H$mOy bmJdS> V§ÌkmZ

[ 1 ]H$mOy bmJdS> V§ÌkmZ

H$mOy bmJdS> V§ÌkmZ

� AZwH«$_{UH$m �

A.H«$. àH$aU n¥îR> H«$.

1. H$mOyMo _hÎd, gÚpñWVr d dmd 2

2. hdm_mZ Am{U O_rZ 6

3. H$mOyÀ`m gwYmarV OmVr 8

4. H$mOy gwYmarV bmJdS> V§ÌkmZ 10

5. H$mOyMr A{^d¥Õr 13

6. H$mOyMo IV ì`dñWmnZ 19

7. H$mOy CËnmXH$Vm dmT>rgmR>r Cnm``moOZm 20

8. H$mOy PmS>m§§Mr N>mQ>Ur d nwZéÁOrdZ 21

9 JmdR>r H$mOy PmS>m§Mo OmVrd§V PmS>m_Ü`o énm§Va/H$mOy PmS>m§Mo nwZéÁOrdZ

22

10 H$mOy ~mJoVrb ~m§S>Jyi ì`dñWmnZ 26

10. H$mOy ~mJoVrb VU ì`dñWmnZ 28

11. H$mOyMr H$mT>Ur d gmR>dU 29

12. H$mOydarb {H$S>r d amoJ Am{U Ë`m§Mo {Z`§ÌU 31

13. H$mOy {nH$mImbrb joÌ d CËnmXZ dmT>rgmR>r YmoaUo 40

14. H$mOy ~m|S>mnmgyZ {Q>H$mD$ nXmW© d H$mOy ~r à{H«$`m 42

15. H$mOy {nH$mMo AW©emñÌ 55

[ 2 ] H$mOy bmJdS> V§ÌkmZ

H$mOyMo _hÎd, gÚpñWVr d dmd

H$mOy AZmH$m{S©>Egr (Anacardiaceae) Hw$imVrb nrH$ _wiMo ~«mPrb `m XoemMo AgyZ Ë`mMm àgma OJmVrb BVa ^mJmV Pmbm. gmoimì`m eVH$mV nmoVw©JrO bmoH$m§Zr H$mOy ^maVmmV AmUbm Ë`mdoir H$mOyMr bmJdS> ^maVmÀ`m npíM_ {H$Zmè`mda àm_w»`mZo O{_ZrMr Ywn hmoD$ Zò åhUyZ S>m|Ja CVmamda H$aÊ`mV Ambr. gÚpñWVrV Xoembm gw_mao Mma hOma Mmaeo H$moQ>r ê$n`mMo na{H$` MbZ {_idyZ XoUmao AË`§V _hÎdmMo Ago H$mOy nrH$ Amho. Ago ho nrH$ XoemÀ`m npíM_ {H$ZmanÅ>rda _hmamîQ´>, Jmodm, H$Zm©Q>H$ d Ho$ai Va nyd© {H$ZmanÅ>rda Vm{_iZmSy>, Am§Y««àXoe, Amo[agm, npíM_ ~§Jmb, `m amÁ`m_Üò àm_w»`mZo KoVbo OmVo. Ë`mM~amo~a `m nrH$mMr bmJdS> WmoS>çm _moR>çm à_mUmV JwOamV, N>ËVrgJS>, _{Unya, _oKmb`, Aê$UmMb àXoe, `m gma»`m Anm§anm[aH$ amÁ`mV XoIrb Ho$br OmVo. ^maVmV `m nrH$mImbr gZ 2013-2014 À`m AmH$So>dmarZwgma EHy$U 9.83 bmI hoŠQ>a EodT>o joÌ AgyZ Ë`mnmgyZ 8.00 bmI _o. Q>Z EdT>o CËnmXZ {_iVo. Va XoemMr CËnmXH$Vm 800{H$.J«°./hoŠQ>a EdT>r Amho. ^maVmV H$mOy bmJdS>rImbrb joÌmV Am§Y«àXoe àW_ H§«$_mH$mda Amho. Va CËnmXZ d CËnmXH$Vm `m~m~VrV _hmamîQ´> àW_ H§«$_mH$mda Amho.

OJmV `m nrH$mImbr 47 bmI hoŠQ>a joÌ AgyZ Ë`mnmgyZ 42 bmI _o. Q>Z CËnmXZ {_iVo. ^maV H$mOy bmJdS> joÌmÀ`m ~m~VrV OJmV àW_ H«$_m§H$mda Amho. VWm{n ~«mPrb, pìhEVZm_, B§S>moZo{e`m, ZmÒo[a`m, Am{\«$H$m Am{U Am`ìhmoar H$moñQ> `m gmaIo Xoe H$mOy CËnÝZmÀ`m ~m~VrV ^maVmgmo~V ñnYm© H$arV AmhoV.

AmO{_Vrg XoemV EHy$U 3796 EdT>o H$mOy à{H«$`m H$maImZo AgyZ Ë`m§Mr à{H«$`m H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm gw_mao 16 bmI _o. Q>ZmMr Amho. na§Vw XoemMo CËnmXZ 7 Vo 8 bmI _o. Q>Z EdT>oM Agë`mZo à{H«$ògmR>r Amdí`H$ H$ÀMm _mb Am{\«$H$Z XoemVyZ Am`mV H$amdm bmJVmo. m Am{\«$H$Z Xoem§Zr ñdV:Mo H$mOy à{H«$`m H$maImZo gwê$ Ho$ë`m_wio ^{dî`mV H$mOy ~r Mr Am`mV H$_r hmoV OmUma Amho. Ë`m_wio H$mOyMo CËnmXZ d CËnmXH$Vm dmT>{dUo hr H$mimMr JaO Amho.


H$moH$Umgma»`m H$mOy nrH$dUmè`m nma§nm[aH$ ^mJmV H$mOy bmJdS>rg âKmog dmd AgyZ gw_mao 3 bmI hoŠQ>a joÌ H$mOy bmJdS>rgmR>r AZwHy$b Amho. gXa bmJdS>rg AZwHy$b ^mJmV Ë`mMà_mUo OwZr amonmÛmao bmJdS> Ho$boë`m joÌmV âKmog CËnÝZ XoUmè`m H$mOy OmVrMr H$b_o bmdyZ bmJdS> Ho$ë`mg VgoM H$mOy bmJdS> gwYmarV V§ÌkmZmMm Adb§~ H$ê$Z Ho$ë`mg H$mOy bmJdS>rImbrb joÌ, EHy$U CËnmXZ d CËnmXH$Vm dmT>{dÊ`mg _XV hmoB©b.

OmJ{VH$ H$mOy bmJdS> (gZ 2012-13)

Xoe joÌ\$i (bmI hoŠQ>a)

CËnmXZ (_o.Q>Z)

CËnmXH$Vm ({H$.J«°./hoŠQ>a)

~o{ZZ 250000 70000 285.8

~«m{Pb 764472 230785 135.6

Am`ìhar H$moñQ> 877813 452656 4302

KmZm 60223 35736 481.4

Jm`Zm {~gmd 222517 128684 378.8

^maV 953200 674000 700

B§S>moZo{e`m 570600 122100 562.4

_moPm§{~H$ 77402 72263 872.7

Zm`Po[a`m 330000 813023 1800

{\$brnmB©Ýg 28134 133388 478.7

Q>m§Pm{Z`m 80000 75000 1000

pìhEVZm_ 331300 1272000 3407

BVa 264456 120775 -

EHy$U 47,01,983 42,01,010 -

H$mOy Jam§_Üò {dnyb à_mUmV nmofH$ Ðìò gm_mdbobr AgVmV. Ë`m_Üò à{WZo, {nîQ>_` nXmW©, pñZ½Y nXmW© VgoM H°$pëe`_, \$m°ñ\$ag, bmoh BË`m{X


OrdZgËdo ânya à_mUmV AgVmV. H$mOy ~m|S>mV {deofV: OrdZgËd "H$' Mo à_mU ânya AgVo. H$mOyJa d H$mOy ~m|S> `mVrb nmofU_yëò d Ë`m§Mo à_mU nwT>rb VŠË`mV {Xbo Amho.

H$mOy ~m|S>mÀ`m Am{U H$mOyJamÀ`m 100 J«°_ ImÊ`m`mo½` ^mJmV Agboë`m AÝZKQ>H$m§Mo à_mU

A.

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AÝZKQ>H$ à_mU (Q>ŠHo$)

H$mOyJa H$mOy ~m|S>

1. nmUr 5.9 87.9

2. H$m~m}XHo$ (H$m~m}hm`Só>Q>g) 22.0 11.6

3. pñZ½Y nXmW© (\°$Q>g²) 47.0 0.1

4. à{WZo (àmo{Q>Ýg) 21.0 0.2

5. jma 2.4 0.2

6. \$m°ñ\$ag 0.45 0.01

7. MwZm (H°$pëe`_) 0.55 0.01

8. bmoh (_r. J«°_/100J«°_) 5.0 0.2

9. H°$amo{Q>Z (B§Q>aZ°eZb `w{ZQ>/100J«°_) 100 -

10. OrdZgËd ""H$''(_r.J«°_/100J«°_) 630.0 261.5

11. am`ßbmodrZ (_r.J«°_/100J«°_) 190.0 -

amÁ`mVrb H$moaS>dmhÿ eoVrMo à_mU Odinmg 85 Q>ŠHo$ Agë`mZo `m eoVrda Adb§~yZ amhmUmè`m bjmdYr eoVH$è`m§À`m eoVr nÜXVrV n[adV©Z KS>dyZ AmUyZ nmdgmÀ`m bharnUm_wio òUmar Am{W©H$ Xþ~©bVm Kmb{dÊ`mgmR>r \$i~mJ bmJdS>rbm n`m©` Zmhr. Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZ hm Ogm amîQ´>r` CËnÝZmMm _ybmYma Amho, Vgm eoVr CËnmXZ hm amîQ´>r` CËnÝZmMm \$ma _moR>m AmYma Amho. _hmamîQ´>mMm {dMma Ho$bm Va bmJdS>r `mo½` O{_Zrn¡H$s ~hþVm§emZo H$moaS>dmhÿ d nS>rH$ Agboë`m O{_ZrMr CËnmXZj_Vm Ho$di AÝZYmÝ`mÀ`m CËnmXZmgmR>rM Z dmnaVm Ë`m~amo~a AÝ` n`m©` emoYyZ {deofV: \$bmoËnmXZmgmR>r dmnabr Va


Ho$di AÝZYmÝ`mÀ`m A{ZpíMV CËnmXZmda Adb§~yZ Agbobo bhmZ eoVH$ar Amnbr Am{W©H$ pñWVr ñd~imda {ZpíMVnUo gwYmê$ eH$Vrb. `m nmíd©^y_rda _hmamîQ´>mV H$moaS>dmhÿ O{_Zrda \$ieoVrbm àmoËgmhZ XoÊ`mMm _hmamîQ´> emgZmMm emgZmMm à`ËZ Amho. Ë`m_wio amoOJma h_r `moOZoer {ZJS>rV \$bmoÚmZ {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_m§VJ©V \$iPmS>m§Mr bmJdC _moR>çm à_mUmV gwê$ Amho.

CîU d X_Q> hdm_mZ, OyZ Vo gßQ>|~a _{hÝ`mn`ªV nS>Umam ânya nmD$g d {ZMam hmoUmar O_rZ `m ~m~tMm {dMma Ho$ë`mg \$bmoÚmZ hm H$moH$UÀ`m H¥${f {dH$mgmMm H$Um R>ê$ eH$Vmo. H$moH$UmV 1992-93 n`©ªV \$iPmS>m§À`m bmJdS>rImbrb EHy$U joÌ gw_mao 1.40 (bmI) hoŠQ>a hmoVo. H$mOy `m naH$s` MbZ {_idyZ XoUmè`m dfm©db§~r {nH$mImbr gw_mao 80 Q>ŠHo$ joÌ Amho. na§Vw `m \$iPmS>m§Mr bmJdS> AOyZ ì`mnmar VÎdmda H$aÊ`mV Ambobr Zmhr. `m \$iPmS>m§Imbrb joÌ Am{U CËnmXZ `m XmoÝhr ~m~VrV bjUr` àJVr H$aUo eŠ` Amho. Ë`m`moJo H$moH$UMr AW©ì`dñWm _O~yV hmoD$ eHo$b. `m {nH$m§Mr CËnmXH$Vm d Ano{jV CËnmXZ `m_Üò OdiOdi 50 Q>ŠHo$ V\$mdV Amho. hr V\$mdV `mo½` ì`dñWmnZmVyZ CËnmXZj_Vm dmT>dyZ ^ê$Z H$mT>Vm òUo ghO eŠ` Amho. gÜ`mÀ`m \$iPmS>m§_Üò Om{Vd§V XO}Xma PmS>m§Mo à_mU H$_r Agë`mZo EHy$U CËnmXH$Vm H$_r Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo H$mOy {nH$mÀ`m amÁ`mVrb EHy$U joÌmÀ`m 98 Q>ŠHo$ joÌ H$moH$UmV Amho. H$mOyJa Am{U H$mOy {~`m§À`m Q>a\$bmnmgyZ {_iUmao Vob `m§Zm amîQ´>r` Am{U Am§VaamîQ´>r` ~mOmanoR> CnbãY Amho. gÜ`m H$mOyMo CËnmXZ O¡{dH$ CËnmXZ j_VoÀ`m 10 Vo 15 Q>ŠHo$ BVHo$ Amho. Ë`m_mJrb à_wI H$maU åhUOo gwédmVrÀ`m H$mimV {~`m§nmgyZ bmJdS> H$aÊ`mV Ambr AgyZ Aem ñWm{ZH$ PmS>m§Mo à_mU A{YH$ d CËnmXZ AË`§V H$_r Amho. H$mOy ho EH$ O§Jbr PmS> Agm g_O Agë`mZo eoVH$è`m§_Üò `m {nH$m§À`m gwYm[aV V§ÌkmZm{df`r AkmZ Amho. \$iPmS>m§Mr bmJdS> emñÌr` nÜXVrZo Ho$ë`mg Vr A{YH$ {H$\$m`Vera hmoVo. `m AZwf§JmZo `m PmS>m§À`m A{^d¥ÕrÀ`m nÕVr à_m{UV H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mm gÜ`m ì`mnmar VËdmda Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mV òV Amho. Ë`m_wio H$moH$UmV \$iPmS>m§À`m bmJdS>rg MmbZm {_imbr Amho.

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hdm_mZ Am{U O_rZ

hdm_mZ :

H$mOy ho CîUH$Q>r~§Yr` \$iPmS> Amho. CîU d X_Q> hdm_mZ H$mOy {nH$mbm Mm§Jbo _mZdVo. H$mOygmR>r OmñV Vmn_mZmMr JaO AgVo. W§S> H$moaS>çm hdoV H$mOyMr dmT> Iw§Q>Vo VgoM gmdbrV H$mOyMr dmT> Iw§Q>Vo. hdm_mZmVrb A{Z`§{ÌV ~Xb H$mOyÀ`m CËnmXZmda {dnarV n[aUm_ H$aVmV. \w$bm§À`m AdñWoV H$moaSo> hdm_mZ AgUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. H$mOyMm {dñVma 27 A§e CËVaonmgyZ 29 A§e X{jUon`©V BVH$m Amho. g_wÐgnmQ>rnmgyZ 700 _rQ>a C§Mrn`©ªV H$mOyMr bmJdS> èñdr hmoD$Z ânya CËnmXZ {_iVo. g_wÐgnmQ>rnmgyZ OgOgo Xÿa Omdo VgoVgo CËnmXZ H$_r {_iVo. H$mOyÀ`m PmS>mbm ânya gy`©àH$memMr JaO AgVo.

H$mOybm _w»`V: CîU d X_Q> hdm_mZ \$maM AZwHw$b Amho. W§S> hdm_mZ Am{U YwHo$ nS>Umè`m àXoemV ho {nH$ Mm§Jbo òV Zmhr. _mÌ 20 A§e Vo 33 A§e gopëgAg n`©ªV H$mOyMo nrH$ CÎm_ òVo. H$mOyÀ`m PmS>mbm dmT>rgmR>r d OmñV CËnmXZmgmR>r anya gy`©§àH$memMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. gmdbrV PmS>mMr dmT> ZrQ> hmoV Zmhr qH$dm Iw§Q>Vo. _mÌ \$idmT>rÀ`m H$mimV Vmn_mZ dmT>bo (39A§e -42 A§e gopëgAg) Va \$iJi hmoVo. H$mOy {nH$mg {H$_mZ nO©Ý`_mZ 500 {_._r. à{Vdfr© bmJVmo. H$mOyÀ`m {nH$mbm 50 Vo 80 Q>ŠHo$ AmÐ©Vm bmJVo.

g_wÐgnmQ>rnmgyZ Vo 700 _rQ>a C§MrMo àXoemV Am{U H$_rVH$_r 400 {_._r. Am{U OmñVrVOmñV 4000 {_._r. nmD$g nS>Umè`m ^mJmV ho {nH$ Mm§Jbo òVo. \w$bm§À`m AdñWoV T>Jmi dmVmdaU Agë`mg "Q>r _m°pñŠ`yQ>mo' `m {H$S>rMm àmXþ^m©d OmñV à_mUmV AgVmo. VgoM \w$bmoè`mÀ`m doir nmD$g nS>ë`mg CËnmXZmda A{ZîQ> n[aUm_ hmoVmo. Adoir nmdgm_wiohr H$mOyÀ`m CËnmXZmda A{ZîQ> n[aUm_ hmoVmo. hdm_mZmV hmoV Agbobo A{ZpíMV ~Xb {deof H$ê$Z npíM_ {H$Zma nÅ>rVrb hdm_mZmV ~Xb hmoV Agë`mZo Ë`mMm n[aUm_ H$mOyÀ`m {nH$mda hmoV Amho. Ë`m_wio `m ~XbUmè`m hdm_mZmV Mm§Jë`m àH$mao dmT>Umè`m d {H$S>amoJm§Zm H$_r ~ir nS>Umè`m H$mOy OmVr {dH${gV H$aÊ`mgmR>r emñÌk à`ËZerb AmhoV. {Za{Zamù`m ^mJm§gmR>r 40 hÿZ A{YH$ OmVr {dH${gV Ho$ë`m


AgyZ Ë`m CÎm_ àH$mao `m dmVmdaUmV dmT>V AmhoV Am{U Mm§Jë`m àH$mao CËnmXZ XoV AmhoV.

O_rZ :

_hmamîQ´>mV H$mOyMr bmJdS> hbŠ`m d H$_r CnOmD$ O{_ZrV Ho$br OmVo. {H$Zmè`mdarb aoVmS> Am{U dmiy {_{lV O{_ZrV H$mOyMr PmSo> CÎm_ dmT>VmV. {deofV: Om§ä`m XJS>mnmgyZ V`ma Pmboë`m Vm§~S>çm O{_ZrV H$mOyMo nrH$ CÎm_ òVo. nmÊ`mMm CÎm_ {ZMam hmoUmar O_rZ {ZdS>mdr. IS>H$mi S>m|Ja CVmamda hbŠ`m àVtÀ`m _wa_mS> O{_ZrV H$mOy dmTy> eH$Vo. _Ü`_, H$mù`m, nmUr gmMyZ amhUmè`m jma`wŠV O{_ZrV H$mOyMr bmJdS> H$ê$ Zò. H$mOybm AmåbY_r©` O_rZ _mZdVo.

npíM_ {H$ZmanQ²Q>rVrb S>m|Ja CVmamdarb gmYmaU àVrÀ`m Am{U npíM_ KmQ>mVrb CVaUrÀ`m gwnrH$ O{_Zr H$mOy bmJdS>rg CÎm_ R>aë`m AmhoV. hbŠ`m àVrMr _wa_mS> O_rZ, aoVmS> d dmiy {_{lV O_rZ, nmÊ`mMm {ZMam hmoUmar {ZH¥$îQ> Am{U ZmnrH$ O{_Zhr H$mOy bmJdS>rg dmnaVm òVo. O{_ZrMm gm_y 5.5 Vo 7.0 Agmdm. O{_ZrV Amobmdm OmñV H$gi {Q>Hy$Z am{hë`mg H$mOy {nH$ CÎm_ òVo.

H$mOyMr bmJdS> H$aÊ`mnydr© O{_ZrMo _mVr narjU Ho$ë`mg O{_Zr_Üò AgUmè`m gd© KQ>H$m§Mr emñÌr` _m{hVr {_iVo. O_rZ jma`wŠV Amho H$m? `mMr _m{hVr {_iVo. jma`wŠV O{_ZrV H$mOyMr dmT> Mm§Jbr hmoV Zgë`mZo Ë`m~m~VMr Cnm` `moOZm H$aVm òVo. H$mOy {nH$mbm IVo XoVmZmhr O{_ZrMo narjU Ho$bo Agë`mg H$moUË`m àH$maMr IVo XoUo JaOoMo Amho ho gwX²Ym bjmV òVo. `mgmR>r O{_ZrMo _mVr n[ajU H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. VgoM O_rZ V`ma H$aVmZm O{_ZrMo gnmQ>rH$aU H$aUo, {ZMè`mgmR>r Ma ImoXUo `mgma»`m JmoîQ>r {dMmamV ¿`mì`m bmJVmV.

