Zajęcia dokształcające z języka angielskiego w chemii nr. 3

Zajęcia mają na celu przyswojenie bazy słownictwa dotyczącego bezpiecznej pracy w

laboratorium /poniżej zostały przedstawione przykładowe teksty do wyboru /:

EXPLOSION AND FIRE HAZARDS GENERAL ASPECTS

HAZARDS DUE TO TOXIC CHEMICALS

ELECTRICAL SAFETY

ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION

LABORATORY SAFETY + test znajomości słownictwa

EXPLOSION AND FIRE HAZARDS GENERAL ASPECTS (Vogel’s Textbook of

practical Organic Chemistry” 5th edition p. 35)

Explosive and highly flammable substances or mixtures of substances quite commonly have

to be used in organic chemistry laboratories. Ignorance of the hazards which are likely to be

encountered all too frequently leads to explosions and fires, but these may usually be avoided

and the experiment conducted with a reasonable measure of safety if, in addition to the

general rules for laboratory practice mentioned under Sections 2.1 and 2.2, the following

guidelines are followed.

1. The use of a substance known to be explosive should be avoided if a safer alternative can

be used.

2. If an explosive or dangerously reactive substance has to be used, then it should be used in

the smallest possible quantity and with all the appropriate precautions which are indicated

below.

3. Workers should try to foresee and avoid the situation where a dangerously reactive

chemical is likely to come into contact with combustible material, or where an explosive

substance is likely to be subjected to the stimulus of shock or excess heat.

4. Reactions known or likely to involve explosion or fire hazards should always be tried out

on a small scale first, and only then carefully scaled up in stages if no warning signs of

danger are apparent (e.g. no undue rise in temperature or evolution of gas, etc.). Since for a

reaction vessel the surface area per unit volume decreases with increasing volume, scaled-up

reactions may exhibit unexpectedly large and possibly dangerous temperature rises. If a

small-scale reaction procedure is known to be safe, it is better to repeat it several times to

acquire the required stock of product, rather than to attempt to scale-up the process to

achieve this in one step.

5. For notably exothermic reactions involving dangerously active reagents, the safest

procedure is to add the reagent dropwise, with rapid stirring, at the same rate as it is used

up. Overcooling must be avoided since this may inhibit the reaction sufficiently to allow a

dangerous accumulation of the reagents; if the temperature is then allowed to rise, a violent

reaction may occur. It may actually be safer to heat such a reaction to ensure complete

consumption of each drop of reagent as it is being added.

EXPLOSIVE COMPOUNDS

The following compounds or groups of compounds are likely to be dangerously explosive in

their own right. They may explode under the stimulus of heat, impact or friction, or

apparently spontaneously.

1. Acetylene gas and the acetylide salts of heavy metals; silver and copper acetylides are

extremely shock-sensitive. Polyacetylenes and some halogenated acetylenes.

2. Hydrazoic acid and all azides, both organic and inorganic (only sodium azide is-safe); aryl

azides and silver azide may be inadvertently formed during some reactions (see below, p. 37).

3. Diazonium salts (when solid) and diazo compounds.

4. Inorganic nitrates, especially ammonium nitrate. The nitrate esters of polyhydric

alcohols.

5. Polynitro compounds, e.g. picric acid (and heavy metal picrates), trinitrobenzene (TNB),

trinitrotoluene (TNT); all these substances are safe when damp with water.

6. Metal salts of nitrophenols.

7. Peroxides; these are a common cause of explosions due to their formation in ether

solvents (see below, p. 404). Concentrated aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution, see

Section 4.2.41, p. 439.

8. Nitrogen tribromide, trichloride and triiodide; these are all highly sensitive and violently

explosive, and should never be prepared or used unless absolutely necessary.

POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS MIXTURES

Powerful oxidants are particularly dangerous when mixed with easily oxidised organic

substances such as simple alcohols, polyhydric alcohols, carbohydrates and cellulose-

containing materials such as paper, cloth or wood. They are also dangerous when mixed with

elements such as sulphur and phosphorus, and with finely divided metals such as

magnesium powder. The following are common examples:

1. Perchloric acid, chlorates and perchlorates.

2. Chromium trioxide ('chromic anhydride'), chromates and dichromates. Concentrated

nitric acid and nitrates.

