha mar Ha3a.l1.

H TOm.KO B 3noxy B03p0lK,l\eHHJI H.lIeJl aKTHBHOro yqaCTHll B nOllHTH'leCKOii lKH3HH

6h1JIa BHOBL npH3BaHa K lKH3HH npH CO.lleiiCTBHH HHKKono MaKHaBennH, 'ITO B HeKoTopoii

62.

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npaKTHKa aKTHBHOro )"IaCTHJI KOMMYH HJIH 061I\HH CTaJIa nrnpOKO pacripoCTpaHJlThCJI B reqeHHe

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OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH, ecnH reM He y~asaJIOCh npasHJThHO oTnpaBnJITb CBoH 06JI3aHHOCTH. A nOCKOJThK)' aMepHKaHCKaJI CHCTeMa npaJlJleHHJI 6LJJIa nocTPoeHa TaKHM 06PalOM,: ~6L1 OHa

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nQTPe6HOCTH, 06be~Ch B pal~e rpynnLI, 6y~ TO KOMMepqeCKHe HnH i\06pOBOJThHLIe.

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3HaqureJThHO paJnHqaeTCJI B palHLIX K)'DhTYPax, ~aJKe BHYTPH CaMOH 3an~OH EBP0nLI.

(Ta6JIHD;a H3 Challenge of Democracy. IBLl30B neMOKJ)aTHH. )

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43 45 52 46 64 110i\llHCLlBaIOT neTH~H

31 34 21 22 58 Pa60TalOT H~ pemeHHeM np06neM 061I\HHhI

14 14 18 17 36 BxoilJlT B KOHTaRT C OifJ~aJIhHLIMH nHnaMH H nOnHTHKaMH

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22 18 6 9 18 YqaCTByroT B KaMnaHHJIX KaH)\Hi\aTOB

8 5 3 4 14

63

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(3) 1 'pynnbl no unmepecllM u nO/lUmU'IeCKUU npolieCc.

rpym.y no HHTepeCaM MOJKHO onpe):lenHTb KaK OpI'llllH3awu<> mo):leli, HMeIOmnx 06I11He

I\eJIH H CTapaJOmnxcH OKa3aTh B03):1elicTBHe Ha 06Il\eCTBeHH)'lO, rocY):IapCTBeHH)'IO' nonHTHKY,

rpynna no HHTepeCaM OTJllf'IaeTCH OT nOJllITlf'lecKoli napTHH TeM, 'ITO OHa' He BLI,WlnraeT

KaH):IH):IaTOB Ha nOJllITlf'leCKHe ):IOJDKHOCTH 1'1 He IThlTIleTCll Y'laCTBOBaTh HaIIpHM)'IO B npOI\eCce

ynpasneHHH HnH pa60Te npaBHTeJThCTBa MHor):la rp}'IIIILI no HHTepecaM TiuoKe Ha3L1BaJOT

"n066H". TaKHe n066H MOryT OIjlHI\HaJThHO pernCTpHpoBaThCH if HMeIOT KOHKpeTHLIe I\enH no

OKa3aHHJO BnHH8HH Ha C03):1aHHe 3aK{)HO):laTeJThCTBa. MHor):la OHM KIllK)'TCH He6naronpHHTHhJMH

):\nH 60nee nmpo\llix HHTepeCOB rpIDK,!laHCKOrO 06Il\eCTBa, noTOMY qTO n066H npe):lCTaBnHIOT

.. KaKHe-nH60 KOHKpeTHhle HHTepechI.

11, Bce lKe n066H cnYlKaT pynOpOM KOHKpeTHhIX rpynn 06Il\ecTBa, TaKHX KaK

• npenO):laBaTenH, lKYPHanHCThI, a TaKlKe KOMMepqecKHX aCCOI\H~ 1'1 ):IenoBhIX KpyrOB.

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n03HTHBHbIMH I\eHHOCTHMH. 11 COOTBeTCTBeHHO MOlKeT 6hITh 'JneJHO orpaHnqnTb CO):le~:.caHlfe

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, .. HCTop~ecKHx 06CTOHTenbcTBax. OHlf onpe):leneHHO 3acnylKHBaJOT 60nee rny60Koro aHanH3a.

