Europe 2020 COM (2010)

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    HO HO

    HX^KSHFO LKGGI\\IKO

    Nrusshjs, 5.63.>363

    LKG(>363) 825 eiofj

    LKGGXOILFRIKO E^KG R@H LKGGI\\IKO RK R@H HX^KSHFO

    SF^JIFGHOR, R@H LKXOLIJ, R@H HX^KSHFO HLKOKGIL FOB \KLIFJ

    LKGGIRRHH FOB R@H LKGGIRRHH KE R@H ^HDIKO\

    Hurkph >3>3 Ejfds`ip Ioitiftivh

    Iookvftiko Xoiko

    \HL(>363) 6656

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    Hxhlutivh \uggfry

    Ft f tigh ke punjil nubdht lkostrfiots, gfakr bhgkdrfp`il l`fodhs fob iolrhfsiod djknfj

    lkgphtitiko, Hurkph's lkgphtitivhohss, kur lfpflity tk lrhfth gijjikos ke ohw akns tk rhpjflh

    t`ksh jkst io t`h lrisis fob, kvhrfjj, kur euturh stfobfrb ke jiviod bhphobs ko kur fnijity tk

    brivh iookvftiko io prkbults, shrvilhs, nusiohss fob sklifj prklhsshs fob gkbhjs. R`is is w`y

    iookvftiko `fs nhho pjflhb ft t`h `hfrt ke t`h Hurkph >3>3 strfthdy. Iookvftiko is fjsk kurnhst ghfos ke sullhsseujjy tflmjiod gfakr sklihtfj l`fjjhodhs, sul` fs ljigfth l`fodh, hohrdy

    fob rhskurlh slfrlity, `hfjt` fob fdhiod, w`il` frh nhlkgiod gkrh urdhot ny t`h bfy.

    Hurkph `fs ok s`krtfdh ke pkthotifj. Th `fvh wkrjb jhfbiod rhshfrl`hrs, hotrhprhohurs fob

    lkgpfoihs fob uoiquh strhodt`s io kur vfjuhs, trfbitikos, lrhftivity fob bivhrsity. Th `fvh

    gfbh drhft stribhs io lrhftiod t`h jfrdhst `kgh gfrmht io t`h wkrjb. Hurkphfo hothrprishs fob

    livij sklihty frh fltivhjy hodfdhb io hghrdiod fob bhvhjkpiod hlkokgihs frkuob t`h wkrjb.

    Gfoy wkrjb-l`fodiod iookvftikos lfo nh trflhb nflm tk Hurkph. Nut wh lfo fob gust bk

    gul` nhtthr. Io f rfpibjy l`fodiod djknfj hlkokgy, wh gust nuijb ko kur strhodt`s fob

    bhlisivhjy tflmjh kur whfmohsshs1

    Xobhr-iovhstghot io kur mokwjhbdh ekuobftiko. Kt`hr lkuotrihs, jimh t`h X\ fob Afpfo,frh kut-iovhstiod us, fob L`iof is rfpibjy lftl`iod up.

    Xosftisefltkry erfghwkrm lkobitikos, rfodiod erkg pkkr fllhss tk eiofolh, `id` lksts keIS^ tk sjkw stfobfrbisftiko fob ioheehltivh ush ke punjil prklurhghot. R`is is f shrikus

    `fobilfp w`ho lkgpfoihs lfo l`kksh tk iovhst fob lkobult rhshfrl` io gfoy kt`hr pfrts

    ke t`h wkrjb.

    Rkk gul` erfdghotftiko fob lkstjy bupjilftiko. Th gust sphob kur rhskurlhs gkrhheeilihotjy fob fl`ihvh lritilfj gfss.

    Shr`fps t`h niddhst l`fjjhodh ekr t`h HX fob its Ghgnhr \tfths is tk fbkpt f gul` gkrh

    strfthdil fpprkfl` tk iookvftiko. Fo fpprkfl` w`hrhny iookvftiko is t`h kvhrfrl`iod pkjily

    knahltivh, w`hrh wh tfmh f ghbiug- tk jkodhr-thrg phrsphltivh, w`hrh fjj pkjily iostrughots,

    ghfsurhs fob euobiod frh bhsidohb tk lkotrinuth tk iookvftiko, w`hrh HX fob

    oftikofj/rhdikofj pkjilihs frh ljkshjy fjidohb fob gutufjjy rhioekrliod, fob jfst nut okt jhfst,

    w`hrh t`h `id`hst pkjitilfj jhvhj shts f strfthdil fdhobf, rhdujfrjy gkoitkrs prkdrhss fob

    tflmjhs bhjfys.

    Iookvftiko Xoiko shts kut sul` f nkjb, iothdrfthb fob strfthdil fpprkfl`, hxpjkitiod fob

    jhvhrfdiod kur strhodt`s io ohw fob prkbultivh wfys fob t`hrhny gfiotfio t`h hlkokgil

    ekuobftiko t`ft suppkrts kur qufjity ke jieh fob kur sklifj gkbhj fs kur pkpujftiko fdhs.Nusiohss-fs-usufj hqufjs drfbufjjy jksiod kur lkgphtitivh fbvfotfdhs, fob fllhptiod Hurkph's

    sthfby bhljioh.

    Lkolrhthjy, tk fl`ihvh Iookvftiko Xoiko, t`h ekjjkwiod is ohhbhb1

    6. Io tighs ke eislfj lkostrfiots, t`h HX fob Ghgnhr \tfths ohhb tk lkotiouh tk

    iovhst io hbulftiko, ^&B, iookvftiko fob ILRs. \ul` iovhstghots s`kujb w`hrh

    pkssinjh okt kojy nh prkthlthb erkg nubdht luts, nut s`kujb nh sthpphb up.

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    >. R`is s`kujb dk `fob io `fob wit` rhekrgs tk dht gkrh vfjuh ekr gkohy fob

    tflmjh erfdghotftiko. HX fob oftikofj rhshfrl` & iookvftiko systhgs ohhb tk

    nh nhtthr jiomhb up wit` hfl` kt`hr fob t`hir phrekrgfolh igprkvhb.

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    >3>86. ^hfjisiod it wijj rhquirh t`h eujj fob sustfiohb suppkrt ke t`h Hurkphfo Lkuolij fob t`h

    Hurkphfo Sfrjifghot, Ghgnhr \tfth dkvhroghots, nusiohsshs, punjil fut`kritihs, rhshfrl`hrs

    fob t`h punjil.

    Tit` Iookvftiko Xoiko, wh `fvh f visiko, fo fdhobf, f ljhfr bistrinutiko ke tfsms fob rknust

    gkoitkriod prklhburhs. R`h Hurkphfo Lkggissiko wijj bk w`ft is ohlhssfry tk gfmh t`h

    Iookvftiko Xoiko f rhfjity.

    6 S. Qfdfg (>363) R`h Lkst ke f oko-iookvftivh Hurkph.

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    RFNJH KE LKORHOR\

    LKGGXOILFRIKO E^KG R@H LKGGI\\IKO RK R@H HX^KSHFO SF^JIFGHOR,

    R@H LKXOLIJ, R@H HX^KSHFO HLKOKGIL FOB \KLIFJ LKGGIRRHH FOB R@H

    LKGGIRRHH KE R@H ^HDIKO\ Hurkph >3>3 Ejfds`ip Ioitiftivh Iookvftiko Xoiko.......... 6

    6. Iotrkbultiko.................................................................................................................. 5

    >. \trhodt`hoiod t`h mokwjhbdh nfsh fob rhbuliod erfdghotftiko.................................. 0

    >.6. Srkgktiod hxlhjjholh io hbulftiko fob smijjs bhvhjkpghot ........................................ 0

    >.>. Bhjivhriod t`h Hurkphfo ^hshfrl` Frhf .................................................................... 63

    >..2. Srkgktiod t`h Hurkphfo Iostituth ke Iookvftiko fob Rhl`okjkdy (HIR) fs f gkbhj ke

    iookvftiko dkvhrofolh io Hurkph............................................................................... 6>

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    6. IOR^KBXLRIKO

    Fs punjil bheilits frh rhiohb io tk rhpfir punjil eiofolhs fob fs kur jfnkur ekrlh nhdios tk

    s`riom, w`ft wijj nh t`h nfsis ekr Hurkph's euturh lkgphtitivhohss; @kw wijj wh lrhfth ohw

    drkwt` fob akns; @kw wijj wh dht Hurkph's hlkokgy nflm ko trflm;

    @kw wijj wh tflmjh drkwiod sklihtfj l`fjjhodhs jimh ljigfth l`fodh, hohrdy suppjy, t`h

    slfrlity ke rhskurlhs fob t`h igpflt ke bhgkdrfp`il l`fodhs; @kw wijj wh igprkvh `hfjt`

    fob shlurity fob sustfiofnjy prkvibh wfthr fob `id`-qufjity, feekrbfnjh ekkb;

    R`h kojy foswhr is iookvftiko, w`il` is ft t`h lkrh ke t`h Hurkph >3>3 \trfthdy>fdrhhb ny

    Ghgnhr \tfths ft t`h Auoh >363 Hurkphfo Lkuolij, uobhrpiooiod t`h sgfrt, sustfiofnjh fob

    ioljusivh drkwt` t`h \trfthdy is figiod ekr. R`h "Iookvftiko Xoiko" is koh ke t`h shvho

    ejfds`ips fookuolhb io t`h Hurkph >3>3 \trfthdy. It figs tk igprkvh lkobitikos fob fllhss tk

    eiofolh ekr rhshfrl` fob iookvftiko, tk hosurh t`ft iookvftivh ibhfs lfo nh turohb iotk

    prkbults fob shrvilhs t`ft lrhfth drkwt` fob akns.

    R`h Iookvftiko Xoiko `fs nhho bhvhjkphb fjkodsibh t`h ejfds`ip ioitiftivh ko f Iobustrifj

    Skjily ekr t`h Djknfjisftiko Hrf, w`il` figs tk hosurh f strkod, lkgphtitivh, fob bivhrsieihb

    gfoueflturiod vfjuh l`fio, wit` pfrtilujfr hgp`fsis ko \gfjj fob Ghbiug \izhb Hothrprishs.

    It lkgpjhghots kt`hr ejfds`ip ioitiftivhs, sul` fs t`h Biditfj Fdhobf, Ykut` ko t`h Gkvh fob

    t`h Fdhobf ekr Ohw \mijjs fob Akns. Io lkoauoltiko wit` t`h Iookvftiko Xoiko, t`hsh wijj

    igprkvh lkobitikos ekr iookvftiko, ioljubiod ny fllhjhrftiod t`h rkjj-kut ke `id` sphhb

    iothroht fob its fppjilftikos, ny shluriod f strkod iobustrifj nfsh, fob ny prkgktiod hxlhjjhot

    hbulftiko systhgs, gkbhro jfnkur gfrmhts, fob t`h rid`t smijjs gix ekr Hurkph's euturh jfnkur

    ekrlh. Kt`hr gfakr pkjilihs sul` fs t`h rh-jfuol` ke t`h siodjh gfrmht t`rkud` t`h \iodjh

    Gfrmht Flt, fo heehltivh lkgphtitiko pkjily fob nhtthr fllhss tk t`irb lkuotry gfrmhts

    t`rkud` f ohw trfbh strfthdy, wijj fjsk lkgpjhghot fob strhodt`ho t`h Iookvftiko Xoiko.

    R`is Lkgguoilftiko fbbrhsshs t`h l`fjjhodhs fob kppkrtuoitihs efliod Hurkph io mhy frhfs

    w`hrh urdhot fob sustfiohb heekrts frh rhquirhb. It shts kut ljhfrjy t`h mhy Hurkphfo, oftikofj

    fob rhdikofj ioitiftivhs ohhbhb tk lrhfth t`h Iookvftiko Xoiko

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    ke kur nhst rhshfrl`hrs fob iookvftkrs `fvh gkvhb tk lkuotrihs w`hrh lkobitikos frh gkrh

    efvkurfnjh. Fllkrbiod tk rhlhot hstigfths, fl`ihviod kur tfrdht ke sphobiod 3>3 lkujb lrhfth 3>88. Rkk ehw ke kur iookvftivh \GHs drkw iotk jfrdh lkgpfoihs. Fjt`kud` t`h

    HX gfrmht is t`h jfrdhst io t`h wkrjb, it rhgfios erfdghothb fob iosueeilihotjy iookvftiko-

    erihobjy. Fjt`kud` kur shrvilhs shltkr fllkuots ekr 43% ke t`h hlkokgy, kur mokwjhbdh-

    iothosivh shrvilhs frh stijj uobhr-bhvhjkphb.

    Lkuotrihs jimh L`iof fob \kut` Mkrhf frh lftl`iod up efst fob gkviod erkg nhiod igitftkrs tk

    jhfbhrs io iookvftiko (shh HX-L`iof lkgpfriskos io Foohx II). Xojimh t`h HX, t`hy frh

    pursuiod f strfthdil fpprkfl` tk lrhftiod fo iookvftiko-erihobjy hovirkoghot.

    R`hir bhvhjkpghot lrhfths `udh gfrmht kppkrtuoitihs fob ohw lkkphrftiko pkthotifj, nut fjsk

    lkosibhrfnjh prhssurh ko kur lkgpfoihs. Ghfow`ijh, t`h Xoithb \tfths fob Afpfo lkotiouh tk

    jhfb t`h HX io iookvftiko phrekrgfolh. R`h Hurkphfo Xoiko ohhbs tk lkoerkot its l`fjjhodhs

    `hfb ko fob tk hxpjkit its `udh slihotieil fob iookvftiko pkthotifj. R`h HX gust1

    Rflmjh uoefvkurfnjh erfghwkrm lkobitikos1 privfth iovhstghot io rhshfrl` fobiookvftiko is nhiod `hjb nflm fob ibhfs prhvhothb erkg rhfl`iod t`h gfrmht ny pkkr

    fvfijfnijity ke eiofolh, lkstjy pfthotiod, gfrmht erfdghotftiko, kutbfthb rhdujftikos fob

    prklhburhs, sjkw stfobfrb-shttiod fob t`h efijurh tk ush punjil prklurhghot strfthdilfjjy.

    Gkrhkvhr, nfrrihrs io t`h siodjh gfrmht gfmh it gkrh bieeilujt ekr bieehrhot pjfyhrs tk wkrm

    tkdht`hr flrkss nkrbhr, usiod fob s`friod mokwjhbdh erkg fjj skurlhs, w`il` is

    iolrhfsiodjy `kw sullhsseuj iookvftikos frh bhvhjkphb.

    Fvkib erfdghotftiko ke heekrt1oftikofj fob rhdikofj rhshfrl` fob iookvftiko systhgs frhstijj wkrmiod fjkod shpfrfth trflms wit` kojy f gfrdiofj Hurkphfo bighosiko. R`is jhfbs tk

    lkstjy bupjilftiko fob kvhrjfp w`il` is uofllhptfnjh ft f tigh ke tid`t eiofolhs. Ny nhtthr

    pkkjiod kur heekrts fob eklusiod ko hxlhjjholh, fob ny lrhftiod f truh Hurkphfo ^hshfrl`Frhf, t`h HX lfo ho`folh t`h qufjity ke rhshfrl` fob Hurkph's pkthotifj ekr gfakr

    nrhfmt`rkud`s fob iolrhfsh t`h heehltivhohss ke t`h iovhstghots ohhbhb tk dht ibhfs tk

    gfrmht.

    Io f djknfj hovirkoghot, Hurkph gust fjsk bhvhjkp its kwo bistioltivh fpprkfl` tk iookvftiko

    w`il` nuijbs ko its strhodt`s fob lfpitfjishs ko its vfjuhs ny1

    Eklusiod ko iookvftikos t`ft fbbrhss t`h gfakr sklihtfj l`fjjhodhs ibhotieihb ioHurkph >3>3, strhodt`hoiod kur jhfbhrs`ip io mhy thl`okjkdihs, rhfpiod t`h pkthotifj t`hsh

    gfrmhts keehr ekr iookvftivh nusiohsshs, fob ho`foliod HX lkgphtitivhohss. Iookvftiko

    gust nhlkgh f mhy hjhghot io HX pkjilihs fob t`h HX gust ush t`h strkod pkthotifj ke t`hpunjil shltkr io frhfs sul` fs hohrdy fob wfthr, `hfjt`, punjil trfospkrt fob hbulftiko, tk

    nriod ohw skjutikos tk t`h gfrmht.

    Sursuiod f nrkfb lkolhpt ke iookvftiko,nkt` rhshfrl`-brivho iookvftiko fob iookvftikoio nusiohss gkbhjs, bhsido, nrfobiod fob shrvilhs t`ft fbb vfjuh ekr ushrs fob w`hrh

    Hurkph `fs uoiquh tfjhots. R`h lrhftivity fob bivhrsity ke kur phkpjh fob t`h strhodt` ke

    Hurkphfo lrhftivh iobustrihs, keehr `udh pkthotifj ekr ohw drkwt` fob akns t`rkud`

    iookvftiko, hsphlifjjy ekr \GHs.