3. Permanganates.

4. Concentrated hydrogen peroxide.

5. Liquid oxygen and liquid air.

Glossary:

highly flammable – wysoce łatwopalny

explosions – wybuchy, eksplozje

fires - pożary

safer - bezpieczniejszy

in the smallest possible quantity – w jak najmniejszej możliwej ilości

foresee - przewidywać

avoid the situation – uniknąć sytuacji

reactive - reaktywny

excess heat – nadmierne ciepło

on a small scale – na małą skalę (reakcja)

reaction vessel – naczynie reakcyjne

dangerous temperature rises – niebezpieczne wzrosty temperatury

to acquire the required stock of product – uzyskać odpowiedni (wymagany) zapas

produktu

exothermic reactions – reakcje egzotermiczne

reagents –reagenty

is to add the reagent dropwise – jest dodać reagent kroplami

rapid stirring – bardzo szybkie mieszanie

Overcooling – przechłodzenie

inhibit the reaction – wstrzymać (spowolnić) reakcję

violent – gwałtowny

impact or friction – wpływ tarcia

Acetylene - acetylen

acetylide salts of heavy metals – acetylenki metali ciężkich

silver and copper acetylides – acetylenki srebra i miedzi

extremely shock-sensitive – ekstremalnie wrażliwe na wstrząs

Hydrazoic acid – kwas azotowodorowy

azides - azydki

silver azide – azydek srebra

Diazonium salts – sole diazoniowe

Inorganic nitrates – nieorganiczne azotany

ammonium nitrate – azotan amonu

nitrate esters – estry azotanów

alcohols - alkohole

picric acid – kwas pikrynowy

trinitrobenzene – trinitrobenzen

Metal salts of nitrophenols – metaliczne sole nitrofenoli

Peroxides – nadtlenki

ether solvents - rozpuszczalniki eterowe

Concentrated – stężony

hydrogen peroxide – nadtlenek wodoru

Nitrogen tribromide – trójbromek azotu

Nitrogen trichloride – trójchlorek azotu

Nitrogen triiodide – trójjodek azotu

oxidants - utleniacze

carbohydrates – cukry

sulphur – siarka

phosphorus – fosfor

magnesium powder – pył magnezowy

Perchloric acid – kwas nadchlorowy

Chromium trioxide – trójtlenek chromu

chro- dichromates – chromiany i dwuchromiany

nitric acid - kwas azotowy

Permanganates – nadmanganiany

Liquid oxygen – ciekły tlen

HAZARDS DUE TO TOXIC CHEMICALS (Vogel’s Textbook of practical Organic

Chemistry” 5th edition p. 44)

A very large number of compounds encountered in organic chemistry laboratories are

poisonous, i.e. 'toxic'. Indeed, nearly all substances are toxic to some extent and the adoption

of safe and careful working procedures which prevent the entry of foreign substances into the

body is therefore of paramount importance, and should become second nature to all

laboratory workers. Toxic substances can enter the body by the following routes:

Ingestion (through the mouth). This is fortunately not common in laboratories, but can occur

through the accidental contamination of food, drink or tobacco, and by misuse of mouth

pipettes. It is strongly recommended that no one should ever eat, drink or smoke in a

laboratory. The practice of storing bottles of milk or beer in laboratory refrigerators is to be

strongly condemned. Workers should always wash their hands thoroughly on leaving a

laboratory and before eating, All pipetting by mouth should be avoided since there are

excellent rubber bulb and piston-type pipette fillers available commercially. In addition to

the ingestion hazard associated with smoking, the vapours of many volatile compounds yield

toxic products on pyrolysis when drawn through a lighted cigarette or pipe (e.g. carbon

tetrachloride yields phosgene). Inhalation (into the lungs). This is a more common pathway

for the absorption of toxic chemicals; these may be in the form of gases, vapours, dusts or

mists. All toxic powders, volatile liquids and gases should only be handled in efficient fume

cupboards. The practice of sniffing the vapours of unknown compounds for identification

purposes should be conducted with caution.

