Gs;sp toq;Fk; jpl;lk;...1,i i i me;juq;fkhdJ 32 ( ) ( ) i 2019 , Gs;sp toq;Fk; jpl;lk; f.ngh.j.(cau;...

1

,yq;ifg; guPl;irj; jpizf;fsk; me;juq;fkhdJ

32 - tzpff; fy;tp Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lk; ( Gs;sp toq;Fk; jpl;lk; ) - f.ngh.j ( cau; ju )g; guPl;ir - 2019 - ,Wjpj; jpUj;jq;fs; cs;slf;fg;glTs;sd.

Gs;sp toq;Fk; jpl;lk;

f.ngh.j.(cau; ju)g; guPl;ir - 2019

32 - tzpff;fy;tp

(Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lk;)

guPl;rfu;fspd; ftdj;jpw;F

tpilj;jhs; kjpg;gPL njhlu;ghd Gs;sp toq;Fk; ,j;jpl;lkhdJ

g+uzkhd tpilfis cs;slf;fpajhff; fUjg;glkhl;lhJ.

,jpy; jug;gLk; tplaq;fs; Gs;spaplYf;fhd xU topfhl;bahfNt

mikAk; vd;gjid kjpg;gPl;Lg; gzpapy; <LgLk; guPl;rfu;fs;

Gupe;J nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;. vdNt kjpg;gPl;Lg; gzpapy; <LgLk;

guPl;rfuhfpa ePq;fs; ,g;ghlk; njhlu;gpy; g+uz mwpT> fw;wy;>

fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; jdJ mDgtq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

guPl;rhu;j;jpfs; Kd;itj;Js;s tpilfis kpfTk; ftdkhfg;

guprPypj;Jg; Gs;spfis toq;FkhW Nfl;Lf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wPu;fs;.

guPl;rhu;j;jpfspd; vjpu;fhyk; ePq;fs; toq;Fk; Gs;spfspNyNa

jq;fpapUg;gjdhy; ,g;gzp njhlu;gpy; ePjpahfTk;> Neu;ikahfTk;

,ufrpaj; jd;ikiag; NgZgtuhfTk; kjpg;gPl;Lg; gzpapy;

<LgLtJld; xUikg;ghl;bidAk; NgZtJ guPl;rfu;fshfpa

cq;fsJ flikahFk;.

2



f.ngh.j.(cau; ju)g; guPl;ir - 2019

32 - tzpff;fy;tp

tzpff; fy;tpg; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; khztu;fsplk;

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis kjpg;gplf;$bathWk;

khztu;fspd; ghlk; njhlu;ghd tplaq;fs;> mwpT ju;f;f

uPjpahf xg;gpl;Lg; ghu;j;J tzpf mDgtq;fisAk;> mit

nraw;gLk; Mw;wiyAk;> tzpf cyfpd; Nghf;FfisAk;>

nray;Kiw njhlu;ghd mwpT kw;Wk; jfty; njhopEl;g

mwpT Nghd;wtw;iwAk; kpfTk; rpwe;j Kiwapy;

kjpg;gpLtjw;F Vw;w tifapy; ,t;tpdhg;gj;jpuj;jpy;

tpdhf;fs; tpdtg;gl;Ls;sd.

3



4



tpilj;jhs;fSf;Fg; Gs;spaply; - nghJ El;g Kiwfs;

tpilj;jhs;fSf;Fg; Gs;spapLk; NghJk;> Gs;spg;gl;baypy; Gs;spfisg; gjpAk; NghJk; Xu; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l Kiwiaf;

filg;gpbj;jy; fl;lhakhdjhFk;. mjd;nghUl;L gpd;tUk; Kiwapy; nraw;glTk;.

1. tpilj;jhs;fSf;Fg; Gs;spapLtjw;F rptg;G epw Fkpo;Kid Ngdhit gad;gLj;jTk;.

2. rfy tpilj;jhs;fspdJk; Kjw;gf;fj;jpy; cjtpg; guPl;rfupd; FwpaPl;nlz;izf; Fwpg;gplTk;. ,yf;fq;fs;

vOJk;NghJ njspthd ,yf;fj;jpy; vOjTk;.

3. ,yf;fq;fis vOJk;NghJ gpiofs; Vw;gl;lhy; mtw;iwj; jdpf;Nfhl;bdhy; fPwptpl;L> kPz;Lk; gf;fj;jpy; rupahf

vOjp> rpw;nwhg;gj;ij ,lTk;.

4. xt;nthU tpdhtpdJk; cggFjpfspd; tpilfSf;fhf ngw;Wf;nfhz;l Gs;spia gjpAk; NghJ me;j

tpdhg;gFjpfspd; ,Wjpapy; ,d; cs; gjpaTk;. ,Wjpg; Gs;spia tpdh ,yf;fj;Jld; ,d; cs; gpd;dkhfg;

gjpaTk;. Gs;spfisg; gjptjw;F guPl;rfu;fSf;fhf xJf;fg;gl;l epuiy cgNahfpf;fTk;.

cjhuzk; - tpdh ,y 03

(i) .........................................................................................

.........................................................................................

.........................................................................................

(ii) .........................................................................................

.........................................................................................

.........................................................................................

(iii).........................................................................................

.........................................................................................

.........................................................................................

03 (i) 4 (ii) 3 (iii) 3 10 5 5 5 15 gy;Nju;T tpilj;jhs; (Jisj;jhs;)

1. f.ngh.j.(c. ju) kw;Wk; jfty; njhopEl;gg; guPl;irf;fhd Jisj;jhs; jpizf;fsj;jhy; toq;fg;gLk;. rupahf

Jisaplgl;L mj;jhl;rpg;gLj;jpa Jisj;jhs; jq;fSf;F fpilf;fg;ngWk;. mj;jhl;rpg;gLj;jpa Jisj;jhisg;

gad;gLj;JtJ guPl;rfupd; flikahFk;.

2. mjd; gpd;du; tpilj;jhis ed;F guprPypj;Jg; ghu;f;fTk;. VjhtJ tpdhTf;F> xU tpilf;Fk; mjpfkhf Fwpapl;bUe;jhNyh>

xU tpilf;fhtJ Fwpaplg;glhkypUe;jhNyh njupTfis ntl;btplf;$bajhf Nfhnlhd;iwf; fPwTk;. rpy Ntisfspy;

guPl;rhu;j;jp Kd;du; Fwpg;gpl;l tpilia mopj;Jtpl;L NtW tpilf;Ff; Fwpapl;bUf;f KbAk;. mt;thW mopj;Js;s NghJ

ed;F mopf;fhJ tpl;bUe;jhy;> mt;thW mopf;fg;gl;l njuptpd; kPJk; NfhblTk;.

3. Jisj;jhis tpilj;jhspd; kPJ rupahf itf;fTk;. rupahd tpilia milahsj;jhYk; gpioahd tpilia

milahsj;jhYk; ,Wjp epuypy; milahskplTk;. rupahd tpilfspd; vz;zpf;ifia mt;tt; njupTfspd; ,Wjp

epiuapd; fPo; mj;Jld; mtw;iw $l;b rupahd Gs;spia cupa fl;lj;jpy; vOjTk;.