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64

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Kenneth Janda, Jeffrey M. Berry, Jerry Goldman, eds., The Challenge of Democracy: Government in America (1989). (KeHHeT .L\JKaH.lIa, .L\JKecjJcjJpH M. EeppH, .L\JKeppH rOJl,l\MaH, H3narenH, Bb130B neMoKpaTHH: ITpaBHTenbCTBO B AMepHKe (1989)). Douglas B.. Klusmeyer, Between Consent and Descent: Conceptions of Dem'ocratic Citizenship. (1996)., (L\yrnac: E. KnycMeHep, MelKllYcomacHeMH aTaKoH: KOHI!ennHH lIeMOKpaTUqeCKoro rp!!?K1!aHcTsa. (1996)). ' Gabriel A. Almond and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations: (1963). (ra6pHenb A. Al!MOH,ll H CH,lIHH Bep6a, rpWaHCKaH KVJThD'Pa: ITonHTII'IeCKHe OTHomeHHll H lleMOKpaTHll BIIlITH C'IPaHax. (1963)). Dianne Ravich and Abigail Themstrom, eds., The Democracy Reader: Classic'and Modem Speeches. Essays. Poems, Declarations and: Documents on Freedom ,and Human'·Rights Worldwide. (1992). (.l\HaBa PaBnq H A6!11'eHn TepHcTPoM, H3J.1aTCnH, XpeCTOMaTHll lIeMOKpaTHH: KnaCCnqeCKHe H cOBpeMeHHb1e pe'IH, 3cce. n03_1, neKnapaIIHH H 1I0K)'MelITLJ no BowocaM·cD060l!h! H WaB qenOBeKa co Dcero CDeTa.(I992)). . Peter Reisenberg,Citizenship in the Western Tradition: Plato to Rousseau. '(1992). (fhmip Paif3eH6epr; rpa)!(l!aBCTBO B 3anannoH TPammH1I: OT ITnaTOHa 1I0 Pycco. (1992)). John A. Hall, Civil Society: Theoa,' Histoa. Comparison. (1995). ()VKOH A. Xonn, rp!!?K1!aBCKOe 06ll1ecTBo: TeOPHJI, HCTOPHJI. cpaBHeHHJI. (1995)).

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'lenOBeKa B .l\eiiCTBHTenbHOCTB HYJKHa TaKali KYnhrypa, KOTOPali BOClllIThIIlana fihI DOHRMaHHe,

'ITO CJIe,ll)'eT He TOnhKO fiLlTh repDHMhIM, HO H aKTHBHO DOOmpllTh 3a,l\aBaHHe BOnpOCOB. EcnH

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npe.l\HOlKHTh HHIPOpMau;mo Ha KaKOM-TO HOCHTene, 'ITO HaM MOryr .l\aTh IPaKThI, KOTophIe

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HCnh3l1 3HaTh H3 TOro, 'ITO MhI He 3HaeM. If BO Bcex TrurnX MaTepHanax eCTh npaB.l\a. Ho

B.l\ofiaBOK K 3TOMY CYII1eCTBYCT nH'lHali mofi03HaTenhHOCTh, KOTOPOH MhI O.l\apeHhI OT DPHpO,l\hI,

KOTOpali He TOnhKO .l\aeT HanIHM )"IHTCJIJIM KillO'lH K cDocofiy ofiyqeHHlI Hac, HO H npe.l\HaraeT

HaM HOBhIe B3rnll.l\hI Ha Bemu H B03MOlKHO Cl1YJKHT 3ap0.l\hIWeM .l\lllI HOBhIX H.l\eii. Bonpoc

D03TOMY COCTOHT B y.l\OBnCTBopeHHH cBoero mofiODhITCTBa, BhIXO.l\a 3a npe.l\enhI CaMoro cefill,

lKenaHHH CBJI3aThCli C .lIPyrHMH. Ee3 3a,l\aBaHHlI BOnpOCOB MhI lIBnlIeTCli DaCCHBHhIMH

npeeMHHKaMH. qenoBe'leCKHe CYII1eCTBa HMelOT CDocofiHOCTh H npeHMYmeCTBO aKTHBHOro

H3yqeHHlI cBoero OKpYlKeHHlI. PC3YnhTaThI 3TOro MOryr fiLlTh BenHKOneDHhIMH.

CChInKH:

1. KaybwsoD, The Human Polity: An Introduction to Political Science (1989). (KeH JIOYCOH,

qenOBe'leCKali dJopMa npaBneHHlI: BBeneHHe B DOnHTH'IecK)'lO Ham, (1989». 2. Peter Berger and Richard Neuhaus, To Empower People: From State to Civil Society (1996).

(lIrep Eeprep H PH'lap.l\ Hoiixayc, YDOJIHOMO~ moneii: Or rocynapCTBa K ro3?K1!aHCKOM)'

ofimeCTBy, (996». 3. Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (1776). (A.lIaM CMHT, EnarocoCTOlIHHe HaII!!H. (1776».