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H$mOyÀ`m gwYmarV OmVr

S>m°. ~mimgmho~ gmd§V H$m|H$U H¥${f {dÚmnrR>m§VJ©V àmXo{eH$ \$i g§emoYZ H|$Ð, d|Jwb} oWo 1974 Vo 2002 m H$mbmdYrV d|Jwbm©-1 Vo d|Jwbm©-8 Aem EHy$U AmR> H$mOyÀ`m OmVr {dH$grV H$ê$Z àgm[aV H$aÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV. Ë`mn¢H$s d|Jwbm© -1 d|Jwbm©-4, d|Jwbm©-7, d|Jwbm©- 8 `m OmVr OmñV CËnÝZ XoÊ`mè`m d _moR>çm AmH$mamÀ`m ~r AgUmè`m AgyZ OdiOdi _hmamîQ´>mVrb 70 Q>ŠHo$ joÌ `m OmVtImbr Amho. `m OmVrMo d¡{eîQ>nyU© JwUY_© Imbrbà_mUo AmhoV .

VŠVm H«$.1 H$mOy OmVrMr _m{hVr.

A.H«$.

OmVrMo Zm§d

àgmarV df©

~rMo gamgar

dOZ/J«°_

~r`m§Mo gamgar à{V PmS>

CËnÝZ ({H$bmo)

Jam§Mo à_mU Q>ŠHo$

~m|Sy>Mm a§J

1 d|Jwb}-1 1974 6.25 15.74 31 {ndim

2 d|Jwb}-4 1984 7.69 18.00 30 Vm§~S>m

3 d|Jwb}-7 1997 10.00 16.40 30 {ndim

4 d|Jwb}-8 2002 11.50 15.75 28 {ndiga Vm§~S>m

d|Jwbm©- 1 : hr OmV {ZdS> nÜXVrZo emoYyZ 1974 gmbr àgmarV H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m OmVtMr H$mOy ~rMo gamgar CËnmXZ 15.74 {H$bmo à{V PmS>/dfr© Amho. EH$m {H$bmo_Üò 160{~`m _mdVmV. àËòH$ ~rMo gamgar dOZ 6.25 J«°_ âVo. `m OmVrbm h§Jm_m_Üò gdm©V AJmoXa _mohmoa òVmo d H$mOy ~r bdH$a V`ma hmoVo. ~m|S>mMo gamgar dOZ 60 J«°_ AgyZ Ë`mV 65 Q>ŠHo$ agmMo à_mU AgVo. PmS>mMm AmH$ma Kw_Q>mH$ma AgVmo. `m OmVrbm `mo½` à_mUmV nmÊ`mMm nwadR>m Ho$ë`mg ~r d ~m|S>mÀ`m CËnmXZmV dmT> Pmë`mMo {XgyZ Ambo.

d|Jwbm© - 4 : hr OmV 1984 gmbr bmJdS>rgmR>r àgmarV H$aÊ`mV Ambr. {_XZmnya bmb Am{U doVmoao-56 `m dmUm§Mm g§H$a H$ê$Z hr OmV {dH$grV H$aÊ`mV Ambr. hr OmV bdH$a _mohmoa òUmar AgyZ `m OmVrbm KmogmZo ~r bmJVo


d `m OmVrÀ`m PmS>mZo ~mamì`m dfr© 27.34 {H$bmo H$mOy {~`m§Mo CËnÝZ {Xbo Amho. EH$m {H$bmo_Üò 140 {~`m ~gVmV. EH$m ~rMo gamgar dOZ 7.69 J«°_ âVo. JamMo à_mU 31 Q>ŠHo$ Amho. ~m|S>mMm a§J Vm§~S>m d AmH$ma bm§~Q> d {Z_yiVm Amho. ~m|S>mMo gamgar dOZ 46 J«°_ âVo. ~m|S>mÀ`m agmMo à_mU 76 Q>ŠHo$ Amho. Q>nmoè`m {~`m d JamMo Mm§Jbo à_mU `m_wio `m OmVrbm ânya _mJUr Amho.

d|Jwbm© - 7 : hr OmV g§H$arV nÜXVrZo V`ma H$ê$Z bmJdS>rgmR>r gZ 1997 gmbr àgmarV H$aÊ`mV Ambr. H$mOy ~r _moR>çm AmH$mamMo åhUOo 10 J«°_ dOZmMo d JamMo à_mU 30.5 Q>ŠHo$ Amho. `m OmVrÀ`m 12 dfm©À`m PmS>mnmgyZ gamgar 18 {H$bmo ~r {_imbo Amho. ~m|S> {ndù`m a§JmMo AgyZ Ë`mMo gamgar dOZ 65 J«°_ Amho d agmMo à_mU 75 Q>ŠHo$ Amho. hr VwbZoZo Ceram _mohmoa òUmar OmV AgyZ PmS>mMm AmH$ma Kw_Q>mH$ma Amho. EH$m {H$bmo_Üò `m OmVrÀ`m gw_mao 100 ~r`m gm_mdVmV d JamMr àVdmar 180 S>ãë`w àVr nm¢S> Amho.

d|Jwbm© - 8 : hr OmV g§H$arV nÜXVrZo V`ma H$ê$Z bmJdS>rgmR>r gZ 2002 gmbr àgmarV H$aÊ`mV Ambr. AmVmn`ªV àgmarV H$aÊ`mV Amboë`m gd© OmVtnojm `m OmVrMo ~r VgoM ~m|Sy> AmH$mamZo _moR>o Amho. H$mOy ~r 11.5 J«°_ dOZmMo AgyZ H$mOy ~r _Üò JamMo à_mU 28 Q>ŠHo$ Amho. EH$m {H$bmo_Üò `m OmVrÀ`m 86 {~`m _mdVmV d JamMr àVdmar 180 S>ãë`w àVr nm¢S> Aer Amho. ~m|Sy> bmbga a§JmMm AgyZ gamgar dOZ 100 J«°_ Amho. ~m|Sy> _Üò agmMo à_mU 85 Q>ŠHo$ Amho. `m OmVrMo PmS> R>|Jw/H$_r C§MrMo (4.60 {_.) AgyZ Kw_Q>mH$ma Amho. ~m|Sy> d Ja à{H«$ògmR>r hr OmV Mm§Jbr Amho.

d¡{eîQ>çnyU© JwUY_© Agbobo dmU O_m H$aUo VgoM OmñV CËnÝZ XoUmè`m d _moR>r ~r, Jam§Mo à_mU OmñV, {H$S>r d amoJm§g à{VH$maH$ OmVr emoYÊ`mMo H$m_ {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m g§emoYZ Ho|$Ðmda Mmby Amho.

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H$mOy gwYmarV bmJdS> V§ÌkmZ

OmJoMr {ZdS> Am{U bmJdS>rMr V`mar :

H$mOy ho nrH$ g_wÐ {H$Zmè`m bJVÀ`m C~Xma nQ²Q>`mV g_wÐ gnmQ>r nmgyZ 700 _rQ>a C§Mrn`©ªV d 1500 _r. _r. Vo 3500 _r._r. nmD$g nS>Umè`m VgoM 180 go. Vo 360 go. Vmn_mZ AgUmè`m hdm_mZmV Mm§Jbo `oVo. `m nrH$mbm S>m|Ja CVmamMr CÎm_ {ZMam hmoUmar Om§ä`m XJS>mMr AmåbY_r©` O_rZ Mm§Jbr _mZdVo. Ë`m_wioM ho nrH$ H$moH$UmVrb O{_Zrda KoVë`mg Mm§Jbo CËnmXZ XoV Amho. Imob, ^mar d nmUWi VgoM MwZIS>r `wŠV O_rZrV `m nrH$mMr Mm§Jbr dmT> hmoV Zmhr.

H$mOyÀ`m PmS>mbm ^anya gy`©àH$memMr JaO AgVo. AVr W§S>r d YwŠ`mMo dmVmdaUm§V ho nrH$ Mm§Jbo dmT>V Zmhr. \w$bm§À`m AdñWoV T>Jmi dmVmdaU Agë`mg "Q>r _m°pñH$Q>mo' `m {H$S>rMm àmXþ^m©d hmoD$Z CËnmXZmV KQ> hmoVo. \w$bmoè`mÀ`mdoir nmD$g nS>ë`mdahr CËnmXZmda A{ZîQ> n[aUm_ hmoVmo. Ë`mMà_mUo Adoir nmdgm_wiohr H$mOyÀ`m CËnmXZmda A{ZîQ> n[aUm_ hmoVmo.

O{_ZrMr {ZdS> Ho$ë`mda O{_ZrVrb PmS>r PwS>no VmoS>mdrV. eŠ` Pmë`mg _wimgH$Q> H$mT>mdrV. Z§Va _o _{hÝ`mV nmdgmim gwê$ hmoÊ`mnydr© 7 _rQ>a> X 7 _rQ>a qH$dm 8 _rQ>a X 8 _rQ>a A§Vamda 60 g|Q>r_rQ>a X 60 g|Q>r_rQ>a X

60 g|Q>r_rQ>a AmH$mamMo IS²So> ImoXmdoV. IS²S>çmV àW_ nmbmnmMmoim, daÀ`m WamVrb H$mTy>Z R>odbobr Mm§Jbr _mVr, EH$ K_obo eoUIV d XmoZ {H$bmo qgJb gwna \$m°ñ\o$Q> qH$dm am°H$ \$m°ñ\o$Q> _mVrV Mm§Jbo {_giyZ ¿`mdo d IS²S>m ^ê$Z ¿`mdm. IS>S²`mÀ`m daÀ`m WamV 100 J«°_ qbSo>ZMr qH$dm \$m°brS>m°b nmdS>a Q>mH$mdr åhUOo nwT>o H$b_mZm dmidrMm Ìmg hmoV Zmhr. IS²S>m O{_ZrMo n¥ð>^mJmMo da 10 Vo 15 g|._r. n`©ªV amdm åhUOo nmD$g nS>ë`mZ§Va hr _mVr nmdgmZo Om{_ZrÀ`m n¥ð> ^mJmn`©ªV X~br OmVo.

bmJdS> :

bmJdS>rH$[aVm {ZdS>boë`m Am{U bmJdS> nyd© V`mar Ho$boë`m joÌmV H$mOy


bmJdS>rgmR>r CËH¥$îQ> OmVrMr H$b_o {dÚmnrR>mMo emgH$s` AJa emgZ_mÝ` nadmZmYmaH$ amondmQ>rHo$_YyZ ¿`mdrV. H$b_o eŠ`Vmo 6 Vo 8 _{hZo d`mMr AgmdrV. bmJdS> eŠ`Vmo nmD$gmÀ`m gwê$dmVrbm qH$dm A{V nmdgmMm H$mbmdYr dJiyZ H$amdr åhUOo H$b_m§Mr dmT> Mm§Jbr hmoVo. H$b_ bmdVodoir IS²S>mÀ`m _Ü`^mJr H$b_ {nedrÀ`m AmH$mam EdT>m IS²S>m V`ma H$amdm. H$b_mMr ßb°ñQ>rH$ {nedr YmaXma ãboS> AJa MmHy$Zo H$mnmdr _mÌ _wim§Zm BOm hmoUma Zmhr `mMr H$miOr ¿`mdr. {nedr H$mT>ë`mZ§Va _mVrMr hþ§S>r AbJX H$mTy>Z V`ma Ho$boë`m IS²S>çmV hiwdma ZoD$Z g^modVmbMr _mVr H$b_m^modVr KQ²Q> Xm~mdr. H$b_ bmdVmZm H$b_mMm OmoS> O{_Zr da amhrb ho nhmdo. H$b_mMo dmè`mnmgyZ g§ajU H$aUogmR>r H$b_m§Zm H$mR>rMm AmYma Úmdm. AmYmamgmR>r dmnaboë`m H$mR>rÀ`m O{_ZrV OmUmè`m ^mJmg S>m§~a bmdmdo åhUOo H$mR>rg dmidr bmJUma Zmhr.

Am§Va_emJV d {ZJamUr :

ZdrZ bmJdS> Ho$boë`m H$b_m§Mo ~w§Yo VU{dahrV R>odmdoV. nmdgmim g§në`mZ§Va H$b_mMo ~w§Ü`mOdirb _mVr hbdyZ _moH$ir H$amdr Am{U H$b_m^modVr JdVmMo {H$dm ßbmñQ>rH$ H$mJXmMo AmÀN>mXZ H$amdo.

H$mOy H$b_mMo OmoS>mImbr òUmao \w$Q>do doimodoir H$mTy>Z Q>mH$mdoV åhUOo H$b_m§Mr dmT> Omo_mZo hmoVo. ho \w$Q>do Z H$mT>ë`mg H$b_m§Mr \$m§XrMr dmT> Iw§Q>Vo Am{U H$mbm§VamZo H$b_ \$m§Xr _ê$Z OmD$Z \$ŠV Iw§Q>mMr dmT> hmoVo d Ë`m_wwio CËnmXZ H$_r {_iVo. H$b_m§Zm `mo½` diU XoÊ`mgmR>r gwê$dmVrÀ`m XmoZ dfm©V O{_ZrnmgyZ gw_mao EH$_rQ>a C§Mrn`©ªV H$b_mÀ`m ImoS>mda \$m§Úm òdy XoD$ ZòV. Ë`m_wio EH$ _rQ>a C§MrMo da H$b_mbm Mmahr ~mOyZo \$m§ÚmMr dmT> hmoD$Z PmS>m§Mm {dñVma Mm§Jbm hmoD$Z gd© ~m§OyZr gw`©àH$me {_imë`m_wio CËnmXZmV dmT> hmoVo. XmoZ Vo VrZ dfm©VyZ EH$ doi _moR>çm PmS>mdarb dmiboë`m Ë`mMà_mUo doS>çmdmH$S>çm AZwËnm{XV VgoM O{_ZrbJV ngaUmè`m \$m§Úm N>mQy>Z Q>mH$mì`mV d H$mnboë`m ^mJmbm ~moS>m}noñQ> bmdmdr.

H$mOy~mJobm nmUr XoUo :

H$mOyMo nrH$ gd©gmYmaUnUo nmdgmÀ`m nmÊ`mda KoVbo OmVo. nydr© H$mOyMr bmJdS> hr amono bmdyZ Ho$br OmV Ago. amonm§Mr gmoQ>_wio O{_ZrV Imobda OmVmV


d PmSo> O{_ZrVrb ImbÀ`m WamVrb nmUr KoV Agë`m_wio Aem H$mOy ~mJm§Zm gwê$dmVrÀ`m H$mimV nmUr XoÊ`mMr JaO ZgVo. VWmnr AmVm A{YH$ CËnÝZ XoUmè`m H$mOy OmVrMr H$b_o bmdyZ bmJdS> Ho$br OmV Agë`mZo H$b_m§Zm n{hë`m VrZ dfm©_Ü`o nmdgmù`mZ§Va {hdmù`mV 15 {Xdg§mVyZ Va CÝhmù`mV 8 {XdgmVyZ EH$ doim à{V H$b_ 30 brQ>a nmUr {Xë`mg H$b_mMr dmT> Mm§Jbr hmoVo.

H$mOyÀ`m _moR>çm H$b_m§Zm nmUr {Xbo AgVm Ë`mMm CËnÝZmda hmoUmam n[aUm_ Vnmgbm AgVm Ago {XgyZ Ambo H$s, OmZodmar-_mM© Xaå`mZ H$mOybm 15 {XdgmÀ`m A§VamZo à{V PmS> 200 {bQ>a nmUr {Xë`mg CËnÝZmV XþßnQ> dmT> hmoVo.

AmÀN>mXZmMm dmna :

H$mù`m ßbmpñQ>H$ H$mJXmMm AmÀN>mXZ åhUyZ dmna H$éZ àË`oH$ 15 {XdgmÀ`m A§VamZo 60 {bQ>a nmUr à{V PmS> {Xë`mg H$mOy {nH$m§À`m \$iYmaUoV d CËnmXZmV dmT> Pmë`mMo AmT>iyZ Ambo Amho.

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H$mOyMr A{^d¥Õr

^maVmV H$mOyMr bmJdS> hr {deofV: nyd© d npíM_ {H$ZmanÅ>r amÁ`m§_Üò {XgyZ òVo `mMo H$maU åhUOo VoWrb O{_Z d hdm_mZ H$mOy bmJdS>rg AZwHw$b Amho. _hmamîQ´>mVrb H$mOy bmJdS>rMm {dMma H$aVm H$mOy bmJdS>r Imbrb joÌ, CËnmXZ Am{U CËnmXH$Vm `m_Üò _hmamîQ´> XoemV àW_ H«$_m§H$mda Amho. `mMo à_wI H$maU åhUOo _hmamîQ´> amÁ`mZo H$mOy {nH$mÀ`m g§emoYZm_Üò S>m°. ~mimgmho~ gmd§V H$moH$U H¥${f {dÚmnrR>, Xmnmobr A§VJ©V àmXo{eH$ \$i g§emoYZ H|$Ð, d|Jwb}, òWrb emñÌkm§Zr AWH$ n[al_ KoD$Z PnmQ>`mZo àJVr Ho$br Am{U åhUyZM gZ 1974 Vo 2002 `m H$mbmdYrV A{YH$ CËnÝZ d _moR>çm AmH$mamMr H$mOy ~r Agboë`m d|Jwbm© 1 Vo d|Jwbm© 8 `m OmVr {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m. Ë`mM~amo~arZo eoVH$è`m§Zm gXa OmVtMr XO}Xma H$b_o CnbãY H$éZ XoÊ`mH$[aVmhr H$mOyÀ`m {d{dY A{^d¥{ÕÀ`m nÜXVtMm Aä`mg H$éZ ObX Am{U AË`§V gmoß`m Aem nÜXVr {dH${gV Ho$ë`m. EdT>oM Zìho Va emgZmÀ`m amoOJma h_r `moOZoA§VJ©V \$i~mJ bmJdS> H$m`©H«$_mgmR>r H$mOy bmJdS>rH$[aVm _moR>çm à_mUmV H$b_m§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$éZ amÁ`mVrb VgoM amÁ`m~mhoarb eoVH$è`m§Zm XO}Xma H$b_m§Mm nwadR>mhr Ho$bm. Ë`mMmM n[aUm_ åhUOo AmO _hmamîQ´>mV H$mOy bmJdS>rImbr gw_mao 1.83 bmI hoŠQ>a joÌ AgyZ gw_mao 2.00 bmI _o. Q>Z EdT>o CËnmXZ {_iVo.

S>m°. ~mimgmho~ gmd§V H$moH$U H¥${f {dÚmnrR>mZo {dH${gV Ho$boë`m d ì`mnmar ÑîQ>çm _hÎdmÀ`m _¥XÿH$mîQ> H$b_ nÜXVtMr _m{hVr Imbrb à_mUo Amho.

H$mOyMr bmJdS> XmoZ àH$mao Ho$br OmVo. n{hbr nÜXV åhUOo {ZdS>H$ {~`mnmgyZ amono V`ma H$ê$Z Ë`mMr bmJdS> H$aUo Am{U Xþgar nÜXV åhUOo Mm§Jë`m OmVrMr H$b_o V`ma H$ê$Z bmJdS> H$aUo. H$mOy {nH$m§_Üò nanamJr^dZmZo ~r V`ma hmoVo. Ë`m_wio Oar AmnU gwYm[aV OmVrMo {~`mUo bmJdS>rgmR>r dmnabo Agbo Var Amnë`mbm _mV¥d¥jmà_mUo h_Img CËnÝZ {_iobM `mMr ImÌr XoVm òV Zmhr. VgoM _mV¥d¥jmMo gd©À`m gd© JwU {_iVrbM Agohr Zmhr. Ë`mMà_mUo {~`m§nmgyZ bmJdS> Ho$boë`m PmS>m§nmgyZ CËnÝZ \$ma Ceram åhUOo nmM Vo gmV dfm©§Z§Va d IynM H$_r åhUOo XmoZ Vo VrZ {H$bmo à{VPmS> à{Vdf© EdT>oM {_iVo.


`mCbQ> H$b_m§nmgyZ bmJdS> Ho$boë`m PmS>m§nmgyZ AmnUmg h_Img _mV¥d¥jmà_mUoM \$io d CËnÝZ {_iVo. VgoM PmS>mMr dmT>, {dñVma `mVhr {deof \$aH$ AmT>iV Zmhr Am{U AmnUmg bdH$a åhUOo 3 Vo 4 dfm©§V h_Img CËnÝZ {_iÊ`mg gwê$dmV hmoVo.

