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Table of Content

LIST OF ACRONYMS.................................................................................................................. IV

ACKNOWLEGMENT .................................................................................................................. VI

DEFINITIONS ..............................................................................................................................VII

SYNOPSIS ON TANZANIA........................................................................................................XII

CHAPTER 1 ......................................................................................................................................1

1.0 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................1 1.1. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (ESMF) PURPOSE................2 1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE ESMF ..................................................................................................2 1.3 PRINCIPLES AND METHODOLOGY.........................................................................................3

CHAPTER 2 ......................................................................................................................................4

2.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT..................................................................................4

2.1 BACKGROUND......................................................................................................................4 2.2 LESSONS LEARNED FROM TASAF I.....................................................................................4 2.3 PROJECT DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVE....................................................................................4 2.4 GUIDING PRINCIPLE .............................................................................................................5 2.5 DESCRIPTION OF TASAF II..................................................................................................6 2.7 CATEGORIES OF BENEFICIARIES...........................................................................................7 2.8 PROJECT LOCATION .............................................................................................................8 2.9 INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ...................................................................................................8 2.10 ANTICIPATED SUB-PROJECTS TO BE FUNDED....................................................................8 2.11 PROJECT INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT AND COORDINATION...........................................8

CHAPTER 3 ......................................................................................................................................9

3.0 OVERVIEW OF POLICIES, LEGISLATION AND INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS............................................................................................................9

3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES/LEGISLATION AND INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT ................9 3.2 EIA PROCEDURE IN TANZANIA..........................................................................................12 3.3 WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES ................................................................................14

CHAPTER 4 ....................................................................................................................................15

4.0. POTENTIAL IMPACTS....................................................................................................15

4.1 OVERALL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS ...........................................................15 4.3 POTENTIAL NEGATIVE IMPACTS ........................................................................................17 4.4 IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS............................................................................18 4.6 LOCALIZED NEGATIVE IMPACTS ........................................................................................19 4.7 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ......................................................................................................19 4.8 STRATEGIC IMPACTS ..........................................................................................................21 4.9 OTHER SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION ISSUES ..........................................21

CHAPTER 5 ....................................................................................................................................23

5.0 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PROCESS AND PROCEDURES.........................23 5.1 CATEGORIZATION OF TASAF SUBPROJECTS FOR EA .........................................................23 5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCREENING PROCESS..............................................................................24 5.3 ASSIGNING APPROPRIATE ENVIRONMENTAL CATEGORY ....................................................24 5.4 CONDUCT ER, LEA OR EIA................................................................................................24 5.5 REVIEW AND APPROVAL......................................................................................................25 5.6 Public Consultation and Disclosure ....................................................................................26 5.7 MONITORING AND EVALUATION.........................................................................................27

5. 8 Monitoring Indicators ...................................................................................................28

CHAPTER 6 ....................................................................................................................................30

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6.0 MAINSTREAMING ESMF IN SUB PROJECT CYLE AND REPORTING MECHANISM ....................................................................................................................30

6.1 IMPLEMENTATION OF ESMF....................................................................................................32 6.2 REPORTING LINES, ADVISORY AND SUPPORT MECHANISMS ....................................................32 6.3 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES...................................................................................................34

6.3.1 Community Level...........................................................................................................34 6.3.2 District Level ..................................................................................................................34 6.3.3 National Level ...........................................................................................................35

6.4 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) FOR TASAF II PROGRAM...............................35 6.4.1 EMP for the ESMF....................................................................................................35 6.4.2 EMPs for Sub-projects .....................................................................................................36

6.5 REVIEW AND APPROVAL OF EMPS ........................................................................................37

CHAPTER 7 ....................................................................................................................................38

7.0 TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT.....................................................................................................................38

7.1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................38 7.2 RECOMMENDED SENSITIZATION, TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING ACTIVITIES AT

DIFFERENT LEVELS...................................................................................................................38 7.3 TRAINING AND SENSITIZATION ON ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT .................39 7.4 BUDGET FOR MAINSTREAMING, CAPACITY BUILDING AND TRAINING IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND

SOCIAL MANAGEMENT .............................................................................................................40

CONSULTED LITERATURES: ...................................................................................................43

ANNEX 1: ACCESSIBILITY TO NATURAL RESOURCES AND SERVICES...............1

ANNEX 2: TYPES F SUB PROJECTS THAT REQUIRE FULLY EIA................................1

ANNEX 3(A): LIST OF SUB PROJECT THAT MAY/MAY NOT REQUIRE EIA FOR MAINLAND…….. ............................................................................................................................1

ANNEX 3(B) ACTIVITIES WHICH DO NOT REQUIRE AN EIA CERTIFICATE – ZANZIBAR........................................................................................................................................1

ANNEX 3C WORLD BANK CATEGORIZATION OF SUB PROJECTS..........................1

ANNEX 4: TASAF II INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT..................................................1

ANNEX 4A: INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT AND COORDINATION FOR MAINLAND………. .........................................................................................................................1

ANNEX 4B: INSTITUTION ARRANGEMENT AND COORDINATION FOR ZANZIBAR……................................................................................................................................1

ANNEX 5: FLOW CHART FOR EIA PROCEDURE IN TANZANIA ..................................1

ANNEX 6: SUMMARY OF WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES...............................1

ANNEX 7: FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO RISKS FOR TASAF II ..................................1

ANNEX 8: POTENTIAL POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF TASAF II FUNDED SUB-PROJECTS .............................................................................................................1

ANNEX 9A: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING FORMS...........................1

ANNEX 9B: CHECKLIST FOR SUB PROJECT....................................................................1

ANNEX 9C: ENVIROMENTAL REVIEW (ER) FORM........................................................1

ANNEX 9D: LIMITED ENVIROMENTAL ASSESSMENT (LEA) FORM........................ 2

ANNEX 10: SAMPLE MATRIX OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)…………. ................................................................................................................................1

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ANNEX 11: TYPICAL TYPES OF SUB PROJECTS THAT MAY BE FUNDED BY TASAF II……….. .............................................................................................................................1

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LIST OF ACRONYMS CBO - Community Based Organization CDD - Community Driven Development CMO - Community Management Organization DCDO - District Community Development Officer DEO - District Environmental Officer DOEZ - Department of Environment Zanzibar DoE - Division of Environment EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment EIS - Environmental Impact Statement EMA - Environmental Management Act 2004 ER - Environmental Review ESA - Environmental and Social Assessment ESMF - Environmental and Social Management Framework GDP - Gross Domestic Product GoT - Government of Tanzania GoZ - Government of Zanzibar LGSP - Local Government Support Programme HBS - Household Budget Survey IDA - International Development Association LEA - Limited Environmental Assessment LGAs - Local Government Authorities MLHS - Ministry of Land and Human Settlement MDGs - Millennium Development Goals MSLSD - Ministry of State, Local Government and Special Department NFDA - National Food and Drug Authority NEMC - National Environment Management Council NGO - Non-Governmental Organizations NSC - National Steering Committee NVF - National Village Fund PADEP - Participatory Agriculture Development and Empowerment Project PC - Project Coordinator PO-RALG - President’s Office Regional Administration and Local PPA - Participatory Poverty Assessment PPT - Project Preparation Team PRS - Poverty Reduction Strategy PRSP - Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper RAP - Resettlement Action Plan SSP - Social Support Program TASAF - Tanzania Social Action Fund TBS - Tanzania Bureau of Standard TNA - Training Needs Assessment

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TMU - TASAF Management Unit TOR - Terms of Reference TOT - Training of Trainers TPC - TASAF Project Coordinator TPRI - Tropical Pesticides Research Institute VDP - Village Development Plan VPO-DOE - Vice President – Division of Environment VIC - Veterinary Investigation Center WB - World Bank OP - Operational Policy OM - Operational Manual WEO - Ward Executive Officer DED - District Executive Officer PEDP - Primary Education Development Programme PPT - Project Preparation Team RWSS - Rural Water Supply and Sanitation

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ACKNOWLEGMENT This Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) is a product of a broad range of stakeholders that were consulted or involved in the process of preparing the final work. The TASAF II Project Preparation Team (PPT) provided overall leadership guidance and facilitation in the preparation of this framework. This document has been prepared by a team of multi-displinary sector specialists both from mainland and Zanzibar. TASAF Management Unit would like to thank the team for their enormous efforts. The list of individuals who participated in the preparation of this framework document are Eng. Evans S. B. Ntagwabira of Ministry of Works, Mr. Joseph R. Kombe of National Environment Management Council (NEMC), Mr. Hamad O. Juma of Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment and Cooperatives, Department of Environment Zanzibar, Mrs. Esther Makwaia of Division of Environment Vice President’s Office and Mr. Barnabas F. Jachi of TASAF. Ms. Lilian B. Njau of TASAF provided secretarial services. Special thanks should also go to various people at District and village levels, who were met during environmental reconnaissance survey conducted in February 2004. Their inputs have been extensively used in the preparation of this ESMF. Participants of the Stakeholders workshop held on 13th July 2004 at the Tanzania Episcol Conference in Kurasini – Dar es Salaam valuable contribution to this final version of the document.

R. M. Khijjah Chairperson TASAF II Preparation Team

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DEFINITIONS Environmental Assessment (EA): The process of managing the environmental aspects of a policy, strategy, program or sub projects from the earliest stages of identifying the potential actions to their completion and evaluations. The process encompasses identification of potential adverse environmental impact, assessments of these impacts and comparison with impacts of alternative approaches; design and implementation measures and plans to avoid, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts; and development of associated management and monitoring measures. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): An environmental assessment instrument to identify and assess major potential environmental impact of proposed sub projects, evaluate alternatives and design appropriate mitigation, management and monitoring measures Environmental Review (ER): An environmental assessment instrument in which the subprojects is likely to have minimum impacts but should be reviewed with a simple and standardized checklist of possible impacts and appropriate mitigation measures. Environmental Screening (ES): The process of identifying, as early as possible, the potential adverse environmental impacts of proposed sub projects assigning the environmental category indicating the level of anticipated impact corresponding level of environmental assessment required: and identifying the most relevant EA instrument needed to address the potential impacts and environmental issues associated with sub projects. The screening process will indicate whether environmental assessment is required for each subproject or not, and if it is required, which of the three environmental instruments (ER, LEA or EIA) should be used. Limited Environmental Assessment (LEA): An instrument to assess whether a subproject is likely to cause environmental impacts that merit consideration by an environmental specialist, and which special measures of mitigation should be incorporated into the design. Detailed checklists, customized for different subprojects types, would normally be used and supplemented on a case-by –case basis, possibly by field visit.

Environmental Management Plan (EMP): An instrument that details (a) the measures to be taken during the implementation and operation of a project to eliminate or offset adverse environmental impacts, or to reduce them to acceptable levels; and (b) the actions needed to implement these measures.

Environmental Monitoring (EM): Monitoring is a systematic measuring and recording of physical, social and economic variables associated with project impacts. The objective of monitoring is to provide information on the characteristics and functioning of the occurrence and magnitude of impacts and whether mitigation measures have been carried out. Thus monitoring is one of the important factors for environmental management within the EIA context.

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Environmental Audit (EA): Environmental Audits involve reassessment of the developed project by looking at the positive and negative impacts. The environmental Audit report will be prepared by the proponent and submitted to competent authorities for evaluation.

Scoping: The process for determining the extent of environmental impact of the impact for the project to be undertaken. In the process extensive consultations with principle stakeholders is mandatory in order to inform them about the proposed activities and solicit their views about it.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Government of the United Republic of Tanzania established the Tanzania Social Action Fund (TASAF) in year 2000 through credit financing from the International Development Agency (IDA) to support poverty stricken communities in Local Government Authorities (LGAs) and Unguja and Pemba. The principle is based on the community-driven initiatives, with TASAF investment fund being managed by the communities themselves. The implementation of TASAF I has confirmed that community strategies are viable for poverty alleviation in accelerating sustainable economic growth and human development. Social service delivery infrastructures have facilitated access to health, water and education services, of which, by 31st December 2003, over 1,300 poor communities involving an estimated population of about 1.6 million people have been supported and about 1,348 different types of social service delivery infrastructures (sub-projects) completed. Evident implementation challenges from TASAF I which need to be addressed include: inadequate technical capacity and management skills in some districts on project planning, implementation and monitoring of progress in all aspects at community and district levels; insufficient community participation in some of operational areas due to other survival preoccupation activities negatively impacting implementation of sub-projects; operationalisation of sector norms and standards in most of the districts and more incorporation of NGOs and CBOs. Since TASAF I is coming to an end, these challenges will have to be addressed in TASAF II. The project development objectives of TASAF II will be to ensure that the program supports communities to contribute to Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRS) and the meeting selected Millennium Development Goals (MDG) indicator targets through National Village Fund (NVF) and Mfuko wa Kijiji/Shehia. These funds will be managed by communities through Community Management Organizations (CMOs) under the leadership of Village Council Shehia Council/Mtaa. The project will support community interventions in (a) closing the service gaps initiatives, (b) vulnerable groups, (c) safety nets for able-bodied poor, (d) community savings promotion programs, (e) as well as supporting institutional development. Potential beneficiaries will be the shorts of service, need of safety nets, vulnerable groups and savers. The guiding principle of TASAF II operations will be to strengthen community empowerment through; participatory project management, direct financing, promoting transparency and accountability, building capacities of implementers at all LGAs/Islands and Village/Shehia/Mtaa, supporting poor communities and disadvantaged groups. In addition to that it will be operating in harmony with other ongoing initiatives within the LGAs. The purpose of this Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) is to ensure that environmental and social sustainability of the TASAF II funded sub-projects are achieved through application of safeguard measures on environmental and social issues during project implementation.

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ESMF will ensure that both substantive concerns of the World Bank and National Environmental Polices and Laws are satisfactorily addressed. The objectives of this ESMF are:

� To establish methodologies for environmental and social impact assessment procedure within the Community-Driven Development (CDD) sub-project cycle;

� To assess the potential environmental and social impacts of the TASAF II project, whether positive or negative, and propose mitigation measures which will effectively address these impacts;

� To inform the stakeholders of the potential impacts of different anticipated sub projects, and relevant mitigation measures and strategies;

� To serve as a tool for project implementers at the National, District, Ward, /Village/Mtaa/Shehia level to identify and mitigate potential environmental and social impacts during all stages of the sub-project cycle thereby avoiding long term negative impacts;

� Identify potential environmental policies, legal and institutional framework pertaining to TASAF II.

� To highlight Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedure. In order to meet the above objectives of ESMF, sub-projects funded by TASAF II will follow environmental and social screening process using the National EIA Guidelines and Procedures and the World Bank’s safeguard polices as stipulated in the Operational Manual OP 4.01 and GP 4.01. The guiding principle for implementation of the sub-projects will be based on CDD Cycle which will involve identification, appraisal, approval, launching, implementation, supervision, monitoring and evaluation, inauguration /commissioning. Therefore mainstreaming ESMF into the sub-project cycle activities will ensure that Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) is taken into consideration. The ESMF has provided guidance on both main potential positive and negative impacts of potential environmental concerns likely to arise from the various project interventions proposed under the TASAF II. On the same line mitigation measures for negative impacts have also been spelt out in the ESMF. It is designed that TASAF II project institutional arrangement and coordination as outlined in the document will be operating within the LGAs/Islands in conformity with the decentralized government. In this set-up it is imperative that implementation of sub-projects will need to take cognizance of the existing policies, legislations, and institutional arrangements relevant for environmental and social management in the country for the success of the project.

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Capacity building and training in environmental and social management are the key elements in implementing TASAF II project. This need has become evident from experience gained in the implementation of sub-projects in TASAF I with respect to Environmental and Social Management. The training and capacity building will be targeted to District/Island sector experts, ward extension officers, village/shehia extension officers. In so doing, TASAF will contribute to enhance Draft Environmental Management Act of 2004. It is expected that training and capacity building interventions will lead to:

� To support communities to mainstream environmental and social issues in their sub-projects.

� To ensure that LGAs/Island have the capacity to assist communities in preparing sub-project proposals, to appraise, approve and supervise the implementation of sub-projects; and

� To strengthen the capacity of local NGOs and other services providers to provide technical support to communities in environmental and social aspects of the sub-projects.

In the context of inadequate capacity at LGAs/Islands to facilitate communities in undertaking environmental and social assessment, training activities should be undertaken immediately after the effectiveness of the TASAF II project.

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SYNOPSIS ON TANZANIABaseline InformationTanzania:

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Background � The United Republic of Tanzania is situated in East Africa. It is located on the

eastern coast of Africa between parallels about 1o – 12oS and Meridians 30o E-40oE. The Indian Ocean bounds the country on its entire eastern frontier. It is bordered to the north by Kenya and Uganda, to the west by the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda and Burundi, to the south-west by Malawi and Zambia, and to the south by Mozambique and has an estimated total land area of 945,200 km2 with Mainland Tanzania covering an area of 942,800 km2. The Zanzibar islands cover an area of 2,400 km2.

� The estimated population of 34.6 million people, with growth rate of 2.9% per annum based on the 2002 Census report1.

� GDP per capita is US $ 257 � Economy heavily dependent on the agricultural sector accounting for 45% GDP

and source of livelihood for 90% and employment for 80% of the population and accounts for 855 of total exports.

� 35.7 % of the population falls below the basic needs poverty line that is below

US $ 1 per day. . � Life expectancy at birth is 45 years, and the illiteracy rate is at 28.6 % of the total

population (can not read and write in any language). Physical Environment Climate Tanzania has a range of physical features, which gives the country almost all the climatic conditions and a great diversity of flora and fauna.

The climatic zones include the coastal climate, sub-tropical, tropical, arid and semi-arid zones, semi-desert, temperate and alpine climates. Tanzania experiences as low as 0o on top of Mount Kilimanjaro (5,950 m) and some districts of Mbeya and Iringa regions, and as high as 37o in the coastal belt with high humidity. Rainfall ranges from 400mm in arid areas to 2,000mm in the highlands. Socio - Economic Environment Population and land use Tanzania’s population is estimated at 34.6 million people, with a growth rate of 2.9 % per annum. About 87 % of the entire population lives in the rural areas and the population distribution is uneven and dispersed.

1 URT (2003) – Population and Housing Census General Report

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National Economy Annual per capita income is US $ 257 and according to the Human Development Index, Tanzania is among the most least developed countries in the world. 2The economy is heavily dependent on agriculture sector which accounts for 45% of GDP, source of livelihood for 90% of entire population, 81% of labour force (employment) and accounts for 85% of total exports. Manufacturing accounts for 8.3% of GDP while industry, broadly defined, accounts for 17% of GDP (year 2000). Currently high growth sectors are mining (and quarrying) (13.9%) and construction (8.4%) followed by trade, hotels and restaurants as related to tourism (6.5%). However given the small bases from which mining, construction and trade grow (e.g. in 2000, 2.3%, 4.6% and 16.4% of GDP respectively), their impact in the overall GDP performance is not significant. If such growth rates were recorded in agriculture (e.g. instead of 3.4% in 2000) the impact would have been noticeable. There are, however, great potentials for these sectors. The informal sector is also becoming an important source of employment.

According to the Household Budget Survey (HBS) conducted in 2000/2001 in Tanzania, the proportion of the population living below food poverty line is 18.7% and 35.7% below the basic needs poverty line that is below US$ 1 per day. The poverty remains overwhelmingly a rural phenomenon, where 87% of the national figure in 2002 lives. The HBS 2000/2001 also reveals the growing inequality in Tanzania as measured by a rise in the Gini co-efficient from 0.34 in 1991/1992 to 0.35 in 2000/2001. Less than 13% continue to account for more than 70% of aggregate national income, suggesting that there is not trickle down effect of transferring wealth to the poor. In year 2000, the Government through PRS identified through a participatory process, few priority sectors which would have maximum impact in poverty reduction. These include Education, Health, Water, Agriculture, Rural roads and Justice. In the subsequent reviews, key cross cutting areas for poverty reduction were added. These include Gender, Environment, HIV/AIDS, Employment and Good Governance. Budget execution for the past three years has been directed towards these priority areas. The PRS priorities have also guided donor support over this period. The Government in collaboration with other stakeholders is reviewing these priorities with a view to deepening and broadening interventions in the priority areas for poverty reduction. (See Annex 1)

2 For purpose of PRSP, poverty is defined to include “income” and “non income” human development attributes.

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CHAPTER 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION At the inception of TASAF I Environmental Management challenges were foreseen and addressed through an Environmental Management Guidelines for the two components of Community Development Initiatives (CDI) and Public Works Programs (PWP). In both cases the sub project cycle provided the roadmap for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and the required mitigation measures. Environmental Assessment for each sub project was inbuilt into the cycle and roles assigned accordingly. The guiding principle was termed Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). As the EIA was process oriented, multidisciplinary and interactive five groups were proposed as key stakeholders. These were: (i) Project proponent – which was TASAF Management Unit (TMU)

responsible for funding the EIA processes; (ii) Service providers who were required to provide input or lead the EIA

processes and preparation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP); (iii) Reviewers who were responsible for quality control – those were

basically the Management Teams (MT) of the District/Island Levels; (iv) Decision markers usually the Steering Committee (SC) at the

District/island level and the TMU/National Steering Committee (NSC) at the National level; and

(v) The Public (communities) who as key stakeholders provided the necessary locality specific information on environment management.

Capacity building for these stakeholders was an integral part of the activities of sub project realizations. In the cause of implementation a limited evaluation was performed in February 2004 during which it was established that further efforts were required to sufficiently mainstream environmental management into the sub project cycle. A detailed sub project specific EIA checklist was prepared. The community needs assessment performed prior to the project piloting, the results from the piloting in 8 districts and several discussions with stakeholders provided information used to address social impacts issues during the design. Indeed the Beneficiary Assessment done in May 2003 and the Mid Term Review (MTR) in June 2003 have vividly demonstrated the positive socio-economic impacts that TASAF I has had on the communities and other key stakeholders. It is on account of the MTR findings, which essentially established that communities have successfully been empowered to conceive, implement and manage their own sub projects, contributing to sustainable poverty alleviation within sound environmental management principles that the International Development Association (IDA) accepted the Government of Tanzania request to provide resources for TASAF II

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TASAF II will be a project for empowering communities through decentralization. TASAF II will comprise of the National Village Fund and Mfuko wa Kijiji/Shehia/Mtaa. The National Village Fund will finance sub-projects identified by communities and implemented by CMOs elected by Village Government/Shehia and Mtaa. Potential beneficiaries will be the short of service, need of safety nets, food security, vulnerable groups; and savers. A list of selected Millennium Development Goal (MDG) indicator targets will provide the framework for determining eligibility of community sub projects for funding. The supported sub projects under this project are small in size and constructed in areas set aside for public use. Furthermore, this project supports small community sub projects that are identified, designed, implemented, commissioned and operated through a well defined participatory process, thus no extensive negative environmental and social impacts are expected from a single sub project. However cumulative negative impacts from the many and wide spread sub projects are foreseen. Further deepening of capacity building at all level is also envisaged.

