dNofÍgk|ltj]bg · #=^ k|efj 34 #=^=! /f]huf/Ldf a[l4 34 #=^=@ kfl/jfl/s cfDbfgLdf a[l4 36 #=& n3'...

/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u/fli6«o of]hgf tyf cg'udg Ifdtf ;'b[9Ls/0f cfof]hgf

pBf]u dGqfnoåf/f ;~rflntn3'–pBd ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] :jtGq d"NofÍg

d"NofÍg k|ltj]bg

!# df3 @)&@

gdf{ sG;N6]G;L k|f= ln=#( – k|flrg dfu{, gof jfg]Zj/, sf7df9f}+, g]kfnkq d~h'iff M !#%#^kmf]g M ))(&&!$$^#)@!Ù ˆofS; M ))(&&!$$*#$@&Od]n M [email protected]]a;fO{6 M www.narma.org.np

d"NofÍgn] ;d]6]sf lhNnfx?

n3'–pBd ljsf; sfo{qmd

:jtGq d"NofÍg k|ltj]bg

gdf{ sG;N6]G;L k|f= ln=gof jfg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn

!# df3 @)&@

zJb;f/;+lIfKt ?k g]kfnLdf ?kfGt/ cªu|]hL k"/f ?k

c>; ILO cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g International Labor Organization

cf=j= FY cfly{s jif{ Fiscal Year

O{l8Pk\m÷plj; EDF pBd ljsf; ;xhstf{ Enterprise Development Facilitator

Pd\O{8L;L MEDC n3' pBd l;h{gf tyf ljsf; Micro Enterprise Creation andDevelopment

P;cfO{jfO{aL SIYB Joj;fo z'? / ;'wf/ tflnd Start and Improve Your Business

uflj; VDC ufp+ ljsf; ;ldlt Village Development Office

u};; NGO u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf Non-government Organisation

3;fpljlj CSIDD 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf;ljefu

Cottage and Small IndustryDevelopment Department

3;fpljjf] CSIDB 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; jf]8{ Cottage and Small IndustryDevelopment Board

lhplj; DEDC lhNnf pBd ljsf; ;ldlt District Enterprise DevelopmentCommittee

lh3;fpljsf DCSIO 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usfof{no District Cottage and Small IndustryOffice

lh3;fplj; DCSIDC lhNnf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf;;ldlt

District Cottage and Small IndustryDevelopment Committee

lhlj; DDC lhNnf ljsf; sfof{no District Development Office

hLP;\cfO{PdcfO{P;

GSIMIS n}lËs tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLJoj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL

Gender and Social InclusiveManagement Information System

l6cf]P;O{ TOSE 5gf}6 ePsf pBdLx?sf] tflnd Training of Selected Entrepreneurs

l6cf]O{O{ TOEE ;~rfngdf /x]sf pBdLx?sf]tflnd

Training of Existing Entrepreneurs

l6cf]hLO{ TOGE ljsf;f]Gd'v pBdLx?sf] tflnd Training of Growing Entrepreneurs

l6cf]kLO{ TOPE ;DefAo pBdLx?sf] tflnd Training of Potential Entrepreneurs

l8d]uf DMEGA lhNnf n3' pBdL ;d"x ;‹ District Micro Entrepreneurs’ GroupAssociation

k|k|f; CTA k|d'v k|fljlws ;Nnfxsf/ Chief Technical Advisor

d]u MEG n3' pBd ;d"x Micro Entrepreneurs’ Group

d]uf MEGA n3' pBd ;d"x ;‹ Micro Entrepreneurs’ GroupAssociation

d]8]k MEDEP n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmd Micro Enterprise DevelopmentProgramme

d]8kf MEDPA ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] nflu n3' pBdljsf; sfo{qmd

Micro Enterprise Development forPoverty Alleviation

/fof]cf NPC /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u National Planning Commission

npljsf] MEDF n3' pBd ljsf; sf]if Micro Enterprise Development Fund

Jolj;] BDS Joj;flos ljsf; ;]jf Business Development Service

Jolj;]k| BDSPs Joj;flos ljsf; ;]jf k|bfosx? Business Development ServiceProviders

Jolj;]k|;+ BDSPO Jjoj;flos ljsf; ;]jf k|bfos;+:yf

Business Development ServiceProviding Organisation

;f;'s] CFC ;femf ;'ljwf s]Gb| Common Facility Centre

;];L CECI cGt/f{li6«o cWoog tyf ;xof]us]Gb|

Centre for International Studies andCooperation

;+/f;ljsf UNDP ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;‹Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd United Nations DevelopmentProgramme

If]k;sf APSO If]qLo kl/of]hgf ;xof]u sfof{no Area Project Support Office

ljifo ;"rL

sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z 1

kl/R5]b ! M kl/ro 8

!=! d"NofÍsg k[i7e"ld 8!=@ d"NofÍgsf] p2]Zo 8!=# d"NofÍgaf6 cfzfltt pknlAw 9!=$ d"NofÍgsf] k|f?k 9!=% d"NofÍg ljlw 9!=^ tYofÍ ljZn]if0f 10!=^=! kl/df0ffTds ljlw 11!=^=@ ;fFlVosL ljZn]if0f 11!=^=# lqsf]0ffTds ljZn]if0f 11!=& d"NofÍgsf] ;Ldf 11!=* d"NofÍg k|ltj]bgsf] :j?k 11

kl/R5]b @ M n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] cfwf/e"t hfgsf/L 12

@=! n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmd -d]8]k_ 12@=!=# d]8]k df]8]n tyf sfof{Gjog /0fgLlt 13@=@ d]8kfdf d]8]k]sf] cfGtl/sLs/0f 15@=# ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmd -d]8kf_ 15@=#=! kl/ro tyf sfo{s|d lj:tf/ 15@=$ sfof{Gjog lgsfo 17@=% sfo{qmdsf] nfut 17@=^ sfo{qmdsf] n3' pBdL l;h{gf ;DaGwL k|ltkmn 18

kl/R5]b # M tYofÍ ljZn]if0f kl/0ffd 21

#=! :ofDkn n3' pBdLsf] ljt/0ftyf ljz]iftf 21#=@ n3' pBdLsf] btf{÷;b:otf :yLlt 21#=#= sfo{s|dsf] ;fGble{stfM 22#=#=! pBdLx?sf] cfjZostf ;Daf]wg 22#=#=@ 5gf}6 k|ls|ofdf ;Gt'i6tf 23#=$ sfo{s|dsf] k|efjsf/Ltf 23#=$=! pBd ;~rfngsf] xfnsf] cj:yf 23#=$=@ Ifdtf clea[l4 25#=$=# n3' pBd :yfkgf kZrft k|fKt;]jf 27#=$=$ Joj;flos of]hgf th'{df tyf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf 27#=$=% n3' pBd ;]jf tyf pTkfbg ;DaGwL hfgsf/L 27#=$=^ n3' pBd ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos k|fljlws ;]jf 28#=$=& ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 x'g] u/]sf] cg'udg ljj/0f 28#=$=* shf{ ;]jf ljj/0f 29#=$=( d];Lg/L÷cf}hf/ tyf ef}lts k"jf{wf/ Joj:yfkg 30#=% sfo{bIftf 30#=%=! nfut tyf nfe ljZn]if0f 30#=%=@ cfDbfgL kmng tyf sfo{bIftf ljZn]if0f 32

#=^ k|efj 34#=^=! /f]huf/Ldf a[l4 34#=^=@ kfl/jfl/s cfDbfgLdf a[l4 36#=& n3' pBd ;~rfngdf lbuf]kgf 37#=* pBdLsf] ljleÌ k"FhL ;daGwL hfgsf/L 38#=( pBdLsf] a;fO{ ;/fO{ ;DaGwL hfgsf/L 38#=!) vfB ;'/Iff l:ylt 39#=!! d"NofÍg glthfsf] ;f/f+z 39

kl/R5]b $ M glthfsf] d"NofÍg 41

$=! n3' pBd sfo{qmdsf] ;fGble{stf 41$=@ sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsfl/tf 42$=# sfo{qmdsf] sfo{bIftf 44$=$ sfo{qmdsf] k|efj 46$=% sfo{qmdsf] lbuf]kgf 48$=^ ;dfj]zLs/0f 50$=& clwsf/jfnfx?sf] ;Gt'li6 51$=* glthfsf] ;du| d"NofÍg 52

kl/R5]b % M l;kmfl/; tyf sfo{ of]hgf 61

%=! ;du| l;kmfl/;x? -k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df_ 61%=!=! jt{dfg d]8kf /0fgLlt cjlw leq 61%=!=@ cf=j= @)&$÷&% kZrft 63%=@ gLltut tx df l;kmfl/; 63%=# sfo{uttx df l;kmfl/; 64%=@ sfo{ of]hgf 66%=@=! cNksfnLg of]hgf 66%=@=@ dWodsfnLg sfo{ of]hgf 68%=@=# bL3{sfnLg sfo{ of]hgf 68

kl/R5]b ^ M l;s]sf kf7x? 69

;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx? 70

cg';"rLx? 73

cg';"rL @=!M d]8]k rf}yf] r/0fsf] ;+lIfKt ;f]r tflnsf 73cg';"rL @=@ M d]8kfsf] ;+lIfKt ;f]r tflnsf 76cg';"rL # M n3' pBdLsf] ljj/0f 79cg';"rL #=! :ofDkn n3' pBdLsf] ljt/0f 79cg';"rL #=@ M pBd :yfkgf k"j{ n3' pBd ;DaGwL ;xof]u, Ifdtf clea[l4 tyf k|efjsfl/tf 80cg';"rL #=# M n3' pBdLsf] nfe–nfut ljZn]if0f 81cg';"rL #=$ M k|fljlws sfo{bIftf d"NofÍg ljlw 86cg';"rL #=%M pBdLx?sf] ljleÌ cfDbfgL ;d"xdf ljt/0f 88cg';"rL #=^M ef}lts ;DklQx? 89cg';"rL #=&M M 3/fo;L ef}lts ;DklQ 90cg';"rL #=* M 3/fo;L kz'wg 90cg';"rL #=( M lzIffdf k/]sf] k|efj 90

cg';"rL #=!) M dlxnf ;zlQms/0f tyf ;dfj]zLs/0f 90cg';"rL #=!! M sfo{qmdaf6 pBdLsf] a;fO{ ;/fO{ df ePsf] kl/jt{g 91cg';"rL #=!@ M vfB ;'/Iffdf ePsf] kl/jt{g 92cg';"rL $=! M nB' pBdLsf] cWofjlws ;"rL 93

kl/lzi6fÍ 94

kl/R5]b ! M d"NofÍg ljlw 95

!=! d"NofÍgsf] k|f?k 95!=@ d"NofÍgsf] ljifoIf]q 96!=# d"NofÍgsf k|d'v ;jfn tyf tYofÍ >f]t 99!=$ d"NofÍgsf] p2]Zo cg';f/ d"NofÍg dfkb08 tyf ;"rsx? 110!=% d"NofÍgsf dfkb08 tyf ;DalGwt k|ZgfjnLsf] tfbfTDotf 112!=^ tYofÍ ÷;"rgfsf] >f]t 112!=& tYofÍ ;Íng ljlw 113!=&=!= k|f/lDes tYofÍ ;Íng 113!=&=@= låtLos tYofÍ ;Íng 115!=&=# cltl/Qm hfgsf/L ;Íng ljlw 115!=&=$ ;jfndf cfwfl/t dfldnf cWoog 116

kl/R5]b @ M k|ZgfjnLx? 117

@=! n3' pBd÷pBdL k|ZgfjnL 117@=@ sfo{qmd kbflwsf/LnfO{ ;f]Wg]k|ZgfjnL -sfkk|_ 138@=# ;d"x s]lGb|t 5nkmnsf] r]slni6 -;s]5_ 144@=$ d]8]k tyf d]8kf ;DaGwL ;Gbe{ u|Gy ;dLIffaf6 ;Íng ul/g] hfgsf/Lx? -;;_ 146@=% hflgkmsf/ JolQm÷lgsfo ;e]{If0f -hflg;_ 150@=^ n3' pBdL;‹x?af6 ;Íng ul/g] hfgsf/L 153@=& s]Gb|Lo ;+:yfx?af6 ;Íng ug'{kg]{ hfgsf/Lx? -s];;_ 154

pBf]u dGqfnoåf/f ;~rflnt n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] d"NofÍg

d"NofÍg k|ltj]bg 1

sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z

!= d"NofÍsg k[i7e"ld Mg]kfndf lbuf] ul/jL lgjf/0f tyf cfocfh{g j[l4sf] nflu /fli6«o :t/df g]kfn ;/sf/, pBf]u dGqfnoåf/fljkGg tyf ul/jL /]vfd'lg /x]sf hgtfx?nfO{ nlIft u/L sfof{Gjogdf /x]]sf sfo{s|dx?dWo] n3' pBd ljsf;sfo{s|d (d]8]k—MEDEP) / ul/jL lgjf/0fsf nflu n3' pBd lasf; sfo{qmd -d]8kf–MEDPA_ klg x'g\ . lj=;+@)%% -;g\ !((*_ df kl/If0f (Pilot) sf] ?kdf z'? ePsf]] n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmd -d]8]k_ g]kfn ;/sf/dftxtsf] pBf]u dGqfno / ;Fo'Qm /fi6« ;‹Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] Ps ;Fo'Qm k|of; xf] . o; sfo{qmdn]ul/jLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf u|fdL0f hgtfnfO{ nlIft u/L pBdzLntf ljsf;dfkm{t ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf ;3fpk'¥ofp+b} s|da4 ?kdf nlIft ;d"xx?sf nflu /f]huf/L l;h{gf ub}{ cfPsf]] 5 . of] sfo{qmdsf] klxnf] r/0f -lj=;+= @)%%–@)%(_ df !) lhNnfdf kl/If0fsf] ?kdf z'?eO{ bf];|f] r/0f -lj=;+= @)^) – @)^$_ df yk !%lhNnf / t];|f] r/0f -lj=;+= @)^% – @)&)_ df yk !# lhNnf u/L #* lhNnfdf lj:tf/ ul/Psf] 5.n3' pBdljsf; tyf k|j4{gsf] nflu d]8]kn] kl/If0f u/L lj:tf/ u/]sf] n3' pBd ljsf; df]8n d]8]k df]8]nsf] gfdaf6lrlgG5 .

ul/aL lgjf/0fdf d]8]ksf] ;kmntfnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ pBf]u dGqfnon] g]kfn;/sf/sf] lgoldt sfo{qmddf ;dflxt ug]{ pb]Zo ;lxt cfly{s jif{ @)^^÷^& b]lv g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ah]6laefhgaf6 ul/jL lgjf/0fsf nflu n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmd -d]8kf_ sfof{Gjogdf NofO{ d]8]k df]8nsf]cfGtl/sLs/0f k|s[of z'? u/sf] xf] . of] sfo{s|d cf=j=@)^^÷^& df !* lhNnfaf6 z'? u/L xfn ^$lhNnfx?df rfn' 5 . cf= j= @)&$÷&% ;Dddf &% lhNnfdf lj:tf/ u/L ;Sg] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] nIo 5 .d]8kf sfo{s|d lhNnf n3' pBd sfof{Gjog ;ldltsf] dftxt lhNnf l:yt 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefu /;ldltsf sfof{nox?n] sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ .

ljutdf, d]8]k sfo{qmdsf] bft[ lgsfo tyf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ;+o'Qm ?kdf d"NofÍg eP klg xfn ;Dd t]>f]kIfaf6 :jtGq ?kdf /fli6«o:t/sf] d"NofÍg gePsf], d]8kfn] d]8]k df]8]n xfn;Dd sltsf] k|efjsf/L ?kdfcfGtl/sLs/0f tyf k|lts[tLs/0f (Replication) ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 5, cfGtl/sLs/0fsf jt{dfg r'gf}tLx? s]–s]x'g\ / n3' pBd sfo{qmdnfO{ cem} lj:t[t tyf Jofks t'NofO{ ul/a tyf lgd'vfx?df s;/L k|efjsf/L ?kdfk'¥ofO{ ltgLx?sf] cfly{s tyf /f]huf/Ldf a[l4 ug{÷u/fpg ;lsg] 5 eÌ] k|df0fsf] cfwf/df tYout hfgsf/Llng ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;‹Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] ;xof]udf ;~rflnt /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u cGtu{tsf] /fli6«oof]hgf tyf cg'udg Ifdtf ;'b[9Ls/0f cfof]hgfn] of] :jtGq d"NofÍsg u/fPsf] xf].

