EVS Lec 24 Ecosystem Samadhan

7/30/2019 EVS Lec 24 Ecosystem Samadhan

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Chapter 3

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Things to be learned

Concept and Classification of Ecosystem

Structure and functions of Ecosystem

Producers, Consumers, Decomposers

Food chains, Food webs, Ecological pyramids

Various ecosystems

Energy Flow & Energy Cycles

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What is an Ecosystem?

Term proposed by British ecologist A. G. Tansley in 1935.

Consisting of all Plants, Animals and Micro- organisms

Specific and Recognizable landscape form.

An ecosystem is formed by the interactions between all living and

non-living things.

Eco = The Environment

System=Regularly interacting and interdependent components

forming a unified whole.

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What is an Ecology?

EVS Videos\Ecology Introduction.mp4


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Ecosystem = An Ecological system

An Ecosystem


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Fundamental Characteristics of Ecosystem

Structural

Living/Biotic

Non-living

/Abiotic

Inorganiccomponents

Organiccomponents

ClimaticRegimes

Functional

Energy cycles

Food chains

Diversity

Nutrientcycles

Evolution


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Structure:

Living/Biotic ( Plants, Animals and Micro-

organisms )

Non-living/ Abiotic (soil, climate, water and light )

Inorganic components - C,N,CO2

Organic components - Proteins, Fats

Climatic Regimes - Temp, Moisture

Macro and Micro consumers


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On the basis of particular type of habitat,they are further sub divided as:

Various Types of Ecosystems:


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TerrestrialEcosystem

Forest

Grassland

Desert


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Fresh

Water

Running water Streams, Rivers

Standing water

Lakes, ponds

Marine

Water

Deep sea

OceansAquaticEcosystem


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Components of Ecosystem

Abiotic components:

1. Abiotic components are non - living chemical &physical factors in the environment.

2. They practically provides all the energy for

ecosystems.

Biotic components:

1. Producers2. Consumers

3. Decomposers


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Examples of Producers

Grasses Shrubs

Trees


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Examples of Consumers1) Herbivores


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2) Carnivores:


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3) Omnivores:


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Decomposers

Feed on organic compounds of dead or living plants and

animals for food and energy

Breakdown products & release inorganic compounds

(nutrients) in the ecosystem, making them available

again to producers.


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The transfer of energy and nutrients through a series of

organisms with repeated process of eating and being eaten.

All the organisms are linked together with one another by food

relationship.

Each organism living or dead is potential food for some other

organism.

Food Chain


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Food web

Interlocking pattern of several interlinked food chains is termed as

FOOD WEB.


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Ecological Pyramids

The relationship between consumers and

producers at different tropic levels in an

ecosystem


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Grassland Ecosystem Forest Ecosystem

Carnivores

Herbivores

Producers

Carnivores

Herbivores

Producers

Pond Ecosystem

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The occurrence of definite sequence ofcommunities over a period of time in same area.

A process through which ecosystems tends to

change, over a period of time

A change in the community in which new

populations of organisms gradually replace

existing ones.

Can be related to environmental changes.

Ecological Succession

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Three stages-

Pioneer stage

Serial stage

Climax stage

E.g. Pond Ecosystem

Ecological Succession

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Examples of

Primary

Succession

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Example of Secondary Succession:

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Various Ecosystems

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Basic Issues To Remember about Ecosystems-

What is the nature / type of an ecosystem?

What are its structure and functions?

Who uses the ecosystems and for what purpose?

How is ecosystem degraded?

What can be done to protect it from deteriorating in

the long time? How can the ecosystem be conserved?

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Forest Ecosystem

(Terrestrial Ecosystem)

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Forest Ecosystem

In India, the forest cover is roughly 19% of the total

land area.

It provides numerous environmental services.

Forest Ecosystem

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Apart from environmental values, forest ecosystems

have some traditional valuesas well.

Products:-

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Fruits.

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Gums and resins.

Herbs & drugs.

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Components of a Forest Ecosystem-

Biotic components:

1) Producers

2) Consumers

3) Decomposers

Abiotic components:

Basic inorganic & organic compounds present in

the soil & atmosphere.