1.1. Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) Purpose Like in TASAF I the successor operation will be required to ensure environmental and social sustainability of the funded sub projects. As the type and specific geographical location of the sub project are not predetermined prior to the project effectiveness, the types of sub projects are reasonably well defined, and a safeguard measures to support appropriate environmental and social sustainability can only be established during sub project implementation, the appropriate safeguard instrument at the appraisal stage is an ESMF. This ESMF will establish a unified process for addressing all environmental and social safeguard issues throughout the CDD sub project cycle implementation. (See Figure 2.1 for the cycle)

Effective implementation of an ESMF will ensure that both substantive concerns of the required World Bank Safeguards and National policies are satisfactorily addressed.

1.2 Objectives of the ESMF The objectives of these ESMF are: � To establishe methodologies for environmental and social impact

assessment procedure within the CDD sub-project cycle; � To assess the potential environmental and social impacts of the

TASAF II project, whether positive or negative, and propose mitigation measures which will effectively address these impacts;

� To inform the stakeholder of the potential impact of different anticipated sub projects, and relevant mitigation measures and strategies;

� To serve as a tool for project implementers at the National, District, Ward, /Village/Mtaa/Shehia level to identify and mitigate potential

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environmental and social impacts during all stages of the sub-project cycle thereby avoiding long term negative impacts;

� Identify potential environmental policies, legal and institutional framework pertaining TASAF II.

� To highlight National EIA guideline and procedures.

1.3 Principles and Methodology A multi disciplinary team of Tanzania experts drawn from different sectors prepared this ESMF. It is based on literature review, field visits and findings of reconnaissance survey/audit of implemented sample sub projects in Kibaha and Muheza Districts conducted in February – March 2004. Review of documents, ESMFs and checklists of other projects such as the Local Government Support Programme (LGSP), the Participatory Agriculture Development and Empowerment Project (PADEP), the National Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines and Procedure and Sectoral Environmental Guideline, Tanzania’s Vision 2025 and PRSP, National Environmental Policy, Sectoral Environmental Laws, the Draft National Environment Management Act 2004, as well as the World Bank’s Safeguard Policies and other relevant documents. Consultations were also done with various stakeholders, government officials at national level including the Division of Environment (DOE), the National Environment Management Council (NEMC) of the Vice President’s Office and the Department of Environment Zanzibar and Local Government Authorities (LGA’s) were undertaken before writing the framework. The final draft also went through the scrutiny of various stakeholders before relevant authorities approved the final document.

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CHAPTER 2

2.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

2.1 Background The Government of the United Republic of Tanzania initiated the Tanzania Social Action Fund (TASAF) through a credit from the World Bank. The project became effective in November 2000 and will end in December 2004. The overall objective of this project was to contribute towards poverty alleviation through facilitating improvement in the delivery of socio-economic services and providing cash income so as to improve the living conditions of poor communities in targeted areas.

TASAF has been supporting implementation of community prioritized needs in 42 operational areas i.e. 40 districts in Tanzania Mainland and in Unguja and Pemba in Tanzania Zanzibar. TASAF has two main components: Community Development Initiatives (CDI) and Public Works Program (PWP); whereby for CDI more than 1600 different types of socio-economic infrastructures have been created responding to needs of over 5,378,854 men and women. In the PWP Component over 95,000 beneficiaries have gained temporary employment earning TShs. 3.3 billion. Following this successful implementation, the Government and IDA have agreed to prepare and implement a successor operation to be named TASAF II. TASAF II seeks to scale up its operations to cover the whole country and widen its response to community demands in the context of the Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRS).

2.2 Lessons Learned from TASAF I TASAF project has been supporting communities to improve and create infrastructure based on their priorities while observing norms and standards of respective sectors. Infrastructure sub projects which are supported include; primary and secondary school classrooms and latrines, teachers’ residential houses, dispensary OPD buildings, Clinical Officers and Nurses’ residential houses and access roads in rural and peri-urban areas. Other sub projects are; construction and/or rehabilitation of foot paths and bridges, gullies dams, drainage systems, small earth dams, rainwater harvesting structures boreholes and shallow wells, smallholder irrigation schemes, market places, grain storage facilities and environmental protection/rehabilitation.

2.3 Project Development Objective Wide spread poverty particularly in rural and peri-urban areas remains the challenge of development in Tanzania. The development objective of TASAF II is to empower poor communities to manage interventions that contribute to the sustainable achievement of specific MDG targets within the Tanzania Poverty Reduction Strategy.

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2.4 Guiding Principle TASAF operations seek to: i) Strengthen community empowerment through participatory

project management and direct financing; ii) Promote transparency and accountability among communities and

other stakeholders at all levels; iii) Enhance the capacities of implementers at all levels to provide

effective implementation management of sub projects within the context of decentralization;

iv) Align the center with peripheries so as to leverage the use of public resources in favour of poor communities and disadvantaged groups.

The following principles will guide TASAF’s operations:

Autonomous but operating in harmony with other ongoing initiatives within the Local Government Authorities in order to ensure sustainability of the Fund’s achievements; � Demand-driven and will follow a bottom up planning and decision-

making approach; � Directly financing community-initiated sub projects; � Acting as a safety net by targeting poor households, vulnerable and

disadvantaged groups and poor communities; � Promoting savings mobilization at community level and access to

financial services available in micro finance institutions; � Conforming to sector norms and standards; � Non-partisan and apolitical; � Governed by clear modalities in accessing funds; � Operated within a structure that ensures speedy operations; � Promoting adequate and timely technical support to LGAs/islands

which in turn will do the same to the communities; and � Ensuring that its operations are cost-effective.

The overriding guiding principle to this project is through community Driven Development (CDD). This will be attained through the sub project cycle as shown below.

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Figure 2.1: Community Driven Development (CDD) Sub project Cycle

(See figure 7.1 on summary of activities for mainstreaming ESMF in the sub project cycle)

2.5 Description of TASAF II The project will support activities aimed at achieving the following:

i) Closing service gaps. In poor and remote communities without access to health, education and water and sanitation services, the program will make available resources for these communities to improve access to social service (with a stipulated minimum community contribution)

ii) Strengthening safety nets. In those communities with severe and

often seasonal food insecurity, the project will support public works projects that not only transfer cash using a self-targeting wage, but will also support the improved use of the resulting asset so that it can contribute to increased incomes for poor households in that community.

DESK APPRAISAL

CDD SUB-PROJECT

CYCLE

SUPERVISION AND

MONITORING

SUB PROJECT IDENTIFICATION

(E-PRA)

IMPLEMENTATION

COMPLETION AND

INAUGURATION/COMMISSIONING

APPROVAL

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iii) Supporting the vulnerable. In a number of communities with high level of orphans, the disabled, the aged, the chronically ill, and others living in poor households, the program will make resources available for such foster households to work with NGOs and CBOs in implementing activities that can lead to increased incomes that benefit the vulnerable within the households.

iv) Fostering a saving culture. Many households who will participate

in TASAF II funded activities will receive extra capacity building assistance so that they can mobilize their own savings as insurance against falling back into extreme poverty in the event of future shocks (such as weather, illness, etc.)

v) Enhancing capacities for transparency. There will be resources

set aside to assist the improved workings of central government and District Councils in support of community efforts to get out of poverty.

The main approach in all TASAF interventions is through participatory processes centered on community sub project cycle. The main thrust is to create a Village/Shehia Development Fund that flexibly responds to broad community demands for services and improved incomes

2.6 Scope of Mfuko wa Kijiji/Shehia/Mtaa

Mfuko wa Kijiji/Shehia will be used by the communities to finance activities that contribute to the attainment of selected targets of MDGs from the list below): No. 1 - Eradication extreme poverty and hunger; No. 2 - Achieving universal primary education; No. 3 - Promoting Gender equality and empower women; No. 4 - Reducing Child Mortality; No. 5 - Improving Maternal Health; No. 6 - Combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases; No. 7 - Ensuring environmental sustainability; and No. 8- Developing a global partnership for development

Sector Ministries will define the service packages suitable for implementation by communities using TASAF resources. The Ministries will also respond to community innovations and make necessary adjustment on the services packages.

2.7 Categories of Beneficiaries Potential beneficiaries will be the poor who (i) have inadequate access to services in education, health. Water, etc., (ii) have been made vulnerable by HIV/AIDS, old age, and others identified in the PRS, (iii) are able-bodied but cannot find work to earn incomes, and (iv) have the potential to pool savings and later make investments. The first three classes of beneficiaries will get assistance to cope with shocks, but it is envisaged

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that such individuals will be poorly prepared to prevent and mitigate future shocks until they have joined the fourth category of beneficiaries. Beneficiaries will be self-selecting and constitute a ‘need-defined community’ for purposes of TASAF funding. A list of selected MDG indicator targets will provide the framework for determining the eligibility of community subprojects for funding.

2.8 Project Location The project is demand driven and national in coverage with interventions targeted on the basis of poverty assessment criteria. TASAF II will be a project to empower communities through decentralization. The Project through the National Village Fund will finance sub-projects identified by communities and implemented by CMOs elected by Village Assemblies under the supervision of a Village Council/Shehia Advisory Council. Its locus will be at the Village/Shehia/Mtaa level i.e. the Lowest Local Government organ where Mtaa in the urban areas is synonymous with Village or Shehia. The physical processes in the ESMF will thus be centered at this level.

2.9 Institutional Capacity The project design and operational framework provides sufficient institutional arrangement to effect sufficient safeguard in line with existing country legislation and procedures and in compliance with the World Bank Environmental Assessment -OP 4.01.

2.10 Anticipated Sub-projects to be funded TASAF II will fund sub-projects in the areas of education, water supply, sanitation and waste management, health, transportation, communication and energy, agricultural and marketing and economic activities. The anticipated sub-project to be funded must fall within the MDG targets and PRS of Tanzania, (See Annex 11). The details of sub-projects that may require EIA are shown in Annex 2 And those that may not require EIA are shown in Annex 3

2.11 Project Institutional Arrangement and Coordination Environmental and Social Impacts Management will be at three levels: (i) National level led by the NSC, Sectoral Ministries, Technical

Committee and the TMU (ii) Higher Local Government Level and Unguja and Pemba led by

Management Teams and Steering Committees (iii) Lower Local Government Level lead by Village Council and

Shehia Advisory Council The ESMF defines the roles at these levels; See Annex 4A and 4B.

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CHAPTER 3

3.0 OVERVIEW OF POLICIES, LEGISLATION AND INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

3.1 Environmental Policies/Legislation and Institutional Arrangement Environmental Policies The National Environment Policy for mainland (NEP 1997) and Environmental Policy for Zanzibar (1992) are the main policy documents addressing environmental management issues in Tanzania. They identify sustainable development as a key issue in the National Environment Management Policy in the country. The policies state government’s commitment to sustainable development on the short, medium and long-term development basis. It requires the Tanzanian people to manage their environment and natural resources in a sustainable manner to enhance the potential for growth and opportunity for sustainable development of present and future generation.

The National Environment Action Plan, (NEAP 1994) and the National Environmental Policy (NEP 1997) both documents identify six key environmental problems. These problems are addressed and implemented by Sectoral Ministries and stakeholders. The documents consider linkage between poverty and demographic dynamics as critical factors contributing to environment degradation. Major environmental problems identified include:

(a) Tanzania Mainland.� Land degradation � Lack of access to good quality water for both urban and rural

inhabitants � Environmental pollution � Loss of wildlife inhabitants and biodiversity � Deterioration of aquatic systems and � Deforestation

(b) Tanzania Zanzibar:- � Rapid degradation of the coral rag � Soil erosion � Loss of plants and animals � Problem of water supply � Pollution of coastal waters � Chemical pollution � Environmental health issues � Urban expansion and construction � Coastal zone management � Unforeseen impacts of development projects

� Poor participation of women and NGO’s in Environment Management issues and lack of public awareness

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Apart from Environmental Policy, Tanzania has a wide range of sectoral and cross cutting policies and strategies geared to promote economic growth, social development and sustainable environmental management. These include: (a) Sectoral policies Tanzania mainland: � National Land Policy (1995) � The Wildlife Policy of Tanzania (1998) � The Mineral Policy of Tanzania (1997) � National Forest Policy (1998) � National Fisheries Sector Policy (1997) � Agriculture and Livestock Policy (1997) � Sustainable Industrial Development Policy (1996) � Energy Policy of Tanzania (1992) � National Water Policy (2002) � Education and Training Policy (1995) � National Construction Industry Policy (2002) � National Transport Policy (2003) � National Health Policy (1990) and � National Human Settlements Development Policy (2000)

(b) Sectoral policies Tanzania Island (Zanzibar) � National Policy on HIV/AIDS (2001) � Women and Gender Policy (2001) � National Gender Policy (1992) � National Micro Finance Policy (2000) � Small Medium Enterprise (DMR) Development Policy (2001) � Tanzania Women in Development Policy (1998) � Cooperative Development Policy (1998) � Rural Development Policy (2001) � Community Development Policy (1996) � Water policy (2004) � Tourism Policy � Natural Resource Policy � Agricultural, livestock and Irrigation Policy (1983) � Fisheries Policy � Forest Policy

(c) Strategies/programmes related to Environment and Social Management Tanzania mainland: � National Environment Action Plan (NEAP 1994) � The National Poverty Eradication Strategy (NPES 1998) � Rural Development Strategy (2001) � Tanzania Assistant Strategy (2001) � Tanzania Development Vision (Vision 2025) � Agricultural Sector Development Strategy (ASDS 2001) � Education Sector Reform and Development Programme (1999) � Road Sector Development Programme (1999) � Local Government Reform Programme.

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� Poverty Reduction Strategy (2002) Environmental Legislation: The United Republic, Tanzania mainland and Zanzibar each have its own sets of legislation and Institutions charged with the responsibility for the protection and management of the environment. Zanzibar has enacted comprehensive framework legislation for management of the environment “the Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act 1996 (Act No. 2 of 1996). The Act provides not only for an institutional arrangement for management of the environment but also deals with other aspects of environmental management such as; environmental planning, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and environmental standards. Zanzibar has also reviewed other laws and has also enacted for example the Forest Resources Management and Conservation Act, 1996 that is also comprehensive and incorporates contemporary approaches in sustainable management of forest resources. Tanzania mainland has many pieces of sectoral legislation dealing with different aspects relating to the utilization and management of natural resources. Most of such legislation still puts great emphasis on regulating access to and control of the use of natural resources such as land, minerals, water, forestry wildlife etc. Of recently, Tanzania mainland has drafted an Environmental Management Act (EMA) 2004. The draft Act provides for; Institutional arrangement, EIA, Pollution prevention Planning, environmental standards and environmental restoration etc. The draft EMA 2004 of mainland and the Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act, 1996 of Zanzibar give practical guidelines useful to decision makers and authorities involved in any field of activity or projects with a link to environmental issues. The laws calls for an integration of environmental concerns into the socio-economic development plans and require that EIA be carried out prior to project implementation.

Environmental Institutional Arrangements: The presence of institutional and legal framework is a pre-requisite for effective implementation of Environment Policy objectives at all levels (national, sectoral, district, villag/shehia/mtaa levels) and for effective environmental management in the country. According to the government decision in mainland the Institutional set up for environmental management include:

� National Environmental Advisory Committee � Minister of State in the Vice President’s office responsible for

Environmental and Union Matters. � Division of Environmental in the Vice President’s Office.

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� National Environmental Management Council (NEMC) � Environment Units in Sector Ministries � Local Government Authorities (City, Municipal, Town, and

Districts Councils) and � Township Division, Ward, Village, Hamlet (Kitongoji/Mtaa). Institutional set up for environmental management in Zanzibar according to the Environmental Management for sustainable Development Act of 1996 include: i) Special Committee of the Revolutionary Council on

Environments. ii) Department of Environment in the Ministry responsible

for Environment. iii) Special Advisory Committee iv) Technical Environmental Units. (See Annex 4A and 4B detailing responsibilities of each institution) Linkage of TASAF on Policies Legislation and Institutional Arrangement Institutional mandate and responsibilities of environmental management is well elaborated from central level down to local government and local community level. However the institutional structures have not yet been established. At District level the District Executive Director is responsible for selection of one of his officers either in land office or Natural resource office to be designated environmental Officers who would perform the environmental coordination function. In this regard immediate implementation of Environmental management functions at district and village levels would require capacity building support from central levels. According to an overview of Environmental Institutional arrangement and TASAF institutional structure. TASAF as an Institution cannot work in isolation. Therefore there is a need for selected District Environmental officer to Coordinate and make consultation with the existing Institutional Structures on environmental issues related to TASAF funded sub projects.

3.2 EIA Procedure in Tanzania According to the National EIA Procure and Guidelines, EIA is mandatory for projects, which are known to cause adverse environmental impacts. Projects listed in schedule 1 in the National EIA Procedure and Guidelines should do a full EIA as shown in (Annex 3A) for mainland and in schedule 2 for Zanzibar respectively.

For projects listed in schedule 2 of the guidelines in Tanzania mainland and schedule 1 in Zanzibar may or may not require a full EIA as shown in (Annex 3B). Such sub projects, most of them will require either a desktop environmental review or a limited environmental review. The respective process and procedure are dealt in Chapter 6.

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For sub projects that require full EIA the procedure will involve the following stages: Registration, screening, scoping, impact assessment, reviewing, permitting decision, monitoring, auditing and decommissioning. A chart showing the procedure of EIA in Tanzania is in Annex 5. In Zanzibar however, the procedure end up with auditing and does not consider decommissioning. Registration: The proponent is required to register a project proposal or concept with NEMC for Tanzania mainland using special application forms known as “Environmental Impact Assessment Registration Forms.” In mainland the forms are available at NEMC offices, Environmental Units of sector Ministries, Local Authorities and at Tanzania Investment Centre (TIC). In Zanzibar the registration is done through submission of report stating concisely the nature of the sub project, activities to be undertaken, proposed location, sub project inputs and expected outputs.

Screening:This is the process of analyzing a project proposal to determine the level at which environmental assessment will be carried out.

Scoping: Scoping is the responsibility of the proponent and his or her consultants. The process that involves extensive public consultations with principal stakeholders is mandatory in order to inform them about the proposed activities and solicit their views about it. The result of these consultations must be documented in the EIA report from whereby the terms of reference for the EIA is drawn and approved by competent authorities. The Review Process:The process is done by the competent authorities and involve:

� Providing an evaluation of the strengths and weakness of environmental impact statement submitted.

� Identifying the issues not covered, inaccuracies of information, or any conflicts apparent in the assessment process

� Taking decision as to whether the proposal should be accepted or not.

Monitoring:The proponent is required to prepare and execute an appropriate monitoring programme during implementation which consist the following aspects of sub project activities. � Verification of impact reductions

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� Evaluation of mitigation measures � Adherence to approved Environmental Agreement

This will allow for compliance enforcement as well as learning from mistakes facilitating impact management and handling of unanticipated aspects to aid in the improvement of EIA process and practice. Environmental Audits:The environmental Audit report will be prepared by the proponent and submitted to competent authorities for evaluation. Decommissioning:The decommissioning report including restoration or rehabilitation activities shall be prepared by the proponent and submitted to NEMC for record. Should there be need for continued environmental monitoring, the proponent shall bear the costs.

3.3 World Bank Safeguard Policies The World Bank requires Environmental Assessment (EA) of proposed programme for Bank financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable and thus to improve decision-making. TASAF has triggered the World Bank’s Safeguard Policies, namely, Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01). The remaining Operational Policies are not triggered.

The objective of OP 4.01 is to ensure that Bank-financed projects are environmentally sound and sustainable, and that decision-making is improved through appropriate analysis of actions and of their likely environmental impacts. This policy is triggered if a project is likely to have potential (adverse) environmental risks and impacts in its area of influence.

Sub-projects to be funded under TASAF Programme will fall under category B, meaning that the environmental and social impacts of the sub-projects are expected to be minimal, site specific and manageable to an accepted level. Thus, the most appropriate instruments to be used for environmental assessment are Environmental Review (ER) and Limited Environmental Assessment (LEA).

A summary of the World Bank’s Safeguard Policies is provided in Annex 6. It provides guidance on measures to be taken should any of these policies be triggered (in addition to OP 4.01)

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CHAPTER 4

4.0. POTENTIAL IMPACTS The implementation of TASAF II project must be designed to be environmentally and socially sensitive so as to avoid any undesirable adverse consequences of the given interventions and hence ensure the achievement of improved standards of living of the poor. Most of the project impacts would be localized due to being relatively of small scale. Nevertheless, there are some issues of concern that cut across the range of proposed interventions. Field studies and lessons from similar programs show that issues such as community involvement, community ownership and selection of appropriate sites are some of the key concerns that influence project success, sustainability and impact to environment. Discussed below are both the potential positive and negative impacts of TASAF II sub-projects.

4.1 Overall Environmental and Social impacts Environmental and social sustainability are fundamental to overall sustainable development strategies, natural resource conservation, and poverty alleviation. Lessons learned from TASAF I and elsewhere demonstrate that community involvement in the decision-making and management process may bring effective and lasting improvement in the livelihoods of people, and can lead to better use and protection of the natural resource base. Therefore environmental and social sustainability are fundamental to the success of TASAF II project. Scenario 1:A successful TASAF II which works in accordance with the vision and approach set out in project documents, would make a significant positive contribution to environmental and social sustainability in the country by providing the tools, training to support community driven development and to make significant contribution to the restoration and protection of the environment. Scenario 2:An satisfactory performance of TASAF II, activities supported and funded would contribute to marked further decline in environmental and social sustainability in these same areas, by not providing adequate support and guidance for community development, and perhaps to exacerbate or accelerate degradation of the environment. Discussions with various stakeholders indicate that they are fully appreciative of the observation that the institutional, social, environmental and other analyses carried out for TASAF I were carried out during project preparation for TASAF II project laid the foundation for the first successful, scenario.

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4.2 Potential Positive Impacts The overall positive environmental and social impacts predicted under the first scenario is based on the following reasoning for TASAF II project. � The TASAF II project will strengthen traditional systems of

environmental and social governance and embrace the notion of community dialogue through effective functioning of village/shehia or inter-village/shehia committees for community land, environmental and social management;

� TASAF II project will help promote the decentralization process

through support to capacity building interventions; � TASAF II project will support activities to increase literacy and

reduce poverty, and will help communities to become better informed on impacts of degradation of natural resources and encourage conservation;

� Strategically placed infrastructure development and associated

services may enable more sustainable production systems (e.g. forestry, agriculture etc.);

� Maintenance and rehabilitation of rural roads will increase access

to markets and social services, such as health care and education; � An increased number of strategically located small-scale water

points will help meet the need for potable water and lead to a more diffused distribution of human and livestock pressures on existing limited resources;

� Effective management and reversal of degradation of natural

habitants through a variety of known soil and water conservation techniques (rock bunds, composting, windbreaks, reforestation, etc.) will lead to a positive impact on conservation of natural habitants and biodiversity in most areas;

� Local institutional strengthening and empowerment is achieved

through improved understanding and use of the tools and mechanisms for environmental and social impact assessment and participatory approaches to community development (e.g. development of a community development plan); and

� Investment in social and economic infrastructure, such as

construction or rehabilitation of health facilities, school classrooms, markets, etc. will result in improvement in people’s well-being and livelihoods, and promote equitable development.