Direct absorption (through the skin into the bloodstream). This is also a common route for

the absorption of a toxic substance whether liquid, solid or gaseous. The danger may be

reduced by wearing rubber or plastic gloves, in addition to the usual laboratory white coat.

However, clean and careful working procedures are still necessary despite these precautions.

Protective gloves are often per meable to organic solvents and are easily punctured; they

should therefore be frequently inspected and replaced when necessary. If a toxic substance is

accidentally spilled on the skin, it should be washed off with copious quantities of cold

water with the aid of a little soap where necessary. The use of solvents for washing spilled

chemicals off the skin is best avoided since this may hasten the process of absorption through

the skin. Repeated contact of solvents and many other chemicals with the skin may lead to

dermatitis, an unsightly and irritating skin disease which is often very hard to cure. In

addition, sensitisation to further contact or exposure may occur. The toxic effects of chemical

compounds can be classified as either 'acute' (short term) or 'chronic' (long term). Acute

effects, as exemplified by powerful and well-known poisons such as hydrogen cyanide and

chlorine, are immediately obvious, well appreciated by most laboratory workers, and are

therefore fairly easily avoided. However, many chemicals exhibit chronic toxic effects which

may only come to light after long-term exposure to small quantities. This type of insidious

poisoning is harder to detect (and therefore prevent) since the results may only manifest

themselves after months or even years of exposure (or even long after exposure has ceased).

Chronic poisoning may also cause symptoms which are not easily recognisable as such, e.g.

sleeplessness, irritability, memory lapses and minor personality changes. It must be stressed,

however, that the final results of chronic poisoning may be very serious and can lead to

premature death. Every effort should be made by the laboratory worker to guard against

these possibilities by adopting a rigorous approach to the avoidance of breathing all vapours

and dusts, and of any contact between the skin and liquids or powders.

Glossary: compounds – związki (chemiczne)

organic chemistry laboratories – laboratoria chemii organicznej

poisonous – trujący

toxic - toksyczny

paramount importance – najwyższej wagi

laboratory workers - pracownicy laboratoryjni

route - droga

ingestion – spożycie, wchłonięcie

contamination - zanieczyszczenie

condemned - potępiony

pipetting by mouth- pipetowanie ustami

rubber bulb – naciągacz gruszkowy cieczy do pipet

piston-type pipette fillers – naciągacze automatyczne do pipet

carbon tetrachloride – czterochlorek węgla

phosgene - fosgen

inhalation – wdychanie, inhalacja

gas – gaz

vapours - opary

dust –pył, kurz

mist - mgła

powder – proszek

volatile liquids – łatwolotne ciecze

fume cupboard /or fume hood/ - wyciąg laboratoryjny

caution – uwaga

through the skin into the bloodstream – przez skórę do układu krwionośnego

rubber or plastic gloves – gumowe lub plastikowe rękawiczki ochronne

white coat – fartuch ochronny

spilled on the skin – rozlany na skórze

washed off - zmyty

copious quantities of cold water – obfite ilości zimnej wody

hasten - przyspieszać

dermatitis is an unsightly and irritating skin disease – zapalenie skóry jest szpecącą i

podrażniającą skórę chorobą

hard to cure – trudne do wyleczenia

sensitisation – uwrażliwienie

acute – ostry, przenikliwy, silny

chronic – chroniczny, notoryczny

hydrogen cyanide - cyjanowodór

chlorine – chlor

long-term exposure – długoterminowe wyeksponowanie, wystawienie

insidious – zdradziecki, podstępny

ceased – zaprzestawać, przerywać

recognisable - rozpoznawalny

sleeplessness – senność

irritability – drażliwość

premature death – przedwczesna śmierć

ELECTRICAL SAFETY (Vogel’s Textbook of practical Organic Chemistry” 5th edition p.

51)

Concern with the hazards associated with the use of flammable and toxic chemicals in the

laboratory often causes the dangers from electrical equipment to be overlooked. However,

many accidents are caused by the malfunctioning of electric appliances and by thoughtless

handling. New equipment should be carefully inspected to check that the plug has been

correctly fitted, otherwise a 'live' chassis will result. International standards for Great Britain

and Europe stipulate the following colours for electric cables: Live, Brown; Neutral, Blue;

Earth, Green/yellow. In the USA (and for equipment imported from the USA) the colours are:

Live, White; Neutral, Black; Earth, Green.