45

35

35

+ + =

5



fl;likg;G fl;Liu tpilj;jhs;fs;

1. guPl;rhu;j;jpfshy; tpilj;jhspy; ntWikahf tplg;gl;Ls;s ,lq;fisAk;> gf;fq;fisAk; FWf;Ff; Nfhbl;L

ntl;btplTk;. gpioahd nghUj;jkw;w tpilfSf;Ff; fPo; NfhblTk;. Gs;sp toq;ff;$ba ,lq;fspy;

milahskpl;L mjidf; fhl;lTk;.

2. Gs;spfis Xtyz;l; fljhrpapd; ,lJ gf;fj;jpy; Fwpf;fTk;.

3. rfy tpdhf;fSf;Fk; nfhLj;j KOg; Gs;spia tpilj;jhspd; Kd; gf;fj;jpYs;s nghUj;jkhd ngl;bapDs;

tpdh ,yf;fj;jpw;F Neuhf 2 ,yf;fq;fspy; gjpaTk;. tpdhj;jhspy; cs;s mwpTWj;jypd; gb tpdhf;fs; njupT

nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lk;. vy;yh tpdhf;fspdJk; Gs;spfSk; Kjy; gf;fj;jpy; gjpag;gl;l gpd; tpilj;jhspy; Nkyjpfkhf

vOjg;gl;bUf;Fk; tpilfspd; Gs;spfspy; Fiwthd Gs;spfis ntl;b tplTk;.

4. nkhj;j Gs;spfis ftdkhf $l;b Kd; gf;fj;jpy; cupa $l;by; gjpaTk;. tpilj;jhspy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s

tpilfSf;fhd Gs;spia kPz;Lk; guprPypj;j gpd; Kd;dhy; gjpaTk;. xt;nthU tpdhf;fSf;Fk; toq;fg;gLk;

Gs;spfis cupa tpjj;jpy; vOJTk;.

Gs;spg;gl;bay; jahupj;jy;

,k;Kiw rfy ghlq;fSf;Fkhd ,Wjpg;Gs;sp FOtpDs; fzpg;gplg;glkhl;lhJ. ,J jtpu xt;nthU tpdhg;

gj;jpuj;Jf;Fkhd ,Wjpg;Gs;sp jdpj;jdpahf Gs;spg;gl;baypy; gjpag;gl Ntz;Lk;. gj;jpuk; I w;fhd gy;Nju;T tpdhg;gj;jpuk;

kl;Lk; ,Ug;gpd; Gs;spfs; ,yf;fj;jpYk; vOj;jpYk; gjpag;gl Ntz;Lk;. 51 rpj;jpug; ghlj;jpw;Fupa I, II, kw;Wk; III Mk;

tpdhg;gj;jpuq;fSf;Fupa Gs;spfis jdpj;jdpahf Gs;spg;gl;baypy; gjpe;J vOj;jpYk; vOJjy; Ntz;Lk;.

x x x

6



7



8



9



10



11



5 4 5

5 4 3

5 1 5

2 4 2

Open 3 3

3 1 1

4 1 4 / 5

2 5 1

2 3 3

2 5 1

tzpff; fy;tp32

12



m. jdptpahghuk; / jdpahs; tpahghuk; / jdpAlik> gq;Flik ( xOq;F mtrpakpy;iy 2x1/2 = 2 Gs;spfs;)

M. gztPf;fk;> tl;b ( xOq;F mtrpakpy;iy 2x1/2 = 2 Gs;spfs;)

m. tpw;gid { ntspaPL> ,iw { jd pAupikf; fl;lzk; ( xOq;F mtrpak; 2x1/2 = 2 Gs;spfs;)

M. ,yhgk;> r%feyd; { r%f Nrit ( xOq;F mtrpak; 2x1/2 = 2 Gs;spfs;)

m. Copau;> Ntiy ( xOq;F mtrpak; 2x1/2 = 2 Gs;spfs;)

M. toq;Fdupy;> tpw;gidahsupy;/ cw;gj;jpahsupy;> Efu;Nthupy; ( xOq;F mtrpak; 2x1/2 = 2 Gs;spfs;)

m. ,wf;fp Vw;wy;> kPs; ( xOq;F mtrpak; 2x1/2 = 2 Gs;spfs;)

M. fl;lis/Miz> ehza ( xOq;F mtrpak; 2x1/2 = 2 Gs;spfs;)

m. gaDWjp > tpidj;jpwd; ( Efficiency / Effectiveness ) ( xOq;F mtrpak; 2x1/2 = 2 Gs;spfs;)

M. jPu;khdk;> Kaw;rpahz;ik ( xOq;F mtrpak; 2x1/2 = 2 Gs;spfs;)

13



m. Kjy;tupir / fPo;kl;l> khdpl (xOq;F mtrpak; 2x1/2 = 2 Gs;spfs;)

M. nghWg;G> mjpfhuk; (xOq;F mtrpakpy;iy 2x1/2 = 2 Gs;spfs;)

m. ntspaPl;by; / ,yf;fpy;> Copau;fis / jdpegu;fis (xOq;F mtrpak; 2x1/2 = 2 Gs;spfs;)

M. ntspaPl;bw;Fk;> Copau; / Copa (xOq;F mtrpak; 2x1/2 = 2 Gs;spfs;)

m. FLk;g> jdpg;gl;l (xOq;F mtrpak; 2x1/2 = 2 Gs;spfs;)

M. fpuak;> Nghl;b (xOq;F mtrpak; 2x1/2 = 2 Gs;spfs;)

m. %yjdk;> gq;F,yhgk; (xOq;F mtrpak; 2x1/2 = 2 Gs;spfs;)

M. fhR cl;gha;r;ry;> fhR ntspg;gha;r;ry; (xOq;F mtrpakpy;iy 2x1/2 = 2 Gs;spfs;)

epjp /KjyPL /nraw;ghL

m. Copau;> kuGupik (xOq;F mtrpak; 2x1/2 = 2 Gs;spfs;)

M. jpirKfg;gLj;jy;> jFjpfhz;fhyk; (xOq;F mtrpak; 2x1/2 = 2 Gs;spfs;)

14



mD$yq;fs;

thbf;ifahsu;fSf;F Njitg;gLfpd;wNghJ fpilf;f $bathW> NtWgl;lnghUl;fis NtWgl;l

NtWgl;l cw;gj;jpahsu;fs;> toq;Fdu;fsplk; ,Ue;J Nrfupj;J trjpahd ,lj;jpy; toq;Fjy;.