79

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COI03, 06"LeI1HHeHHe, cornameHHe rocYl1apCTB, nOnHTH'leCKHX

napTHii, npOljlCOlO3HbIX H HHLIX OpraHH3~ )1nJI 110CTH)J(eHHJI

06~ ~eneii, oCYII\eCTBneHHJI COBMeCTHbIX l1eiiCTBHH.

CBOI1 3aKOHOB, OTHOC~CJl K KaKoii- nn60 06naCTH

'lenOBe'leCKOH )J(H3HH H l1eHTeJlLHOCTH.

06"Lel1HHeHHe 3aKOHOB c1paHbl no OTl1eJIbHbIM o1paCJIJlM npaoa B

el1HHYJO cHCTeMy; npHBel1eHHe B onpel1eneHHyro cHCTeMy KaKHXnn60 npaBHn, nonomeHHH, 0603Ha'lenHH.

3TO 06"Lel1HHeHHe B naprnH B PaMKax 3aKOH0l1aTeJILHOH BnaCTH B

CIlIA, a B BenHK06pHTaHHH - 3TO napnaMeHTCKHe napTHH.

85

KOJlJJa6opa~BOHBCTLI - mma, COTpYWlli'iaJIIIIHe C m:MenKo-cjlanIHCTCKBMB 3axsal"IHK1IMH

'B OK)'IIHPOBaIIIIhlx nrrnepOBCKOH fepMaBJIeH CTpaHax B 1939-45 r.r.

KOMMepnuOHanB3a~BH - BBe,!J.eHHe KOMMep'leCKHX, PLIHO'lHldX OTHomemrn r,!J.e-nu60 HnH B

'leM nH60, IIepexo,!J. Ha KOMMep'lecKyIO OCHOBY.

KOMIIHJIHIlBH - HeCaMOCTOlITeJIbHru!, CBO,D.Bru! nHTepaTYPHru! pa60Ta, OCHOBaHHru!

Ha HCIIOJIb30ilamm 'l)'JKHX npoH3BeJ.iemrn.

KOHBepreHnBH - nporiecc C6JlIDKeHHH, coe,!J.mIeHHl!, CrmlJlCHBaHIDI npoTHBope'lBH.

KOHrJlOMepaT - 6eCCHCTeMHOe, MexaBJl'iecKoe coe,!J.mIeHHe 'lero-nu60

Pa3HOPO,D.BOro (IlOHlITHH, npe,!J.MeTOB).

KOHceHCYc - cornameHHe, HanH'lHe CXO,!J.HIdX opHeHTallBif, II03BOllJllOIIIHX

YCTaHOBHTb B3aHMOlIOHHMaHHe H B3aHMo,!J.eHCTBHe IIO TOMY Hnu

mIoMY BOnpOCY:

KOHcepBaTOp - .

KOHCOJIB,!J.a~BH -

KOHchiOMepB3M -

KOHcjlpOHTanuH -

KOH~eccBH-

Koop,!J.HHa~HH -

'lenOBeK KOHCepBaTHBHhlX y6e))(JIeHHii, IIpOTHBHHK

npeo6p!i3oBaHHH, npHBeplKeHen 'CTaporo, Tpa,D.HIlH()HHOro.

yxpenneHHe, CnnO'leHHe, o6be,!J.mIeHHe KaKHX-nu60 'cun ,!J.JJJI

ycuneHIDI 60Pb6hI 3a o61IlHe nenH.

'MOlKeT 03Ha'laTb nu60 ,!J.BHlKeHHe B 3amHTY IIpaB IIoTpe6HTeneii"

'nu60 MaTepHaJIH3M - B,!J.eJI 0 TOM, 'lTO IIoTpe6HTeJIbCKHe TOBapi.I'

JIBllJIlOTCJI HaH60nee BalKHOii neHHOCTbJO B lKH3HH.

npHH)',!J.HTenbHOe H 6e3B03Me3,D.BOe H3bJlTHe HMYillecTBa 'laCTHOrO

nHna B IIOJIb3Y rocY,!J.apCTBa B COOTBeTCTBHH C CY,!J.e6HhIM

pemeHHeM HnH a,D.MHHHCTpaTHBHhIM aKTOM.

npOTHBOIlOCTaBJIeHHe; UPOTnB060PCTBO, CTOJIKHOBeHHe

COnuaJIbHhIX CHCTeM, KJIaCCOBhIX HHTepeCOB,

IIOnHTH'leCKHX npHHIIHIlOB.