Before any electric appliance is used, it should be inspected to ensure that: (a) it is in

good condition with no loose wires or connections; (b) it is properly earthed; (c) it is

connected to the correct type of plug by good quality cable with sound insulation; and (d)

that it is protected by a fuse of the correct rating. Loose or trailing electric cables should be

avoided and if the appliance has to be sited some way from the power source, the cable

should run neatly along the side of a bench and preferably be secured with adhesive tape.

Cable hanging across the aisle between two benches should never be permitted. Any items of

equipment (e.g. stirrer motors or heating mantles) which have had any chemicals spilled on

them should not be used until they have been thoroughly cleaned and dried. In the handling

and setting up of electrical equipment, the operator must ensure that the apparatus is set up on

a dry bench. It is essential to assemble the apparatus first, and only then to plug into the

mains and switch on. The apparatus should be switched off before any attempts are made to

move or adjust it. High voltage equipment (e.g. for use in electrophoresis, or in the

generation of ozone) requires special precautions. Ideally, such apparatus should be isolated

within an enclosure equipped with an interlocking device so that access is possible only

when the current is switched off.

Glossary: hazard – niebezpieczeństwo, zagrożenie

flammable – łatwopalny

toxic chemicals – toksyczne chemikalia (odczynniki chemiczne)

electrical equipment – sprzęt, wyposażenie elektryczne

accident – wypadek

malfunctioning of electric appliances – niesprawność urządzeń elektrycznych

plug - wtyczka

stipulate – ustalić, określić

electric cables- elektryczne przewody

electric appliance – urządzenie elektryczne

wire – przewód

earthed - uziemniony

insulation - izolacja

fuse – bezpiecznik

the power source – źródło zasilania

secured - zapezpieczony

adhesive tape – taśma klejąca

aisle- przejście

stirrer motors - mieszadła

heating mantles – płaszcze grzejne

dry bench - suchy stół

electrophoresis - elektroforeza

precautions - zabezpieczenia

interlocking device – urządzenie - przełącznik

current – prąd

ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION (Vogel’s Textbook of practical Organic Chemistry” 5th

edition p. 52)

Ultraviolet (u.v.) lamps, arcs and other high intensity light sources which emit U.V.

radiation should never be viewed directly or eye damage will result. Special close-fitting

goggles which are opaque to U.V. radiation should be worn, and protective screens placed

around the apparatus assembly (e.g. in a photochemical reaction) which incorporates the

U.V. source; the need to avoid the inadvertent viewing of reflected U.V. light should also

be borne in mind and the viewing of chromatographic columns or plates may be

hazardous. Exposure of the skin to intense U.V. radiation gives rise to burns (cf. sunburn)

and prolonged exposure may give rise to more extensive tissue damage. Protective gloves

should therefore be worn during work involving such exposure risks. Adequate ventilation

must also be provided to prevent possible build-up of the highly irritant and toxic ozone

which is produced when oxygen is irradiated with U.V. light in the 185 nm region.

Glossary: U.V. lamp – lampa U.V.

arc - łuk

U.V. radiation – promieniowanie UV

eye damage – uszkodzenie oczu

close-fitting goggles – dobrze dopasowane gogle

opaque to U.V. radiation – nieprzeźroczysty dla promieniowania UV

protective screens – ekrany ochronne

apparatus assembly – zestaw aparaturowy

photochemical reaction – reakcja fotochemiczna

U.V. source – źródło promieniowania UV

inadvertent – nieuważny, nieumyślny

reflected U.V. light – odbite promieniowanie UV

chromatographic columns – kolumny chromatograficzne

chromatographic plates – płytki chromatograficzne

hazardous – niebezpieczny

burns – poparzenia

extensive tissue damage – rozległe uszkodzenie tkanek

protective gloves – rękawice ochronne

ventilation – wentylacja

to prevent – zapobiegać

to build-up – wytwarzać, gromadzić

highly irritant – wysoce drażniący

toxic - toksyczny

irradiated with U.V. light – napromieniowany światłem U.V.