Gjpa nghUl;fs; Nritfis ,yFthf mwpKfk; nra;jy;.

njhlu;Gila jug;gpduplk; ,Ue;J re;ijg;gw;wpa jfty;fis ,yFthfg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;.

gupkhw;W nra;Kiw ,yFthFk;

Nghf;Ftuj;J toq;fy; Nrit ( mikatpay; ) njhlu;ghd cjtpfis toq;fy;.

juk; kPJ nry;thf;F nrYj;jf;$ba jd;ik 2x1/2 = 1 Gs;sp

gpujp$yq;fs;

tUkhdj;ijAk; njhlu;ghly; fl;Lg;ghLfisAk; ghjpf;Fk;.

nghUl;fspd; tpiy mjpfupg;gjw;fhd tha;g;G cs;sJ. 2x1/2 = 1 Gs;sp

re;ijapy; mj;jpahtrpag; nghUl;fs; njhlu;ghd Njitaw;w gw;whf;Fiw Vw;gl tha;g;Gs;sJ.

ehl;bd; cw;gj;jpg ; nghUl;fs;> Nritfspd; Vw;Wkjp ngWkjpia mjpfupf;f

,yq;if Vw;Wkjpfspy; Neuhd rhjkhd ghu;itia ( gpujp tpk;gj;ij ) Vw;gLj;jy;

VO milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;l nghUl;fs; njhlu;ghd tsu;r;rp gw;wpa Fwpg;ghf ftdk; nrYj;jy;

rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;ju Kaw;rpahsu;fs; cs;slq;fyhf ehL G+uhfTk; cs;s Vw;Wkjp gadhspfs;

kPjhd xU gue;j ghu;it 4x1/2 = 2Gs;spfs;

epjpg;gpur;rpidfs;

Nghl;bia vjpu;nfhs;s ,ayhik

epjpKfhikj;Jtj;jpYs;s gytPdk;

Fiwthd Kaw;rpahz;ik jpwd;fs;

nghJ Kfhikj;Jt gytPdk;

NghJkhd cl;fl;Lkhd trjpapd;ik

etPd njhopy; El;gq;fspd; gad;ghL njhlu;ghd mwpahik

tzpfj; jpl;lk; ,y;yhik 4x1/2 = 2Gs;spfs;

1. Njrpa Nrkpg;G tq;fp ( NSB) 2. =yq;fh Nrkpg;G tq;fp ( SLSB) 3. gpuNjr mgptpUj;jp tq;fp ( RDB) ( Mq;fpy gjq;fSf;Fk; Gs;sp toq;Ff)

4. mur <l;L KjyPl;L tq;fp ( SMIB) 5. rdr ( SANASA ) mgptpUj;jp tq;fp

6. tPlikg;G mgptpUj;jp epjp $l;Lj;jhgdk; ( HDFC Bank) 4x1/2 = 2Gs;spfs;

kPs; Row;rp ( Recycle ) kPs;ghtid (Reuse) ghtid Fiwg;G (Reduce) ( Mq;fpy gjq;fSf;Fk; Gs;sp toq;Ff)

kPs; cUthf;fk; (Replace) 4x1/2 = 2Gs;spfs;

45. fopTg;nghUs; Kfhikj;Jtj;jpy;

15



Nky;kl;l KfhikapdJ flik Fiwg;G

jukhd jPu;khdk; vLf;f Kbjy;

jPu;khd mKyhf;fk; ,yF

fPo; epiy gzpahsu;fs; tpUj;jpailjy; / Kfhikahsu;fs;

Copau;fs; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLj;jYk; jpUg;jp mjpfupj;jy;

njhlu;ghly; tpidj;jpwid mjpfupj;jy; 4x1/2 = 2Gs;spfs;

nghUshjhu / rpf;fd fl;lis fzpak; 1/2 Gs;sp

myFfhd fl;lis fpuak; 1/2 Gs;sp

tUlhe;j Nfs;tp myFfs; / Nfs;tp 1/2 Gs;sp

myFf;fhd NgZk; fpuak; 1/2 Gs;sp

FLk;gg; gpd;dzp 1/2 Gs;sp

tifg;gLj;jy; 1/2 Gs;sp

njupT nra;jy; 1/2 Gs;sp

fzpj;jy; 1/2 Gs;sp

nghopg;ghf;fy; 1/2 Gs;sp

fy;tpg; gpd;dzp 1/2 Gs;sp

epjpg; gpd;dzp 1/2 Gs;sp

jdpegu; elj;ij 1/2 Gs;sp

5. r%fg; gpd;dzp

6. njhopy; thz;ik gpd;dzp

16



Bluetooth Cliy 1/2 Gs;sp

QR Code JupjJyq;fy; FwpaPL 1/2 Gs;sp

E mail kpd;dQ;ry; / ,yj;jpudpay; jghy; 1/2 Gs;sp

Wifi mUfiy 1/2 Gs;sp

17



gFjp II tzpff; fy;tp

re;ijg;gLj;jy;

nry;yplj; njhiyNgrpfis re;ijg;gLj;Jtjd; Clhf kdpj Njit> tpUg;gq;fis

epiwT nra;jy;

tbtikj;jy;

tbtikj;jy; %yk; tsq;fSf;Fg; ngWkjp Nru;j;jy;

tpw;gidapid cr;rg;gLj;jy; / tpepNahfj;ij mjpfupj;jy;

,yhgj;ij cr;rg;gLj;jy; / ,yhgj;ij mjpfupj;jy;

1. tbtikg;G

2. etPdj;Jtk; ( etPdkhjpup )

3. tpiy kl;lk; Fiwtiljy;

4. ,yFthff; fpilf;fg;ngwy; / njhlUW ( Online ) %yk; ngwKbjy;

mD$yk;

1. mjpf Efu;Nthiu ngwyhk;

2. re;ijfs; tpuptiljy;

3. fpuak; Fiwtiljy;

4. re;ijapy; Eiojy; ,yFthf mikAk; / G+Nfhskag; Nghl;bf;F ,yFthf

Kfq;nfhLf;fyhk;

5. Nke;jiyf;fpuak; FiwT

6. Fiwe;j Copau; vz;zpf;if

7. 24/7 nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; Nkw;nfhs;syhk;

8. fhupahya ,ltrjp mtrpak; ,d;ik

9. Neuk; Nrkpf;fyhk;

Fwpg;gpl 2 X 1/2 = 1Gs;sp

tpgupf;f 2 X 1/2 = 1Gs;sp

2 X 1 = 2 Gs;spfs;

4 X 1 = 4 Gs;spfs;

2 X 1 = 2 Gs;spfs;

18



gpujp$yk;

1. ,iza jsq;fis cUthf;Ftjw;fhd Muk;gr; nryT mjpfk;

2. njhlUW tzpfk; njhlu;gpy; Efu;NthUf;F ek;gpf;if ,d;ik

3. NkhrbfSk; KiwNfLfSk; epyTjy; / ghJfhg;G njhlu;ghd gpur;rid

4. rl;luPjpahd gpur;ridfs;

5. nfhLg;gdT Kiwfspy; gpur;ridfs; Vw;glyhk;.

6. njhopy;El;g jilfs;

gyq;fis milahsk; fhz

gytPdq;fis ,opT gLj;j

re;ju;g;gq;fis gad;gLj;j

mr;RWj;jYf;F Vw;wthW Maj;jkhf

tha;g;Gf;fs;

1. njhiyNgrpg;ghtid mjpfupj;jy;

2. Gjpa tbtikg;Gj; njhlu;ghf ehl;lk; mjpfupj;jpUj;jy;

3. nry;yplj; njhiyNgrp ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;ghf mjpf mf;fiw nrYj;jy;

mr;RWj;jy;fs;

1. Gjpa Nghl;b epyik Vw;gly;

2. nry;yplj; njhiyNgrp tbtq;fs; mbf;fb khw;wkiljy;

3. nry;yplj; njhiyNgrp ciw jahupg;gjw;fhd %yg;nghUs; tpiy mjpfupj;jy;

1. Mf;fj;jpwd;

2. tbtikg;Gj; njhlu;gpy; rpwe;j mwpT

3. tbtikg;Gj; njhlu;gpy; rpwe;j mDgtk;

4. Gjpa njhopy;El;gk; cs;thq;Fk; jpwd;

5. je;jpNuhghaq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;sy; njhlu;ghd ,aYik