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Consequently, TASAF II project activities has the potential to make a significance contribution to Tanzania’s policies to protect and preserve the environment while reducing poverty in both urban and rural areas.

4.3 Potential Negative Impacts The overall negative environmental and social impact predicted under the second scenario for the TASAF II Project is based on the following reasoning: � Livelihoods and environments, particularly in the rural setting are

sometimes varied and unpredictable (e.g. rural communities in Tanzania are stratified and achieving effective participation by marginalized groups, including women, youth and migrants, may be require good facilitation);

� Lack of adequate capacity for environmental and social screening

of small scale activities in some local government authorities may exacerbate existing environmental and social issues effecting communities within the target areas;

� Differential impacts of TASAF II training and investments

(according to gender, wealth status, or livelihood strategy) may result in some few groups relying to some extent on unsustainable use of natural resources;

� Alternative livelihoods and intensification of agricultural and

livestock production, which may result in improved well-being, may also lead to an increase in areas, brought under cultivation and overall numbers of livestock or tropical livestock and farming units, which may somewhat increase demand on natural resources or degrade the surrounding environment;

� Introduced systems of governance versus traditional systems may

create conflict, or contradictions may result in unsustainable agricultural or natural resource management practices;

� Even where systems of governance are strong, incentives for

effective community management of natural resources in a sustainable manner may be weak in comparison to incentives for unsustainable use;

� Institutional changes in the formal national, regional, district and

community systems for governing natural resources areas, environment and land management may create competing institutions within government and decrease overall effectiveness, especially in budget allocation and management;

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� There are a significant number of NGO and development agency-financed projects throughout Tanzania, with considerable rural development experience, that may be undermined by the financial and political weight of TASAF II project if they are not effectively included in the process; and

� Rising population pressures, a deteriorating resources base,

desertification and drought due to climate change and intensification/intensification of the agricultural production systems often lead to an increase in land-related conflicts. The introduction of investments in these areas may attract outside immigrants that will further increase pressure on existing resources and possibly increase land-related conflicts.

However, both the Government of Tanzania and the World Bank have considered these risks carefully in the preparation and design of the TASAF II, especially considering the experience gained through implementation of the pilot phase and TASAF I project.

Annex 7 presents the factors contributing to these risks for TASAF II and the features of the project design that could mitigate these risks. Annex 8 presents many of the proposed activities that can be undertaken by TASAF II project and predicts many of both positive and negative impacts. The sub-project list and potential impacts is not intended to be exhaustive since they are expected to be selected and developed using a CDD approach at Village/Shehia/Mtaa levels

4.4 Impact of Agricultural Chemicals TASAF II will likely support the development of smallholder irrigation

and agricultural sub-projects. Smallholder agricultural sub projects may involve strengthening existing practices, introducing, diversifying or the intensification of crop production. Support for the development of smallholder agriculture or certain livestock activities (e.g. tick dips) may lead to the introduction or increased use of pesticides and other agricultural chemicals such as herbicides and fertilizers to promote crop growth. Pests are organisms that compete with human beings and domestic animals, for nutritional resources. They include species of insects, mites, nematodes, mollusks, plant pathogens, vertebrates and will be operationalized by using the safeguard screening process and procedure as presented in this Framework. In such case, there will be a need for a mini-pest and chemical management plan prior to approval of such sub-projects. This plan should address the following issues listed in Box 5.1.

Box 5.1 Issues to be addressed in a Mini-Pest Management Plan

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Proper use of agricultural chemicals such as fertilizers to avoid reduction in soil and groundwater quality; � Prevent fertilizer runoff into surface water sources to avoid

negative impact on aquatic environments; � Proper use of pesticides and herbicides to avoid contamination of

crops, soils and water; � Proper use, handling and storage of all agricultural chemicals to

avoid adverse health impacts on rural population;

� Methods to ensure that banned or unauthorized agricultural chemicals are not used;

� Proper handling and disposal of unused agricultural chemicals and packaging materials (e.g. sacks, plastic containers, etc.)4.5 Impact on Vulnerable Groups

Some sub projects supported by TASAF II may not bring the intended benefits to certain vulnerable groups and to the poor, and may further contribute to inequitable distribution of resources and marginalizing of these groups. The development of a District/Village Development Plan (DDP & VDP) seeks to avoid this, however the consistency of active participation by vulnerable groups may vary, and cannot be ensured. Further, the ability of vulnerable groups and the poorer segments of the population to express their views and needs, cannot be stated at this time. Therefore, it is crucial for communities to receive support from skilled and experienced facilitators in methods of community participation, project planning and management when planning activities and sub-projects. It is equally important that follow up be made in order ensure that the concerns of the poor and vulnerable groups have been taken into consideration over time.

4.6 Localized Negative Impacts Micro-projects to be implemented under the TASAF II funding, will be small in scale: therefore the significance of the direct negative environmental and social impacts is likely to be small. This is especially the case in comparison to larger-scale developments elsewhere in Tanzania, for instance large-scale dams or large-scale roads.

4.7 Cumulative Impacts Some sub-projects may in some areas result in cumulative impacts on the environment. Cumulative impacts are impacts, which may result from individually, small-scale sub projects with minimal impacts but which over time can combine to have a significant impact, in case

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TASAF II supports so many sub project in the same community. Some examples of activities related to such sub projects are as follows: � Potential impacts on groundwater, owing to the construction of

numerous wells and to the introduction of numerous small-scale irrigation works and potential cumulative impacts on water users (especially downstream users of potential river and streams);

� Bush clearing (using slash and burn methods) of marginal forest or bush land with subsequent depletion of soil fertility;

� Deforestation due to the exploitation of forest resources for such uses as firewood, construction materials, etc.;

� Development of lowlands which may have both upstream and downstream impacts (e.g., increase in soil erosion, decrease in available water resources downstream resulting in less water flowing into international water flowing into international waterways);

� Resettlement, relocation, displacement or loss of access to assets due to the acquisition of land for construction of facilities, such as public amenities.

� Illegal poaching of wildlife due to expansion of land under cultivation, illegally starting bush fires or increased proximity and access to protected areas through construction of rural feeder and forest roads.

� Attraction of large migrant populations to communities that have successfully improved social infrastructures (such as health centers, schools or water sources) resulting in pressures that lead to overcrowding, depletion or constraint of resources (e.g. water space, supplies etc.)

Cumulative impacts can also be defined as impacts, which potentially develop from the combined impacts of more than one project or large scale program occurring within the same area of influence and time span. In such cases, cumulative impacts will have to be assessed based on the combined affects of potential impacts from the various program inputs. Considering possible cumulative impacts of the TASAF II funded sub-projects, stakeholders will be provided with an opportunity to learn how to avoid or mitigate localized impacts from initial sub-projects, so that measures can be integrated into subsequent activities. A list of triggers, which can be used to determine whether the programs may result in cumulative impacts, and if so, what tools are required for mitigation are also discussed in this framework.

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4.8 Strategic Impacts The location of certain small-scale sub projects such as feeder roads, water reservoirs and development of irrigated agricultural activities downstream from small dams might also have strategic impacts. Thus, they require a more detailed assessment in relation to the types of sector policies and land management plans that the Government of Tanzania is advocating (e.g. how many feeder roads may fit into the overall transport sector policy in Tanzania). Infrastructure such as feeder roads requires an assessment of the location and design to take into account the potential impacts that the road may have on the natural resources (soil erosion, encroachment on protected areas, changes to surface run-off, dust, etc.) and on the social environment (mobility of communities, migration of people, introduction of diseases, etc.).

With respect to the TASAF II project the stated objective is to focus resources on achieving significant local and national development as stipulated in Tanzania’s Vision 2025, PRSP and the Millennium Development Goals.

4.9 Other Social and Environmental Degradation Issues Other issues, which need to be addressed under TASAF II are the issues of pollution, land degradation, medical and domestic waste disposal, pest management and sensitivity to vulnerable groups. These are discussed below.

(i) Potential Sources of Pollution With respect to TASAF II funded sub-projects, there is a possibility that development of social and economic infrastructure can lead to pollution of watercourses from increased generation of solid waste and wastewater due to inadequate attention being paid to inclusion of proper sanitation facilities or initiations measures.

(ii) Impact on Ecological Resources and Land Degradation

Some of the proposed activities and sub-projects can lead to both localized and cumulative impacts on such areas as bio-diversity, lowlands, forests, soil and water quality, etc. Land degradation due to sub-projects that involve construction, deforestation, and induced impacts associated with small-scale feeder roads, or any development that induces concentration of people, agriculture or livestock in particular areas. The environmental and social screening tools presented in this framework will be used to identify and mitigate the potential impacts discussed as they related to certain types of community investments.

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(iii) Medical Waste Disposal

Sub-projects such as dispensaries/health centers could generate small amounts of waste associated with pharmaceuticals, drugs or medical waste of any kind and this carries disposal risks. Indiscriminate disposal carries risks for human and animal health, pollution of watercourse, and land or water resource contamination in localized areas.

Waste categorized as infectious or bio-hazardous is capable of spreading infectious disease, and has become a very significant issue especially for HIV/AIDS contaminated materials. It is especially important to develop and apply effective animal and human medical waste handling disposal methods, with the support of the appropriate and line ministries (especially Ministries of: Health, Water and Livestock Development, Industries and Trade, Agriculture and Food Security, Natural Resource and Tourism etc.); and respective agencies, such as the National Food and Drug Authority (NFDA), Tropical Pesticides Research Institute (TPRI), Veterinary Investigation Center (VIC) and the Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS).

Guidelines of Health Care Waste Management Plan (HCWMP) will be followed to address medical waste management and disposal issues arising from these activities. Box 4.2 Issues to be Addressed in a Mini Medical Waste

Management Plan � Laboratory wastes–specimen or microbiologic cultures, stocks

of infectious agents, live and attenuated vaccines and culture mediums;

� Blood or body fluids-liquid blood elements or other regulated body fluids, or articles contaminated with blood or body fluids;

� Sharps-items such as syringes, needles, blades, broken glass; � Contaminated animals- animal parts or tissues removed

surgically or by autopsy; � Isolation waste – waste contaminated with excretion, exudates,

or secretions from humans or animals who are isolated due to the highly communicable diseases such as: Hemorrhagic fever, Tick-borne encephalitis virus complex (Absettarov, Hanzalo, Hypr, Kumlinger, Kyasanur Forest disease, Marburg disease, Ebola and others.

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CHAPTER 5

5.0 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PROCESS AND PROCEDURES This chapter discusses sub project categorization and illustrates the steps involved in the environmental assessment process and procedure leading towards the review and approval of subprojects under TASAF II. The chapter also gives an explicit description of roles, reporting and advice mechanisms during implementation of the project.

5.1 Categorization of TASAF subprojects for EA As a general rule all projects regardless of their size are supposed to be screened. Screening provides information which is the basis for classification of projects into categories A, B, or C depending on the nature, type, scale, location, sensitivity and magnitude of the potential /envisaged environmental impact of the project or sub-project.

According to the Draft National EIA Procedure and Guidelines and the World Bank’s Operational Manual – OP 4.01 and GP 4.01- Annex B, projects are categorized in three groups as follows: � Category A project is the one that is likely to have significant

adverse environmental impacts that is sensitive, diverse or unprecedented. Such a project falls under the Mandatory List, which means they must be subjected to a full EIA.

� Category B project is the one whose potential adverse

environmental impacts are less adverse than those of Category A, and are few, site specific and in most cases have mitigatory measures which can be designed readily. Category B projects/subprojects require Limited Environmental Impact Assessment (LEA)

� Category C project is that one that is likely to have minimal or no

adverse environmental impacts. Apart from registration and screening no further EA action is required.

In light of the above categorization, and given the fact that the prime objective of TASAF is to finance community-based micro projects, then TASAF funded sub projects falls under category B according to World Bank Operational Manual and Schedule 2 of the National EIA Procedures and Guidelines. Annex 3A, 3B, and 3C gives details of sub project categories as per National Procedures and World Bank.

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5.2 Environmental Screening Process The purpose of the screening process is to determine whether sub projects are likely to have potential negative environmental and social impacts; to determine appropriate mitigation measures for activities with adverse impacts; to incorporate mitigation measures into the sub project design; to review and approve sub project proposals and to monitor environmental parameters during implementation. The extent of environmental and socials work that might be required for the sub project prior to implementation will depend on the outcome of the screening process. Environmental Screening will be done using information provided on Environmental and Social Screening Form (Annex 9A). The LGAs/Islands EPRA team will guide and facilitate Village Council/Shehia Advisory Council to fill and complete this form during sub project identification process. Members of CMO and VEO/Sheha will participate in filling the form. A checklist found in Annex 9B is provided to guide the EPRA teams identify appropriate mitigation measure for the sub project identified. For situations where the environmental and social screening process identifies land acquisition needs, that would trigger OP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement, then the provisions of the Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) would apply. This would require the EPRA team to advice communities chose an alternative land site that does not trigger this policy. Any sub projects that land acquisition will not be resolved at the community level will be ineligible for funding.

5.3 Assigning appropriate environmental category The screening process will lead to four safeguard requirements:

� No further action if the sub project has no impacts on the environment.

� Carry out simple Environmental Review if sub project may create a few minor and easily mitigated environmental problems.

� Carry out Limited Environmental Review if sub project may create minor environmental problems that require frequent site visit or construction modifications to minimize or eliminate impact.

� Carry out full EIA if sub project will result into potentially significant direct or indirect adverse impact.

5.4 Conduct ER, LEA or EIA After reviewing the filled ESSF and the sub project environmental checklist, the EPRA team will determine the extent of the environmental and social work required, i.e. whether the application of mitigation measures outlined in the environmental checklist will

25

suffice or not. Some design modifications can be incorporated at this stage in order to minimize or avoid environmental impacts. Depending on the magnitude of the environmental impact identified, then the designated District Environmental Officer will carry Environmental Review or Limited Environmental Assessment. Forms for carrying out ER and LEA are attached as Annex 9C and 9D. In some cases, the results of the environmental and social screening process may indicate the need to carry out a full EIA. In this case, the more complex environmental procedures (from registration, to preparation of EMPs, to issuing of an EIA certificate) as provided for in the Draft National EIA Procedure and Guidelines (VPO, 2003) and the Draft National Environment Management Act 2004, shall be followed. TMU seek and pay for the services for EIA study by consultants and review and approval costs by NEMC. Such full-fledged EIA requires inputs from teams of specialists/consultants as well as from the LGAs/Islands teams and other stakeholders. The steps for carrying out an environmental impact assessment are outlined in section 3.2.

5.5 Review and Approval Under the guidance of the LGA/Island Environmental Officer, the LGA’s/Island Environmental Committees will review the Environmental and Social Screening Form as well as the Environmental Checklists that were completed in the course of sub-project preparation to ensure that all environmental and social impacts have been identified and successfully mitigated. The environmental review committee must also ensure that the sub-project designs include monitoring and institutional measures to be taken during implementation and operation.

If the application has satisfactorily addressed these issues, the LGA’s/Island Environmental Committee will then clear the sub-project and recommends to the Steering Committee for approval and subsequent funding. If the LGA/Island Environmental Officer finds that the submitted design is not consistent with the requirements of the environmental screening form and the environmental checklist, then the sub-project implementer would be requested to re-design (e.g. make additional modifications and /or choose other sites) and re-screen the project until it is consistent and then re-submit it for review. Any proposed sub-projects that do not comply with the requirements of Tanzania and the World Bank safeguards policies will not be cleared for approval.

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5.6 Public Consultation and Disclosure Public consultations are critical in preparing an effective and sustainable sub-project. All sub projects applications, planning reports and appraisal reports need to be available for public examination at a suitable and accessible places e.g. district council offices.

The first step is to hold public consultations with the local communities and all other interested and affected parties during the screening process. These consultations should identify key issues and determine how the concerns of all parties will be addressed. To facilitate meaningful consultations, the EPRA team the Village/Shehia Council will provide all relevant materials and information concerning the sub projects in a timely manner prior to the consultation, in a form and language that are understandable and accessible to the groups being consulted. Depending on the public interest in the potential impacts of the sub projects a public hearing may be requested to better convey the concerns.

The VEO will be responsible for taking the minutes of the public disclosure meeting. The office of the District Executive Director (DED) will produce and distribute copies of the minutes to offices at the District/Municipal councils, Ward and Village/Mtaa/Shehia/Mtaa, political parties, NGOs, and other civil societies in the community. A summary of the outcome of this public disclosure meeting will be posted at appropriate places.

Any affected or interested individual or group has the right of appeal, if dissatisfied with the decision reached at any stage in the EIA process. The appeals process will be according to the National Environment Management Act No. 19 of 1983 or the draft National Environment Management Act 2004, once it has been enacted and enforced.

Once the sub-project has been reviewed and cleared by the respective LGA’s/Island Management Team as well as by District/Island Steering Committee, the Village/Shehia/Mtaa will inform the public about the results of the review.

To ensure that an appropriate public consultation mechanism is developed:

� The environmental and social screening process outline in a this ESMF includes such a requirement;

� Development of individual sub-project EMPs includes such a requirement;

� Once the sub-project activities have been reviewed and cleared by the respective councils, the sub-project implementers will inform the public about the results of the review.

27

� Communities will undertake both compliance monitoring and effects monitoring throughout the sub-project cycle.

� The ESMF and RPF will be translated into Kiswahili by the TASAF –TMU and copies in English and Kiswahili would be available at the following locations:

� VPO - DOE and DOEZ � Information center of the National Environment Management

Council; (NEMC); � Offices of TASAF head quarter in Dar es Salaam and in Zonal

Offices; � Offices of Regional Commissioners and District

Commissioners � Offices of the PO-RALG in Dodoma and Dar es Salaam; � Offices of the MSLGSD � Offices of the District /Municipal Executive Director in each

District/Municipal � Tanzania Centre Library. � Offices of the Ward Executive (WEO) and

Village/Mtaa/Shehia Executive Officer (VEO) of each Ward of Community that is approved for sub-project under TASAF II and

� Info-shop of the World Bank

5.7 Monitoring and Evaluation Sub Project Monitoring; Monitoring is a systematic measurement of how a sub project is performing; it is part of the overall supervision of a sub project. From environmental point of view, it is of interest to determine that mitigation measures are being properly implemented, that environmental contractual measures are being respected, that construction is proceeding in accordance with the agreed design standards, and that no unforeseen negative impacts are occurring as the result of sub project execution. Environmental monitoring needs to be carried out during the construction as well as operation and maintenance of the sub-projects. The responsibilities for monitoring and evaluation of the mitigation measures adopted under the sub-projects would be assigned as follows:

CMOs with support of Village/Shehia/Mtaa will responsible for the day to day monitoring and reporting of feedback throughout the life of the sub-project, specifically the monitoring of (i) the environmental and social assessment work to be carried out on its behalf by District Management Teams and/or service providers; (ii) overseeing the implementation of the Resettlement Action Plans; (iii) monitoring of environmental issues and the supervision of the civil works contractor during the construction process (iv) monitoring of environmental issues during operations and during maintenance of the infrastructure and facilities when handed over to the communities after construction; (v) submission of monitoring reports to the TPC and eventual submission to District Council and TMU.

28

The monitoring and reporting will be done by members of the respective committee of the Village/Mtaa/government and the technical staff of the respective sector at the District/Municipal Council who will be trained. For example, the departmental technical heads of Districts and Environmental Committees at the different LGA levels and specifically the District Environmental Officer will undertake compliance monitoring to check whether prescribed actions have been carried out. In close collaboration with the sub-project implementers they/he will ensure that the monitoring plan contained in the individual sub-project proposals is implemented as stated therein. The District Environmental Officer in collaboration with the District Management Team will consolidate the project-specific monitoring report into one common report and submit the report to the District Council and TMU.

5. 8 Monitoring Indicators

The objectives for monitoring are: (i) to alert project authorities and to provide timely information about the success or otherwise of the EIA process as outlined in the ESMF in such a manner that changes to the system can be made, if required; (ii) to make a final evaluation in order to determine whether the mitigation measures designed into the sub-projects have been successful in such a way that the pre-subproject environmental and social condition has been restored, improved upon or worst than before.

A number of indicators would be used in order to determine the status of affected people and their environment (land being used compared to before, standard of house compared to before, level of participation in project activities compared to before, how many kids in school compare to before, health standard, how many clean water sources than before, how many people employed than before etc). Therefore, the sub-project EA reports (i.e. either the ER Report, LEA Report, EIA reports/EIS) will set 3 major social-economic goals by which to evaluate.

� Affected individuals, households, and communities are able to maintain their pre-project standard of living, and even improve on it;

� Has the pre-subproject environmental state of nature resources, bio-diversity and flora and fauna, been maintained or improved upon, and

� The local communities remain supportive of the project. In order to assess whether these goals are met, the sub-projects will indicate parameters to be monitored, institute monitoring milestones and provide resources necessary to carry out the monitoring activities. The following parameter and verifiable indicators will be used to measure the process, mitigation plans and performance.

29

For the safe guard screening environmental and social process the following monitoring indicators are proposed:

� Number of sub-projects which have adopted the safeguard screening process as required by TASAF II evaluate the rate of adoption;

� How has the adoption of the safeguard requirements improved the environmental health and bio-physical state of the communities using/affected by the sub-projects;

� What are the main benefits that member derive from the use of the safeguard process?

Economic benefits: (i) increase in achievement of sub-projects adoption safeguard screening guidelines (ii) increase in revenue for local councils resulting from adoption of safeguard guidelines, compared with conversational practices. Social benefits: Improvement in the environmental health status of farmers/urban residents; Environment benefits; (i) improvement in the sustainable use of Tanzanian’s natural resources;

� Efficiency of sub-projects maintenance and operation performance;

� Number of environmental resource persons on Technical Planning Teams and District Management Teams who have successfully received EIA training in screening methods etc.; evaluate the training content, methodology and trainee response to training through feedback;

� Numbers of women trained; assess understanding of the need for the EIA process as a tool for sustainable development;

� Overall assessment of (i) activities that are going well (ii) activities that need improvements and (iii) remedial actions required;

� Is the screening process identified in this ESMF working well; � Based on the performance of the sub-project performance

review, what, if any, changes to the ESMF, and additional training capacity building, are required to improve the performance of the framework’s implementation.

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CHAPTER 6

6.0 MAINSTREAMING ESMF IN SUB PROJECT CYLE AND REPORTING MECHANISM This chapter set out activities for mainstreaming environmental and social management into the sub project cycle, responsibilities and reporting system in implementing the sub projects. Specific actions to be taken in each stage have been highlighted with expected outputs: Activities that will be involved are:

� Sub Project identification and application � Desk appraisal � Field appraisal � Approval � Launching � Implementation � Supervision and Monitoring � Completion and Inauguration

Activities for mainstreaming ESMF are summarized in Fig. 6.1.