    8 S. Qfdfg, (>363) R`h lkst ke f oko-iookvftivh Hurkph, `ttp1//hl.hurkpf.hu/rhshfrl`/sklifj-sliholhs/pkjily-nrihes-rhshfrl`-fl`ihvhghots[ho.`tgj

    https://webmail.ec.europa.eu/exchweb/bin/redir.asp?URL=http://ec.europa.eu/research/social-sciences/policy-briefs-research-achievements_en.htmlhttps://webmail.ec.europa.eu/exchweb/bin/redir.asp?URL=http://ec.europa.eu/research/social-sciences/policy-briefs-research-achievements_en.htmlhttps://webmail.ec.europa.eu/exchweb/bin/redir.asp?URL=http://ec.europa.eu/research/social-sciences/policy-briefs-research-achievements_en.htmlhttps://webmail.ec.europa.eu/exchweb/bin/redir.asp?URL=http://ec.europa.eu/research/social-sciences/policy-briefs-research-achievements_en.htmlhttps://webmail.ec.europa.eu/exchweb/bin/redir.asp?URL=http://ec.europa.eu/research/social-sciences/policy-briefs-research-achievements_en.htmlhttps://webmail.ec.europa.eu/exchweb/bin/redir.asp?URL=http://ec.europa.eu/research/social-sciences/policy-briefs-research-achievements_en.html

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    Iovkjviod fjj fltkrs fob fjj rhdikos io t`h iookvftiko lyljh1 okt kojy gfakr lkgpfoihsnut fjsk \GHs io fjj shltkrs, ioljubiod t`h punjil shltkr, t`h sklifj hlkokgy fob litizhos

    t`hgshjvhs ('sklifj iookvftiko')= okt kojy f ehw `id`-thl` frhfs, nut fjj rhdikos io Hurkph

    fob hvhry Ghgnhr \tfth, hfl` eklusiod ko its kwo strhodt`s ("sgfrt sphlifjisftiko") wit`

    Hurkph, Ghgnhr \tfths fob rhdikos fltiod io pfrtohrs`ip.

    Io fbbitiko, divho t`ft uobistkrthb lkgphtitiko fob whjj euoltikoiod lkgphtitivh gfrmhts frh

    mhy ekr iookvftiko, f strilt hoekrlhghot ke lkgphtitiko rujhs t`ft hosurh gfrmht fllhss fob

    kppkrtuoitihs ekr ohw hotrfots is f ohlhssfry lkobitiko.

    Fjkodsibh t`h Hurkphfo Sfrjifghot, t`h Hurkphfo Lkuolij wijj gkoitkr Hurkph's phrekrgfolh

    ko t`h t`hgftil frhfs ke t`h Hurkph >3>3 strfthdy. R`h eirst sul` fsshssghot wijj nh bhvkthb

    tk rhshfrl` fob iookvftiko io Bhlhgnhr >363. Rk fl`ihvh t`h Iookvftiko Xoiko t`hrh ohhbs tk

    nh f shf l`fodh. Io t`h pkst-lrisis wkrjb, Hurkph gust gkvh fwfy erkg "nusiohss fs usufj"

    fob gfmh iookvftiko its kvhrfrl`iod pkjily knahltivh. T`ft is ohhbhb tk trfosekrg t`h HX

    hlkokgy iotk f dhouioh Iookvftiko Xoiko is pkjitilfj jhfbhrs`ip, nkjb bhlisikos fob

    bhthrgiohb igpjhghotftiko.

    R`h Hurkphfo Xoiko s`kujb lkggit tk lrhftiod f truh "Iookvftiko Xoiko" ny >3>3 ny1

    Rfmiod lkjjhltivh rhspkosinijity ekr f strfthdil, ioljusivh fob nusiohss-krihothbrhshfrl` fob iookvftiko pkjily, tk tflmjh gfakr sklihtfj l`fjjhodhs, rfish

    lkgphtitivhohss fob dhohrfth ohw akns. R`h Lkggissiko wijj rhejhlt t`is

    strfthdil fpprkfl` tk iookvftiko io fjj its pkjilihs fob ioviths t`h kt`hr HX

    iostitutikos tk bk jimhwish.

    Srikritisiod fob prkthltiod iovhstghots io kur mokwjhbdh nfsh, rhbuliod lkstjyerfdghotftiko fob gfmiod Hurkph f gkrh rhwfrbiod pjflh ekr iookvftiko fob

    ekr nriodiod ibhfs tk gfrmht. F bhfbjioh ke >362 s`kujb nh sht ekr bhjivhriod t`h

    Hurkphfo hshfrl` Frhf.

    Fdrhhiod tk jfuol` Hurkphfo iookvftiko pfrtohrs`ips, t`h eirst ko fltivh fob`hfjt`y fdhiod, tk pkkj rhskurlhs fob hxphrtish tk eiob skjutikos tk sklihtfj

    l`fjjhodhs fob tk nuijb lkgphtitivh fbvfotfdh io mhy gfrmhts.

    >. \R^HODR@HOIOD R@H MOKTJHBDH NF\H FOB ^HBXLIOD E^FDGHORFRIKO

    >.6. Srkgktiod hxlhjjholh io hbulftiko fob smijjs bhvhjkpghot

    Gfssivh prkdrfgghs ke hbulftiko, trfioiod fob prkgktiko ke rhshfrl` fob iookvftiko lfrhhrs`fvh nhho sht up io gfoy lkuotrihs flrkss t`h wkrjb. R`h HX gust hosurh t`ft it `fs f

    sueeilihot suppjy ke `id`jy qufjieihb wkrmhrs, w`k s`kujb nh keehrhb fttrfltivh lfrhhrs fob

    hfsy gknijity flrkss shltkrs fob lkuotrihs= kt`hrwish iookvftivh iovhstghots fob tfjhot wijj

    gkvh hjshw`hrh5.

    R`h stfrtiod pkiot ekr t`h Iookvftiko Xoiko is tk lrhfth fo hxlhjjhot, gkbhro hbulftiko systhg

    io fjj Ghgnhr \tfths. Fjt`kud` Hurkph `fs f dkkb nfsil hbulftiko systhg lkgpfrhb tk gfoy

    5 Skjilihs fob ghfsurhs tk prkgkth fllhss tk qufjity hbulftiko, whjj-euoltikoiod jfnkur gfrmhts fob

    smijjs bhvhjkpghot wijj nh fbbrhsshb io t`h Hurkph >3>3 ejfds`ips "Ykut` ko t`h gkvh" fob "Ohwsmijjs ekr ohw akns", rhsphltivhjy.

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    pfrts ke t`h wkrjb, sidoieilfot whfmohsshs rhgfio wit` sliholh thfl`iod io skgh Ghgnhr

    \tfths. R`hrh frh stijj tkk ehw dirjs tfmiod sliholh tk fo fbvfolhb jhvhj. Gkrhkvhr, iookvftiko

    is okw ohhbhb io fjgkst fjj wfjms ke jieh1 sl`kkjs gust hosurh t`ft fjj ykuod phkpjh frh rhfby

    tk ghht t`is l`fjjhodh.

    @id`hr hbulftiko rhekrg is hqufjjy urdhot. Gkst Hurkphfo uoivhrsitihs bk okt fttrflt hokud`

    tkp djknfj tfjhot, wit` rhjftivhjy ehw io jhfbiod pksitikos io hxistiod iothroftikofj rfomiods.Hurkphfo uoivhrsitihs s`kujb nh erhhb erkg kvhr-rhdujftiko fob gilrk-gfofdhghot io rhturo

    ekr eujj iostitutikofj fllkuotfnijity. Xoivhrsitihs fjsk ohhb gkrh bivhrsity io t`hir gissikos fob

    kutjkkm, wit` sgfrthr sphlifjisftiko flrkss bieehrhot eihjbs.

    R`h ougnhr ke rhshfrl`hrs io Hurkph fs f s`frh ke t`h pkpujftiko is whjj nhjkw t`ft ke t`h X\,

    Afpfo fob kt`hr lkuotrihs. R`h HX wijj ohhb ft jhfst koh gijjiko ohw rhshfrl` akns ie it is tk

    rhfl` t`h ^&B tfrdht ke 366, Ghgnhr \tfths s`kujb `fvh strfthdihs io pjflh tk trfio hokud`

    rhshfrl`hrs tk ghht t`hir oftikofj ^&B tfrdhts fob tk prkgkth fttrfltivhhgpjkyghot lkobitikos io punjil rhshfrl` iostitutikos. Dhobhr fob bufj lfrhhr

    lkosibhrftikos s`kujb nh eujjy tfmho iotk fllkuot io t`hsh strfthdihs.

    >. Io >366 t`h Lkggissiko wijj, ko t`h nfsis ke t`h lurrhot prhpfrftkry wkrm66, suppkrt

    fo iobhphobhot gujti-bighosikofj iothroftikofj rfomiod systhg tk nhol`gfrm

    uoivhrsity phrekrgfolh.R`is wijj fjjkw t`h nhst phrekrgiod Hurkphfo uoivhrsitihstk nh ibhotieihb. Io >366 eurt`hr sthps wijj nh prkpkshb io f Lkgguoilftiko ko t`h

    rhekrg fob gkbhroisftiko ke `id`hr hbulftiko.

    R`h Lkggissiko wijj fjsk suppkrt nusiohss-flfbhgif lkjjfnkrftikos t`rkud` t`h

    lrhftiko ke "Mokwjhbdh Fjjifolhs"nhtwhho hbulftiko fob nusiohss tk bhvhjkp ohw

    4 `ttp1//hl.hurkpf.hu/rhshfrl`/gfrihlurihfltikos/

    0 ^he. "h-\mijjs ekr t`h >6st Lhotury1 Eksthriod Lkgphtitivhohss, Drkwt` fob Akns", LKG(>334) 295

    9 Le. `ttp1//hl.hurkpf.hu/hbulftiko/`id`hr-hbulftiko/bkl6>56[ho.`tg

    63 R`h ohw Ffjtk Xoivhrsity io Eiojfob is fo hxfgpjh.66 Ehfsinijity stuby ekr f gujtibighosikofj djknfj rfomiod ke uoivhrsitihs, `ttp1//www.u-gujtirfom.hu=

    Fsshssiod Hurkph's Xoivhrsity-Nfshb ^hshfrl , `ttp1//hl.hurkpf.hu/rhshfrl`/sliholh-sklihty/bklughot[jinrfry/pbe[35/fsshssiod-hurkph-uoivhrsity-nfshb-rhshfrl`[ho.pbe

    http://www.u-multirank.eu/http://www.u-multirank.eu/

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    HO 63 HO

    lurrilujf fbbrhssiod iookvftiko smijjs dfps (shh fjsk lkggitghot < ko h-smijjs).

    R`hy wijj `hjp uoivhrsitihs tk gkbhroish tkwfrbs iothr-bislipjiofrity,

    hotrhprhohurs`ip fob strkodhr nusiohss pfrtohrs`ips.

    366, t`h Lkggissiko wijj prkpksh fo iothdrfthb erfghwkrm ekr t`h bhvhjkpghot

    fob prkgktiko ke h-smijjs ekr iookvftiko fob lkgphtitivhohss, nfshb ko

    pfrtohrs`ips wit` stfmh`kjbhrs. R`is wijj nh nfshb ko suppjy fob bhgfob, pfo-Hurkphfo duibhjiohs ekr ohw lurrilujf, qufjity jfnhjs ekr iobustry-nfshb trfioiod fob

    fwfrhohss-rfisiod fltivitihs.

    >.>. Bhjivhriod t`h Hurkphfo hshfrl` Frhf

    Divho t`h ohhb ekr vfjuh ekr gkohy, it is gkrh vitfj t`fo hvhr tk fvkib lkstjy kvhrjfps fob

    uoohlhssfry bupjilftiko io oftikofj rhshfrl`. It is hsshotifj tk lrhfth f dhouiohjy uoieihb

    Hurkphfo ^hshfrl` Frhf, io w`il` fjj fltkrs, nkt` punjil fob privfth, lfo kphrfth erhhjy,

    ekrdh fjjifolhs fob dft`hr lritilfj gfss io krbhr tk lkgphth fob lkkphrfth ko f djknfj slfjh.

    Drkups ke oftikofj rhprhshotftivhs fob t`h Hurkphfo Lkggissiko `fvh nhho wkrmiod ko eivh

    gfio frhfs1 `ugfo rhskurlhs, rhshfrl` prkdrfgghs, rhshfrl` ioerfstrulturhs, mokwjhbdhs`friod (shh shltiko 36>, t`h Lkggissiko wijj prkpksh f Hurkphfo ^hshfrl` Frhf erfghwkrm fob

    suppkrtiod ghfsurhs tk rhgkvh knstfljhs tk gknijity fob lrkss-nkrbhr lk-

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    HO 66 HO

    kphrftiko, figiod ekr t`hg tk nh io ekrlh ny hob >362. R`hy wijj oktfnjy shhm tk

    hosurh t`rkud` f lkggko fpprkfl`1

    - qufjity ke bkltkrfj trfioiod, fttrfltivh hgpjkyghot lkobitikos fob dhobhr nfjfolh io

    rhshfrl` lfrhhrs=

    - gknijity ke rhshfrl`hrs flrkss lkuotrihs fob shltkrs, ioljubiod t`rkud` kphorhlruitghot io punjil rhshfrl` iostitutikos fob lkgpfrfnjh rhshfrl` lfrhhr strulturhs

    fob ny eflijitftiod t`h lrhftiko ke Hurkphfo suppjhghotfry phosiko euobs=

    - lrkss-nkrbhr kphrftiko ke rhshfrl` phrekrgiod krdfoisftikos, euobiod fdholihs fob

    ekuobftikos, ioljubiod ny hosuriod sigpjility fob gutufj lk`hrholh ke euobiod rujhs

    fob prklhburhs, nuijbiod ko t`h wkrm ke stfmh`kjbhrs, euobiod fdholihs fob t`hir

    rhprhshotftivh krdfoisftikos=

    - bisshgioftiko, trfosehr fob ush ke rhshfrl` rhsujts, ioljubiod t`rkud` kpho fllhss tk

    punjilftikos fob bftf erkg punjiljy euobhb rhshfrl`=

    - kphoiod ke Ghgnhr \tfth kphrfthb rhshfrl` ioerfstrulturhs tk t`h eujj Hurkphfo ushr

    lkgguoity= fob

    - lkosistholy ke HX fob oftikofj strfthdihs fob fltikos ekr iothroftikofj lkkphrftiko

    io sliholh fob thl`okjkdy.

    8. Ny >368, Ghgnhr \tfths tkdht`hr wit` t`h Lkggissiko s`kujb `fvh lkgpjhthb kr

    jfuol`hb t`h lkostrultiko ke 53% ke t`h prikrity Hurkphfo rhshfrl`

    ioerfstrulturhs lurrhotjy ibhotieihb ny t`h Hurkphfo \trfthdy Ekrug ekr ^hshfrl`

    Ioerfstrulturhs (H\E^I)6>. R`h pkthotifj ekr iookvftiko ke t`hsh (fob ILR fob kt`hr)

    ioerfstrulturhs s`kujb nh iolrhfshb. R`h Ghgnhr \tfths frh iovithb tk rhvihw t`hir

    Kphrftikofj Srkdrfgghs tk eflijitfth t`h ush ke lk`hsiko pkjily gkohy ekr t`is

    purpksh.

    >.

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    HO 6> HO

    Gkrhkvhr, t`h iothdrftiko ke t`h rhshfrl` fob iookvftiko bighosikos s`kujb nh rhejhlthb io

    HX euobiod prkdrfgghs, ioljubiod t`h Erfghwkrm Srkdrfggh, t`h Lkgphtitivhohss fob

    Iookvftiko Erfghwkrm Srkdrfggh fob t`h Lk`hsiko Euobs. R`hy fjsk ohhb tk nh nhtthr

    lkkrbiofthb io bhsido fob igpjhghotftiko sk fs tk gfxigish igpflt, ushr-erihobjiohss fob HX

    fbbhb vfjuh.

    R`hrh is stijj gul` slkph ekr sigpjieilftiko. ^hshfrl`hrs fob iookvftkrs s`kujb sphob gkrhtigh io t`h jfn kr bkiod nusiohss fob jhss ko pfphrwkrm. Vuilm prkdrhss is pkssinjh fs rhdfrbs

    t`h Erfghwkrm Srkdrfggh62ie rfpib bhlisikos ko t`h Lkggissiko prkpksfjs ekr rhvisiod t`h

    Eiofolifj ^hdujftikos frh tfmho.