2 X 1 = 2 Gs;spfs;

4 X 1/2 = 2 Gs;spfs;

2 X 1/2 = 1 Gs;sp

2 X 1/2 = 1 Gs;sp

Fwpg;gpl 2 X 1/2 = 01 Gs;sp

tpgupf;f 2 X 1/2 = 01 Gs;sp

19



epWtdk; rhu;ghdJ

,yhgj;ij ciog;gijAk; kPs; KjyPL nra;tijAk; Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;lJ.

gq;Fjhuu; rhu;ghdJ

gq;Fjhuu; jkJ gq;F KjyPl;bw;F Nghjpa ,yhgk; ju Ntz;Lk;nkdf; fUJjy;

mjpf cupikfisAk; rYiffisAk; ngwNtz;Lk; vdf; fUJjy;

1. epahakhf ele;J nfhs;sy;

2. Nrjj;ij ,opTgLj;jy;

3. cupikfisg; ghJfhj;jy;

4. jukhd cw;gj;jpfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;

5. Efu;Nthupd; vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fis epiwNtw;Wjy; / Efu;Nthupd; thf;FWjpfis

epiwNtw;Wjy;

1. tzpfk; njhlu;ghd ek;gpf;if cau;tilAk;

2. Efu;Nthiuf; ftuTk; jf;fitj;Jf; nfhs;sTk; Kbjy; / tpw;gid mjpfupj;jy;

3. Nghl;bfSf;F rpwg;ghf Kfq;nfhLf;f Kbjy;

4. rpwe;j kdpjts Kfhikj;Jtj;jpid eilKiwg;gLj;j KbAk;.

5. fzf;fPl;L Kiw> epjp Nkhrbfs;> KiwNfLfisj; jtpu;j;Jf; nfhs;s Kbjy;

6. Copaiu ,yFthf ftu Kbjy;

7. KjyPl;lhsu;fis cr;r mstpy; ftu;e;J nfhs;s Kbjy;

vjpu;fhy guk;giuapdupd; Njitfis epiwT nra;tjw;F ,Uf;fpd;w cupikapid

Gwf;fzpf;fhJ epfo;fhyj; Njitfis mile;J nfhs;tjw;fhd mgptpUj;jpNa

epiyNgwhd mgptpUj;jp vd;gjhFk;.

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl; tplaq;fs; KOikahf vOjpapUg;gpd; 4 Gs;spfs;

nghUj;jkhd tpilf;Nfw;g Gs;spaplTk;

2 Gs;spfs;

2 X 1 = 2 Gs;spfs;

4 X 1 = 4 Gs;spfs;

20



1. juepakq;fs; ngwy;

2. Ma;T$l trjpfs;

3. Njrpa> ru;tNjr jur;rhd;W ngwy;

4. juepakk;> juf;fl;Lg;ghL njhlu;ghf gapw;rp toq;fy;

5. E}yf trjpfs;

6. Kiwikfis rhd;Wg;gLj;Jk; Nrit

7. jfty; Nrit toq;Fjy;

epiyahd /Jizepy; itg;G trjp tpfpjk; (SDFR): tzpf tq;fpfSk; Kjy;epiy

tzpfu;fSk; mtu;fspd; Nkyjpf epjpapid kj;jpatq;fpapy; cs;s mur gpiz

gj;jpuq;fspy; KjyPL nra;Ak; NghJ nrYj;jg;gLk; tl;b tPjk;

epiyahd/ Jizepy; fld; trjp tpfpjk; (SLFR): tzpf tq;fpfSk; Kjy;epiy

tzpfu;fSk; mur gpizg;gj;jpuq;fisg; gpizahf itj;J kj;jpa tq;fpapy;

,Ue;J epjpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; NghJ mwtplg;gLk; tl;btPjk;.

tq;fp tl;btPjk; : jputj;jd;ik gpur;ridfis vjpu;Nehf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; tzpf

tq;fpfSf;F ,yq;if kj;jpa tq;fpahy; ,Wjpf; fld; <Nthd; vd;w tifapy;

toq;Fk; flDf;fhd tl;b tPjk;

1. Efu;Nthupd; capu;> Mjdq;fSf;F jPq;F Vw;gLj;jf; $ba nghUl;fis tpw;wy;>

Nritfis toq;Fjy; vd;gtw;wpypUe;J mtu;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;.

2. epahakw;w tpahghu eilKiwfSf;F vjpuhf Efu;Nthiug; ghJfhg;gJk;

Efu;Nthupd; cupikfSf;F cupa kjpg;ig cWjpg;gLj;jYk;

3. KbAkhd rfy re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; Efu;NthUf;F Nghl;;b tpiyapy; nghUl;fs;

Nritfis Njitahd msT toq;Ftjw;F cWjpaspj;jy;

4. epahakw;w tpahghu eilKiwfs;> kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l tpahghu eilKiwfs;

my;yJ tpahghupfshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w NtW Kiwfspyhd Efu;Nthu;

Ruz;ly;fSf;F cl;gLNthUf;F cjtpfis toq;Fjy;

4 x 1 = 4 Gs;spfs;

4 X 1/2 = 2 Gs;spfs;

rl;luPjpahd xJf;F tPjk; : tzpftq;fpfs; jkJ itg;Gf;fspy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l

tPjj;jpid kj;jpa tq;fpapy; xJf;fpyply; Fwpg;gpl 2 X 1/2 = 01 Gs;sp

tpgupf;f 2 X 1/2 = 01 Gs;sp

21



1. mjpf %yjdj;ij jpul;l Kbjy;

2. gy jpwd;fisAk; ,aYikfisAk; xd;wpizf;f Kbjy;

3. nghWg;Gf;fs; gyupilNa gfpug;gLk;

4. xd;wpize;j nghWg;Gf; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; Cf;fKk; tpidjpwDk;

5. el;lq;fs; Vw;gLkhf ,Ue;jhy; gy;NtW egu;fspilNa gfpu;e;jspj;jy;

1. cs;@u; tsg;gad;ghL

2. tUkhd Vw;wj;jho;Tfis ,opTgLj;jy;.

3. Gjpa njhopy; tha;g;Gf;fs; cUthf;fk;

4. Gjpa tUkhd re;ju;g;gq;fs; cUthFjy;

5. kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj;ju cau;T

6. Gjpa re;ij tpUj;jp / me;epanryhtzp rk;ghj;jpak;

7. Gjpa nghUl;fs; Nritfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; re;ju;g;gk;

8. #oy; Nea cw;gj;jp

9. tpahghu tsu;r;rpAk; mgptpUj;jpAk; Vw;gly;

1. Copau; njhlu;ghd gpur;rid FiwtilAk; - kdpjtsj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s

mjpf fpuak; Vw;glhJ

2. nryT FiwtilAk;.