H$mOy H$b_o oQ> H$b_, JwQ>r H$b_, pìh{ZAa H$b_, S>moim aUo, A§Hw$a H$b_ Am{U _¥XÿH$mîQ> H$b_ BË`mXr nÜXVtZo H$aVm òVmV. `m nÕVrVrb ôQ> H$b_, JwQ>r H$b_, pìh{ZAa H$b_, S>moio ^ê$Z H$b_o H$aUo `m nÜXVr XmoZ XeH$mnydr© dmnamV hmoË`m. `m nÜXVrZo H$b_o H$aÊ`mg doi bmJV Ago Am{U Ë`m I{M©H$hr hmoË`m. `m nÜXVrZo _moR>çm à_mUmda H$b_o H$éZ eoVH$è`m§Zm nwa{dUo eŠ` hmoV Zgo. VgoM `m nÜXVrV V`ma Ho$bobr H$b_o Ooìhm eoVmV bmdbr OmV Voìhm Ë`mMo OJÊ`mMo à_mU \$maM H$_r Agm`Mo åhUyZ Joë`m XeH$m_Üò H$mOyMr A§Hw$a H$b_ nÜXVr S>m°. ~mimgmho~ gmd§V H$moH$U H¥${f {dÚm{nR> Xmnmobr `m§Zr {dH${gV Ho$br. na§Vw `mhr nÜXVr_Üò H$mhr _`m©Xm Amë`m Am{U {Xdg|{Xdg H$mOyÀ`m H$b_m§Zm dmT>Umar _mJUr bjmV KoVm nwadR>m H$_r hmoD$ bmJbm. Ë`m AZwf§JmZo "àmXo{eH$ \$i g§emoYZ H|$Ð, d|Jwbm©' òWo H$mOyMr _¥XÿH$mîQ> H$b_ nÜXVr à_m{UV H$aÊ`mV Ambr. hr nÜXV AË`§V gmonr AgyZ `m nÜXVrMm ì`mnmar VËdmda dmna H$aÊ`mV òV Amho. `m nÜXVrZo W§S>rMm H$mbmdYr dJiVm df©â H$b_o V`ma H$aVm òVmV. XoeâmV {d{dY ImOJr Am{U emg{H$` amondmQ>tH$m_Üò _¥XÿH$mîQ> H$b_ nÜXVrMmM Adb§~ Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`m~m~V WmoS>Š`mV _m{hVr H$éZ KoD$.

_¥X¥H$mîQ> H$b_ H$aÊ`mH$[aVm amono V`ma H$aUo :

H$mOy {~`m§nmgyZ amono V`ma H$aÊ`mH$[aVm nyU© nŠd Pmobobr \o$~«wdmar Vo E{àb `m h§Jm_mV H$mTy>Z Mm§Jbo dmi{dbobo Q>nmoao Am{U amImS>r H$aS>çm a§JmMo VmOo ~r dmnamdo. H$mOy ~r Mr CJdU j_Vm 8 Vo 9 _{hÝ`mn`ªV Mm§Jbr AgVo. Ë`mH$[aVm ßbm°ñQ>rH$ Imoir_Üò âbobo ~r JmoUnmQ>mÀ`m nmoË`mV ^éZ W§S> d H$moaS>çm OmJr R>odmdo. åhUOo Ago ~r Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a _{hÝ`mV H$b_o ~m§YÊ`mH$[aVm Cn`moJmV òVo. gmYmaUV: EH$ {H$bmoV 125-150 nŠd ~r`m _mdVrb Aem [aVrZo {~`m§Mr {ZdS> H$amdr. ~r noaUrnydr© 48 Vmg nmÊ`mV {ÔV R>odmdo. Ë`mZ§Va 5 Vo 8 B§M AmH$mamÀ`m 250 JoO OmS>rÀ`m nm°brWrZ {neì`§m_Üò 1:3 `m à_mUmV Mm§Jbo


Hw$Obobo eoUIV d nmo`Q>m_mVr `m§Mo {_lU ^éZ {^O{dbobo H$mOy ~r 1.5 Vo 2.0 g|._r Imob bmdmdo. ~r {nedrV bmdV§mZm XoR>mH$S>Mm ^mJ da R>odmdm. noaUrZ§Va gw_mao 15 {Xdgm§Zr {~`m§Mr CJdU hmoVo. Aem àH$mao V`ma Ho$bobr 45 Vo 60 {Xdgm§Mr amono \o$~«wdmar Vo _mM© _{hÝ`mV H$b_o ~m§YÊ`mH$[aVm dmnaVm `oVmV. amonm§Mo {H$S>tnmgyZ g§ajU H$amdo.

_mV¥d¥j ~mJ bmJdS> d {ZJamUr :

_mV¥d¥jm{edm` amondmQ>rH$m nyU© hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. _mV¥d¥j ho H$b_m-amonm§Mo CJ_ñWZ Agë`m_wio amondmQ>rH$m V`ma H$aVmZm gdm©§V àW_ _mV¥d¥j ~mJoMm {dMma H$amdm bmJVmo. H$mOyÀ`m Á`m OmVrMr H$b_o AmnU V`ma H$aUma AmhmoV, Aem PmS>m§Mr emñÌewÜX _mV¥d¥j ~mJ V`ma H$aUo _hËdmMo Amho. H$mOyMr H$b_o H$aÊ`mgmR>r àW_ H$mOyÀ`m àgm[aV Pmboë`m d Amnë`m {d^mJmgmR>r {e\$mag H$aÊ`mV Amboë`m A{YH$ CËnÝZ XoUmè`m OmVtMr H$b_o emg{H$` amondmQ>rH$m qH$dm H¥$fr {dÚmnrR> `m§À`m amondmQ>rHo$_YyZ àmá H$ê$Z KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. _hmamîQ>, Jmodm amÁ`m§gmR>r d|Jwbm©-1, d|Jwbm©-4, d|Jwbm©-7 d d|Jwbm©-8 `m OmVtMr bmJdS>rgmR>r {e\$mag H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.

_mV¥d¥jmV Ogo JwU AgVrb VgoM JwU Ë`mnmgyZ V`ma Pmboë`m nwT>rb {nT>rV CVam`bm hdoV. Ë`mMà_mUo _mV¥d¥j {ZamoJr Agmdm. _mV¥d¥j§mMm B{Vhmg amondmQ>rH$mYmaH$mg _m{hVr AgUo JaOoMo Amho. _mV¥d¥jm§Mr C§Mr, {dñVma _`m©{XV Agmdm OoUoH$éZ A§Hw$aH$mS>çm ghO Am{U _w~bH$ à_mUmV {_iVrb _mV¥d¥jm§Mr doimodoir N>mQ>Ur H$amdr åhUOo C§Mr Am{U {dñVma _`m©XrV amhrb Ë`mMà_mUo _mV¥d¥j amoJ/H$sS> _wŠV R>odÊ`mH$[aVm doimodoir {H$Q>H$ZmeH$m§Mr \$dmaUr ¿`mdr.

H$mOy _mV¥d¥j ~mJoVyZ A§Hy$aH$mS>çm V`ma H$aUoMr nÕV :

H$mOy H$b_o V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r 3 Vo 4 _{hZo d`mMr 12 Vo 15 g|. _r. bm§~rMr, noÝgrb EdT>`m OmS>rMr A§Hy$aH$mS>r {ZdS>mdr bmJVo. na§Vw Aem A§Hy$aH$mS>çm EH$mMdoir \$ma H$_r à_mUmV CnbãY hmoVmV. åhUyZ A§Hy$aH$mS>çm V`ma H$aVmZm H$mS>rMm 12 Vo 15 g|. _r. ^mJ R>odyZ daMm H$modim e|S>m (bm§~ nmZo Agbobm) H$mnyZ Q>mH$mdm d H$mS>rdarb OyZ nmZo XoR> R>odyZ H$mS>rnmgyZ AbJ H$amdrV. H$mhr doim _moha Ambobm AgVmo, Aem doir _mohmoa d H$mhr nmZo H$mnyZ


Q>mH$mdrV. amhrbobm ^mJ H$b_o H$aÊ`mgmR>r A§Hy$aH$mS>r åhUyZ dmnaVm òVmo. Aem _mohmoamImbrb \$m§Xrdarb OyZ nmZo XoR> R>odyZ H$mTy>Z Q>mH$mdrV d Aem H$mS>çm nmZmVrb S>moio Q>nmoao Pmë`mda (8 Vo 10 {Xdgm§Zr) A§Hy$aH$mS>çm åhUyZ dmnê$Z H$mOy H$b_o V`ma H$aVm òVmV. W§S>rÀ`m {XdgmV A§Hy$aH$mS>çm V`ma hmoÊ`mMm H$mbmdYr dmT>Vmo. Aem doir nmZo H$mT>boë`m \$m§Úmda doimodoir \$dmaÊ`m H$ê$Z \$m§ÚmMo g§ajU H$amdo. H$b_o Ho$ë`mda A§Hy$aH$mS>çmda 3 Vo 4 S>moio OmoS>mÀ`m da ahmUo Oê$arMo Amho. H$mS>r Iyn OyZ Am{U S>moù`m§Mr g§»`m H$_r Agë`mg H$b_o èñdr hmoÊ`mMo à_mU KQ>Vo.

A§Hw$a H$mS>rMr {ZdS> : H$mOyMr _¥X¥H$mîQ> H$b_o V`ma H$aÊ`mH$[aVm {ZdS>H$ OmVtMr ânya \$io XoUmè`m PmS>mÀ`m 3 Vo 4 _{hZo d`mMr 12 Vo 15 go§._r. bm§~rMr, noÝgrb EdT>çm OmS>rMr A§Hw$aH$mS>r {ZdS>mdr. A§Hw$aH$mS>r amoJ d {H$S>_wŠV Agmdr. Aem A§Hw$aH$mS>çm H$b_ ~m§YÊ`mH$[aVm dmnaÊ`mnydr© H$mS>çmdarb nmZo _mV¥d¥jmdaM AgVmZm AmR> {Xdg AJmoXa H$mTy>Z Q>mH$mdrV. AmR> {Xdgm§Z§Va Aem H$mS>çm H$b_ ~m§YUrH$[aVm dmnaVm òVmV.

_¥X¥H$mîQ> H$b_ H$aÊ`mMr nÜXV :

1) H$b_ H$aÊ`mH$[aVm darbà_mUo V`ma Ho$bobo 45-60 {Xdg d`mMo gwÑT> amon {ZdS>mdo.

2) {ZdS>boë`m amonm§À`m e|S>çmH$S>rb H$modù`m ^mJmdarb nmZo YmaXma MmHy$Zo H$mTy>Z Q>mH$mdrV. Imbrb OyZ nmZo {eëbH$ R>odmdrV.

3) O{_ZrnmgyZ 15 g|._r. A§Vamda Iw§Q> amonmda AmS>dm H$mn KoD$Z e|S>çmH$S>rb ^mJ H$mnyZ Q>mH$mdm.

4) H$mnboë`m ImoS>mda ~amo~a _Ü`^mJmdéZ 5 Vo 6 g|._r. bm§~rMm C^m H$mn ¿`mdm.

5) A§Hw$aH$mS>rÀ`m ImbÀ`m ^mJmda nañna {dê$Õ ~mOyg 5 Vo 6 g|._r. bm§~rMm {VaH$g N>oX KoD$Z nmMargmaIm AmH$ma Úmdm.

6) Aem àH$mao V`ma Hoo$bobr H$mS>r Iw§Q> amonmÀ`m N>oXboë`m ^mJmV H$miOrnyd©H$ ~gdmdr. amonmMo d H$mS>rMo H$mnbobo ^mJ EH$_oH$m§da ~amo~a ~gVrb `mMr


H$miOr ¿`mdr. Á`mdoir A§Hw$aH$mS>r Iw§Q> amonmnojm OmS> Agob Ë`mdoir amonmMr d H$mS>rMr H$mn {Xbobr EH$ Var ~mOy ì`d{WV OwidyZ ¿`mdr.

7) OmoS>bobm ^mJ 150 JoO OmS>rÀ`m 1 g|._r. ê$§X Am{U 20 g|._r. bm§~ ßb°pñQ>H$ nQ²Q>rZo KÅ> ~m§Ymdm. OmoS>mImbrb amonmMr nmZo VerM R>odmdrV.

8) H$b_m§da EH$ _{hÝ`mÀ`m A§VamZo `mo½` Ë`m {H$Q>H$ZmeH$mMr d ~waerZmeH$mMr \$dmaUr H$amdr.

H$mOy H$b_m§Mr {ZJamUr H$er H$amdr :

1) ~m§Ybobr H$mOy H$b_o nm°breoS>_Üò am§Jo_Üò `mo½` A§Va R>odyZ bmdyZ ¿`mdrV.

2) H$b_m§Zm XaamoO EH$doi nmUr XoUo Oê$arMo Amho. nmdgmù`mV XoIrb H$b_m§Zm nmUr Úmdo.

3) H$b_m§À`m OmoS>mImbrb òUmar \y$Q> Xa AmR>/Xhm {Xdgm§Zr H$mTy>Z Q>mH$mdr.

4) nm°breoS>_Üò 80 Vo 90 Q>ŠHo$ AmX©«VoMo à_mU R>odÊ`mgmR>r eoS>_Üò {_ñQ> nÜXVrÀ`m nmÊ`mÀ`m \$dmè`mMr gmo` H$amdr.

5) H$b_m§da Amdí`H$VoZwgma {H$Q>H$ZmeH$m§Mr d ~waerZmeH$m§Mr \$dmaUr H$amdr.

6) XmoZ _{hÝ`m§Zr \w$Q>bobr H$b_o eoS>À`m ~mhoa 500 JoO H$mim ßb°ñQ>rH$ H$mJX A§Wê$Z nmMÀ`m JQ>mV am§JoV R>odmdrV d Ë`m§Mr {ZJamUr H$amdr. eŠ`Vmo H$b_m§Mo nmdgmnmgyZ g§ajU H$amdo.

7) XrS> _{hÝ`m§Zr (OmoS> nŠH$m) Pmë`mda OmoS>mdarb nQ²Q>r gmoS>mdr.

àmXo{eH$ \$i g§emoYZ H|$Ð, d|Jwb}o `m§À`m A{YnË`mImbrb newn¡Xmg joÌ {Ziobr òWo amondmQ>rHo$_Üò H$mOy H$b_m§À`m dmT>rda Jmo_wÌmMm n[aUm_ Aä`mgÊ`mMm à`moJ KoÊ`mV Ambm. `m à`moJmÀ`m {ZîH$fm©A§Vr Aer {e\$mag H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho H$s, H$_r H$mbmdYr_Üò Omo_Xma d {dH«$s`mo½` H$mOy H$b_o {Z{_©Vr H$arVm H$mOy H$b_o ~m§Yë`mnmgyZ XmoZ _{hÝ`mZ§Va à{V H$b_ 50 Q>ŠHo$ Jmo_wÌmMr 20 {_.br. \$dmaUr gmo~V 50 Q>ŠHo$ Jmo_wÌmMo 100 {_.br. à{V H$b_


ÐmdU {nedrV {Oadrë`mg VgoM nwT>o EH$ _{hÝ`mZo AemM àH$mao Jmo_wÌmÀ`m _mÌm nwÝhm dmnaë`mg 3 Vo 4 _{hÝ`mV CËH¥$îQ> XOm©Mr Omo_Xma H$mOy H$b_o {Z_m©U H$aVm òVmV. Aem àH$mao V`ma Ho$bobr H$b_o 6 _{hÝ`mZ§Va {dH«$r `mo½` hmoVmV.

Aem àH$mao H$mOyMr _¥XÿH$mîQ> H$b_ nÜXV hr AË`§V gmYr, gmonr, ghO Am{U ânya à_mUmV H$b_o {Z{_©Vr H$aVm òÊ`mgmaIr nÜXV Amho.

��


H$mOyMo IV ì`dñWmnZ

H$mOy {nH$m§Zm IVo {H$Vr Am{U H$er ÚmdrV :

H$mOyPmS>mÀ`m dmT>rgmR>r VgoM \$imÀ`m nmofUmgmR>r H$mOybm ZÌ, ñ\w$aX d nmbme `m à_wI AÝZÐì`m§Mr JaO AgVo.

H$mOy{nH$mbm bmJdS>rZ§Va Xþgè`m dfm©nmgyZ Imbr {Xë`mà_mUo IVo ÚmdrV.

d` df© bmJdS>r

Z§Va

eoUIV (K_obr) ZÌ (J«°_) ñ\w$aX (J«°_) nmbme (J°«_)

1 1 250 (`yar`m 500 J«°_)

63 (qgJb gwna \$m°ñ\o$Q> \$m°ñ\o$Q> 400 J«°_)

63 (100 J«°_ å`waoQ> Am°\$ nmoQ>°e)

2 2 500 (`yar`m 1 {H$bmo)

125 (800 J«°_ qgJb gwna \$m°ñ\o$Q>)

125 (200 J«°_ å`waoQ> Am°\$ nmoQ>°e)

3 3 700 (`yar`m 1.725 {H$bmo J«°_)

188 (1200 {H$ J«°_ qgJb gwna \$m°ñ\o$Q>)

188 (300 J«°_ å`waoQ> Am°\$ nmoQ>°e)

4 d nwT>o 4 1000 (`yar`m 2.200 {H$bmo J«°_)

250 (1500 {H$ J«°_ qgJb gwna \$m°ñ\o$Q>)

250 (410 J«°_ å`waoQ> Am°\$ nmoQ>°e)

IVo EHo$ar IVmÛmao {Xbr Va \$m`Xo{ea R>aVmV. Mm§Jbo Hw$Obobo eoUIV CnbãY Zgë`mg g|Ðr` nXmWm©Mm nwadR>m H$aÊ`mgmR>r {JarnwînmMm {hadm nmbm nyU© dmT> Pmboë`m PmS>mg àVrdfr© 20 {H$bmo XoUo Amdí`H$ R>aob.

IVo PmS>mÀ`m {dñVmamà_mUo PmS>mnmgyZ 1.5 Vo 2.0 {_Q>a A§Vamda 30 g|._r. ê$§X Am{U 15 g|._r. Imob JmobmH$ma ~m§JS>rnÜXVrZo Ma ImoXÿZ H$_r nmdgmÀ`m H$mbmdYrV ÚmdrV.

��


H$mOy CËnmXH$Vm dmT>rgmR>r Cnm``moOZm

H$mOyÀ`m CËnmXZdmT>rgmR>r g§{OdH$mMm dmna :

g§{OdH$mMm Cn`moJ AZoH$ \$i{nH$mV g§`wŠV \w$bmMo à_mU dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r, \$iYmaUm dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r, An[anŠd \$im§Mr Ji H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bm OmVmo. g§{OdH$mÀ`m dmnam_wio H$mOyÀ`m CËnmXZmV âKmog dmT> Pmë`mMo {XgyZ Ambo Amho. H$mOyMo CËnmXZ dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r 10 nr. nr. E_². BW«ob `m g§{OdH$mMr n{hbr \$dmaUr nmbdr Amë`mda d Xþgar \$dmaUr _mohmoa Amë`mda H$amdr. VgoM H$mOy _moha g§ajUmgmR>r dmnaÊ`mV òUmè`m àËòH$ {H$Q>H$ZmeH$mMo \$dmaUrgmo~V 2 Q>ŠHo$ `w[a`m IV {_giyZ \$dmabo AgVm H$mOyÀ`m CËnmXZmV dmT> hmoVo, Ago {XgyZ Ambo Amho. `w[a`m IVm_wio nmZo H$any ZòV åhUyZ ÐmdU gVV T>dimdo.

Ë`mMà_mUo H$mOy_Üò A{YH$ CËnmXZmgmR>r ñdñV Aem gwH$boë`m _mem§Mm AH©$ 500 J«°_ 10 brQ>a nmÊ`mVyZ n{hbr \$dmaUr \w$bmoè`mdoir Va Xþgar \$dmaUr n{hë`m \$dmaUrZ§Va 15 {Xdgm§Zr Aer XmoZXm H$aÊ`mMr {e\$mag H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.

_¥Xg§YmaU :

X{jU H$moH$UmV Á`m {R>H$mUr ânya nmD$g d O{_Zrbm CVma Amho. Ë`m {R>H$mUr g_Vb nÕVrZo Ma ImoXÿZ Obg§YmaU Ho$ë`mg CËnÝZmV dmT> hmoVo.

Am§Va{nHo$ :

H$mOy bmJdS>r_Üò gwédmVrÀ`m 7-8 dfm©V Am§Va{nHo$ KoVë`mg Am{W©H$ \$m`Xm hmoVmo VgoM bmJdS>rdarb IM© H$_r hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. Am§Va{nHo$ åhUyZ dobdJr©` ^mOrnmbm CXm. H$mH$S>r, XmoS>H$s, H$mabr VgoM ^monim `m {nH$m§Mr bmJdS> Am{W©H$ X¥îQ>`m \$m`Xo{ea AmT>iyZ Ambr Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo AZZgm§Mr bmJdS> XopIb gwédmVrÀ`m H$mbmdYrV \$m`Xoera Amho. Z§VaÀ`m H$mbmdYrV AZZg bmJdS>r_wio H$mOy ~r Jmoim H$aÊ`mg Ìmg hmoVmo Ago AmT>iyZ Ambo Amho.