CHCTeMa B3rJlJI,!J.OB, TO unH HHoe IIOHHMaHHe JIBJIeHHii, npOneCCOB;

e,D.BHhIii; onpe,!J.ellJllOIIIHii 3aMblCen, 'Be,D.yIIIru! MhICJIb KaKOrO-nH60

npoH3Be,!J.eHHl!, HaY'lHoro TpY,!J.a.

,!J.OroBOP, corJIameHile 0 IIepe,!J.a'le B 3KCIIJIYaTanHJO Ha

onpe,!J.eneHHhIX YCJIOBHJlX, npmIa,D.nelKamHX rocY,!J.apcTBY HnH

MYJIHIIHllaJIbHhlM BnaCTHM Y'laCTKoB 3eMJIH, 3aJIelKeii DOJIe3HhIX

HCKollaeMLlX, npe,!J.IIpHllTHii KpyIIHhIM iianuOHaJIbHhIM unH'

3apy6eJKHhIM MOHOIIOnHJlM.

COrJIaCOBaJlHe, cOIIO,!J.'llffieHHe, IIpHBe,!J.eHHe B COOTBeTCTBHe

(IlOHlITHii, ,!J.eiicTBHii, cjlynKIIHii opraHH3Ma).

I

" ,

KOPBH-

KOpPeJIBWfII -

KoppynnHB -

KOCMOnOJlHTH3M -

KYMYJlBnHB -

JIaKBHHTa-

JI~Tar-

JIenrmMIlI(HB -

JIerHTHMHOCTh -

JIeiiliopHCTbI -

JIHliepaJIH3anHB neH

JIHliepaJIH3M -

.JIJmep -

c~eHHlUI KHIITll ' MYCym.MaH, 3anHCb

rrpOHlHeceHIIbIX MYXaMMei\OM B <\lopMe OTKpoBeHHii" .

COOTHOmeHHe, COOTHOmeHHe.

BlaHMOCBJI3b rrpe,llMerOB,

nponoBe,neil,

"npopO'lecKHX

JlBJIeHHii,· . me.

iIpecryrmlUl i\eJITeJThHOCTh, 3aKJl1O'IaJOInaiICJI B HIIOJII,30BaHHH ,nOJDKHOCTHbIMH ,~aMH ,noBepeHIIbIX 8M npaD H BJlaCTIIIdX

B03MOlKHOCTeil B neJIllX JIH'IIIoro o6or~eHHJI.

orpHQaHHe narpHOTHlMa nOi\ <\lam.IDHBhlM n03ynroM «'jenOBeK'

IpIDK,llaHHH MHpa»,

HaxorrneHHe B OpraHH3Me H c}'MMIIPoBaHHe i\eilCTBHil HeKoTOpblX nexapcmeHHblX BelI1eCm H JI,lIOB,

IIJITlUI cryrreHb ,lIHaI'oHH'lecKoil TaMMhl; HHTepBan MelKi\Y 1 H 5 cryrreHbIO; nepBlUI CaMlUI BblCOKlUI no TOH)' crpYHa Y CKpHIIKH.

MeCTHble OpraHbl BJlaCTH ]I 'OT,n. HeMe~ lCHlIJI(eCTBax B 16-17 BB; MeCTHbIe npe,nCTaDHTeJII,HbIe opraHbl (<I>pr, ABcrpHJI) B pJI,lle

coBpeMeHIIbIX rocYi\apcm.

rrpOnei\YPa npH3HaHHJI TOro, 'ITO OT,neJII,HOe ,neilCTBHe HnH

HHCTH"I)'T CKopee OCHOBaHbI Ha HpaDCTBeHIIbIX rrpHHnHIIax, a He

Ha Tex,. HaCHJThHO HaBJI3aH11b1X; nOi\Pa3YMeBaer rrpHHJITlle npaBa, a He rrpOCTO cnoco6HOCTh ~a HnH HHCTHTYffi OCYII1eCTBJIJITh BJlaCTh.

TO JKe, 'ITO H 3axOHHOCTh.'

'anrmCKlUI rrpaDOCOnHanHctH'lecKlUI napTHJI, JIBnJIIOlI1aJICJIo,llHoil

Hl ,lIBYX' (HapJIi\Y C KOHcepBaTOpaMH) naprneil anrmcKoro

HMIIepHanHlMa. 06pa30BanaCb B' 1906 r. Hl, KOMHTera jJa6o'lero rrpei\CTaDHTeJIbCTBa B napnaMellTe.