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Components of Forest Ecosystem:

Producers: Different tree species

Consumers in a Forest Ecosystem

Decomposers in a Forest ecosystem

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Types of Forests in India:-

Coniferous Forests

Himalayan mountain regionByMr.Sam

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Evergreen Forests

Western Ghats, north-eastern India

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Deciduous Forests

Moderate seasonal rainfall

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Thorn Forests

Semi-arid regions

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Mangrove Forests

Along the costal regions

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Forest utilization

Nutrient cycling

Maintaining biodiversity

Providing wildlife habitat

Affecting rainfall patterns

Regulating stream flow

Storing water

Reducing flooding

Preventing soil erosion

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Threats

Over-utilization

Population Growth

Urbanization

Industrialization

Mining

Dams

Poaching

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Grassland Ecosystem

(Terrestrial Ecosystem)

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Grassland Ecosystem

EVS Videos\Tropical Grassland Ecosystems.mp4

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Occupy about 24% of the earths surface.

Occur in regions too dry for forests and too moist for

deserts

The principal grasslands include:

Prairies (Canada, USA)

Pampas (South America)

Steppes (Europe & Asia)

Veldts (Africa)

Grassland ecosystem.

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Components

Biotic components: Three functional groups which are:

1) Producers:

Mainly grasses; though, a few herbs & shrubs also contribute to

primary production of biomass.

2) Consumers:

a) Primary Consumers:

Herbivores feeding directly on grasses.

Grazing animals such as-

Cows, Buffaloes, Sheep, Goats, Deer, Rabbits etc.

Besides them, numerous species of insects, termites, etc

are also present.

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b) Secondary Consumers:

Carnivores that feed on primary consumers (Herbivores)

These include-

Frogs, Snakes, Lizards, Birds, Foxes, Jackals etc.

c) Tertiary Consumers:

These include hawks etc. which feed on secondary

consumers.

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3) Decomposers:

These include Bacteria; Fungi.

Attack the dead or decayed bodies of organisms & thus

decomposition takes place.

Nutrients are released for reuse.

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Abiotic components:

Include basic inorganic & organic compounds

present in the soil & aerial environment.

Essential elements like C, H, N, O, P, S etc.

supplied by water, nitrogen, nitrates, sulphates,

phosphates present in soil & atmosphere.

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Components of Grassland Ecosystem:


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Components of Grassland Ecosystem:

Producers

Consumers of Grassland ecosystem

Decomposers in a Grassland ecosystem

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Types Of Grasslands In India

1. Himalayan Pasture belt

2. Terai Grassland

Himalayan foothills

3. Semi-arid grassland

Western India, Central India and the Deccan

4. Shola grasslands

Western Ghats

Patches of hill slopes

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Grassland utilization

Grazing

Thatching of houses and farm sheds

Fuel wood

Carnivorous animals control insect pests in

agricultural lands

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Threats to Grassland Ecosystem

Lightening / Fire

Over grazing

Conversion to irrigated farmlands

Modification by Human activities

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Desert ecosystem(Terrestrial Ecosystem)

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Region that receives almost no precipitation.

Areas with an average annual precipitation of less than250 millimeters per year.

Occupy about 17% of the earths surface.

The deserts of the world are mainly located in-

South- western United States, Mexico,

North America,

Asia (Thar, Tibet )

West Asia

Desert Ecosystem

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The various components of a Desert Ecosystem are:


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The various componentsof a Desert Ecosystem are:

Biotic components:

1) Producer Organisms:

Mainly shrubs ,bushes, some grasses & a few trees.

Dominant plant species include: Succulents

(water - retaining plants adapted to arid climateor soil conditions ) & hardy grasses.

Besides some lower plants such as lichens &xerophytes mossesare also present.

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2) Consumer Organisms:

Includes animals such as insects, reptileswhich

are capable of living in extreme conditions

Besides some nocturnal rodents, birds& some

mammalians like cameletc are also found.

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3) Decomposers:

Due to poor vegetation with very low amountof dead organic matter, decomposers arepoorin desert ecosystem.

Common decomposers are some bacteria &fungi, most of which are thermophillic.

Abiotic components:

Due to high temperature & very low

rainfall, the organic substances are poorly

present in the soil.

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Components of Desert Ecosystem:


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p y

Producers of Desert Ecosystem

Consumers of Desert Ecosystem

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Desert utilization

Grazing for camel, cattle, goat etc

Growing crops like Jowar

Genetic Engineering

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Threats to Desert Ecosystem

Extensive irrigation systems Saline region due to water evaporation

Lowering in water tables

Conservation of Desert Ecosystem

Traditional protection

E.g. BishnoiTribes for KhejdiTrees

National parks and wildlife sanctuaries.

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Aquatic

Ecosystems

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Aquatic Ecosystem

EVS Videos\3.2 Aquatic Ecosystems.mp4


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Aquatic Ecosystems
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Aquatic Ecosystems

Deals with biotic community present in water

bodies.