31

Fig. 6.1 Summary of Activities for Mainstreaming ESMF in sub project cycle Sub Project Stage Process Expected

Outputs

��Budgets plans and schedules are reviewed and approved

��Selected project proposals are formally approved

��Financing Agreement is prepared �� Funds and resources are

disbursed to the project bank account of the community in installments

Community �� Community sensitization towards environmental and social issues �� Promote environmentally safe and beneficial sub projects �� Ensure conformity with national environmental laws and guidelines �� Environmental screening form done by communities �� Potential negative impacts and mitigation measures identified by

communities

District staff appraise environmental Screening Form

Environmental and Social screening form completed by communities.

Evaluation

Identification and Application

Launching

Monitoring and Supervision

Implementation

Approval

Field Appraisal

Desk Appraisal

Launching Workshop

��Monitoring form including environmental monitoring is completed

��Reporting to TASAF Zonal, line ministries and LGA/island Environmental Committee

Evaluation Form including environmental evaluation is completed

��Field Appraisal Form including

environmental appraisal is completed

��Environmental briefs are prepared and submitted

District Staff ��Assessment of preliminary checklist filled in by community

Assignment of provisional environmental category EPRA team/ LGA’s/Island Environmental Officer

District Staff ��Social and technical appraisal of sub project ���verification of environmental impacts and possible mitigation

measures with the community �� Carrying out of an Environmental Project Brief, if necessary �� Confirmation of desk appraisal classification of project �� Review of proposed mitigation measures �� Submission of (grouped) environmental brief

Management Team/SC/NSC �� Identification of cost implications of mitigation measures agreed on

during field appraisal �� Review and approval of by LGAs/Islands, �� Project twill then be approved by MT, SC or NSC if exceed SC

funding ceiling �� Release of funds and resources earmarked for the whole project

��Discussion of the work program including mitigation measures and their costs, Agreement on monitoring terms

��Preparation of contracts with the communities including environmental clauses.

��Implementation of mitigation measures by community ��Monitoring of project implementation and performance of

mitigation measures at least once per months by district staff and TPC, District Environmental Officer , Sector Experts

��Facilitation of problem solving by monitoring team

District Staff��Export review of project 12 months after completion including the

evaluation for the effectiveness of the mitigation measures and any unexpected impacts occurred

��Data collection and comparison with data collected during field appraisal

32

6.1 Implementation of ESMF The National Steering Committee will ensure that coordination with Sectoral Ministries and NEMC is maintained during technical backstopping specific EIA and provision overall quality assurance. PO- RALG and relevant Ministries in Zanzibar will provide a leadership of the Sectoral Ministries coordination at the LGA levels

6.2 Reporting Lines, Advisory and Support Mechanisms The proposed reporting lines and advisory and support mechanisms that will be used in the ESMF is depicted in Figure 72, while Box 7.2 provided the summary.

Summary of Proposed Reporting Lines and Support Mechanisms:

� TPC, EPRA team, DEO, LGS’s/Island sector experts will work closely with ward facilitators and Village/Shehia Councils to provide guidance and advice on environmental and social risks of sub-projects, potential environmental and social impacts and appropriate mitigation measures are incorporated in sub projects design.

� In turn the TPC, DEO, will compile reports from VEO for each sub project and report to Management Team, District Steering Committee, TMU, VPO and PORALG.

� TASAF staff will provide technical support to TPC, DEO, DED/MT and DSC/SC on the program implementation.

� TMU will prepare and avail annual reports on environmental management to key stakeholders.

� TASAF TMU will facilitate NEMC to carry out and Environmental and Social Performance Audit, whenever required;

� An external performance review to be carried out on an annual basis and report to be shared with the World Bank, PO-RALG, MoF, NEMC and other relevant stakeholders

33

Figure 6.2: Flowchart of Reporting and Advice for Implementation of the ESMF of TASAF II Programme

Village/Shehia Ward LGA’s/Island National International

KeyVC - Village Council WDC - Ward DevelopmentCommitteeCMO - Community Management Organization WEO - Ward Executive OfficerVEO - Village Environmental Officer WEC - Ward EnvironmentalCommitteeVEC - Village Environmental Committee WEO - Ward Environmental OfficerCSPs - Contract Service Providers DC - District CouncilDED - District Executive Director DEC - District EnvironmentalCommitteeTPC - TASAF Project Coordinator DED - District Environmental OfficerZO - Zonal Officer ZM - Zonal ManagerTMU - TASAF Management UnitIDA - International Development AgencyWB - World Bank

Village/ShehiaEnvironmentalCommittee

MT, FullCouncil

&DSC

WDC, WEC

PORALGVPOTMU

IDA / WORLDBANK

Village Exc.Officier,VillageEnvironmentalOfficier,

Ward ExecutiveOfficer, WardEnvironmentalOfficer

TPC,DEO, EPRA Team TPC, DEO

ANNUALPERFORMANCE

REVIEW

34

6.3 Roles and responsibilities In order to ensure successful implementation of ESMF there is a need to clearly define roles and responsibilities of key players and stakeholders at Community, District, LGA’s/Island and National levels

6.3.1 Community Level

After training members of the community will undertake both compliance monitoring and effects monitoring (which records the consequences of activities on the biophysical and social environment). This will be done throughout the sub project cycle: � During the planning phase, the communities will participate

in the identification of indicators for monitoring the mitigation measures

� During implementation (construction) phase, monitoring the execution of works with respect to environmental aspects e.g. verify the compliances of the Contractors with their obligations. The contractors are responsible for the implementation of the majority of mitigation measures, including safe disposal of hazardous wastes.

� During operation and maintenance phase, the overall environmental monitoring and alerting on any emerging environmental hazards in conjunction with the ongoing sub project activities

The communities will be enabled to pass on their observations and concerns through the acceptable mechanisms including, but not limited to the Village/Shehia Environmental Committee to the LGA’s/Island Management Team and higher authorities.

6.3.2 District Level The LGAs/Island Environmental Committee, which includes designated LGA/Island Environmental Officer as Secretary and the TASAF Project Coordinator will be responsible for checking the completeness of Environmental and Social Screening Forms. This will enable them to identify and mitigate the potential environmental and social impacts of sub projects. They will also determine the environmental category and the extent of environmental work required based on the screening result. As required, they will receive environmental training to enable them carry out this task. The LGAs/Island Environmental Committee will be responsible for approving the reviewed recommendations made by the Management Team. The LGAs/Island Steering Committee will carry out public consultation.

35

6.3.3 National Level (i) The National Steering Committee through the TMU will

have the following � To ensure provision of expert advise on EIA process

and review EIS’s EMPs and MPs upon receiving request from LGA/Islands.

� Ensure an enforcement and monitoring role as stipulated by law; approve EIS’s EMPs; strategically monitor cumulative impacts of sub-projects on a national level;

� Ensure periodical environmental audits. � Facilitate in conducting training for staff that will carry

out environmental assessment at all levels. � Carry public environmental awareness campaigns at all

levels; � Arrange for public consultations as part of the EIA

process. (ii) PO-RALG/Chief Minister’s Office in Zanzibar TASAF II Program will be implemented within the LGAs/Island institutional and administrative framework. Thus the program will work hand in hand with the PORALG/ Chief Minister’s Office for Zanzibar in order to ensure that the ESMF is fully adhered to and successfully implemented.

6.4 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for TASAF II Program Prediction of the potential adverse environmental and social impacts arising from development interventions is at the technical level of the environmental assessment process. One of the essential element of this proceeds is to develop measures to eliminate, offset, or reduce impacts to acceptable levels during implementation and operation of the new assets. The integration of mitigation measures into project implementation and operation is defined into an Environmental and Social Management Plan (EMP). EMP is in fact the engine or action plan for operationalizing the ESMF at sub-project level.

6.4.1 EMP for the ESMF

Based on information presented in this ESMF, a sample EMP has been prepared and included in this document in Annex 10. This summary EMP captures those general activities that are proposed for implementation under TASAF II. It should be noted that an EMP must be developed for each sub-project. As a rule each sub-project should not be considered or approved for each funding without documenting an implementable and fundable EMP.

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6.4.2 EMPs for Sub-projects TASAF funded sub-project proposals must contain as part of the sub-project proposal an EMP that will consist of mitigation measures, monitoring and institutional measures to be taken during the implementation and operation of the sub-projects to eliminate adverse environmental and social impacts, offset them or reduce them to acceptable levels. The EMP should also include the actions needed to 1

Mitigation: Based on the environmental and social impacts identified from the use of the checklists, the EMP should describe with technical details of each mitigation measure, together with designs, equipment, descriptions and operating procedures as appropriate.

Monitoring: Environmental and social monitoring during the implementation of the sub-projects, in order to measure the success of the mitigation measures. The EMP should include monitoring objectives that specify the type of motoring activities that will be linked to the mitigation measures. Specifically, the monitoring section of the EMP provides: a specific description and technical details of monitoring measures that include the parameters to be measured, the actions to be undertaken, sampling locations, frequency of measurements, detection limits (where appropriate), and definition of thresholds that will signal the need for corrective actions, e.g. the need for on site construction supervision.

Monitoring and reporting procedures to ensure early detection of conditions that necessitate particular mitigation measures and to furnish information on the progress and results of mitigation, e.g. by annual audits and surveys to monitor overall effectiveness of the ESMF. Description of Institutional Arrangement and Roles: The EMP should also provide a specific description of institutional arrangements, i.e. who is responsible for carrying out the mitigation and monitoring measures (for operation, supervisions, enforcement, monitoring of implementation, remedial action, financing, reporting and staff training). Budgets/Estimate of Costs:The EMP should include an estimate of the costs of the measures and activities recommended so that the benefactor can budget the necessary funds. The mitigation and monitoring measures recommended in the EMP should be developed in consultation with all affected groups to include their concerns and views in the design of the EMP.

37

6.5 Review and Approval of EMPs The EMPs for sub-projects are part and parcel of the Environmental Reports i.e. ER, LEA or the EIA reports as the case may be. In summary the review and approval process will follow any of the three procedures:

� The District Environmental Officer (DEO) and the TASAF

Project Coordinator will prepare the ER report. It will be reviewed and approved by the MT and SC respectively.

� The LEA report will be prepared by the DEO and TPC or a consultant commissioned by DED and will be submitted to TMU for review and approval.

� For those few projects which requires a full EIA then it will trigger an EIA process which involves consulting the NEMC hiring an EIA consultant to undertake the EIA study as stipulated in the National EIA Procedure and Guidelines and clearly stated in Part VII section 79-101 of the draft NEMA 2004, which will be enacted in 2005.

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CHAPTER 7

7.0 TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT

7.1 Introduction Currently in Tanzania, local government authorities and particularly the lower local government level lack adequate capacity and enabling environment to address environmental and social issues adequately. Assessment of the existing capacity reveals inadequate capacity to monitor and manage the environment from the national and sectoral level down to the village/shehia. Training and other capacity building interventions related to environmental and social management at the community level is particularly important since TASAF II supported sub projects will take place at that level. In brief the following are the existing bottlenecks related to training and capacity building in environmental and social management: • Lack of staff within the LGAs specifically recruited to deal with

environmental matters; nevertheless some LGAs have assigned the role to other related departments e.g. Planning, Natural Resources or Lands, while others have none.

• Only staff at in lower and higher local government levels have been adequately oriented to environmental assessment.

• Low capacity at LGAs to participate in EIA process.

7.2 Recommended Sensitization, Training and Capacity Building Activities at Different Levels

• Conduct a survey to update information on training and sensitization needs and identify capacity gaps related to environmental and social management at all levels. This activity will entail the following: � Prepare and pre-testing data collection instruments; � Data collection � Data processing and analysis � Preparation of report � Presentation of report to stakeholders

• Conduct a survey to update information on the existing capacities

to train and sensitize at all levels in areas related to environmental and social management. This activity will entail the following: � Prepare and pre-testing data collection instruments � Data collection � Data processing and analysis � Preparation of report

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� Presentation of report to stakeholders • Update the strategy for sensitization, training and capacity building

on the basis of existing training capacity, identified training needs and capacity gaps. Meetings and workshops will be organized for stakeholders to discuss the revised strategy

• Update sensitization, training and capacity building programmes on environmental and social management for TASAF II. The revised programmes will be presented to stakeholders for their inputs.

• Update IEC materials. • Update training modules.

For the purpose of this EMSF, capacity building should be targeted at those involved in the implementation of supported sub-projects. Training should be designed according to the identified needs to ensure that TASAF II will be implemented in an environmentally and socially sustainable manner.

7.3 Training and Sensitization on Environmental and Social Management In order to ensure proper implementation of EMSF, TASAF II will undertake an intensive program of training and capacity building in environmental and social management. The implementation of these activities will build on previous efforts made during TASAF I as well as efforts made by other projects and programmes. Training and sensitization will be required at all levels.

Objectives of the training under TASAF II will be : • Support communities to mainstream environmental and social

issues in their sub-projects. • Ensure that LGAs/island have the capacity to assist communities in

preparing sub-project proposals, to appraise, approve and supervise the implementation of sub-projects; and

• Strengthen the capacity of local NGOs and other services providers to provide technical support to communities in environmental and social aspects of the sub-projects.

The target audience for training, sensitization and capacity building, will inter-alia include the following: • TASAF Project Coordinators • TMU personnel • LGAs/Island staff • Extension staff at lower local government level • NGO’s/CBOs • Local Service Providers • CMOs • Village Councils/Shehia Advisory Councils/Mtaa Development

Committees

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7.4 Budget for Mainstreaming, Capacity Building and Training in Environmental and Social Management The implementation will be undertaken in a way whereby existing training capacity at all levels will be used. Since the government, LGAs/Islands, other projects and programmes also supports other on-going related interventions, TASAF-II will aim to fill capacity gaps to be identified by the assessment. Furthermore, in order to avoid unnecessary duplication of efforts, the budget for environmental and social concerns will mainly be mainstreamed in the relevant activities and sub projects. For instance, identification of capacity gaps and training needs assessment will be conducted for all other interventions concurrently, including environmental and social management. Similarly, sensitization on environmental and social management will be budgeted for under Development Communication, and as such may not require to be budgeted for separately. A summary of the envisaged implementation costs estimated at US$ 935,000 is presented in Table 7.1.

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Table 7.1: Estimated Budget for Sensitization, Training and Capacity Building Requirement for Implementation of TASAF II ESMF

Implementation Period

Activities Duratio

nKey

Actors Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5Budget

US$ 1. Conduct a survey to update

information on training and sensitization needs and identify capacity gaps related to environmental and social management at all levels.

45 days

LGAs Islands NGOs TMU PPT

100,000

2. Conduct survey to update information on existing capacities to sensitize and train at all levels in areas related to environmental and social management;

30 days

LGAs Islands NGOs TMU PPT

60,000

3. Update a strategy for sensitization, training and capacity building on the basis of existing training capacity, identified training needs and capacity gaps;

15 days

TMU PPT

5,000

4 Update sensitization, training and capacity building programmes on environmental and social management

45 days

LGAs Islands NGOs TMU PPT

130,000

5 Update training modules. 60 days LGAs Islands NGOs TMU

240,000

6. Update IEC materials 30 days LGAs Islands NGOs TMU

7.. Implement the revised sensitization, training and capacity building programmes

5 years

LGAs Islands NGOs TMU

400,000

GRAND TOTAL US$ 935,000

NB.

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(i) Activities indicated in the table above would be implemented by actors at different levels

(ii)The outlay for each LGA/Islands is estimated at US$ 7,540.

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CONSULTED LITERATURES: 1. United Republic of Tanzania (2000), Institutional and Legal Framework for

Environmental Management Project. The Vice Present Office. Final report Vol. I 257 pages.

2. United Republic of Tanzania (2004), The draft Environmental Management Act of 2004 3. World Bank (2004) Environmental Assessment Operational Manual Op. 4.01 4. United Republic of Tanzania (2004), Public expenditure review of Environmental for

Financial year 2004. Financial report. 114 pages. 5. Commission for Land and Environmental (1991), Environmental Policy and Programme

for Zanzibar. A report prepared by the Zanzibar Integrated Lands and Environmental Management Project. 82 pages.

6. Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar (1996). The Environmental Management for Sustainable Development Act No. 2 of 1996.

7. United Republic of Tanzania (2004), Project Concept Document. Report prepared for Second Phase of TASAF 36 pages + Annex

8. Vice President Office (2003) Environmental Impact Assessment guidelines and procedures. Draft Report 119 pages.

9. The United Republic of Tanzania (1997), National Environmental Policy. Vice President Office, pages 41

10. United Republic of Tanzania (1998), Tanzania Country Study on Biological diversity UNEP 163 pages.

11. Ministry of Tourism, Natural Resources and Environment (1994), Tanzania National Environmental Plan, A first Step Report. 60 pages.

12. United Republic of Tanzania (2004), TASAF II Operational Manual. First draft report prepared by Government Project Preparation Team. 77 pages.

13. United Republic of Tanzania (2003), National Health Care Waste Management Plan. Report prepared for Local Government Support Program, 93 pages.

14. Mungai Lenneiye et al (2004), Aide Memore Pre-appraisal Mission. Draft report prepared for TASAF II, 12 pages.

15. United Republic of Tanzania (2003); Poverty Reduction Strategy. The Second Progress Report 2001/2002. Government Printer, Dar es Salaam. 92 pages.

16. Joseph R.L. Kombe (2002); Links between Development, Environmental conservation Poverty and Environmental Impact Assessment in Tanzania. A paper presented at the regional seminar on Environmental Conservation and Poverty. 21 pages.

17. T & B Consult A/S (2001); The sustainable Morogoro Programme Project document prepared for Tanzania. 59 pages + Annex

18. United Republic of Tanzania (1999); Options for a National Integrated Costal Management Policy. Green paper final. 44 pages + Annex

19. NEMC (2001); Basic Sectoral Environmental Checklist for Agriculture, Road, Water, Energy, Tourism and Word life 16 pages + Annex

20. NEMC (2002); Tanzania Environmental Impact Assessment procedureS and Guidelines, 54 pages.

1

ANNEX 1: ACCESSIBILITY TO NATURAL RESOURCES AND SERVICES 1 Access to Land Tanzania’s mainland land tenure and ownership is largely governed by statutes such as the 1977 Constitution, National Land Act No.4 of 1999, Village Land Act No. 5 of 1999, Land Acquisition Act 1967 and Land Ordinance, 1923 Cap. 113. Land in Tanzania is owned by the state. For the purpose of management of land under the land Act No.4 of 1999 and all other laws applicable to land, public land in Tanzania is either (i) General land; or (ii) Village land; or (iii) Reserved land. Socio-economic activities are permitted on land in the first two categories of general/public land and not permitted or restricted in land reserved for national parks, protected area and wildlife/forest reserves. In respect of public land, Tanzania has a dual system of land tenure that recognize both customary and statutory rights of occupancy. Tenure rights to land can be held by individuals and by communities. Majority of people in Tanzania get land freely within their village land from either inheritance, allocation from the village council or by clearing land.

The Village Land Act 1999 empowers the village to manage village land as trustee managing property on behalf of the villagers and other persons resident in the village. The Act also empowers the village assembly to divide the village land , occupied, used, available for occupation, community used and/or public used land, then to be known as communal village land. The same Act provides mandate to the village assembly to further plan the land uses to be designated to the communal village land. Land acquisition is spelt out in the Acquisition Act, 1967. It is a constitutional right in Tanzania that if one’s property is either acquired or nationalized, the individual so affected must be compensated for according to law. Participatory land use planning has been a widely accepted mechanisms for setting out areas for public use. In Zanzibar the President remains the custodian of all Land and the Minister responsible for Lands is vested with by the Land Act No. 12/1992 to control and administer land on behalf of the President. Department of Land and Registration deals with various and activities and the directives from the Minister.

Other Land related laws in Zanzibar include the Land Survey Act, 1989. The Land transfer Act, 1994. The land Tribunal Act 1994, Land Adjudication Act 1989 and the town and country planning Decre, Gap. 85 of the laws of Zanzibar.

The Ministry of State Local Government in Zanzibar plays vital role in controlling land development in areas where Municipal Council of Zanzibar can not exercise its powers. The functions are executed through land allocating committee in District level. The Municipal Council established under the Zanzibar Municipal Act. 1994 is responsible among other things to acquire and deal with the land, control of roads, naming and numbering of streets, to control public open spaces, power to undertake sewerage and drainage, public health and markets.

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Applicable laws with relevance to Land Tenure compensation and resettlement are the following: � The Constitution of Zanzibar, 1984. � The Land Tenure Act, 1992. � The Land Survey Act, 1989. � The Land Tribunal Act, 1994 � The Land Transfer Act, 1994 � The Registered Land Act, � The Zanzibar Economic Zones Authority Act, 1992 � The Stone Town Conservation and Development Authority Act 1994 � The Land Adjudication Act. 1989 The Land Act of the Government of Zanzibar The Land Tenure Act, 1992 addresses issues which include grants of land as right of occupancy, gives rights to separate ownership of trees, leases, termination to those rights and leases. It is the Principal Legislation for the land administration in Zanzibar. Under the Act (S.3) all land is public vested in and at the disposition of the President for the use and common benefit direct or indirect to Zanzibar.

The LTA (S.6) refers to the applicable laws for land doubts or disputes relating to boundaries of the Public Land. The referred laws are the land adjudication Act, 1989 and Land Tribunal Act 1994. The Act provides mechanism for provision of land and Certificate of right to occupancy, conditions and the right to sale of Right of Occupancy (RO) granted. The protection of rights to the holders of right of occupancy and that it provides secure tenure in land ownership (S. 55,56) by requesting payment of compensation where termination of the rights to occupancy is the only option.

The LTA addresses issues of control to land (S. 58, 59) and it provides proper mechanism to the affected people. The Act provides for procedures relating to compensation of un exhausted improvements during the process of termination of rights to occupancy and the right of a holder to appeal if not satisfied.

Further, the LTA provides for provision regarding to land management. It creates land administrative institutions such as land Allocating Committees at District Level, where the District Commissioner is the Chairman of the Committee and Director for Land and Registration is the Secretary. The land Act provides for liberal methods of acquisition of land or right of use of land for works of National interests. Land Adjudication and land Tribunal Act assist the Land Tenure Act in resolving disputes before and after the grants of right of occupancy. 2. Access to Productive Capital, Employment and Financial Services Rural people have the lowest access to capital and financial services. The economy of the poor remains largely non-liquid due to the absence of awareness of savings and micro-credit organizations geared to their needs.

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3. Access to Potable Water The urban water supply coverage has increased from 68 percent in December 2000 to 76 percent in June 2002 in Tanzania mainland. In Zanzibar it has increased from 70 percent in 1996 to 75 percent in 2002. Rural water supply coverage has increased from 48 percent in December 2000 to 50 percent in June 2002 in Tanzania mainland and in Zanzibar from 35 percent in 1996 to 55 percent 2002. 4. Access to Health Facilities Survival indicators of poverty are not encouraging in Tanzania. For instance, no substantial progress was made in the reduction of infant and under-five mortality. There are even indications of slight increases in recent years, probably related to HIV/AIDS pandemic. Immunization levels have increased but there are still large disparities, which require a more targeted approach in the delivery of preventive and curative health services. HIV prevalence rates show a worrying trend, particularly for women of young age. HIV/AIDS pandemic has a wider implication for other indicators such as life expectancy. The Government endeavour is to build a deeper understanding of the pandemic through awareness campaigns with the aim to contain its further spread and thus minimize its impact.