    T`ijh thl`okjkdihs sul` fs fir trfvhj fob thjhlkgguoilftikos trfosekrghb hlkokgihs io t`h

    >3t`lhotury, drkwt` is fjsk okw nhiod brivho iolrhfsiodjy ny kt`hr mhy hofnjiod thl`okjkdihs,

    sul` fs hlk, ofok, nik, fob ioek. R`hsh thl`okjkdihs gfy feehlt fjj frhfs ke kur jivhs fob

    rhdujftkry erfghwkrms gust nh nfshb ko slihotieil hvibholh wit` trfospfrhot ioekrgftiko fob

    iovkjvhghot ke litizhos. Io t`is wfy Hurkph lfo hosurh punjil trust io slihotieil fob

    thl`okjkdilfj nrhfmt`rkud`s fob prkvibh f efvkurfnjh hovirkoghot ekr iovhstghot. R`is

    s`kujb nh uobhrpioohb ny f rhioekrlhb ekrwfrb-jkkmiod lfpflity (ioljubiod ekrhsid`t,ekrhlfstiod, thl`okjkdy fsshssghot fob gkbhjjiod). T`ijh sul` fltivitihs frh kodkiod ft

    bieehrhot jhvhjs, t`hy ohhb tk nh pujjhb tkdht`hr fob ushb heehltivhjy io t`h pkjily gfmiod.

    5. Euturh HX rhshfrl` fob iookvftiko prkdrfgghs wijj eklus ko Hurkph >3>3

    knahltivhs fob pfrtilujfrjy t`h Iookvftiko Xoiko. Io >366, jkkmiod f`hfb tk t`h

    ohxt eiofolifj phrsphltivhs, t`h Lkggissiko wijj sht kut wfys ekr euturh

    prkdrfgghs tk eklus gkrh ko sklihtfj l`fjjhodhs, strhfgjioh euobiod

    iostrughots fob rfbilfjjy sigpjiey fllhss t`rkud` f nhtthr nfjfolh nhtwhho f

    lkotrkj-nfshb fob f trust-nfshb systhg. R`h rkjh ke t`h H^L io prkgktiod

    hxlhjjholh s`kujb nh strhodt`hohb fob iobustry brivho prikritihs rhioekrlhb

    (ioljubiod iobustry brivho pfrtohrs`ips io frhfs sul` fs mhy hofnjiod thl`okjkdihs) iot`h rhshfrl` Erfghwkrm Srkdrfggh.

    4. R`h Lkggissiko wijj bhsido euturh HX rhshfrl` fob iookvftiko prkdrfgghs tk

    hosurh sigpjh fllhss fob strkodhr iovkjvhghot ke \GHs, io pfrtilujfr t`ksh wit` f

    `id` drkwt` pkthotifj. Eurt`hr ush s`kujb nh gfbh ke pfrtohrs`ips wit` Ghgnhr

    \tfth fdholihs, nuijbiod io pfrtilujfr ko t`h hxphriholh ke t`h Hurhmf Hurkstfrs

    ioitiftivh.

    0. R`h Lkggissiko wijj strhodt`ho t`h sliholh nfsh ekr pkjily gfmiod t`rkud` its

    Akiot ^hshfrl` Lhotrh. R`h Lkggissiko wijj fjsk lrhfth f "Hurkphfo Ekrug ko

    Ekrwfrb Jkkmiod Fltivitihs" nriodiod tkdht`hr hxistiod stubihs fob bftf fobiovkjviod punjil fob privfth stfmh`kjbhrs tk igprkvh t`h hvibholh nfsh ke pkjilihs.

    >.2. Srkgktiod t`h Hurkphfo Iostituth ke Iookvftiko fob Rhl`okjkdy (HIR) fs f

    gkbhj ke iookvftiko dkvhrofolh io Hurkph

    R`h lrhftiko ke t`h Hurkphfo Iostituth ke Iookvftiko fob Rhl`okjkdy (HIR) `fs prkvibhb f

    pkwhreuj ohw igphtus tk iothdrfth t`h t`rhh sibhs ke t`h "mokwjhbdh trifodjh" (hbulftiko,

    rhshfrl` fob iookvftiko) ekr t`h eirst tigh ft HX jhvhj ny prkgktiod ohw gkbhjs ke

    62 Lkggissiko Lkgguoilftiko "\igpjieyiod t`h igpjhghotftiko ke t`h rhshfrl` ErfghwkrmSrkdrfgghs", LKG(>363) 604

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    HO 6< HO

    dkvhrofolh fob eiofoliod. It is f pikohhr fob f rkjh gkbhj ekr stigujftiod iookvftiko io

    Hurkph. Lkvhriod t`h hotirh iookvftiko l`fio, its Mokwjhbdh fob Iookvftiko Lkgguoitihs

    (MILs) fig tk nriod t`h wkrjb's nhst lrhftivh fob iookvftivh pfrtohrs erkg rhshfrl`, nusiohss

    fob flfbhgif tk wkrm tkdht`hr ko gfakr sklihtfj l`fjjhodhs. R`h HIR wijj t`us eksthr

    iookvftiko-brivho rhshfrl` fs whjj fs nusiohss lrhftiko fob bhvhjkpghot, ioljubiod t`rkud`

    hotrhprhohurifj hbulftiko, w`il` wijj nh rhlkdoishb io gujti-bislipjiofry "HIR-nrfobhb"

    bhdrhhs t`ft pfrtohr uoivhrsitihs wit`io t`h MILs wijj fwfrb. Ohw ejhxinjh eiofoliod ke `id`-rism hotrhprhohurifj fltivitihs fob jhvhrfdiod p`ijfot`rkpil euobs io suppkrt ke iookvftiko wijj

    nh bhvhjkphb ny t`h HIR Ekuobftiko.

    Iookvftiko Xoiko lkggitghot

    9. Ny gib->366, t`h HIR s`kujb sht kut f \trfthdil Iookvftiko Fdhobf tk hxpfob its

    fltivitihsfs f s`kwlfsh ekr Iookvftiko io Hurkph. R`is s`kujb gfp kut its jkod thrg

    bhvhjkpghot wit`io t`h Iookvftiko Xoiko, ioljubiod t`h lrhftiko ke ohw MILs, ljksh

    jioms wit` t`h privfth shltkr fob f strkodhr rkjh io hotrhprhohurs`ip. It s`kujb fjsk

    nuijb ko t`h HIR Ekuobftiko nhiod sht up io >363 fob ko t`h iotrkbultiko io >366 ke

    t`h "HIR bhdrhh" fs fo iothroftikofjjy rhlkdoishb jfnhj ke hxlhjjholh.

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    HO 62 HO

    Gfoy hstfnjis`hb iookvftivh lkgpfoihs nkt` jfrdh fob sgfjj eflh f s`krtfdh ke `id`hr rism

    jkfos. Nfoms jflm t`h fnijity tk vfjuh mokwjhbdh fsshts, sul` fs iothjjhltufj prkphrty, fob

    t`hrhekrh frh ketho uowijjiod tk iovhst io mokwjhbdh-nfshb lkgpfoihs. Jkfos frh fjsk ohhbhb

    tk `hjp euob gfakr ioerfstrulturh prkahlts.

    Ljksiod t`hsh dfps, fob gfmiod Hurkph fo fttrfltivh pjflh tk iovhst io iookvftiko, rhquirhs t`h

    iothjjidhot ush ke punjil privfth pfrtohrs`ips fs whjj fs l`fodhs tk t`h rhdujftkry erfghwkrm.Fjj ke t`h rhgfioiod nfrrihrs tk vhoturh lfpitfj euobs kphrftiod lrkss-nkrbhr ohhb tk nh

    rhgkvhb. Jistiod ke stklm ke iookvftivh lkgpfoihs gust nh sigpjieihb tk hfsh fllhss tk

    lfpitfj65. \tfth fib ^ism Lfpitfj duibhjiohs fjjkw Ghgnhr \tfths tk lkvhr dfps io eiofolh

    fvfijfnjh ko t`h gfrmht. R`h sizh ke t`h euobiod dfp is nhiod rhfsshsshb tk hosurh t`ft it is

    fbhqufth ekr lurrhot lkobitikos..

    Ft HX jhvhj, t`h lurrhot ^ism \`friod Eiofolh Eflijity uobhr ES4 (^\EE) fob t`h eiofolifj

    iostrughots ke t`h Lkgphtitivhohss fob Iookvftiko Erfghwkrm Srkdrfggh (LIS)64 `fvh

    jhvhrfdhb iovhstghots wkrt` whjj kvhr twhoty tighs t`h lkotrinutiko erkg t`h HX Nubdht60,

    fob `fvh nhho uofnjh tk mhhp up wit` bhgfob. R`h hxphrtish fob gfrmht stfobiod ke t`hHurkphfo Iovhstghot Nfom (HIN) Drkup io gfofdiod t`hsh eiofolifj iostrughots `fs nhho f

    gfakr efltkr io t`hir sullhss. R`h Lkggissiko prkpksfjs ekr l`fodhs io t`h Eiofolifj

    ^hdujftikos wijj gfmh euturh sl`hghs ke t`is typh gul` sigpjhr tk igpjhghot.

    Fs ejfddhb io t`h Hurkph >3>3 strfthdy, t`hrh gfy nh kppkrtuoitihs tk nriod io eurt`hr

    iookvftivh iolhotivh ghl`foisgs jiomhb tk t`h lfrnko gfrmht, ofghjy ekr efst-gkvhrs. R`h

    Lkggissiko wijj eurt`hr hxpjkrh t`is ibhf.

    Iookvftiko Xoiko lkggitghots

    63 Ny >3621 ko t`h nfsis ke Lkggissiko prkpksfjs, t`h HX s`kujb put io pjflh

    eiofolifj iostrughots tk fttrflt f gfakr iolrhfsh io privfth eiofolh fob ljksh t`h

    gfrmht dfps io iovhstiod io rhshfrl` fob iookvftiko. Lkotrinutikos erkg t`h HX

    nubdht s`kujb lrhfth f gfakr jhvhrfdh heehlt fob hxpfob ko t`h sullhss ke ES4 fob

    LIS. R`h Lkggissiko wijj wkrm wit` t`h Hurkphfo Iovhstghot Nfom Drkup, oftikofj

    eiofolifj iothrghbifrihs fob privfth iovhstkrs tk bhvhjkp prkpksfjs fbbrhssiod t`h

    ekjjkwiod lritilfj dfps1 (i) iovhstghot io mokwjhbdh trfosehr fob stfrt ups= (ii)

    vhoturh lfpitfj ekr efst drkwiod eirgs hxpfobiod ko HX fob djknfj gfrmhts= (iii) rism-

    s`friod eiofolh ekr iovhstghots io ^&B fob iookvftiko prkahlts= fob (iv) jkfos ekr

    iookvftivh efst drkwiod \GHs fob giblfps. R`h prkpksfjs wijj hosurh f `id`

    jhvhrfdh heehlt, heeilihot gfofdhghot fob sigpjh fllhss ekr nusiohsshs

    65 \hh t`h ekrt`lkgiod Lkggissiko Lkgguoilftiko ko f \iodjh Gfrmht Flt64 R`h ^\EE is fo lrhbit rism s`friod sl`hgh akiotjy sht up ny t`h HL fob t`h HIN tk igprkvh fllhss tk

    bhnt eiofoliod ekr privfth lkgpfoihs kr punjil iostitutikos prkgktiod fltivitihs wit` f `id`hr eiofolifjrism prkeijh io t`h eihjbs ke rhshfrl`, thl`okjkdilfj bhvhjkpghot, bhgkostrftiko fob iookvftiko. R`h LISeiofolifj iostrughots lkvhr, jkfo dufrfothhs fob vhoturh lfpitfj, fob frh gfofdhb ny t`h HIE.

    60 Rk bfth, lkotrinutikos ekr t`h ^\EE ke 2 tighs t`h HX nubdht lkotrinutiko). R`h 233 gijjiko lkotrinutiko tk

    t`h LIS eiofolifj iostrughots up tk t`h hob ke >339 `fs jhvhrfdhb iovhstghots ke 9 nijjiko (>> tighst`h nubdht lkotrinutiko), nhoheitiod skgh 50333 \GHs.

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    HO 68 HO

    66. Ny >36>, t`h Lkggissiko wijj hosurh t`ft Uhoturh Lfpitfj euobs hstfnjis`hb io

    foy Ghgnhr \tfth lfo euoltiko fob iovhst erhhjy io t`h HX (ie ohlhssfry ny

    fbkptiod f ohw jhdisjftivh rhdigh). It wijj hobhfvkur tk hjigiofth foy tfx

    trhftghot uoefvkurfnjh tk lrkss-nkrbhr fltivitihs.

    6>. R`h Lkggissiko wijj strhodt`ho lrkss-nkrbhr gftl`iod ke iookvftivh eirgs wit`

    suitfnjh iovhstkrs. It wijj fppkiot f jhfbiod eidurh tk jhfb t`h prklhss. Iofbbitiko, io t`h lkothxt ke t`h \GH Eiofolh Ekrug, t`h Lkggissiko wijj eklus

    iothr fjif ko t`h pfrtilujfr eiofoliod prknjhgs eflhb ny sgfjj, iookvftivh

    lkgpfoihs.

    6366 t`h Lkggissiko wijj lkobult f gib-thrg rhvihw ke t`h \tfth fib rhshfrl`

    fob bhvhjkpghot fob iookvftiko erfghwkrmljfrieyiod w`il` ekrgs ke iookvftiko

    lfo nh prkphrjy suppkrthb, ioljubiod ekr mhy hofnjiod thl`okjkdihs fob iookvftikos

    fbbrhssiod gfakr sklihtfj l`fjjhodhs, fob t`hir nhst ush ny Ghgnhr \tfths. R`h

    Lkggissiko wijj fsshss t`h heehltivhohss ke t`h thgpkrfry \tfth fib ghfsurhs

    iotrkbulhb io >330, ioljubiod t`h iolrhfshb "sfeh `frnkur" ekr vhoturh lfpitfj

    iovhstghots, fob ko t`is nfsis gfmh t`h ohlhssfry prkpksfjs.

    . Lrhftiod f siodjh iookvftiko gfrmht

    R`h s`hhr sizh ke t`h siodjh gfrmht, suppkrthb ny hgpkwhrhb lkosughrs, s`kujb fttrflt

    iookvftivh iovhstghots fob nusiohsshs, spur lkgphtitiko ekr t`h nhst iookvftikos, fob hofnjh

    hotrhprhohurs tk lkgghrlifjish sullhsseuj iookvftikos fob drkw t`hir nusiohsshs rfpibjy.

    @kwhvhr, t`h rhfjity is tkk ketho koh ke erfdghothb oftikofj gfrmhts wit` lkstjy prklhburhs.

    F \iodjh Gfrmht Flt is nhiod nrkud`t ekrwfrb tk fbbrhss t`h rhgfioiod knstfljhs tk t`h

    euoltikoiod ke t`h iothrofj gfrmht.

    F lritilfj issuh ekr iookvftiko iovhstghots io Hurkph is t`h lkst fob lkgpjhxity ke pfthotiod.Kntfioiod f pfthot prkthltiko ekr fjj >4 HX Ghgnhr \tfths is lurrhotjy ft jhfst 68 tighs gkrh

    hxphosivh t`fo pfthot prkthltiko io t`h X\69, jfrdhjy buh tk trfosjftiko fob jhdfj ehhs. R`h

    fnsholh ke f l`hfp fob sigpjh HX pfthot is f tfx ko iookvftiko. R`h HX Sfthot `fs nhlkgh f

    sygnkj ekr Hurkphs efijurh ko iookvftiko. It wkujb sfvh iookvftivh nusiohsshs fo hstigfthb

    >83 gijjiko fob gust nh fbkpthb wit`kut bhjfy, tk s`kw t`ft t`h HX is shrikus fnkut

    nhlkgiod fo Iookvftiko Xoiko.

    R`h pkthotifj ke t`h siodjh gfrmht s`kujb fjsk nh fltivfthb t`rkud` pkjilihs t`ft stigujfth t`h

    bhgfob ekr iookvftiko, stfrtiod wit` fo heehltivh lkgphtitiko pkjily. T`hrhfs gkst prhvikus

    HX pkjily ioitiftivhs `fvh eklushb ko suppjy-sibh ghfsurhs w`il` trihb tk pus` iookvftiko,

    bhgfob-sibh ghfsurhs divh gfrmhts f drhfthr rkjh io "pujjiod" HX iookvftiko ny prkvibiodgfrmht kppkrtuoitihs. Ioitifj sthps `fvh nhho tfmho uobhr t`h HX Jhfb Gfrmht Ioitiftivh nut f

    nkjbhr fpprkfl` fsskliftiod t`h suppjy fob bhgfob sibhs is ohhbhb.

    \gfrt fob fgnitikus rhdujftiko lfo nh f mhy brivhr ekr iookvftiko, pfrtilujfrjy w`ho byofgil

    fob gfrmht- nfshb fpprkfl`hs frh ushb. R`is is pfrtilujfrjy igpkrtfot ekr hlk-iookvftiko.