@= d"NofÍgsf] p2]Zo Mof] :jtGq d"NofÍgsf] k|d'v p2]Zo n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmd -d]8kfsf] z'? b]lv -@)^^÷^&_ b]lv @)&)÷&! ;Ddtyf d]8]kaf6 ;f]lx cjlw leq ;~rflnt_ n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . o;sf ljlzi6p2]Zox? lgDg 5g\ .

s_ d]8]k tyf d]8kfåf/f ;~rflnt sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog k|s[of tyf sfo{ ;Dkfbg:t/ d"NofÍg ug'{v_ n3' pBd sfo{qmddf ul/a, clt ul/a, dlxnf, o'jf, blnt, dw];L tyf cGo nlIft ;d"xsf]

;dfj]zLs/0f tyf pgLx?sf] sfo{qmd k|ltsf] ;Gt'li6sf] d"NofÍg ug'{u_ d]8]k tyf d]8kfåf/f ;~rflnt sfo{qmdaf6 nlIft ;d"xsf] hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ tyf ul/aL lgjf/0fdf

ePsf] of]ubfg af/] d"NofÍg ug'{3_ d]8kf sfo{qmddf d]8]k df]8]nsf] cfGtl/sLs/0f k|s[ofsf] d"NofÍg ug'{ tyf eljiodf n3' pBd

ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] nflu ckgfpg'kg]{ gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf kl/of]hgfdf ;xof]uL x'g] vfnsfl;sfO{sf] vf]hL ug'{ .

#= d"NofÍg ljlw Mof] d"NofÍgsf] nflu cfjZos hfgsf/L, tYofÍ tyf ;"rgf k|f/lDes tyf låltos b'j} dfWodaf6 n3' pBd,n3' pBdL, pBdL ;d"x, lhNnf:t/ tyf /fli6«o :t/sf] n3' pBd ;Ë ;DalGwt ;ldltx? tyf Joj;fo ;]jf


d"NofÍg k|ltj]bg 2

k|bfos ;+:yfx?, n3' pBd ;Ë ;DalGwt sfo{s|d kbflwsf/L cGt{jftf{, n3' pBd cjnf]sg, k|sflztk|ltj]bg/ ;fdu|Lx?sf] ;dLIff, hflgkmsf/ JolQm cGtjf{tf, ;d"x s]Gb|Lt 5nkmn tyf ;jfndf cfwfl/tljlwx?af6 ;Íng ul/Psf] 5 . o; d"NofÍgdf ;dfj]z ( lhNnfx? -;f]n'v'Da', /;'jf, sfe|], u'NdL, ;'v]{t,;'g;/L, ;nf{xL, af+s] / s~rgk'/_ df lg?b]ZoLo :oflDKnª ljlwaf6 5flgPsf d]8]k tkm{sf] ^%) tyf d]8kftkm{sf] $(& u/L s'n !!$& n3' pBdLx?;+u k|ZgfjnLsf] k|of]u u/L lnO{Psf] :ynut cGt{jftf{af6 k|fKtpQ/x?nfO{ kl/df0ffTds tyf u'0ffTds ljflwaf6 k|fKt ljZn]if0f (Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis)sf kl/0ffdnfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . u'0ffTds k4ltaf6 k|fKt ;"rgf tyf kl/df0ffTds ljlwaf6 tYofÍx?nfO{klxn]sf cWoog k|ltj]bg, :ynut lg/LIf0f, låtLo ;|f]taf6 k|fKt ;"rgfx? tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?af6 k|fKthfgsf/LnfO{ ;Ë} /fv]/ ljj]rgf ul/Psf] 5 . o; d"NofÍgdf s|dz s[lif, u}/s[lif, jgdf cfwfl/t, ;]jfdfcfwfl/t, vfBdf cfwfl/t / cGo $$, @^, !@, (, ^, / $ k|ltzt n3' pBdLx? ;dfj]z 5g\ .

of] d"NofÍgn] d"NofÍgsf & cfwf/÷vDaf -;fGble{stf, k|efjsfl/tf sfo{bIftf, k|efj, lbuf]kgf, ;dfj]zLs/0f,clwsf/jfnfx?sf] ;Gt'li6_ sf] k|f/lDes tyf låltos b'j} dfWodaf6 k|fKt tYofÍ n]vfhf]vf u/L *ljifoIf]qdf &! j6f ;"rsx?df cfwfl/t e} ;DkGg ul/Psf] 5 .

$= d"NofÍg lgisif{÷kl/0ffd MpBf]u dGqfnon] sfof{Gjog ub}{ u/]sf] n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{s|d -d]8]k tyf d]8kf_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljsf;gLlt, sfo{s|d tyf hgtfx?sf] tTsfnsf] cfjZostfx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Ifd eO{ lgs} ;fGble{s tyf cltljkGg tyf ljsf;df kl5 k/]sf dlxnf, blnt tyf hghftLx?nfO{ kl/nlIft u/]sf] x'+bf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf]b[li6sf]0fn] klg clt pko'Qm 5 . o; sfo{s|dnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfGtl/sLs/0f ug]{ gLlt l:jsf/ u/L ^$lhNnfdf lj:tf/ ;d]t u/L ;s]sf] jt{dfg cj:yf 5 . t/ sfof{Gjog txdf cfjZos hgzlQmdf d'VotMpBd ljsf; ;xhstf{÷pknAw u/fpg g;s]sf], /fli6«o cf}Bf]lus gLlt cg'?k n3' pBd sfo{s|d ;~rfngu/L :t/f]GGtL ug]{ tkm{ s[ofsnfk ck]lIft ?kdf cufl8 a9\g g;s]sf], sfo{s|d sfof{Gjg tyf ;]jf k|jfxdfk|To]If n3' pBdLx? ;Ë b}lgs ;Dks{df /xg' kg]{, Joj;flos ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfx?sf] lgo'lQmdf l9nfO{ tyfn3' pBdx? ljsf; k|f?k÷9fFrf -d]8]k df]8n_ sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos kg]{ Go"gtd cjlw÷;do lbgg;s]sf], lhNnf n3' pBdL ;d"x÷;+3;Ësf] cfj4tf sdhf]/ ePaf6 ck]lIft ?kdf k|efjsf/Ltf tyfsfo{bIftf 7Ls} dfq ePsf]n] k|efj (Impact) / lbuf]kg (Sustainability) 7Ls} b]lvof] . o; tkm{ pBf]udGqfnon] ljz]if Wofg lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . o; d"Nof+sgdf ul/jL lgjf/0fsf] nflu % jif]{ /0flgtLs of]]hgf cjlwleq ;DkGg ug'{ kg]{ / @)&$÷&% kl5 ckgfpg' kg]{ l;kmfl/; ;lxt n3' pBd sfo{s|dnfO{ :yflgo lgsfodflgIf]lkt ug{ / :t/f]GgtL eO{ ;s]sf n3' pBdLx?nfO{ yk ;xof]u / ;]jf k'¥ofpg j}slNks æpBd ljsf;sfo{s|dÆ ;~rfng ug{ ;d]t l;kmfl/; u/]sf] 5 .

s_ d]8]k tyf d]8kfåf/f ;~rflnt sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog k|s[of tyf sfo{ ;Dkfbg:t/ d"NofÍgo; d"NofÍgsf] cjlwdf d]8]kn] #* lhNnfdf @$,)&% n3' pBdL l;h{gf ug]{ nIo /fv]sf]df nIo eGbf %k|ltzt a9L k|ult u/L @%,&@) tyf d]8kfn] %% lhNnfdf @!, ^%$ (*# k|ltzt k|ult) s'n $^,(@$ n3'pBdL l;h{gf ePsf] b]lvG5 . :ofDkndf k/]sf gf} lhNnfx? dWo] d]8]k tkm{sf lhNnfx?df of] d"NofÍgcjlwdf n3' pBd l;h{gf nIo eGbf k|ult a9L ePsf] b]lvof] eg] d]8kf sfo{qmdsf lhNnfx?df sl/a nIoa/fa/ n3' pBdL l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . d]8]kaf6 k|fKt hfgsf/L cg';f/ d]8]kn] l;h{gf u/]sf n3' pBdL dWo]!% k|ltzt lglZqmo /x]sf 5g\ eg] d]8kfn] l;h{gf u/L k|j4{g u/]sf n3' pBdLdf ;fdfGotof @) b]lv $)k|ltzt ;Dd lglZqmo /x]sf] d]8kf sfo{qmdsf] cg'dfg 5 . t/ o; d"NofÍgdf d]8]kn] l;h{gf u/]sf] ^%)pBdL / d]8kfn] l;h{gf u/]sf] $(& pBdL] ;j]{If0f ePsf]df d]8]ksf] @(% -$%=#*Ü_ tyf d]8kfsf] @*%-%&=#$Ü_ xfn ;~rfngdf g/x]sf b]lvof] . kfl/:yltsLo If]q tyf pBdsf] k|sf/ cg';f/ t/fO{df ^) k|ltzttyf cGo If]qdf $! b]lv $# k|ltzt ;~rfngdf g/x]sf] kfOof] . t/fO{df ^) k|ltzt ;~rfngdf g/x]sf]glthf k|fKt x'gdf jt{dfg dw]z cfGbf]ng, t/fO{ gfsfjlGb tyf :yflgo hgtf nlIft ;d"xsf] cfs|f]z :ki6b]lvGYof] . %÷^ dlxgf b]lv sRrf kbfy{sf] cefj, cfjudgdf /f]s tyf ahf/ kx'Frdf cj/f]wn] ubf{ pBdLx?aGb x'g k'u]sf] / ;DalGwt lgsfox?sf] cg'udg tyf ;'kl/j]If0f x'g g;s]sf] l:ylt Psf tkm{ lyof] eg] csf]{tkm{ !@ a}zfv @)&@ sf] e'sDksf] c;/ klg ljBdfgg} lyof] . o; cj:yfdf klg $) k|ltzt eGbf al9pBdLx? ;+rfngdf /xg'nfO{ n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{s|dsf] k|efjsf/LtfnfO{ Go"g ?kdf x]g{ g;lsg] b]lvG5 .


d"NofÍg k|ltj]bg 3

;+rfngdf /x]sf pBdx? dWo] k|ltztsf] cfwf/df ;a eGbf al9 æcGoÆ ;d"xsf] b]lvP klg n3' pBdsf];+Vofsf] cfwf/df s[lif -^@=*Ü_ / jghGo npx?n] afx'Notf xfl;n u/L vfB tkm{sf &%Ü n3' pBdLx?;~rfngdf gcfpg'sf] sf/0faf6 klg dw]z cfGbf]ng, e'sDk tyf ahf/ k|lt:kwf{sf ;d:of :ki6 ?kdf b]lvgcfPsf] 5 . ;]jf tyf u}/ s[lif tkm{ $) k|ltzt s} xf/fxf/Ldf ;+rfgdf cfPsf] kfOG5 . ;du|df x]bf{, ;]jflnPsf eGbf ;]jf glnPsf pBdLx?sf] ;+Vof a9L b]lvG5 . k|fljlws ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yfx? dWo] l8d]ufcu|k+lQmdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To; kl5 lhNnfl:yt 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{no÷;ldltsf] :yfg cfp+b5 .

n3' pBd :yfkgf ePsf] slt jif{ kl5 ;~rfngdf gcfO{ aGb x'g ku] elg cWoog ubf{+ pBdx?sf]:yfloTjsf] nflu klxnf] @ jif{ clt gfh's (Critical) x'+bf] /x]5 / To; kl5 aGb x'g] l:ylt s|lds ?kdf sdx'+b} hfg] u/]sf] kfO{of] .

nw' pBdL l;h{gf tkm{ k|lt:kwf{sf] cfwf/df k|lt nw' pBdL k|lt jif{ ? @#,))) eGbf a9L gx'g] Jolj;]k|;+:yf tyf d]8]kaf6 hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf] 5 .d]8kf tkm{ k|fKt sfo{s|d vr{ % jif{sf] cf};t u0fgf ubf{ k|lt jif{k|lt pBdL l;h{gf vr{ ? @@,#(# b]lvG5 . o;k|sf/ n3' pBdL l;h{gf tkm{ d]8k tyf d]8]kfdf leGgtfb]lvFb}g .

p2]Zo k|flKtsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 of] sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsf/Ltf 7Ls} b]lvPsf] 5 . k|efjsfl/tf 7Ls} /xg'df d'Vo?kdf d]8]k df]8]nsf] k|of]u cf+lzs ?kdf ePsf], Training of Existing Entrepreneurs (TOEE) / Training ofGrowing Entrepreneurs (TOGE) tflnd ;a}n] kfO{ g;s]sf], n3' pBd sf]if :yfkgf xfn}dfq :yfkgf eO{sfof{Gjogsf] s|ddf /x]sf], d]8kf sfo{qmd yk;Ë} hgzlQm yk ug{ g;ls/x]sf sf/0fx? x'g\ .

pBdzLntf ljsf; tflnd kZrft ;xefuLn] 5f]6f], dWod nfdf] cjlwsf] ;Lk ljsf; tflnd *% !) / %k|ltztn] dfq kfPsf] b]lvof] .

o; d"NofÍg cWoogsf :ofDkn pBdLx? dWo] sl/a * k|ltzt -$$ hgf_ ;Ë dfq n3' pBd z'? ug'{cufl8 th'{df u/]sf] Joj;foLs of]hgf ePsf] kfO{of] . :ofDkn pBdLx¿ dWo] clwsf+z -sl/a *@Ü_ n] cfˆg};|f]taf6 Joj:yf u/]sf] atfP eg] afls -sl/a !*Ü_ pBdLx?n] cGo ;|f]t, vf; u/L art tyf C0f ;xsf/L;+:yf af6 C0f lnP/ nufgLsf] Joj:yfkg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . n3' pBdLx?sf] a}+lsª ;]jfdf kx'+r Go"g ePsf]b]lvG5 . h8fg ePsf d];Lg cf}hf/sf] k|of]u l:ylt x]bf{ To:tf d];Lg÷cf}hf/x?sf] cw{ k|of]u(underutilised) ePsf] kfO{of] . sl/a * k|ltzt hlt dfq Ifdtfsf] () k|ltzt eGbf dfly k|of]u ePsfb]lvof]] .

xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf pBdLx? dWo] &* k|ltztn] d]8]k d]8kf nufot s'g} lgsfoaf6 k|ljlw÷k|fljlws;xof]u pknAw geP klg cfkm"x?n] cfˆgf pBd lg/Gt/ ?kdf ;~rfng ug]{ Joxf]/f JoQm u/] . o;af6rfn' n3' pBdx?sf] k|fljlws lbuf]kg ;'lglZrt ePsf] b]lvG5 . t/ ;du|df pBdsf] eljio ;daGwdf sl/a@% k|ltztn] dfq k"0f{ ;'/lIft dx;'; u/]sf] kfO{of]

v_ ul/a, clt ul/a, dlxnf, o'jf, blnt, dw];L tyf cGo nlIft ;d"xsf] ;dfj]zLs/0f tyf pgLx?sf]sfo{qmd k|ltsf] ;Gt'li6ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] nflu n3' pBd sfo{qmd lgs} ;fGble{s b]lvG5 . o;n] ;/sf/L gLlt tyf /fli6«ok|fyldstf;Ë sfo{qmdsf] tfbfTDotf /fv]sf]], nlIft ;d"x tyf hg;+Vofsf] cfjZostf / dfunfO{ k|ToIf ?kdf;Daf]wg ug]{ k|of; u/]sf]], d'n'ssf] ul/jL lgjf/0f nIonfO{ k|ToIf ?kdf ;dfj]zL 9+ujf6 ;Djf]wg u/]sf]n] of]sfo{qmdsf] ul/aL lgjf/0fdf ;fGble{stf k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . d]8]k tyf d]8kf b'j} tkm{ s|dz (%Ü npn] 5gf}6dfcfkm"x?sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] / s|dzM (*=%Ü / *^=^Ü pQ/x? lbuf] cfDbfgL / /f]huf/L j[l4sf] ck]Iffsf ;fysfo{s|ddf ;xefuL ePsf] b]lvg cfof] . o;af6 sfo{s|dsf] pb]Zo / :yflgo nlIft ;d"xsf] cfjZostf ljr;fdGh:otf /x]sf] kfO{g'sf] ;fy} sfo{s|dn] :yflgox?sf] cfjZostf cg'?k pgLx?s} rfxgfaf6 pBdx?5gf}6 ug]{ u/]sf] kfOof] . sfo{s|d k|lt ;Gt'i6 gx'g] d]8]k tyf d]8kf tkm{ s|dz ^ tyf $ Ü dfq kfO{of] eg]


d"NofÍg k|ltj]bg 4

k"0f{ ?kdf ;Gt'i6 x'g]sf] k|ltzt eg] s|dz !# tyf (Ü dfq b]lvG5 .n3' pBd u/]kl5 pBdLsf] kl/jf/dfdlxnf ;zlQms/0fsf] If]qdf eg] lgs} ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g ePsf] b]lvG5 .

5gf}6df k/]sf !!$& n3' pBdLx? dWo] % hgf dfq -Hofb} Go"g ;f+lVolso ?kdf gu0o (StatisticallyInsignificant) æn3' pBdLÆ geO{ dhb'/ ePsf] kfpg'n] klg n3' pBd :yfkgf tyf ;+rfngdf :yflgo nlIft;d"xsf] rfxgf tyf cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L n3' pBdLx? l;h{gf ePsf] :ki6 5 .

u_ d]8]k tyf d]8kfåf/f ;~rflnt sfo{qmdaf6 nlIft ;d"xsf] hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ tyf ul/aL lgjf/0fdfePsf] of]ubfgd]8]kaf6 k|fKt ljj/0f cg';f/ k|lt jif{ n3'' pBdLx?sf] cfo j[l4 eO{ cf=j= @)&)÷&! df k|lt pBdL ?=*),!!& ePsf] tYofÍ k|fKt 5 . o; d"NofÍg cWoogdf n3' pBdsf] nfe tkm{ hDdf ? !&$,$^( ePsf]b]lvG5 h:df d'Vo pTkfbgsf] of]ubfg sl/a (@ k|ltzt / ;xfos pTkfbgsf] of]ubfg * k|ltzt /x]sf]b]lvG5 . pBdLsf] kfl/jfl/s >dsf] d"No ;d]t nfutdf ;dfj]z ubf{ n3' pBd ;~rfngaf6 v'b d'gfkmfePsf] b]lvPg . tyflk, pBdLsf] kfl/jfl/s >dsf] d"No kl/jf/d} /xg] ePsf]n] ;f] ;d]t u/L d"NofÍg ubf{n3' pBd ;~rfngaf6 k|lt pBd cf}ift ? !#(,^*( cfDbfgL ePsf] kfO{of] .pBddf k|of]u ePsf] hDdfkfl/jfl/s >d -#@%=(&_ sf] k|ltkmndf of] cfDbfgL ? $#) k|lt >dlbg kg{ cfp+5 .

/f]huf/Lsf] ?kdf pBf]udf pBdL :jo+sf] jif}{e/L k"0f{sfnLg, df};dL -k"0f{sfnLg_ / cf+l;s ?kdf qmdzM;+nUgtf sl/a &*, !( / # k|ltzt ePsf] b]lvof] . pBf]udf sfd u/]sf] lbg ulGtsf] lx;fan] x]bf{, Ps jif{dfcf}iftdf @#@ lbg dfq sfddf ;+nUg ePsf] b]lvG5 / o; cWoogdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf pBdLx¿ dWo], jif{df#)) lbg ;Dd sfd ug]{x? sl/a !* k|ltzt dfq 5g\ .

n3' pBdsf] k|efjsf sf/0f cGo kfl/jfl/s lqmofsnfk klg a9]sf] x'+bf kfl/jfl/s cfDbfgLsf cGo >f]taf6klg cfDbfgL a9]sf] 5 . w]/}h;f] ;d"x s]Gb|Lt 5nkmndf n3' pBd u/]kl5 pBdzLntf a[l4sf] k|efjn]pBdLx? a9L hf]lvd lng ;Sg], b]z tyf ljb]zdf ;d]t /f]huf/L vf]hL ug{ ;Sg], cfˆgf Joj;fo klgJoj;flos ?kdf ug]{ tyf :yfgLo:t/df ePsf cGo sfo{qmdx?df ;d]t kx'r ug{ ;Sg] ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .o; cWoogdf kfO{P cg';f/ n3' pBdaf6 ePsf] cfDbfgLn] sfo{qmddf ;+nUg n3' pBdL dWo] !% k|ltztul/aLsf] /]vf dfly k'u]sf 5g\ .

n3' pBdLx?sf] n3' pBd u/]kl5 kfl/jfl/s vfB ;'/Iffsf] l:yltdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g b]lvPsf] 5 . n3'pBd ug'{eGbf klxnf cfˆgf] pTkfbg / :yfoL cfDbfgLn] ( dlxgf eGbf a9L vfg k'Ug] kl/jf/df !( k|ltztn]a[l4 ePsf] 5 . To:t}u/L # dlxgf eGbf sd vfg k'Ug] kl/jf/df em08} !^ k|ltztn] sdL cfPsf] 5 .pBdLsf] kl/jf/af6 :yfoL a;f]jf;sf] If]q 5f8]/ b]z leq jf ljb]zdf uPsf kl/jf/ ;b:ox?df klxn] !)%hgf /x]sf]df clxn] !(# -em08} *$ k|ltzt a[l4_ ePsf] b]lvof] .

n3' pBd sfo{qmdaf6 ;du|df ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf of]ubfg k'u]sf], lzIff tyf dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fdf;sf/fTds kl/jt{g cfPsf], pBdzLntfsf] k|efjn] ;du| kfl/jfl/s lqmofsnfksf] pTkfbg a9]sf], ;x;|fAbLnIo xfl;ndf ;sf/fTds of]ubfg /x]sf kfO{Psf] 5 .

3_ d]8kf sfo{qmddf d]8]k df]8]nsf] cfGtl/sLs/0f k|s[ofsf] d"NofÍgg]kfn ;/sf/n] cfGtl/sLs/0f ug]{ gLlt l:jsf/ u/L ^$ lhNnfdf lj:tf/ ;d]t u/L ;s]sf] jt{dfg cj:yf 5 .t/ sfo{qmdn] ;+:yfut ?k lnO{;s] klg cfGtl/s ;'kl/j]If0f, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg Joj:yf sdhf]/ /x]sf],sfo{qmd n3' pBdL l;h{gf ug]{ kl/df0ffTds nIf tkm{ a9L pGd'v cfGtl/sLs/0f ck]lIft ?kdf x'g g;s]sf]b]lvG5 . d]8]k df]8]nsf] cf+lzs cfGtl/sLs/0f ePsf] b]lvG5 . d]8]k df]8]n cf+lzs ?kdf dfq sfof{GjogePsf] 5 . n3' pBd ljsf; sf]if (MEDF) :yfkgf ug]{ u/fpg] tkm{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] P]g lgodsf] c:ki6tf,bfqL lgsfo ;Ë ePsf] ;Demf}tf tyf Single Accounting System sf] sf/0faf6 sltko lhNnfx?df z'? x'g;s]sf] 5}g eg] sltko lhNnfx?df 9Lnf] tyf sfo{s|dsf] dd{ (spirit) cg';f/ ;~rfng ug{ u/fpg ;s]sf]kfO{Pg . cfGtl/s ;'kl/j]If0f, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg Joj:yf sdhf]/ 5 . d]8kfsf] kf+rjif]{ /0fgLltdf


d"NofÍg k|ltj]bg 5

d]8kfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{ df}h'bf hgzlQmn] dfq kof{Kt gx'g] x'+bf pBf]u dGqfno, 3/]n' tyf ;fgfpBf]u ljsfu / ;ldltdf yk hgzlQmsf] Joj:yf ug]{ pNn]v ePtf klg yk Joj:yf eg] x'g ;s]sf] b]l+vb}g .lhlj; tyf uflj; h:tf :yfgLo lgsfo ;d]tn] o; sfo{qmdnfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf cfTd;ft u/L g;s]sf] cj:yf 5. lhNnf 3/]n'sf] k|of; dfqn] cfGtl/sLs/0f ;xh x'g ;ls /x]sf] b]lv+b}g . sltko ;dodf pBdL l;h{gf ug{nfUg] Go"gtd ;do ÷cjlw glbO{ d]8]k df]8n sfof{Gjog ug{ Jolj;]k| ;+:yfx?nfO{ cfGt/Ls rfk kg{ uO{tflnd dfq ;DkÌ ePsf] cfwf/df n3' pBdL l;h{gf ePsf] hfgsf/L lhNnf 3;ljsf ÷;nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg]u/]sf] b]lvof] . d]8]k df]8]nsf] k|lts[lts/0fsf nflu d]8kf sfo{qmddf cfly{s, ef}lts tyf dfgjLo ;+;fwgsf;'ljwfsf] pknAw gePsf]n] of] sfo{qmdsf] jt{dfg sfof{Gjog k|s[ofdf ;'wf/ tyf :yfoL hgzlQmsf] Joj:yfu/L ck]IfLt ?kdf ;'wf/ x'g g;s] @)&$÷&% kl5 k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;~rfng x'g g;ls ck]lIft k|ltkmnk|fKt ug{ sl7g b]lvG5 .

%= d'Vo l;kmfl/;x?

o; sfo{s|dsf] ck]lIft ?kdf sfof{Gjog txdf cem} k|efjsf/L agfpg d"NofÍgsf] l;kmfl;nfO{ @ efudfljeflht ul/Psf] 5.

!_ jt{dfg d]8kf /0fgLlt cjlw -@)&@÷&#–@)&$÷&%_ leq sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{@_ d]8kf /0fgLlt cjlw cGTo -@)&$÷&%_ kZrft

%=!=! jt{dfg d]8kf /0fgLlt cjlw leq

!_ n3' pBd sfo{s|dnfO{ :yflgo lgsfo÷;/sf/nfO{ lgIf]k0f ug]{ (Devolve to local government/DDC)

s[lif, kz' tyf k|fylds :jf:Yy pkrf/ em}+ nplj sfo{s|dnfO{ klg lhlj; dftxt lgIf]k0f (Devolve) ug]{ .

@_ n3' pBdLx?sf] tYofÍ cBfjlws u/L :t/f]Gglt ug]{ j}1flgs Joj:yf ldnfpg]æPs k6ssf] n3' pBdL ;+w}sf] n3' pBdLÆ h:tf] cg'e'lt x'g] jt{dfg Joj:yfnfO{ cGTo ug{ d]8]k df]8ncg';f/ n3' pBdL ljsf; tyf :t/f]Gglt ug{ Go"gtd # jif{ nfUg] ePsf]n] o; ;DaGwdf o; d"NofÍgk|ltj]bgdf pNn]v eP Joj:yf ldnfpg]

#_ lhNnf:t/df n3' pBd ljsf; O{sfO{ :yfkgf u/L Go"gtd hgzlQm pknAw u/fpg] .

$_ lh3;fpsf÷; sf] sfo{Ifdtf tyf k|fljlws ;Lk clea[l4 ug]{l;lh{t npx?sf] Ifdtf, :yfloTj tyf :t/f]Ggltdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg ;]jf k|bfoss} k|fljlws, ljlQo tyfef}lts Ifdtf clea[l4 ug'{ kg]{ ePsf]n] tL sfof{nox?df n3' pBd ljsf; OsfO :yfkgf u/L npx?sf]Ifdtf clea[l4 ug{ k|fljlws ;xfotf sfo{s|d (Technical Assistance Program) ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

%_ sf];]nL 3/ ;~rfngn3' pBdLx?sf] pTkfbg ljs|L ;'lglZrt u/L ahf/;Ë cfjWbtf ldnfpg k|To]s @÷# lhNnfnfO{ ;d"xutu/L ;/sf/L – lghL – ;xsf/L ;fem]bf/L cjwf/0ff cGt{ut Pp6f sf];]nL÷;f}uft u[x :yfkgf ug{÷u/fpgDMEGA dfkm{t k|fljlws tyf cfly{s ;xof]u kl/rfng ug]{ .

^_ jLp k'+hL 3'lDt sf]if pknAw u/fpg]

n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{nfO{ lbuf] tyf :t/f]Ggt/L tkm{ k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f tyf nufgL j[l4 ug{ n3'pBdLx?nfO{ lglZrt cjlwsf] lgldQ jLp k'+hL 3'lDt sf]if (Seed Capital Revolving Fund)cg'?k pknAwu/fpg]


d"NofÍg k|ltj]bg 6

&_ BDSPO x?sf] lgo'lQm tyf ;]jf pkof]ud]8]k df]8n sfof{Gjog ug{ Go"gtk Ps jif{ nfUg] ePsf]n] BDSPO x?n] df]8nsf ;Dk"0f{ ;+efux? k"j{tof/L, ;+efljt np 5gf}6, TOPE/TOSE/TOEE/TOGE ;lxtsf pBd ljsf; tflnd, ;Lk d'nstflnd, k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f tyf ljlQo ;]jfdf kx'+r cflb ;Dk"0f{ sfo{s|d sfof{Gjog ug{ output linkedfinancing systemcg'?kBDSPO lgo'Qm ug]{ / lgo'lQmdf l9nfO{ x'g uO{ cfly{s jif{ cGTo x'g] l:ylt;[hgf eP cfufdL cf=j=df e'QmfgL lbg] u/L cfufdL cf=j= sf] sfo{s|ddf ;d]t ;dfj]z ug]{ .