Przykład tekstu do przetłumaczenia:

LABORATORY SAFETY

A chemistry laboratory, especially an organic chemistry laboratory, can poten-tially be a dangerous place to work. There are flammable liquids, poisonous and corrosive chemicals and fragile glassware that can all cause serious injuries. However, this danger can be minimized if proper safety precautions.are known and followed. Working in an organic chemistry laboratory can be just as safe as working at home. Some possible hazards and ways to avoid and handle them are presented here. Other precautions will be found in the individual experiments at the appropriate points. Read these over carefully, and conscientiously and faithfully follow a safe and proper procedure. Remember that if a serious accident occurs., the personal injury it may cause cannot be undone. Also remember that because of the potential hazards, you will not be allowed to work alone. If help is not available, any minor accident could become a disaster. Report any mishaps, no matter how minor, to your instructor and, whenever necessary, get prompt medical treatment. No stigma should be attached to accidents that were unavoidable or nonintentional.

EYE SAFETY

The most important rule to follow here is this: WITHOUT EXCEPTION, EYE PROTECTION MUST BE WORN IN THE LABORATORY AT ALL TIMES, REGARDLESS OF WHAT IS BEING DONE. Your eyes are a very crucial and irreplaceable part of your body and are particularly susceptible to injury from spattering chemicals and flying glassware. Even if you are not actually performing an experiment, you could suffer eye injury by being near an accident caused by one of your neighbors. Ordinary prescription eyed asses (not sunglasses nor contact lenses) are acceptable and may be used. However, they do not provide complete protection, and your instructor may rightfully insist that you wear goggles or safety glasses with side shields. If there are eyewash fountains in the laboratory, know the location of the nearest one. If any chemical enters your eyes, go immediately to the fountain

LABORATORY SAFETY and flush your eyes and face with large amounts of water. Be sure to keep your eyelids open. If your neighbor gets something in his or her eyes, he or she may not be able to find the eyewash fountain, and you may need to be a guide. If the laboratory does not have an eyewash fountain, a piece of flexible hose at-tached to the faucet, nozzle can also work effectively; it can be aimed upward directly i n t o the face. With this alternative setup, make sure the flexible hoses are not removed from the faucet nozzles.

FIRES

Because flammable liquids are frequently used in an organic laboratory, there is continual danger of fire. This hazard, however, can be minimized and effectively handled by observing the following precautions and procedures

1. Avoid using flames in the laboratory whenever possible. Most organic liquids can be effectively heated or distilled with a steam hath or hot plate, so a flame is unnecessary. If a flame must be used to heat a flammable liquid, make certain that the l i q u i d is not in an open container but is protected by a condenser with all connections tight and free of strain,

2. Do not leave a burner on unnecessarily.

3. Do not smoke in the laboratory.

4. Do not use a flame without first checking to see if your neighbors on either side, across the station, and behind you are using flam mable liquids. Many flammable organic liquids produce vapors that can dif fuse and become ignited by a flame a considerable distance away. If a flame is needed, try to delay its use or move to a safe location, such as a fume hood or an unused area of the laboratory.

5. Related to rule 4, do not use a flammable liquid without first checking to see if there are any flames in the area. Also, never pour any flammable liquids into the center trough of a laboratory bench because the vapors may be carried near a flame further down the bench.

6. Know beforehand the location of the nearest fire extinguisher, fire blanket, and fire shower, and be certain you understand how to

use them. Your instructor will explain or demonstrate the operation of these pieces of equipment. Remember that most models of extinguishers have a safety pin that must be pulled out before the extinguisher can be activated. Also, do not wildly use the extinguisher because the force of the blast from the nozzle may knock over containers of other flammable liquids and make the fire worse,

7. If you should have a fire, get away from it and don't panic. If the fire is a small one in a container, it can usually be extinguished by placing an asbestos pad, watch glass, or clipboard on top of the container. Otherwise use the fire extinguisher or allow the instructor or laboratory assistant to take care of it.