H$mOy bmJdS>r_Üò H§$X{nH$m§Mr Am§Va{nH$ åhUyZ bmJdS> H$aÊ`m~m~V g§emoYZ gwé Amho.

��


H$mOy PmS>m§§Mr N>mQ>Ur d nwZéÁOrdZ

N>mQ>UrMr JaO :

H$moH$UmV CîU-X_Q> hdm_mZ Agë`mZo PmS>mbm gmaIr nmbdr òVo. H$mhr doim N>mQ>Ur Ho$ë`mdahr OmñV nmbdr òVo. Mm§Jbr \$iYmaUm hmoÊ`mgmR>r Mmahr ~mOyZo _moH$ionUm, PmS>m_Üò AmV òUmam gy`©àH$me, dmam BË`mXr ~m~r Amdí`H$ AgVmV. H$mOyÀ`m PmS>mbm ânya gy`©àH$memMr 6-7 Vmg JaO AgVo. KZ bmJdS>rV \$m§Úm EH$_oH$m§V KwgVmV d Imbrb \$mÚm§Zm gw ©àH$me Z {_imë`m_wio gwH$VmV Ë`m_wio _mohmoa d \$iYmaUm \$maM H$_r hmoVo.

H$mOy N>mQ>UrMo Mma àH$ma :

1. amoJQ>/dmiboë`m \$m§Úm§Mr N>mQ>Ur (Dead /Disease branches light pruning)

2. KZ bmJdS> Ho$br Agë`mg Xadfr©/dfm©AmS> nmbdrMr N>mQ>Ur (Pruning

for high density planting)

3. OwÝ`m H$mOy ~mJm§Mr N>mQ>Ur H$ê$Z nwZê$ÁOrdZ (Rejuvenation)

4. H$mOy PmS>m§À`m \$m§XrMr N>mQ>Ur d {daiUr (Pruning and thinning of branches)

H$mOyÀ`m PmS>mMm AmH$ma Kw_Q>mH$ma hmoÊ`mH$arVm gwê$dmVrÀ`m H$mimVM N>mQ>Ur H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Ë`mH$arVm bmJdS> Ho$ë`mZ§Va gwê$dmVrÀ`m XmoZ dfm©V O{_ZrnmgyZ 1 {_Q>a da n`©ªV EH$ ImoS> `m nÜXVrZo dmTy> Úmdo d 1 {_Q>a n`ªV òUmè`m Cn\$m§Úm§Mr N>mQ>Ur H$amdr åhUOo 1 {_Q>a A§Vamda 3 Vo 4 \$m§Úm Mmahr ~mOyZo dmTy>Z PmS>mMm AmH$ma Kw_Q>mH$ma hmoB©b `mH$So> bj Úmdo.

��


JmdR>r H$mOy PmS>m§Mo OmVrd§V PmS>m_Üò énm§Va/ H$mOy PmS>m§Mo nwZéÁOrdZ

Amnë`m XoemVrb H$mOyMo CËnmXZ H$_r AgÊ`mMo à_wI H$maU åhUOo, gZ 1990 nwdr© H$mOyMr bmJdS> {h ~hþVm§er {~`mnmgyZ amono V`ma H$éZ amonm§Mr bmJdS> H$éZ Pmbobr hmo`. H$mOy_Üò nanamJr^dZ hmoV Agë`mZo V`ma hmoUmao àËòH$ ~r JwUY_m©Zo {^ÝZ AgVo. VgoM bmJdS>rgmR>r dmnabobr amono hr H$moUË`m EH$m OmVrMr Zgë`mZo CËnmXZ H$_r {_iVo.

_hmamîQ´> amÁ`mZo H$mOy {nH$mÀ`m g§emoYZm_Üò ñàyhUr` àJVr Ho$br AgyZ A{YH$ CËnÝZ XoUmè`m H$mOyÀ`m d|Jwbm© - 1 Vo d|Jwbm© - 8 `m OmVr S>m°. ~mimgmho~ gmd§V H$moH$U H¥${f {dÚmnrR>, Xmnmobr A§VJ©V àmXo{eH$ \$i g§emoYZ H|$Ð, d|Jwb} òWyZ {dH$grV Ho$ë`m AmhoV. Ë`mMà_mUo H$mOyMr _moR>çm à_mUmda H$b_o V`ma H$aUmao _hmamîQ´> ho XoemVrb n{hbo amÁ` Amho. AWm©V H$mOyMr H$b_o bmdyZ bmJdS> hr 15-16 dfm©nmgyZMr Amho. Ë`mnwdr© amono bmdyZM bmJdS> hmoV hmoVr. Ë`m_wio amonmnmgyZ bmJdS> Ho$boë`m PmS>m§Mo CËnmXZ \$maM H$_r åhUOo àVr PmS> 2 {H$bmonmgyZ 3.50 {H$bmon`ªV {_iVo. Aem H$_r CËnmXZ XoUmè`m H$mOy§À`m PmS>m§Mo VgoM d|Jwbm© - 2 qH$dm d|Jwbm© - 5 `m OmVrÀ`m H$b_m§Mr nydr© bmJdS> H$aÊ`mV Ambr Agob Am{U Oar Ë`m OmVr A{YH$ CËnÝZ XoV Agë`m Var Ë`m§À`m ~r Mm AmH$ma bhmZ Agë`m_wio `m H$b_m§Mo d|Jwbm© - 4 qH$dm d|Jwbm© - 7 `mgma»`m A{YH$ CËnmXZ XoUmè`m Am{U ~r AmH$mamZo _moR>çm Agboë`m OmVr_Üò énm§Va H$aVm òB©b. `m~m~V àmXo{eH$ \$i g§emoYZ H|$Ð d|Jwb}o òWrb g§emoYZmVyZ Ago {XgyZ Ambo Amho H$s, amono bmdyZ Or H$mOyMr bmJdS> Pmbr Amho d Aer bmJdS> 5 Vo 15 df} `m d`moJQ>mVrb AgyZ CËnÝZ \$maM H$_r Amho, {~`m§Mm AmH$ma bhmZ Amho, Ago Agob Va Aem PmS>m§Mo Mm§Jë`m OmVr_Ü o \w$Q>dm H$b_ nÜXVrZo (Coppice Grafting) énm§Va H$aVm oVo. m H$b_ nÜXVrZo JmdR>r PmS>m§Mo Mm§Jë`m A{YH$ CËnÝZ XoUmè`m OmVr_Üò énm§Va H$go H$amd`mMo `mMr WmoS>Š`mV _m{hVr KoD$


OwZr H$mOyMr PmSo> VmoS>Uo :

Or H$mOyPmSo> 5 Vo 15 df} d`moJQ>mVrb AmhoV Am{U Á`m§À`m ImoS>mMr gmb H$aS>çm a§JmMr Amho. na§Vw Ë`m§Mo CËnmXZ \$maM H$_r Amho qH$dm Á`m PmS>m§À`m {~`m Mma J«°_ nojm dOZmZo H$_r AmhoV, Aer PmSo> O{_ZrnmgyZ gmYmaU 1 _rQ>a C§Mrn`©ªV ImoS> R>odyZ gmb qnOUma Zmhr Aem [aVrZo Hw$èhmS>rZo qH$dm H$adVrZo H$mnmdrV. PmS> VmoS>VmM EH$ _rQ>a C§Mrn`©ªV Oa àmW{_H$ \$m§Úm oV AgVrb, Va Ë`m§Mm ^mJ R>odÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$amdm. H$maU àmW{_H$ \$m§§ÚmZm A{YH$ \w$Q>do {_iVmV. OmñVrV OmñV H$b_o H$aUo gmo`rMo OmVo. `m nÜXVrZo H$b_o H$aÊ`mgmR>r PmSo> OmZodmar Vo E{àb qH$dm Am°JñQ>/gßQ>|~a_Üò åhUOoM nmdgmim g§në`mda VmoS>mdrV.

VmoS>boë`m PmS>m§À`m Iw§Q>mMo g§ajU H$aUo :

H$mOyMr PmSo> VmoS>ë`mZ§Va Iw§Q>mda nwT>o 3-4 _{hÝ`mn`ªV ImoS> d _wio nmoIaUmè`m (CSRB) {H$S>rMm àmXþ^m©d hmoD$Z Iw§Q> Z \w$Q>Vm qH$dm \w$Q>ë`mZ§Va _aÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. Ë`m_wio PmS> VmoSy>Z Pmë`mZ§Va bJoM ImoS> {H$S>rMm ~§Xmo~ñV H$aÊ`mgmR>r 50 Q>ŠHo$ (nmÊ`mV {daKiUmar) H$m~m©arb nmdS>a 4 J«°_ àVr {bQ>a nmUr qH$dm Šbmoamonmàr\$m°g 5 {_br àVr {bQ>a nmUr `m à_mUmV {_giyZ ho ÐmdU Iw§Q>mda gd© ~mOy§Zr AmoVmdo. VgoM Ð«mdU PmS>m§À`m ~w§Ü`m^modVr AmoVmdo. EH$m PmS>mbm XmoZ Vo VrZ {bQ>a ÐmdU EH$mdoir nwaVo. nwÝhm Xhm {Xdgm§Zr Iw§Q>mda Ð«mdU AmoVmdo, Aem VèhoZo 7 Vo 8 doim Ð«mdU AmoVmdo, åhUOo ImoS> {H$S>rMm àmXþ^m©d hmoV Zmhr. PmS>mÀ`m VmoS>boë`m ^mJmda ~moS>m} noñQ> bmdmdr.

H$b_o V`ma H$aUo :

PmS> VmoS>ë`mnmgyZ 15 {XdgmZ§Va PmS>mÀ`m ImoS>mda ZdrZ \w$Q>do òÊ`mg gwédmV hmoVo. Iw§Q>mÀ`m Omo_mZwgma EH$m Iw§Q>mda 50 Vo 200 n`©ªV \w$Q>do òVmV. Ë`mVrb H$mnboë`m ^mJmOdirb Mm§Jbo 5-6 \w$Q>do R>odyZ ~mH$sMo \w$Q>do H$mTy>Z Q>mH$mdoV. ho \w$Q>do XrS> _{hÝ`m§V _¥XH$mð> nÜXVrZo H$b_ H$aÊ`mg V`ma hmoVmV. àËòH$ \$m§Xrda 3-4 \w$Q>do H$b_ H$aVodoir R>odmdoV d Ë`mda H$b_o ~m§YmdrV. \w$Q>do 10 Vo 15 g|Q>r_rQ>a bm§~ Pmbo åhUOo H$b_o ~m§YÊ`m§g `mo½` hmoVmV.


H$b_ H$mS>rMr {ZdS> :

H$b_o H$aÊ`mgmR>r gwYmarV OmVtÀ`m H$mS>çm {ZdS>mì`mV. H$mS>çm VrZ Vo Mma _{hZo d`mÀ`m OwZ, {ZamoJr d \w$Jra Agmì`mV. H$mS>çm§darb gd© nmZo JX© {haì`m a§JmMr AgmdrV. H$mS>rMm S>moim gwá Agmdm. H$mS>çm H$b_ ~m§YÊ`mH$[aVm _mV¥d¥jmnmgyZ AbJ H$aÊ`mnwdr© 7-8 {Xdg AJmoXa XoR>mMm H$mhr ^mJ R>odyZ H$mS>çm§Mr nmZo H$mT>mdrV. Ë`m_wio H$mS>rMm gwámdñWoVrb S>moim \w$Jra hmoVmo d H$b_o OmñV à_mUmV OJVmV. H$b_ ~m§Ymd`mÀ`m {Xder A§Hy$aH$mS>çm _mV¥d¥jmnmgyZ AbJ H$éZ {Ôboë`m JmoUnmQ>mV qH$dm Amoë`m eodmimV Jw§S>miyZ R>odmì`mV. H$mS>çm 8 Vo 10 g|Q>r_rQ>a bm§~ Agmì`mV. H$b_o H$aÊ`mnwdr© {ZdS>boë`m H$mS>çm 0.1 Q>ŠH$m ~m{dñQ>rZ `m ~waer ZmeH$mÀ`m Ð«mdUmV 10 {_ZrQ>o ~wS>dyZ R>odmì`mV d _J H$b_o ~m§YÊ`mH$[aVm dmnamì`mV. eodmimV Jw§S>miyZ R>odboë`m H$mS>çm Mma {Xdgm§n`©ªV H$b_o H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmnaVm òVmV.

H$b_ H$go H$amdo :

H$mnboë`m ImoS>mÀ`m AJXr daÀ`m ^mJmda Amboë`m \w$Q>ì`m§da 10 Vo 15 g|. _r. bm§~rÀ`m Am{U noÝgrb EdT>çm OmS>rÀ`m H$modir \w$Q> Agboë`m \w$Q>ì`m§da _¥XH$mð> nÜXVrZo H$b_o H$amdrV. \w$Q>ì`m§À`m e|S>çmdarb H$modir nmZo YmaYma MmHy$Zo H$mTy>Z Q>mH$mdrV. `m H$modù`m ^mJmda 4 Vo 5 g|Q>r_rQ>a Imobn`©ªV ~amo~a _Ü`^mJr C^m H$mn ¿`mdm. H$mn KoVmZm H$mnmÀ`mImbr \w$Q>ì`mda H$_rVH$_r XmoZ Var nmZo amhVrb `mMr XjVm ¿`mdr. A§Hy$aH$mS>rda VodT>`m§M bm§~rMo XmoZ H$mn KoD$Z H$mS>rbm nmMamgmaIm AmH$ma Úmdm d hr H$mS>r Iw§Q>mdarb H$mnm_Üò ~gdmdr. H$b_mMm OmoS> 150 JoO OmS>rMo 30 g|Q>r_rQ>a bm§~ Am{U XmoZ g|Q>r_rQ>a é§X ßbmñQ>rH$ nQ²Q>rZo KQ²Q> ~m§Ymdm. H$mS>çmdarb S>moio 10-15 {Xdgm§Zr \w$Qy> bmJVmV d H$b_ V`ma hmoVo.

H$b_m§Mr {ZJm KoUo :

1) Aer H$b_o ~m§Yë`mda H$b_mÀ`m OmoS>mImbr oUmar \w$Q> {Z`{_V H$mT>mdr.

2) H$b_o XrS> Vo XmoZ _{hÝ`mMr Pmë`mZ§Va H$b_mdarb ßbmñQ>rH$Mr nQ²Q>r gmoS>mdr.


3) H$b_o dmè`mZo _moSy> Z oV åhUyZ H$b_ ~m§Yboë`m \$m§ÚmZm ~m§~yMm AmYma Úmdm.

4) _yi ImoS>mda `oUmao \w$Q>do dma§dma H$mTy>Z Q>mH$mdoV.

5) Iw§Q>mZm {e\$magrà_mUo IVo ÚmdrV.

6) ~m§Yboë`m H$b_m§À`m H$modù`m nmbdrda `oUmè`m {H$S>tMo {Z`§ÌU H$amdo.

Aem àH$mao H$b_mMo ì`dñWmnZ Ho$ë`mg Mm¡Ï`m dfm©nmgyZ Mm§Jbo CËnÝZ XoD$ bmJVmV.

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H$mOy ~mJoVrb ~m§S>Jyi ì`dñWmnZ

H$mhr Xþb©{jV H$mOy H$b_ ~mJm§_Üòhr ~m§S>Jyio _moR>çm à_mUmV {XgyZ oVmV. Aem dmT>boë`m ~m§S>Jyi§m_wio H$mOy CËnmXZmda {dnarV n[aUm_ Pmbobm {XgyZ òVmo. Ë`mH$[aVm Am§~m ~m§S>Jyi {Z_yb©Zmà_mUoM H$mOy ~m§S>Jyi {Z_yb©ZmH$[aVm EH$mË_rH$ H$m`©dmhr H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. EH$mpË_H$ H$mOy ~m§S>Jyi {Z_yb©ZmMr WmoS>Š`mV _m{hVr `m boImV {Xbr Amho.

~m§S>Jyi ho H$mOy PmS>mda df©â dmT>V AgyZ H$mOyÀ`m Hw$R>ë`mhr ^mJmda Ë`mMr dmT> hmoV AgVo. ~m§S>JyimÀ`m Odinmg 50 Vo 60 OmVr AgyZ Ë`mn¡H$s "_°H«$mogmobmZ H°${nQ>°{bQ>rg Am{U "S°>ÝS´>mo\$WmoB© \$bH°$Q>m' `m OmVr àm_w»`mZo H$mOy PmS>m§da dmT>boë`m {XgVmV. ~m§S>JyimMr \$io Mdrbm JmoS> Am{U bj doYyZ KoUmar AgVmV Ë`m_wio ~m§S>JyimMm àgma àm_w»`mZo nú`m§_m\©$V hmoVmo. ~m§S>Jyi hr {hadr dZñnVr Agë`m_wio àH$me g§íbofU {H«$òÛmao ñdV:Mo AÝZ ñdV: V`ma H$aVo. na§Vw VarXoIrb {Vbm nmUr VgoM BVa OrdZgËdm§H$[aVm H$mOy PmS>m§da Adb§~yZ amhmdo bmJVo. H$mOy PmS>mbm nya{dÊ`mV Ambobo nmUr, OrdZgËdo hr dZñnVr emofyZ KoVo. Ë`m_wio H$mOy PmS>mÀ`m \$m§Úm hiyhiy H$_Hw$dV hmoD$Z dmiyZ OmVmV. Ë`mMm {dnarV n[aUm_ CËnÝZ KQ>Ê`mda hmoVmo. ~m§S>JyimÀ`m dmT>r_wio PmS>m§Mr dmT> Iw§Q>Vo VgoM \$im§Mr àV XoIrb ImbmdVo. H$mhr doim Va ~m§S>JyimÀ`m A{V dmT>r_wio PmSo> _aVmV.

~m§S>JyimMo {Z_©wbZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Cnm``moOZm :

1. H$mOyÀ`m Á`m \$m§Xrda ~m§S>Jyi dmT>V Agob Vr ~m§S>Jyio qH$dm ~m§S>JyimÀ`m g§»òZwgma \$m§Xr YmaXma H$mo`Ë`mZo Ë`mÀ`m dobrÀ`m _wimg{hV VmoS>mdrV. C§M dmT>Umè`m \$m§Úm {OWo ghgm hmV nmohmoMy eH$V Zmhr Aem {R>H$mUr S>m°. ~mimgmho~ gmd§V H$mo|H$U H¥${f {dÚmnrR>mZo {dH${gV Ho$boë`m "A_a ~m§S>Jyi H$mT>Ur' `§ÌmMm dmna H$amdm. PmS>mdarb g§nyU© ~m§S>Jyio H$mTy>Z PmS>mÀ`m gmbrVrb ~m§S>JwimÀ`m H$mT>boë`m _wim§À`m OmJoda ½bm`\$mogoQ> 1.0 Q>ŠHo$ VUZmeH$mMr \$dmaUr ~m§S>Jyio H$mT>ë`mda d Ë`mZ§Va EH$ _{hÝ`mÀ`m A§VamZo XmoZ Aem EHy$U VrZ \$dmaÊ`m H$amì`mV.


2 ~m§S>Jyio H$mT>boë`m \$m§Úm§darb _wim§Zm H$mOy Q>a\$b Vob bmdë`mg Ë`mMm Mm§Jbm n[aUm_ ~m§S>Jyi {Z`§ÌUmda {XgyZ Ambm Amho.

3 ~m§S>Jyio _moR>r Agë`mg Vr \$m§Úmgh H$mnyZ Q>mH$mdrV Am{U Ë`m ^mJmda ~moS>m}noñQ> qH$dm nmVi S>m§~a bmdmdo.

4 ~mJoV qH$dm AmgnmgÀ`m BVa PmS>m§da ~m§S>Jyio AmT>ibr Va Vr gwÜXm H$mT>mdrV.

5 nwÝhm ~m§S>JyimMm CnÐd hmoD$ Z`o åhUyZ PmS>mÀ`m ~m§S>Jyimgh VmoS>boë`m \$m§Úm qH$dm ~m§S>JyimMr PmSo> ËdarV ZîQ> H$amdrV OoUoH$éZ Ë`mMm nwT>o àgma hmoUma Zmhr.

H$mOyÀ`m PmS>m§Mr Omo_Xma dmT> hmoÊ`mgmR>r Am{U A{YH$ CËnÝZ {_iÊ`mH$[aVm ~m§S>JyimMo {Z`§ÌU H$aUo AË`§V JaOoMo Amho. Aem àH$mao ~m§S>JyimÀ`m {Z_w©bZmMr Cnm``moOZm \$maer I{M©H$ Zgë`m_wio EH${ÌV[aË`m ~m§S>Jyimda {Z`§ÌU H$aUo ghO eŠ` hmoB©b Am{U Ë`mMm n[aUm_ H$mOy CËnÝZ dmT>rda ZŠH$sM {XgyZ `oB©b.