*_ s[lif C0f em}+ n3' pBdLx?sf] nflu klg ;x'lnot Aofhb/ -xfnsf] ^Ü_ df C0f pknAw u/fpg gLltutJoj:yf ldnfpg]

(_ n3' pBdLx?nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/ jf jt{dfg gLlt cg';f/ -s[lif tyf jg If]qdf ;d]t_ æjLdfÆ ug{ nufpg] .

%=!=@ cf=j= @)&$÷&% kZrft

cf=j @)&$÷&% sf] cGToaf6 jt{dfg d]8]k sfo{s|d ;dfKt eO{;Sg] / &% lhNnfdf d]8kf lj:tf/ eO;Sg]ePsf]n] o; n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{s|dnfO{ lta|tf lbO{ k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg / :t/f]Gglt eO{;s]sf n3'pBdx?nfO{ k|jWb{g ub}{ k'gM k"j{ l:yltdf kms{g ;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{ Go"lgs/0f ug{ lgDg l;kmfl/; ul/G5 .

!_ pBf]u dGqfno :jo+ jf cGo bft[ ;+:yfx?sf] ;xof]udf æpBd ljsf; sfo{s|dÆ ;~rfng ug]{ .@_ Go"gtd # jif{sf] nflu output linked financing systemcg'?kJolj;]k| ;+:yf lgo'Qm u/L n3' pBdL

>[hgsf] k"j{ tof/L -;fdflhs kl/rfng, 3/w'/L ;e]{If0f, pBdL 5gf}6, TOPE/TOSE tflnd, ;Lkd'nstflnd_, n3' pBd :yfkgf -;Lk d'ns tflnd, Joj;flos of]hgf th'{df tyf sfof{Gjogdf ;xof]z, C0f;]jfdf kx'+r, k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f, ahf/ kx'+r ;+jlGw s[ofsnfk tyf :jfldTj ;+jlGw s[ofsnfk(TOEE/TOGE) tflnd, k'g{{tfhuL tflnd cg'udg / :t/f]GgtL ;dalGwt ;Dk"0f{ -Psd'i7 / yf]s_sfof{b]z lbg] lgtLut Joj:yf ug]{ .

#_ n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{nfO{ lbuf] tyf :t/f]Ggt/L tkm{ k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f tyf nufgL j[l4 ug{ n3'pBdLx?nfO{ lglZrt cjlwsf] lgldQ jLp k'+hL 3'lDt sf]if (Seed Capital Revolving Fund)cg'?kpknAw u/fpg]

$_ lhNnfdf :yflkt n3' pBdLx?sf] s[ofsnfk / pknAwL cg'udg ug{, :t/f]Ggltdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg / btf{k|ls|ofnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ n3' pBd ljsf; ;+of]hs – ! tyf %)) s[ofzLn n3' pBdLsf] nflu Go"gtd! sf] b/n] EDF b/jGbL l;h{gf u/L sfo{s|d sfof{Gjog ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] tyf lghfdlt ;]jf P]gtyf lgodfjnLdf EDF sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf tyf tx pNn]v ug{ cfjZos ;+zf]wg ug{ kxn ub}{ EDFx?sf] Ifdtf clea[l4 ug{ k'g{tfhuL tflnd ;~rfng ug]{ .

%_ lh3;fpljsf÷; df ;a} k|sf/sf pBdL -n3', ;fgf, demf}nf_ x?sf] Webdf cfwfl/t Database tof/u/L cBfjlws ug]{÷u/fpg] .

^_ n3' pBdLx?sf] ;+:yf DMEGAdf ;a} n3' pBdLx? btf{ ug'{kg]{ sfg'gL Joj:yf ldnfO{ DMEGA sf]k}/jL tyf ;dGjosf/L e"ldsfnfO{ :yflkt u/fpg] .

&_ DMEGA nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 lhNnfdf l;lh{t n3' pBdLx?sf] ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df lglZrtcfly{s ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ DMEGA sf] :yfloTjaf6 /fli6«o n3' pBd dxf;+3 g]kfn (NationalMicro Entrepreneurs Federation Nepal-NMEFEN)sf] :yfloTj ;d]t cfpg] 5 .

^= l;s]sf kf7x?

-s_ tflnd lbP/ dfq n3' pBdLn] pBd z'? ub}{gg\ . pgLx?nfO{ ;Lk ljsf;, sRrf kbfy{df kx'+r, C0f;'ljwf tyf ahf/ ;+of]hg ;d]tsf] yf]s ;xof]usf] cfjZostf kb{5 .


d"NofÍg k|ltj]bg 7

-v_ k/Dk/fut k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f ljwLaf6 n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{ ;Dej tyf lbuf] x'b}g .

-u_ n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmdsf nlIft ;d"xg} ul/a tyf clt ljkÌ kl/jf/x? x'g] ePsfn] pgLx?sf]cfjZostf / dfu cg';f/sf] pBd dfq ;kmn x'G5 .

-3_ ul/ax?af6 ;~rflnt n3' pBd :t/f]GgtL ug{ ljz]if kxn cfjZos k5{ cGoyf n3' pBdLx? ;w}+sf]nflu ;a}sf] nflu n3' pBdLg} eO{ /xG5g\ .

-ª_ vfBdf cfwfl/t n3' pBdLnfO{ pTkflbt j:t'sf] u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrt ug{ u/fpg ahf/df ljz]if kxn /k|f]T;fxgsf] cfjZoStf kb{5 .

-r_ pBd ;~rfng gu/]sf / cg'ej gePsfaf6 pBd ljsf; ;xhstf{ tyf tflnd k|bfg ug'{ hf]lvdk"0f{x'g'sf] ;fy} lbuf] x'g ;Sb}g .

-5_ sfo{qmdsf] lbuf]kgfsf] nflu pBdL 5gf}6 k|lqmof b]lvg} d s]xL pBd u5'{, of] d]/f] pBd xf] / o;af6g}d]/f] lhljsf rnfp+5' eÌ] efjgf ljsf; u/fpg' kbf]{ /x]5 .

-h_ k|efjsf/L ;fdflhs kl/rfng gu/L xtf/df nIo k|flKt p2]Zon] pBdL ljsf; ubf{ of] lbuf] x'b}g .

-`_ lhNnfdf sfo{s|d yk u/L cfjZos hgzlQm, ef}lts tyf cfly{s ;'ljwf Joj:yf gug]{ s]Gb|Lo ;f]rfO{sfo{s|dsf] k|efjsfl/tf tyf lbuf]kgsf] nflu k|To'Tkfbs x'g ;Sb5 .


d"NofÍg k|ltj]bg 8

kl/R5]b ! M kl/ro

!=! d"NofÍsg k[i7e"ldg]kfndf lbuf] ul/jL lgjf/0f tyf cfocfh{g j[l4sf] nflu /fli6«o :t/df g]kfn ;/sf/, pBf]u dGqfnoåf/fljkGg tyf ul/jL /]vfd'lg /x]sf hgtfx?nfO{ nlIft u/L sfof{Gjogdf /x]]sf sfo{s|dx? dWo] n3' pBdljsf; sfo{s|d (d]8]k–MEDEP) / ul/jL lgjf/0fsf nflu n3' pBd lasf; sfo{qmd -d]8kf–MEDPA_ klgx'g\ . oL b'O{ sfo{s|dx?sf] ;+lIfKt j0f{g d~h'iff !=! df 5 .

ljutdf, d]8]k sfo{qmdsf] bft[ lgsfo tyf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ;+o'Qm ?kdf d"NofÍg eP klg xfn ;Dd t]>f]kIfaf6 :jtGq ?kdf /fli6«o:t/sf] d"NofÍg gePsf], d]8kfn] d]8]k df]8]n xfn;Dd sltsf] k|efjsf/L ?kdfcfGtl/sLs/0f tyf k|lts[tLs/0f (Replication) ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 5, cfGtl/sLs/0fsf jt{dfg r'gf}tLx? s]–s]x'g\ / n3' pBd sfo{qmdnfO{ cem} lj:t[t tyf Jofks t'NofO{ ul/a tyf lgd'vfx?df s;/L k|efjsf/L ?kdfk'¥ofO{ ltgLx?sf] cfly{s tyf /f]huf/Ldf a[l4 ug{÷u/fpg ;lsg] 5 eÌ] k|df0fsf] cfwf/df tYout hfgsf/Llng ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;‹Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] ;xof]udf ;~rflnt /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u cGtu{tsf] /fli6«oof]hgf tyf cg'udg Ifdtf ;'b[9Ls/0f cfof]hgfn] of] :jtGq d"NofÍsg u/fPsf] xf] 1 .

!=@ d"NofÍgsf] p2]Zoof] d"NofÍgsf] k|d'v p2]Zo n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmd -d]8kfsf] z'? b]lv -@)^^÷^&_ b]lv @)&)÷&! ;Ddtyf d]8]kaf6 ;f]lx cjlw leq ;~rflnt_ n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . o;sfljlzi6 p2]Zox? lgDg 5g\ .

s_ d]8]k tyf d]8kfåf/f ;~rflnt sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog k|s[of tyf sfo{ ;Dkfbg:t/ d"NofÍg ug'{v_ n3' pBd sfo{qmddf ul/a, clt ul/a, dlxnf, o'jf, blnt, dw];L tyf cGo nlIft ;d"xsf]

;dfj]zLs/0f tyf pgLx?sf] sfo{qmd k|ltsf] ;Gt'li6sf] d"NofÍg ug'{u_ d]8]k tyf d]8kfåf/f ;~rflnt sfo{qmdaf6 nlIft ;d"xsf] hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ tyf ul/aL lgjf/0fdf

ePsf] of]ubfg af/] d"NofÍg ug'{3_ d]8kf sfo{qmddf d]8]k df]8]nsf] cfGtl/sLs/0f k|s[ofsf] d"NofÍg ug'{ tyf eljiodf n3' pBd

ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] nflu ckgfpg'kg]{ gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf kl/of]hgfdf ;xof]uL x'g] vfnsfl;sfO{sf] vf]hL ug'{ .

1of] d"NofÍg gdf{ sG;n6]G;L k|f=ln= afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}+af6 u/]sf] xf] . o;df k|:t't glthf lgisif{ tyf ;Lkmfl/; d"NofÍgstf{n] :ynut d"NofÍgaf6k|:t't u/]sf] xf] . o;nfO{ d"NofÍg u/fpg] ;+:yf -/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u_ sf] lgisif{ tyf ;Lkmfl/;nfO{ lng' gx'g] Joxf]/f :ki6 u/fO{Psf] 5 .

d~h'iff !=!pBf]u dGqfno cGtu{t ;~rflnt n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{s|dx?

n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmd (Micro-Enterprise Development Programme – MEDEP) M ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo ljsf; sfo{s|d -;/f;ljsf–o"Pgl8kL_ sf] ;xof]udf kl/If0f (Pilot) cfof]hgfsf] ?kdf lj=;+= @)%%;fndf !) lhNnfdf z'? eO{ of] sfo{s|d xfn rf}yf] r/0fdf k|j]z u/L #* lhNnfdf lj:tfl/t ePsf] 5 .o;sf] jt{dfg r/0f @)&$÷&% df cGTo x'g]5 . o; rf}yf] r/0f sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ;/f;ljsf cltl/Qmci6«]lnog ;xof]u ;d]t k|fKt 5 .

Ufl/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmd -Micro-Enterprise Development Programme forPoverty Alleviation – MEDPA_ M g]kfn ;/sf/s}] cfGtl/s >f]t -ah]6_ af6 pBf]u dGqfnon] d]8]ksf];kmn sfof{Gjogsf] 9fFrfnfO{ cg'z/0f u/L cfly{s jif{ @)^^÷^& b]lv d]8kf sfof{Gjogdf NofO{cfGtl/sLs/0f k|s[of z'? u/]sf] xf] . d]8kf @)&!÷&@ ;Dddf %% lhNnfdf sfof{Gjog ePsf]df @)&@÷&#df ( lhNnf yk u/L xfn ^$ lhNnfdf lj:tf/ eO{ ;s]sf] 5 / @)&% ;Dddf of] sfo{s|d &% j6}lhNnfx?df lj:tf/ ul/;Sg] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] nIo 5 .


d"NofÍg k|ltj]bg 9

!=# d"NofÍgaf6 cfzfltt pknlAwk|:t't n3' pBd sfo{s|dsf] o; :jtGq d"NofÍgsf] lgDg tLg cfzfltt pknlAwx? 5g\ .s_ d]8]k tyf d]8kf sfo{qmdx?af6 nlIft ;d"xdf k/]sf] k|efjv_ d]8kfdf d]8]k df]8]n cfGtl/sLs/0f tyf k|lts[tLs/0fsf] l:ylt clen]lvs/0fu_ ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] nflu eljiodf ;~rfng x'g] n3' pBd sfo{qmd k|efjsf/L ?kdf of]hgf th'{df

tyf sfof{Gjog ug{ l;lsPsf kf7sf] hfgsf/L tyf k|;f/0f (dissemination)

!=$ d"NofÍgsf] k|f?kof] n3' pBd sfo{qmd -d]8]k / d]8kf_ sf] d"NofÍgsf] cjwf/0ffTds k|f?k tn k|jfx lrqdf b]vfOPsf] 5 .

cjwf/0ffTds k|f?k

gLltut ;+/rgf tyf jftfj/0f

!=% d"NofÍg ljlwof] d"NofÍgdf d"VotM d]8]k / d]8kfn] n3' pBd l;h{gf / k|j4{g ;DaGwdf ;DkGg u/]sf lqmofsnfk tyfk|fKt glthfx?sf] n]vfhf]vf ul/Psf] 5 . cfjZos tYofÍ tyf hfgsf/L / ;"rgf k|fylds tyf låtLo b'j}dfWodaf6 n3' pBd, n3' pBdL, pBdL ;d"x, lhNnf:t/ tyf /fli6«o:t/sf] n3' pBd ;Ë ;DalGwt;ldltx? tyf Joj;fo ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfx?, n3' pBd ;Ë ;DalGwt sfo{s|d kbflwsf/L cGt{jftf{, n3'pBd cjnf]sg, k|sflzt k|ltj]bg / ;fdu|Lx?sf] ;dLIff, hflgkmsf/ JolQm cGtjf{tf, ;d"x s]Gb|Lt 5nkmntyf ;jfndf cfwfl/t ljlwx?af6 ;Íng ul/Psf] 5 . d"NofÍgsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu gf} j6f lhNnfx? b]zsf]kfFrj6} ljsf; If]q tyf tLgj6} kfl/l:yltsLo (Ecological) If]qsf] k|ltlglwTjx'g] u/L tflnsf !=! df k|:t'tu/] cg';f/ 5gf}6 ul/Psf] lyof] .