CBo6o,llHoe ljIopMHpOBaHHe neH no 3axOHaM PbIHo'IH~il 3KOHOMHKH,' no,n°,'BJIHJlHHeM "KonxypeHnHH TOBaponpoH3BO,llHTeneil, a TaJOKe cnpoca H rrpei\nOJKeHHJI'

TOBapOB.

"KnaccH'lecKHil" na6epaJIH3M OCHOBbIlIaeTCJI Ha KOHQeIIUHH, 'ITO

KaJK,lIbIii 'JenOBeK o6na,naer OCHOBHhlMH IIpaDaMH, KOTopble ,nOnlKHbl 3~aThCJI 3aKOHOM. '

maDs, PYKOBO,llHTeJII, nonHTH'lecKoii napnm, 061I1eCTBeniIhlx OpraHH3anHii> ' .

87

. ",

I

I· i i· 1 I:... ! ,.

I I i i

JIo66H3M -

MIllKIIJIHC -

MIllKOpJITlIpHaH

CHCTeMa C

MaKp03KOHOMHKa -

MaHHnyJlH~HH-

MapKeTHH[, -

Mcra"lH3HKa' -

MHKp03KOHOMHKa -

MHHHMH3a~HH -

. nOnHTHKa, HanpllBJIeHHaJ! Ha C03AaHHe rpynn AlIImeHHJI Ha 'IJIeHOB

napmlMeHTa C ~em.1O y6elK,lleHHJI HX ronocOBaTL 3a TOT HnH HHoil

npoeKT.

BLIDonneHHe 3aKOHOB, YCT8HosneHHil H Tpe60BiurnH OPraHOB

BnacTII; KOppeKTHOCTL, HeilTpanLHOCTL,. OTKa3· OT KaKHX-nH60

npeAOCYAHTenLJThIX H HeA06pOlKenarenLJThIX AeilCTBHH.

OARa H3 nanaT napnaMeHTB - Bldcmero npeACTaBHrenLHoro opraHa

PK, ocymeCTllJUll{)mero 3aKOHOAarenLHlde ljJymanrn ..

· CHCTeMa onpeAeneHHJI pe3YnLTaTOB ronoCOBaHIDI, npH KOTOpoil

H36paHHIdM C'lJITaeTCli KaHAHAaT, nOJI)"lHBIIIHH 60nLIIIHHCTBO

ronocoB (a6COillOrnoe HnH OTBOCHrenLHoe).

· H3yqeHHe 3KOHOMHKH, CBlI3aHHOro C TaKHMH IIIHPOKHMH. H

o6~ acneKTaMH 3KOHOMHKH,· KaK ornomeHHe MelKAY

AOXOAaMH H HHBeCTHI\HllMH CTpllllld B I\enOM.

BLIDonneHHe PYKBMH cnolKHoil pa6oTld; cnOlKHoe 3anyraHHOe

AeilcTBHe; nOBKBlI nOMenKa; cHcreMa npHeMOB H cnoco60B

HAeOnO['HqeCKoro H AYXOBHo-nCHXOnO['HqeCKOrO B03l1eilcTBHlI C

nOMOmLIO CMH Ha MaCCOBoe C03HaHHe C I\enLIO HaB1I3idBaHHlI

KaKHX-nH60 HAeil.

cHcreMa OPraHH3wum H ynplIBJIeHHlI lIeliTenLHOCTLIO

· npe.l\IIl>HlITHH, OpHeHTHpOBlIIIIIBlI Ha Tpe60BaHHlI pldHKa,

nOCTpoeHHaJ! Ha npeABapHrenLHOM H3yqemIH HYJKA H

nOTpe6HOCTeil nOKynaTeneil B TOBapax H ycnyrax C I\enLIO

B03paCTaHIDI lIOXOAOB.

IjJHnocoljJcKoe yqeHHe 0 CBepX-'l)'BCTBeHHIdJ{ npHHI\HITax 61dTHll;

npOTHBOnOnOlKHwH AHaneKTHKe MeTall, paCCMaTpHBaJOmnH

lIBneHHJI B HX HeH3MeHHOCTH H He3aBHCHMOCTH APyr OT Apyra,

OTpHI\aJOmHH BHYTpeHIIHe npOTHBOpe'IHJI KaK HCTO'JHHX HX

PaJBH'rnlI .

H3yqeHHe onpeAeneHHIdX 'lacreil 3KOHOMHKH TaKHX, KaK I\eHa

ornoIIIeHHil KOHKpeTHoil KOMITaHHH.