    \trilthr hovirkoghotfj tfrdhts fob stfobfrbs, ekr hxfgpjh ko LK> hgissikos erkg vh`iljhs,

    w`il` hstfnjis` l`fjjhodiod knahltivhs fob prkvibh jkod-thrg prhbiltfnijity, prkvibh f gfakr

    nkkst ekr hlk-iookvftiko. @frgkoishb rujhs ekr prkbult fpprkvfjs frh ketho hsshotifj. Ekr

    69 Hlkokgil lkst-nhoheit fofjysis ke t`h Lkgguoity pfthot", ny Srke. Nruok vfo Sktthjsnhrd`h (>339).

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    hxfgpjh, wit`kut rujhs hosuriod typh-fpprkvfj, t`h iotrkbultiko ke drhho vh`iljhs ko Hurkphs

    rkfbs wijj okt wkrm.

    \tfobfrbs pjfy fo igpkrtfot rkjh ekr iookvftiko. Ny lkbieyiod ioekrgftiko ko t`h stfth ke t`h

    frt ke f pfrtilujfr thl`okjkdy, t`hy hofnjh bisshgioftiko ke mokwjhbdh, iothrkphrfnijity

    nhtwhho ohw prkbults fob shrvilhs fob prkvibh f pjftekrg ekr eurt`hr iookvftiko. Ekr

    hxfgpjh, t`h kphoiod ke t`h thjhlkgguoilftikos gfrmht lkgniohb wit` t`h D\G stfobfrbjfib t`h ekuobftiko ekr Hurkph's sullhss io gknijh p`kohs. @kwhvhr, stfobfrbs pjfy t`is

    usheuj rkjh kojy ie t`hy mhhp pflh wit` t`h bhvhjkpghot ke ohw thl`okjkdihs. R`h rfpib

    s`krthoiod ke iookvftiko lyljhs fob t`h lkovhrdholh ke thl`okjkdihs flrkss t`h nkuobfrihs ke

    t`h t`rhh Hurkphfo stfobfrbisftiko krdfoisftikos frh f pfrtilujfr l`fjjhodh. Ie okt fnjh tk

    fbfpt, t`h Hurkphfo stfobfrbisftiko systhg risms nhlkgiod irrhjhvfot wit` lkgpfoihs turoiod

    iosthfb tk kt`hr iostrughots (fs lkujb nh shho io t`h ILR shltkr) kr wkrsh lkujb stfrt tk wkrm

    fs f nrfmh ko iookvftiko. F byofgil stfobfrbisftiko systhg is fjsk f prh-lkobitiko ekr t`h HX

    tk gfiotfio fob eurt`hr rhioekrlh its igpflt ko t`h shttiod ke stfobfrbs ft djknfj jhvhj, w`hrh

    kt`hr lkuotrihs frh iolrhfsiodjy shhmiod tk sht t`h rujhs.

    Nid lustkghrs pjfy f lrulifj rkjh io stigujftiod fob euobiod `id` thl`okjkdy lkgpfoihs. R`hX\ sphobs ft jhfst 29 nijjiko bkjjfrs/yhfr>3ko prh-lkgghrlifj prklurhghot (i.h. prklurhghot

    ke ^ & B), skgh ke it vif its \gfjj Nusiohss Iookvftiko ^hshfrl` (\NI^) prkdrfggh. >6 It

    sphobs hvho gkrh ko prklurhghots ke iookvftiko nhykob ^& B (ohw thl`okjkdihs, prkbults

    fob shrvilhs).

    Sunjil prklurhghot fllkuots ekr skgh 64% ke t`h HX's DBS. It rhprhshots fo igpkrtfot

    gfrmht, pfrtilujfrjy io frhfs sul` fs `hfjt`, trfospkrt fob hohrdy. \k, Hurkph `fs fo hokrgkus

    fob kvhrjkkmhb kppkrtuoity tk spur iookvftiko usiod prklurhghot.. Gkrhkvhr, punjil

    prklurhghot ke iookvftivh prkbults fob shrvilhs is vitfj ekr igprkviod t`h qufjity fob

    heeiliholy ke punjil shrvilhs ft f tigh ke nubdht lkostrfiots. Yht jittjh punjil prklurhghot io

    Hurkph is fighb ft iookvftiko, bhspith t`h kppkrtuoitihs uobhr t`h HX prklurhghot birhltivhs.R`is is buh tk f rfodh ke efltkrs, sul` fs1 iolhotivhs t`ft efvkur jkw-rism skjutikos= f jflm ke

    mokwjhbdh fob lfpfnijitihs rhdfrbiod sullhsseuj prklurhghot ke ohw thl`okjkdihs fob

    iookvftikos= fob f bislkoohltiko nhtwhho punjil prklurhghot fob pkjily knahltivhs. R`is lfo

    nh nhtthr fbbrhsshb t`rkud` duibfolh fob s`friod ke nhst prfltilh, oktfnjy io t`h frhf ke drhho

    punjil prklurhghot. Gkrhkvhr, nhlfush punjil prklurhghot gfrmhts rhgfio erfdghothb

    flrkss Hurkph, prklurhghots ketho efij tk fl`ihvh t`h lritilfj slfjh ohhbhb tk triddhr

    iookvftivh iovhstghots.

    \hvhrfj Ghgnhr \tfths frh pikohhriod wfys tk suppkrt iookvftiko usiod prh-lkgghrlifj

    prklurhghot fob fpprkfl`hs t`ft fbfpt t`h sullhsseuj X\ \NI^ sl`hgh tk t`h HX lkothxt.>>

    R`h rhsujts `fvh nhho holkurfdiod, io pfrtilujfr ekr \GHs (fjt`kud` t`h prklurhghots frh oktrhstrilthb tk \GHs). Ie sul` fo fpprkfl` lkujb nh fppjihb gkrh wibhjy fob lkgniohb wit`

    akiot prklurhghot nhtwhho bieehrhot lkotrfltiod hotitihs, `udh gfrmhts lkujb nh lrhfthb t`ft

    wkujb nkkst iookvftiko fob ohw iookvftivh nusiohsshs.

    >3 >332 eidurh

    >6 R`h X\ knjidhs its ehbhrfj fdholihs ny jfw tk bhvkth >.8 % ke t`hir hxthrofj ^ & B nubdhts tk euobiod

    iookvftivh prkahlts ny \GHs>> \ul` fs t`h XM \N^I fob Butl` \NI^ sl`hghs t`ft keehr lkotrflts tk bhvhjkp skjutikos tk sphlieil

    l`fjjhodhs ibhotieihb io punjil shrvilhs. R`hsh sl`hghs ekjjkw t`h fpprkfl` sht kut io t`h Lkggissiko

    Lkgguoilftiko ko Srh-Lkgghrlifj Srklurhghot. R`h X\ rhshrvhs pfrt ke its ehbhrfj nubdht tk suppkrtiookvftiko t`rkud` its \NI^ prkdrfggh wit` lkosibhrfnjh sullhss.

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    Iookvftiko Xoiko lkggitghots

    62. R`h Hurkphfo Sfrjifghot fob Lkuolij s`kujb tfmh t`h ohlhssfry sthps tk fbkpt t`h

    prkpksfjs ko t`h HX pfthot, its jioduistil rhdigh fob t`h uoieihb systhg ke bisputh

    shttjhghot. R`h knahltivh is t`ft t`h eirst HX pfthots frh bhjivhrhb io >362.

    68 \tfrtiod io >3661 HX fob Ghgnhr \tfths s`kujb uobhrtfmh f slrhhoiod ke t`hrhdujftkry erfghwkrm io mhy frhfs, stfrtiod wit` t`ksh jiomhb tk hlk-iookvftiko

    fob tk t`h Hurkphfo Iookvftiko Sfrtohrs`ips(shh ohxt shltiko). R`is wijj ibhotiey

    t`h rujhs t`ft ohhb tk nh igprkvhb kr upbfthb fob/kr ohw rujhs t`ft ohhb tk nh

    igpjhghothb io krbhr tk prkvibh sueeilihot fob lkotioukus iolhotivhs tk brivh

    iookvftiko. R`h Lkggissiko wijj prkvibh duibfolh ko `kw nhst tk krdfoish t`is

    slrhhoiod hxhrlish.

    65. Io hfrjy >366, fs f eirst sthp, t`h Lkggissiko wijj prhshot f Lkgguoilftiko

    fllkgpfoihb ny f jhdisjftivh prkpksfj ko stfobfrbisftiko, w`il` wijj iothr fjif lkvhr

    t`h ILR shltkr, io krbhr tk sphhb up fob gkbhroish stfobfrb-shttiod tk hofnjh

    iothrkphrfnijity fob eksthr iookvftiko io efst-gkviod djknfj gfrmhts. R`is wijjnh lkgniohb wit` f gujti-fooufj prkdrfggh tk fotilipfth ohw stfobfrbisftiko ohhbs

    fob iothdrftiko ke stfobfrbs iotk ^&B prkahlts io t`h rhshfrl` Erfghwkrm

    Srkdrfggh. R`h Lkgguoilftiko wijj fjsk hxfgioh kptikos ekr hosuriod io f jkodhr

    thrg phrsphltivh t`ft t`h stfobfrbisftiko systhg is fnjh tk fbfpt tk t`h quilmjy

    hvkjviod hovirkoghot fob tk lkotrinuth tk Hurkphs strfthdil iothrofj fob hxthrofj

    knahltivhs (rhjftiod, fgkod kt`hrs, tk iookvftiko fob thl`okjkdilfj bhvhjkpghot),

    ioljubiod t`rkud` t`h jfuol` ke fo iobhphobhot rhvihw.

    64. Erkg >366, Ghgnhr \tfths fob rhdikos s`kujb sht fsibh bhbilfthb nubdhts ekr

    prh-lkgghrlifj prklurhghots fob punjil prklurhghots ke iookvftivh prkbults

    fob shrvilhs (ioljubiod t`ksh bheiohb ny t`h Iookvftiko Sfrtohrs`ips, shh \hltiko 8).R`is s`kujb lrhfth prklurhghot gfrmhts flrkss t`h HX stfrtiod erkg ft jhfst 63

    nijjiko f yhfr ekr iookvftikos t`ft igprkvh t`h heeiliholy fob qufjity ke punjil

    shrvilhs, w`ijh fbbrhssiod t`h gfakr sklihtfj l`fjjhodhs. R`h fig s`kujb nh tk

    fl`ihvh iookvftivh prklurhghot gfrmhts hquivfjhot tk t`ksh io t`h X\. R`h

    Lkggissiko wijj prkvibh duibfolh fob sht up f (eiofolifj) suppkrt ghl`foisg tk

    `hjp lkotrfltiod fut`kritihs tk igpjhghot t`hsh prklurhghots io f oko-bislrigioftkry

    fob kpho gfoohr, tk pkkj bhgfob, tk brfw up lkggko sphlieilftikos, fob tk

    prkgkth \GH fllhss.

    Io fbbitiko, t`h Lkggissiko wijj keehr duibfolh ko igpjhghotiod akiot

    prklurhghots nhtwhho lkotrfltiod hotitihs uobhr t`h lurrhot punjil prklurhghotbirhltivhs fob ush t`h kodkiod dhohrfj hvfjuftiko ke t`h lurrhot birhltivhs tk hxfgioh

    t`h kppkrtuoity tk iotrkbulh fbbitikofj rujhs tk gfmh lrkss nkrbhr akiot p

    prklurhghots hfsihr.

    60. Ny hfrjy >366 t`h Lkggissiko wijj prhshot fo hlk-iookvftiko fltiko pjfonuijbiod

    ko t`h Iookvftiko Xoiko fob eklusiod ko t`h sphlieil nkttjhohlms, l`fjjhodhs fob

    kppkrtuoitihs ekr fl`ihviod hovirkoghotfj knahltivhs t`rkud` iookvftiko.

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    brfgftilfjjy rhbulh t`h lkst ke pfthotiod io Hurkph, pfrtilujfrjy ekr \GHs, t`h hlkokgil

    nhoheits wijj ejkw erkg t`h hxpjkitftiko ke IS^s io iookvftivh prkbults fob shrvilhs. R`is is

    lritilfj io shltkrs sul` fs shgi-lkobultkrs fob thjhlkgs w`hrh lkgpfoihs ohhb tk nuobjh

    tkdht`hr gfoy hxistiod thl`okjkdihs fob t`hrhekrh rhquirh fllhss rid`ts tk f rfodh ke IS^s.

    R`h gfrmhts ekr trfbiod IS^s ohhb tk nhlkgh jhss kpfquh fob erfdghothb sk t`ft IS^ nuyhrs

    fob shjjhrs lfo eiob hfl` kt`hr heeilihotjy, eiofolifj iovhstghots frh gfbh io IS^ fsshts, fobtrfosfltikos tfmh pjflh ko efir thrgs. Fjt`kud` f ougnhr ke ioitiftivhs frh hghrdiod nkt` ft

    Ghgnhr \tfth jhvhj fob iothroftikofjjy>2, t`hy s`kujb nh bhvhjkphb ko f Hurkphfo slfjh ekr

    gfxigug heeiliholy fob tk tfmh fbvfotfdh ke hlkokgihs ke slfjh fob slkph. R`hsh

    mokwjhbdh gfrmhts s`kujb nh kpho tk ohw hotrfots fob uojklm t`h pkthotifj ke IS^s t`ft jih

    bkrgfot io uoivhrsitihs, rhshfrl` iostituths fob lkgpfoihs. R`is lkujb dhohrfth gfakr ohw

    rhvhouh ejkws, w`il` lkujb nh rh-iovhsthb io rhshfrl`, t`us lrhftiod f virtukus lyljh.

    Nhykob t`h IS suppkrt t`ft is lurrhotjy prkvibhb t`rkud` t`h IS^-@hjpbhsm fob lk-kphrftiko

    wit` oftikofj pfthot keeilhs, \GHs ohhb strkodhr fssistfolh ekr heeilihot ush ke iothjjhltufj

    fob iobustrifj prkphrty prkthltiko tk `fvh f jhvhj pjfyiod eihjb wit` jfrdhr lkgpfoihs.

    Ekr mokwjhbdh gfrmhts tk wkrm heehltivhjy, t`h rhjftikos`ip nhtwhho iothjjhltufj prkphrty fob

    lkgphtitiko pkjily rhquirhs io-bhpt` lkosibhrftiko. R`is `fs f ougnhr ke eflhts. Eirst, t`h

    slkph ke iothjjhltufj prkphrty prkthltiko fob t`h `id` qufjity ke pfthots drfothb io Hurkph

    s`kujb nh gfiotfiohb tk hosurh t`ft jhdfj rid`ts frh ljhfrjy bheiohb. \hlkob, fjt`kud`

    lkjjfnkrftivh IS^ frrfodhghots (lrkss-jilhosiod, pfthot pkkjs, htl) dhohrfjjy `fvh f pksitivh

    igpflt, t`hy fjsk ohhb tk nh hxfgiohb tk hosurh t`hy frh okt ushb foti-lkgphtitivhjy. R`irb,

    stfobfrb shttiod prklhsshs rhquirh ljhfr IS^ rujhs tk fvkib situftikos w`hrh f lkgpfoy lfo

    dfio uoefir gfrmht pkwhr ny iolkrpkrftiod prkprihtfry IS^s io f stfobfrb.

    Iookvftiko Xoiko lkggitghots

    69. Io >366, t`h Lkggissiko wijj sht upf Hurkphfo Bhsido Jhfbhrs`ip Nkfrb w`il`

    wijj nh iovithb tk gfmh prkpksfjs wit`io f yhfr tk ho`folh t`h rkjh ke bhsido io

    iookvftiko pkjily, ekr hxfgpjh t`rkud` HX fob/kr oftikofj prkdrfgghs, fob f

    "Hurkphfo Bhsido Hxlhjjholh" jfnhj. Fs pfrt ke t`h ekjjkw up tk t`h Drhho Sfphr ko

    lujturfj fob lrhftivh iobustrihs, t`h Lkggissiko wijj hstfnjis` f Hurkphfo Lrhftivh

    Iobustrihs Fjjifolh tk bhvhjkp ohw ekrgs ke suppkrt ekr t`hsh iobustrihs fob

    prkgkth t`h wibhr ush ke lrhftivity ny kt`hr shltkrs.

    >3. R`h Lkggissiko wijj prkgkth kpho fllhss tk t`h rhsujts ke punjiljy euobhb

    rhshfrl`. It wijj fig tk gfmh kpho fllhss tk punjilftikos t`h dhohrfj priolipjh ekr

    prkahlts euobhb ny t`h HX rhshfrl` Erfghwkrm Srkdrfgghs.R`h Lkggissikowijj fjsk suppkrt t`h bhvhjkpghot ke sgfrt rhshfrl` ioekrgftiko shrvilhs t`ft frh

    eujjy shfrl`fnjh fob fjjkw rhsujts erkg rhshfrl` prkahlts tk nh hfsijy fllhsshb.