tflnsf !=! M ljsf; If]q tyf ef}uf]lns If]q cg';f/ d"NofÍgdf ;dfj]z lhNnfx?

ljsf; If]q

5gf}6 lhNnfx? -sfo{s|d tyf ef}uf]lns If]q_hDdfd]8]k / d]8kf b'a} sfo{qmd ;~rflnt lhNnfx? d]8kf dfq ;~rflnt lhNnfx?

lxdfn kxf8 t/fO{ lxdfn kxf8 t/fO{k"jf{~rn ;'g;/L ;f]n'v'Da' @dWodf~rn /;'jf sfe|] ;nf{xL #klZrdf~rn u'NdL !dWoklZrdf~rn ;"v]{t af+s] @;'b"/–klZrdf~rn s~rgk'/ !hDdf ! @ # ! ! ! (

Hff]lvd Hff]lvd

Hff]lvdHff]lvd

d"NofÍgaf6 cfzfltt pknlAw

d]8]k tyf d]8kf sfo{qmdx?af6 nlIft;d"xdf k/]sf] k|efj

d]8kfdf d]8]k df]8]n cfGtl/sLs/0f tyfk|lts[tLs/0f

eljiodf ;~rfng ul/g] sfo{qmdsf]k|efjsf/L of]hgf th'{df tyf sfof{Gjogsf]nflu l;lsPsf kf7sf] hfgsf/L xfL;n

d"NofÍg dfkb08 ;fGb{lestf k|efjsfl/tf sfo{bIftf k|efj lbuf]kg ;dfj]zLs/0f

clwsf/jfnfx?sf];Gt'li6

s_ pBdx? -d]

s_ pBdx?-d]8]k cGtu{t M@)^^–@)&!_

v_ pBdx?-d]8]kf cGtu{tM@)^^–@)&!_

n3'pBdsfo{s|d


d"NofÍg k|ltj]bg 10

dfly pNn]lvt gf} lhNnfdf d]8]k / d]8kf b'j}af6 l;h{gf ul/Psf n3' pBdLx?sf] s'n ;+Vof (Population) sf];dfg'kflts tl/sf ckgfO{ lg?2]ZoLo :oflDKnª ljlw (Simple Random Method) af6 5gf}6 ul/Psf n3'pBdLx? ;+u ;+/rgfut k|ZgfjnL (Structured Questionnaire) åf/f ;j]{If0f ul/Psf] lyof] .

of] d"NofÍg @)^^ >fj0f ! ut] b]lv @)&! cfiff9 #@ leq :yfkgf eO{ ;~rfngdf cfPsf n3' pBdx?dWo]af6 5flgPsf !,!$&2 n3' pBdLx?nfO{ tflnsf !=@ df k|:t't u/] cg';f/ d"NofÍgsf ;ft dfkb08sf](Criteria) cfwf/df ljleGg &! j6f ;"rsx? dfkg u/L ;DkGg ul/Psf] 5 . d"NofÍgsf] lj:t[t ljlwkl/lzi6f+s ! df k|:t't 5 .

tflnsf !=@ M d"NofÍgsf] ljifo If]q tyf ;"rs

d"NofÍgsf] ljifoIf]q

d"NofÍg ljj/0f

;fGble{stf n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo tyf ;du| nIo, ;/sf/sf] n3' pBd ljsf; gLlttyf nlIft ;d"x Pj+ n3' pBdLx?sf] cfjZostfsf] ;Daf]wgsf] cfwf/df ;fGble{stfd"NofÍg

k|efjsfl/tf sfo{qmdsf k|ltkmnx?n] d]8]k tyf d]8kfsf] s] slt p2]Zo xfl;n eP eÌ] cfwf/dfk|efjsfl/tf d"NofÍg

sfo{bIftf sfo{qmdsf] nufgL tyf k|fKt k|ltkmnsf] u'0f:t/ tyf kl/df0f Pj+ o;sf] k|flKtdf nfu]sf];do / nfut ljZn]if0f u/L sfo{qmdsf] sfo{bIftf d"NofÍg ul/Psf] 5 . of] d"NofÍgljz]ift pTkfbsTj, nfut–cfut, tyf nfut k|efjsfl/tfsf] cfwf/df s]lGb|t

;dfj]zLs/0f ;xefuL 5gf}6, sfo{qmd th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgdf nfelGjt ju{ tyfjlxis/0fdf k/]sf ;d"xsf] ;xeflutfsf] ljZn]if0f


sfo{qmdsf ljleÌ kIfx?sf af/]df clwsf/jfnfx?sf] cg'e"lt ljZn]if0f

k|efj d]8]k tyf d]8kfsf] sfo{qmdaf6 cfzfltt kl/0ffd xfl;n eP÷gePsf] tyf tL kl/0ffdxfl;ndf slt >]o oL sfo{qmdx?nfO{ lbg ;lsG5 eÌ] ljZn]if0f

lbuf]kgf l;h{gf ePsf n3' pBdLx?sf] Joj;fosf] lg/Gt/tf tyf lbuf] cfDbfgLsf] ljZn]if0fd"NofÍgcWoogsf] lgisif{

d]8]k df]8n cfGtl/sLs/0f, s]Gb| tyf lhNnfsf lgsfox?sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 tyf ;Gt'li6,d]8]k tyf d]8kf aLr ;dGjo, d]8]k / d]8kf sfof{Gjogaf6 l;s]sf kf7x?sf] ljZn]if0f

n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ cem} k|efjsf/L tyf ;dof]lrt ;'wf/sf;fy glthfd"vL t'Nofpg d"NofÍgsf]s|ddf k|fKt pQ/x?nfO{ k"0f{tof uf]Ko /fVb} sfo{qmd d"NofÍgsf] p2]Zosf] nflu dfq k|of]udf NofOPsf] 5 .

!=^ tYofÍ ljZn]if0fo; d"NofÍg cWoogsf] nflu ;Ílnt tYofÍ tyf ;"rgfx¿nfO{ ljleGg lsl;dsf ljlw tyf df]8]nx? k|of]uu/L ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} of] d"NofÍg k|of]hgsf] nflu ;Íng ul/Psf] k|fylds tYofÍ, lålto ;|f]taf6k|fKt ;"rgf tyf pknAw ;fGble{s ;fdu|Lx?sf ;dLIffaf6 klg ul/Psf] 5 .

d]8]k / d]8kf sf] k|efj cnu cnu ljZn]if0f u¥of] eg] b'j}sf] leGgtf :ki6 b]lvg ;S5 t/ @)%$÷%% b]lvnfu' eO{ sfo{s|d ljsf;sf] Ps dfq nIfnfO{ pBdL ljsf;df ljz]if cg'ej k|fKt lj1x?jf6 ;~rflntsfo{s|dx? / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lgoldt ah]6af6 yk hgzlQm kl/rfng ljgf ylkPsf] sfo{s|dnfO{ bf+Hg' Gofo;Ët gePsf]n] tYofÍ ljZn]if0fdf b'j}nfO{ Psd'i7 /flv n3' pBd sfo{s|dsf] d"NofÍg ul/Psf] 5 . tyflk,To:tf glthf bf+h]/ x]bf{ sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;~rfng ug{ an k'Ug] vfnsf ;jfndf eg] d]8]k /d]8kfsf] km/s–km/s ?kdf klg ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

2o; cWoogdf d]8]k tyf d]8kfaf6 s'n !!$$ n3' pBdLx? 5gf}6 ug]{ k|:tfj u/]sf]df :ynut d"NofÍgdf s]xL n3' pBdLx? ylkg uO{ !!$& n3'pBdLx?sf] cGt{jftf{ lnO{Psf] 5 / ;f]xL cg';f/ kl/R5]b # df cGt{jftf{df k|fKt pQ/x?sf] glthf ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .



!=^=! kl/df0ffTds ljlwo; cWoogsf] nflu 5gf}6df k/]sf pBdLx?;Ë ;Íng ul/Psf k|To]s k|fylds kl/df0ffTds tYofÍx?nfO{;Í]t lbO{ Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) - computer software package df ?kfGt/ u/LljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . /f]huf/L kmngsf ;lds/0f -equation_ - ordinary stage least square technique k|of]uu/]/ dfkg ul/Psf] 5 eg] k|mlg6o/ cfDbfgL kmngsf] ;lds/0f - maximum likelihoods technique k|of]u u/]/dfkg ul/Psf] 5 . ;fdfGo ;+Vof -frequency_, cf};t, variance, standard deviation, cflb ;fdfGo ljlwx?sf]k|of]u u/]/ ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

!=^=@ ;fFlVosL ljZn]if0f (Statistical Analysis)kl/d0ffTds tYofËsf] ljZn]if0fsf] xsdf, hxfF ;Dd cWoog hg;+Vof(Study Population) n] ;fdfGo ljt/0fNormal distribution k5\ofPsf] cj:yfdf Parametric Test -h:t}M t-test, F-test, Z-test, ANOVA cflb_ nufP/Test ul/Psf] 5 eg] cGo cj:yfdf Non-parametric Test -h:t} MMann-Whitney jf Kruskal Wallis test) sf]k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .

ljleGg lsl;dsf df]8]nx?sf] dfkgdf Green -1993_ af6 k|ltkflbt Heterokedasticity test cGt{ut Breush-Pagan chi-square test, Autocorrelation test sf] nflu Durbin-Watson statistics sf] k|of]u / Multi-collearnitytest sf] nflu Coefficient of Determination R2 , Standard error tyf t-ratio cflbsf] dfg ;d]t k|of]u ul/Psf]5 .

!=^=# lqsf]0ffTds ljZn]if0fu'0ffTds k4ltaf6 k|fKt ;"rgf tyf kl/df0ffTds ljlwaf6 tYofÍx?nfO{ klxn]sf cWoog k|ltj]bg, :ynutlg/LIf0f, låtLo ;|f]taf6 k|fKt ;"rgfx? tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?af6 k|fKt hfgsf/LnfO{ ;Ë} /fv]/ ljj]rgf ul/Psf]5 . ;Íng ul/Psf ;"rgf tyf tYofÍx? ;lx /x]÷g/x]sf] s'/f kl/of]hgfsf] ljut sfnsf k"j{ cWog k|ltj]bg/ cg'udg k|ltj]bg, låtLo ;|f]t af6 k|fKt ;"rgf tyf tYofÍx? Pj+ ;fGble{s ;/f]sf/jfnf;Ësf] 5nkmntyf kl/of]hgf :ynut cjnf]sgsf] lqsf]0ffTds ljlwaf6 / ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

!=& d"NofÍgsf] ;Ldfk|:t't d"NofÍgn] ljleGg ;dodf z'? eO{ Ps cfk;df cfj4, ;xof]u tyf ;xeflutfdf ;~rflnt b'O{j6fsfo{s|d÷cfof]hgfx? ;d]6\g' kg]{ ePsf]n] d"NofÍgsf] nflu lbO{Psf] sfo{ lhDd]jf/L cg';f/ @)^^÷^& nfO{cfwf/ jif{ dflg To;kl5 l;h{gf ePsf n3' pBdLx?nfO{ dfq ;d]6]sf] 5 . o;}sf/0f d]8]ksf] klxnf] tyfbf]>f] r/0fdf l;h{gf ePsf n3' pBdLx?nfO{ o; d"NofÍgdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g . d"NofÍg sfo{ cf=j=@)&!÷&@ df ;DkGg ug]{ nIo /flvPsf] / l;lh{t n3' pBdx?nfO{ :yfkgf u/L k"0f{ ;~rfng cfpg s]xL;do nfUg] ePsf]n] cf=j= @)&)÷&! ;Dd l;h{gf ePsf n3' pBdLx?nfO{ dfq ;d]l6Psf] 5 . ;fy} sfo{qmd;~rfng ug]{ lgsfox?n] g} lg:s[o elg hgfPsf n3' pBdLx?nfO{ klg :ofDKfn (Sample) df kfl/Psf] 5}g .t/ s'n l;lh{t n3' pBdLx?sf] cg'kftdf ltgLx?nfO{ ;d]t u0fgf u/L ;j]{If0faf6 lgis[o kfOPsf] n3'pBdLx?df ;dfj]z u/L k|efjsfl/tf k|ltzt dfkg ul/Psf] 5 .

ut a}zfv !@ tyf @& df uPsf] dxfe"sDk / Tokl5 jif{fsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ :ynut ;j]{If0f c;f]hdf ug]{of]hgf ul/Psf]df ;+ljwfg hf/L ePkl5 ePsf] t/fO{ cfGbf]ngn] ubf{ ;j]{If0fdf lgs} k|efj k¥of] . :ynut;j]{If0f e}/x]sf] ;dodf ;nf{xLdf uf]nL ;d]t rn]sf] lyof] eg] s~rgk'/df uf8L tf]8kmf]8 tyf uf8L hnfpg]x'gyfn] kl5 lgs}lbg ;Dd ;j]{If0fg} /f]Sg' k/]sf] lyof] .