3KBHBaneHTBOe npeo6paJOBaHHe CHcreMid

aBTOMaTH'leCKoro perynnpOBaHIDI B I\eilllX YMeHLIIIeHHJI 'lHcna

BXOl\llmHX B Hee 3neMeHTOB HnH ynpomeHHJI.cBlI3eil MelKAY HHMH;

MaTeMaTH'leCKOe OTldCKaHHe MHHHMYMa ljJynKI\HH npH 33,l1aHJThIX

rpaHH'IH1dX ycnOBHlIX.

MYJILTHKYJILTHpH3aI\HH - MHoroKparnoe BldplllI\HBaHHe.

MYBHI\HIT8JIBTeT - Bld60PBwH OpraH MeCTBoro CaMoynpllBJIeHHJI.

88

· , HaJUlOHaJlB3M -

HaJUlOHaJlbHLlH AOXOA -

HOBaTOPCTBO -

HOMeHlmayYJla -

OJlUrapXUH -

OnnOlUIUllI -

OnnOHeHT-

OPTOAOKCaJlbHLlH -

OXJIOKpaTHH -

llaHalleH -

llaHempHK~

llapJlaMeHTCKaH

MOHapXUH-

llapJlaMeHTCKaH

pecny6J1HKa -

llapTHK}'J1HpHlM -

llapTHK}'JIHPHLIH -

nonuTHKa OTCTaHBaHHR HHTepeCOB oAHoii HanHU npeBLnlle

HHTepeCOB JlPyrnx,

06~aH c)'MMa AOXOAOB, nOll)"leHHaH HaCeJleHHeM CTpaHLI B BHAe

3apa6omoii nnaThl, peHThl, npOlleHTa H npH6LIJ1H, BHOBb

C03AaHHaH CTOHMOCTh (TOBapbl H ycnyrn).

HOBOBBeAeHHe, HOBH3Ha.

omOCHTCli K BJIaCTh HM)'IQUM, BblCIDHM 'llIeHaM napTHH,

HpHBHJlernpOBaHHOMY KJlaccy HpH KOMM)'HH3Me ..

BJIaCTh HeMHornx; PeJKHM, HpH KOTOPOM nOlIHTH'leCKaH BJlaCTb

HpHHa)J;JlelKHT )'3KOH rpynne JlUII, HaH60Jlee BJlUlITeJJbHOii 'laCTH

06~eCTBa.

BblCTYBJIeHHe HpOTHB MHeHHll 601IbmHHCTBa HJlH

rocnOACTB)'IO~ero MHeHUll 601IblllHHCTBa, HJlH rocnOACTB)'IO~ero

MHCHUlI B 3aKOHOAaTelIbHblX, napTHiiHblx HJlH HHblX CTpYKTYPax.

JlUIIO BblCTYHaIO~ee C KpHTHKoii AOKJla)J;a, AHccepTaIIHH.

HeYKJIOHHO CJleA)'IO~ HpHHIIHllaM KaKOro- JlH60 y-qeHUll B

ern nepBOHaqam,HOM HJlH 06~eHpHHllTOM BHAe.

BJIaCTb TOJlllbl.

cpeACTBO, H36aBJIl11O~ec OT Bcex 30Jl, nOMoraIO~ee HpH pemeHHH

Bcex npo6JleM.

y JlPeBHHX rpeKOB H pHMJlllll - naTPHOTH'leCKaH pe'lL, B KOTOpoii

BOCXBaJJlIJlHCb nOABHrH npeAKOB, Ao6Jlecn HapoAa;

BOCTOplKeHHaH HeyMeJJaH nOXBaJIa.

MOHapXHll, B KOTOpoii HMeHHO Bbl6paHHblii HaCeJleHHeM

3aKOHOAaTelIbHhlii opraH o6Jla)J;aeT nOJlHoToii nOJlHOMo'lHii B

HpHHllTHH 3aKOHOB.

XapaKTCpH3YeTCli BepXOBeHCTBOM napJlaMeHTa; npaBHTelIbCTBO

$OPMllPYeTClIJlHAepOM napTHH, no6eAHBmeii Ha napJlaMeHTCKHX

Bbl60pax H HeCeT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTb 3a CBOIO AClITelIbHOCTb nepeA

napJlaMeHTOM,

nOJlHTH'lCCKaH pa306~CHHOCTb, pa3J1P06JleHHOCTh, ABHlKeHHe K

06oco6JleHHIO, OTAeJJeHHlO KaKHX-JlH60 MecmoCTeii, 'lacreH

roCYAapCTBa.