Some progress was made with regard to improvement of nutritional rates for children. However, there are significant disparities in the levels of under nutrition between rural and urban areas, and between children from poorer and richer households. The children from rural households are more malnourished than their urban counterparts. Access to health facilities at village level has a high demand to mitigate these problems.

Vulnerable groups require special attention including AIDS sufferers, orphaned children, people with disability and elderly. The Participatory Poverty Assessment (PPA) will assist in refining indicators for vulnerability in sectors that are already monitored. It will also assist to concretize government’s policy perspectives towards vulnerability and develop appropriate social protection programmes. 5. Access to Education Facilities Most indicators in education have registered improvement in the last 3 years as a result of implementation of Primary Education Development Programme (PEDP). Gross enrollment reached 100.4 percent in 2002 compared to only 77.6 percent in 1990, while net enrollment rose from 58.8 percent in 1990 to 85 percent in 2002. In Zanzibar, gross enrolment reached 100 percent in 2002, while net enrolment reached 92.2 percent. Illiteracy is still high in Tanzania, 28.6 percent of Tanzania population can not read and write in any language. There is more illiteracy among women (36%) than men (20.4%). Illiteracy rate in Zanzibar is about 11.2 percent; women constitute the majority. The highest level of illiteracy is found in the rural population (33.1 percent).

6 Access to Rural Roads

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Maintaining a good road network is considered an integral part of efforts towards addressing income poverty and access to social facilities. In the year 2000 virtually the entire network of feeder roads (27,550 km of earth tracks or gravel roads) were in poor condition with only 8% of district road network and 20% of regional road network being in good condition. Majority of rural population due to their distribution pattern and sparse location have limited access to road services. Rural road construction, rehabilitation and spot and emergency repairs and regular maintenance to ensure access to socio-economic assets in rural areas, continue to be among the major priorities, which will be closely monitored against the PRS and MDG targets. Identification Of Project Sites TASAF-II Program will cover 11,000 villages in 20 regions of Tanzania mainland and more than 248 Shehia in Pemba and Unguja islands. TASAF program main project implementation area will be to support (i) social services access for poor communities in rural and peri-urban, which will alleviate them to minimum level of service that enables them start implementing interventions that can contribute to the achievement of specified MDG targets, (ii) Poor households including women headed households generally living under the poverty line (earning about or less than USD 1.0 per day) and often unable to mitigate seasonal shocks like severe food shortages (iii) Vulnerable groups and disadvantaged persons (orphans, people with disabilities, elderly, HIV/AIDS affected and infected e.t.c.) whose livelihood depends on support of other members of the communities or organizations like CBO or NGOs, (iv) safety nets for able-bodied poor community groups (v) saving promotion for potential savers with the objective of creating and expanding the opportunities for the poor to lift themselves out of poverty and mitigate the possibilities of regression back into previous levels of poverty, through supporting the sensitisation and mobilisation of individuals into saving groups, (vi) Local Government organs that are involved in facilitating, monitoring, providing technical support and supervising communities and their Project Management Committees in the sub-project realization activities, (vii) the Village Council/Shehia Advisory Council and Mtaa leadership in urban areas, who in addition to oversight and supervision of the PMCs, will be supported to build a development fund financed through the sub-projects funds upon complying with laid drown procedures and performance benchmarks, (viii) training and capacity building through participatory approaches, (ix) to undertake environmental and social assessment, and resettlement policy action plan in accordance with World Bank’s operational manual for projects in Category B. Linkage between Livelihoods and the Environment There are several key linkages between livelihoods and environmental resources, which are relevant to different aspects of poverty of the rural population in Tanzania. These linkages are in reality multi-dimensional and entail feedback mechanisms. The health of poor households is for example , heavily influenced by access to water, sanitation and health services, as well as exposure to air production. Fragility of nearby ecosystems increases health and natural disaster risks to poor households. Rural households and communities in Tanzania are mostly affected by poor quality of natural resources base – deforestation, desertification, soil erosion, water source pollution, and others. Environmentally sustainable livelihood conditions create perpetual economic

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opportunities in many ways for both urban and rural people, although the link is strongest in rural areas. It’s a general framework that since the poor often acquire a significant part of their income and consumption from natural and communal resources, any change in the quality of environmental resources directly affects their welfare.

Tanzania’s efforts to empowerment of local people, access to information and property rights can contribute to environmental conservation in many ways, as they would know their local environment and conservation methods suitable for the flora and fauna than any outsider. Ability of local communities to participate in decision-making on local environmental issues cannot only help to maintain their livelihoods and gain equitable access to resources, but as well can enhance environmental conservation efforts. Sustainable development cannot be achieved without taking into consideration environmental sustainability in which sustainable economic growth is a necessary condition for poverty alleviation.

Biodiversity in Tanzania

1. Flora and Fauna Tanzania has many biological and other natural resources (forests, water, scenery, minerals, fisheries, wildlife, soils etc. Agriculture is the mainstay of the country’s economy. About 55% of the total land area is potential agricultural land although only 6% is under cultivation. Both fresh and marine water systems have a substantial amount of natural resources, where fresh water fisheries accounts for about 80% of total fish catches. Both marine and inland water, i.e. big lakes, rivers and a variety of wetlands, have a high diversity of flora and fauna. Forests and woodland cover about 50% of the land surface. Of this area, 1.7% (16,000km2) is covered with closed high natural forests, while the raining area (about 425,000km2) are the miombo woodlands. The mangrove forests cover a coastal stretch of ever 900km. Rangelands provide pasture for ruminants (livestock and wildlife) and it is estimated that they occupy about 51% of the total land area. Apart from supporting wildlife, the natural pasture provided 90% of the feed requirement of ruminant livestock. Tanzania wildlife resources are among the richest in the world. The protected areas (PIAs) network, which covers about 38.8% of the total area, is a potential generator of national income from tourism, hunting/fishing and other activities. The biological diversity is a reflection of Tanzania’s broad biogeographically diversity. In mammal diversity, Tanzania ranks fourth of the 48 countries in the Afro tropical Realm; for birds, third, and for reptiles, amphibians and plants, second. The Usambaras, Udzungwas and Uluguru mountains, collectively known as the “Eastern Arc” mountains. The zone is very rich in plant and animal species, and the Eastern Arc mounts are often refereed to as the “hot spots” (areas of high endemism) of Tanzania.

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Miombo woodlands are a major characteristic of the Brachystegia – Julbernadia Savanna Woodland with endemism. The miombo woodlands have African’s biggest and most diverse flora, with the widest range of vegetation types. Of a total of 250 families of terrestrial flora, there are 10,645 species, 927 sub-species and 1,202 varieties. The 250 families are distributed among four major groups: Dicotyledons (165), Monocotyledons (48), Ferns (31), and Gymnosperms (6). The Angiosperm largest family is leguminous with a tortal of 1,654 taxa, followed by Rubiaceae (1,156), Compositae (817), Graminae (794), Orchidaceae (587) and Euphorbiaceae (534). In Tanzania there are 67 species of terrestrial isopods and of these 49 (73%) are endemic, especially in mount Kilimanjaro and the Uluguru Mountains. There are 600 to 1,000 species of Millipedes (Diplopods), of which 215 have been described and 85 (39.5%) are endemic in the Eastern Arc mountain and Coastal forests. Tanzania are 302 mammal species while keystone species of critical importance include Chimpanzee, Colobus and Mangabey monkeys, African elephant and black rhinoceros. Apart from large mammals, there are 97 species of bats of which four fruit bat species are of conservation concern. Shrews comprise 32 species and Rodents 100 species of which nine are of conservation concern. 2. Agricultural Species Diversity: Agricultural diversity includes cultivated and horticultural plants. The cultivated (domesticated) plants belong to 47 plant species, including nine fibre crops and three beverage crops. Important cereal crops include maize, rice, sorghum and millet. The important oil crops are groundnut, sunflower, sesame/simsim, soybean, coconut, oil palm, castor and oyster nut. Miscellaneous crops include sugar cane, tobacco, pyrethrum, cashew nut and sisal. In Tanzania, a total of 79 edible fruit species are known to grow in wild or semi-wild areas and 48 species (tropical, sub-tropical and deciduous) were introduced. 3 Domestic Animal Diversity: Domestic animals diversity includes cattle, sheep and goats, poultry, buffalo, donkeys, pigs, rabbits, horses and camels. There are 15.6 million cattle, 3.5 million sheep, 10.7 million goats, 0.4 million pigs, 27.4 million poultry and 0.5 million donkeys and horses. More than 90% of all livestock are traditional, indigenous species of limited genetic potential in terms of by-products.

4. Aquatic Species Diversity: On the average, the aquatic biodiversity is least studied compared with terrestrial and agricultural biodiversity. Thus information available is relatively less. According to the study, the marine environment is rich with plant diversity. A total of 12 seagrass species and 287 seaweed species have been listed. Red, green and brown algae accounted for 59.6%, 22.6% and 17.8%, respectively. Two hudred and fifty species of phytoplankton have been described, and diatoms, blue green algae, green microalgae and euglenoids accounted for 92%, 5.6%, 1.6% and 0.8%, respectively.

5. Microbial Diversity:

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Tanzania lacks adequate information in microbial diversity and has no microbial gene-banks because inadequate attention is given to research. About 1,600 bacterial species are presently known, and about 80 species of bacteria courses plant diseases. 6. etic Diversity and Food Security: Genetic diversity is critical to biodiversity as it allows evolution of species in a dynamic environment. Man depends on the genetic diversity of agricultural crops, livestock and wild species. Consideration is given to genetic diversity in livestock, crops, pastures and forage and other plants. Food security is the physical and economic access to adequate food for all people at all times. Indigenous crops and livestock, wild plant and animal species still contribute significantly to stability in food supply and hence food security in the country. Thus, loss of genetic diversity by indiscriminate exploitation and practiced, displacements, adopted cultures, changed habits, heave debt servicing, increased human population, environmental degradation and climatic change will result in lack of food rendering the society of Tanzania impoverished.

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Annex 2: TYPES F SUB PROJECTS THAT REQUIRE FULLY EIA 1. Agricultural

1. Cultivating natural and semi-natural not less than 50ha 2. Water management projects for agriculture (drainage, irrigation) 3. Large scale mono-culture (cash and food crops) 4. Pest control projects (i.e. tsetse, army worm, quelea quelea, locusts, rodents

weeds) etc. 5. Fertilizer and nutrient management 6. Agriculture programmes necessitating the resettlement of communities 7. Introduction of new breeds of crops

2. Livestock and Range Management

1. Large scale livestock movement 2. Livestock markets 3. Introduction of new breeds of livestock 4. Introduction of improved forage species 5. Fencing 6. Provision of public water supply (watering points, wells) 7. Ectoparasite management (cattle dips, area treatment) 8. Intensive livestock raising units 9. Livestock routes

3. Forest activities

1. TIMBER LOGGING AND PROCESSING 2. Forest plantation and forestation and introduction of new species 3. Selective removal of single commercial tree species 4. Pest management

4. Fisheries activities

1. Medium to large scale fisheries 2. Artificial fisheries (Aqua-culture for fish, algae, crustaceans shrimps, lobster or

crabs). 3. Introduction of new species in water bodies

5. Wildlife

1. Introduction of new species 2. Wildlife catching and trading 3. Hunting 4. Wildlife ranching and farming 5. Zoo and sanctuaries

6. Tourism and Recreational Development

1. Construction of resort facilities or hotels along the shorelines of lakes, rver, island and oceans

2. Hill top resort or hotel development

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3. Development of tourism or recreational facilities in protected and adjacent areas (national parks, marine parks, forestry reserves etc) on island sand in surrounding waters

4. Hunting and capturing 5. Camping activities, walk ways and trails etc. 6. Sporting and race tracts/sites 7. Tour operations

7. Energy Industry

1. Production and distribution of electricity, gas steam and hot water 2. Storage of natural gas 3. Themal power development (i.e. coal, nuclear) 4. Hydro-electric power-electric power 5. Dio-mass power development 6. Wind mills power development 7. Solar (i.e. Impact due to pollution during manufacture of solar devices, acid

battery spillage and improper disposal of batteries) 8. Nuclear energy

8. Petroleum Industry

1. Oil gas fields exploration and development, including seismic survey 2. Construction of offshore and onshore pipelines 3. Construction of oil and gas separation, processing, handling and storage facilities 4. Construction of oil refineries 5. Construction of product depots for the storage of petrol, gas, diesel, tar and other

products within commercial industrial or residential areas 6. Transportation of petroleum products

9. Food and beverage industries

1. Manufacture of vegetable and animal oils and fats 2. Oil refinery and ginneries 3. Processing and conserving of meat 4. Manufacture of dairy products 5. Brewing distilling and malting fish meal factories 6. Slaughter houses 7. Soft drinks 8. Tobacco processing 9. Caned fruits, and sources 10. Sugar factories 11. Other agro-processing industries

10. Textile in industry

1. Cotton and synthetic fibres 2. Dye for cloth 3. Ginneries

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11. Leather industry 1. TANNING 2. Tanneries 3. Dressing factories 4. Other cloth factories

12. Wood, pulp and paper industries

1. Manufacture veneer and plywood 2. Manufacture of fibre board and of particle –board 3. Manufacture of pulp, paper, sand-board cellulos – mills

13. Building and Civil Engineering Industries

1. Industrial and housing estate 2. Major urban projects (multi-storey building, motor terminals, markets etc) 3. Tourist installation 4. Construction and expansion/upgrading of roads, harbours, ship yards, fishing

harbours, air fields and ports, railways and pipelines 5. River drainage and flood control works 6. Hydro-electric and irrigation dams 7. Reservoir 8. Storage of scrap metal 9. Military installations 10. Construction and expansion of fishing harbours 11. Developments on beach fronts

14. Chemical industries

1. Manufacture, transportation, use and storage of pesticide or other hazardous and or toxic chemicals

2. Production of pharmaceutical products 3. Storage facilities for petroleum, petrochemical and other chemical products (i.e.

filling stations) 4. Production of paints, vanishes, etc

15. Extractive industry

1. Extraction of petroleum 2. Extraction and purification of natural gas 3. Other deep drilling bore holes and wells 4. Mining 5. Quarrying 6. Coal mining 7. Sand dredging

16. Non-metallic industries (products)

1. Manufacture of cement, asbestos, glass, glass fibre, glass wood 2. Processing of rubber 3. Plastic industry 4. Lime manufacturing, tiles, ceramics

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17. Metal and engineering industries 1. Manufacture of other means of transport (trailers, motor cycles, motor vehicle

bicycles –bicycles) 2. Body building 3. Boiler making and manufacture of reeser4voirs, tanks and other sheet containers 4. Foundry and forging 5. Manufacture of non ferrous products 6. Iron and steel 7. Electroplating

18. Waste treatment and disposal (a) Toxic and Hazardous waste

1. Construction of incineration plants 2. Construction of recovery plant (off-site) 3. Construction of secure land fills facility 4. Construction of storage facility (off-site) 5. Collection and transportation of waste.

(b) Municipal sold waste 1. Construction of incinerator plant 2. Construction of composting plant 3. Construction of recovery/re-cycling plant 4. Construction of municipal sold waste landfill facility 5. Construction of waste depots 6. Collection and transportation

(c ) Municipal sewage

1. Construction of waste water treatment plant 2. Construction of marine out fall 3. Night soil collection transport and treatment 4. Construction of sewage system

19. Water supply

1. Canalization of water coursed 2. Diversion of normal flow of water 3. Water transfers scheme 4. Abstraction or utilization of ground and surface water for build supply 5. Water treatment plants

20. Health projects

1. Vector control projects (malaria, bilharzias, trypanosomes etc). 21. Land Reclamation and land development

2. Rehabilitation of degraded lands

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3. Coastal land reclamation 4. Dredging of bars, grayness, dykes, estuaries etc 5. Spoil disposal

22. Resettlement/relocation of people and animals

1. Establishment of refugee camps 23. Multi-sectoral Projects

2. Agro-forestry a. dispersed field tree inter cropping b. alley cropping c. living fences and other liner planting d. windbreak/shelterbelts e. taungya system

3. Integrated conservation and development programmes e.g. protected areas 4. Integrated pest management (e.g. IPM) 5. Diverse construction – public health facilities schools, storage building, tree 6. Nurseries, facilities for ecotourism and field research in protected areas, enclosed

latrines, small enterprises, logging mills, manufacturing furniture carpentry shop, access road, well digging, camps, dams reservoirs

7. River basin development and watershed management projects food aid, humanitarian relief

24. Trade: importation and exportation of the following

8. Hazardous chemicals/waste 9. Plastics 10. Petroleum products 11. Vehicles 12. Used materials 13. Wildlife and wildlife products 14. Pharmaceuticals 15. Food 16. Beverages

25. Policies and programmes

1. Decisions of policies and programmes on environmental and development 2. Decisions to change designated status 3. Family planning 4. Technical assistance 5. Urban and rural land use development plans eg. Master plans, etc.

Activities which do not require an EIA Certificate – Zanzibar 1. Any domestic, private and non-commercial activity

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2. Operating a small-scale shop 3. Operating a small-scale business employing few than 10 people 4. Operating tours, other than dives, and travel agencies 5. Engaging in rained agriculture over an area of less than 10 hectares 6. Operating a small-scale warehouse for storage of non-hazardous substances 7. Providing commercial clearing and forwarding services 8. Providing office and professional services 9. Operating service 10. Maintaining roads if the work does not involve upgrading or expansion of road

Activities which require an EIS – Zanzibar 1. Developing a major residential area 2. Operating a manufacturing industry with hazardous waste and by-products 3. Operating a power generation plant 4. Operating an oil refinery 5. Operating a sewage treatment and disposal system 6. Operating a water supply system 7. Operating a sold waster disposal system 8. Developing an area in a port, harbours or marina 9. Reclaiming land 10. Developing hotels or resorts of 100 beds or more 11. Engaging in irrigated agriculture of 20 hectares or more 12. Engaging in aquaculture 13. Developing environmentally sensitive areas, including forests, mangroves, small

islets and water catchments 14. Degazetting an existing area protected under the laws of Zanzibar

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Annex 3(a): LIST OF SUB PROJECT THAT MAY/MAY NOT REQUIRE EIA FOR MAINLAND

1. Fish culture 2. Bee keeping 3. Small animal husbandry and urban livestock keeping 4. Horticulture and floriculture 5. Wildlife catching and trading 6. Production of tourist handcrafts 7. Charcoal production 8. Fuel wood harvesting 9. Wooden furniture and implement making 10. Basket and other weaving 11. Nuts and seeds for oil processing 12. Bark for tanning processing 13. Brewing and distilleries 14. Bio-gas plants 15. Bird catching and trading 16. Hunting wildlife ranching 17. Zoo, and sanctuaries 18. Tie and dye making 19. Brick making 20. Beach sailing 21. Sea weed farming 22. Salt pans 23. Graves and cemeteries 24. Urban livestock keeping 25. Urban livestock keeping 26. Urban agriculture 27. Fish landing stations 28. Wood carving and sculpture 29. Hospitals and dispensaries, schools, community center and social halls, play

ground 30. Wood works e.g. boat building 31. Market places (livestock and commodities) 32. Technical assistance 33. Rainwater harvesting 34. Garages 35. Carpentry 36. Black smith 37. Tle manufacturing 38. Kaolin manufacturing 39. Vector control projects e.g. malaria, bilharzias, trypanosomes 40. Livestock stock routes 41. Fire belts 42. Tobacco curing kilns

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43. Sugare refineries 44. Tanneries 45. Pulp plant 46. Oil refineries and ginneries 47. Artisanal and small scale mining 48. Rural road

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Annex 3(b) ACTIVITIES WHICH DO NOT REQUIRE AN EIA CERTIFICATE – ZANZIBAR

1. Any domestic, private and non-commercial activity 2. Operating a small-scale shop 3. Operating a small-scale business employing few than 10 people 4. Operating tours, other than dives, and travel agencies 5. Engaging in rained agriculture over an area of less than 10 hectares 6. Operating a small-scale warehouse for storage of non-hazardous substances 7. Providing commercial clearing and forwarding services 8. Providing office and professional services 9. Operating service 10. Maintaining roads if the work does not involve upgrading or expansion of

road

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Annex 3C WORLD BANK CATEGORIZATION OF SUB PROJECTS

Categorization of Project for EIA according to World Bank Operational Manual OP 4.01

Examples of Projects in Category A

(i) Large Dams and reservoirs (ii) Timber Forests production projects (iii) Large-scale industrial plants and industrial estates, including major expansion,

rehabilitation or modification. (iv) Large –scale irrigation, drainage and flood control (v) Large –scale aquaculture and marine culture. (vi) Land clearance and leveling (vii) Mineral development (including oil and gas). (viii) Port and harbor development. (ix) Reclamation and new land development. (x) Resettlement (xi) River basin management (xii) Thermal power and hydro-power development or extension (xiii) Manufacture, transport, and use of pesticides or other hazardous and/or toxic

materials. (xiv) New construction or major upgrading of highways or rural roads. (xv) Hazardous waste management and disposal.

Examples of Projects in Category B

(i) Small-scale irrigation and drainage (ii) Electrical transmission (iii) Small-scale agro industries (iv) Renewable energy (other than hydroelectric dams) (v) Rural electrification (vi) Tourism (vii) Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (viii) Rehabilitation and management of watersheds. (ix) Protected areas and conservation of biodiversity. (x) Rehabilitation or maintenance of highways and rural roads. (xi) Rehabilitation or modification of existing small-scale industrial facilities. (xii) Energy efficiency and energy conservation projects.

Examples of Projects in Category C

(i) Education (ii) Family planning (iii) Health

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(iv) Nutrition (v) Institutional development (vi) Human Resources projects (vii) Reforestation (if degradable plastics or no plastics used at nursery stage)

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Annex 4: TASAF II INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT

Institutional Level Roles and Responsibilities 1. National Level 1.1 National Steering Committee (NSC)

• Approve TASAF’s annual work plans and budget • Approve National LGA/Island budgets • Review and approval sub-projects exceeding DSC approval levels. • Provide linkage and co-ordination between various ministries to

ensure consistency with sector policies and adherence to established norms and standards.