!=* d"NofÍg k|ltj]bgsf] :j?kof] d"NofÍg ^ kl/R5]bdf ljeflht 5 . o; kl/R5]b ! df d"NofÍgsf] kl/ro, p2]Zo tyf d"NofÍg ljlw;+lIfKt ?kdf k|:t't 5 . kl/R5]b @ df n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] ;lj:tf/ ;dLIff, kl/R5]b # df tYofÍljZn]if0f tyf lgisif{ kl/0ffd, kl/R5]b $ df glthfsf] d"NofÍg, kl/R5]b % df l;kmfl/; tyf sfo{ of]hgfk|:t't 5 . cGtdf kl/R5]b ^ df l;lsPsf kf7x? a'Fbfut ?kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . cg';'lrdf lgZsif{kl/0ffdsf cfwf/x? k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . o; k|ltj]bgsf] kl/lzi6f+sdf lj:t[t d"NofÍg ljlw, sfo{qmdsf ;f]rtflnsfx? ;lxt k|yd efudf pNn]lvt lgisif{ lgsfNg k|fKt tYofÍ tyf ;"rgfx?nfO{ Jojl:yt ?kdf a0f{gul/Psf] 5 .



kl/R5]b @ M n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] cfwf/e"t hfgsf/L

ul/jL lgjf/0fsf nflu n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{s|d /0fgLlts of]hgf @)&) -o; kl5 /0fgLlts of]hgf elgg]_n] n3' pBdnfO{ hUuf afx]s a9Ldf b'O{ nfv ¿k}+of;Dd l:y/ k"FhL nufgL x'g], jflif{s @) nfv ¿k}+of eGbfsd cfly{s sf/f]af/ x'g], pBdL ;d]t gf} hgf;Dd sfdbf/ /xg] / OlGhg pks/0f k|of]u x'g] ePdf To:tf]OlGhg jf pks/0fsf] ljB't df]6/ jf cGo t]n OlGhg zlQm Ifdtf !) lsnf]jf6 eGbf sd /xg] Joj;fonfO{elg kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} cf}Bf]uLs gLlt @)^& n] n3' pBd :yfkgf ePsf] ldltn] #) lbg leq;DalGwt :yfgLo lgsfodf ;"rLs[t ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf 5 .

d"NofÍgsf] nflu kl/j]z (context) tof/ ug{ o; kl/R5]bdf d]8k tyf d]8kf ;DaGwdf ;+lIfKt hfgsf/Lk|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

@=! n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmd -d]8]k_

@=!=! kl/ro tyf sfo{s|d lj:tf/

lj=;+ @)%% -;g\ !((*_ df kl/If0f (Pilot) sf] ?kdf z'? ePsf]] n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmd -d]8]k_ g]kfn;/sf/ dftxtsf] pBf]u dGqfno / ;Fo'Qm /fi6« ;‹Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] Ps ;Fo'Qm k|of; xf] . o;sfo{qmdn] ul/jLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf u|fdL0f hgtfnfO{ nlIft u/L pBdzLntf ljsf;dfkm{t ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf;3fp k'¥ofp+b} s|da4 ?kdf nlIft ;d"xx?sf nflu /f]huf/L l;h{gf ub}{ cfPsf]] 5 . of] sfo{qmdsf] klxnf]r/0f -lj=;+= @)%%–@)%(_ df !) lhNnfdf kl/If0fsf] ?kdf z'?eO{ bf];|f] r/0f -lj=;+= @)^) – @)^$_ dfyk !% lhNnf/ t];|f] r/0f -lj=;+= @)^% – @)&)_ df yk !# lhNnf u/L #* lhNnfdf lj:tf/ ul/Psf] 5 -tflnsf@=!_ . rf}yf] r/0f -lj=;+= @)&) – @)&%_ df log} #* lhNnfx?af6 sfo{s|d z''? ub}{ ;a} sfo{qmd d]8kfnfO{x:tfGt/0f u/L d]8]k kl/of]hgf ;lsg]5 .

tflnsf @=! M r/0fut ?kdf d]8]k ;~rfngePsflhNnfx?

r/0f cf=j= lhNnfx?klxnf] ;g\ !((*–@))#

-lj=;+= @)%%–^)_t]x|y'd, ;'g;/L, wg'iff, g'jfsf]6, gjnk/f;L, Ko'7fg, bfª, 88]Nw'/f,a}t8L, kj{t-!) lhNnf_

bf]>f] ;g\ @))$–@))&-lj=;+= @)^)–^%_

pbok'/, l;Gw'nL, /fd]5fk, l;Gw'kfNrf]s, /;'jf, DofUbL, bfr'{nf, af+s],alb{of, s}nfnL-klxnf] r/0fsf !) lhNnfx? ;d]t u/L @% lhNnf_

t]>f] ;g\ @))*–@)!#-lj=;+= @)^%–&)_

h'Dnf, sfnLsf]6, b}n]v, ;'v]{t, ;Nofg, /f]Nkf, ?s'd, afun'ª,slknj:t', sfe|], bf]nvf, /f}tx6, ;nf{xL, dxf]Q/L, l;/xf, ;Kt/L, df]/ª,-klxnf] tyf bf]>f] r/0fsf @) lhNnfx? ;d]t u/L #* lhNnf_

rf}yf] ;g\ @)!$–@)!*-lj=;+= @)&)–&%_

klxnf], bf]>f] tyf t]>f] r/0fsf #* lhNnfx?af6 sfo{s|d z''? ub}{ ;a}sfo{qmd d]8kfnfO{ x:tfGt/0f u/L d]8]k kl/of]hgf ;lsg]5*

* o; r/0fdf d]8]k d]8]kf sfo{s|ddfcfGtl/sLs/0f ;DkGg eO;s]sf] x'g' kg]{ 5 . o;}n] o; r/0fdf sfo{s|dsf] hf]8 yk lhNnflj:tf/ (Area Expansion) ug]{ eGbf /fli6«o Ifdtf clea[l4 (National Capacity Enhancement) tkm{ s]lGb|t x'g' kg]{5 .

d]8]ksf] jt{dfg rf}yf] r/0f-lj=;+= @)&)–@)&%_ df ;DkÌ ul/g] sfo{qmd pknAwL tyf ltgsf glthfx?nfO{g]kfn ;/sf/df lhDd]jf/L x:tfGt/0f ug]{ nIo lnOPsf] 5 . t/ rf}yf] r/0fdf d]8]k tyf d]8kf b'j}af6;dfgfGt/ ?kdf n3' pBdLx? l;h{gf ug]{ sfo{ oyfjt ?kdf rfn' /x]sf] 5 / lhNnf:t/df b'j}sf] Joj;foljsf; ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yf (Business Development Service Provider - BDSPO) Pp6} x'g] ePaf6 klgpBdLdf bf]xf]/f]kg cfpg g;Sg] l:ylt b]lvG5 . o; cWoogdf s'g} n3' pBdL / hfgLkmsf/ JolQmx?n] klgs;}n] b'j} lgsfoaf6 ;xof]u lnPsf] b]lvPg .



@=!=@ nIo, p2]Zo tyf k|ltkmn

d]8]k M ;du|df d]8]ksf] nIo Go"g cfo ePsf kl/jf/ tyf ;fdflhs jlxis/0fdf k/]sf g]kfnLsf] ;fdflhs–cfly{s cj:yfsf] ;'wf/ ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . n3' pBd ljsf; tyf /f]huf/L a[l4 dfkm{t Go"gcfo ePsf kl/jf/sf]hLljsf]kfh{gsf] ljljwLs/0f Pj+ cfDbfgL a[l4 ug'{ o; sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo /x]sf 5g\ .

of] d"NofÍg cWoogn] d]8]ksf] t]>f] tyf rf}yf] r/0fsf pknlAwsf] d"NofÍg ug]{ ePsf]n] o; v08df d]8]ksft]>f] tyf rf}yf] r/0fsf nIo, p2]Zo Pj+ k|ltkmnsf] yk ;dLIff lgDg cg';f/ ul/Psf] 5 .

d~h'iff @=! M d]8]k t]>f] r/0fsf] nIf, p2]Zo / k|ltkmn

nIo M u|fld0f If]qdf ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf hgtfx?sf] ahf/ ;DefJotf tyf :yfgLo >f]tdf cfwfl/t n3'pBdL ljsf; dfkm{t ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug]{ ;/sf/sf] k|of;df of]ubfg ug]{ .

p2]Zo M lghLIf]q tyf gful/s ;dfh ;+:yfx? ;Ësf] ;fem]bf/Ldf o'jf, jlxis/0fdf k/]sf tyfPr\cfO{le÷P8\; ePsf JolQmx?sf] /f]huf/L tyf cfDbfgLsf cj;/x? Pj+ ljQLo ;]jfdf kx'+r a[l4 ug]{ .

k|ltkmnM5gf}6df k/]sf lhNnfx?df o'jf, dlxnf, ul/a tyf ;fdflhs jlxis/0fdf k/]sf JolQmx?sf] nflu /f]huf/Llj:tf/ ug{ gLlt th'{df tyf kxn ljsf;

d~h'iff @=@ M d]8]k rf}yf] r/0fsf] nIf, p2]Zo / k|ltkmn

nIo M g]kfnsf] ul/aL Go"gLs/0f / /f]huf/ l;h{gfdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' .

p2]Zo M!= d]8kf sfo{qmd dfkm{t n3' pBd ljsf; ;]jf k|bfg lqmofsnfkx? lngsf] nflu ;/sf/nfO ;xof]u ug]{@= n3' pBd ljsf; ;]jf lbuf] ?kdf k|bfg ug{ ;/sf/ tyf u};; nufot lghL If]q -n3' pBd ljsf; ;]jf

k|bfos_ sf] Ifdtf clea[l4 ug]{#= cfˆgf ;b:ox?nfO{ ahf/ kx'+r, ljlQo ;]jfdf kx'+r, pÌt k|ljlw tyf k}/jL h:tf Joj;fo ljsf; ;]jfx?

lbuf] ?kdf k|bfg ug{ n3' pBdL ;‹x?sf] Ifdtf ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{

k|ltkmn M!= Go"gtd #),))) n3' pBdLx? l;h{gf ub}{ n3' pBdzLntf ljsf;sf] nflu lbuf] ;]jf k|bfg k|0ffnLsf]

ljsf;@= n3' pBdL;‹ tyf n3' pBd ljsf; ;]jf k|bfosx?sf] kl/rfng u/L n3' pBd ljsf;sf] nflu ;fdflhs

kl/rfng, k|fljlws ;Lkdf kx'+r, ahf/df kx'+r, ljQLo ;]jfdf kx'+r, pÌt k|ljlw tyf k}/jL h:tfJoj;fo ljsf; ;]jfx?df n3' pBdLsf] lbuf] kx'+r

nlIft ;d"x M d]8]ksf] nlIft ;d"x Go"g cfo ePsf kl/jf/, dlxnf, j]/f]huf/ o'jf, ;fdflhs jlxis/0fdfk/]sf tyf clt ul/a, k|fs[lts k|sf]k k|efljt kl/jf/, åGb k|efljt kl/jf/, Pr\cfOeL÷P8\; nfu]sf tyfnfu' kbfy{ b'Jo{;gL, SofG6f]gd]G6af6 cfPsf k"j{–dfcf]jfbL n8fs'x? x'g\ .

d]8]ksf] ;+lIfKt ;f]r tflnsf cg';"rL @ df k|:t't 5 .

@=!=# d]8]k df]8]n tyf sfof{Gjog /0fgLltdf]8]n M n3' pBd ljsf; tyf k|j4{gsf] nflu d]8]kn] kl/If0f u/L lj:tf/ u/]sf] n3' pBd ljsf; df]8nd]8]k df]8]nsf] gfdaf6 lrlgG5 . nlIft ;d"xsf] klxrfg Pj+ 5gf}6, pBdzLntf ljsf; tflndsf] clgjfo{tf,l8d]uf dfkm{t lgoldt cg'udg Pj+ Joj;flos k/fdz{ tyf ahf/, :yfgLo >f]t ;fwg Pj+ dfudf cfwfl/t;Lk ljsf; tflnd o; df]8]nsf ljz]iftfx? x'g\ . n3' pBd ljsf; df]8]n lrq @=! df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .



d]8]k df]8nsf] gfdaf6 ;j{kl/lrt of] df]8]ndf b]xfo adf]lhdsf ^ ;Defux? 5g\ .

!= pBd ljsf;sf nflu ;fdflhs kl/rfng@= SIYB/MED dfkm{t pBdzLntf ljsf;#= k|fljlws ;Lk ljsf;$= shf{df kxF'+r%= pko'Qm k|ljlwsf] k|of]u / x:tfGt/0f^= Afhf/ ;Dks{ / Joj;fo k/fdz{

lrq @=! df pNn]lvt :t/f]GgtLnfO{ ;Defusf] ?kdf lnOPsf] 5}g lsg eg] s'g} klg sfo{s|dsf] :jtM tyfclGtd uGtAo :t/f]GgtL÷;'wf/ x'G5 .

d]8kfn] klg lrq @=! df k|:t't PsLs[t n3' pBd ljsf; df]8]nnfO{ cfGtl/sLs/0f ul//x]sf] 5 .

sfof{Gjog /0fgLlt Mn3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] nIo tyf p2]Zok|flKtsf nflu d]8]kn] lgDg cg';f/sf dfudf cfwfl/t # /0fgLltckgfPsf] 5 .

s_ dfun] rflnt sfo{s|d M nlIft ;d"xdf k|j]z tyf ;~rfng ul/g]sfo{qmd lhNnfsf] ;DefJo >f]t, nlIft ;d"xsf] cfjZostf tyfahf/ dfusf] lj:t[t cWoogaf6 ug]{ d]8]ksf] /0fgLlt xf] -lrq@=!_

v_ lbuf] pBd ;fem]bf/L M n3' pBd ljsf;sf nflu :yfgLo tj/df ljleÌ pBdx?sf] ;~hfn lgdf{0f;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{ sfo{qmdsf] clek|fo /x]sf] 5 . pBd l;h{gf tyf k|j4{gsf nflu r/0fj4 ;]jfx? k|bfgug]{ o;sf] gLlt xf] . ;fy} o; sfo{s|dn] n3' pBd ljsf; k|of;sf nflu clwsf/df cfwfl/t cjwf/0ff;d]t cjnDjg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

u_ :yfgLo Ifdtf ljsf; M n3' pBd k|j4{g tyf ljsf; Pj+ /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ l;h{gf tyf Ifdtf;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu lhlj; tyf :yfgLo Joj;flos ;‹÷;+:yfx?sf] ;xeflutf tkm{ o; sfo{qmdsf]lqmofsnfkx? s]lGb|t 5g\ . o; sfo{s|dn] pBd ljsf;sf nflu lbuf] ;fem]bf/x?sf] Ifdtfljsf;,l;h{gf tyf ;dGjo ;d]t ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

d]8kf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/ pBf]u dGqfnon] d]8kfsf] kf+rjif]{ /0fgLlts of]hgfg} th'{df u/Lsfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 . d]8]kn] ckgfPsf] /0fgLlt o; kf+r jif]{ /0fgLlts of]hgfdf klg cjnDag ul/Psf]5 . pQm kf+rjif]{ /0fgLlts of]hgfsf] l;4fGt tyf cjwf/0ff ;+lIfKt ?kdf tn j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 .

l;4fGt M ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sfnfO{ nlIft ug'{ /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug'{ :yfgLo >f]tx?sf] pkof]u ug'{ ;dfj]zLs/0f ckgfpg' ;fem]bf/L÷;xsfo{sf] cjwf/0ff cjnDag ug'{ PsLs[t cjwf/0ff cjnDag ug'{ ;DefJo ahf/ tyf dfusf cfwf/df lgb]{lzt x'g'

cjwf/0ff M Ifdtf ljsf; ug'{ kf/blz{tf Pj+ hjfkmb]lxtf sfod ug'{

lrq @=! M dfudf cfwfl/t df]8]n



ul/af]Gd'v ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L cjnDag ug'{ jftfj/0fLo lbuf]kgf xfl;n ug'{ pBdx?sf] lbuf]kgf xfl;n ug'{ Jofj;fo ljsf; ;]jfsf] lbuf]kgf xfl;n ug'{ pBdLsf ;+:yfx?sf] lbuf]kgf xfl;n ug'{ glthfd'vL pks/f/sf] cjwf/0ff cjnDag ug'{