89

I . ,

I I·: l

I

I "I

i

I

-t ! ~

~ . ~'. •••• 1 t

":'i

! 1:.,'· ii , I I ~, , M, I U I ,I

I I i ~

.§

llap~HnaIUIJI -

llaCCIDK-

II.JIe6Hcn:HT -

II.JIIOPaJIH3M -

llOJlDTH'IeCKaH 3J1DTa -

lloJlDTOJIonm -

llOJlHOMO'lHe -

llOnyJlH3M -

llOTeHI(HaJlLHLlB

npOTeCT-.

llpaiiMepH3M -

HpeaM6yJla -

llpeBaJIHpOBaTh - ,

yqacme B '1eM-JlH60.

yqacme B '1eM-JlH60; 3TIIH'IeCKaJI napTHI(HIIaI(HJI - AeJIeHHe

eAHHoro npeJK.Ae 3THOCa HJIH MeHee paBHLIX '1atTeii, npH 3TOM HH

OAHH H3 HOBLIX 3THOCOB He OTOlK,l(eCTBmIeT ce6J1. nOJIHOCTLIO co

·CTaPLIM.

HeOlKHAaHHOe c06Lirne, npoHcmeCTBHe, He06hl'1aiim.Iii cnyqaii;

CTpaHHLIii 060POT AeJIa.

MelKJ(yHapOAHoe aHTHBOeHHOe ABIDKeHHe, cnO)J(J{BmeeCJI BO

BTOpoii nonOBHHe XX BeKll, BLICTyIIaIOmee npOTHB BCJIKHl{ BOHR.

BCeHapOAHOe rOnOCOBaHHe.

cocymeCTBOBaHHe H BlaHMOAeiicTBHe B 06m eCTBe palJIH'IHLIX

nOlIHTH'lecKRX naPTHii H HHLIX 06meCTBeHHLIX OPraHH3aI(Hii,

KOTOPLIM rOCYAapCTBO 06ecne'IHBaeT CB060AY BLIpIDKeHHJI HX

HHTepeCOB.

rpynna ('1aCTL 06m ecTBa), KOTOPaJI HenocpeACTBeHHO

ocymeCTBmIeT nOlIHTH'leCKOe PYKOBOACTBO 06meCTBOM, croHT Y

PYJIJI rOCYAapCTBeHHoro ynpaBJIeHHJI.

nOlIHTH'leCKaJI HaYKa, 06m eCTBeHHaJI HaYKa, H3yqalOmaJI 06naCTL

nOnHTH'leCKHX oTHomeHHii (nOJIHT. CHCTeMY 06m eCTBa, BonpOCLI

COIUiaJIbHLIX CHCTeM, KJlaCCOBLIX HHTepeCOB, HAeiiHO

nonHTH'lecKRX npHmurnOB.

MOlKeT . 6LITL 3aKOIIHLIM HJIH He3aKOHHLIM; He3aKOHHOe

nOJ]HOMO'IHe JIBJIJIeTCJI npOCTO 1jJ0pMoii BJlaCTH; 3aKOHHoe

nOJIHOMO'IHe npeADonaraeT 3aKOHHOCTL.

AeJlTeJIbHQCTL, HanpaBneHHaJI Ha 06eCneQeHHe nonyJlJlpHOCTH B

Maccax lIeHoii He060CHOBaHHLIX 06emaHHii .

B03MOlKHLIii, cymeCTByromuii B nOTeHI\HH; CKpLITLIii, He

npoJiBJlJllOII\HiiCJI.

npeABLI60pHLIe' c06paHHJI H36upaTeJIeii B CIIIA, . npHHanelK~ K oAHoii nOJIHTH'IecKoii napTHH, ,lI.JiJi BLIABIDKeHHJI KaHAHAaTOB; . nepB~e, npeABapHTeJIbHLIe

BLI60PLI npe3HAeHTa B CIlIA no mrnTaM.

B OIjJHI\HaJIbHLIX AOKYMeHTaX - BBOAHaJI, pal1>JlCHlI1OmaJI qaCTL

'KaKoro-nH60 MelK,l(ynapO,IUIoro AOKYMeHTll, 3aKOHa, CBOAa.