    >6. R`h Lkggissiko wijj eflijitfth heehltivh lkjjfnkrftivh rhshfrl` fob mokwjhbdh

    trfosehrwit`io t`h rhshfrl` Erfghwkrm Srkdrfgghs fob nhykob. It wijj wkrm wit`

    stfmh`kjbhrs tk bhvhjkp f sht ke gkbhj lkoskrtiug fdrhhghots wit` kptikos rfodiod

    erkg trfbitikofj fpprkfl`hs tk prkthlt IS t`rkud` tk gkrh kpho kohs. Ghl`foisgs frh

    >2 \ul` fs t`h iothjjhltufj prkphrty gfrmht pjflh ke t`h Bfois` Sfthot Keeilh fob t`h akiot ioitiftivh ke t`hErhol` Lfissh bhs Bpkts fob X\ Nfom Klhfo Rkgk

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    fjsk ohhbhb tk eurt`hr strhodt`ho mokwjhbdh trfosehr keeilhs io punjil rhshfrl`

    krdfoisftikos, io pfrtilujfr t`rkud` trfos-oftikofj lkjjfnkrftiko.

    >>. Ny t`h hob ke >366, wkrmiod ljkshjy wit` Ghgnhr \tfths fob stfmh`kjbhrs, t`h

    Lkggissiko wijj gfmh prkpksfjs tk bhvhjkp f Hurkphfo mokwjhbdh gfrmht ekr

    pfthots fob jilhosiod. R`is s`kujb nuijb ko Ghgnhr \tfth hxphriholh io trfbiod

    pjftekrgs t`ft gftl` suppjy fob bhgfob, gfrmht pjflhs tk hofnjh eiofolifjiovhstghots io iotfodinjh fsshts, fob kt`hr ibhfs ekr nrhft`iod ohw jieh iotk

    ohdjhlthb iothjjhltufj prkphrty, sul` fs pfthot pkkjs fob iookvftiko nrkmhriod.

    >8Hurkph gust fvkib fo "iookvftiko bivibh" nhtwhho t`h strkodhst iookvftiod

    rhdikos fob t`h kt`hrs.

    R`h \trulturfj Euobs `fvh f lritilfj rkjh fob fjrhfby prkvibh sunstfotifj iovhstghots io

    rhshfrl` fob iookvftiko. \kgh 05 no `fs nhho prkdrfgghb ekr t`h lurrhot eiofoliod phrikb

    (>334-63>3 knahltivhs. Lurrhotjy, tkk gul` euobiod is

    fjjklfthb tk kvhrjfppiod prkahlts kr tk prikritihs w`hrh f rhdiko jflms rhjftivh strhodt`s.

    ^hdikos ohhb tk rhbirhlt euobiod nfshb ko f sgfrt sphlifjisftiko fpprkfl` fob eklus ko

    rhjftivh strhodt`s w`hrh t`hy lfo nhlkgh hxlhjjhot.

    R`hrh frh f ougnhr ke kt`hr wfys t`ft \trulturfj Euobs lfo nh ushb gkrh heehltivhjy.

    ^hjftivhjy jittjh is sphot io pkkjiod rhskurlhs fob hxphrtish t`rkud` trfos-oftikofj prkahlts>5,

    ekr hxfgpjh tk suppkrt rhshfrl` ioerfstrulturhs kr t`h hghrdholh ke wkrjb-ljfss ljusthrs.

    Drhfthr ush lfo nh gfbh ke eiofolifj iostrughots tk jhvhrfdh privfth eiofolh ekr rhshfrl` fob

    iookvftiko. Sunjil prklurhghots lk-eiofolhb ny t`h \trulturfj Euobs s`kujb fjsk nh ushb tk

    iolrhfsh bhgfob ekr iookvftivh prkbults fob shrvilhs. R`h Hurkphfo \klifj Euobs lkujb nhbhpjkyhb gkrh heehltivhjy tk trfio fob rhtrfio phkpjh wit` t`h smijjs ohhbhb ekr t`h Iookvftiko

    Xoiko. Hurkphfo jhvhj prkdrfgghs tk suppkrt trfos-rhdikofj lkkphrftiko (h.d. ES4 ^hdikos

    ke Mokwjhbdh, LIS euobhb ljusthr ioitiftivhs fob Hothrprish Hurkph Ohtwkrm, fob kphrftikos

    lk-eiofolhb uobhr t`h Hurkphfo Rhrritkrifj Lkkphrftiko prkdrfgghs) s`kujb nh lkoskjibfthb

    tk nhtthr fssist rhdikos fob iolrhfsh igpflts ko rhdikofj bhvhjkpghot. Gkrhkvhr, t`hrh s`kujb

    nh iolhotivhs io euturh prkdrfgghs ekr lk-kphrftiko nhtwhho jhfbiod iookvftiko rhdikos fob

    t`ksh io lftl`iod-up Ghgnhr \tfths.

    >8 Lkoljusikos ke >339 Hurkphfo Iookvftiko \lkrhnkfrb>5

    Xsiod t`h pkssinijity uobhr Frtiljh

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    Iookvftiko Xoiko lkggitghots

    >2. \tfrtiod io >3631 Ghgnhr \tfths s`kujb lkosibhrfnjy igprkvh t`hir ush kehxistiod

    \trulturfj Euobs ekr rhshfrl` & iookvftiko prkahlts, `hjpiod phkpjh tk flquirh

    t`h ohlhssfry smijjs, igprkviod t`h phrekrgfolh ke oftikofj systhgs fob

    igpjhghotiod sgfrt sphlifjisftiko strfthdihs fob trfos-oftikofj prkahlts. R`is

    s`kujb fjsk fppjy tk t`h prh-fllhssiko euobiod ekr HX lfobibfth lkuotrihs. R`hLkggissiko stfobs rhfby tk fssist fob wijj ush its rhdikofj rhshfrl` fob ljusthr

    ioitiftivhs tk suppkrt t`is l`fodh fob hstfnjis` f "sgfrt sphlifjisftiko pjftekrg" ny

    >36>, ioljubiod eurt`hr suppkrt ekr t`h hghrdholh ke wkrjb ljfss ljusthrs. Eurt`hr

    bhtfijs frh io fo fllkgpfoyiod Lkgguoilftiko.

    >8. Ghgnhr \tfths s`kujb ioitifth t`h prhpfrftiko ke pkst >36< \trulturfj Euob

    prkdrfgghs wit` fo iolrhfshb eklus ko iookvftiko fob sgfrt sphlifjisftiko.

    Euturh rhdujftikos dkvhroiod t`h kphrftiko ke t`h Hurkphfo ^hdikofj Bhvhjkpghot

    Euob s`kujb eurt`hr lkggit sunstfotifj eiofolifj rhskurlhs tk suppkrt iookvftiko

    ioitiftivhs wit`io t`h rhdikos ke t`h Hurkphfo Xoiko.

    2.>. Iolrhfsiod sklifj nhoheits

    \klifj iookvftiko is fo igpkrtfot ohw eihjb w`il` s`kujb nh ourturhb. It is fnkut tfppiod iotk

    t`h iodhouity ke l`fritihs, fsskliftikos fob sklifj hotrhprhohurs tk eiob ohw wfys ke ghhtiod

    sklifj ohhbs w`il` frh okt fbhqufthjy ght ny t`h gfrmht kr t`h punjil shltkr. It lfo fjsk nh

    fnkut tfppiod iotk t`is sfgh iodhouity tk nriod fnkut t`h nh`fvikurfj l`fodhs w`il` frh

    ohhbhb tk tflmjh t`h gfakr sklihtfj l`fjjhodhs, sul` fs ljigfth l`fodh. Fs whjj fs ghhtiod

    sklifj ohhbs fob tflmjiod sklihtfj l`fjjhodhs, sklifj iookvftikos hgpkwhr phkpjh fob lrhfth

    ohw sklifj rhjftikos`ips fob gkbhjs ke lkjjfnkrftiko. R`hy frh t`us iookvftivh io t`hgshjvhs

    fob dkkb ekr sklihty's lfpflity tk iookvfth.

    Hxfgpjhs ke sklifj iookvftiko io Hurkph rfodh erkg lkrkofry `hfrt bishfsh prhvhotiko

    sl`hghs w`il` tfrdht t`h w`kjh lkgguoity rft`hr t`fo aust 'ft rism' iobivibufjs, sklifj

    ohtwkrms ke `hjpeuj ohid`nkurs ekr kjb phkpjh jiviod ko t`hir kwo, urnfo Hlk-gfps w`il`

    prkvibh jklfj lkgguoitihs wit` ioekrgftiko ko t`hir prkdrhss tkwfrbs ghhtiod hgissikos

    rhbultiko tfrdhts kr ht`ilfj nfoms w`il` prkvibh eiofolifj prkbults w`il` shhm tk gfxigish

    sklifj fob hovirkoghotfj rhturos ko iovhstghot.

    @kwhvhr, w`ijh t`hrh is ok s`krtfdh ke dkkb ibhfs, sklifj iookvftikos frh okt yht prkbuliod

    t`h igpflt t`ft t`hy s`kujb. R`hrh gust nh gkrh suppkrt ekr hxphrighotftiko. Fpprkfl`hs t`ft

    `fvh ljhfr fbvfotfdhs kvhr lurrhot prfltilh t`ho ohhb tk nh slfjhb up fob bisshgiofthb. Rk

    fl`ihvh t`is, lkgphthot iothrghbifrihs, heehltivh iolhotivhs fob ohtwkrms sphhbiod up fobeflijitftiod gutufj jhfroiod frh ohhbhb. Flrkss Hurkph, ioerfstrulturhs ke t`is miob fjrhfby

    hxist ekr nusiohss iookvftiko, yht t`hrh frh lurrhotjy ok hquivfjhots ekr sklifj iookvftiko.

    Nhtthr hvfjuftiko ght`kbs frh ohhbhb tk ibhotiey w`ft wkrms fob w`ft bkhs okt, fob w`y, fs

    whjj fs w`ft lkujb fob s`kujb nh slfjhb up.

    Rk ghht t`h hvkjviod ohhbs fob hxphltftikos ke punjil shrvilh ushrs fdfiost f nflmbrkp ke

    eislfj fusthrity, t`h punjil shltkr ohhbs tk iookvfth gkrh t`fo hvhr. Gkrh fob gkrh

    dkvhroghots frh hgnrfliod gkrh litizho-lhotrhb fpprkfl`hs tk shrvilh bhjivhry. Gfoy `fvh

    jfuol`hb h-dkvhroghot strfthdihs fighb ft gkviod hxistiod shrvilhs kojioh, fob nhykob t`ft

    tk bhvhjkp ohw iothroht-hofnjhb shrvilhs. Ft HX jhvhj it is igpkrtfot tk bhvhjkp f nhtthr

    uobhrstfobiod ke punjil shltkr iookvftiko, tk divh visinijity tk sullhsseuj ioitiftivhs, fob

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    nhol`gfrm prkdrhss. Gul` wijj bhphob ko lrhftiod f lritilfj gfss ke punjil shltkr jhfbhrs

    w`k `fvh t`h smijjs tk gfofdh iookvftiko. R`is lfo nh fl`ihvhb t`rkud` gkrh skp`istilfthb

    trfioiod, fs whjj fs kppkrtuoitihs tk hxl`fodh dkkb prfltilh.

    R`h s`iet tk fo iookvftivh hlkokgy `fs gfakr igpjilftikos ekr t`h wkrjb ke wkrm. Hgpjkyhrs

    ohhb wkrmhrs w`k fltivhjy fob lkostfotjy shhm kut ohw fob nhtthr wfys ke bkiod t`iods. R`is

    rhquirhs okt kojy `id`hr smijjs jhvhjs, nut f ohw, trust-nfshb rhjftikos`ip nhtwhho hgpjkyhrfob hgpjkyhh. R`is miob ke fpprkfl` is ohhbhb ft fjj kllupftikofj jhvhjs, fob gust hxthob tk

    shltkrs okt usufjjy t`kud`t ke fs "mokwjhbdh shltkrs." F prigh hxfgpjh is t`h lfriod shltkr,

    w`hrh f smijjhb, gktivfthb fob fbfptfnjh wkrmekrlh is ohhbhb tk prkvibh f `id` stfobfrb ke

    lfrh tk t`h iolrhfsiod ougnhrs ke kjbhr Hurkphfos.

    >5. R`h Lkggissiko wijj jfuol` f Hurkphfo \klifj Iookvftiko pijkt w`il` wijj

    prkvibh hxphrtish fob f ohtwkrmhb 'virtufj `un' ekr sklifj hotrhprhohurs fob t`h

    punjil fob t`irb shltkrs.

    - It wijj prkgkth sklifj iookvftiko t`rkud` t`h Hurkphfo \klifj Euob (H\E)nuijbiod

    ko t`h sidoieilfot iovhstghots io sklifj iookvftiko w`il` t`h H\E `fs gfbh kvhr t`hjfst tho yhfrs, fjj fjkod t`h iookvftiko lyljh. R`is wijj nh lkgpjhghothb ny suppkrt

    tk iookvftivh sklifj hxphrighots tk nh bhvhjkphb io t`h erfghwkrm ke t`h Hurkphfo

    Sjftekrg fdfiost Skvhrty.

    - \klifj iookvftiko s`kujb nhlkgh f gfiostrhfg eklus io t`h ohxt dhohrftiko ke

    Hurkphfo \klifj Euob prkdrfgghs. Ghgnhr \tfths frh holkurfdhb tk fjrhfby sthp

    up heekrts tk prkgkth sklifj iookvftiko t`rkud` t`h H\E

    >4. \tfrtiod io >366, t`h Lkggissiko wijj suppkrt f sunstfotifj rhshfrl` prkdrfggh

    ko punjil shltkr fob sklifj iookvftiko, jkkmiod ft issuhs sul` fs ghfsurhghot fob

    hvfjuftiko, eiofoliod fob kt`hr nfrrihrs tk slfjiod up fob bhvhjkpghot. Fs foigghbifth sthp, it wijj pijkt f Hurkphfo Sunjil \hltkr Iookvftiko \lkrhnkfrbfs f

    nfsis ekr eurt`hr wkrm tk nhol`gfrm punjil shltkr iookvftiko. It wijj hxpjkrh wit`

    Ghgnhr \tfths w`ht`hr it is fpprkprifth tk nriod tkdht`hr ohw jhfroiod hxphriholhs

    fob ohtwkrms ekr punjil shltkr jhfbhrs ft Hurkphfo jhvhj.

    >0. R`h Lkggissiko wijj lkosujt t`h sklifj pfrtohrs tk hxfgioh `kw t`h mokwjhbdh

    hlkokgy lfo nh sprhfb tk fjj kllupftikofj jhvhjs fob fjj shltkrs. It wijj fsm t`h

    sklifj pfrtohrs ekr prkpksfjs ko `kw tk bhvhjkp f shltkrfj jfnkur gfrmht strfthdy ekr

    t`h lfriod shltkr.

    8. SKKJIOD EK^LH\ RK FL@IHUH N^HFMR@^KXD@\1 HX^KSHFO IOOKUFRIKO

    SF^ROH^\@IS\

    Hurkph is eflhb wit` f ougnhr ke gfakr sklihtfj l`fjjhodhs sul` fs fo fdhiod pkpujftiko, t`h

    heehlts ke ljigfth l`fodh, fob rhbulhb fvfijfnijity ke rhskurlhs. Nrhfmt`rkud`s gust nh ekuob

    io ohw trhftghots ekr jieh-t`rhfthoiod bishfshs, ohw skjutikos tk igprkvh t`h jivhs ke hjbhr

    phkpjh, wfys tk rfbilfjjy lut LK> hgissikos fob kt`hr skurlhs ke pkjjutiko io pfrtilujfr io

    litihs, fjthroftivh skurlhs ke hohrdy fob sunstituths ekr iolrhfsiodjy slfrlh rfw gfthrifjs,

    rhbuliod fob rhlyljiod wfsth fob hobiod jfobeijj, igprkvhghots io t`h qufjity ke kur wfthr

    suppjy, sgfrt trfospkrt wit` jhss lkodhstiko, `hfjt`y kr `id`-qufjity ekkb stuees usiod

    sustfiofnjh prkbultiko ght`kbs fob thl`okjkdihs ekr efst fob shlurh ioekrgftiko `fobjiod fob

    s`friod, lkgguoilftiko fob iothrefliod.

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    \ullhsseujjy bhvhjkpiod t`hsh nrhfmt`rkud`s wijj fjsk nkkst kur lkgphtitivhohss, hofnjh

    Hurkphfo lkgpfoihs tk jhfb io t`h bhvhjkpghot ke ohw thl`okjkdihs, tk drkw fob fssugh

    djknfj jhfbhrs`ip io ohw drkwt` gfrmhts, igprkvh t`h qufjity fob heeiliholy ke punjil

    shrvilhs fob sk lkotrinuth tk lrhftiod jfrdh ougnhrs ke ohw qufjity akns.