( c+k;: thlif> ePu;> kpd;rhu nryT FiwAk; )

3. nefpo;Tj;jd;ikahdJ - khw;wq;fSf;F tpiuthf Kfq;nfhLf;f KbAkhf

,Uj;jy;

4. nraw;ghl;L eltbf;iffspy; juj;ijg; NgzKbAk; / rpWtzpfj;jpy; juk; njhlu;ghf

$Ljyhd ftdk; nrYj;jf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;

5. cau;e;j ,yhgk; ngwf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy; / nryT Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk; / nrytpid

,opT gLj;Jtjd; Clhf ,yhgk; $Ljy;

6. thbf;ifahsUld; neUq;fpa njhlu;igg; NgzKbjy;

7. jkJ mjpfhu ifaspg;gpid tpUk;ghik

Fwpg;gpl 4 X 1/2 = 2 Gs;spfs;

tpsf;f 4 X 1/2 = 2 Gs;spfs;

Fwpg;gpl 4 X 1/2 = 2 Gs;spfs;

tpgupf;f 4 X 1/2 = 2 Gs;spfs;

4 X 1 = 4 Gs;spfs;

22



1. Efu;Nthuplk; ek;gpf;if cUthFk;

2. tpw;gid msT mjpfupg;gjd; %yk; ,yhgk; caUk; re;ij tha;g;G mjpfupf;Fk;

3. nghUs; njhlu;ghd jfty; tpiuthfg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

4. Efu;NthUf;F Online %yk; tpguq;fis Code ,d; %yk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbtjhy;

Nkk;gLj;jy; nryT Fiwthf fhzg;gLk;.

5. tpsk;gug;gLj;Jtjw;fhd xU topKiwahf mikAk;

6. nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs; tpiuTgLj;jg;gLk; .

gpuNahf nkd;nghUs; / nrayp gjptpwf;fk; nra;aNtz;Lk; (e-wallet app)

egupd; mbg;gil tpguq;fis gjpT nra;jy; ( ngau;> nry;yplj; njhiyNgrp

,yf;fk;> ,yj;jpudpay; jghy; Kftup )

,ufrpaf; FwpaPl;L ,yf;fk; ngwy; (PIN) fldl;il tiutl;ilia ewallet app cld; njhlu;G gLj;jy; my;yJ ml;ilfis tUly;

( Scan)

1. mikr;rpd; fPo; murpd; Neubf; fl;Lg;ghl;bw;;F cl;gly;

2. epWtd jhgdf;Nfhit> epjpg;gpukhzk; Nghd;w mur nfhs;iffSf;F Vw;g

fUkkhw;w Ntz;b Vw;gly;

3. ngUk;ghYk; Nrit toq;Fk; epWtdq;fshf ,Uj;jy;

4. murpd; tuT nryTj; jpl;lj;jpy; jpiwNrup %yk; Njitahd epjpapid <l;bf; nfhs;s Kbjy;

/ jpiwNrup %yk; Njitahd epjp <l;bf; nfhs;sy;

5. rl;lj;jpd; Kd; jdp kdpjdhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLtjpy;iy

1. tpNrl my;yJ nghJr; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; cUthf;fg;gLk;

2. rl;lj;jpd; Kd; jdp kdpj me;j];J fhzg;gLk;

3. murpdhy; epakpf;fg;gLk; gzpg;ghsu; rigapdhy; epu;tfpf;fg;gLk;.

4. mur fld;> gq;F ,yhgk;> kPs; KjyPL> nghJkf;fspd; fld; %yk; %yjdw;jpw;F

gq;fspg;gpidg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sy;

5. %yjdj;jpw;F mur> jdpahu; gq;fspg;G fhzg;gLk;.

2 X 1 = 2 Gs;spfs;

2 X 1 = 2 Gs;spfs;

4 X 1/2 = 2 Gs;spfs;

2 X 1 = 2 Gs;spfs;

23



1. epiyahd tl;b tPjk; fhzg;gLk;

2. gpiz njhlu;gpy; ghJfhg;G fpilj;jy;

3. epge;jidfs; KiwahdjhfTk;> epiyahdjhfTk; fhzg;gLk;.

4. kPs; nrYj;Jtjw;fhd fhyk; ePz;lJ

5. tpahghuj;ij Kiwahf; elhj;j tha;g;ghf mikAk;

6. fld; %yjdj;ij KjyPL nra;tJ njhlu;ghf fld; toq;fpa epWtdj;jpdhy;

newpg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

7. Njhy;tpf;fhd re;ju;g;gk; Fiwthf fhzg;gLk;.

8. xg;gPl;lstpy; tl;b tPjk; Fiwthff; fhzg;gLk;.

Copau; nghWg;Gf; fhg;GWjp : Copau; Nritapy; <LgLk; nghOJ mtu;fSf;F Vw;gLk; tpgj;Jf;fs;

rhu;ghf ,og;gPL nrYj;Jtjw;F njhopy; toq;Fdupd; nghWg;ghf ,Uj;jy; ,f; fhg;GWjp MFk;.

4 X 1 = 4 Gs;spfs;

,uz;L tplaq;fis xg;gpl 2 X 1 = 2 Gs;spfs;

(njhopyhsu; rhu;ghfTk; vOjpapUg;gpd; Gs;sp toq;fTk;) 2 Gs;spfs;

fhtp

1. nfhz;L tUgtUf;F gzk; toq;fg;gLk;

2. Gwf;Fwpg;gpl Njitapy;iy

3. ghJfhg;G FiwT

1. fl;lisfSf;F kl;Lk; gzk; toq;;fg;gLk;

2. Gwf;Fwpg;gply; mtrpak;

3. ghJfhg;G mjpfk;

fl;lis

gytPdk;

1. Gifapujg; ghijfs;

ehLg+uhfTk; gutyhf fhzg;glhik

- Gifapug;ghijfis tp];jupf;Fk; nraw;jpl;lk;

- Gifapuj Nritfspd; / gaz jlitfspd;

vz;zpf;iffis mjpfupj;jy;

- Vida Nghf;Ftuj;J NritfSld; njhlu;G

gLj;Jk; tifapy; ,izj;jy;

- kpd;rhu rkpQ;irfs; ghijfs; guhkupg;G

Nritfis Kiwikg;gLj;jy;> etPd njhopy;El;g

Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jy;

- Vw;wpapwf;Fk; NghJ etPd cgfuzq;fisg;

ghtpj;jy;

- Gifapujj; jupg;gplj;ij etPdg;gLj;jy;

gy;NtW nghUl;fSf;Fk; nghUj;jkhd

Nghf;Ftuj;J jupg;gplq;fis Vw;gLj;Jjy;

3. Njitahd ve;j Neuj;jpYk;

Nritiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kbahik

2. gazk; KbAk; tiuapy;

,jidg; gad;gLj;j

Kbahikapdhy; Vida

Nghf;Ftuj;J gad;gLj;jg;gly;

4. kpd;rhu rkpQ;ir jilg;gly;

Gifapu ghij gOjiltjdhy;

jhkjk; miljy;

5. nghUs; Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; NghJ nghUs;

Nrjk; miljy;

6. nghUs;> gazpfs; Nghf;Ftuj;jpd;

NghJ trjpfs; FiwT

jPu;T

gytPdq;fisf; Fwpg;gpl 4 X 1/2 = 2 Gs;spfs;

jPu;Tfisf; Fwpg;gpl 4 X 1/2 = 2 Gs;spfs;

24



tpahghuf; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fspd; NghJ cupa jug;gpdu;fspilNa fUj;Jf;fisg;

gupkhwpf; nfhs;Sjy;.

cupikahsu; Copau; njhlu;gpidg; NgZjy; / Copau; Copau; njhlu;gpidg; NgZjy;

tpw;gid Nkk;gLj;jy; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;

kdpj ngsjpf tsq;fis rpwg;ghf Kfhik nra;jy;

%yjdj;ijj; jpul;bf; nfhs;tjw;fhf

Muha;r;rp mgptpUj;jpf;fhf

1. nkhopapid tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjpy; cs;s gpur;rpid

2. vz;zq;fisr; rupahf toq;Ftjpy; FiwghLfs;

3. jfty;fis Kiwahf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;shik

4. jfty; ngWgtu; mJ njhlu;ghd ftdf;FiwTld; ,Uj;jy; .