8. If your clothing should catch on fire, do not run, but walk toward the nearest fire blanket or fire shower. Running will fan the flames and make the fire worse. If one of your neighbors' clothes catches fire, assist him or her, if necessary, to the nearest fire blanket or fire shower. Do not allow the person to panic and run. You can minimize the risk of clothing fires by not wearing loose-fitting long sleeves and cuffs. Also, tie back extra long hair.

CHEMICAL POISONING

Almost all chemicals in an organic laboratory are poisonous and harmful even in small amounts. You can protect yourself from this danger by observing the following precautions.

1. Never allow any chemicals to come in contact with your skin.Liquids such as aniline, dimethyl sulfate, nitrobenzene, phenol, and phenylhydrazine may be rapidly absorbed through the skin and prove fatal. Others may enter through minor cuts and scratches with the same result. If any chemical should inadvertently be spilled on the skin, wash the area immediately and thoroughly with soap and water. Do not use any organic solvent to remove any chemical from the skin because it may actually increase the rate of absorption into the skin. You may want to wear disposable plastic gloves when using any especially toxic or corrosive chemical.

2. Avoid inhaling the fumes and vapors of chemicals and solvents as much as possible. The laboratory area should be well ventilated, and any noxious, volatile materials should be used in a fume hood. An efficient gas trap should be used for any noxious gases, such as hydrogen chloride, generated in a reaction. If you must smell any organic compound to determine

i t s odor, hold the substance about 6 inches from your nose and use your hand to gently fan the vapors toward you. Never hold your nose over the container and inhale deeply.

3. Never place your fingers in your mouth, and always wash your hands when leaving the laboratory area. Without your knowing i t , some chemicals may have been deposited on your hands. Keeping your hands away from your mouth ensures that these chemicals will not be ingested; washing your hands as soon as you have finished working will remove these substances.

4. Never bring food into the laboratory. The food may become contaminated with a hazardous material.

5. Never smoke in the laboratory. Besides being fire hazards, a cigarette, cigar, or pipe placed on a laboratory bench could easily pick up some hazardous chemical, which you could ingest or inhale.

6. Never taste any chemical unless authorized to do so,

7. Never mouth-pipet any chemicals. A suction bulb may not be as convenient as your mouth, but it is much safer. You could easily ingest harmful substances as well as inhale volatile organic liquids.

8. Know the location of the chart Indicating the proper first-aid measures for poisoning.

9. Read the labels of the reagent bottles for any special dangers or precautions.

EXPLOSIONS

Explosions in an organic laboratory are rare; the few that do occur are usually quite minor compared to what you may see dramatized in the movies or on television. Nevertheless, you can reduce even the small chance of an explosion by observing the following precautions.

1. Never perform any unauthorized experiments. It is always best to check with your instructor first if you want to do any extra experiments. Even though you think you know what you're doing, you could easily combine the wrong reagents or handle them improperly. This could prove disastrous because you might unknowingly create a hazardous chemical reaction.

2. Never heat a flask or any apparatus that is not open to the atmosphere. Even with a condenser, the heating could easily increase the pressure inside to the point where the equipment could explode. If a flame was being used, any flammable liquid inside could also be ignited.

3. Always have an ice-water bath available for all exothermic reactions. The bath will allow you to cool the reaction to slow it down if it shows any signs of getting out of control 4. Never add solids or boiling chips to a boiling hot liquid. The added solid could easily cause the hot liquid to shoot out of the reaction vessel and possibly burn you.

5. When heating a substance in a test tube, do not point it at yourself or anyone else. The hot liquid may "bump" and be thrown from the tube.

6. Never concentrate ether solutions to dryness using a flame or other source of intense heat. In addition to their being a fire hazard, ethers can react with oxygen to form unstable peroxides, which can be highly explosive. You can detect peroxides in ethers and hydrocarbons by adding 1 mL of the material to 1 mL of glacial acetic acid to which has been added about 0.1 gram of sodium or potassium iodide. A yellow to brown color indicates the presence of peroxides. To be sure, run a blank determination. You can remove any peroxides in the ether by stirring or shaking the ether with a solution of 60 grams of ferrous sulfate and 6 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid in 110 mL of water.

7. Never heat, dry, or provide shock to unstable compounds such as diazonium salts, heavy-metal acetylides, diazo compounds, or polynitro compounds.