    Divho t`h slfjh fob urdholy ke t`h sklihtfj l`fjjhodhs fob t`h slfrlity ke rhskurlhs, Hurkph

    lfookt feekrb foy jkodhr t`h lurrhot erfdghotftiko ke heekrt fob sjkw pflh ke l`fodh. Heekrtsfob hxphrtish ko rhshfrl` fob iookvftiko gust nh pkkjhb fob lritilfj gfss fl`ihvhb. Ft t`h

    sfgh tigh, wh gust erkg t`h kutsht put io pjflh t`h lkobitikos w`il` fjjkw nrhfmt`rkud`s

    quilmjy tk eiob t`hir wfy tk t`h gfrmht, t`hrhny nriodiod rfpib nhoheits tk litizhos fob

    lkgphtitivhohss dfios.

    i) R`h ohw fpprkfl` ke Hurkphfo Iookvftiko Sfrtohrs`ips

    Ekr t`hsh rhfskos, t`h Lkggissiko io its Hurkph >3>3 \trfthdy fookuolhb t`ft it wijj jfuol`,

    fs pfrt ke t`h Iookvftiko Xoiko ejfds`ip ioitiftivh, Hurkphfo Iookvftiko Sfrtohrs`ips. R`hsh

    Sfrtohrs`ips wijj thst f ohw fpprkfl` tk HX rhshfrl` fob iookvftiko.

    Eirst, t`hy wijj nh l`fjjhodh-brivho, eklusiod ko sklihtfj nhoheits fob f rfpib gkbhroisftiko

    ke t`h fssklifthb shltkrs fob gfrmhts. R`is ghfos t`ft t`hy wijj dk nhykob t`h thl`okjkdy

    eklus ke hxistiod iostrughots, sul` fs Akiot Rhl`okjkdy Ioitiftivhs (ARIs).

    \hlkob, t`hy wijj flt flrkss t`h w`kjh rhshfrl` fob iookvftiko l`fio. R`h Sfrtohrs`ips

    wijj nriod tkdht`hr fjj rhjhvfot fltkrs ft HX, oftikofj fob rhdikofj jhvhjs io krbhr tk1 (i) sthp

    up rhshfrl` fob bhvhjkpghot heekrts= (ii) lkkrbiofth iovhstghots io bhgkostrftiko fob pijkts=

    (iii) fotilipfth fob efst-trflm foy ohlhssfry rhdujftiko fob stfobfrbs= fob (iv) gknijish

    bhgfob io pfrtilujfr t`rkud` nhtthr lkkrbiofthb punjil prklurhghot tk hosurh t`ft foy

    nrhfmt`rkud`s frh quilmjy nrkud`t tk gfrmht. ^ft`hr t`fo tfmiod t`h fnkvh sthps

    iobhphobhotjy, fs is lurrhotjy t`h lfsh, t`h fig ke t`h iookvftiko pfrtohrs`ips wijj nh tk bhsidofob igpjhghot t`hg io pfrfjjhj tk lut jhfb tighs.

    R`irb, t`hy wijj strhfgjioh, sigpjiey fob nhtthr lkkrbiofth hxistiod iostrughots fob

    ioitiftivhs fob lkgpjhghot t`hg wit` ohw fltikos w`hrh ohlhssfry. R`is s`kujb gfmh it

    hfsihr ekr pfrtohrs tk lk-kphrfth fob fl`ihvh nhtthr fob efsthr rhsujts lkgpfrhb tk w`ft hxists

    fjrhfby. R`hrhekrh, t`hy wijj nuijb upko rhjhvfot hxistiod tkkjs fob fltikos fob, w`hrh t`is

    gfmhs shosh (h.d. ekr akiot prkdrfggiod, jhfb gfrmhts, akiot prh-lkgghrlifj fob lkgghrlifj

    prklurhghot sl`hghs, rhdujftkry slrhhoiod), iothdrfth t`hg iotk f siodjh lk`hrhot pkjily

    erfghwkrm. Ejhxinijity is igpkrtfot= t`hrh wijj okt nh f 'koh-sizh-eits-fjj' erfghwkrm.

    ii) Lkobitikos ekr sullhss

    Sfrtohrs`ips s`kujb nh jfuol`hb kojy io frhfs fob lkosist kojy ke fltivitihs io w`il`

    dkvhroghot iothrvhotiko is ljhfrjy austieihb fob w`hrh lkgnioiod HX, oftikofj fob rhdikofj

    heekrts io ^&B fob bhgfob-sibh ghfsurhs wijj fl`ihvh t`h tfrdht quilmhr fob gkrh

    heeilihotjy.

    R`h l`kilh ke t`h 'rid`t' pfrtohrs`ips wijj jfrdhjy bhthrgioh t`hir sullhss. Io krbhr ekr t`hg tk

    bhjivhr ko t`hir prkgish, t`h ekjjkwiod lkobitikos, w`il` frh fjj iothrjiomhb, ohhb tk nh

    eujeijjhb1

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    w`k wijj bheioh fob igpjhghot t`h lkothots ke t`h "wkrm pflmfdhs". R`h Nkfrb wijj nh

    l`firhb ny t`h jhfb Lkggissikohr(s) fob suppkrthb ny f shlrhtfrift w`il` t`h Lkggissiko

    wijj prkvibh. Its eirst tfsm wijj nh tk brfw up f gujti-fooufj strfthdil wkrm pjfo, lkotfioiod

    lkolrhth tfrdhts, fjjklftiod rhspkosinijitihs fob bheioiod gijhstkohs tk gkoitkr prkdrhss. Ft

    HX jhvhj, t`h Lkggissiko wijj wkrm ljkshjy wit` Lkuolij fob Sfrjifghot, tk shlurh strkod

    pkjitilfj suppkrt nkt` ekr t`h figs fob birhltiko ke hfl` pfrtohrs`ip fs whjj fs tk sphhb up t`h

    bhjivhry ke t`h ohlhssfry rhdujftkry erfghwkrm.

    iv) Ibhotieilftiko ke t`h Hurkphfo Iookvftiko Sfrtohrs`ips

    Tit` f vihw tk fl`ihvh t`h HX >3>3 knahltivh ke f sgfrt, sustfiofnjh fob ioljusivh drkwt`,

    t`h Lkggissiko iothobs tk jfuol` iookvftiko pfrtohrs`ips io mhy frhfs fbbrhssiod gfakr

    sklihtfj l`fjjhodhs, sul` fs hohrdy shlurity, trfospkrt, ljigfth l`fodh fob rhskurlh heeiliholy,

    `hfjt` fob fdhiod, hovirkoghotfjjy-erihobjy prkbultiko ght`kbs fob jfob gfofdhghot.

    Hxfgpjhs ke pkssinjh pfrtohrs`ips ioljubh frhfs sul` fs1

    Rflmjiod t`h gfakr ljigfth l`fodh & hohrdy l`fjjhodh lkgiod erkg litihs (w`il` lkosughfrkuob 03% ke t`h kvhrfjj HX hohrdy fob frh rhspkosinjh ekr fnkut t`h sfgh s`frh kedrhho`kush dfshs) ny lrhftiod f rhprhshotftivh pjftekrg ke mhy stfmh`kjbhrs fob nkkst t`h

    ush ke hxistiod fob euturh ILR tk fllhjhrfth t`h bhpjkyghot ke sgfrt dribs, ohw systhgs ekr

    usiod hohrdy erkg rhohwfnjh skurlh, sgfrthr & ljhfohr urnfo gknijity, iolrhfshb hohrdy

    heeiliholy ke nuijbiods=

    Hosuriod `id`hr qufjity fob heeiliholy ke kur suppjy ush ke wfthr=

    Hosuriod f shlurh suppjy l`fio fob fl`ihvh heeilihot fob sustfiofnjh gfofdhghot fob ushke oko-hohrdy rfw gfthrifjs fjkod t`h hotirh vfjuh l`fio=

    ^hbuliod hgissikos ke drhho`kush dfshs ny `id`hr hgissiko heeiliholy ke trfospkrt fjsknhykob t`h urnfo bighosiko, oktfnjy t`rkud` iothr-kphrfnjh fob iothjjidhot trfeeil

    gfofdhghot systhgs flrkss fjj trfospkrt gkbhs, jhfbiod tk prkdrhss io jkdistils fob

    nh`fvikurfj l`fodhs.

    Srkgkth HX's lkgphtitivhohss io t`h biditfj sklihty t`rkud` efsthr fllhss tk ioekrgftikofob ohw wfys ke trustwkrt`y lkgguoilftiko, iothrefliod fob mokwjhbdh s`friod hofnjhb

    oktfnjy ny t`h iothroht ke t`h euturh.

    Igprkviod t`h suppjy ke ekkbstuees prkbulhb io f rhskurlh-heeilihot, prkbultivh fob jkw-

    hgissiko wfy t`rkud` igprkvhb fdrilujturfj fob ekkb-prklhssiod ght`kbs.

    Igprkviod t`h qufjity ke jieh ke fo fdhiod pkpujftiko h.d. ny ohw iookvftivh skjutikos,ljioilfj thsts, bifdokstils fob trhftghots ekr fdh-rhjfthb bishfshs, bhpjkyghot ke ohw

    iookvftivh ILR-nfshb skjutikos fob t`h bhvhjkpghot fob iotrkbultiko ke okvhj prkbults,

    fppjifolhs fob shrvilhs sphlieilfjjy suitfnjh ekr t`h hjbhrjy.

    Srhpfrftkry wkrm `fs nhho uobhrtfmho ko jfuol`iod sphlieil pfrtohrs`ips io fltivh fob

    `hfjt`y fdhiod, wfthr heeiliholy, oko-hohrdy rfw gfthrifjs, sgfrt gknijity, fdrilujturfj

    prkbultivity fob sustfiofnijity, fob ko sgfrt, jivhfnjh litihs, t`h jftthr lkgnioiod hohrdy-

    heeiliholy, ljhfo trfospkrt fob efst iothroht (shh Foohx III).

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    @kwhvhr, Iookvftiko Sfrtohrs`ips frh f okvhj lkolhpt, w`il` t`h Lkggissiko eirst wis`hs tk

    thst t`rkud` f pijkt pfrtohrs`ip nhekrh jfuol`iod f eurt`hr sht ke pfrtohrs`ips. \ul` f pijkt

    s`kujb `hjp vfjibfth t`h fbbhb vfjuh ke t`h lkolhpt, dfudh t`h iothrhst fob lkggitghot ke fjj

    mhy stfmh`kjbhrs, prkvibh iosid`ts iotk `kw nhst tk bhvhjkp wkrm pflmfdhs fob fssurh

    heehltivh dkvhrofolh.

    ^hejhltiod its sklihtfj igpkrtfolh, stfth ke prhpfrhbohss fob rhprhshotftivhohss ke t`hpfrtohrs`ip lkolhpt, t`h Lkggissiko prkpkshs tk jfuol` f pijkt prkahlt ko fltivh fob `hfjt`y

    fdhiod. Its figs s`kujb nh, ny >3>3, tk hofnjh litizhos tk jivh jkodhr iobhphobhotjy io dkkb

    `hfjt` ny iolrhfsiod t`h fvhrfdh ougnhr ke `hfjt`y jieh yhfrs ny >, fob, io fl`ihviod t`is

    tfrdht, tk igprkvh t`h sustfiofnijity fob heeiliholy ke kur sklifj fob `hfjt`lfrh systhgs, fob

    tk lrhfth fo HX fob djknfj gfrmht ekr iookvftivh prkbults fob shrvilhs wit` ohw

    kppkrtuoitihs ekr HX nusiohss. Gkrh bhtfijs fnkut t`h prkpkshb Sijkt Srkahlt ko fltivh fob

    `hfjt`y fdhiod lfo nh ekuob io Foohx III.

    >366 wijj nh f "thst p`fsh" ekr t`h Sfrtohrs`ip fpprkfl`. Ny t`h hob ke >363, t`h Lkggissiko

    wijj bhvhjkp f rknust sht ke shjhltiko lrithrif fob f ridkrkus fob trfospfrhot shjhltiko prklhss

    ekr euturh pfrtohrs`ips. R`hsh lrithrif fob t`is shjhltiko prklhss wijj nh kphrftikofj erkgAfoufry >366. Nfshb ko t`is prklhss, fob t`h fppjilftiko ke t`hsh lrithrif, fob f lkoeirgftiko

    ke t`h rhfbiohss ke t`h pkthotifj pfrtohrs`ips io frhfs sul` fs hohrdy, "sgfrt litihs", f

    sustfiofnjh suppjy ke rfw gfthrifjs, wfthr heeiliholy, sgfrt gknijity fob fdrilujturfj

    prkbultivity fob sustfiofnijity, t`h Lkggissiko wijj prhshot t`h prkpksfjs ekr pfrtohrs`ips

    w`il` `fvh ght t`h lrithrif tk t`h kt`hr iostitutikos, buriod >366, erkg Ehnrufry kowfrbs, fs

    pfrt ke t`h rkjj-kut ke t`h Hurkph >3>3 \trfthdy, io jioh wit` t`h dkfj ke bhvhjkpiod f jkw

    lfrnko, hohrdy heeilihot hlkokgy wit` f strkod iobustrifj nfsis.

    R`h Lkggissiko wijj prhshot io Auoh >366 f Lkgguoilftiko ekrgfjisiod t`h prkpksfjs ekr

    pfrtohrs`ips fob shttiod kut io bhtfij t`h dkvhrofolh, eiofoliod fob igpjhghotftiko

    frrfodhghots. Ft t`h hob ke t`h" thst p`fsh", i.h. nhekrh t`h hob ke >366, t`h Lkggissiko wijjrhvihw fob hvfjufth t`h heehltivhohss ke t`h Sfrtohrs`ip fpprkfl`, fob sht kut w`ht`hr fob

    `kw it iothobs tk tfmh it ekrwfrb, io pfrtilujfr rhdfrbiod suppkrt t`rkud` t`h ohxt ^hshfrl`

    Erfghwkrm Srkdrfggh.

    Iookvftiko Xoiko lkggitghots1

    >9. R`h Lkuolij, Sfrjifghot, Ghgnhr \tfths, iobustry fob kt`hr stfmh`kjbhrs frh

    iovithb tk suppkrt t`h iookvftiko pfrtohrs`ip lkolhpt fob tk iobilfth t`h

    sphlieil lkggitghots t`hy wijj uobhrtfmh tk gfmh t`h lkolhpt wkrm. R`h

    Lkggissiko ioviths fjj mhy stfmh`kjbhrs tk lkggit t`hgshjvhs tk pkkjiod heekrts

    fob rhskurlhs tk fl`ihvh t`h pfrtohrs`ip's iothobhb knahltivhs.

    R`h Lkggissiko wkujb whjlkgh vihws fob ibhfs ko t`h frhfs nhiod lkosibhrhb

    ekr euturh pfrtohrs`ips fob kt`hr pkssinjh lfobibfths t`ft ghht t`h sullhss

    lrithrif.

    Fs f eirst lkolrhth sthp, t`h Lkggissiko wijj stfrt prhpfrftikos tk jfuol` f pijkt

    pfrtohrs`ip ko fltivh fob `hfjt`y fdhiod ny t`h nhdiooiod ke >366. Rfmiod iotk

    fllkuot t`h vihws ke Sfrjifghot fob Lkuolij fob ioput erkg kt`hr stfmh`kjbhrs,

    it wijj prhshot prkpksfjs ekr eurt`hr pfrtohrs`ips buriod >366.

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    5. JHUH^FDIOD KX^ SKJILIH\ HPRH^OFJJY

    Lkgphtitiko ekr mokwjhbdh fob gfrmhts is nhlkgiod hvhr gkrh djknfj. Srivfth shltkr

    bhlisikos ko w`hrh tk iovhst io ^&B fob iookvftiko frh tfmho ko f djknfj slfjh. Hurkph is

    jksiod drkuob io t`is djknfj lkgphtitiko. R`h Iookvftiko Xoiko fltikos bhslrinhb fnkvh frh

    bhsidohb tk rhvhrsh t`is trhob fob gfmh Hurkph gkrh fttrfltivh tk lkgpfoihs fob iovhstkrs.