• Approve the annual report and adopt audit reports and accounts of TASAF

• Oversee the process of recruiting key TASAF staff • Appoint a team of experts, one being an Environmental Specialist to

appraisal sub-projects exceeding US$ 100,000 • Review TASAF performance and impact on LGAs/Island and

committee 1.2 TASAF Management Unit

• Overall management of the credit in accordance with the Operational Manual

• Respond to capacity building requirements at LGA/Island level • Disburse funds to LGA/island • Prepare and submit TASAF’s consolidated work plans and budge to

the NSC manage the project performance, monitoring and information system

• Develop and operationalize regulatory framework • Review and recommend to the NSC sub-projects of value above

LGA’s/Island approval levels. • Oversee and monitor operations of LGA/Island/Zone levels • Account for the credit • Ensure adherence to sector norms and standards • Audit TASAF accounts at LGA’s/Island • Procure goods and services including recruitment of staff as per

regulations • Suspend disbursement of funds if the conditions laid out in the OM

and MoU not fully compiled with. • Block use of TASAF funds held in any bank if management is

established or failure to account in accordance to financial agreement 1.3 TASAF Zonal Offices • Capacity building for LGA/Island management as per predetermined

LGA/Island requirements. • Technical backstopping in TASAF operations • Promoting the TASAF objective and principles within its area of

jurisdiction. • Exerting oversight on LGA/Island management to ensure compliance

with the funds regulations. • Provide linkage between TMU and LGA/Island on the day to day

Management of TASAF funded interventions.

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• Prepare and submit quarterly progress reports for the zone. • Post review of sub-projects applications.

2. Local Government Authority/Island Level 2.1 Steering Committee (SC)

• Provide overall guidance and ensure that the operations of TASAF at LGA/Island are carried out in accordance with the OM

• Approve work plans and budget proposals of the LGA/Island for submission to national level.

• Approval the quarterly and annual progress report of LGA/Island for submission to NSC through NSC

• Approve sub-project proposals within the limit of LGA/Island • Recommend to NSC through TMU sub-projects whose budget

exceeds LGA/Island. • Review audit report and replies from MT • Receive, review and approve the accounting for sub-project funds.

2.2 Management Team (MT) • Appraise sub-project proposals and recommend to SC for approval • Incorporate TASAF sub-projects into LGA/Island annual plans • Advocate for TASAF and awareness creation amongst stakeholders • Ensure participatory planning in sub-project identification • Monitor sub-project implementation • Ensure that physical and financial progress reports are prepared

timely; discussed and submitted to TMU • Develop with the assistance of district sector expert, safety net sub-

projects. •

3. Community Level 3.1 Village Council/Shehia Advisory Council

• Ratifying Community Management Organization (CMO) • Oversight of the sub-project managed by CMO • Mobilization of beneficiaries to effectively participate in sub-project

activities • Ensure security of resources • Mainstreaming sub-project activities in the village/shehia

development plans • Resolving conflicts that may affect smooth implementation of the

sub-projects. • Participation in identification of environmental issues for a particular

sub-project. • Present sub-project progress to village/shehia/mtaa

3.2 Community Management Organization (CMO)

• Facilitate the planning and implementation of the sub-project • Preparing sub-project progress report to the Village

Council/Shehia/Mtaa Council on monthly basis. • Procurement of goods and services • Seeking technical support form development agencies, sector

specialists and competent individuals as it is deemed necessary • Operate and maintain sub-project bank account

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Annex 4A: INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT AND COORDINATION FOR MAINLAND

S/N Institutions Functions/ Responsibilities 1 National Advisory

Committee • To advise the Minister for Environment on any matter with regards to

environment; • Examine and recommend any matter referred to it by the Minister or

Sector Ministry; • Review and advise the Minister on any environmental plans, EIA of

major projects and activities; • Review the achievement by Council of objectives, goals and targets set

by the council and advise the Minster accordingly; • Review and advise the Minster on any environmental standards,

guidelines and regulations; • Receive and deliberate reports from sector Ministries on the protection

and management of the environment;

2 Directorate of Environment (DOE)

• Coordinate various environmental management activities undertaken by other agencies and promote integration of environmental considerations into development policies, plans, programmes, strategies projects;

• Undertake strategic environmental risk assessment with a view to ensuring the proper management and rational utilization of environmental resources on a sustainable basis for the improvement of the quality of human life in Tanzania;

• Advise the Government on legislative and the measures for the management of the environment or the implementation of the relevant international agreements in the field of environment;

• Advise the Government on international environmental agreements to which Tanzania should be a member or withdraw its membership;

• Monitor and assess activities being carried out by relevant sector Ministries and agencies in order to ensure that the environment is not degraded by such activated, environmental management objectives are adhered to and adequate early warning on impeding environmental emergency is given;

• Prepare and issue a report on the state of the environment in Tanzania and, in this regard may, direct any agency to prepare and submit to it a report on the state of the environment under the administration of that agency;

• Coordinate issues relating to articulation ad implementation of the national Environment Policy and issues relating to environmental management aspects of other policies

3 National Environment Management Council (NEMC)

• Collaborate with Sector Ministries in all matters concerning environment such as:

• Environmental audits; inventory of natural resources and their utilization and conservation;

• Establish and review in consultation with other agencies, land use guidelines;

• Examine land use patterns with view to determine their impact on the

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quality and quantity of natural resource; • Carry out surveys to assist proper management and conservation of the

environment; • Undertake and coordinate research, investigation and surveys in the

field of environment and disseminate information/findings; • Review and recommend for approval of environmental impact

statements • Identify projects and programmes or type of projects and programs,

plans and policies that need environmental audit and monitoring; • Enforce and ensure compliance to the national environmental quality

standards; • Initiate and develop procedures and safeguards for prevention of

accidents that may cause environmental degradation and propose remedial measures;

• Undertake in cooperation with relevant sector ministries programmes intended to enhance environmental education and public awareness;

• Publish and disseminate manuals, codes or guidelines relating to environmental management and prevention or abatement of environmental degradation;

• Render advice and technical support, where possible, to entities engaged in natural resources management and environmental protection so as to enable them carry out their functions;

4 Sector Ministries • Advise on and in collaboration with other Ministries/bodies implement

the policies of the Government on the protection and management of the environment;

• To coordinate the activities related to the environment within the Ministry;

• To ensure that environmental concerns are integrated into the ministry or departmental development planning and project implementation in a way that protects the environment;

• To collaborate with other institutions or agencies, evaluate existing and proposed policies and legislation and recommended measures to ensure that those policies and legislation take adequate account of effects on the environment;

• To prepare and coordinate the implementation of the environmental action plans at the national and local levels as required by the legislation;

• To promote public awareness of environmental issues through educational programmes and the dissemination of information;

• To refer to the Council (NEMC) any matter related to the enforcement; • To undertake strategic environmental assessment of sectoral

legislation, regulation, policy, plans, strategies and programmes; • To ensure that sectoral standards are environmentally sound and

oversee the preparation and implementation of environmental impacts assessment (EIA) for investments in the sector;

• To ensure compliance to various regulations, guidelines and procedures issues by the Minister and;

• In conjunction with the Minister responsible for local government, to

3

provide environmental advice and technical support to district level staff working in the sector.

5 Regional Secretariat • Coordination of all advises on environmental management in their respect regions and liaises with the Director of Environment (VPO) and the Director General (NEMC) on the implementation and enforcement of the environmental Management Act.

6 Local Government Authorities (Environmental Management Committees)

• Ensure enforcement of Environmental Management Act in respective areas of jurisdiction;

• Promote environmental awareness in their areas on the protection of the environment and conservation of natural resources;

• Collection and management of information on the environment and utilization of natural resources;

• Monitor the preparation of, review and approval of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) for local investments;

• Review by-laws on environmental management and on sector specific activities related to environment;

• Liaise with the office of the Director of Environment (VPO) and NEMC on the implementation of environmental policy objectives, including the implementation of the Environmental Management Act;

7 Township, Division,

Ward, Village, Hamlet (Kitongoji/Mtaa)13.

• Proper management of the environment; • Carry all directives given to them by the Minister in relation to the

promotion and enhancement of sustainable management of the environment;

• Perform any other function or discharging any other duty relating to ancillary or incidental to proper management of the environment as are provided for under the Local Government (District) Authorities Act, 1982.

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Annex 4B: INSTITUTION ARRANGEMENT AND COORDINATION FOR ZANZIBAR

S/N Institutions Functions Responsibilities

1 Special Committee of the Revolutionary Council on Environment

• Resolve conflict over environmental matter among Government and other Institutions;

• Make final decisions regarding all environmental matters referred to it under the Act;

• Approve National Environmental Action Plans as prescribed under the Act;

• Provide advice when requested to the cabinet and guidance to the Minister on overall environmental management in Zanzibar

2 Department of Environment

• Formulate, advise on and, in collaboration with other bodies, implement the policies of the Government on the protection and management of the environment;

• Coordinate the activities related to the environment of all persons in the Government;

• Ensure that environmental concerns are integrated into national development planning and project implementation in a way which protects the environment;

• Regularly monitor implementation of the environmental policies by sectoral and non-sectoral institutions and recommend conflict resolution measures to the institutions concerned and, necessary, to the Committee;

• In collaboration with other institutions, evaluate existing and proposed policies and legislation and recommend measure to ensure that those policies and legislation take adequate account of effects on the environment;

• Specify standards, norms and criteria for the protection of the environment;

• Manage and regulate environmental impact assessment requirements and procedures in accordance with the provisions of this Act;

• Conduct, commission and approve research on any aspect of the environment, including proposals for legislation relating to the environment and submit recommendations and reports based on the results of its research to the institutions concerned and, if necessary, to the Committee;

• Promote public awareness of environmental issues through education programmes and the dissemination of information;

• Coordinate the monitoring of trends in the use of natural resources and their impact on the environment overall;

• Establish and operate a system of documentation and dissemination of information relating to the environment;

• Prepare and coordinate the implementation of environmental action plans at the national and local levels as requires under this

2

Act; • Coordinate the preparation and implementation of community

environmental management plans and integrated coastal area management plans provided under this Act;

• Facilitate public participation to fulfill the purposes of this Act by empowering and encouraging people to protect their environment;

• Recommend to the Minister, from time to time, international or regional agreements to which Tanzania should become party;

• Refer to the Committee any matter related to the purposes of this Act; and

• Carry out such other functions as re necessary to fulfill the purposes of this Act.

3 Special Advisory Committee

• To address an environmental emergency

4 Technical Environmental Unit (for each government Institution)

• To incorporate environmental criteria into its respective institution policies, plans, programs, project, and activities

• To implement the act

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Annex 5: FLOW CHART FOR EIA PROCEDURE IN TANZANIA

No EA required SCREENING

Scoping Report (SR)

PER for full EA

Revised EIS

REVIEW PUBLIC HEARING

PER, SR & EIS Public hearing report

EIS /PER not approved

EIS Submitted to Minister PERMIT

DECLINE

CERTIFICATE ISSUED

REGISTRATION

RELIMINARY ASSESSMENT

IMPACT ASSESSMENT Scooping, ToR and Full EIA study

IMPLEMENTATION

ADVICE ON PERMITING DECISION

EIS REVISION

EIS

EIA required

Preliminary EIA

required

Preliminary environmental

Draft EIS report (PER)

2

Environmental

AUDITING

MONITORING

DECOMMISSION

Report (ER)

Environmental Auditing report (EAR)

Decommissioning

REPORT (DR)

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Annex 6: SUMMARY OF WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES

OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment

The objective of this policy is to ensure that Bank financed projects are environmentally sound and sustainable and that decision making is improved through appropriate analysis of actions and of their likely environmental impacts. This policy is triggered is a project is likely to have potential (adverse) environmental risks and impacts ion its are of influence.

Depending on the project, and nature of impacts a range of instruments can be use: EAI, environmental audit, hazard or risk assessment and environmental management plan (EMP) When a project is likely to have sectoral or regional impacts, sectoral or regional EA is required. The Borrower is responsible for carrying out the EA. Under TASAF II, the Borrower has prepared and Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) which outlines t he environmental screening in process to be applied to sub projects. The purpose of the environmental screening process is to assess the impacts of future construction activities where the exact scope of investment activities and locations are not known at this time

OP 4.04 Natural Habitats

The policy recognizes that the conservation of natural habitats is essential for long-term sustainable development. The Bank, therefore, supports the protection, maintenance and rehabilitation of natural habitats in its project financing, as well as policy dialogue and analytical work. The Bank supports, and expects the Borrowers to apply a precautionary approach to natural resource management to ensure opportunities for environmentally sustainable development

This policy is triggered by any project (including any sub project under a sector investment or financial intermediary loan) with the potential to cause significant conversion (loss) or degradation of natural habitats whether directly (through construction) or indirectly (through human activities induced by the project). Under TASAF II investments that would have negative impacts on natural habitats would not be funded

OP 4.36 Forest This policy focuses on the management, conservation, and sustainable development of forest ecosystems and their associated resources. It applies to project that my/may not have impacts on (a) health and quality of forests; (b) affect the rights and welfare of people and their level of dependence upon or interaction with forests and projects that aim to bring about changes in the

This policy is trigger by forest sector activities and other Bank sponsored interventions which have the potential not impact significantly upon forested areas. Under TASAF II, investments that are likely to affect populations and forests as described in OP 4.36 will not be

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management, protection or utilization of natural forests or plantations, whether they are publicly, privately or communally owned. The Bank does not support the significant conversion or degradation of critical forest areas or related critical natural habitats.

funded.

OP 4.09 Pest Management

The objective of this policy is to promote the use of biological or environmental control methods and to reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides. In Bank-financed agricultural operations, pest populations are normally controlled through Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approaches. In Bank-financed public health projects, the Bank supports controlling pests primarily through environmental methods. The policy further ensures that health and environmental hazards associated with pesticides are minimized. The procurement of pesticides in a Bank-financed project is contingent on an assessment of the nature and degree of associated risk, taking into account the proposed use and the intended user.

The policy is triggered if procurement of pesticides is envisaged (either directly through the project or indirectly through on-lending); if the project may affect pest management in a way that harm could be done, even though the project is not envisaged to procure pesticides. This includes projects that may lead to substantially increased pesticide use and subsequent increase in health and environmental risks; and project that may maintain or expand present pest management practices that are unsustainable Under TASAF investments leading to an increased use of pesticides will be funded

OP 4.11 Culture Property

This policy aims at assisting in the preservation of cultural property (sites that have archaeological) (prehistoric), paleontological, historical, religious and unique natural value – this includes remains left by previous human inhabitants (such as middens, shrines and battlegrounds) and unique environmental features such as canyons and waterfalls), as well as in the protection and enhancement of cultural properties encountered in Bank-financed project

This p0licy is trigger by projects which, prima facie, entail the risk of damaging cultural property (i.e. any project that include large scale excavation, movement of earth, surficial environmental changes or demolition. Under TASAF, investment activities that might have negative impact on indigenous peoples will not be funded

OD 4.20 Indigenous People

This policy aims at ensuring that the development process foster fully respect for the dignity, human rights and cultural uniqueness of indigenous peoples; that they do not suffer adverse effects during the development process; that indigenous peoples receive culturally compatible social and economic benefits

This policy is triggered if there are indigenous peoples in the project are; when potential adverse impacts on indigenous peoples are anticipated; and if indigenous people are among the intended beneficiaries. Under TASAF investment activities that might have negative impacts on

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indigenous peoples will not be funded OD 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement

The objective of this policy is avoid or minimize involuntary resettlement where feasible, exploring al viable alternative project designs. Furthermore, it intends to assist displaced person in improving their former living standards; it encourages community participation in planning and implementing resettlement; and to provide assistance to affected people, regardless of the legality of title of land

This policy is triggered not only if physical relocation occurs, but also by any loss of land resulting in: relocation or loss of shelter; loss of assets or access to assets; loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected people must move to another location. Under TASAF A Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) has been prepared which will serve as a guidance for sub projects that involve land acquisition.

OP 4.37 Safety of Dams

This policy focuses on new and existing dams. In the case of new dams, the policy aims at ensuring that experienced and c0mpentent professionals design and supervise construction; the Borrower adopts and implants dams safety measures for the dam and associated works. In the case of existing dams, the policy ensure that any dam upon which the performance of the project relies is identified, a dam safety assessment is carried out, and necessary additional dam safety measures and remedial work are implemented. The policy also recommends the preparation of a generic dam safety analysis for small dams.

This policy is triggered if the project involves the construction of a large dam (15m or higher) or a high hazard dam; if a project is dependent on an existing dam, or a dam under construction. For small dams, generic dam safety measures designed by qualified engineers are usually adequate. Under TASAF II there will be no funding for the construction or rehabilitation of any dams

OP 7.50 Projects in International Water

The objective of this policy is to ensure that Bank-financed project affecting international waterways would not affect (i) relations between the Bank and its Borrowers and between states (whether members of the Bank or not) and (ii) the efficient utilization and protection of international waterways.

This policy is trigger if nay river, canal, lark or similar body of water that forms a boundary between, or any river or body of surface water that flows through two or more states; any tributary; or any bay, gulf straight or channel bounded by two or more states are affected. Under TASAF II investment activities that could have an impact on international water way will not be funded

OP 7.60 Projects in Disputed Areas

This policy ensures that projects in disputed areas are dealt with at the earliest possible stage: (a) so as not to effect relations between the Bank and its member countries; (b) so as not to be affect relations between

This policy will be triggered if the proposed project will be in a “disputed area”; if the Borrower(s) is/are involved in any disputes over an are with any of its neighbors; and if there is a chance

4

the Borrower and neighboring countries or other claimants; and (c) so as not to prejudice the position of either the bank or the countries concerned

that any component or sub component finance or likely to be finance as part of the project is situated in a disputed area. Under TASAF II investment activities will not take place undisputed area.

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Annex 7: FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO RISKS FOR TASAF II

Risks: Explanation TASAF II ApproachRural livelihoods and environmentsare often complex, unpredictable andfragile (e.g. rural communities inTanzania are highly stratified andachieving effective participation bythe marginalized, including women,youth and migrants may not be easy)

A significant body of experience form research and past/on-going development projects consistently points to thelocalized, diverse and complex nature of rural livelihoods.Often it is overlooked that people living in a particular localareas more fully understand the local environment,interactions within their society, and their economy thanoutside intervening parties. It is also a challenge achievegenuine participation on the part of stratified ruralcommunities, especially those who are poor and by womenand youth.

TASAF II is based on a full-participatorydemand-led approach but contains somerestrictive measures, such as no directfunding for income generation activities,and other investments contained on anegative list.

Lack of adequate capacity forenvironmental and social screening ofsmall-scale activities may exacerbateexisting environmental and socialissues affecting communities withinthe target areas.

As experience shows in other developing countries,particularly those in Africa, lack of qualified staff andmechanisms for the screening and mitigation of impactsinduced from activities as developing small-scaleinfrastructure may in fact exacerbate current environmentalstress (deforestation, land degradation, destruction ofnatural habits), and increase social tension (lack of access tonatural resources, induce conflict over limited naturalresources, etc).

The Project includes a component fortraining and capacity building forcommunities and local governments.Private contractors hired for that purposesdevelop most village development plans,but there is a risk that without sufficientattention to environmental and socialcapacity building at the local government,contractor, and village level, the priorityinvestments may not receive adequatescreening and proposed mitigation. Thismay lead to cumulative impact, which will

2

require remediation.

Risks: Explanation TASAF II ApproachTASAF II differential impacts oftraining and investments (accordingto gender, wealth status, or livelihoodstrategy) may result in some interestgroups capturing benefits.

The relationship between poverty and environment is notalways straightforward. Elite groups may capture some ofthe intended village investments, whereas moredisadvantaged groups may be forced to rely on anunsustainable use of their natural resource base.

Special attention will need to be paid topoverty targeting within villages to ensurethat investments in support activities andmicro-projects are identified andimplemented so as not to lead tounsustainable use or impacts on naturalresources.

Alternative livelihoods andintensification of agriculturalproduction (including livestock),which may result in improve well-being, may also lead to an increase inareas brought under cultivation andoverall numbers of livestock ortropical livestock units, which mayincrease demand on natural resourcesor degrade the surroundingenvironment.

Improved access to markets may increase incentives toincrease areas under production or increase animal numbers.In the absence of viable systems for land management andnatural resources protection, this may lead tooverexploitation or degradation of resources in some areas.

As part of the Project’s approach tomonitoring and evaluation, TASAF IImust provide opportunities for unforeseenimpacts to be observed and understood,and for corrective measures to be takenwhen and where necessary.

Introduced system of governanceverses traditional systems may createconflict, or contradictions may resultin unsustainable agricultural ornatural resource managementpractices

Interviews with stakeholders at the village level oftenrevealed two systems of governance (traditional andintroduced). It was not always clear how these two systemswere able to coincide on issues of access to resources, landtenure, etc.

TASAF II should not venture into creatingstructures or systems of governance, butrather use the existing LGA structures,and may seek to clarify decision makingresponsibilities between traditional andintroduced systems (at the time ofdeveloping the local development plan)and promote joint systems for effectivemanagement of land and natural resources(e.g. provision of legal texts giving local

3

communities to the right to self-managetheir land and natural resources (e.g.provision of legal texts giving localcommunities to the right to self-managetheir projects, land and natural resourcebase).

Even where systems of governanceagree strong, incentives for effectivecommunity management of naturalresources in a sustainable mannermay be weak in comparison toincentives for unsustainable use.

A common assumption of development projects is thatcommunity management practices necessary lead tosustainable resource management. Whether or not itactually does depends on the community decisions andeffectiveness of the community management systems.Again, there is a particular risk when communities seek toexpand beyond the existing degraded natural resourcedperhaps due to the effects of increased population pressures.

TASAF II carries out problem analysisand priority setting as part of participatoryplanning with communities (communitydevelopment plan local developmentplan). This approach offers theopportunity to ascertain communities’expectations on the effectiveness of theirtraditional or existing managementpractices and identify whereimprovements will be required.

Rapid institutional change in theformal national, district andcommunity systems for governingnatural resource areas may createcompeting or ineffective institutionswithin local government.

The local Government Reform Program (LGRP) inTanzania include the thrust toward decentralization with theaccompanying risk of ineffective restructuring, training andempowerment to ensure a successful transition.

TASAF II does not venture into fundinginstitutional changes, which is aresponsibility of LGRP.

There are a significant number ofNGO and development agencyfinanced projects throughoutTanzania, with considerable rural

The financial size and scope of TASAF II project issignificant in comparison to the smaller scale NGO andbilaterally funded development projects in rural areas. Thismay have implications for the relation between government

TASAF II should work to build capacitywithin national, district, and communityadministrations, and continue thecollaborative approach consider making

4

development experience, that may b eundermined by the financial andpolitical weight of TASAF II if theyare not effectively included in theprocess.

administrations and NGOs, between existing projects, andcommunities, and for staff of government and NGOs.

use of NGOs as service providers, inaddition to private sector contractorswhere appropriate.

Rising population pressures,deteriorating resource base andintensification of the traditionalproduction systems have led to anincrease in the number of land, andservice provision related conflicts,and introduction of funding of sub-project in such areas may attractoutside migrants that will increasepressure on existing environmentalresources and public amenities andpossibly increase conflicts.

TASAF II investments may serve to pull outsiders into therecipient communities that will also seek to benefit from theimprovements. This could lead to friction or conflictbetween local inhabitants and outsiders and put additionalpressure on limited resources.

TASAF II will work carefully withcommunities to devise protectivemeasures to support sustainable sub-projects.