5. Nfl;lypd; NghJ Vw;gLk; jil

6. jfty; toq;Fgtu; Ntfkhf jfty;fis toq;Fjy;.

7. xNu jlitapy; $basT jfty;fs; ntspaplg;gly;.

8. NghJkhd msT jfty;fs; Kd;itf;fhik

xg;gPl;L fpua mD$yq;fs;

ehnlhd;W nghUl;fis ,wf;Fkjp nra;tJld; xg;gpLk; NghJ Fiwe;j fpuaj;jpy; mtw;iw

cw;gj;jp nra;af;$bajhf ,Ug;gpd; mtw;iw cw;gj;jp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk; vdTk;> khwhf

mg;nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;tJld; xg;gpLk;NghJ Fiwe;j fpuaj;jpy; mtw;iw ,wf;Fkjp

nra;af;$bajhf ,Ug;gpd; mtw;iw cw;gj;jp nra;ahJ ,wf;Fkjp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gJk;

xg;gPl;Lf;fpua mD$yk; vd;gjhFk;.

,iza tiyaikg;gpidg; gad;gLj;jp ngsjPf gzg;ghtidapd;wp gzj;jpid

cldbahf nrYj;jf; $ba Kiwikfs; ,yj;jpudpay; nfhLg;gdT Kiwikfs; vd;gjhFk;

c+k; : fldl;il> tutl;il

tpgupf;f 2 Gs;spfs;

2 X 1 = 2Gs;spfs;

4 X 1/2 = 2Gs;spfs;

G+uz tpilf;F 2 Gs;spfs;

25



epWtdj;jpd; gjtpfs;> fUkq;fs;> mjpfhuq;fs;> nghWg;G> tif $wy; vd;git gpupe;J

nrd;Ws;s Kiw kw;Wk; ,izg;ghf;fk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s Kiw epWtdf; fl;likg;G

vd;gjhFk;

xU KfhikahsUf;F Neubahf mwpf;ifg;gLj;Jk; Copau;fspd; vz;zpf;if fl;Lg;ghl;L

tprhykhFk;.

tpupe;j tprhy msT

rkfhyf; fl;Lg;ghL / eilKiwf; fl;Lg;ghL:

epWtdk; xd;wpy; Ntiyr; nraw;ghLfs; eilngw;Wf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ NtWghLfis

( khwpfis ) ,dq;fz;L mit NkYk; gutpr; nry;yhj tifapy; jLg;gjw;F vLf;Fk;

nray;Kiw MFk;.

gpd;D}l;ly; fl;Lg;ghL:

epWtdk; xd;wpd; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;;;l tpistpw;Fk; cz;ik tpistpw;Fk; ,ilNa NtWghLfs;

fhzg;gLkhapd; mtw;iw nrk;ikahf;Fk; nrad;KiwahFk;.

cw;gj;jpapd; juj;ij cau;j;jy;

cw;gj;jp nrad;Kiwapd; tpidj;jpwid cau;j;jy;

cw;gj;jpf; fpuaj;ij ,opT gLj;jy;

Gjpa nghUl;fs; Nritfis mwpKfk; nra;jy;

tpuaq;fis ,opTgLj;jYk; G+r;rpakhf;FjYk;

rpwe;j Kiwapy; Efu;Nthiuj; jpUg;jpg;gLj;jy;

Gjpa njhopy;El;gq;fis gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fs;

Nghl;bapid vjpu;nfhs;s rhj;jpakhjy;

2 Gs;spfs;

1 Gs;sp

1 Gs;sp

1 Gs;sp

1 Gs;sp

4 X 1/2 = 2 Gs;spfs;

26



tpw;gidj; njhif mjpfupj;jy; / Fiwjy;

tpw;gid tpiy FiwthfNth / $LjyhfNth ,Uj;jy;

NgusT cw;gj;jpapdhy; nghUshjhu rpf;fdk; Vw;gl;L myF fpuak; Fiwtiljy;

Fiwthd Copau;fshy; cw;gj;jp gha;r;riyf; fl;Lg;gLj;j KbAkhf ,Ug;gjhy;

Copau;fisf; Fiwf;f KbAk;.

KOikahd re;ij njhlu;ghfTk; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLjyhy; re;ij tpuptilAk;

etPd njhopDl;g trjpfis gad;gLj;j KbAkhf ,Uj;jyhy; cw;gj;jp tpidj;jpwd;

mjpfupf;Fk;

NgusT cw;gj;jp fhuzkhf jdpAupik Vw;gLtjw;fhd tha;g;Gs;sJ

Nghl;bf;F ,yFthf Kfq;nfhLf;fyhk;

tpw;gid tUkhd tpyfy; = & 3,000 - &2,750 = &250tpw;gid fpuakhwp = & 2,100 - &12,700 = & 10,600 my;yJ & -10,600 2 X 1 = 2 Gs;spfs;

2 X 1 = 2 Gs;spfs;

Fwpg;gpl4 X 1/2 = 2 Gs;spfs;

tpsf;f 4 X 1/2 = 2 Gs;spfs;

xg;gpl 4x1 =4 Gs;spfs;

1. cw;gj;jp nrad;Kiwapy; gbKiwnahd;iw

G+u;j;jp nra;tjw;F Njitahd rfytw;iwAk;

xNu ,lj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk;.

2. cw;gj;jp gFjpapy; nghUs; Kd;gpd; ,lj;jpw;F

,lk;khWk;.

3. xg;gPl;lstpy; Fiwe;j %yjdk;

<LgLj;jg;gLk;

4. xNu ,ae;jpuk; gy;NtW tbtpyhd

cw;gj;jpfSf;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

5.xg;gPl;lstpy; Neuk; mjpfk;

6. xg;gPl;lstpy; ,Ug;G mjpfkhf Ngz

Ntz;Lk;.

7. Ntiy mjpfk;

1.KOikahd cw;gj;jpr; nrad;KiwahdJ

Xu; Ntiy epiyaj;jpy; ,Ue;J mLj;j Ntiy

epiyaj;jpw;F Neu;tupirapy; Kiwahf gha;e;J

nry;yy;

2. mt;thW ,lk;ngwhJ

3. mjpf %yjdk; <LgLj;jg;gLk;.

4. xNu ,ae;jpuk; cw;gj;jpf;F gad;gLj;jg;glhJ

5. Neuk; FiwT

6. ,Ug;G Fiwthfg; NgzNtz;Lk;.

7. Ntiy FiwT

nrad;Kiw jstikg;G cw;gj;jpg;nghUs; jstikg;G

27



m. Rw;Nwhl;lf;fhyk; - 4 thuq;fs;

M. kWfl;lis njhif 4000 myFfs;

,. ghJfhg;G ,Ug;G 2000 myFfs;

<. Kjd;ikf; fhyk; 2 thuq;fs;

cau; juj;Jld; $ba %yg;nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;

tpuaq;fs;> Nrjkiljiyf; Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;sy;

cj;jk ,Ug;gpidg; Ngzy;

nghUs;fis kPz;Lk; gad;gLj;jYk; kPs; Row;rpf;Fl;gLj;jYk;

cau;e;j njhopy; El;gk; gad;gLj;jy;

Kuz;gl;l gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l KOikahd re;ijapid xj;j gz;GfSld; $ba FOf;fshf

tifg;gLj;jp NtwgLj;JtJ re;ijj;Jz;lkhf;fy; vdg;gLk;.