    Hurkph's sullhss bhphobs ko its fnijity tk rhvhrsh shvhrfj bhlfbhs ke f rhjftivh 'nrfio-brfio'

    fob tk fttrflt jhfbiod tfjhot. Hurkphfo uoivhrsitihs fob rhshfrl` iostituths fwfrb gfoy

    t`kusfobs ke bhdrhhs io sliholh fob hodiohhriod tk ekrhido oftikofjs hvhry yhfr. R`hsh phkpjh

    s`kujb nh divho t`h kptiko ke rhgfioiod io Hurkph, ny hxpjkitiod t`h pkssinijitihs uobhr t`h

    \lihotieil Uisf Sflmfdh>4fob t`h Njuh Lfrb sl`hgh. Nhykob t`h ohlhssfry jhdfj hotitjhghots,

    t`hy gust nh lkoviolhb t`ft Hurkph's uoivhrsitihs fob rhshfrl` lhotrhs fob t`h iookvftiko

    ljusthrs frkuob t`hg frh pjflhs ke djknfj hxlhjjholh, fob t`ft jiviod fob wkrmiod lkobitikos

    frh fttrfltivh.

    Ekr Hurkph tk nh sullhsseuj io t`is djknfj pus` ekr hxlhjjholh, it gust eurt`hr bhhpho its

    iothroftikofj slihotieil fob thl`okjkdilfj lkkphrftiko. R`h HX's rhshfrl` prkdrfgghs frhfjrhfby fgkod t`h gkst kpho io t`h wkrjb. Hurkph's gfrmhts frh fjsk t`h gkst kpho io t`h

    wkrjb, diviod iovhstkrs fllhss tk fo iothdrfthb fob lkgphtitivh iothrofj gfrmht ke 833 gijjiko

    lustkghrs nfshb ko ljhfr, prhbiltfnjh fob efir rujhs.

    R`is kphoohss s`kujb nh rhliprklfthb t`rkud` kur sliholh fob thl`okjkdy lkkphrftiko wit`

    t`irb lkuotrihs. Iothroftikofj lkkphrftiko gust dk `fob-io-`fob wit` fo iothdrfthb fpprkfl`

    tk nriodiod t`h rhsujts ke lkggko ^&B kr iookvftiko prkahlts tk t`h gfrmht. R`is ghfos, io

    pfrtilujfr, keehriod hquivfjhot prkthltiko ke IS^s, kpho fllhss tk iothrkphrfnjh stfobfrbs, oko-

    bislrigioftkry punjil prklurhghots, fob rhgkviod kt`hr oko-p`ysilfj nfrrihrs tk trfbh, io jioh

    wit` iothroftikofj rhquirhghots.

    Hurkph gust flt fs koh tk fl`ihvh sul` f djknfj jhvhj-pjfyiod eihjb ekr rhshfrl` fob

    iookvftiko. Lurrhotjy, kur Ghgnhr \tfths, rhdikos kr hvho jklfj fut`kritihs fpphfr tk lkgphth

    wit` hfl` kt`hr ko slihotieil lkkphrftiko fdrhhghots, fltivitihs fob keeilhs io kt`hr

    hlkokgihs. R`is jhfbs tk bisphrsiko fob erfdghotftiko ke heekrts. It fjsk shrvhs tk whfmho

    Hurkph's jhvhrfdh io ohdktiftiod gfrmht fllhss wit` kur gfakr pfrtohrs wkrjbwibh ko f jhvhj-

    pjfyiod eihjb. R`h rhlhot prkdrhss gfbh wit` t`h Hurkphfo erfghwkrm ekr iothroftikofj \&R

    lkkphrftiko fob t`h \trfthdil Ekrug ekr Iothroftikofj Lkkphrftiko gust t`hrhekrh nh

    fllhjhrfthb.

    Eiofjjy, gfoy ie okt fjj ke t`h sklihtfj l`fjjhodhs ko w`il` Hurkph's rhshfrl` fob iookvftiko

    heekrts gust eklus frh fjsk djknfj. Kvhrlkgiod gfoy ke t`hsh l`fjjhodhs lfjjs ekr t`h s`friodke heekrts wkrjbwibh.>0 Io pfrtilujfr, gfoy gfakr rhshfrl` ioerfstrulturhs rhquirh gfssivh

    iovhstghots t`ft lfo kojy nh rfishb t`rkud` djknfj lkkphrftiko.

    Iookvftiko Xoiko lkggitghots

    36>, t`h Hurkphfo Xoiko fob its Ghgnhr \tfths s`kujb put iotk pjflh iothdrfthb

    pkjilihs tk hosurh t`ft jhfbiod flfbhgils, rhshfrl`hrs fob iookvftkrs rhsibh fob

    >4 Lkuolij Birhltivh K.A. J>09/68 ke 338 (>338/46/HL, ioljubiod t`h HL ^hlkgghobftiko ko s`krt

    thrg visfs ekr rhshfrl`hrs)>0

    Io t`is lkothxt, t`h rkjh ke HX bhvhjkpghot pkjily is igpkrtfot.

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    wkrm io Hurkph fob tk fttrflt f sueeilihot ougnhr ke `id`jy smijjhb t`irb

    lkuotry oftikofjs tk stfy io Hurkph.

    36> tkdht`hr wit` t`h H^F Erfghwkrm, t`h Lkggissiko wijj

    prkpksh lkggko HX / Ghgnhr \tfths prikritihs io \&R fs f nfsis ekr lkkrbiofthb

    pksitikos kr akiot ioitiftivhs vis--vis t`irb lkuotrihs, nuijbiod ko t`h wkrm ke t`h

    \trfthdil Ekrug ekr Iothroftikofj Lkkphrftiko. Io t`h ghfotigh, t`h HX fob Ghgnhr

    \tfths s`kujb flt io f lkolhrthb gfoohr w`ho hodfdiod io \&R fdrhhghots fob

    fltivitihs wit` t`irb lkuotrihs. R`h pkthotifj slkph ekr "ugnrhjjf" fdrhhghots

    nhtwhho t`h HX fob Ghgnhr \tfths wit` t`irb lkuotrihs wijj nh hxpjkrhb.

    . R`h Hurkphfo Xoiko s`kujb sthp up its lkkphrftiko ko t`h rkjj-kut ke t`h djknfj

    rhshfrl` ioerfstrulturhs. Ny >36>, fdrhhghot s`kujb nh rhfl`hb wit` iothroftikofjpfrtohrs ko t`h bhvhjkpghot ke rhshfrl` ioerfstrulturhs, ioljubiod ILR

    ioerfstrulturhs, w`il` kwiod tk lkst, lkgpjhxity fob/kr iothrkphrfnijity

    rhquirhghots lfo kojy nh bhvhjkphb ko f djknfj slfjh.

    4. GFMIOD IR @FSSHO

    Rrfosekrgiod t`h HX iotk f dhouioh Iookvftiko Xoiko rhquirhs sustfiohb heekrt, ljksh lk-

    kphrftiko fob heehltivh igpjhghotftiko ft fjj jhvhjs (HX, oftikofj, rhdikofj) kvhr f

    lkosibhrfnjh ougnhr ke yhfrs. R`h rkjhs fob rhspkosinijitihs ke hfl` fltkr io t`h Iookvftiko

    Xoiko gust t`hrhekrh nh ljhfrjy bheiohb fob strkod gkoitkriod ghl`foisgs put io pjflh tkfvkib sjippfdh.

    4.6. ^hekrgiod rhshfrl` fob iookvftiko systhgs

    T`ijh fltiko ft HX jhvhj is igpkrtfot, t`h qufjity ke oftikofj rhshfrl` fob iookvftiko systhgs

    fob t`hir iothrfltiko nhtwhho t`hgshjvhs fob wit` t`h HX jhvhj rhgfios lrulifj ekr

    prkgktiod nusiohss fob litizhos' lfpflity fob wijjiodohss tk iovhst. \idoieilfot rhekrgs tk

    oftikofj fob rhdikofj pkjilihs frh rhquirhb.

    Io krbhr tk `hjp t`h Ghgnhr \tfths bhsido t`hsh rhekrgs io f lkothxt ke tid`t nubdhtfry

    lkostrfiots, t`h Lkggissiko `fs nrkud`t tkdht`hr t`h fvfijfnjh hvibholh fob ibhotieihb f shtke pkjily ehfturhs w`il` frh typilfjjy ekuob io systhgs t`ft phrekrg strkodjy. R`hy frh

    prhshothb io Foohx I. Gfoy ke t`hsh ehfturhs frh fjrhfby rhejhlthb io t`h pkjily lkggitghots

    prkpkshb io t`is Lkgguoilftiko. Ghgnhr \tfths frh iovithb tk ush t`h pkjily ehfturhs

    ibhotieihb tk lfrry kut f lkgprh`hosivh "shje-fsshssghot" ke t`hir rhshfrl` fob iookvftiko

    systhgs fob sunshquhotjy bheioh t`h mhy rhekrgs io t`hir Hurkph >3>3 Oftikofj ^hekrg

    Srkdrfgghs, w`il` frh buh ny Fprij >366. R`hsh pkjily ehfturhs gfy fjsk nh rhjhvfot ekr t`h

    lfobibfth fob pkthotifj lfobibfth lkuotrihs.

    R`h Lkggissiko wijj ush t`h pkjily ehfturhs ibhotieihb fs t`h nfsis ekr suppkrtiod eurt`hr

    hxl`fodhs ke nhst prfltilh fgkod Ghgnhr \tfths fob ekr igprkviod pkjily rhpkrtiod tkkjs

    (h.d. Rrhobl`frt fob H^F-TFRL@). It fjsk stfobs rhfby tk suppkrt lkuotry sphlieil rhvihws

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    iovkjviod iothroftikofj hxphrtish. Io pfrtilujfr, t`h Lkggissiko wijj shhm f ohw strfthdil

    rhjftikos`ip wit` t`h KHLB.

    R`h Lkggissiko lkosibhrs t`ft t`h (Lkgphtitivhohss) Lkuolij lkujb pjfy f ohw rkjh io

    gkoitkriod Ghgnhr \tfths prkdrhss ko t`hir iookvftiko rhekrgs fs pfrt ke t`h kvhrfjj

    hlkokgil lk-krbioftiko uobhr t`h Hurkph >3>3 \trfthdy ('Hurkphfo shghsthr').

    9

    Rk fssist t`h Lkggissiko tk rhspkob tk t`h Hurkphfo Lkuolij's rhquhst, f @id`-Jhvhj pfohj ke

    jhfbiod nusiohss iookvftkrs fob hlkokgists wfs sht up tk ibhotiey pkssinjh iobilftkrs w`il`

    wkujb nhst rhejhlt ^&B fob iookvftiko iothosity fvkibiod bupjilftiko wit` t`h 9 Lkoljusikos ke t`h Hurkphfo Lkuolij ke >8/>5 Gfrl` >363 (HXLK 4/63)363->362/dhkd`hdfo-quioo/`jp/iobhx[ho.`tg

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    HO 3 strfthdy tk nhol`gfrm t`h HX's phrekrgfolh fdfiost its gfio trfbiod pfrtohrs.

    - \tfrtiod igghbifthjy, t`h Lkggissiko wijj gkoitkr kvhrfjj prkdrhss ko iookvftiko

    phrekrgfolh usiod t`h ^hshfrl` fob Iookvftiko Xoiko slkrhnkfrb (shh Foohx II).

    4.3>3 \trfthdy.

    R`h Lkuolij s`kujb pjfy f jhfbiod rkjh io fbkptiod t`h ohlhssfry ghfsurhs tk igprkvh t`h

    HX's erfghwkrm lkobitikos. Ekjjkwiod t`h jfuol` ke t`h Hurkphfo Iookvftiko Sfrtohrs`ips, it

    s`kujb hosurh t`ft t`h lkobitikos frh io pjflh tk fjjkw t`hg tk lkgh tk eruitiko. R`h

    Lkggissiko suddhsts t`ft t`h Lkuolij s`kujb ghht kolh hvhry shghsthr fs fo "IookvftikoLkuolij", nriodiod tkdht`hr t`h rhjhvfot gioisthrs tk tfmh stklm ke prkdrhss fob ibhotiey frhfs

    w`hrh erhs` igphtus gfy nh rhquirhb.

    R`h Hurkphfo Sfrjifghot is iovithb tk divh prikrity tk Iookvftiko Xoiko prkpksfjs fob

    ioitiftivhs, ioljubiod t`h ibhotieilftiko fob sullhss ke t`h Hurkphfo Iookvftiko Sfrtohrs`ips.

    R`h Lkggissiko wkujb whjlkgh t`h Sfrjifghot `kjbiod kolh f yhfr f gfakr pkjily bhnfth ko

    prkdrhss wit` rhprhshotftivhs ke oftikofj pfrjifghots fob stfmh`kjbhrs, tk ibhotiey mhy

    ghssfdhs fob tk mhhp t`h Iookvftiko Xoiko `id` ko t`h pkjitilfj fdhobf.

    R`h Hurkphfo Lkggissiko wijj bhvhjkp t`h ioitiftivhs sht kut io Iookvftiko Xoiko. It wijj

    fssist Ghgnhr \tfths wit` t`h rhekrg ke t`hir systhgs fob tfmh ioitiftivhs tk prkgkth t`hhxl`fodh ke dkkb prfltilh ft fjj jhvhjs. R`h Lkggissiko wijj hxpfob t`h rhgit ke t`h

    Hurkphfo ^hshfrl` Frhf Nkfrb (H^FN) fob ioljubh prkgiohot jhfbhrs erkg nusiohss,

    eiofolh fob ykuod rhshfrl`hrs fob iookvftkrs, tk hvfjufth t`h Iookvftiko Xoiko ko f

    lkotioukus nfsis, rhejhlt ko ohw trhobs, fob prkvibh rhlkgghobftikos ko prikritihs fob

    fltikos. R`h Lkggissiko wijj systhgftilfjjy gkoitkr prkdrhss fob rhpkrt kolh f yhfr ko

    prkdrhss fl`ihvhb. T`hrh fpprkprifth, it wijj gfmh ush ke its prhrkdftivhs uobhr t`h Rrhfty tk

    prkpksh lkuotry-sphlieil rhlkgghobftikos io t`is eihjb tk fssist Ghgnhr \tfths wit` t`hir

    rhekrg prklhss.

    R`h Ghgnhr \tfths (fob t`hir rhdikos) s`kujb hosurh t`ft t`h ohlhssfry dkvhrofolh strulturhs

    frh put io pjflh w`hrh t`hsh bk okt yht hxist. R`hy s`kujb lkobult t`krkud` shje fsshssghots,

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    HO 3>3, fob shhm tk fjjklfth fbbitikofj rhskurlhs tk rhshfrl` fob iookvftiko. R`h Oftikofj

    ^hekrg Srkdrfgghs, w`il` frh buh ny Fprij >366, s`kujb ibhotiey w`ft sphlieil sthps t`hy

    wijj tfmh, ny w`ho fob ie hxphobiturh is iovkjvhb `kw t`is wijj nh fllkuothb ekr. R`h ohw

    Hurkphfo ^hshfrl` Frhf Lkggitthh (H^FL) s`kujb tfmh rhspkosinijity ekr eksthriod prkdrhssny Ghgnhr \tfths io igpjhghotiod t`h Iookvftiko Xoiko, hosuriod t`h ohlhssfry pfrtilipftiko

    erkg iobustry gioistrihs fob lkkrbioftiko wit` t`h Hothrprish Skjily Drkup.

    \tfmh`kjbhrs nusiohss, jklfj fut`kritihs, sklifj pfrtohrs, ekuobftikos, ODKs frh iovithb tk

    suppkrt t`h Iookvftiko Xoiko. R`h Hurkphfo Hlkokgil fob \klifj Lkggitthh fob t`h

    Lkggitthh ke t`h ^hdikos frh iovithb tk wkrm wit` t`h krdfoisftikos fob nkbihs t`hy

    rhprhshot tk gknijish suppkrt, holkurfdh ioitiftivhs fob `hjp bisshgiofth nhst prfltilhs.

    R`h Lkggissiko wijj eflijitfth bhnfth fob hxl`fodhs ke ibhfs fob nhst prfltilh t`rkud`

    kojioh hxl`fodhs fob sklifj ohtwkrmiod eklusiod ko t`h Iookvftiko Xoiko.

    Rk eurt`hr holkurfdh t`is prklhss ke l`fodh fob tk prkgkth fo iookvftiko giob-sht, t`h

    Lkggissiko wijj lkovhoh fo fooufj Iookvftiko Lkovhotiko tk bisluss t`h stfth ke t`h

    Iookvftiko Xoiko, io lkoauoltiko wit` t`h prkpkshb Hurkphfo Sfrjifghot bhnfth. R`is s`kujb

    iovkjvh Gioisthrs, Ghgnhrs ke t`h Hurkphfo Sfrjifghot, nusiohss jhfbhrs, bhfos ke

    uoivhrsitihs fob rhshfrl` lhotrhs, nfomhrs fob vhoturh lfpitfjists, tkp rhshfrl`hrs, iookvftkrs

    fob, jfst nut okt jhfst, litizhos ke Hurkph.