8. If you must work with a potentially explosive substance or mixture, always work with as little as possible and always work behind a safety shield of shatterproof glass.

CUTS

Most cuts in the laboratory are caused by glassware breaking under strain or excessive pressure. You can easily do this when attempting to separate ''frozen" (stuck together) ground-glass joints, or when forcing a glass tube or thermometer into the hole of a cork or rubber stopper. You can separate frozen joints using the procedure in the section on laboratory glassware. And you can easily insert glass tubing and thermometers in stoppers by enlarging the hole in the stopper with a round file or by lubricating the glass with glycerine. But always protect your hands by wrapping the glass with several thicknesses of a cloth towel. Be careful when assembling laboratory equipment not to put any strain on any glassware

Treat minor cuts by ordinary first-aid procedures after removing any obvious pieces of glass. Serious cuts accompanied by severe bleeding should be treated at a doctor's office, hospital, or infirmary. Apply direct pressure to the wound with a gauze pad or clean towel, and for arterial bleeding, which can be qui te dangerous, you must also apply hand or thumb pressure to the appropriate pressure point. For the hands, the pressure point is where the pulse can be felt at the wrist; for the arms it is inside the upper arm, just below the armpit.

BURNS

Burns can result from heat or chemicals. For minor burns caused by flames or hot objects, immersing the affected area in cold water or ice will bring relief. Don't use salves or ointments, and don't disturb or open any blisters. Serious burns should be treated at a doctor's office, hospital, or infirmary.

For chemical burns Hush the affected area with plenty of water. If large areas are burned, you may need to use the safety shower. Acid burns may then be treated with sodium bicarbonate paste, alkali burns with saturated boric acid solution, and bromine burns with 10% sodium thiosulfate. In each case a wet dressing of the recommended neutralizing reagent may be used. If the burn appears to be serious, it should be treated at a doctor's office, hospital, or infirmary.

LABORATORY APPAREL

A laboratory coat or rubber apron will protect your clothing from soiling and damage by chemical reagents and accidents. Don't wear loose-fitting long sleeves because you might overturn fragile glassware or ignite your clothing with a burner. Always wear shoes to protect your feet from spilled chemicals and pieces of broken glass. Sandals and open-toed shoes do not provide complete protection.

DISPOSAL OF CHEMICALS AND OTHER MATERIALS

Dispose of your organic liquids in a designated waste solvent can. If possible, don't pour them into a sink. If you must use a sink, flush it thoroughly with plenty of water, but even then some liquid may remain in the sink trap and vapors in the sink itself.

Chemicals that react vigorously with water, such as acid chlorides and alkali metals, may be decomposed in the hood by reacting with anhydrous alcohol.

Dispose of water-insoluble solids in a chemical waste jar. Do not throw them into a sink or wastepaper basket because they can release toxic vapors, clog the pipes, or start a fire.

Never throw solid nonchemical waste into the sink because it is unsightly and can possibly clog the drains, thus making those sinks temporarily unusable,

ADDITIONAL PRECAUTIONS

1. Try to be aware of any possible adverse effects of your laboratory operations.

2. Watch what your neighbors are doing. Being alert to any possible dangerous practices could prevent an accident and possible injury to both you and them.

3. Keep your laboratory space clean and orderly, along with the balance and chemical dispensing areas. Clean up all spills immediately. After taking what ever chemicals you need, replace the caps on the containers.

4. To prevent possible floods and water damage to your books and notes, attach water hoses to condensers and faucets securely, and remember that only a moderate flow of water is needed for adequate cooling.

CARCINOGENIC COMPOUNDS

Many compounds are carcinogenic (cancer-causing). The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) lists the following compounds as acute carcinogens. Because of their potential hazard, you will not use them in any experiments.