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H$mOy ~mJoVrb VU ì`dñWmnZ

VUm§_wio H$mOy~mJm§Mo hmoUmao ZwH$gmZ :

PwS>no, VUo VerM bmJdS> joÌmV dmTy>Z am{hë`mg _w»` {nH$mMr dmT> H$_r hmoVo. VUm§À`m/PwS>nm§À`m AS>MUr_wio _w»` {nH$mg AÝZ, nmUr, gy`©àH$me BË`mqXMm nwadR>m H$_r à_mUmV hmoD$Z PmS>mÀ`m dmT>rda n[aUm_ hmooVo.

H$mOy nrH$ Aem n[apñWVrV H$_Omoa hmoVo Am{U n[aUm_V: h§Jm_mV \$bYmaUm C{eam hmoVo. Ë`mMà_mUo VUo, PwS>no BË`mXtÀ`m dmT>r_wio H$mOyMr H$b_o ImoS>{H$S>m (amoR>m), {Q> _m°ñH$sQ>mo ~J, {W«ßg BË`mXr {H$S>tZm ~ir nS>VmV. H$mOyMr bmJdS> Ho$ë`mZ§Va PmS>mÀ`m ^modVmbMr OmJm ñdÀN> R>odUo JaOoMo AgVo.

H$mOy~mJoV, VUo dmT>br Va nwT>rbà_mUo ZwH$gmZ hmoVo :

1) CnbãY Amobmì`mgmR>r H$mOy PmS>m§À`m _wimer VUm§Mr _wio ñnYm© H$aVmV.2) CnbãY AÝZÐì`o Am{U BVa Amdí`H$ AÝZKQ>H$m§À`m emofUmgmR>r

H$mOy PmS>m§À`m _wim§er VUm§Mr _wio ñnYm© H$aVmV.3) H$mhr namonOrdr VUo (~m§S>Jyi) H$mOy PmS>m§daM nmogVmV d Ë`m§Mo

ZwH$gmZ H$aVmV.4) VUm§_wio O{_ZrV Am{U VUm§da {Za{Zamio amoJ, {H$S>r, gyÌH¥$_r dmT>VmV

d Z§Va Ë`m§Mm àgma H$mOy PmS>m§da hmoVmo.

� C§M dmT>Umar VgoM H$mOy PmS>m§da ngaUmar VUo, PwS>no, dobr \$iPmS>m§À`m dmT>rg AS>Wim AmUVmV.

� VUm§_wio H$mOy ~mJoV _emJVrMr H$m_o, Am¡fY \$dmaUr, ~mJoMr {ZJm amIÊ`mMr H$m_o, \$im§Mr H$mT>Ur H$aUo `m H$m_m§V AS>Wio {Z_m©U hmoVmV.

� VUm§Mr JXr© dmT>ë`m_wio H$mOy ~mJoV hdm IoiVr amhÊ`mg VgoM nwaogm gy`©àH$me {_iÊ`mg AS>Wim `oVmo.

� H$mOy ~mJm§VyZ {dÚwV Vmam§À`m bmB©Z AmoT>boë`m AgVmV. CÝhmù`mV Aem Vmam§VyZ dmam|dma {R>U½`m nSy>Z H$mOy ~mJm§V dUdm ngaVmo Am{U Aem ~mJm A¾rÀ`m ^jñWmZr nS>VmV. Ë`m_wio ~mJm§Mo _moR>çm à_mUmV ZwH$gmZ hmoVo.

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H$mOyMr H$mT>Ur d gmR>dU

H$mOyMr H$mT>Ur :

H$mOy PmS>mbm hdm_mZmZwgma Zmoìh|~anmgyZ _mohmoa òÊ`mg gwê$dmV hmoVo Am{U hr _mohmoa òÊ`mMr à{H«$`m \o$~«wdmarn`©ªV Mmby AgVo. Zmoìh|~a _{hÝ`mV Amboë`m _mohmoamÀ`m H$mOy {~`m \o$~«wdmar _{hÝ`mV V`ma hmoVmV. Zmoìh|~aZ§Va OgOgm _mohmoa C{eam òVmo VgVem {~`m C{eam V`ma hmoVmV. _mohmoa Amë`mZ§Va H$mOy ~r`m nŠd hmoÊ`mg gw_mao 60 {Xdgm§Mm H$mbmdYr bmJVmo. H$mOy {~`m H$mT>Urg EH$X_ V`ma hmoV ZmhrV. åhUyZ H$mOy doMUrMm h§Jm_ 40 Vo 50 {Xdg MmbVmo. {~`m§Mr doMUr XaamoO H$amdr bmJVo. XaamoO gH$mir H$mOyÀ`m PmS>mImbr {nH$bobr H$mOy \$io (~m|S>) nS>bobr AgVmV Vr doMmdr bmJVmV. H$mhr doim H$mOy ~r 30 Vo 35 {XdgmMo gmYmaU amImS>r a§JmMo, ~m|Sy> {hadm AgVm§Zm PmS>mdê$Z VmoSy>Z H$mT>VmV hr nÜXV \$maM MwH$sMr Amho. Aem doir ~r nyU© nŠd Pmbobr Zgë`m_wio H$mOy JamMr àV ImbmdVo, ~r gwaHw$Vbo OmVo, ~r Mo dOZ H$_r âVo d ~m|Sy>Mohr ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. Aem nÜXVrZo AnŠd H$mOyMr VmoS>Ur Ho$ë`mg gw_mao 50 Q>ŠHo$ ZwH$gmZ hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. åhUyZ H$mOy ~m|Sy> nyU© nŠd Pmë`mda Vo H$mTy>Z ¿`mdo qH$dm PmS>mImbr nS>bobo ~m|Sy> CMbyZ KoD$Z Ë`m§À`m {~`m H$mTy>Z KoUo `mo½` R>aVo. H$mOy ~r VmOo AgVmZm Ë`mV gw_mao 20 Vo 25 Q>ŠHo$ nmÊ`mMo à_mU AgVo Vo 12 Vo 13 Q>ŠHo$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$mOy ~r 3 Vo 4 {Xdg àIa CÝhmV dmiV Kmbmdo. ~m|S> Imbr nS>bobr Agë`m_wio Vr {Q>H$mD$ nXmW© V`ma H$aÊ`mg A`mo½` AgVmV _mÌ Vr Jwam§Zm ImÚ åhUyZ dmnaVm òVmV. Mm§Jbo dmibobo H$mOy ~r nmdgmù`mV gmR>dyZ R>odmd`mMo Agë`mg 300 JoO OmS>rÀ`m ßbmñQ>rH$ {neì`mV ~§X H$ê$Z JmoUr_Üò ^ê$Z H$moaS>çm OmJr gmR>dyZ R>odmdo. H$mOy ~r darb à_mUo gmR>{dë`mg Vo 10 Vo 12 _hrZo Mm§Jë`m pñWVrV amhÿ eH$Vo.

CËnmXZ :

H$mOyMo CËnmXZ OmVrnaËdo H$_r-OmñV AgVo. amonm§nmgyZ bmJdS> Ho$boë`m ~mJoMo gamgar CËnÝZ 2 Vo 3 {H$bmo H$mOy {~`m à{V PmS> EdT>oM òVo. _mÌ


d|Jwbm©-1, d|Jwbm©-4, Am{U d|Jwbm©-7 `m A{YH$ CËnÝZ XoUmè`m H$mOyMr H$b_o bmdyZ bmJdS> Ho$ë`mg Am{U ~mJoMr Mm§Jbr OmonmgZm Ho$br Va Xhmì`m dfr© EH$m PmS>mnmgyZ gamgar 10 {H$bmo H$mOy {~`m EdT>o CËnmXZ {_iVo Am{U Ë`mnwT>o PmS>mÀ`m d`mZwgma CËnÝZ dmT>Vo.

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H$mOydarb {H$S>r d amoJ Am{U Ë`m§Mo {Z`§ÌU

1) H$mOydarb T>oH$Ê`m (Q>r _m°pñH$Q>mo)

hr H$mOydarb A{Ve` _hÎdmMr H$sS> Amho. `m {H$S>r_wio H$mOyÀ`m CËnmXZmV Odinmg 30 Q>ŠHo$ KQ> òD$ eH$Vo d H$mhr doim ho à_mU 50 Vo 60 Q>ŠHo$ XoIrb hmoD$ eH$Vo. `m {H$S>rMm nyU© dmT>bobm T>oHy$U hm S>mgmÀ`m AmH$mamMm AgVmo. Ë`mÀ`m S>moŠ`mdarb ^mJ ~Xm_r Vm§~S>m qH$dm H$mim AgVmo. nmoQ>mMm nwT>rb ^mJ nm§T>am AgVmo d ~mH$sMo eara H$mù`m a§JmMo AgVo. nmR>rdarb ~marH$ Q>mMUrgmaIm ^mJ da Ambobm {XgVmo.

OrdZH«$_ :

`m {H$S>rMr _mXr H$modù`m nmbdrÀ`m XoR>m_Üò VgoM nmZm§À`m Xm§S>çm_Üò d _mohmoamÀ`m H$modù`m Xm§S>çm_Üò, gmbrÀ`m AmV_Üò noerV A§S>r KmbVo. A§S>r 1.5 Vo 2.0 {_. _r bm§~ AgVmV. EH$ _mXr gmYmaUV: 50 A§S>r KmbVo. Á`m {R>H$mUr A§S>r KmVbobr AgVmV, Ë`m {R>H$mUÀ`m gmbr_YyZ XmoZ ~marH$ Ho$gmgmaIo nm§T>ao ^mJ ~mhoa Ambobo {XgVmV. Aem A§S>çm_YyZ 6-7 {Xdgm§_Üò Vm§~yg _w§½`m§à_mUo {XgUmar bhmZ-bhmZ {nëbo ~mhoa nS>VmV. {nëbm§Mo nyU© dmT>boë`m T>oH$Ê`mV ê$nm§Va hmoÊ`mg 12 Vo 15 {Xdg bmJVmV. `m {H${S>Mm g§nyU© OrdZH«$_ nyU© hmoÊ`mg gmYmaUV: 25 {Xdg bmJVmV.

ZwH$gmZrMm àH$ma :

`m {H$S>tMm àmXþ^m©d Am°ŠQ>mo~a-Zmoìh|~a _{hÝ`mV H$modir nmbdr \w$Qy> bmJë`mZ§Va gwê$ hmoVmo d OmZodmar _{hÝ`m_Üò _mohmoamda _moR>çm à_mUmda AmT>iwZ òVmo. `m {H$S>rMr {n„o VgoM T>oHy$U H$modù`m nmbdrVyZ, XoR>m_YyZ, nmZm§_YyZ d H$modù`m _mohmoam_YyZ ag emofyZ KoVmV d Ë`mM doiobm {dfmar nXmW© gm|So>dmQ>o AmV gmoS>VmV Ë`m_wio àmXþ{^©V {R>H$mUr àW_ nm§§T>aQ> {R>nHo$ nS>VmV Z§Va Vo dmT>V OmD$Z 24 VmgmV àmXþ{^©V ^mJ H$mim nS>Vmo. _moR>çm à_mUmV àmXþ^m©d Pmbm Agob Va nmbdr, _mohmoa dmiyZ OmVmo. EH$ nyU© dmT>bobo {n„ÿ EH$m {XdgmV 114 {R>H$mUr Va àm¡T> 97 {R>H$mUr H$mio {R>nHo$ nmSw> eH$Vmo Ago AmT>iyZ Ambo


Amho. `m {H$S>tMm àmXþ^m©d H$modù`m \$imda XoIrb hmoVmo. Ë`mdoiobm \$imda H$mù`m a§JmMo JmobmH$ma IS²So> nS>VmV. H$modù`m \$im§Mr Ji hmoVo. `m {H$S>tMm àmXþ^m©d gmYmaU H$modù`m nmbdrda 25 Q>ŠHo$, _mohmoamda 30 Q>ŠHo$ Am{U H$modù`m \$im§da 15 Q>ŠHo$ AmT>iyZ òVmo.

{Z`§ÌUmMo Cnm` : `m {H$S>tÀ`m {Z`§ÌUmgmR>r àmXo{eH$ \$i g§emoYZ H|$Ð, d|Jwbm© d AÝ` g§emoYZ H|$Ðmda Pmboë`m g§emoYZmMo {ZîH$fm©dê$Z H$mOydarb T>oH$Ê`m d \w$b{H$S>rÀ`m {Z`§ÌUmgmR>r Imbrbà_mUo {e\$mag H$aÊ`m§V Ambr Amho.

A.H«$. \$dmaUr {H$Q>H$ZmeH$mMo Zm§d PmS>m§Mr AdñWm

1 n{hbr 36: àdmhr _moZmoH«$moQ>mo\$m°g (0.05% - 1.5 {_br/{bQ>a nmÊ`mV) qH$dm b°åS>m gm`h°bmoW«rZ 5: (0.003% - 0.6 {_br/{bQ>a nmÊ`mV)

ZdrZ nmbdrda

2 Xþgar àmo\o$Zmo\$m°g 50: àdmhr (0.05% - 1{_br/{bQ>a nmÊ`mV) H$amdr.

_mohmoamda

3 {Vgar H$m~m©[ab 50: àdmhr (0.1% - 2 J«°_ /{bQ>a nmÊ`mV) qH$dm b°åS>m gm`h°bmoW«rZ 5: (0.03% -0.6 {_br/{bQ>a nmÊ`mV) \$dmaUr H$amdr.

\$iYmaUoÀ`m AdñWoV

2) ImoS> d _yi nmoIaUmam {H$S>m (amoR>m)

H$mOydarb ImoS>{H$S>tÀ`m VrZ OmVr AmT>iyZ òVmV. EH$m OmVrMm ^w§Jm/{\$H$Q> Vn{H$ar a§JmMm AgVmo Va Xþgè`m OmVrMm ^w§Jm Vn{H$ar qH$dm H$miga a§JmMm AgVmo. ImoS>{H$S>rMr {Vgar OmV H$mOyda H$_r hmZrH$maH$ AgyZ ^w§Jm amImS>r, Vn{H$ar a§JmMm AgVmo d Ë`mÀ`m nmR>rda XmoÝhr ~mOybm ZmatJr a§JmMo {R>nHo$ AgVmV. hm ^w§Jm Oar àm_w»`mZo Am§ã`mÀ`m PmS>mMo ZwH$gmZ H$arV Agbm Var H$mhrdoim H$mOyÀ`m PmS>mdahr AmT>iVmo.

ImoS>{H$S>tÀ`m n{hë`m XmoZM OmVr ZwH$gmZH$maH$ AmhoV. `m {H$S>rMo ^w§Jo amÌrÀ`mdoir añË`mda {dOoÀ`m {Xì`mÀ`m Im§~mImbr {deofV: nmdgmù`mÀ`m gwê$dmVrÀ`m H$mbmdYrV AmT>iyZ òVmV. hm ^w§Jm 4.5 Vo 5 g|._r. bm§~ AgyZ


Ë`mbm bmb {_em AgVmV. ZamMr ñne}§{Ðò Ë`mÀ`m earamnojm bm§~ AgVmV Va _mXrMr ñne}§{Ðò {VÀ`m earamnojm WmoS>r bhmZ AgVmV.

OrdZH«$_ :

`m ^w½`m§Mr _mXr H$mOyÀ`m ImoS>mÀ`m gmbrdarb ôJm§_Üò O{_ZrbJVÀ`m ^mJmda qH$dm CKS>çm nS>boë`m _wimÀ`m gmbrda A§S>r KmbVo EH$ _mXr gmYmaUnUo 100 Vo 125 A§S>r KmbVo. A§S>r nm§T>è`m a§JmMr Am{U AmH$mamZo OmS> Vm§XimÀ`m XmÊ`mEdT>r AgVmV. `m A§S>çm_YyZ 8 Vo 10 {XdgmV Aù`m ~mhoa nS>VmV Am{U gmbrbm ^moHo$ nmSy>Z AmVrb ^mJ nmoIê$Z ImVmV. Ë`mZ§Va Air IoS>mVM H$mofmdñWoV OmVo. nyU© dmT>bobr Air AmH$mamZo MnQ>r d {ndiga nm§T>è`m a§JmMr AgyZ {VMr bm§~r 5 Vo 6 g|._r AgVo. {VMo S>moio ngaQ> d JS>X Vn{H$ar a§JmMo AgVmV. AirÀ`m earamMm àËòH$ ^mJ \w$Jra Pmbobm AgVmo. VgoM Airbm nm` ZgVmV. AirAdñWm 208 Vo 256 {Xdgm§Mr AgVo, Va H$mofmdñWoMm H$mbmdYr 1 Vo 2 _{hZo AgVmo. Aem àH$mao {H${S>Mm g§nyU© OrdZH«$_ 250 Vo 300 {XdgmV nyU© hmoVmo.

ZwH$gmZrMr nÜX²V d bjUo :

gwê$dmVrbm H$sS> bmJboë`m PmS>mÀ`m ImoS>m_YyZ qH$dm CKS>çm nS>boë`m _wim§_YyZ H$minQ> AWdm Vn{H$ar qS>H${_{lV WmoS>m-WmoS>m ^wgm ~mhoa òVmZm {XgVmo. OgOer Air _moR>r hmoV OmVo VgVgo ^wemMo à_mU dmT>V OmVo Am{U ImoS>mbJV ^wgm gmR>bobm {XgVmo.

O{_ZrOdirb ImoS>mda bhmZ ^wgm Yabobr {N>Ðohr {XgyZ òVmV Am{U Aem OmJodarb gmb H$mTy>Z nm{hbo AgVm Vr ghO {ZKVo d AmVrb ^mJ g§nyU© Im„obm AmT>iyZ òVmo. Aem {H$S>boë`m PmS>mMr nmZo H$mbm§VamZo {ndir nSy>Z Jiy bmJVmV. \$m§Úm dmiVmV Am{U g§nyU© PmS> _ê$Z OmVo. {H$S>J«ñV PmSo> {ZñVoO d {\$H$Q> {XgVmV. Aer H$sS>J«ñV PmSo> Xþê$Zhr AmoiIVm òVmV.

{Z`§ÌUmMo Cnm` :

`m {H$S>tÀ`m {Z`§ÌUmgmR>r àmXþ^m©d àmW{_H$ AdñWoV AgVmZmM Cnm``moOZm Ho$br nm{hOo. `m {H$S>rMm àmXþ^m©d OodT>çm bdH$a bjmV òB©b VodT>r


Vo PmS> dmMÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm OmñV AgVo. doirM Oa `mo½` Cnm``moOZm Ho$br Va {H$S>J«ñV PmS> ZŠH$sM OJdVm òVo.

`m {H$S>rÀ`m àmXþ^m©dm_wio _obobr PmSo> qH$dm g§nyU© {ndir nS>bobr PmSo> _wimgH$Q> IUyZ H$mT>mdrV Am{U Ë`mVrb Aù`m§Mm Am{U H$mofm§Mm Zm`ZmQ> H$amdm. åhUOo `m {H$S>rÀ`m àgmambm Amim ~gVmo.

~mJoVrb PmS>m§À`m ImoS>mbJVMm mJ ñdÀN> R>odmdm d H$_rV H$_r _{hÝ`mÀ`m A§VamZo ~mJoMr, PmS>m§Mr ì`dpñWV nmhUr H$amdr. PmS>mbm H$sS> bmJbobr AmT>iyZ Amë`mg nQ>merÀ`m ghmæ`mZo gmb H$mTy>Z eŠ` VodT>çm Aù`m H$mTy>Z ZîQ> H$amì`mV. VgoM ~w§Ü`mbJVMm g§nyU© ^mJ Šbmoamonmàr\$m°g 20: àdmhr (0.2: - 10 {_br./{bQ>a nmÊ`mVyZ) `m {H$Q>H$ZmeH$mÀ`m ÐmdUmZo {Ôdmdm. VgoM `m {H$S>rÀ`m {Z`§ÌUmgmR>r {S>.{S>.ìhr.nr. 76% àdmhr d am°Ho$b (10 {_br + 50 {_br) ho {_lU AirZo Ho$boë`m {N>ÐmV AmoVyZ ho {N>Ð {MIbmZo ~§X H$amdo qH$dm Šbmoamonmàr\$m°g 20% àdmhr d am°Ho$b (10 {_br + 50{_br) ho {_lU AirZo Ho$boë`m {N>ÐmVyZ AmoVyZ ho {N>Ð {MIbmZo ~§X H$amdo. AemàH$mao H$miOr KoVë`mg ImoS>{H$S>m qH$dm amoR>m `m {H$S>rMo {Z`§ÌU H$aVm òVo.

3) \w$b{H$So>

`m {H$S>rMm n§«mXþ^m©d H$moH$U {d^mJm_Üò {Xdg|{Xdg dmTy> bmJbm Amho. hr H$sS> AmH$mamZo A{Ve` bhmZ AgVo. ghOmghOr S>moù`m§Zr {XgV Zmhr. Vr a§JmZo {\$H$Q> {ndiga AgVo.