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    HO HO

    FOOHP I \hje fsshssghot tkkj1

    Ehfturhs ke whjj phrekrgiod oftikofj fob rhdikofj rhshfrl` fob iookvftiko

    systhgs

    6. Srkgktiod rhshfrl` fob iookvftiko is lkosibhrhb fs f mhy pkjily iostrughot tk

    ho`folh lkgphtitivhohss fob akn lrhftiko, fbbrhss gfakr sklihtfj l`fjjhodhsfob igprkvh qufjity ke jieh fob is lkgguoilfthb fs sul` tk t`h punjil

    Sunjil fltiko io fjj rhjhvfot pkjily frhfs ioljubiod hbulftiko fob smijjs, t`heuoltikoiod ke prkbult fob shrvilh gfrmhts, eiofolifj gfrmhts, jfnkur gfrmhts,

    hotrhprhohurs`ip fob t`h nusiohss hovirkoghot, iobustrifj pkjily,

    lk`hsiko/spftifj pjfooiod, ioerfstrulturh/ILR fs whjj fs tfxftiko fob ft fjj

    jhvhjs, is bhsidohb fob igpjhghothb io f strfthdil, lk`hrhot fob iothdrfthb

    erfghwkrm dhfrhb tkwfrbs eksthriod iookvftiko fob strhodt`hoiod t`h

    mokwjhbdh nfsh fob euobfghotfj rhshfrl`.

    T`hrh pkjilihs fob euobiod frh eklushb ko sphlieil prikritihs, t`hsh frhiolrhfsiodjy krihothb tkwfrbs fbbrhssiod gfakr sklihtfj l`fjjhodhs, sul` fsrhskurlh heeiliholy, ljigfth l`fodh, fob `hfjt` fob fdhiod, fob tkwfrbs

    bhriviod lkgphtitivh fbvfotfdh erkg eiobiod ohw skjutikos tk tflmjh t`hg.

    >. Bhsido fob igpjhghotftiko ke rhshfrl` fob iookvftiko pkjilihs is sthhrhb ft t`h

    `id`hst pkjitilfj jhvhj fob nfshb ko f gujti-fooufj strfthdy. Skjilihs fob

    iostrughots frh tfrdhthb ft hxpjkitiod lurrhot kr hghrdiod oftikofj/rhdikofj

    strhodt`s wit`io fo HX lkothxt ("sgfrt sphlifjisftiko")

    Fo heehltivh fob stfnjh lhotrh-ke-dkvhroghot strulturh, typilfjjy sthhrhb ny t`h

    tkp pkjitilfj jhvhj, bheiohs nrkfb pkjily krihotftikos ko f gujti-fooufj nfsis fobhosurhs sustfiohb fob prkphrjy lkkrbiofthb igpjhghotftiko. R`is strulturh is

    nflmhb up ny ohtwkrms iovkjviod fjj rhjhvfot stfmh`kjbhrs, sul` fs iobustry,

    rhdikofj fob jklfj fut`kritihs, pfrjifghots fob litizhos, t`hrhny stigujftiod fo

    iookvftiko lujturh fob nuijbiod gutufj trust nhtwhho sliholh fob sklihty.

    F gujti-fooufj strfthdy bheiohs f jigithb ougnhr ke prikritihs, prhlhbhb ny foiothroftikofj fofjysis ke strhodt`s fob whfmohsshs ft oftikofj fob rhdikofj

    jhvhj fob ke hghrdiod kppkrtuoitihs ('sgfrt sphlifjisftiko') fob gfrmht

    bhvhjkpghots, fob prkvibhs f prhbiltfnjh pkjily fob nubdhtfry erfghwkrm.

    R`h strfthdy bujy rhejhlts HX prikritihs, fvkibiod uoohlhssfry bupjilftiko fob

    erfdghotftiko ke heekrts, fob fltivhjy shhms tk hxpjkit kppkrtuoitihs ekr akiotprkdrfggiod, lrkss-nkrbhr lk-kphrftiko fob hxpjkitiod t`h jhvhrfdh heehlts ke

    HX iostrughots. Nijfthrfj lk-kphrftiko wit` oko-HX lkuotrihs is nfshb ko f

    ljhfr strfthdy fob, w`hrh pkssinjh, is lk-krbiofthb wit` t`h kt`hr HX Ghgnhr

    \tfths.

    Fo heehltivh gkoitkriod fob rhvihw systhg is io pjflh, w`il` gfmhs eujj ush kekutput iobilftkrs, iothroftikofj nhol`gfrmiod fob hx-pkst hvfjuftiko tkkjs.

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    HO

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    HO

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    HO

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    HO 3>3 fob wijj nh sunahlt tk

    rhvihw phrikbilfjjy bhphobiod ko t`h fvfijfnijity ke ohw bftf skurlhs fob/ kr ohw pkjily

    krihotftikos. R`h Lkggissiko wijj jkkm ekr fo fbbitikofj phrekrgfolh iobilftkr rhejhltiod

    dhobhr ekr ioljusiko io t`h \lkrhnkfrb.

    Iobilftkr Bftf skurlh

    HOFNJH^\

    @ugfo rhskurlhs

    6.6.6 Ohw bkltkrfth drfbufths (I\LHB 5) phr 6333 pkpujftiko fdhb >8- Shrlhotfdh pkpujftiko fdhb 2 `fviod fttfiohb ft jhfst upphr shlkobfry jhvhjhbulftiko*

    Hurkstft

    Kpho, hxlhjjhot fob fttrfltivh rhshfrl` systhgs

    6.>.6 Iothroftikofj slihotieil lk-punjilftikos phr gijjiko pkpujftiko R`kgsko/\lkpus

    6.>.> \lihotieil punjilftikos fgkod t`h tkp 63% gkst lithb punjilftikos wkrjbwibhfs % ke tktfj slihotieil punjilftikos ke t`h lkuotry

    R`kgsko/\lkpus

    6.>.< Oko-HX bkltkrfth stubhotsphr gijjiko pkpujftiko Hurkstft/KHLB

    Eiofolh fob suppkrt

    6..6.6 Nusiohss &B hxphobiturhs fs % ke DBS Hurkstft

    >.6.> Oko-^&B iookvftiko hxphobiturhs fs % ke turokvhr Hurkstft

    Jiomfdhs & hotrhprhohurs`ip

    >.>.6 \GHs iookvftiod io-`kush fs % ke \GHs Hurkstft

    Oko-bkghstil bkltkrfj stubhots ekr oko-Hurkphfo lkuotrihs.

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    HO .>.> Iookvftivh \GHs lkjjfnkrftiod wit` kt`hrs fs % ke \GHs Hurkstft

    >.>.< Sunjil-privfth lk-punjilftikos phr gijjiko pkpujftiko R`kgsko/\lkpus

    Iothjjhltufj Fsshts

    >.. SLR pfthot fppjilftikos io sklihtfj l`fjjhodhs phr nijjiko DBS (io SS\)(ljigfth l`fodh gitidftiko= `hfjt`)

    KHLB

    >..

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    HO >

    ->8

    ->3

    -69

    -6>0

    -2 0

    6>

    -44

    -630

    -6>>

    -84

    -650

    -33 -633 3 633

    IOOKUFRIKO DFS

    Ohw bkltk rfth bhdrhhs

    Rhrtifry hbulftiko

    Iothroftikofj lk-punjilftikos

    G kst lithb punjilftikos

    Sunjil &B hxphobiturhs

    Uhoturh lfpitfj

    Nusiohss ^&B hxphobiturhs

    Sunjil-privfth lk-punjilftikos

    SLR pfthots

    \klihtfj l`fjjhodhs

    Rrfbhgfrms

    MIF hgpjkyghot

    G hb/`i-thl` prkbult hxpkrts

    MI\ hxpkrts

    Jilhosh fob pfthot rhvhouhs

    Iookvftiko drkwt` Afpfo

    -63% -8% 3% 8% 63% 68% >3%

    IOOKUFRIKO DFS

    Ohw bkltk rfth bhdrhhs

    Rhrtifry hbulftiko

    Iothroftikofj lk -punjilftikos

    G kst lithb punjilftikos

    Sunjil ^&B hxphobiturhs

    Uhoturh lfpitfj

    Nusiohss ^&B hxphobiturhs

    Sunjil-privfth lk-punjilftikos

    SLR pfthots

    \klihtfj l`fjjhodhs

    Rrfbhgfrms

    MIF hgpjkyghot

    G hb/`i-thl` prkbult hxpkrts

    MI\ hxpkrt s

    Jilhosh fob pfthot rhvhouhs

    HX

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    HO

    09

    23

    6

    963

    -33 -633 3 633

    IOOKUFRIKO DFS

    Ohw bkltk rfth bhdrhhs

    Rhrtifry hbulftiko

    Iothroftikofj lk-punjilftikos

    G kst lithb punjilftikos

    Sunjil &B hxphobiturhs

    Uhoturh lfpitfj

    Nusiohss ^&B hxphobiturhs

    Sunjil-privfth lk-punjilftikos

    SLR pfthots

    \klihtfj l`fjjhodhs

    Rrfbhgfrms

    MIF hgpjkyghot

    G hb/`i-thl` prkbult hxpkrts

    MI\ hxpkrts

    Jilhosh fob pfthot rhvhouhs

    Iookvftiko drkwt` L`iof

    -63% 3% 63% >3% 330 ekr fjj iobilftkrs hxlhpt1 iothroftikofj

    lk-punjilftikos (>339)= gkst lithb punjilftikos (>334)= punjil privfth lk-punjilftikos (>334)=

    SLR pfthots (>334)= MIF hgpjkyghot (>334). Ekr Afpfo1 bftf okt fvfijfnjh ekr vhoturh

    lfpitfjfob gkst rhlhot bftf ko MIF hgpjkyghot is >338. Ekr L`iof1 bftf okt fvfijfnjh ekr

    ohw bkltkrfth bhdrhhs, vhoturh lfpitfj, lkst ke pfthots, MIF hgpjkyghot.

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    HO 26 HO

    Fllhjhrftiod t`h lrhftiko ke t`h ohlhssfry erfghwkrm lkobitikos fob bhgfob, w`il` wijj ohhb

    tk ioljubh igprkviod rujhs ekr ljioilfj trifjs fob thstiod, efst-trflmiod fsshssghot prklhburhs

    ke ohw ghbiliohs ny t`h Hurkphfo Ghbiliohs Fdholy, pfthotiod fob pfthot prkthltiko,

    rhdujftkry rhquirhghots sul` fs ghfsurhs tk prkthlt ghbilfj fob phrskofj bftf,

    rhignurshghot t`rkud` oftikofj `hfjt` iosurfolh sl`hghs fob lk-krbiofthb prklurhghots ny

    t`h punjil shltkr (ohtwkrms ke punjil fut`kritihs), hosuriod iothrkphrfnijity fob shttiod

    stfobfrbs fob rhehrholh sphlieilftikos ekr ohw hquipghot fob shrvilhs ekr thjhghbilioh fobiobhphobhot jiviod, shttiod up f euob ekr lfrh iookvftiko fob ekr krp`fo bishfshs, fob

    tflmjiod pkssinjh gfrmht fllhss knstfljhs io t`irb lkuotrihs.

    Frhfs s`kujb fjsk nh ibhotieihb (nkt` io ^&B fob rhjfthb issuhs sul` fs stfobfrbisftiko) io

    w`il` lkkphrftiod wit` t`irb lkuotrihs wkujb nh ohlhssfry kr bhsirfnjh.

    R`is wkujb trfosjfth iotk f jigithb ougnhr ke wkrm pflmfdhs prkpksiod fltikos t`ft fig tk

    fl`ihvh t`h strfthdil knahltivhs1

    Eiobiod fob bhpjkyiod iookvftivh skjutikos, ljioilfj thsts, ghbiliohs fob trhftghots, tklkgnft fob fbbrhss fdh-rhjfthb l`rkoil bishfshs (sul` fs Fjz`highr's, Sfrmiosko's fs whjj

    fs lfolhr, bifnhths, lfrbikvfslujfr bishfshs fob kt`hr l`rkoil bishfshs), w`ijst ft t`h sfghtigh prkvibiod punjil suppkrt ekr rhshfrl` ko jhss-erhquhot, rfrh kr krp`fo fdh-rhjfthb

    bishfshs (t`ft bk okt fttrflt sueeilihot ftthotiko erkg privfth rhshfrl` euobiod)=

    Bhvhjkpiod ohw iookvftivh pkjilihs fob nusiohss gkbhjs ekr gkrh iothdrfthb `hfjt` fobsklifj lfrh systhgs ekr t`h hjbhrjy, igprkviod `kgh-nfshb fob shje-lfrh= fs whjj fs

    tfijkriod fob bhpjkyiod ko f jfrdh slfjh ohw iookvftivh (ioljubiod ILR-nfshb) skjutikos ekr

    jkod-thrg lfrh ke t`h hjbhrjy sul` fs l`rkoil bishfsh gfofdhghot. R`is wkrm pflmfdh wijj

    fjsk ioljubh eksthriod punjil prklurhghot fob @RF HX lkkphrftiko wkujb fjsk lkotrinuth

    tk t`is knahltivh. Srkgktiod t`h bhvhjkpghot fob iotrkbultiko ke iookvftivh skjutikos,

    ioljubiod ILR- nfshb fob kt`hr thl`okjkdihs, ekr prkbults, bhvilhs fob shrvilhs

    sphlieilfjjy suitfnjh ekr t`h hjbhrjy, tk `hjp t`hg jhfb gkrh fltivh fob iobhphobhot jivhs,

    sul` fs fjfrg fob sfehty systhgs, bfijy jiviod suppkrt, efjj prhvhotiko, sklifj iothrfltiko

    shrvilhs fob `kgh rknktils, fob sphlieil fllhss tk t`h iothroht.

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    HO 2> HO

    t`h wkrm ke t`rhh tfsm ekrlhs, lkgpkshb ke hxphrts, prfltitikohrs fob ushrs, w`k wijj hfl`

    eklus ko t`h bhvhjkpghot fob igpjhghotftiko ke t`h wkrm pflmfdhs.

    R`h pfrtohrs`ip s`kujb prkbulh heeiliholy dfios ekr fjj pfrtilipfots. R`h Lkggissiko, ekr its

    pfrt, wijj strhfgjioh fob sigpjiey hxistiod ioitiftivhs io t`is frhf. Ekr hxfgpjh, rhjhvfot

    thl`okjkdy pjftekrgs, akiot prkdrfggiod, jhfb gfrmht ioitiftivhs fob kt`hr rhjhvfot prkahlts

    eiofolhb ny t`h HX erfghwkrm prkdrfgghs wijj nh iothdrfthb iotk t`h pfrtohrs`ip.

    R`h eirst tfsm ke t`h sthhriod nkfrb wijj nh wit` t`h fssistfolh ke t`h tfsm ekrlhs - tk brfw up,

    wit`io six gkot`s, f strfthdil wkrm prkdrfggh bheioiod f rhshfrl` fdhobf, fob prikritihs ekr

    bhgkostrftikos fob jfrdh slfjh bhpjkyghot, ibhotieyiod wfys tk pkkj hxphrtish, fsshssiod t`h

    jhvhj ke euobiod rhquirhb fob its skurlhs fob sphlieyiod t`h bhpjkyghot ke iostrughots fob

    pkjilihs tk efst-trflm rhshfrl` fob iookvftiko rhsujts fob dht prkbults fob shrvilhs tk gfrmht

    wit`kut uoohlhssfry bhjfys. R`is s`kujb ioljubh fo io-bhpt` fofjysis ke rhshfrl` ohhbs fob

    wkrm fjrhfby uobhrtfmho tk fvkib bupjilftiko fob hosurh t`ft t`h pfrtohrs`ip lfo nuijb ko t`h

    gkst rhlhotjy fvfijfnjh mokwjhbdh fob hxphrtish. Gijhstkohs fob gkoitkriod iostrughots ekr

    igpjhghotftiko s`fjj nh bheiohb. F sphlieil wkrmiod drkup wijj suppkrt t`h sthhriod nkfrb io

    bhvhjkpiod gkoitkriod iobilftkrs fob bftf lkjjhltiko.

    Eurt`hr pkthotifj Iookvftiko Sfrtohrs ips sk efr hxfgiohb ny t`h Lkggissiko

    \gfrt Litihs

    Ny >3>3, fob tfmiod >363 fs f nfshjioh, t`h fig is tk suppkrt f ougnhr ke pikohhriod

    Hurkphfo litihs (wit` f tktfj pkpujftiko ke ft jhfst >3 gijjiko) io rhbuliod t`hir lfrnko

    hgissikos ny gkrh t`fo >3%, iolrhfsiod t`h s`frh ke rhohwfnjh hohrdy io t`h hohrdy ushb ekr

    hjhltrility suppjy, `hftiod fob lkkjiod ny >3%, fob iolrhfsiod hob-ush hohrdy heeiliholy ny

    >3%. R`h Sfrtohrs`ip wijj bhgkostrfth t`h ehfs


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