2-Acetylaminofiuorene 4,4'-MethyIene bis(2-chloroaniline)

4-Aminodipheny] a-Naphthylamine

Benzidine and its salts β-Naphthylamine

Bis(Chloromethyl) ether 4-Nitrobiphenyl

3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine and i t s salts N-Nitrosodimethylamine

4-Dimethylaminoazobcnzene β-Propiolactone

Ethyleneimine Vinyl chloride

Methyl chloromethyl ether

Na podstawie tekstu powyżej przetłumacz poniższe słówka z j. angielskiego na j. polski i z j.

polskiego na j. angielski:

GRUPA A I. Przetłumacz słówka z j. angielskiego na j. polski: 1) corrosive 11) prescription 21) to pour 2) glassware 12) regardless 22) considerable 3) precaution 13) contact lenses 23) steam 4) treatment 14) to insist 24) nozzle

5) conscientiously 15) particular 25) to delay 6) fragile 16) eyelid 26) blast 7) flammable 17) amount 27) to place 8) available 18) strain 28) noxious 9) disaster 19) to make certain 29) rate of absorption 10) to suffer 20) to check 30) to inhale 31) water 32) chemicals 33) solvent 34) liquid 35) test tube 36) salves 37) gauze pad 38) file 39) stopper 40) frozen II. Przetłumacz słówka z j. polskiego na j. angielski: 1) trujący 11) kciuk 21) niesprzyjający 2) zadrapanie, skaleczenie 12) krwawienie tętnicze 22) ściek 3) nieumyślnie 13) zawijać 23) zalecany 4) wydajny 14) rozdzielić 24) pęcherz, bąbel 5) gwałtownie(bardzo szybko) 15) smarować 25) zanurzyć 6) wystrzelić (o cieczy z naczynia) 16) pacha 26) stężony 7) sprzęt laboratoryjny (wyposażenie) 17) rozpuszczać 27) ochrona 8) naczynie reakcyjne 18) bezwodny 28) c. stałe 9) poważny wypadek 19) równowaga 29) suszyć 10) zastosować 20) wymieniać (np. części) 30) mieszać na mieszadle 31) usunąć, zdjąć 41) stół laboratoryjny 32) termometr 42) gaśnica 33) zestawiać (sprzęt laboratoryjny) 43) koc gaśniczy 34) powiększyć 44) prysznic przeciwpożarowy 35) próbować 45) usuwać, likwidować (odpady) 36) ciśnienie 46) przestrzeń 37) maść 47) niezastąpiony 38) opary 48) boczne osłony 39) przewrócić (np. pojemnik) 49) nieunikniony 40) zlew 50) niefortunny wypadek

GRUPA B I. Przetłumacz słówka z j. angielskiego na j. polski: 1) injury 11) to follow 21) to pull out 2) hazard 12) rightfully 22) to ignite 3) serious 13) nonintentional 23) faucet 4) prompt 14) to spatter 24) tight 5) mishap 15) to perform 25) to carry 6) to handle 16) properly 26) to knock over 7) follow 17) flexible 27) to vaporize 8) accident 18) to ingest 28) to clog 9) stigma 19) to aim 29) to fan 10) susceptible 20) to protect 30) disposable 31) to release 32) designated 33) protection 34) immediately 35) hood 36) neighbour 37) anhydrous 38) cap 39) to remain 40) chemical waste jar II. Przetłumacz słówka z j. polskiego na j. angielski: 1) cal 11) pierwsza pomoc 21) tymczasowy 2) zapewniać 12) powiększyć 22) chłodzenie 3) ustalać (wyznaczać) 13) nadgarstek 23) stłuczony 4) zapach 14) próba 24) maść 5) rozlewać 15) zwykły 25) wstrząsać 6) pipetować ustami 16) zlew 26) rura 7) łączyć, mieszać (o reagentach) 17) płuczka (gazy) 27) ostry, silny (o zw. chem.) 8) udowodnić (coś) 18) nasycony 28) reagować 9) zamarznąć 19) rozłożyć (np. związek) 29) wykryć 10) ciśnienie 20) starannie 30) wybuchowy 31) nieużyteczny 41) pełnoprawnie 32) adekwatnie, odpowiednio 42) położenie 33) syfon 43) cierpieć 34) zapobiegać 44) chemia organiczna 35) równowaga 45) trujący 36) związek chemiczny 46) żrący 37) potencjalny 47) bezpieczny 38) stopy 48) nosić 39) fartuch 49) płomień 40) wyrzucać 50) opóźnić