ZwH$gmZrMm àH$ma :

`m {H$S>rMm àmXþ^m©d àW_ H$modù`m nmbdrÀ`m VgoM nmZm§À`m XoR>mda AmT>iyZ oVmo. _mÌ bhmZ \$io Yamd`mg bmJë`mZ§Va m {H$S>rMm àmXþ^m©d àH$fm©Zo OmUdVmo. nyU© dmT>bobr {H$S> d {n„o H$modù`m nmbdrdarb Am{U _mohmoamÀ`m XoR>mdarb VgoM H$modù`m {~`m d ~m|Sy>darb gmb IadS>VmV Ë`m_YyZ òUmam ag emofyZ KoVmV. Ë`m_wio àmXþ{^©V {R>H$mUr ^waH$Q> a§JmMo MQ>Q>o nS>VmV. {~`m§da MQ²Q>o nS>ë`m_wio {~`m AñdÀN> {XgVmV. {~`m§Mm AmH$ma doS>mdmH$S>m hmoVmo. VgoM {~`m§Mr Ji hmoVo. àmXþ{^©V ~m|Sy> VS>H$VmV d Vo bhmZ amhVmV.


{Z`§ÌUmMo Cnm` :

H$mOydarb T>oH$Ê`m d \w$b{H$S>r `m EH$mMdoir òV Agë`m_wio EH${ÌV Cnm``moOZm H$aUo gmo`rMo R>aVo. Ë`mgmR>r nwT>rb à_mUo {Z`moOZo H$amdo.

n{hbr \$dmaUr nmbdr \w$Q>VmM _moZmoH«$moQ>mo\$m°g `m H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mMr Va Xþgar \$dmaUr _mohmoa òVmM àmo\o$Zmo\$m°g `m H$sQ>H$ZmeH$mMr H$amdr Am{U {Vgar \$dmaUr b°åS>m gm`h°bmoW«rZ `m {H$Q>H$ ZmeH$m§Mr H$amdr.

4) ~m|S> d ~r nmoIaUmar Air

AbrH$S>rb EH$ XmoZ dfm©_Üò `m {H$S>rMm àmXþ^m©d H$mOy {nH$mda {XgyZ òV Amho. ~r Mr dmT> nyU© Pmë`mZ§Va ~m|Sy>Mr dmT> hmoVo. `m {H$S>rMr Air ~m|Sy>bm Á`m {R>H$mUr ~r {MH$Q>bobr AgVo {VWo àmXþ^m©d H$ê$Z ~m|Sy> Ë`mMà_mUo H$modir ~r nmoIaVo. Ë`m_wio AmVrb JamMr àV Iam~ hmoVo. VgoM ~m|Sy>XoIrb Iam~ hmoVmV. H$mOydarb T>oH$Ê`m{H$S>rÀ`m {Z`§ÌUmgmR>r {e\$mag Ho$bobr {H$Q>H$ZmeH$m§Mr {Vgar \$dmaUr \$m`Xoera R>aVo.

H$mOydarb amoJ Am{U {Z`§ÌU :

H$mOy {nH$mda {deof _hÎdmMo Ago amoJ ZmhrV. na§Vw AZoH$ amoJm§Mr `m {nH$mda Zm|X Pmbobr Amho. gÚ n[apñWVrMm {dMma H$aVm H$mOy amondm{Q>Ho$Vrb Am{U ~mJoVrb amoJ Aer {d^mJUr H$aVm òB©b.

H$mOy amondm{Q>Ho$Vrb amoJ :

amondm{Q>Ho$Vrb H$modù`m amonm§da A{V hmZrH$maH$ Ago amoJ AmT>iVmV. H$b_o H$aÊ`mgmR>r ßb°pñQ>H$ {neì`mVyZ amono éOdyZ H$mT>br OmVmV. dmnaÊ`mV òUmè`m nmo`Q>m _mVrVyZ nmÊ`mMm {ZMam ì`dpñWV hmoV Zgob Va amoJm§Mm àmXþ^m©d OmñV AmT>iVmo. amondm{Q>Ho$Vrb _hËdmMo amoJ Imbrbà_mUo AmhoV.

1. amono H$mob_S>Uo :

\$m`Q>monWmoam nmë_rhmoamo ZmdmÀ`m ~waer_wio hmoUmè`m amoJmMm àmXþ^m©d H$modù`m amonm§À`m ~w§Ü`mOdi hmoVmo. àmXþ m©{dV amono O{_ZrbJVMm ~w§Ym Hw$Oë`m_wio {\$H$Q> nS>VmV Am{U bdH$aM H$mob_Sy>Z nS>VmV.


2. amonmdarb H$anm :

qgbtS´>moŠb°{S>`_ ñH$mon°[aA_ ZmdmÀ`m ~waer_wio hmoUmam hm amoJ amondm{Q>Ho$Vrb VrZ-Mma _{hÝ`m§À`m amonm§da AmT>iVmo. O{_ZrImbrb amonmMo ImoS> Hw$Oë`m_wio amono {ZñVoO AWdm _obobr AmT>iVmV. {deofV: nmdgmù`mV `m amoJmMm àmXþ^m©d OmñV {XgVmo.

3. _yi Hy$Oì`m amoJ :

{n{W`_ AëQ>r__ ZmdmÀ`m ~waer_wio hmoUmè`m `m amoJmMm àmXþ^m©d _{hZm {XS> _{hZm d`mÀ`m amonm§da OmñV AmT>iVmo. nmdgmù`mV nmofH$ hdm_mZmV `m amoJmMr Vrd«Vm OmñV AgVo. àmXþ{^©V amonm§Mr ImbMr nmZo {ndir nSy>Z amono IwaQ>bobr amhVmV. ~waerMm àmXþ^m©d _wim§À`m Q>moH$mnmgyZ gwé Pmë`mZo g§nyU© _wio Hw$OyZ OmVmV.

Cnm``moOZm :

darb {VÝhr amoJm§À`m {Z`§ÌUmgmR>r Imbrbà_mUo Cnm``moOZm H$amdr.

1. CÎm_ à{VMr nmo Q>m _mVr dmnéZ {neì`mVyZ nmÊ`mMm `mo½` {ZMam H$amdm

2. amonm§À`m {nedrV 1 Q>ŠH$m ~moS>m}{_lU àË`oH$ {nedrV 100 {_br `mà_mUo AmoVmdo.

H$mOy ~mJoVrb amoJ :

ZdrZ bmJdS> Am{U CËnÝZmV AgUmar PmSo> `m§da àm_w»`mZo H$anm, e|So>_a, qS>Š`md, nmZJi, nmZm§darb {d{dY {R>nHo$, nmZm§darb H$mOir, ~m|S> gS>Uo, ~r Hw$OUo BË`m{X àH$maMo amoJ AmT>iyZ `oVmV.

1. H$anm :

H$moboQ>mo{Q´>H$_ JbmoB©AmoñnmoarAm°BS²g ZmdmÀ`m ~waer_wio hmoUmam hm amoJ H$modir nmZo, \$m§Úm, _mohmoa, {~`m BË`mqXda AmT>iVmo. amoJJ«ñV ^mJmda {\$H$Q>, Vm§~yg a§JmMo {R>nHo$ {XgVmV. H$mbm§VamZo {R>nHo$ dmT>V OmD$Z amoJJ«ñV ^mJ dmiyZ OmVmo. amoJJ«ñV H$modir nmZo AmH$gVmV. Va H$modù`m {~`m dmiyZ OmVmV.

`m amoJmÀ`m {Z`§ÌUmgmR>r 0.1 Q>ŠH$m H$m~}ÝS>mPr_ qH$dm 0.1 Q>ŠH$m _°ÝH$moPo~ qH$dm 1 Q>ŠH$m ~moS>m}{_lUÀ`m VrZ \$dmaÊ`m Úmì`mV. n{hbr \$dmaUr


nmdgmù`mnydr© Úmdr.

2. e|So>_a qH$dm qnH$amoJ :

H$m°Q>r©{g`_ gmb_mo{ZH$ba ZmdmÀ`m ~waer_wio hm amoJ hmoVmo. ZdrZ bmJdS>r_YyZ gmYmaUV: nmdgmù`mV Am{U nmD$g g§nVm-g§nVm `m amoJmMm àmXþ^m©d OmñV AmT>iVmo. amoJJ«ñV \$m§Úm§da nm§T>è`m ~waerMr dmT> {XgyZ `oVo. amoJJ«ñV e|So> déZ Imbr dmiV OmVmV åhUyZ `m amoJmg e|So>_a åhUVmV.

Cnm``moOZm :

darb XmoÝhr amoJm§gmR>r Imbrbà_mUo Cnm``moOZm H$amdr.

1. amoJJ«ñV nmZo, \$m§Úm, e|So> H$mnyZ Omimdr. H$mnboë`m ^mJmda ~moS>m}noñQ> bmdmdr.

2. nmdgmù`mnydr© Am{U nmdgmù`mZ§Va g§nyU© PmS>mda 1 Q>ŠH$m ~moS>m}{_lUmÀ`m XmoZ \$dmaÊ`m Úmì`mV.

3. qS>Š`m amoJ :

XmoZ-VrZ àH$maÀ`m ~waer_wio `m amoJmMm àmXþ^m©d AmT>iVmo. _w»` ImoS> Am{U \$m§Úm m§Zm oJm nS>VmV Am{U Ë`mVyZ qS>H$ ~mhoa nS>Vmo. gwédmVrg hm qS>H$ Vn{H$ar a§JmMm AgVmo Am{U nwT>o Vmo H$mim nS>Vmo.

Cnm``moOZm :

amoJJ«ñV ^mJ ñdÀN> H$éZ Ë`mda ~moS>m}noñQ> bmdmdr.

4. e|So> Hw$OUo Am{U nmZJi :

\$m`Q>moWmoam {ZH$moQ>rZr ZmdmÀ`m ~waer_wio hm amoJ hmoVmo. nmdgmù`mV \$m§Úm§da gai aofoV H$mio {R>nHo$ AmT>iVmV Am{U Ë`mVyZ qS>H$ ~mhoa nS>Vmo. H$mbm§VamZo ho {R>nHo$ EH$_oH$mV {_giyZ e|S>çmdarb H$modir nmZo gwHy$Z OmVmV. OyZ nmZm§da _w»` {eaoda amoJmMm àmXþ^m©d {XgyZ `oVmo Am{U ngaV OmVmo. Ë`m_wio nmZJi hmoVmo.

Cnm``moOZm :

darb XmoÝhr amoJm§gmR>r Imbrbà_mUo Cnm``moOZm H$amdr.

1. amoJJ«ñV nmZo, \$m§Úm, e|So> H$mnyZ Omimdr. H$mnboë`m ^mJmda ~moS>m}noñQ>


bmdmdr.

2. nmdgmù`mnydr© Am{U nmdgmù`mZ§Va g§nyU© PmS>mda 1 Q>ŠH$m ~moS>m}{_lUmÀ`m XmoZ \$dmaÊ`m Úmì`mV.

5. nmZmdarb H$mOir :

H°$ßZoS>r`_ ñno{gg ZmdmMr H$mir ~waer nmZmda dmT>Vo. Ë`m_wio PmS>m§À`m AÝZ V`ma H$aÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$`oV AS>Wim {Z_m©U hmoVmo.

Cnm``moOZm :

XmoZ Q>ŠHo$ ñQ>mM©À`m ÐmdUmMr \$dmaUr amoJJ«ñV PmS>mda Ho$ë`mg H$mOirÀ`m Inë`m {ZKyZ PmSo> ñdÀN> amhVmV.

6. nmZmdarb {ndio {R>nHo$ :

gÜ`m ~è`mM ~m§JmVyZ OyZ nmZm§da {ndio {R>nHo$ AmT>iVmV. H$mbm§VamZo ho {R>nHo$ dmT>VmV d g§nyU© nmZ {ndio {XgVo. A{V AmåbY_r©` O{_ZrV hm àH$ma OmñV AmT>iVmo.

Cnm``moOZm :

JiyZ nS>bobr nmZo Jmoim H$éZ PmS>mImbrb ^mJ ñdÀN> R>odmdm. OoUoH$éZ hr nmZo Hw$OyZ O_rZ OmñV AmåbY_r©` hmoUma Zmhr. VgoM Xadfr© PmS>mg S>mobmo_mB©Q> ho IV Úmdo.

7. nmZmdarb {d{dY {R>nHo$ :

H$mOy PmS>mÀ`m nmZm§da {d{dY AmH$mamMo Am{U {^ÝZ a§JmMo {R>nHo$ AmT>iVmV. Ë`mV àm_w»`mZo H$aS>m H$anm, bmb {R>nHo$, Vn{H$ar {R>nHo$ {XgyZ oVmV. ho {R>nHo$ doJdoJù`m àH$maÀ`m ~waerÀ`m àmXþ m©dmZo hmoVmV. Ë`mV àm_w»`mZo

noñQ>mobmo{e`m ñno, H$m`ñQ>rŠQ>m ñno, H$moboQ>moQ>rH$_ ½bmoBAmoñnmoarAm°gS>g² \$mo_moßgrg BË`m{X ~waetMm ^mJ AgVmo.

Cnm``moOZm :

amoJJ«ñV PmS>m§da H$m°na Am°ŠgrŠbmoamB©S> 0.3 Q>ŠHo$ qH$dm ~moS>m}{_lU 1 Q>ŠH$m qH$dm ~oZboQ> 0.3 Q>ŠHo$ `m ~waerZmeH$mMr \$dmaUr H$amdr.


8. H$mOy ~m|S> Am{U {~`mdarb amoJ :

{d{dY àH$maÀ`m ~waer_wio ~m|So> gS>VmV. VgoM H$ÀÀ`m Am{U nŠŠ`m H$mOy {~`mgwÕm {d{dY àH$maÀ`m ~waer_wio Zmgboë`m AmT>iVmV. Ë`mV àm_w»`mZo ŠbmoS>moñnmo[a`_ {g_°Q>moñnmoam, A°ñna{Obg ñno, `wOo[aA_ ñno. BË`m{X ~waetMm g_mdoe Amho.

Cnm``moOZm :

{Z`§ÌUmgmR>r 0.3 Q>ŠHo$ H$m°na Am°pŠgŠbmoamB©S>Mr \$dmaUr ~m|S> nŠd hmoÊ`mnydr© H$amdr. V`ma {~`m Iam~ hmoD$ Z`oV åhUyZ Mm§Jë`m dmidyZ, ßb°pñQ>H$À`m _moR>çm {nedrVyZ grb~§X pñWVrV gmR>dyZ R>odmì`mV.

��


H$mOy {nH$mImbrb joÌ d CËnmXZ dmT>rgmR>r YmoaUo

H$mOy {nH$mImbrb _hmamîQ´>mVrb joÌ 1.83 bmI Amho. AOyZhr 3 bmI hoŠQ>a n{S>H$ AgyZ gXa joÌ H$mOy {nH$mImbr AmUÊ`m§g dmd Amho. Ë`mH$[aVm nwT>rb ~m~tda Jm§{^©`mZo {dMma H$aÊ`mMr JaO Amho. gXa nS>rH$ O{_Zrda S>m°. ~m.gm.H$moH$U H¥${f {dÚmnrR>, Xmnmobr `m§Zr bmJdS>rgmR>r àgmarV Ho$boë`m d âKmog CËnÝZ XoUmè`m H$mOy OmVrÀ`m H$b_m§Mr bmJdS> Ho$ë`mg Ë`mMà_mUo gwYmarV bmJdS> V§ÌkmZmMm Adb§~ Ho$ë`mg H$mOy bmJdS>r Imbrb EHy$U joÌ, CËnmXZ Am{U CËnmXH$Vm dmT>Ê`mg _XV hmoB©b. gXa joÌmda amoOJma h_r `moOZo A§VJ©V bmJdS> H$aÊ`mH$[aVm _hgwb {d^mJm_Yrb Ë`m joÌmdarb 7/12 _Yrb Zm|Xr~m~V `mo½` VmoS>Jm H$mTy>Z H$mOy {nH$ bmJdS>r Imbr AmUUo eŠ` hmoB©b.

~MVJQ>m_m\©$V àËòH$s 100 hoŠQ>a joÌmda H$mOy {nH$m§Mr bmJdS> H$éZ Ë`mnmgyZ amoOJma {Z{_©Vr hmoD$Z n{S>H$ joÌ bmJdS>rImbr AmUUo eŠ` hmoB©b.

{dñVma {ejUmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ CËnmXZmV dmT> H$aUo

H$mOy {nH$m§{df`r _m{hVr XoÊ`mgmR>r {d{dY {~Ja h§Jm_r, h§Jm_r H$m`©emim Am`mo{OV H$éZ eoVH$è`m§Zm doimodoir {nH$m§bm IVo XoUo, nmUr XoUo VgoM {nH$ g§ajU B. ~m~V _m{hVr XoUo JaOoMo Amho. gÚpñWVrV H$mOy {nH$ Ho$di dfm©db§~r {nH$ åhUyZ KoVbo OmVo na§Vw Ë`mg `mo½` doir nmUr nwadR>m VgoM IVm§Mr _mÌm {Xë`mg CËnmXZmV {ZpíMVM dmT> hmooB©b.

g|Ðr` H$mOy bmJdS>

H$moH$UmVrb ~è`mM _moR>çm joÌmdarb H$mOy {nH$mbm IVo qH$dm \$dmaUr Ho$br OmV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio gXaMr H$mOy PmSo> Z¡g{J©H$[aË`m H$moUVohr nrH$ ì`dñWmnZ Z H$aVm \$ŠV CËnÝZ {_iVo åhUyZ KoVbr OmVmV. Aer bmJdS> AWm©VM Vr Z¡g{J©H$ eoVr nÜXVr _Üò òVo.

àmXo{eH$ \$i g§emoYZ d|Jwbm© òWo H$mOy g|{Ð` eoVrMm à`moJ gwê$ Amho. g|{Ð` _mbmbm Mm§Jbr ~mOmanoR> d `mo½` Xa {_idyZ XoUo JaOoMo Amho.


nmUr nwadR>m gmo`r CnbãY H$aUo

H$mOy {nH$ ho H$moaS>dmhÿ {nH$ åhUyZ JUbo OmVo. na§Vw H$mOy {nH$m§g `mo½` à_mUm§V nmUr nwadR>m Ho$ë`mg Ë`mnmgyZ XþßnQ> CËnÝZ {_iV Agë`mMo {XgyZ Ambo Amho. na§Vw H$moH$UmVrb H$mOy {nH$mImbrb joÌ ho _moR>çm à_mUm§da S>m|Jami ^mJmV Agë`mZo VoWo nwaogm d `mo½` à_mUm§V nmUr nwadR>m H$aUo JaOoMo Amho. Ë`mgmR>r emgH$s` AZwXmZ VgoM nmUr nwadR>`mÀ`m AmYw{ZH$ gmYZmMm dmna H$aUo JaOoMo Amho.

��


H$mOy ~m|S>mnmgyZ {Q>H$mD$ nXmW© d H$mOy ~r à{H«$`m

H$mOy {nH$m§nmgyZ à{H«$`m`wŠV nXmW© V`ma H$aUo :

H$mOyJam ì`{V[aŠV H$mOy ~m|Sy> hm A{Ve` _hËdmMm ^mJ AgyZ Ë`mMm `mo½` dmna Ho$ë`mg eoVH$è`m§Zm Ë`mnmgyZ Mm§Jbm \$m`Xm hmoB©b. H$mOy ~m|S>m_Üò eH©$am gw_mao 10 Q>ŠHo$, OrdZgËd "H$' gw_mao 261.5 {_brJ«°_/100 J«°_ VgoM AmåbVm 0.22 Q>ŠHo$ AgVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`mVrb eH©$am d OrdZgËd "H$' `m§Mm {dMma H$aVm Vo Mm§Jbo nm¡pîQ>H$ AgyZ nmMH$hr Amho.

H$mOy {~`m§À`m Odi-Odi 6 Vo 7 nQ>rZo H$mOy ~m|S>mMo CËnmXZ hmoV AgVo. EHy$U H$mOy ~m|S>mÀ`m CËnmXZmÀ`m gw_mao 90 Vo 95 Q>ŠHo$ H$mOy ~m|So> gÜ`m dm`m OmVmV. `mMo à_wI H$maU åhUOo H$mOy ~m|So> Zm{ed§V AgVmV Am{U Ë`mÀ`mnmgyZ {Q>H$mD$ nXmW© ~Z{dÊ`mMo V§ÌkmZ dmnabo OmV Zmhr. gÜ`m qgYwXÿJ© {OëømV CËnm{XV hmoUmè`m H$mOy ~m|S>mn¡H$s WmoS>çm-_moR>çm à_mUV Jmodm amÁ`mVrb H$mhr R>oHo$Xma AË`ën ^mdmZo {dH$V KoD$Z Ë`mnmgyZ \o$Urgma»`m _mXH$ no mMr {Z{_©Vr H$aVmZm AmT>iVmV. H$mOy ~m|S>mnmgyZ ñ¹°$e, no` (ZoŠQ>a) VgoM {gan BË`mXr CÎm_ à{VMr A_mXH$ no` Ë`mMà_mUo CÎm_ à{VMm O°_gwÕm ghO ~Z{dVm òVmo. S>m°. ~mimgmho~ gmd§V H$moH$U H¥${f {dÚmnrR>, Xmnmobr `m§Zr H$mOy ~moS>m§nmgyZ {d{dY no` CXm. ZoŠQ>a (Ama.Q>r.Eg.) ga~V MQ>Ur, Om_ ho V`ma H$aÊ`mMo V§ÌkmZ {dH${gV Ho$bo Amho. `mMm dmna H$éZ dm`m OmUmè`m ~mo§S>mda à{H«$`m H$éZ Am{W©H$ \$m`Xm {_idVm òVmo.