3aKOHOB H T.A.

npe06nanaTL,nepeBec,npeHMYmeCTBO.

llpeAJIOlKeHBe -

llPewqlBHilMSTeJJLCTBO - .

llpe:nmeBTCKSH

pecny6J1BKS -

llpetjleKT -

llpetjlepeB~BH -

llpe~elleBTHOe llpSBO -

llPBBSTH3S~BH -

llPBOPBTeT-

llpOBs~ep-.

llpOTeK~BOBB3M -

llyrq-

P8I\BK8JI-

P8I\BK8JlB3M -

KOlIH'lecTIIO TOBSPOB, KOTOpOe npOB3BO.l\BTf:JlL MOlKeT B c'IliTaeT

IIJIlI ce6JI BLIrOi\HLIM rrpOB3BecTB rrpH OnpelleJIeHHOM ypOBBe ~eB

Ha 3TH TOBapLI:

ynpaBJIelI'leCKHe H 0praHB3~OHHLIe HaBLIKH, He06xOI\HMLIe IIJIlI

Bcex tjlOPM B rrpOB3BOIICTBe TOBapoB H YCJI)'I', H 'nOilyqeHHJI Ha

nOH OCHOBe 1I0XOlla.

B HeH rJlaBa rOCYllapCTBa - npe3H1\eHT, HMeeT npaBO clJopMiipoBan

rrpaBHTelThCTBO, B36HpaeTcJI HapOIIOM, OTBeTCTBeHeH nepell HUM,

, rrpellCTaBHTelTh ~eHTP8JThBoro npaBHTeJThCTBa B OTlleJThHLIX

8I\MHHHCTpaTHBHO-TeppHTOpanLHLIX el\HHH~ax B HeKoTOpLIX

COBpeMeHHLIX rocYllapCTBax; Haq8JThHHK no~ rc:ipolla (BO

<l>paH~H);' rJlaBa Konrpe~ B BaTIlKaHe.

rrpeI\llO'lTeHHe, rrpeHM)'meCTBO, JlLroTa, HaIIpHMep ToprOBLIe

lThroTLI, rrpellOCTaBJlJIeMLIe no MelKl\YHapOi\HLIM 1I0roBOPaM B

~eJIJIX 'ycHJleHHJI TOproBJIH MelKllY CTpaHaMH.

rrpaBO CYlle6HOH rrpaKTIIKH, ero HOpMLI clJOpMHp)'KlTCJI cYlle6HLIMH

rrpuroBOpaMH.

nepellaqa, rrpollaJKa rocYllapCTBeHHoro HM)'meCTBa B

co6CTBeHHoCTL . TPYlIoIiLIM' KOJlJleKTHBOM, ~OHepHLIM

06meCTBOM HJIH OTllelThHLIM rpallCllaHHHOM Ha rrpaBax qaCTHOH

c06CTBeHHoCTH.

rrpeHMYIlleCTBeHHoe npaBo Ha 'lTO-J1H60.

nOCTaBIUHK·

nOJlHTHKa roCYllapCTBa, HarrpaBJleHHaJI Ha 3amHT)' H~OHanLHOH

3KOHOMHKH OT HHOCTpaHHOH KOHKypeImHH, ocymeCTBJlJIeMaJI B

OCHOBHOM nyreM orpaHlI'leHHJI BB03a HHocTPaHHLIX, TOBapOB.

roCYllapCTBeHHLIH nepeBopOT, opI1iHH30BaHHLIH rpynnOH 3aro

BOpIUHKOB.

CTOPOHHHK KopeHHLIX pemHTelThHLIX Mep HJIH KpaHHDx B3rJl8l\OB,

lIeHCTBHH; 'lJIeH P8I\HK8JThHOH nOJIHTH'leCKOH napmH,

BLICTYllaJOmeH 3a npoBelleHHe pemHTeJILHLIX peclJopM.

CTpeMJIeHHe K peillHTelThHLIM MerollaM H lIeHCTBHJIM B lIomrx'Hice.

yrneplKl\eHHe BepXOBHOH BJIaCTLID' MelKl\YHapOl\Horo 1I0rOBOPa,

nOllnHCaHHOrO rrpaBHTelThCTBOM HJIH ero npeIlCTaBHTeJIJIMH.

91

f. I I

. I· I.

I I

I I !

!

I i I

Pena'FpHanuH -

PecnOImeHT -

PeCTllT)'nHH -

Peu;eCCHH -

PHWKHOBaJlH3M -

POTaU;H3M -

PLIHO'lHaH u;eHa -

PLIHO'lHaH 3KOHOMHKa -

Cara -

CaHKnHH-

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Transcript of ~I~ · 2020. 10. 9. · If eCJIH B XO,!le noro nponecca BaM y,!laeTCJI OKa3aTh nOMOWb JlPYntM,...