KOikahd re;ij Jz;lj;jpypUe;J tpNrl thbf;ifahsiu ,dk;fz;L mtu;fspd; Njit

tpUg;gk; G+u;j;jp nra;tjdhy; Efu;Nthiuf; ftuyhk;. ,jd; fhuzkhf tzpfu;fs; fhzg;gLk;

tsq;fis tpidj;jpwdhfTk; je;jpNuhghaj;Jld; re;ijg;gLj;jy; jPu;khdq;fis vLf;f

Kbjy;. nkhj;j Efu;Nthupy; re;ij Jz;lk; rpwpjhapDk; Efu;NthUf;F mjpfkhd Njit

,Ug;gjdhy; tpw;gid mjpfupf;Fk;.

1 Gs;sp

1 Gs;sp

1 Gs;sp

1 Gs;sp

4 x 1 = 4 Gs;sp

g+uz tpilf;F 2 Gs;spfs;

g+uz tpilf;F 2 Gs;spfs;

28



Efu;Tj; Njitfis epiwNtw;Wtjw;F cw;gj;jpahsUf;Ff; fhzg;gLk; Mw;wy; njhlu;ghf

Efu;Nthupdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; KOikahd kjpg;gPNl Efu;Nthu; ngWkjp vd;gjhFk;.

,jDld; juk;> Nrit> tpiy vd;gdTk; fUj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLk;.

Efu;Nthu; vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; Kiwapy; cw;gj;jpg; nghUs; xd;iw cUthf;Fjy; %yk; Efu;Nthu;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;w kfpo;r;rpNa jpUg;jp vd;gjhFk;.

,jd;gb Efu;Nthu; vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; ngWkjp cw;gj;jpg; nghUspy; fpilg;gpd; jpUg;jpAk;>

fpilf;fhJtpbd; mjpUg;jpAk; miljNy ,jw;fpilapyhd njhlu;G MFk;.

nghUs; xd;wpid cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhd vz;zk; cw;gj;jpahsuJ kdjpy; cUthtjpypUe;J

mg;nghUs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;L re;ijf;F mwpKfkhfp cau;e;j Nfs;tpapidg; ngw;W gpd;

gy;NtW fhuzq;fspdhy; Nfs;tp rupTw;W epiwtpy; re;ijapypUe;J ntspNawy;tiu gy;NtW

fl;lq;fisf; nfhz;lNj cw;gj;jpg; nghUs; tho;f;ifr; Rw;Nwhl;lk; vd;gjhFk;.

( tiuglkhf jug;gl;bUg;gpd; 1 Gs;sp )

cw;gj;jpahsUf;F cw;gj;jpnahd;W tho;f;ifr; Rw;Nwhl;lj;jpy; gy;NtW fl;lq;fspd; NghJ>

Vw;gLk; re;ijg;gLj;jy; rthy;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;fj; jahuhFjy;

Nehf;fq;fisAk; cgha topKiwfisAk; mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F

xt;nthU fl;lj;jpYk; vLf;f Ntz;ba jPu;khdq;fis cldbahf vLj;jy;.

Nghl;bapd; Nghjhd ed;ikia ngw;Wf; nfhs;s

cw;gj;jpapd; xt;nthU fl;lj;jpYk; vLf;f Ntz;ba re;ijg;gLj;jy; je;jpNuhghaq;fis

mwpe;J nfhs;s Kbjy;.

tpw;gidia vjpu;T$w KbAk;

nghUs; gy;tifg;gLj;jy;

ntspaf epjp %yq;fs;

gq;F toq;fy;

tq;fpf;fld;

Fj;jif

tq;fp Nkyjpf gw;W mlF itj;jy;

thliff; nfhs;tdT

njhFjpf; fld;

tzpfg; gj;jpuk;

jdpg;gl;l fld;fs;

1 Gs;sp

1 Gs;sp

2 Gs;spfs;

2 Gs;spfs;

2 x 1=2 Gs;spfs;

2x1 = 2 Gs;spfs;

29



tiuaiwfs;

epjpg;ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjpy; nryT

epjpg;ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjpy; rpukk;

gpiz mtrpak;

tzpfj;jpd; nghWg;G mjpfupf;Fk;

1. FWq;fhy epjpf;flg;ghLfSf;F / nghWg;Gf;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLg;gjw;fhd ,aYikapid

ntspf;fhl;Lk;

2. njhopw;gLepjpapid vjpu;T $w KbAk;

3. Njitg;gLk; njhopw;gL %yjd mstpid ,dk; fhz KbAk;

1. gq;Ffspd; Nfs;tpAk; epuk;gYk;

2. fk;gdpapd; ed;kjpg;G

3. fk;gdp toq;Fk; gq;fpyhg nfhs;if

4. ehl;bd; nghUshjhu fhuzpfs;

5. murpay; fhuzpfs;

6. KjyPl;lhsu;fspd; eltbf;if

7. Kfhikahsupd; ,aYik

njhopy;rhu; jifiknfhz;l Copau;fisf; fUJk;

cjhuzk;: 1. tof;fwpQu;

2. fzf;fhsu;

3. fzf;fha;thsu;

4. nghwpapayhsu;

5. Mrpupau;

6. itj;jpau;

7. tpkhdp

8. fzdp epuyu;

9. Vida epiwNtw;W mjpfhupfs; (White coller jobs)

2 x 1 = 2 Gs;sp fs;

2 x 1 = 2 Gs;sp fs;

4 x 1/2 = 2 Gs;sp fs;

,uz;L tplaq;fs; xg;gpl 2 x 1 = 2 Gs;sp fs;

juTfs;

juT xOq;fikf;Fk; nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjp tpisT juT xOq;fikf;Fk; nraw;ghl;bd;

Muk;g tplak;

jPu;khdq;fSf;F Neubahf gad;gLj;j KbahJ

juT juthf fhzg;gLk; NghJ ngWkjpaw;wJ

%yg; nghUshFk; KbTg; nghUshFk;

jfty;fs; ngWkjpAilad

jPu;khdq;fSf;F Neubahf gad;gLj;jyhk;

jfty;fs;

1 Gs;sp

2 ¢ 1 /2 ¡ 1 Gs;sp

30



1. epahakhd rk;gsj;ijg; ngWtjw;fhfTk;> rk;gs cau;Tfisg; ngWtjw;fhfTk;

2. rpwe;j Ntiyr; #oiyg; ngw

3. Ntiy nra;Ak; fhyk; njhlu;ghd gpur;ridfisj; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;sy;

4. njhopy; njhlu;ghd MNuhf;fpaKk; njhopy; njhlu;ghd Mgj;Jf;fspy; ,Ue;J ghJfhg;Gg;

ngwTk;

5. njhopy; ghJfhg;igg; ngw

6. fy;tpAk; gapw;rpAk; ngw

7. ,zf;fg;ghl;Lld; nraw;gl

8. Copau; cupikfis ngwy;

mD$yk;

mjpfsthd njhopy; vjpu;ghu;g;ghsu;fis tpz;zg;gpf;fj; J}z;Ljy;

Fiwe;j fpuaj;Jld; mjpfsthNdhiuf; ftuKbAk;.