H$mOy ~m|S>mnmgyZ V`ma H$aÊ`mV òUmè`m Am{U nwîH$i {Xdg {Q>H$dyZ R>odVm òÊ`mgma»`m nXmWm©§Mr H¥$Vr nwT>o {Xbr Amho.

1. H$mOy ~m|S>mnmgyZ no` V`ma H$aUo (ZoŠQ>a (Ama.Q>r.Eg².)) :

àW_ Mm§Jbr nŠd H$mOy ~m|So> {ZdSy>Z YwdyZ ¿`mdrV. YwVbobr ~m|So> 1.5 Q>ŠHo$ {_R>mÀ`m CH$iË`m ÐmdUmV 5 {_{ZQ>o {eOV R>odmdrV; 1.5 Q>ŠHo$ {_R>mMo ÐmdU V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r 15 J«°_ _rR> 1 {bQ>a nmÊ`mV {daKiyZ ÐmdU V`ma H$amdo. Aem ÐmdUmV {eObobr H$mOy ~m|So> Z§Va ñdÀN> nmÊ`mImbr W§S> H$amdrV. W§S>


Pmboë`m H$mOy ~m|S>mnmgyZ ~mñHo$Q>àogÀ`m ghmæ`mZo ag H$mT>mdm. ag _b_bÀ`m H$mnS>mVyZ JmiyZ ¿`mdm. agm_Yrb OS>H$U Imbr ~gÊ`mgmR>r ag ñQ>rbÀ`m nmVoë`mV 2 Vmg R>odmdm. MmoÏ`mMo H$U Imbr ~gVrb. Z§Va daMm ñdÀN> ag JmiyZ ¿`mdm. `m agmnmgyZ Imbr Z_yX Ho$boë`m KQ>H$m§À`m à_mUmV H$mOyMo no` (ZoŠQ>a Ama.Q>r.Eg².) V`ma H$amdo. H$moH$U H¥${f {dµÚm{nR>mZo "{dnwb' ZmdmMo H$mOy ~m|S>mMo ag H$mT>Ê`mMo `§Ì {dH${gV Ho$bo Amho.

nmMeo J«°_ H$mOy agmnmgyZ no` V`ma H$amd`mMo Pmë`mg gw_mao 140 J«°_ gmIa, 2 J«°_ gm`{Q´>H$ Amåb Am{U 360 {_.br. nmUr bmJob. Aem àH$mao V`ma Ho$boë`m à{V {H$bmo no`mV 140 {_.br. J«°_ nmoQ>°{e`_ _oQ>m~m` gë\$mB©Q> {_gimdo Am{U no` {ZOªVwH$ Ho$boë`m ~mQ>ë`mV ^ê$Z ~mQ>ë`m ~yM bmdyZ ~§X H$amì`mV. âboë`m ~mQ>ë`m 30 {_{ZQ>o CH$iË`m nmÊ`mV "{ZO©§VyH$sH$aU' H$aÊ`mgmR>r R>odmì`mV. Z§Va ~mQ>ë`m§Zm `mo½` bo~b bmdyZ W§S> Am{U H$moaS>çm OmJr gmR>dmì`mV.

2. H$mOy ñ¹°$e :

ñ¹°$e V`ma H$aVmZm H$mOy ~m|S>mnmgyZ no` V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r {Xboë`m H¥$Vrà_mUo {nH$boë`m ~m|S>mMm ag H$mT>mdm. agmnmgyZ ñ¹°$e V`ma H$amd`mMo Pmë`mg 250 J«°_ agmV 425 J«°_ gmIa, 7.5 J«°_ gm`{Q´>H$ Amåb Am{U 317.5 {_.br. nmUr {_gimdo. Aem ñ¹°$e_Üò 610 {_.br. J«°_ nmoQ>°{eA_ _oQ>m~m`gë\$mB©Q> à{V {H$bmo no` `m à_mUmV {_giyZ Vo {ZO©§VwH$ Ho$boë`m ~mQ>ë`mV ~§X H$ê$Z ~mQ>ë`m§Zm bo~b bmdyZ Ë`m W§S> d H$moaS>çm {R>H$mUr R>odmì`mV. ñ¹°$e_Üò Oa nmoQ>°{e`_ _oQ>m~m`gë\$mB©Q> (n[aajH$) dmnabo Zmhr Va ñ¹°$e âboë`m ~mQ>ë`m§Mo CH$iË`m nmÊ`mV 30 {_{ZQ>o nmíMarH$aU H$amdo.

3. H$mOy ~m|S>mnmgyZ {gan :

H$mOy ~m|S>mÀ`m agmnmgyZ {gan ho EH$ ñdm{XîQ> no` V`ma H$aVm òVo. Ë`mgmR>r 500 J«°_ agm_Üò 1 {H$bmo gmIa Am{U 14 J«°_ gm`{Q´>H$ Amåb {_gimdo. {_lU T>diyZ EH$Ord Pmë`mZ§Va Ë`mV 610 {_.br. J«°_ nmoQ>°{e`_ _oQ>m~m` gë\$mB©Q> ho n[aajH$ à{V {H$bmo {gan `m à_mUmV {_gimdo. (Q>rn - ñ¹°$e_Üò qH$dm {gan_Üò n[aajH$ {_giÊ`mnydr© Vo gw_mao 100 {_.br. nmÊ`mV


Mm§Jbo {daKidmdo Am{U Z§Va Vo _w»` nXmWm©V/no`mV {_gimdo). Z§Va {gan _b_bÀ`m H$nS>çmVyZ JmiyZ KoD$Z H$mMoÀ`m {ZO©VyH$ Ho$boë`m Aé§X Vm|S>mÀ`m ~mQ>brV ^ê$Z, PmH$U bmdyZ, hdm~§X H$ê$Z, bo~b bmdyZ, W§S> d H$moaS>çm {R>H$mUr R>odmdoV.

4. H$mOyMm O°_ :

H$mOy O°_ V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r àW_ {ZdS>H$, nŠd H$mOy ~m|So> 1.5 Vo 2.0 Q>ŠHo$ {_R>mÀ`m ÐmdUmV 5 {_{ZQ>o CH$iyZ ¿`mdrV. H$mOy ~m|So> {_R>mÀ`m CH$iË`m ÐmdUmV {eOdë`m_wio ~m|S>m_Üò Omo Kembm IdIdUmam Q>°{ZZ ZmdmMm KQ>H$ AgVmo, Ë`mMo à_mU ZJÊ` hmoVo. ~m|So> {eO{dë`mZ§Va ñdÀN> nmÊ`mV W§S> H$amdrV. W§S> Pmboë`m ~m|S>mMo bhmZ VwH$So> H$ê$Z Ë`mMm {_ŠgaÀ`m ghmæ`mZo bJXm V`ma H$amdm. V`ma Pmboë`m bJÚm_Üò 9:11 `m à_mUmV gmIa {_giyZ Vmo _§X A¾rda {eOV R>odmdm. {_lU {eOV AgVmZm Vo hiyhiy T>diUo Amdí`H$ Amho. {_lUm_Üò à{V {H$bmo O°_À`m dOZmg 8 J«°_ gm`{Q´>H$ Amåb {_gimdo. Á`mdoir {_lUmMo Vmn_mZ 103 A§e g|.J«o. òB©b. Aem O°_ _Üò EHy$U {dÐmì` KQ>H$m§Mo à_mU 68.5 Q>ŠHo$ EdT>o AgVo. V`ma Pmbobm O°_ Ja_ AgVmZmM H$mMoÀ`m é§X Vm|S>mÀ`m {ZO©§VyH$ Ho$boë`m ~mQ>ë`mV âmdm. O°_ ^ê$Z W§S> Pmë`mda nmVi n°am{\$Z _oUmMm Wa Úmdm Am{U ~mQ>ë`m `mo½` bo~b bmdyZ W§S> Am{U H$moaS>çm {R>H$mUr R>odmì`mV. ({Q>n - [aH$må`m ~mQ>ë`m {ZO©§VyH$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m CH$iË`m nmÊ`mV 20 {_{ZQ>o ~wS>dyZ R>odmì`mV).

5. H$mOy \o$Ur :

n[anŠd Pmbobr H$mOyMr ~m|So> Jmoim H$ê$Z gXa ~m|So> {g_|Q> Q>mH$s_Üò gmR>{dbr OmVmV. Ë`mda Xm~ XoD$Z H$mOy ~m|Sy>Mm ag H$mT>bm OmVmo. gXa ag Q>mH$sÀ`m Vimbm ~g{dboë`m ZimVyZ ag H$mTy>Z JmiyZ KoVbm OmVmo. Ë`mZ§Va ag _moR>çm ^m§S>çm_Üò AmR> {Xdg Am§~{dbm OmVmo. Z§Va gXa ag VmndyZ Ambobr dm\$ W§S> Ho$br OmVo (CÜd©nmVZ nÕVrZo W§S> Ho$br OmVo). Aem àH$mao V`ma Pmbobr H$mOyMr \o$Ur JmiyZ ~mQ>ë`m§_Üò {gb~§X Ho$br OmVo.

H$mOy à{H«$`m :

~Xm_, AH«$moS>, {nñVm BË`mXr ZQ> (H$R>rU H$dM) àH$mamVrb \$im§da


gmoß`m nÜXVrZo åhUOoM WmoS>çm AmKmVmZo à{H«$`m H$aVm òVo Am{U \$im§À`m Jamdarb AmdaU ImÊ`mg `mo½` Agë`m_wio à{H«$`m gmoß`m nÜXVrMr d H$_r IMm©Mr AgVo. na§Vy H$mOy Jamdarb nmVi nmnwÐm (Q>oñQ>m) ho Ë`m_Üò Agboë`m Q>°{ZZ KQ>H$m_wio ImÊ`mg `mo½` ZgVo. Ë`mMà_mUo H$mOy ~r à{H«$`m H$aVo doir H$mOy Q>a\$bmVyZ {ZKUmao Vob ho earamg Anm`H$maH$ Agë`m_wio H$mOy ~r da à{H«$`m H$aVmZm {deof H$miOr ¿`mdr bmJVo. Ë`m_wio H$mOy ~r nmgyZ H$mOyJa {Z{_©Vr à{H«$`m _mÌ WmoS>r doJir Am{U I{M©H$ nÜXVrMr Amho. ~«mPrb, pìhEVZm_ gma»`m amîQ´>m§_Üò H$mOy ~r à{H«$òMo `m§{ÌH$sH$aU H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho. H$mhr amîQ´>o hr nÜXV AZwgaV AmhoV na§Vw ^maVmV _mÌ _Zwî` ~imMm OmXm dmna Ho$bm OmV Amho `mMr H$maUo åhUOo H$mOy CËnmXH$ amÁ`m§_Üò CnbãY _Zwî`~i, OmJ{VH$ ~mOmanoR>oMr _mJUr nwa{dÊ`mEdT>çm JVrZo H$mOy~rMo hmoUmar à{H«$`m ghO Am{U ñdñV CnbãY hmoUmar naH$s` H$mOy ~r, ñWm{ZH$ Am{U OmJ{VH$ ~mOmanoR>oV H$mOyJamMr dmT>Vr _mJUr Am{U H$mOyJa Am`mV H$aUmè`m amîQ´>m§_Üò H$mOyJa {Z{_©Vr Z hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm, `m gd© ~m~tMm {dMma `m§{ÌH$sH$aUmÀ`m doir hmoUo JaOoMo Amho.

^maVm_Üò gÜ`m H$mOy ~r da à{H«$`m H$aUmao bhmZ-_moR>o 3790 H$maImZo AgyZ H$mOy ~r da à{H«$`m H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm gmoim bmI Q>ZmMr Amho _mÌ XoemMo EHy$U CËnÝZ 7 Vo 8 bmI _oQ´>rH$ Q>Z EodT>o Amho. Ë`m_wio H$mOy à{H«$`m H$maImÝ`mMr JaO ^mJ{dÊ`mH$arVm Cd©[aV H$mOy ~r naXoemVyZ Am`mV H$amdo bmJVo. H$mOy H$maImZo _w»`Ëdo Ho$ai, Vm{_iZmSy>, H$Zm©Q>H$, Am§Y«àXoe, _hmamîQ´>, npíM_ ~§Jmb Am{U Jmodm amÁ`mV AmhoV. H$mOy ~r_YyZ H$mOyJa hmVmZo qH$dm `§ÌmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo Mm§Jë`m àH$mao H$mT>Uo, `m à{H«$òbm H$mOy à{H«$`m CÚmoJmV {deof _hÎd Amho.

H$mOy CÚmoJmbm MmbZm {_iÊ`mH$[aVm gaH$maZo CÚmoOH$m§Zm nwT>rb à_mUo gw{dYm CnbãY H$éZ Úmì`mV Aem CÚmoOH$m§À`m Anojm AmhoV.

1. H$mOy ~r Mr gmR>dU H$aÊ`mH$[aVm JmoS>mdyZ gw{dYm.

2. H$mOy ~r IaoXrH$[aVm H$_r ì`mOXamV H$O© nwadR>m H$amdm.

3. OyÝ`m H$mOy H$maImÝ`m§Mo ZwV{ZH$aUmH$[aVm AW©ghmæ` H$amdo.


`m gd© ~m~tMm {dMma H$éZ Adb§~ Ho$ë`mg H$mOy CÚmoJ {dH${gV hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoD$Z KaJwVr à{H«$`m CÚmoJ {Z_m©U hmoD$Z ~oamoOJmarda H$mhr à_mUmV _mV H$aVm òUo eŠ` Amho.

VŠVm H«$. 2 df©{Zhm` H$mOyJa d H$mOy Q>a\$b Vob {Z`m©V d H$mOy ~r Am`mVrMr _m{hVr

df©H$mOyJa {Z`m©V Q>a\$b Vob {Z`m©V H$mOy ~r Am`mV

à_mU qH$_V à_mU qH$_V à_mU qH$_V

2001-02 97550 1776.80 1814 41.9 356566 960.01

2002-03 104137 1933.02 7215 92.5 400659 1236.57

2003-04 100828 1804.42 6926 70.3 452898 1400.93

2004-05 126667 2709.24 7474 79.1 578884 2183.24

2005-06 114143 2514.86 6463 72.1 565400 2162.95

2006-07 118540 2455.15 6139 102.9 592604 1811.62

2007-08 114340 2288.90 7813 119.7 605970 1746.80

2008-09 109522 2988.40 9099 260.6 605850 2632.41

2009-10 108120 2905.82 9748 241.2 752894 3037.35

20010-11 105755 2819.39 12051 33.77 540000 3558.28

20011-12 131760 4390 13575 59.46 200029 4156.00

à_mU : _oQ´>rH$ Q>Z, qH$_V : é. H$moQ>rV

H$mOy à{H«$`m hm CÚmoJ Amnë`m XoemV gw_mao 80 dfm©nwdr© d|Jwbm© d Jmodm oWo gwê$ Pmbm AgyZ H$mOy ~r da à{H«$`m H$aUmè`m H$maImÝ`m§Mr g§»`m àm_w»`mZo Ho$ai, H$Zm©Q>H$, Jmodm, Am{U _hmamîQ´> `m amÁ`m§_ÜòM OmñV Amho. A{bH$S>À`m H$mimV nyd© {H$ZmanQ²Q>rVrb Am§Y«àXoe, Vm_riZmSy> d npíM_ ~§Jmb_Üòhr H$maImÝ`mMr g§»`m dmTy> bmJbr Amho. XoemV {d{dY amÁ`m§_Üò g§KQ>rV d Ag§KQ>rV joÌmV {_iyZ gw_mao 3796 H$mOy à{H«$`m CÚmoJ AgyZ `m CÚmoJmV gw_mao 5.00 bmI H$m_Jma Jw§Vbo AmhoV.


VŠVm H«$.3 ^maVmVrb H$mOy à{H«$`m CÚmoJmMr

A.H«$. amÁ` H$maImÝ`mMr g§»`m à{H«$`m j_Vm (000 _oQ´>rH$ Q>Z)

Ho$ai 432 600

1. H$Zm©Q>H$ 266 300

2. Jmodm 45 50

3. _hmamîQ´> 2200* 50

4. Vm_riZmSy> 417 400

5. Am§Y«àXoe 175 100

6. Amoargm 207 100

7 npíM_ ~§Jmb 30 08

8. N>pËVgJS> 03 05

9 nydm©ËVa 22 10

EHy$U 3796 1623*1750 Hw$Q>ramoÚmoJ

H$mOy ~r à{H«$ò_Üò dmiboë`m {~`m§Zm nmÊ`mMr _mÌm XoUo, {~`m ^mOUo, Q>a\$b H$mT>Uo, dmi{dUo, Jamdarb Vm§~S>m nmnwÐm H$mT>Uo, àVdmar Am{U AmdoîQ>Z `m ~m~tMm A§V^m©d hmoVmo. Ë`m§Mm Jmofdmam Imbrbà_mUo Amho.

1. dmiboë`m H$mOy {~`m§Zm nmÊ`mMr _mÌm XoUo :

hr à{H«$`m XoÊ`mgmR>r àW_ H$mOy {~`m§Mo N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o {T>J V`ma H$aVmV Am{U Ë`mda gVV XmoZ {Xdg nmUr \$dmê$Z/qenSy>Z {~`m nyU©nUo Amoë`mqM~ H$aVmV Am{U Amoë`m JmoUnmQ>mÀ`m H$nS>çmZo PmHy$Z R>odVmV. _mÌ O{_Zrda Amboë`m nmÊ`mMm Mm§Jbm {ZMam hmoB©b `mMr H$miOr KoVbr OmVo. `m à{H«$ò_wio H$mOy ~rMo nmÊ`mMo à_mU 15 Vo 20 Q>ŠHo$ homVo Am{U Ë`m ^mOÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` hmoVmV. `m _mÌo_wio ^mOVmZm d \$moS>VmZm H$mOy VwQ>Ê`mMo à_mU H$_r hmoVo.

2. {~`m ^mOUo :

H$mOy {~`m VrZ nÜXVrZo ^mOVm òVmV.


A) CKS>çm gpÀN>Ð ngaQ> ^m§S>çmV {~`m ^mOUo :

`m nÜXVrV H$mOy Q>a\$b Vob nyU©nUo OiyZ OmVo. VgoM H$mOyJa Q>moH$mH$So> H$minQ> nS>Ê`mMr {^Vr AgVo.

~) S´>__Üò {~`m ^mOUo :

`m nÜXVr_Üò H$mOy {~`m bmoI§S>r S´>__Üò (3.5 _rQ>a bm§~ d 1.0 _rQ>a ì`mg) ^mOÊ`mV òVmV. S´>_ gpÀN>Ð AgyZ {VaH$m ~g{dbobm AgVmo. {~`m A{Ve` Ja_ Vm§~S>çm bmb S´>__Üò âVmV. S´>_ gVV Jmob {\$aV AgVmo. H$mOy Q>a\$b Vob OmoamV ~mhoa òD$Z OiV amhVo Am{U Ë`m_Üò H$mOy{~`m ^mOë`m OmVmV. `mH$[aVm S´>_ 3 Vo 4 {_{ZQ>o gVV {\$aV R>odmdm bmJVmo. Ë`mZ§Va S´>_À`m ImbÀ`m Q>moH$mH$Sy>Z ^mOboë`m {~`m H$mT>ë`m OmVmV. Ë`mda bJoM amI ngVmV, OoUoH$ê$Z Q>a\$bmdarb Am{U AmVrb Vob emofbo OmVo. `m nÜXVr_Üò Ja H$mT>Ê`mMm doJ, nyU© Ja {_iÊ`mMo OmñV à_mU, VgoM JamMm XOm©gwÕm Mm§«Jbm AgVmo. `m nÜXVrMo Xmof åhUOo H$mOy Q>a\$b VobmMo nyU©nUo hmoUmao ZwH$gmZ, VgoM _Oyam§Zm gVV CîU dmVmdaUmV H$mOy VobmÀ`m dm\o$V ahmdo bmJVo.