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Annex 8: POTENTIAL POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF TASAF II FUNDED SUB-PROJECTS

Activity/Types of sub-project Positive Impacts Negative Impacts Mitigation Measures1. Water Supply Infrastructure� Boreholes equipped with

pumps;� Rehabilitations of boreholes� Development of artesian

wells;� Development and

rehabilitation of wells;� Development of water storage

reservoirs;� Maintenance of water

supply/storage infrastructure;� Rehabilitation of water

storage reservoirs, etc.�

� Supply of potable water;� Improvement of pastoral

activities due to availabilityof water for livestock;

� Availability of water foragricult5ure and irrigation;

� Development of lowlands forvegetable and cropproduction;

� Improvement in raising thegroundwater level;

� Creation of ponds favourablefor fishing;

� Enrichment wildlifediversity;

� Improvement I health;� Shortened distance to carry

water, saving women’s andchildren’s labour;

� Improvement in overall webeing;

� Increase in economicactivity;

� Increase in economic

� Increase in disease an insectvectors such as malaria,bilharzias, onchoceroces,schistosomiasis,tryponosomiasis;

� Contaminated water by chemicalpesticides and fertilizers;

� Soil degradation due tosalinisation or alkalization, etc;

� Flooding due to poormaintenance of storagereservoirs;

� Loss of wildlife, vegetation andcultivated land;

� Overuse of water andsurrounding land resources dueto increase population pressures;

� Attraction of livestock andpressure on vegetation cover andsoils with increase in erosion;

� Lowering or drying up ofgroundwater level;

� Lack of clear division ofrights/responsibilities may result

� Employ suitable preventionand mitigation measures,including education oflocal population (e.g. gooddrainage around watersupply points);

� Protect groundwater sourcesurface runoff andpollution;

� Ensure planning, design,maintenance ofinfrastructure is appropriateto local needs, traditionsculture an desires

� Ensure sufficientcommunity participationand organization ofeffective planning andmanagement ofinfrastructure

� Include downstream waterusers (e.g. water supply,irrigation, livestockwatering) in planning of

2

activity;� Social networking increase in

human capital.

in maintenance problems ofwells/pumps;

� Lack of clear definition of userrights for wells and pumps maycreate exclusion of vulnerablegroups;

� Access to water may be capturedby interest groups;

� Use of foreignequipment/materials may hindermaintenance of pumps/wells

water storage reservoirs� Identify proper mechanism

of rights andresponsibilities overwell/pump/reservoir usagethrough participatoryvillage focus groups

� Ensure that local accessiblematerials are used whendeveloping/rehabilitationwells in order to providemaintenance

� For eachpump/well/reservoir/borehole establish clearguideline of user rightthrough participatory focusgroups

� Ensure that access to waterpumps/reservoirs isequitable to prevent captureby interest groups

2. Feeder RoadImprovement/Infrastructure� Construction and rehabilitation

of rural and urban roads;� Construction of bridges and

crossing structures;� Construction of buses stands� Construction of foot path and

foot bridges

� Improvement ofcommunication;

� Connecting rural areas toprincipal road networks;

� Access to markets,transportation of goods andservice overall positiveimpact on the economy;

� Facilitation of

� Destruction of vegetation in andnear roadways;

� Deforestation;� Increase in poaching and illegal

and excessive removal offirewood and wood for ruralconstriction purposed;

� Destruction of wildlife habitat;� Impending wildlife movement;

� Avoid infringing onprotected areas, criticalhabitats or areas withsignificant biodiversity(e.g. wetlands)

� Avoid areas of soil, slopeor geological instability

� Provide comprehensivecommunity participation in

3

communication betweenneighboring villages;

� Accessibility to villageforests or other areas for landdevelopment and use;

� Improvement of commercialexchanges;

� Access to health andeducation centers.

� Reduction in biodiversity;� Water pollution and negative

affection on surroundingecosystem;

� Loss of certain aesthetic values(visual impacts) from destructionof vegetative cover;

� Acceleration of soil erosion dueto poor maintenance anddrainage of roads;

� Noise and possible accidentsduring road construction;

� Increased migration from nearbycities;

� Social instability;� Spread of communicable/other

diseases;� Poor planning,

construction/maintenance ofroads may lead to water of afinancial capital and humanresources;

� Encroachment upon pasture/farmland.

planning, construction andmanagement

� Use appropriate design andconstruction techniques astiming (e.g. surfacedrainage controls, selectionand use of constructionmaterials, build during dryseason, etc.)

� Migration issue to beresolved through localconflict resolution system

� Use of local labour in orderto prevent spreads ofcommunicable diseased

� Construction and repair ofroads are performed usinglocal materials/materialsaccessible in local marketin order to ensureadequate/sustainablemaintenance of roads andinfrastructure

� Community decisionmaking in selection sitesfor construction in order toavoid encroachment uponproductive land

3. Social and EconomicInfrastructure

� Facilitate the placement ofteachers;

� Sanitation problems;� Some construction related

� Ensure inclusion ofadequate sanitation

4

� School construction andrehabilitation;

� Literacy centers;� Dispensaries; health posts;� Agricultural storage

warehouses;� Cereal banks, etc.

� Improved education levels;� Access to education,

improved literacy;� Increased school attendance

by young;� Improved health care;� Improved storage and

conservation of agriculturalinputs and production;

� Increased productivity;� Improved well-being;� Employment generation.

problems but usually minor innurture;

� Medical waste disposal;� Storage hazardous materials;� Spread of disease from incoming

laborers;� The vulnerable groups (women,

poor children, migrants,transhumant paternalists) and thepoor) may not benefit forminfrastructure construction andrehabilitation;

� Schools/health posts maybecome abandoned due to thelack of commitment;

� Building infrastructure systemalone without needs assessmentmay not benefit the community;

� Infrastructure investments maybe misappropriated bygovernments institutions andagencies;

facilities and maintenance� Ensure planning, design

and maintenance ofinfrastructure is appropriateto local needs, traditions,culture and desires

� Mandatory incineration ofmedical waste and properstorage of other hazardousmaterials

� Health checks (especiallyin regards to HIV/AIDS)for incoming labourers

� Conduct mandatoryparticipatory focus groupswith the vulnerable groupsregarding infrastructureprojects

� Before the start of eachinfrastructure project,develop comprehensiveorganizational andmaintenance plan,commitment from localgovernment and public tomaintain school supplies,medical supplies, etc.

� Conduct needs assessmentin areas of health,education and agricultureto ensure proper allocation

5

of resources (for example,it may be the case thatvaccination/diagnostictools are more needed thanthe actual rehabilitation/construction of a healthpost)

� Establish transparentmonitoring and evaluationsystem

4. Structural Support forImproving animal husbandry

� Grazing landrehabilitation;

� Marking off pasture lands;� Strengthening of a land

tenure system� Vaccination parks� Reorganization and

corridors for transhumantpopulations;

� Milk productionimprovement;

� Fattening of livestock(bovine, porcine, ovine,caprine);

� Improved pasturemanagement andproduction;

� Modernization of pastoralpractices;

� Secure access to pasturelands

� Land tenure institutionalmechanism established atvillage, district andprovincial levels;

� Improved livestockproductivity;

� Improved pasturemanagement;

� Improved livestockdistribution;

� Livestock manure collationand use;

� Reduced conflict betweenlivestock herders andfarmers;

� Risk of concentrating livestocknumbers;

� Over grazing and loss ofvegetative cover;

� Pressure on water points andresulting risk of pollution;

� Livestock diseases and sicknessif numbers too high and tooconcentrated;

� Increased conflict betweenlivestock herders andfarmers/local population;

� Vulnerable groups’ livelihoodsmade more insecure.

� Limit animal numbers orcontrol access to grazinglands

� Control length of grazingtime through introductionof rotational grazing,development of dry-seasongrazing areas and reserves

� Strategic development andplacement of water points

� Maintain regular animalhealth monitoring andvaccination programs

� Establish conflictresolution mechanism foreach project village underthe land tenure pilot project

� Integrate the vulnerablegroups into each pasture

6

� Forage collection andstorage (labels

� Forage storage structures

� Access corridors could serveas fire breaks;

� Improved animal health;� Improved human health;� Improved food security;� Increased livelihood security.

management/land tenureproject by making it arequirement to integrate theinterests of the poor andvulnerable into the pasturemanagement /land tenureprojects.

5. Structural Support forImproving Forestry

� Development of naturaland artificial forests;

� Establishment of nurseries;� Recovery and restoration

of deforested zones bydirect seeding;

� Protection/conservation ofnature reserves and fragileecosystems;

� Development of pastoralzones;

� Reforestation;� Develop plantations for

frew3ood and other uses;� Creation of village forests;� Reorganization and

training of communities invillage forest management;

� Training in improvedfirewood lots (“ngitiris);

� Stream or river bankprotection;

� Qualitative and quantitativeregeneration of vegetation

� Improvement in wildlifehabitat

� Inward migration of wildlife� Reestablishment of rest tree

species through forestplantations

� Soil fertility improvementand erosion control

� Improved soil drainage� Availability of firewood and

wood for other uses� Reduced energy consumption� Reduce in bush fires� Better organization of

hunting� Reduction in poaching� Development of eco-tourism� Recovery and restoration of

deforested area by directseeding

� Introduction of agro forestry� Enhancing general

� Plantation made up of monospices more vulnerable todisease, insects, fire, etc;

� Use of certain tree species canlead to decrease in soil fertility’nutrients, water, etc.

� Harvesting by clear cutting canexpose soil to greater insilationleading to high soil waterevaporation, degradation, etc.

� Increase in population pressureson forested areas withunintended results

� Introduction of foreign speciesmay potentially disrupt eco-balance

� Households may lack fuel ifalternative measures are nottaken into an account

� People’s livelihoods that aredependent on forestry/forestresources may worsen (e.g.Hunters)

� Consider use of a variety ofmultipurpose and fast-growing indigenous treespecies and managementpractices to enhancedisease, insect, and fireresistance

� Select tree species andmanagement practices thatpromote sustainable soiland water conservation

� Educate local populationon proper harvestingtechniques and practices

� Include local population inthe design, site selection,development andmanagement of forestedareas

� Take special care of notintroducing foreign plantspecies that may causedisruption in eco-balance

� Introduce sustainable

7

� Wildlife protection;� Management of hunting

and fight against poaching;� Development of apiculture

in forested areas;� Development of eco-

tourism;� Fight against bush fires or

forest fires� Construction and

maintenance of forestroads;

� Selective seasonal burning;� Joint management of

classified forests.

biodiversity� (Temporary) employment

generation

practices of fuel woodgathering and hunting(rather than just restrictivemeasures)

6. Structure Support for ImprovingAgricultural Production

� Vegetable and multi-purpose gardens

� Construction andrehabilitation of irrigationschemes downstream ofwater reservoirs

� Modernization anddiversification ofagricultural production

� Strengthening of landtenure system

� Protection against soilerosion

� Improved soil fertility� Diversification of crop

production� Intensification of crop

production� Improved land use� Reduction of required time

inputs allowing time forother activities

� Increased crop yields� Food security� Discouraging outward

migration� Livelihood security through

� Loss of vegetative cover,decrease in soil fertility

� Possible pesticide, herbicide andfertilizer use leading to soil andwater pollution

� Irrigation system may breakdown and not be repairable

� Unproductive use of labour� Decrease in productivity� Conflict over user rights of

irrigation systems� Potential diversion of water

resources from its naturalcourse/location

� Vulnerable groups may looseaccess to water resources

� Avoid infringing onprotected areas, criticalhabitants or areas withsignificant biodiversity(e.g. wetlands);

� Apply pesticides,herbicides and fertilizers atrecommended time anddoses

� Educate population in theproper use, storage anddisposal of potentialchemical pollutants

� Ensure that constructionand rehabilitation ofirrigation systems are

8

improved land tenure andagriculturaldiversification/intensification

� Improved food security.

carried out by usingmaterials easily accessiblethrough local market

� Conduct needs ansustainability assessmentfor each agriculturalactivity (irrigation,vegetable growing, etc)

� Ensure that inhabitantsaround water reserves arenot deprived of access towater due to irrigation andother activities

� Ensure that theinterest/rights of thevulnerable groups areintegrated into the TASAFII funded sub-projectactivities

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Annex 9A: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING FORMS The Environmental and Social Screening Form (ESSF) has been designed to assists in the evolution of sub projects of the TASAF II program in Tanzania. The form is designed to place information in the hands of implanters and reviewers sot that impacts and their mitigation measures, if any, can be identified and/or that requirements for further environmental analysis be detained. The ESSF contains information that will allow reviewers to determine the characterization of the prevailing local biophysical and social environment with the aim to assess to potential sub-project impact on it. The ESSF will also identify potential socio-economic impacts that will require mitigation measures and/or resettlement and compensation. This form must be filled by the district staff after communities have identified the type of subproject to be implemented and form part of application. PART A: General Information

1. Name of sub-project: ……………………………………………

2. Sector: ……………………………………………

3. Name of the Village/Mtaa/Shehia: ………………………………

4. Name of Ward ……………………………………

5. Name of District …………………………

6. Name of Executing Agent ……………………………………………

7. Name of the Approving Authority ………………………………………………

8. Name, job title, and contract details of the person responsible for filling out this ESSF:

9. Name: …………………………………………………

10. Job title: ……………………………………………………

11. Telephone Number: …………………………………… Fax Number: ……………………. E-mail Address: …………………………… Date: ……………… Signature: ……………………

2

PARTB: Brief Description of the sub project Please provide information on the type and scale of the sub-project (area, required land, approximate size of total b building floor area). Provide information about actions needed during the construction of facilities including support/ancillary structures and activities required to build it, e.g. need to quarry or excavate borrow materials, laying pipes/lines to connect to energy or water source, access road etc. PART B: BRIEF SESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMEENTAL SITUATION AND

IDENTIFICTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS Describe the sub-project location, sitting, surroundings (include a map, even a sketch map)

Describe the land formation, topography, vegetation in/adjacent to the project area.

Estimate and indicate where vegetation might need to be cleared.

1. Environmental sensitive areas or threatened species are there any environmentally sensitive areas or threatened species (specify below) that could be adversely affected by the project?

S/No Description Yes No Not known 1 Intact natural forests 2 Riverine forest 3 Surface water courses, natural springs 4 Wetlands (lakes, rivers, swamp seasonally

inundated areas)

5 How far is the nearest wetland (lakes, river, seasonally inundated areas)

6 Area of high biodiversity 7 Habitants of endangered/threatened for which

protection is required under Tanzania Law.

2. Geology and Soils S/No Description Yes No Not known

1 Is there any possibility of soil instability in the project area? E.g. black cotton soil, earthquake, landslide, subsidence

3

2 Is there any possibility of the area having risks of large scale increase in soil salinity?

3 Based on inspection, is there any possibility of the area being prone to floods, poorly drained, low-lying, depression or block run-off – water?

3. Contamination and Pollution Hazards S/No Description Yes No Not known

1 Is there any possibility that the project will be at risks of contamination and pollution hazards from and latrines, dump sites, industrial discharge etc.

4. Lands Yes No Not known A Are there farm lands in the project area B Will project result in more or improved farm lands C Will projects result in less or damaged farm land DWill the project results in loss of crops, fruit trees or household infrastructures (e.g. livestock shed, toilets, granaries) EWill the project interfere or block access, routes ( e.g. for people, livestock etc.

5. Soil Erosion Yes No Not known AWill project help to prevent soil loss or erosion

BWill project directly cause or worsen soil loss or Erosion

CCould project indirectly lead to practices that could cause soil loss or erosion

DIt is necessary to consult a solid scientist?

6. Slope Erosion Yes No Not known ADoes project involve modification of slopes?

BWill project affect stability of slopes directly or indirectly?

CCould project cause people or property to be

4

located wher3e existing unstable slopes could be a hazard? D

It is necessary to consult a geo-technical engineer?

7. SURFACE WATER QUANTITY Yes No Not known ADo surface water resources exist in project area?

BIs information available on present land future demands on water resources as a result of the project

CWill project help to increase or preserve available surface water supplies

DWill project increase demand or cause loss of available surface water

EIs it necessary to consult a hydrologist

8. SURFACE QUALITY Yes No Not known AIs current date available on existing water quality

BWill project lead to additional natural or man made discharges into surface water

CWill project help to improve or protect surface water quality

DCould project cause deterioration of surface water quality

EIt is necessary to consult water quality expert

9. GROUND WATER QUALITY Yes No Not known ADo ground water resources exist in project area?

BIs information available on demands on ground water resource as a result o the project?

CWill project help to increase or preserve available ground water supplies?

D

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Will project increase demand or cause loss of available ground water?

EIs it necessary to consult hydrologist?

10. Ground Water Quality Yes No Not known

AIs information available in present water quality

BWill project cause any natural or man-made discharge into ground aquifer

CWill project help to improve or protect ground water quality

DCould project cause deterioration of ground water quality

EIs it necessary to consult a hydrologist

11. AIR QUALITY Yes No Not known AIs information available on existing or quality?

BWill project produce any air emission directly?

CWill project help to reduce existing air pollution sources?

DCould project lead to practices that worsen air quality

ECould project lead to a change in engine or fuel use that could cause serous air problem?

12. NOISE Yes No Not known AIs noise now a problem is project area?

BWill project help in reducing undesirable noise conditions?

C

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Will project cause increases in noise generating conditions?

DCould project cause movements of people to high noise level locations

13. AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS Yes No Not known AAre there any aquatic ecosystems in the project area such as rivers, streams, lakes or ponds, which might be considered significant?

BWill project affect the condition and use of these systems for human consumptions?

14. WETLAND ECOSYSTEMS Yes No Not known AAre there any wetlands ecosystems in the project area such as marsh, swamp, flood plains, or estuary, which might be considered significant?

BWill project affect the use or condition of such wetlands?

15. TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS Yes No Not known AAre there any terrestrial ecosystem in the project area such as forest, savanna, grassland or desert which might be considered significant?

BWill project affect the use or condition of such system?

16. ENDANGERED/ THREATENED/RARE/ENDEMIC/SPECIES Yes No Not known AIs the existence of endangered species in the

project are knows?

BWill project affect the habitant of any such

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species?

17. MIGRATORY SPICES Yes No Not known ADo migratory fish, birds, or manuals use the project area?

BWill project affect the habitat and numbers of such species?

18. BENEFICIAL PLANTS Yes No Not known ADo non-domesticated plants occur in the project area which area used or sold by local people?

BWill project affect these species by reduction their habitant and number in any way?

19. BENEFICIAL ANIMALS AND INSECTS Yes No Not known ADo non-domesticated animals occur in the project area which area used or sold by local people?

BWill project affect these species by reducing their habitat and number in any way?

20. Pest (Plants and Animals) Yes No Not known AAre there currently any problems with pest (plants or animals) in the project area?

BAre there any plants or animals in the area, which might become pest because of ecological changes brought about by the project?

CWill project improve increase the habitat for such species?

21. DISEASE VECTORS Yes No Not known AAre there known disease problems in the project area transmitted through vector species?

BWill project increase vector habitat?

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CWill project decrease vector habitat or provide opportunity for control

DAre there clinics or other disease control programmes in operation or planned for the area?

EIs it necessary to consult a public health officer?

22. Resource/Land Use YES NO NOT KNOWNA. Are lands in the project area intensively developed?

B. Will project increase pressure on land resources?

C. Will project result in decreased holdings by small land owners?

D. Should a land use planner be consulted? E. Will project result in involuntary land take?

23. Energy Source YES NO NOT KNOWNA. Will project increase demand for conventional energy sources?

B. Will project create demand for demand for other energy sources?

C. Will project promote supply of conventional energy sources?

24. Degradation of Resources during construction YES NO NOT KNOWNA. Will the project involve considerable use of

natural resources (construction materials, water spillage, land energy/ that may lead to depletion or degration at point source

25. Distribution Systems

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YES NO NOT KNOWNA. Will project enhance the equitable

distribution of agricultural and/or manufactured products?

B. Will project increase demand for certain commodities within or outside the project area?

C. Will project result in decrease in production of certain vital commodities

D. Will project enhance equitable distribution of benefits?

26. Employment and Income YES NO NOT KNOWNA. Will project increase the rate of employment?

B. Will project remove job opportunities from the area?

C. Will project increase/decrease income sources or means of livelihood?

27. At-Risk Population YES NO NOT KNOWNA. Are the adverse impacts of the project

unequally distributed in the target population?

28. Land Acquisition and Livelihoods YES NO NOT KNOWN A. Will land be acquired? B. Will people’s assets or livelihoods be impacted?

C. Will people loose access to natural resources?

29. Existing Population YES NO NOT KNOWN A. Are there currently any people living in or

near the project area?

B. Will project affect people in or near the project area?

C. Has liaison been established with the community?

D. Will community participation in projects design and implementation be necessary?

E. It is necessary to consult a sociologist?

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30. Migrant Population YES NO NOT

KNOWN A. Are there currently any mobile groups in the target

population

B. Will project result in the movement of people in or out of the area?

C. Is it necessary to consult a sociologist?

31. Cultural and Religious Values YES NO NOT

KNOWN A. Are cultural characteristics unique to the

project are understood?

B. Will project adversely affect religious and /or cultural attitudes of area residents?

C. Are there special superstitions or taboos that will affect acceptance of the project?

32. Tourism and Recreation YES NO NOT

KNOWN A. Is there at present a significant degree of

tourism in the area?

B. Is there unexploited tourism or recreation potential in the area?

C. Will project adversely affect existing or potential tourist or recreation attractions?

33. Maintenance and Repairs YES NO NOT

KNOWN A. Will the project require frequent maintenance

and repair

CONCLUTION: Summarise the able Safeguard Requirements

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All the above answers are “No”

If the above answers are “No”, there is no need for further action.

There is at least one “Yes” If there is at least one “Yes”, there is no need for further action.

There is at least one “Yes” If there is at least on “:Yes”, then Simple Environmental Review (EW), Limited Environmental Review (LEA), or Full Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is required.

Which courses (s) of action do you recommend? No further action if sub-project has no impacts on environment

Simple Environmental Review (ER) if sub-project may create a few minor and easily mitigatable environmental problems.

Limited Environmental Review (ER) if sub-project may create minor environmental problems that requires site visit or construction modifications to minimize or eliminate impact (see Annex 6)

Full Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) if the sub-project will result into potentially significant direct or indirect adverse impact as per NEMC guidelines

Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) if the sub-project will result in resettlement of affected people.

Any other recommendation (Explain)

This form has been completed by:

Name: ………………………………………………………….

Title: …………………………………………………………

Date: …………………………………………………………

Signature: ………………………………………………..

Approved by District Executive Director

Name: ………………………………………………………….

Title: …………………………………………………………

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Date: …………………………………………………………

Signature: ………………………………………………..

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Annex 9B: CHECKLIST FOR SUB PROJECT

The environmental and Social (ESSF) is described below. It serves a sample checklist, which will be adapted to the particular sub-projecttype and circumstance of the sub-project. The checklist will be completed by a member of facilitation team from either ward or district levelor who has received training in environmental assessment. The facilitator will lead member the Community Management Organization(CMO) as well as member of the village council (VC) in filling the form and all parties participated will have to sign the form.