@=@ d]8kfdf d]8]k]sf] cfGtl/sLs/0fg]kfn ;/sf/sf] cfGtl/s >f]t -ah]6_ af6 pBf]u dGqfnon] cfly{s jif{ @)^^÷^& b]lv n3' pBd ljsf;dfd]8]kn] ;kmn kl/If0f u/L !! jif{ ;Dd ljleGg lhNnfx?df sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] d]8]k df]8nnfO{k|lts[tLs/0f u/L cf=j= @)&$÷&% ;Dddf &% lhNnfdf lj:tf/ u/L ;Sg] u/L sfo{s|d cufl8 a9fPsf] 5 .o;sf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifbsf] ldlt @)&)÷$÷@ sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ % jif]{ /0fgLlts of]hgf -@)&)÷&!–@)&$÷&%_ / g]kfn ;/sf/ -df= dlGq:t/_ sf] ldlt @)&)÷)(÷@# sf] lg0f{oaf6 d]8kf;~rfng lgb]{lzsf, @)&) / sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf b]lvPsf c:ki6tfx? x6fpg @)&@÷^÷@@ sf] lg0f{oaf6 klxnf] ;+zf]wg ;d]t u/L ;s]sf] 5 . o; /0fgLlts of]hgf cg'?k xfn d]8kf ^$ lhNNffdf sfof{Gjogdf5 . d]8]kn] tf]s]sf Go"gtd :t/f]GgtL dfkb08 -Graduation criteria_ k'/f ul/;s]sf lhNnfdf d]8]kn];dfgfGt/ ?kdf npljsf ;~rfng gu/L d]8kfnfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug]{ / @)&$÷&% ;Dddf d]8k sfof{Gjogdf/x]sf xfnsf #* lhNnfd} d]8kfnfO{ x:tfGt/0f eO{;s]sf] x'g] 5 . o;/L rfn' cfj @)&!÷&@ df *lhNnfx? -/f}tx6, bfr'{nf, ;Nofg, ;Kt/L, wg'iff, l;Gw'nL, DofUbL, ;'v]{t_ df d]8]k sfo{s|d ;~rfng gug]{Joj:yf g]kfn ;/sf/n] ldnfO{ ;s]sf] 5 . oL lhNnfx?df cf=j= @)&@÷&# af6 d]8]k alx{udg eO{ d]8kfdfq k"0f{ ?kdf sfof{Gjogdf 5 . pNn]lvt lgb]{lzsf tyf /0fgLlts sfo{ of]hgf adf]lhd pBf]u dGqfnosf]kxndf ;‹Lo dfldnf tyf :yflgo ljsf; dGqfnosf] ;xeflutf tyf ;xof]udf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltcGtu{tsf] n3' pBd ljsf; ;ldltsf] Joj:yfkgdf /xg] u/L xfn %# lhNnfdf n3' pBd ljsf; sf]if(Micro Enterprise Development Fund - MEDF) :yfkgf tyf ;~rfngsf] k|ls|ofdf /x]sf] 5 ;fy} o; sf]ifdf:yflgo lgsfosf] * k|ltzt c+z -share_ /xg] Joj:yf ldnfpg klg pBf]u dGqfnon] cg'udgnfO{ ltj|tflbPsf] 5 . cfGtl/sLs/0fnfO{ ltj|tf tyf ;kmn t'Nofpg MEDF :yfkgf tyf bIf hgzlQmsf] cefj h:tfr'gf}tLk"0f{ sfo{x?nfO{ ;kmntfk'j{s kf/ ub}{ pBf]u dGqfno w]/} cufl8 a9\b} uPsf] kfO{G5 . @)&$÷&% kl5d]8kf &% lhNnfd} nfu' eO{;s]sf] x'g] / d]8]k xfnsf] cj:yfdf sfod g/xg] :ki6 b]lvPsf] 5 .

cfGtl/sLs/0fsf] s|ddf ;DalGwt dGqfno, ljefu, sfof{no / :yfgLo lgsfox?n] d]8]kn] xfn ;DdcjnDjg u/]sf k|s[of / k4ltdf cfjZos ;dfof]hg u/L] sfo{s|d sfof{Gjog ug]{5g\ . o;/L d]8]ksf]cfGtl/sLs/0faf6 n3' pBd sfof{Gjog ;DaGwL Joj:yfksLo lhDd]jf/Lx? ;DalGwt ;/sf/L ljefu, lgsfotyf :yfgLo lgsfox?df k'Ug] Joj:yf ldnfO{Psf] 5 .

@=# ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmd -d]8kf_@=#=! kl/ro tyf sfo{s|d lj:tf/ul/aL lgjf/0fdf d]8]ksf] ;kmntfnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ pBf]u dGqfnon] g]kfn;/sf/sf] lgoldt sfo{qmddf ;dflxt ug]{ pb]Zo ;lxt cfly{s jif{ @)^^÷^& b]lv g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ah]6laefhgaf6 ul/jL lgjf/0fsf nflu n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmd -d]8kf_ sfof{Gjogdf NofO{ d]8]k df]8nsf]cfGtl/sLs/0f k|s[of z'? u/fPsf] xf] . of] sfo{s|d cf=j=@)^^÷^& df !* lhNnf, cf=j= @)^&÷^* df yk &lhNnf, cf=j= @)^*÷^( df yk @) lhNnf, cf=j= @)&)÷&! df yk % lhNnf,cf=j= @)&!÷&@ df yk %lhNnf tyf @)&@÷&# df ( lhNnf yk u/L xfn ^$ lhNnfx?df rfn' 5 -tflnsf @=@_ . oL ^$ lhNnfx?dWo] d]8]k #* j6} lhNnfdf sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] 5 . d]8]k / d]8kf b'a} sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf lhNnfx?dfnfeu|fxLx? / pBdLx?df bf]xf]/fkg cfpg glbg d]8]k / d]8kfsf sfo{qmdx? km/s km/s uflj;x?df;~rfng ug]{ gLlt/x]sf] 5 . d]8]k df]8n cfGtl/sLs/0f ;lxt lgoldt sfo{s|dsf] ?kdf lg/Gt/tf lbg]s|ddf @)&$÷&% ;Dddf d]8kfaf6 #@,))) gofF pBdLx? l;h{gf ub}{ of] sfo{s|d &% j6} lhNnfdf lj:tf/u/L ;Sg] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt /x]sf] 5 . o;/L d]8]k df]8nnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] :jLsf/ ul/;s]sf] l:ylt 5 .



d~h'iff @=# df d]8ksf] nIo, p2]Zo tyf k|ltkmn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

Tfflnsf @=@ M d]8kf sfo{s|d lj:tf/qm;+ cfly{s jif{ lhNnfx?! 2066/67

(2009/10)lxdfn M l;Gw'kfNrf]s, h'Dnf, sfnLsf]6,kxf8 M t]x|y'd, /fd]5fk, g'jfsf]6, kj{t, Ko'7fg, b}n]v, 88]Nw'/f, a}t8L, sfe|],t/fO{ M ;'g;/L, ;nf{xL, slknj:t', bfª, af+s], alb{of u/L !* lhNnfx?

@ 2067/68(2010/11)

lxdfn M /;'jf, bf]nvf,kxf8 M ;Nofg, ;'v]{t, sf:sL,t/fO{ M k;f{, lrtjgcf=j= @)^^÷^& df nfu' ePsf !* lhNnfx? ;d]t u/L hDdf @% lhNnfx?

# 2068/69(2011/12)

lxdfn M tfKn]h'ª, ;f]n'v'Da', aemfª, bfr{'nfkxf8 M afun'ª, tgx', wgs'6f, :ofËhf, ?s'd, O{nfd, kfNkf, dsjfgk'/t/fO{ M df]/ª, l;/xf, ;Kt/L, wg'iff, gjnk/f;L, s}nfnL, s~rgk'/, jf/f,cf=j= @)^^÷^& / @)^&÷^* df nfu' ePsf @% lhNnfx? ;d]t u/L hDdf $%lhNnfx?

$ 2069/70(2012/13)

pk/f]Qm $% lhNnfx?df lg/Gt/tf

% 2070/71(2013/14)

kxf8 M l;Gw'nL, /f]Nkf, u'NdLt/fO{ M dxf]Q/L, /f}tx6cf=j= @)^^÷^&, @)^&÷^*, @)^*÷^( / 2069/70 df dfly pNn]lvt $% lhNnf;d]t u/L hDdf %) lhNnfx?

^ 2071/72(2014/15)

kxf8 M pbok'/, DofUbL, afh'/ft/fO{ M df]/ª, ?kGb]xLcf=j= @)^^÷^&, @)^&÷^*, 2069/70/ 2071/72 df dfly pNn]lvt %) lhNnf;d]t u/L hDdf %% lhNnfx?

& 2072/73(2015/16)

kxf8 M nlntk'/, eQmk'/ wflbª, vf]6fª, cf]vn9'Ëf, ef]hk'/, c5fd, hfh/sf]6lxdfn M d'u'

@=#=@ nIo, p2]Zo tyf k|ltkmn

d]8]k em}+ d]8kfsf] nIo ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf hgtf, vf;ul/ ;fdflhs ?kdf jlxis[t tyf ;LdfGts[t;d"xsf] ;fdflhs–cfly{s cj:yfdf ;'wf/NofO{ ul/aLsf] /]vfaf6 dfly p7fpg /x]sf] 5 . d~h'iff @=# dfo;sf] nIo, p2]Zo tyf k|ltkmn ;lj:tf/ j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 .

d~h'iff @=# M d]8kfsf] nIo, p2]Zo tyf k|ltkmn

nIo M ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf hgtf, vf;ul/ ;fdflhs ?kdf jlxis[t tyf ;LdfGts[t ;d"xsf] ;fdflhs–cfly{s cj:yfdf ;'wf/ NofO{ ul/aLsf] /]vfaf6 dfly p7fpg]

p2]Zo Mn3' pBd ljsf; sfo{s|d dfkm{t ul/a hgtfsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ / cfo:t/ clej[l4 ug]{

k|ltkmn M!= d]8kfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] nflu pko'Qm gLlt ;+/rgf / ;an jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf@= ;'b[9 ;+:yfut Ifdtfsf] ljsf;#= n3' pBdLx?sf] l;h{gf / :t/f]ÌtL$= n3' pBdLx?sf] ljQLo / k|fljlws ;]jfdf kx'Fr clej[l4%= n3' pBdLsf pTkfbg tyf ;]jfx? :yfgLo, If]qLo, /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o ahf/;Ë hf]l8Psf] cj:yf^= jftfj/0fd}qL k|ljlwsf] ljsf; tyf k|of]u



nlIft ;d"x Md]8kfsf] nlIft ;d"x ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lgsf kl/jf/x?, lk5l8Psf dlxnf, cflbjf;L hghftL,blnt, ckfË, l;dfGts[t tyf ;'ljwf ljlxg ;d"x +x'g\.

d]8kfsf] ;+lIfKt ;f]r tflnsf cg';"rL # df k|:t't 5 .

@=$ sfof{Gjog lgsfod]8]k t]>f] r/0fsf] sfof{Gjogsf] d'Vo lhDd]jf/L pBf]u dGqfnosf] /x]sf] lyof] / tTsfnLg :yfgLo ljsf;dGqfno Pj+ jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno o;sf ;xof]uL lgsfox? lyP eg] d]8]k rf}yf] r/0fdf pBf]udGqfnosf] oyfjt d'Vo e"ldsfdf / ;‹Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno d'Vo ;xof]uL lgsfosf]?kdf /x]sf] 5 . d]8kf sfo{s|d ul/jL lgjf/0fsf nflu n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{s|d sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsf @)^^adf]lhd lhNnf n3' pBd sfof{Gjog ;ldltsf] dftxt lhNnfl:yt 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefu / ;ldltsfsfof{nox?n] sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . oL b'j} lgsfox? pBf]u dGqfno dftxt 5g\ / oxL dGqfnoaf6}kl/dfh{g ePsf 5g\ t/ sfof{Gjog ;+/rgfdf dfq leGgtf /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] nflu ljefu÷;ldltn] d]8]ksf];xeflutf / ;xof]udf k|lt:kwf{Tds rog ljlw ckgfO{ Joj;fo ljsf; ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfx? (BDSPO)

lgo'Qm u/L ltgLx?af6 sfo{s|d sfof{Gjog ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ .

@=% sfo{qmdsf] nfutd]8]ksf] ah]6 klxnf] r/0f -;g\ !((*–@))#_ df #! nfv 8n/, bf]>f] r/0f -;g\ @))$ b]lv @))*_ df%!=! nfv 8n/sf ;fy} ;g\ @))&–)* df b|'t k|efj zflGt ;xof]udf kxn (Quick Impact Support Initiative(QUIPSI) gfds kl/of]hgfaf6 % nfv 8n/ , t]>f] r/0f -;g\ @))(–@)!#_ df ! s/f]8 $! nfv 8n/ lyof]eg] rf}yf] r/0f -;g\ @)!$–!*_ df # s/f]8 $# nfv 8n/ /x]sf] 5 . of] ah]6 eg]sf] d]8]ksf] n3' pBdLl;h{gf, :yfgLo Jolj;]k| ;+:yf ljsf;, ;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox?sf] Ifdtf clea[l4,gLlt tyf ;+:yfut ;'wf/, cflb ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfksf] nflu xf] . d]8kf tkm{ eg] pBf]u dGqfno cGtu{t 3/]n'tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefu Pj+ ;ldltsf cGo lgoldt sfo{qmd dfly d]8kf sfo{qmd yk ePsf]n] n3' pBdljsf;sf] nflu dfq ePsf] vr{ eg]/ 5'l§g] cj:yf /x]g .

of] d"NofÍgsf] p2]Zo cg';f/ @)^^÷^& b]lv @)&)÷&! ;Ddsf] cjlw ;d]l6g' kg]{ ePsf]n] ;f] cjlwsf] d]8]ktyf d]8]kf tkm{ n3' pBd l;h{gf tyf k|j4{gdf ePsf] vr{ qmdzM tflnsf @=# / @=$ df k|:t't 5 . n3'pBd l;h{gf tyf k|j4{gdf nfu]sf] vr{ d]8]kaf6 sfo{qmd tyf Jjj:yfklso vr{ u/L af+8kmf+8 ug]{ u/]sf]kfO{of] eg] o:tf] vr{ d]8kfsf] xsdf sfo{qmd vr{df dfq b]vfOPsf] 5 . d]8]kaf6 pknAw sfo{s|d vr{dfd]8]k df]8]n sfo{Gjog tkm{sf] ;Dk"0f{ vr{ ;dfj]z 5 cyf{t o;df Jolj;]k| ;+:yf, l8d]uf/ d]8]kaf6 ;f]em}vr{ x'g] ;a} vr{ ;dfj]Zf 5 . o; k|sf/ % jif{sf] cf};t x]bf{ ? ^@,#(#=#( b]lvg cfpF5 t/ nw' pBdLl;h{gf tkm{ k|lt:kwf{sf] cfwf/df k|lt nw' pBdL k|lt jif{ ? @#,))) eGbf a9L gx'g] Jolj;]k| ;+:yf tyfd]8]kaf6 hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf] 5 . d]8]ksf] xsdf tflnsf @=# df k|:t't ul/Psf] k|lt n3' pBdL vr{df d]8]k;~rfngsf] ;a} vr{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . o;}n] :jefljs ?kdf d]8kf eGbf d]8]ksf] k|lt n3' pBdL l;h{gftyf k|j4{g vr{ a9L x'G5 .

d]8kf tkm{ k|fKt sfo{s|d vr{ % jif{sf] cf};t u0fgf ubf{ k|lt jif{ k|lt pBdL l;h{gf vr{ ? @@,#(# b]lvG5. o;k|sf/ n3' pBdL l;h{gf tkm{ d]8k tyf d]8]kfdf leGgtf b]lvFb}g . d]8kfsf] xsdf s]Gb|b]lv lhNnf;Ddd]8kfsf] sfo{qmd cnfjf cGo lgoldt sfo{qmdx? klg ;~rfng ug'{ kg]{ x'gfn] d]8kfsf] Joj:yfklso vr{5'l§g ;Sg] l:ylt 5}g .

n3' pBdLx?sf] oyfy{ jflif{s cfDbfgL b'a} sfo{s|dx?af6 k|fKt x'g ;s]g t/ d]8]kaf6 k|fKt ljj/0f cg';f/k|lt jif{ n3'' pBdLx?sf] cfo j[l4 eO{ cf=j= @)&)÷&! df k|lt pBdL ?= *),!!& ePsf] tYofÍ k|fKt 5 .t/ n3'' pBdL :jo+dsf] vr{ / cfDbfgLaf6 nfe–nfut vr{ cg'dfg ug'{ kg]{ ePsf]n] o; d"Nofªsgdf;dfj]z gf} lhNnfsf :ofDkndf k/]sf n3' pBdLx?sf] k|f/lDes ;j]{If0faf6 k|fKt glthf kl/R5]b # df pNn]v5 .



t/ d]8kf sfo{qmdsf] xsdf eg] n3' pBdaf6 ePsf] cfDbfgL af/]df s'g} hfgsf/L 5}g . d]8kf sfo{qmddfTo:tf] hfgsf/L /fVg] ;+oGq klg tof/ ul/Psf] kfO{Pg .

tflnsf @=# M d]8]ksf] n3'' pBdL l;h{gfdf nfut -? Ú)))_

cf=j=

vr{ -?_l;h{gf

ePsf n3'pBdL ;+Vof

n3' pBdaf6ePsf]

cfDbfgL ?

k|lt n3' pBdLvr{ ?