H$) Q>a\$b VobmV ^mOUo :

`m nÜXVr_Üò _moR>çm Q>mH$sV H$mOy Q>a\$b Vob AmoVyZ Ë`mMo Vmn_mZ 200 A§e gopëgAgn`©ªV AmUbo OmVo Am{U Ë`m_Üò H$mOy {~`m bmoI§S>r OmirÀ`m ghmæ`mZo gw_mao XrS> {_{ZQ> ~wS>{dVmV. Q>mH$s _mB©ëS> pñQ>bÀ`m nmVi nÍ`mnmgyZ V`ma H$aVmV. Q>mH$s Mm¡H$moZr AgyZ {VMr é§Xr 2 _rQ>a d Imobr EH$ _rQ>a AgVo Am{U Q>mH$s {dQ>m§À`m ^Q²Q>rV ì`dpñWV ~g{dVmV. `m nÜXVr_Üò H$mOy ~r Q>a\$bmVrb 80 Vo 90 Q>ŠHo$ Vob {_i{dVm òVo. VgoM {~`m g_à_mUmV ^mOVmV Am{U nyU© g\o$X Jam§Mo à_mU OmñV {_iVo. {edm` BVa ^mOÊ`mÀ`m nÜXVrà_mUo H$mOyJa H$minQ> nS>V ZmhrV.

3. H$mOy {~`m dm\${dUo (Steam roasting)

H$mOy{~`m H$mT>UrZ§Va S´>mB©§J `mS©>da XmoZ {Xdg Mm§Jë`m gwH$dmì`mV. Ë`mZ§Va ~m° ba_Ü o `m {~`m Kmbmì`mV; 320 {H$bmo (4 nmoVr) {~`m§À`m j_VoÀ`m ~m°`ba_Üò (qH$_V 40 Vo 50 hOma énò) {~`m ì`dpñWV dm\$Ê`mgmR>r


n{hë`m bm°Q>bm gw_mao 2 Vmg bmJVmV d Z§VaÀ`m bm°Q>bm 40 Vo 45 {_{ZQ>o bmJVmV (Vmn_mZ 60 Vo 70 A§e g|pëgAg) ~m°`ba_Üò H$mOy {~`m dm\$ë`mda {~`m dm\$ë`mMm Xn© Agbobm Yya òdy bmJVmo. Ë`mdoir {~`m AmUIr 10 Vo 15 {_{ZQ>o dm\$dyZ Z§Va Ë`m ~mhoa H$mTy>Z 24 Vmg gmdbrV gwH$dyZ Z§Va H$Q>aÀ`m ghmæ`mZo Ja H$mT>mdm. Vrg {H$bmo {~`m§Mr j_Vm Agbobo d Ë`mnwT>rb j_VoMo ~m°`ba CnbãY AmhoV. H$moH$Um_Üò ~aoMgo H$maImZXma h„r H$mOy{~`m Z mOVm Ë`m dm\$dyZ Ja H$mT>VmV. `m nÜXVrMo H$mhr \$m`Xo d VmoQ>o Imbrbà_mUo AmhoV.

\$m`Xo :

1) BVa nÜXVrnojm (CXm. S>_ amoñQ>tJ) `m nÜXVrV H$m_Jmam§Zm AmJrMm Ìmg hmoVmo.

2) H$mOy Q>a\$b VobmMm èhmg H$_r hmoVmo.

3) `m nÜXVrV H$mOy JamMm VwH$S>m nS>Ê`mMo à_mU H$_r (15 Q>ŠHo$) AgVo (S´>_ amoñQ>tJ_Üò 35 Q>ŠHo$ à_mU òVo.)

4) Jamda H$anÊ`mMo S>mJ òV ZmhrV.

5) H$Q>aÀ`m ghmæ`mZo {~`m \$moS>Vm òVmV.

6) Q>a\$b é. 4/- {H$bmo `m XamZo gÜ`m {dH$VmV.

VmoQ>o :

1) S´>_ amoñQ>tJnojm Ja Mdrbm H$_r.

2) Jamda Vob amhÿZ ({deofV: VwH$S>çmda) JamMr àV Iam~ hmoVo.

3) S´>_ amoñQ>tJnojm Xa WmoS>m H$_r {_iVmo

4. Q>a\$b H$mT>Uo :

H$mOy ~rMo Q>a\$b _Owam§_m\©$V H$mT>VmV. ~hþVm§er Hw$eb pñÌ`m bmH$S>r hmVmoS>çmZo ~r \$moSy>Z Q>a\$b H$mT>VmV. Ja \w$Q>Ê`mMo à_mU 5 Q>ŠŠ`m§nojm H$_r amhVo. EH$ AZw^dr Hw$eb _Oya EH$m Vmgm_Üò 600 H$mOyJa ~r \$moSy>Z doJio H$aVmo (åhUOo 5000 H$mOyJa qH$dm 7 Vo 8 {H$bmo H$mOyJa qH$dm 30 {H$bmo {~`m AmR> VmgmV) _Owar, {_iUmè`m AI§S> Jamda AmH$mabr OmVo.

H$mhr {R>H$mUr AS>{H$Î`mgmaIo \$moS>Ur `§Ì dmnê$Z {~`m \$moS>VmV. `mgmR>r


àVdmar Ho$boë`m gma»`m AmH$mamÀ`m {~`m dmnamì`m bmJVmV. `m nÜXVrV à{V _Oya 7.5 {H$bmo H$mOyJamMo CËnmXZ {_iVo Am{U gw_mao 90 Q>ŠHo$ AI§S> H$mOyJa {_iVmV.

H$mOyJa nyU©nUo _{eZÀ`m ghmæ`mZo H$mT>ë`mg gw_mao 75 Q>ŠHo$ nyU© H$mOyJa {_iVmV. (CXm. H°ñH$mo nÜXV). H$moH$UmV gÜ`m bhmZ H$maImÝ`m§_Üò H$mOy ~r dm\$dyZ Vr nyU© {eOë`mZ§Va WmoS>m doi W§S> H$ê$Z AS>{H$Î`mÀ`m _{eZÀ`m ghmæ`mZo Ja H$mT>VmV.

5. H$mOyJa dmi{dUo :

H$mOy ~r \$moS>ë`mZ§Va H$mOyJa dmi{dVmV. Ë`m_wio JamVrb nmÊ`mMm A§e H$_r hmoVmo. {edm` JamVrb Vm§~S>m nmnwÐm g¡b hmoVmo. H$mOy Ja CnH$aUmV dmi{dÊ`mgmR>r dmidUr §Ì dmnaVmV. dmidUr CnH$aUmV ImbÀ`m Q´>oMo Vmn_mZ 60 A§e gopëgAg AgVo, Va daÀ`m Q´>oMo Vmn_mZ 80 A§e gopëgAg AgVo. Ë`m_wio dmidUr gma»`m à_mUmV hmoÊ`mgmR>r Xa 30 {_{ZQ>m§Zr ImbMo Q´>o da d daMo Q>ó Imbr R>odmdo bmJVmV. dmiboë`m H$mOyJamV nmÊ`mMo à_mU 3 Vo 5 Q>ŠHo$ AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

ZdrZ nÜXVrÀ`m "H«$m°g âbmo' S´>mà_Üò Vmn_mZ {Z`§{ÌV H$ê$Z 70 A§e gopëgAg Vmn_mZmg H$mOyJa dmi{dVmV. `m dmidUr CnH$aUmV dmi{dÊ`mMr {H«$`m Zoh_rÀ`m nÜXVrnojm {Zåå`m doimV nyU© hmoVo.

6. H$mOyJamdarb Vm§~S>m nmnwÐm H$mT>Uo ({nqbJ) :

dmidUr CnH$aUmVyZ H$mT>ë`mZ§Va bJoMM H$mOyJamdarb nmnwÐm hmVmZo ghOJË`m H$mT>Vm òVmo. nmnwÐ`mMm Jambm {MH$Qy>Z am{hbobm ^mJ YmaXma ~m§~yÀ`m H$mS>rMo H$mT>VmV. EH$ _Oya EH$m {XdgmV (AmR> VmgmV) 10 {H$bmo H$mOyJamdarb nmnwÐo H$mT>Vmo. `m nmnwÐ`mV Q>°{ZZ _moR>çm à_mUmV AgVo.

7. H$mOyJam§Zm nmÊ`mMr dm\o$Mr _mÌm XoUo (ñdoQ>tJ) :

dmi{dbobo H$mOyJa \w$Qy> ZòV åhUyZ Ë`m§Zm nmÊ`mÀ`m dm\o$Mr _mÌm {Xbr OmVo. `mgmR>r H$mOyJa bmoI§S>r OmirÀ`m Q>ó_Üò R>odyZ Ë`mVyZ nmÊ`mMr dm\$ gmoS>br OmVo.


8. H$mOyJam§Mr àVdmar :

nmnwÐo H$mT>boë`m H$mOyJam§Mr hmVmiUr A{Ve` H$miOrnyd©H$ Ho$br nm{hOo Am{U AmH$ma_mZmZwgma `§ÌmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo àVdmar Ho$br nm{hOo. _mÌ AOyZhr eodQ>Mr àVdmar hmVmZo H$aÊ`mV òVo. AmH$ma, a§J VgoM nyU© H$mOyJa, Xþ^§Jbobo H$mOyJa, H$mOyJamMo VwH$So> Aem àVdmar AOyZhr hmVmZo H$aVmV. H$mOy {Z`m©V d¥Õr n[afXoZwgma (H°$í`w EŠgnmoQ>© à_moeZ H$m¡pÝgb) H$mOyJam§À`m àVdmar 24 à{V_Üò H$aVmV. H$mOyJam§Mm AmH$ma Am{U ~mø JwUdËVoZwgma _w»`Ëdo Mma àVr (J«oS>g²) AmhoV, Ë`m Imbrbà_mUo.

n{hbr àV - nyU©, Mm§Jbo, _moR>çm AmH$mamMo {Z`m©VrgmR>r `mo½` H$mOyJa.

Xþgar àV - nyU©, Mm§Jbo, _Ü`_ AmH$mamMo {Z`m©VrgmR>r `mo½` H$mOyJa.

{Vgar àV - XmoZ ^mJ Pmbobo Am{U VwQ>bobo H$mOyJa ñWm{ZH$ ~mOmanoR>ooV {dHo$bo OmVmV.

Mm¡Wr àV - Q>mH$mD$ Am{U Iam~ Pmbobo H$mOyJa ñWm{ZH$ ~mOmanoR>oV {dH$bo OmVmV.

nyU© H$mOyJam§Mr nwÝhm Ë`m§À`m AmH$ma_mZmZwgma àVdmar H$aÊ`mV òVo. EH$ nm¢S>mV ~gUmao H$mOyJa (`mbm H$mD$§ÝQ> åhUVmV), Ë`m§Mm AmH$ma a§J `mda AmYm[aV Am§VaamîQ´>r` XOm© (ñQ>±S>S©>) Zwgma Imbr {Xë`mà_mUo H$mOyJam§Mr àVdmar H$aÊ`mV òVo.

A.H«$. Jo«S>Mo Zm§d ì`mnmar Zm§d EH$m nm¢S>mVrb Jam§Mr g§»`m

1. S>ãë`y -180 nm§T>ao AI§S> 170 Vo 180

2. S>ãë`y -210 nm§T>ao AI§S> 200 Vo 210

3. S>ãë`y -240 nm§T>ao AI§S> 220 Vo 240

4. S>ãë`y -320 nm§T>ao AI§S> 300 Vo 320

5. S>ãë`y -450 nm§T>ao AI§S> 400 Vo 450

6. S>ãë`y -500 nm§T>ao AI§S> 450 Vo 500


9. Jam§_Üò nmÊ`mMm A§e nwÝhm dmT>{dUo ([a-øw{_S>r{\$Ho$eZ) :

`m nÜXVr_Üò nmÊ`mMo à_mU 5 Q>ŠŠ`m§n`©ªV AmUbo OmVo. `m_wio Jam§Mm {R>gyinUm H$_r hmoD$Z Ë`m§Mo hmVmiUr_Üò VwQ>Ê`mMo à_mU H$_r hmoVo. hr à{H«$`m H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$mOyJa, X_Q> hdm_mZ {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m Img ImobrV H$mhr H$mi gmR>dyZ R>odVmV.

10. H$mOyJam§Mo AmdoîQ>Z (n°qH$J) :

àVdmar Ho$bobo H$mOyJa 18 {bQ>aÀ`m qH$dm 10 {H$bmoÀ`m nÍ`mÀ`m S>ã`mV âVmV Am{U `§ÌmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo hdm H$mTy>Z (S>~m {Zdm©V H$éZ) Ë`mV H$~©{ÛàmUrb dm`y âVmV. Ë`mZ§Va S>~o Ëd[aV "{dQ>mn°H$' `m `§ÌmÀ`m ghmæ`mZo nyU©nUo hdm~§X H$aVmV. `m_wio S>ã`mVrb Ja Mm§Jë`m AdñWoV amhVmV. S>~o âë`mZ§Va EH$ {Xdgm_Üò Ë`m§Mr {bHo$O Amho H$s H$m` `mH$[aVm narjm KoVbr OmVo. Ë`mZ§Va Mm§Jbo S>~o, XmoZ S>~o àËòH$ ImoŠ`mV ^ê$Z Ago ImoHo$ {Z`m©VrgmR>r nmR>dVmV. àËòH$ ImoŠ`mV Agboë`m S>ã`mVrb EHy$U Jam§Mo dOZ 22.7 {H$bmo EdT>o AgVo.

H$mOy à{H«$`m CÚmoJmVrb AS>MUr

1) {nH$mÀ`m CËnmXZm_Üò dmT> hmoÊ`mMr JaO :

AmVmn ªV dmnaë`m OmUmè`m åhUOo OwÝ`m, nydr©À`m nÜXVrZo H$mOyMo CËnmXZ KoVë`mg Vo Amnë`m à{H«$`m CÚmoJm§Mr Amdí`H$Vm nyU© H$ê$ eH$V ZmhrV. gÜ`mMr dfm©Mr H$mOy à{H«$`m CÚmoJmMr Amdí`H$Vm 7 bj _o{Q>H$ Q>Z EdT>r Amho Va Amnbr dm{f©H$ CËnmXZj_Vm 4.50 bj _o{Q>H$ Q>Z EdT>rM Amho Cabobm 2.50 bj _o{Q>H$ Q>Z H$ÀMm H$mOy Amnë`mbm Am`mV H$amdm bmJVmo. Ë`m_yio Amnbr H$mOy {nH$mMr CËnmXH$Vm dmT>{dUo AË §V JaOoMo Amho. Vr XmoZ àH$mao dmT>{dVm oB©b EH$ åhUOo H$mOy {nH$mImbrb (§bmJdS>rImbrb) joÌ dmT>{dUo d Xÿgao åhUOo ZdrZ nÜXVtMm, OmñV CËnÝZ XoUmè`m g§H$arV OmVtMm/dmUm§Mm bmJdS>rgmR>r dmna H$aUo Am{U H$mOyMr KZ bmJdS> H$aUo Á`m_wio H$mOy {nH$mMr CËnmXH$Vm dmTy> eHo$b.

2) \$bmoËnmXZmMm `mo½` X¥îQ>rH$moZ :

PmSo> H$erhr bmdyZ BVa H$moUVrhr {ZJm Z amIVm \$ŠV \$io VmoS>Uo hr


_Zmod¥ËVr ~Xbbr nm{hOo. `mo½` àH$mao Ë`m \$iPmS>m§Mr H$miOr KoVbr, ZdZdrZ V§ÌkmZ Cn`moJmV AmUbo Am{U {Z`moOZ~ÜX \$bmoËnmXZmMm H$m`©H«$_ am~dbm Va \$iPmS>m§Mr CËnmXH$Vm ZŠH$sM dmT>ob Am{U Aem CËnmXZmg Mm§Jbm ^md {_iÊ`mg g§Yr amhrb Am{U à{H«$`m CÚmoJm§Zmhr _moR>çm à_mUmda H$ÀMm _mb (H$mOy) CnbãY hmoD$ eHo$b.

3) bdH$a V`ma hmoUmè`m OmVr Am{U à{H«$`m :

gmYmaUnUo H$mOy {nH$mMr H$mT>Ur _mM© _{hÝ`mnmgyZ gwê$ hmoVo Am{U _o AIoa MmbVo Aem n[apñWVrV `mo½` hdm_mZmgmR>r åhUOoM EImÚm {R>H$mUr AgUmao hdm_mZ d O_rZ _mZdUmè`m na§Vy bdH$a CËnÝZ XoUmè`m OmVtMr Zoh_rÀ`m OmVt~amo~a bmJdS>rgmR>r {ZdS> Ho$br Va à{H«$`m CÚmoJm§Mr dmT>Vr JaOhr mJdVm òB©b Am{U Vr hr bdH$a H$s Á`m_wio Ë`m H$mOybm Mm§Jbm ~mOma^mdhr {_iob.

4) H$mOyMm AmH$ma :

CÎma Ho$ai Am{U Jmodm gmoS>bo Va BVa {R>H$mUÀ`m H$mOyMm AmH$ma bhmZ Amho. hm AmH$ma _moR>m H$aUo, dmT>{dUo Amdí`H$ Amho H$s OoUoH$ê$Z EH$m {H$bmo_Üò 160 Vo 170 {~`m ~gVrb. `m ~m~V ~aoM g§emoYZ Pmbobo Amho Am{U H$mOy {nH$dUmè`m {d{dY Xoem§Zr Aem àH$maÀ`m AZoH$ H$mOyÀ`m OmVr {dH${gV Ho$ë`m AmhoV H$s Á`m§À`m EH$m ~rMo gamgar dOZ 8 J«°_ qH$dm Ë`mnojmhr A{YH$ Amho.

5) {nH$mMr H$mT>Ur Am{U H$mT>UrZ§VaMr H$m_o :

H$mOy_Üò Á`mdoir H$mOyMm ~m|Sy> hm nyU©nUo nŠd hmoD$Z Ooìhm PmS>mdê$Z Imbr nS>Vmo Ë`mdoir H$mT>Ur H$amdr Ago nS>bobo ~m|Sy> ~r gh Jmoim H$amdoV, CÝhmV dmidmdoV Am{U à{H«$ògmR>r dmnamdoV åhUOo à{H«$òZ§Va {_iUmè`m H$mOyJamMr àV CÎm_ amhVo. na§Vy AmVmÀ`m H$mimV eoVH$ar nyU©nUo nŠd Z Pmbobo ~m|Sy> H$mT>VmV Am{U à{H«$ògmR>r dmnaVmV H$s Á`m_wio à{H«$òZ§Va {_iUmè`m H$mOyJam§da gwaHw$Ë`m nS>VmV Am{U JamMr àV Iam~ hmoVo.

6) {ZH¥$îQ> XOm©À`m dmi{dÊ`mMo n[aUm_ :

H$mOy eoVH$è`mÀ`m eoVmda qH$dm H$maImÝ`m_Üò ì`dpñWVarË`m Z dmi{dë`m_wio VgoM à{H«$`m Ho$bobo H$mOyJa ì`dpñWVarË`m Z dmi{dë`m_wio


gw_mao E|er (80) H$amoS> én`m§Mo ^maVr` H$mOy AW©ì`dñWoMo ZwH$gmZ hmoV Amho

H$mOyJamV Oa dmOdrnojm OmñV à_mUmV Amobmdm am{hbm Va Ago H$mOy qH$dm H$mOyJam§Mo ZwwH$gmZ hmoVo. øm dmOdrnojm OmñV Amobmì`mMm n[aUm_ åhUOo a§JmV (H$mOyJamÀ`m) hmoUmam ~Xb. H$mOyJam§Mm à{H«$`m Ho$ë`mZ§Va Omo {ndiga a§J òVmo, Or MH$mH$s òVo Ë`m EodOr Aem H$mOyJam§da nm§T>è`m a§JmMo {R>nHo$ nS>VmV Am{U Ë`mdarb AmdaU H$mT>Uo H${R>U hmoVo.Ë`mgmR>r H$mOy {~`m§Mr `mo½` dmidU nÜXVr hm _w»` {df` AgUmam EH$ amîQ´>r` ñVamdarb H$m`©H«$_ Am`mo{OV Ho$bm nm{hOo Am{U Ë`m_Üò dmOdrnojm OmñV Amobmdm H$mOy~r _Üò am{hë`m_wio Ë`mda hmoUmam narUm_ åhUOo Ja gwaHw$VUo (gwaHw$Ë`m nS>Uo) øm {df`mda A{YH$ _m{hVr {Xbr nm{hOo. VgoM H$mOyJamMr àV H$er gwYmamdr Am{U H$mOy CËnmXZ H$go dmT>dmdoo, H$mOy {nH$mnmgyZ A{YH$mA{YH$ CËnmXZ H$go ¿`mdo, Ë`mgmR>r H$moUVr Cnm``moOZm H$amdr øm gd© Amdí`H$ JmoîQ>rMm, ~m~tMm Chmnmoh Aem H$m`©H«$_m§_YyZ H$amd`mg hdm.

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H$mOy {nH$mMo AW©emñÌ

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{e\$maerà_mUo H$mOy bmJdS>rMm Xa hoŠQ>ar IM© d CËnÝZ 2003-2004

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H$mOy `m \$i{nH$m§Imbrb joÌ Am{U CËnmXZ `m XmoÝhr ~m~VrV bjUr` àJVr H$aUo eŠ` Amho. Ë`m`moJo H$moH$UMr AW©ì`dñWm _O~yV hmoD$ eHo$b.

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H$mOy bmJdS> V§ÌkmZ

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