Table 2.1 Environmental Checklist for Public Buildings Sub -projects(Schools, Dispensary, Godowns, Markets, Latrines and Sewage System)

Stage Potential Negative Environmental impact Tickrelevant

Mitigation measure Tickrelevant

Responsibleperson

Beforeconstruction

Displacement of habitat Prepare Resettlement Action

Plan as per OP 4.12Loss of farming land

Sloppy land and hilly site, landslide and erosion. TerracingExcavation to levelControl of water flows

Pit formation from sand mine Use of sand from located areasBackfill pits

Pit formation from clay soil demand for brickmoldings.

Backfill pits

Pressure on fire wood demand for brick curing(Deforestation)

Planting fuel wood fast growing trees

2

Buying fuel wood from recognizeddealers

Cement dust pollution during block making. Use of masksDuringconstruction

Noise during construction Use of ear protector

Cement dust pollution during construction. Dust control by water or other meansPressure on existing water sources Provision of more local wellsPressure on timber required for supports,door/widows and furniture (deforestation).

Planting of fast growing tree species

Buying poles, timber and furniturefrom recognized dealers.Use of steel and iron material/furniture

Large number of laborers to the site (Humanwaste)

Building of latrines.

Afterconstruction

Solid waste of concrete, bricks, blocks, colorsstains on floor etc.

Demolition of concrete batching sites

Removal of all paints remains.Used tools and equipments Removal from site.Medical waste from dispensary (health post) Construction of special designed

system for deposal of waste.Odour problem (market, slaughter houses) Appropriate design and siting of sub

projects.Install fish cleaning basin

Unpleasant Odours (latrines) Introduce odour control technology indesign

Sewer gas leaks and vent pipe Monitoring programs and communityparticipation

3

This form has been signed by:

Chairperson of the Village/Shehia/Mtaa (Full Name)……………………………………….…Signature. ……………………………… Date………………………

Village Executive Officer (Full Name)…………………………………………………….….. Signature. ……………………………… Date……………………..

Chairperson of the Community Management Organization (Full Name)………………….……Signature. ………………………………Date…………………….

Member of Community Management Organization (Full Name)………………………….……Signature. …………………………….. Date……………………..

Table 2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CHECKLIST FOR WATER SUPPLY SUB PROJECTSS/No Potential Negative environmental Impact Tick if

RelevantPossible Mitigation Measures Tick if

RelevantResponsible

1.0 Shallow Wells with/without Hand pump1.1 Overexploitation of aquifers Consult Regional Hydro-Geologist1.2 Creation of stagnant pools of water Proper drainage near pumps1.3 Contamination by seepage from pit latrines Position latrines at least 50m from

the well1.4 Waste water from nearby washing/ bathing

facilitiesProper drainage from bath/washingfacilities

4

1.5 Inadequate wastewater disposal Proper drainage

2.0 Piped Water Supply2.1 Conflict over water use rights Consult Basins Water Officers

before implementation of the project2.2 Over abstraction of water source Consult Basins Water Officers

before implementation of the project2.3 Contamination of water by human excreta

at the water sourceMinimize human activities at watersources.Proper design of water intakes

2.4 Creation of stagnant pools of water atpoints of discharge

Improve design of the drainagesystem

2.5 Conflicting demands for water use (socialconflict)

Introduce proper management ofwater use

2.6 Loss of agricultural productive landthrough erection of water structures

Sitting not in most productive land

2.7 Involuntary settlement Alternative sitting2.8 Contamination by livestock Provide livestock trough2.9 Marred landscapes Cleanup of construction sites2.10 Noise disturbance from pump station if near

a homeSiting studies

2.11 Sustainable management of water sources Creation of user managementcommittee.Introduction of user fee.

3.0 Small Dams3.1 Loss of agricultural productive land Siting not in most productive land3.2 Loss of natural vegetation Re-vegetation3.3 Proliferation of aquatic weeds Inner banks protected with

appropriate breed

5

3.4 Risks of children drawing Fencing around the dam3.5 Marred landscape Clean/landscape around dam site3.6 Loss of buildings or property Compensation/ resettlement3.7 Disruption or destruction of wildlife Minimize loss of natural vegetation

during construction3.8 Involuntary settlement Compensation/ resettlement3.9 Contamination of water by human excreta

at the water sourceMinimize human activities at watersources.

3.10 Contamination by livestock Provide livestock troughFencing the dam

3.11 Degradation of soil cover Re-vegetation or soil stabilization3.12 Facilitate growth of weed e.g. water

hyacinthKeep clear of water hyacinth

3.13 Conflicting interest over water use Introduce proper management ofwater use

3.14 Risks of water borne diseases Correct design and adequate training4.0 Rain Water Harvesting4.1 Risk of children drowning Fencing around the water system4.2 Loss of agriculture land Siting not in most productive land4.3 Loss of natural vegetation Re-vegetation4.4 Contamination by birds feaces Simple water treatment4.5 Pollution by dust Sedimentation process4.6 Contamination by livestock Fencing around the water source4.7 Degradation of soil cover Re-vegetation4.8 Marred landscape Cleanup of construction sites4.9 Loss of buildings and property Compensation/ resettlement4.10 Involuntary Settlement Alternative siting4.11 Loss due to evaporation Introduce water lilies

Covering the reservoirThis form has been signed by:

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Chairperson of the village (Full Name)…………………………………………………….. Signature. ……………………………… Date.……………………….Village executive Officer (Full Name)…………………………………………………….. Signature. ……………………………… Date.……………………….Chairperson of the Community Project Committee (Full Name)……………………………Signature. ……………………………… Date.……………………….Member of Community Project Committee (Full Name)……………………………………Signature. …………………………….. Date.……………………….

Table 2.3 ENVIRONMENTAL CHECKLIST FOR RURAL ROADS SUB PROJECTS

S/No Potential Negative environmental Impact Tick ifRelevant

Possible Mitigation Measures Tick ifRelevant

Responsible

1 Erosion of lands downhill from roadbed orin borrow areas

Plant grass along edge of the roadConstruction in dry seasons

2 Landslides, slips and slumps Re-vegetationPhysical stabilization of soil oferodible surfaces

3 Creation of stagnant pools of water in leftborrow pits

Rehabilitation of borrow pits sites

4 Create dust to nearby house duringconstruction

Dust control by water or othermeans

5 Increased sediments into streams, pondsand rivers due to erosion from road tops

Prevention of erosion by re-vegetation, dry construction and

7

and sides physical stabilization6 Decline in water quality due to high silt

loadPrevention of erosion by re-vegetation, dry construction andphysical stabilization

7 Increased run-off and flooding conditions Consider alternative alignment8 Increased access to forests, protected areas

and increased risks of logging and poachingConsider alternative alignment

9 Disruption or destruction of wildlife Minimize loss of natural vegetationduring construction

10 Threats to rare and endangered species Consider alternative alignment11 Increased road kills due to higher speeds

and traffic volumeSafety design introduced e.g. signs,speed humps in market areas andvillage centers

12 Disturbance of historical or culturallyimportant sites e.g. graveyards, monuments

Consider alternative alignmentSpecial measures to protect culturalheritage sites.

13 Involuntary settlements Alternative site to avoid or at leastminimize resettlement

14 Increased deforestation from an increase inagricultural and charco production

Alternative alignment

15 Improper disposal of human excreta duringconstruction

Consider on-site health facilities

16 Social change Awareness raising for behaviorchange

17 Loss of buildings, property or economiclivelihood

Compensation/re-settlement

18 Marred land Restoration of vegetationClean-up of construction sites

This form has been signed by:

8

Chairperson of the village (Full Name)…………………………………………………….. Signature. …………………………… .. Date……………………………

Village executive Officer (Full Name)…………………………………………………….. Signature. ……………………………… Date……………………………

Chairperson of the Community Project Committee (Full Name)…………………………… Signature. ………………………………Date……………………………

Member of Community Project Committee (Full Name)…………………………………… Signature…………………………….. Date……………………………

9

Table 2.4 ENVIRONMENTAL CHECKLIST FOR SMALL –SCALE IRRIGATION SUB PROJECTSS/No Potential Negative environmental

ImpactTick ifRelevant

Possible Mitigation Measures Tick ifRelevant

Responsible

1 Increase in soil erosion Proper siting of irrigation sub projects2 Soil water logging due to improper

drainageProper design of canals

3 Increased salinization Monitoring of water quality4 Water quality degradation in ponds and

reservoirsCareful design and appropriate selectionof irrigation systems

5 Clogging of canals from weeds Proper design of canals6 Inefficient water flows due to heavy

sedimentationProper design of canals

7 Disturbance to flow regimes Use Irrigation Master Plans8 Disturbance of natural habitats Consideration of alternative sites

Select appropriate design and crops9 Disturbance to protected areas Consideration of alternative sites10 Disruption or destruction of wildlife Provision of corridors for movement of

wildlife11 Algal blooms, proliferation of aquatic

weedsIntroduction of biological control means

12 Risk of waterborne diseases from artificialwater flows (schistomiasis, malaria

Education on proper sanitation andhealth practices

13 Toxicity of pesticides Careful management of pesticides14 Involuntary settlements or loss of property Compensation/ re-settlement15 Conflicts over water use rights Water use right to be clearly defined by

recipient community16 Multiple land use demand on restricted Consultations with affected

10

water sources communitiesThis form has been signed by:

Chairperson of the village (Full Name)…………………………………………………….. Signature.………………………………Date………………………….Village executive Officer (Full Name)…………………………………………………….. Signature. ………………………………Date………………………….Chairperson of the Community Project Committee (Full Name)……………………………Signature. ………………………………Date………………………….Member of Community Project Committee (Full Name)……………………………………Signature. ……………………………..Date………………………….

Table 2.5 ENVIRONMENTAL CHECKLIST FOR NURSERY/AFFORESTATION/REFORESTATION SUB PROJECTSS/N

oPotential Negative Environmental impact Tick

relevantMitigation measures Tick

relevantResponsible

person.1 Pressure on existing water sources due to

watering seedlingsProvisional of more local wells

2 Large number of laborers on the site(Human waste)

Building of latrines for labourers

3 Pollution of polyethylene paper during treeplanting.

Collection of all polyethylenepapers.Use of alternative local materials

4 Social conflicts (Ownership of resourcesunclear)

Ownership and responsibilities to beestablished during project design.

5 No net increase or even loss of forest cover Alternative site to be considered.

11

(clearing of existing vegetations to establishwoodlots)

6 Loss of productive agricultural land Productive agricultural land to beavoidedUse of agro forestry techniques.Consider use of already cleared orbarren land for tree planting.

7 Introduction of exotic species (Foreignspecies)

Use of indigenous species andprovenanceTo avoid existing naturalvegetations.

8 Displaced human settlements Avoid area that requires significantor involuntary resettlement.Provide compensation for resettledfamilies and lost livelihoodopportunities e.g. Cash, in-kind,employment, training

9 Description of sites of cultural religious orhistorical importance

Avoid such sites, or incorporatedthem in the project sensitively and tothe local peoples satisfaction

10 Unsuitable forest production Use a variety of multi purpose andfast growing indigenous tree speciesto enhance.� Effective use of site micro-

climates and soil conditions� The diversity and flow benefits

to local people.� Soil and water conversation.

12

� Draw upon local central andknowledge and values inplanning and operating forests.

� Adapt imported technology(erosion control, forestmanagement and harvesting) tolocal condition.

11 Soil Erosion Avoid areas of fragile or unstablesoils/slopes.Avoid any project activities withink20-40m of streams, ponds.Leave existing grass/shrub cover onlands that re very steep or haveshallow soils.Use soil conservation measures toprevent soil erosion.

12 Pollution of groundwater and of surfacewaters and habitats

Avoid our using fertilizers,herbicides and pesticides.Avoid any use near water bodies.

This form has been signed by:

Chairperson of the village (Full Name)…………………………………………………….. Signature. ……………………………Date…………………………..

Village executive Officer (Full Name)…………………………………………………….. Signature. …………………………… Date…………………………..

Chairperson of the Community Project Committee (Full Name)…………………………… Signature. …………………………… Date…………………………..

13

Member of Community Project Committee (Full Name)……………………………………Signature…………………………….. Date…………………………..

Table 2.6: ENVIRONMENTALCHCKLIST FOR SMALL-SCLE ANIMAL HUSBANDRYS/N

oPotential Negative Environmental impact Tick

relevant

Mitigation measures Tickrelevant

Responsibleperson.

1 Human EnvironmentalIntroduction of diseases to humans andcontamination of water supplies for humanuse by animal manures and urine

� Collection and store manure forcomposting and later application tofields.

� Keep manure and urine away formhouseholds and water bodies.

� Consider using biogas system.2 Pollution and environmental disruption from

inappropriate use of agro-chemicals� Provided protective clothes to

minimize danger to field workersapplying agro chemicals

� Avoid over use of fertilizers� Apply herbicides and pesticides at

recommended times and doses3 Transformation of indigenous tenure systems and

organizations� Comprehensive community

participation and attention to right andneeds of all groups.

4 Increased sill erosion due to animal paths scarringhillsides and triggering erosion, sediment-laden runoff.

� Restrict animal access to unstableareas (e.g. by defining and fencing offcritical slopes)

14

5 Increase rapid runoff due to:� Vegetation clearing� Soil compaction diminishing infiltration capacity

� Use soil erosion control measures (e.g.reforestation, reseeding of grasses,land preparation, tracing)

6 Increase muddiness of surface watercourse due to soildisturbances from grazing and increased soil erosion.

� Fence of water bodies from grazinganimals

This form has been signed by:

Chairperson of the village (Full Name)…………………………………………………….. Signature. ……………………………Date…………………………..Village executive Officer (Full Name)…………………………………………………….. Signature. …………………………… Date…………………………..Chairperson of the Community Project Committee (Full Name)…………………………… Signature. …………………………… Date…………………………..Member of Community Project Committee (Full Name)……………………………………Signature…………………………….. Date……………………

15

Table 2.7: ENVIRONMENTALCHECKLIST FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SUB-PROJECTSS/No Potential Environmental Effects Tick

relevantMitigation measures Tick

relevantResponsible person.

1 Displaced land use � Involve community in locating project site and accessrouts

� Developing practices and responsibilities for managingproject activities and sites

2 Disruption or destruction of sites of cultural, religious orhistorical importance

� Ensure that site layout and management practicesincluding worker training are adequate

3 Human settlements and composting sites� Wind-blown garbage, dust and smoke� Increase traffic to and from site odours

Land fills� Spread and compact incoming refuse and cover with soil

daily.� Provide for safe ventilation of decomposition gases� Prevent access to sits by domestic animals and wildlife.� Pave access roads or use water spraying to reduce dust.

4 Description f local incomes derived from sorting, sellingand reusing waste

� Design project to provide alternative for effectedindividuals and families.

5 Loss of natural areas, important habitants, biodiversity � Avoid infrings on:o Protected natural sites and wilderness areaso Critical habitants or areas with significant

biodiversity6 Contamination of surface and groundwater with landfill

run off and leachate� Protect water resources by locating land fills where the

underlying soil are relatively impermeable� Locate landfills where the bottom of land fill is above

the water table� Use a land fill liner (e.g. clay, synthetic) if there is a risk

of leachate entering ground water� Collect surface runoff and discharge to safe areas.

This form has been signed by:

Chairperson of the village (Full Name)…………………………………………………….. Signature. ……………………………Date …………………………..

Village executive Officer (Full Name)…………………………………………………….. Signature. …………………………… Date …………………………..

Chairperson of the Community Project Committee (Full Name)…………………………… Signature. …………………………… Date …………………………..

Member of Community Project Committee (Full Name)……………………………………Signature…………………………….. Date …………………………..

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Table 2.8: ENVIRONMENTALCHECKLIST FOR SMALL SCALE AQUACULTURES/N

oPotential Environmental Effects Tick

relevantMitigation measures Tick

relevantResponsible

person.1 Land use conflicts Avoid projects sites that require

� Resettlement� Displacement of other important

land uses� Encroachment of historical

cultural or traditional use area� Encourage use of existing

depressions, hollows and ditches� Limit areas converted to ponds� Good pond design and

construction and maintenance toavoid pre-mature abandonment

2 Water supply conflicts by:� Social and economic disruptions to existing

community water management practices andrelationship

� Conflicting demand on surface or ground watersupplies

� Ensure adequate communityparticipation in the planning andoperation of the project

� Site ponds to avoid disruptingexisting/ traditional use of water

� Develop ponds with otheractivities to combine water use

3 Creating habitants for disease carriers such asmosquitoes and snails and increasing the prevalenceof water related disease e.g. malaria, schistosomiasis

� Assess ecology of diseasecarriers in the project area

� Employ suitable privation andmitigation measures includingeducation of local people

� Monotor disease occurrence andpublic health indicators and take

17

corrective measures as needed.4 Loss of ground cover and erosion at project sites � Restrict area cleared for ponds

� Construct ponds during dryseason

� Stabilize exposed soil withgrasses and other ground cover

� Ensure good drainage anderosion control around ponds

5 Depletion of local fuel wood to dry fish � Careful project planning andmanagement to ensuresustainable source of fuel wood

� Consider the need for small,complimentary forestry project.

6 Pollution of surface waters with aquaculture wastes � Keep fish densities at moderatelevels to reduce disease risk andneed for antibiotics

� Pump air through the water tospeed up decomposition

� Release pond water into waterbody with adequate dilution anddispersal capability.

� Dilute pond water prior torelease

7 Loss of wetlands, especially mangrove forests � Site project well away formwetlands

� Design project features toprevent disturbing water flows toand from wetlands

This form has been signed by:

18

Chairperson of the village (Full Name)…………………………………………………….. Signature. ……………………………Date…………………………..

Village executive Officer (Full Name)…………………………………………………….. Signature. …………………………… Date…………………………..

Chairperson of the Community Project Committee (Full Name)…………………………… Signature. …………………………… Date…………………………..

Member of Community Project Committee (Full Name)……………………………………Signature…………………………….. Date…………………………..

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Annex 9C: ENVIROMENTAL REVIEW (ER) FORM

TYPE OF EXPECTED IMPACT DESCRIPTION OF IMPACT

PROPOSED MITIGATION

MEASURE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT:

� Increased soil erosion? � Increased sediment load into receiving water? � Likely contamination of surface of sub-

surface water

� Excessive dust or noise during construction BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT � Removal or disturbance of natural vegetable � Sub project in core or buffer area of a

protected area

� Description of disturbance of animal or any locally important annual habitat?

SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

� Aesthetic degradation of a landscape? � Degradation or disturbance of an historical or

cultural sites

� Transport or use of toxic substance that pose a risk to human health

� Involuntary displacement of individuals and families

� Economic losses to individuals or families because of the sub project

The Form has been filled by: Name: ……………………………………………………………………………………. Position: …………………………………………………………………………………..

Signature: …………………………………………………………………………………

Date: ………………………………………………………………………………………

Approved by:

Name: …………………………………………………………………………………….

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Position: …………………………………………………………………………………..

Signature: …………………………………………………………………………………

Date: ………………………………………………………………………………………

Annex 9D: LIMITED ENVIROMENTAL ASSESSMENT (LEA) FORM

Note: This form must be completed for sub project that may pose minor environmental

problems. The form must be filled by designated District Environmental Officer (DEO) and form part of sub project application.

� Sub project Name: ………………………………………………………………. � Location (Village, Ward, District)……………………………………………….. � Type of sub project: ……………………………………………………………... � Number of people benefiting the sub project: ………………………………… � General Description of the sub project:-

o Sub project objectives: …………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………

o Sub project components: ……………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

� Baseline Description of affected Environment o Description of physical chemical environment (soil, air, water, etc.)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

o Description of Biological Environment (habitats and Communities, Flora etc): ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

o Description of Socio-economic Environment e.g. historical sites, aesthetic aspects, public health, infrastructure ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………

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� Identification of Negative Environmental Impacts o Impacts in the physical-chemical environment (soil, water, water

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

o Impact on the Biological Environment (Flora, habitats and communities etc.) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

o Impacts on the Socio-economic Environment (Historical, sites, aesthetic, public health, infrastructure etc) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

� Mitigation Measures

Description of Impact Mitigation Measures …………………………………… ……………………………… …………………………………… ……………………………… …………………………………… ……………………………… …………………………………… ………………………………

Report prepared by: Name: ……………………………………………………………………………………. Position: …………………………………………………………………………………..

Signature: …………………………………………………………………………………

Date: ………………………………………………………………………………………

Approved by:

Name: …………………………………………………………………………………….

Position: …………………………………………………………………………………..

Signature: …………………………………………………………………………………

Date: ………………………………………………………………………………………

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Annex 10: SAMPLE MATRIX OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)

NO

ENVIRONMENTALAND SOCIAL

IMPACTIDENTIFICATION

PROPOSEDMITIGATIONMEASURES

MONITORING RESPONSIBILITY SCHEDULECOSTS ANDSOURCE OF

FUND

1 Contamination of the

water source by

livestock

- Fencing of

the water

source

Construct

livestock trough

- Inspect fence and

ensure it is well

constructed

- Ensure the

livestock trough

has been

constructed to

specifications

- CMO, VC

- District Water

Engineer/Consulti

ng Engineer

- District Water

Engineer/Consulti

ng Engineer

- During construction

period

- During Construction

period

- Included in sub

project budget

- Included in sub

project budget

2 Relocation of or loss

of shelter

Implementation

of Resettlement

Policy

Framework

- Ensure new land

allocated and

compensation done to

affected group

- District

Commissioner

- Commissioner for

Land

Before commencement of

the sub project

To be determined by

land valuer as per

compensation

schedule

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Annex 11: TYPICAL TYPES OF SUB PROJECTS THAT MAY BE FUNDED BY TASAF II

Sector Sub project types

Education • Construction of classrooms for pre-primary, primary secondary schools, vocational training

• Teachers housing • Provision of classroom finishing • Laboratories • Schools supplier • Sports field/recreational facilities • Fencing

Water supply • Water point rehabilitation • Tertiary distribution pumping • Hand dug well • Spring protection • Earth dam rehabilitation • Community reservoir • Construction of small dams/weirs for irrigation/domestic • Water harvesting facilities • Small water treatment plants • Hand pumps and mechanized boreholes • Gravity water supply scheme

Sanitation and Water Management

• Washing facilities • Public toilets/pit latrines • Sewerage facilities and collection • Soak pits and septic tanks • Compositing sites • Waste disposal facilities • Sewage treatment lagoons

Health • Construction of health centre • Construction of dispensaries • Emergency rooms • Maternity clinics • HIV/AIDS Control Centre • Laboratories

Transportation, communication and energy

• Tertiary and secondary level roads • Tertiary and secondary level culverts and bridges • Primary level culvers and bridges • Footpath • Foot bridges

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• Biogas • Windmills

Agriculture and markets • Community dips • Fish lauding sites • Community granaries • Cattle watering facilities • Livestock markets • Slaughter house/ yards tick dips • Vaccination yards • Terracing • Agro-processing facilities • Post harvesting handling facilities • Construction of market places • Beekeeping • Fish culture • Horticulture and Horticulture

Economic Activities • Production of tourists handcrafts • Wooded furniture • Basket and other weaving • Tie and dye making • Brick making • See weed farming • Falts pans

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