Vida KiwfSld; xg;gpLk;NghJ ,yFthdJ

tpz;zg;gjhuu;fSf;F njhopy; njhlu;ghd tpupthd jfty;fis Kd;itf;f Kbjy;>

mikg;G> KbTj; jpfjp> tiuaiwfs; vd;gd cs;slf;fg;gLjy;.

tzpfq;fSf;F Vw;wjhf tpsk;guq;fis NtWgLj;jp mikf;f Kbjy;

gpujp$yk;

tpz;zg;gj;ijg; ngw mjpf fhyk; vLf;Fk;

nghUj;jkw;w tpz;zg;gq;fs; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba re;ju;g;gk; cUthFk;

kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdtiu njupT nra;Ak; tha;g;Gj; jtpu;f;fg;gLk;.

mjpfstpyhd tpz;zg;gq;fs; fpilf;fg;ngWtjdhy; njupT nra;Ak; Kiwfs; fbdkhf

,Ug;gJld; fpuaKk; NeuKk; mjpfk;

njhopy; tpguk; / Ntiy tpguzk;

njhopypy; <LgLtjw;F nghUj;jkhd jdp

egu;fsplk; fhzg;glNtz;ba jfikfs;

njhlu;ghd tpguk;

njhopiy ntw;wpfukhf epiwNtw;Wtjw;F

,Uf;f Ntz;ba khdplg; gz;Gfs; njhlu;ghd

Mtzk;

Ntiy nra;gtUf;F ,Uf;f Ntz;ba

Fzhk;rq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLk;.

Ntiy tpguj;jpd; xU gFjp Ntiy epakk;njhopy; epakj;jpd; xU gFjpahf njhopy;

tpguk; mikahJ

njhopiy tpgupf;Fk;

njhopypy; fhzg;gLk; gz;Gfs; njhlu;ghd

Mtzk;

Ntiyapd; ,ay;igf; Fwpg;gpLk;

njhopy; epakk; / Ntiy Fwpg;Giu

2 ¢ 1 ¡ 2 Gs;spfs;

2 ¢ 1 ¡ 2 Gs;spfs;

2 ¢ 1 ¡ 2 Gs;spfs;

2 ¢ 1 ¡ 2 Gs;spfs;

31



1. Neu;Kfg; guPl;ir elhj;Jgtu;fs; ghugl;rkhf nraw;gLtjhy; nghUj;jkhd egiuj; njupT

nra;tJ fbdk;

2. tpz;zg;gjhupfs; Njitaw;w gaj;jpw;F cs;shjy;. 3. tpz;zg;gjhup Nghypahd elj;ijapid ntspf;fhl;ly; / jhdhfNt gpujptpk;gj;ij

cUthf;fy;

4. mjpf fpuak; vLf;Fk;

5. mjpf fhyk; vLf;Fk;

1. tha;nkhop %yk; / vOj;J %yk; vr;rupj;jy;

2. jFjpfhz; fhyj;ij ePbj;jy;

3. Copaiu NtW gFjpf;F khw;Wjy;

4. Ntiyia KbTWj;jy;

1. md;whlf; nfhLg;gdTfisj; jhkjg;gLj;jy;

2. ,yhgj;ij epWj;jp itj;jy;

3. fld; %yjdj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tij tiuaWg;gjd; %yk; tl;bf; nfhLg;gdit

tiuaWf;fyhk;

4. Nkyjpf Copaiuf; Fiwg;gjd; %yk; nryitf; fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;

5. epiya epu;thf nryTfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;

6. Njitapd; NghJ kl;Lk; ,Ug;Gf;fis nfhs;tdT nra;jy;

Fwpj;j myFfSf;fpilapyhd xUq;fpizg;G

gpd;D}l;ly; ngwyhk;

thbf;ifahsu; njhlu;G mjpfupf;Fk;

Copau;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;G mjpfupf;Fk;

rl;ljpl;lq;fs; mKyhf;fy; ,yF

Gj;jhf;fq;fspd; tsu;r;rp

jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tJ ,yF

2 ¢ 1 ¡ 2 Gs;spfs;

4 ¢ 1/2 ¡ 2 Gs;spfs;

4 ¢ 1 ¡ 4 Gs;spfs;

2 ¢ 1 ¡ 2 Gs;spfs;

32



1. tzpff; fUkq;fisf; nfhz;L elhj;j topfhl;lyhf mikjy;

2. tzpfk; njhlu;gpy; mf;fiwfhl;Lk; jug;gpdUf;F mJ njhlu;ghd rpwe;j njsptpidg;

ngw;Wf; nfhLf;f

3. tzpfj;jpw;F Njitahd epjptrjpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s

4. tzpfj;jpid elhj;Jk;NghJ Vw;gLk; gpur;ridfSf;Fj; jPu;T toq;fy;

5. vjpu;fhy KjyPl;lhsu;fisf; ftu

1. njhopw;rhiy> re;ij vd;gtw;wpd; gFg;gha;T

2. re;ijg;gLj;j vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; nghUs; my;yJ Nrit gw;wpa tpguq;fs;

3. ,yf;F re;ij

4. Nghl;b epiyikfspd; gFg;gha;T

5. jpl;lkplg;gl;l tpw;gidfs;

6. Nghl;bahsu;fspd; re;ijg;gLj;jy; cgha topfs;

7. Kaw;rpahsupd; cj;Njr re;ijg;gLj;jy; cgha topfs;

8. tpw;gidia vjpu;T$wy;

9. re;ijg;gLj;jy; nryT

eilKiwapy; fhzg;gLk; Nghl;b epyik

Nghl;bahsu;fSk; mtu;fsJ gyq;fSk;

Nghl;bj;jd;ikf;F Kfk; nfhLg;gjw;F jk;kplk; fhzg;gLk; gyq;fSk; gytPdq;fSk;

re;ijf;Fs; gpuNtrpg;gjpy; fhzg;gLk; jilfs;> mjhtJ Neuk;> fpuak;> njhopy; El;gk;>

Mf;fTupik> tpahghuf;Fwp

nraw;ghl;Lf;fUkq;fis Muk;gpg;gjw;F Kd;du; Njitg;gLk; nryTfs;

cjhuzk; : ,lj;ij xOq;FgLj;Jk; nryTfs;

kpd;rhuk;> ePu; Nghd;w trjp mDkjpg;gj;jpuj;ij ngWk; nryTfs;

2 ¢ 1 ¡ 2 Gs;spfs;

4 ¢ 1/2 ¡ 2 Gs;spfs;

4 ¢ 1/2 ¡ 2 Gs;spfs;

2 ¢ 1 ¡ 2 Gs;spfs;

2 Gs;spfs;

Gs;sp toq;Fk; jpl;lk;...1,i i i me;juq;fkhdJ 32 ( ) ( ) i 2019 , Gs;sp toq;Fk; jpl;lk; f.ngh.j.(cau;...

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Transcript of Gs;sp toq;Fk; jpl;lk;...1,i i i me;juq;fkhdJ 32 ( ) ( ) i 2019 , Gs;sp toq;Fk; jpl;lk; f.ngh.j.(cau;...