Carbon dioxide & oxygen are available in dissolved

state.

Types of Aquatic ecosystem are:1. Freshwater ecosystem includes-

Running water

Example: Streams, Rivers, Springs

Standing water Examples: Lakes, ponds, swamps

2. Marine ecosystems includes-

Deep sea and Oceans.


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Biotic components:

1) Producer Organisms:Includes submerged, free floating and amphibious

macrophytes (Hydrilla)and minute floating and

suspended lower phytoplankton's (Spirogyra)


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2) Consumer Organisms:

a) Primary consumers:

These are planktons and benthos.

b) Secondary consumers:

These are carnivores like insects andfishes feeding on herbivores

c) Tertiary consumers:

These are the large fishes feeding on smallfishes.


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3) Decomposers:

Microorganisms like bacteria, fungi.

Abiotic component:

Inorganic as well as organic substancespresent in the bottom soil or dissolved

in water.

The minerals, some dead organic matter

is also present.


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Inside Ocean Ecosystem


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Inside Ocean Ecosystem


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Aquatic utilization

Clean fresh water

Used as food

Storage of water for industries and agriculture

Electricity generation


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Threats to Aquatic Ecosystem


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Threats to Aquatic Ecosystem

Poorly managed solid waste Eutrophication

Chemical pollution from industry

Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystem

Stop water pollution

Protection by including them in wetland

sanctuaries or national parks


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Energy flow in ecosystemByMr.SamadhanP.Deshmukh,Watumull

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Energy flow in ecosystem

Supply of energy and nutrients from environment in

order to survive.

The transformations of energy in an ecosystem begin

first with the input of energy from the sun.


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Ph t th i Ch i l ti h


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Photosynthesis-Chemical reaction where

green plants use water & carbon dioxide to

store the suns energy in glucose.


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Energy contained within producers and consumers is

passed to the decomposers that are responsible for the

constant recycling of nutrients.

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Energy Cycles

Water cycle

Carbon cycle

Oxygen cycle

Nitrogen cycle


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The Water Cycle


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Water never leaves the Earth.

It is constantly being cycled through the

atmosphere, ocean, and land.This process, known as the water

cycle, is driven by energy from the sun.


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The sun heats up liquid water and changes it to a gas

by the process ofevaporation.

Water that evaporates from Earths oceans, lakes,

rivers, and moist soil rises up into the atmosphere. ByMr.SamadhanP.Deshmukh,Wa

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The process of evaporation from plants isll d t i ti


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called transpiration.

(In other words, its like plants sweating.)

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As water (in the form of gas) rises higher in the
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atmosphere, it starts to cool and become a liquid

again. This process is called condensation

When a large amount of water vapor condenses, itresults in the formation of clouds.

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When rain falls on the land, some of the water is

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absorbed into the ground forming pockets of water

called groundwater. Most groundwater eventually

returns to the ocean. Other precipitation runs

directly into streams or rivers. Water that collects inrivers, streams, and oceans is called runoff.

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The Nitrogen CycleByMr.Sama

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Nitrogen cycle completes in 5 steps:-

1) Nitrogen Fixation:

Conversion of N2 NH3

2) Nitrification: NH3 NO3

Soil bacteria convert in a two step process.

3) Assimilation:Roots absorb NH3, NH4, or NO3 and

incorporate them into nucleic acids and

protein.

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4) Ammonification:


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4) Ammonification:

Amino acids and nucleotides are broken down

into waste products NH3 or NH4

5) Denitrification:

The reduction of NO3 to N2 Denitrifying

bacteria return some of the nitrogen to the

atmosphere

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The Carbon CycleByMr.Sama

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Carbon enters plants as CO2

Bacteria process carbon in a fashion that allowsit to be recycled.

Obtain energy from the molecules, and convertcarbohydrates to carbon dioxide as a result of

respiration.

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Photosynthesis removes carbon from the

abiotic environment

Carbon moves through food chain through

consumption of one organisms by another

Cellular respiration, combustion, and

erosion of limestone return carbon to the

atmosphere, water and abiotic environment.

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RESPIRATION


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DEATH FOOD

BURNING

COMBUSTION

AIR CO2 PLANTS

ANIMALRESPIRATION

WOOD FOSSIL

FUEL

Carbon Cycle

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Fig: Carbon Cycle

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Any Questions???

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Thank You

96

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EVS Lec 24 Ecosystem Samadhan

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