-sfo{qmd vr{;d]t_*

k|lt pBdLcfDbfgL ?sfo{qmd vr{

Joj:yfklsovr{

hDdf vr{

2066/67 241,555.6 26,839.5 268,395.1 6.1 165,515.1 39.5 27.1

2067/68 191,561.7 39,235.5 230,797.3 2.8 106,867.1 68.9 38.4

2068/69 299,280.6 40,811.0 340,091.6 2.7 74,839.1 110.0 27.5

2069/70 363,980.9 59,252.7 423,233.6 6.6 460,399.4 55.5 70.2

2070/71 480,302.1 160,100.7 640,402.8 7.1 568,870.5 67.6 80.1

hDdf 1,576,680.9 326,239.4 1,902,920.4 25.3 1,376,491.2 62.4 54.5

o;df Jolj;]k| ;+:yf, l8d]uf/ d]8]kaf6 ;f]em} vr{ x'g] ;a} vr{ ;dfj]Zf 5 . k|lt n3' pBdL k|lt jif{ ?@#,))) eGbf a9L vr{ 5}g .

tflnsf @=$ M d]8kfsf] n3' pBdL l;h{gfdf nfut -? Ú)))_

cf=j=

vr{ -?_l;h{gf ePsfn3' pBdL

;+Vof

n3' pBdaf6ePsf]

cfDbfgL ?

k|lt n3' pBdLvr{ ?

-Joj:yfklsovr{ jfx]s_

k|lt pBdLcfDbfgL ?sfo{qmd vr{

Joj:yfklsovr{

hDdf vr{

2066/67 35,618.2 pg 35,618.2 1.7 pg 21.0 pg2067/68 59,511.3 pg 59,511.3 2.7 pg 21.9 pg2068/69 104,935.5 pg 104,935.5 5.5 pg 19.2 pg2069/70 141,950.0 pg 141,950.0 5.1 pg 28.0 pg2070/71 142,872.7 pg 142,872.7 6.7 pg 21.3 pg

hDdf 484,887.7 pg 484,887.7 21.7 pg 22.4 pgpg M pknAw gePsf]

@=^ sfo{qmdsf] n3' pBdL l;h{gf ;DaGwL k|ltkmnd]8]k tyf d]8kfsf k|d'v k|ltkmn eg]s} n3' pBdL ljsf; tyf n3' pBd l;h{gf Pj+ k|j4{g xf] . tflnsf@=% / @=^ df k|:t't ul/P cg';f/ o; d"NofÍgsf] cjlwdf d]8]k / d]8kf u/L $^,(@$ -@%,&@) d]8]k tyf@!, ^%$ d]8kf_ hgf n3' pBdL l;h{gf ePsf 5g\ . d]8]kn] @$,)&% pBdL l;h{gf ug]{ nIo /fv]sf]df of]nIo eGbf % k|ltzt a9L k|ult ePsf] 5 eg] d]8kf tkm{ s'n @^,!($ pBdL l;h{gf ug]{ nIo /fv]sf]df *#k|ltzt k|ult dfq xfl;n ePsf] b]lvG5 . :ofDkndf k/]sf gf} lhNnfx? dWo] d]8]k tkm{sf lhNnfx?df of]d"NofÍg cjlwdf n3' pBd l;h{gf nIo eGbf k|ult a9L ePsf] b]lvof] eg] d]8kf sfo{qmdsf lhNnfx?dfsl/a nIo a/fa/ n3' pBdL l;h{gf ePsf] b]lvof] -tflnsf @=& / @=*_ . of] tYofÍ o; d"NofÍg ;DkÌ ug{:ofDkn lng] k|of]hgsf] nflu k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 / l;h{gf ePsf pBdLx?sf] jt{dfg cj:yfsf] jf/]df eg]:ofDkndf k/]sf pBdLx?sf] dfq yk ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

d]8]kaf6 k|fKt hfgsf/L cg';f/ d]8]kn] l;h{gf u/]sf n3' pBdL dWo] !% k|ltzt lglZqmo /x]sf 5g\ .d]8kfn] l;h{gf u/L k|j4{g u/]sf n3' pBdLdf slt k|ltzt ;lqmo 5g\ eÌ] hfgsf/L pknAw 5}g . d]8kfsfo{qmddf l;h{gf ePsf n3' pBdL dWo] ;fdfGotof @) b]lv $) k|ltzt ;Dd lglZqmo /x]sf] d]8kfsfo{qmdsf] cg'dfg 5 -3;fplj;, @)&!_ . oL ;jfnx?df If]qut ;j]{af6 cfPsf] glthfdf cfwfl/t eP/kl/R5]b # df yk 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 .



tflnsf @=% M n3' pBd l;h{gf nIo Pj+ k|ult

cf=j=d]8]k

d]8kfs'nhDdf

3;fplj 3;fplj; hDdf

nIo k|ult k|ltzt nIo k|ult k|ltzt nIo k|ult k|ltzt nIo k|ult k|ltzt nIo k|ult k|ltzt2066/67 6,525 6,112 94 1,120 728 65 1,100 967 88 2,220 1,695 76 8,745 5,876 672067/68 3,500 2,782 79 1,600 1,270 79 1,875 1,445 77 3,475 2,715 78 6,975 4,479 642068/69 2,500 2,721 109 3,200 2,528 79 3,125 2,951 94 6,325 5,479 87 8,825 6,972 792069/70 5,625 6,555 117 2,932 2,837 97 3,942 2,234 57 6,874 5,071 74 12,499 8,564 692070/71 5,925 7,101 120 3,212 2,947 92 4,088 3,747 92 7,300 6,694 92 13,225 10,996 83hDdf 24,075 25,270 105 12,064 10,310 85 14,130 11,344 80 26,194 21,654 83 50,269 46,924 93

tflnsf @=^ M l;h{gf ePsf s'n n3' pBdLdf lglZqmo k|ltzt

cf=j=

d]8]kd]8kf

s'nhDdf3;fplj 3;fplj; hDdf

l;lh{t lglZqmo l;lh{t lglZqmo l;lh{t lglZqmo l;lh{t lglZqmo l;lh{t lglZqmo

;+Vof ;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vof ;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vof ;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vof ;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vof ;+Vof k|ltzt2066/67 6,112 1,943 32 728 211 29 967 387 40 1,695 598 35 7,807 2,541 332067/68 2,782 568 20 1,270 356 28 1,445 578 40 2,715 934 34 5,497 1,502 272068/69 2,721 425 16 2,528 607 24 2,951 1,180 40 5,479 1,787 33 8,200 2,212 272069/70 6,555 675 10 2,837 624 22 2,234 894 40 5,071 1,518 30 11,626 2,193 192070/71 7,101 188 3 2,947 589 20 3,747 1,499 40 6,694 2,088 31 13,795 2,276 17hDdf 25,270 3,799 15 10,310 2,387 23 11,344 4,538 40 21,654 6,925 32 46,924 10,724 23



tflnsf @=& M d]8]k sfo{qmd tkm{sf :ofDkn lhNnfdf n3' pBd ljsf;sf] jflif{s nIo tyf k|ult

cf=j=

;'g;/L ;nf{xL sfe|] /;'jf af+s] ;'v]{t hDdf

nIo k|ult nIo k|ult nIo k|ult nIo k|ult nIo k|ult nIo k|ult nIo k|ult k|ult k|ltzt2066/67 69 69 90 95 90 120 160 170 200 222 1,275 1,275 1,884 1,951 1042067/68 123 123 - - 125 132 60 69 100 43 369 369 777 744 96

2068/69 176 176 - - 150 160 25 28 - - 50 50 401 414 103

20769/70 99 99 250 269 - - - 111 202 238 1,196 1,196 1,747 1,913 110

2070/71 140 163 100 136 146 159 - 192 177 178 703 703 1,266 1,531 121

hDdf 607 630 440 508 511 571 245 570 679 681 3,593 3,593 6,075 6,553 108

gf]6 M – nIf gePsf]

tflnsf @=* M d]8kf sfo{qmd tkm{sf :ofDkn lhNnfdf n3' pBd ljsf;sf] jflif{s nIo tyf k|ult

cf=j=

;'g;/L ;nf{xL ;f]n'v'Da' sfe|] /;'jf u'NdL af+s] ;'v]{t s~rgk'/ hDdf

nIo k|ult nIo k|ult nIo k|ult nIo k|ult nIo k|ult nIo k|ult nIo k|ult nIo k|ult nIo k|ult nIo k|ultk|ultk|ltz

t2066/67 90 69 90 155 - - 90 110 - - - - 80 92 140 140 - - 510 456 89

2067/68 135 123 125 142 - - 125 126 125 126 - - 100 115 135 135 - - 746 766 103

2068/69 180 176 150 156 130 135 150 130 126 135 - - 180 200 146 146 160 166 1,202 1,240

103

20769/70

100 99 100 129 60 68 144

156 65 67 - - 150 159 140 140 140 145 911 872 96

2070/71 146 163 146 141 146 151 146 161 135 137 146

146 150 156 120 120 170 173 1,320 1,322 100

hDdf 651 630 611 723 336 354 655 683 451 465 146

146 660 722 681 681 470

484

4,689

4,656 99

gf]6 M – nIf gePsf]



kl/R5]b # M tYofÍ ljZn]if0f kl/0ffd (Findings)

o; kl/R5]bdf d"NofÍgdf ;dfj]z ( lhNnfx? -;f]n'v'Da', /;'jf, sfe|], u'NdL, ;'v]{t, ;'g;/L, ;nf{xL, af+s] /s~rgk'/_ df lg?b]ZoLo :oflDKnª ljlwaf6 5flgPsf d]8]k tkm{sf] ^%) tyf d]8kf tkm{sf] $(& u/L s'n!!$& n3' pBdLx?;+u k|ZgfjnLsf] k|of]u u/L lnO{Psf] :ynut cGt{jftf{af6 k|fKt pQ/x?nfO{ kl/df0ffTdstyf u'0ffTds ljflwaf6 k|fKt ljZn]if0f (Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis) sf kl/0ffdnfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf]5 .

#=! :ofDkn n3' pBdLsf] ljt/0ftyf ljz]iftftflnsf #=! df d"NofÍgsf] k|of]hgsf nflu 5flgPsf !!$& n3' pBdLx?nfO{ pBdsf] k|sf/ cg';f/ ljt/0ful/Psf] 5 . o;af6 of] d"NofÍgdf s|dz s[lif, u}/s[lif, jgdf cfwfl/t, ;]jfdf cfwfl/t, vfBdf cfwfl/t /cGo $$, @^, !@, (, ^, / $ k|ltzt ;dfj]z b]lvG5 .

tflnsf #=! M pBdsf] k|sf/ cg';f/ :ofDkn n3' pBdL ljt/0f

pBdsf] k|sf/d]8]k -:ofDkn ;+Vof Ö ^%)_ d]8kf -:ofDkn ;+Vof Ö $(&_ hDdf

;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vof k|ltzts[lifdf cfwfl/t 324 50 176 35 500 44u}/s[lif 129 20 164 33 293 26jgdf cfwfl/t +78 12 60 12 138 12;]jfdf cfwfl/t 71 11 31 6 102 9vfBdf cfwfl/t 25 4 45 9 70 6cGo 23 4 21 4 44 4hDdf 650 100 497 100 1,147 100k|ltzt 57 43 100

:ofDkn n3' pBdLsf] pd]/, hfltotf tyf z}lIfs :yLlt ljt/0f cg';"rL #=! df k|:t't 5 . o; cg';f/5flgPsf pBdLx? dWo] b'O{ ltxfO{ #) b]lv ^) jif{sf] pd]/ ;d"xdf / $) k|ltzt hghftL, @& k|ltztblnt -h:df (=%Ü t/fO{ blnt_, tyf !=& cGo -h:df )=*Ü d';ndfg_ / @) k|ltzt v;cfo{ b]lvG5 .:ofDkn pBdLx?df uÌ dfq ;Sg] #@ k|ltzt /x]sf] kfO{of] eg] k9\g / n]Vg ;Sg] @# k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvof] .

#=@ n3' pBdLsf] btf{÷;b:otf :yLlttflnsf #=@ df k|:t't ljj/0f cg';f/ cWoogdf ;dfj]z n3' pBdLx? dWo] !$=* k|ltzt lhNnf n3' pBdL;d"x ;+u7g (District Micro Enterprise Group Association - DMEGA) df / s|dz !)=# / *=* n3' pBd;d"x (Micro Enterprise Group- MEG) / Onfsf:t/sf] n3' pBd ;d"x (Micro Enterprise GroupAssociation - MEGA) df btf{ ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;f] x'g'df d]8kf tkm{ DMEGA df btf{ x'g'kg]{ Joj:yfgePsf] / ltgLx?nfO{ kl/rfng ug]{ sfo{ d]8]ksf] ;xof]udf xfn} dfq z'? ePsf] / DMEGA n] klg ;b:otf;+Vof j[l4 u/L pgLx?sf] xslxt, k}/jL / ;dGjofTds e"ldsfdf eGbf d]8]kaf6 v'b|f sfo{s|d ;~rfng u/L;+:yf lhjLt /fVg] tkm{ s]lGb|t x'g uPsf] b]lvG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu /;'jf lhNnfdf d]8]k nfu' ePsf] !) jif{cjlwdf @%)) eGbf al9 n3' pBd ;[hgf eO;s]sf] tYof+s pknAw 5 t/ To; lhNnfsf] DMEGA df %))sf] xf/fxf/Ldf npn] ;b:otf lnPsf] / o:nfO{ gljs/0f ug]{ o;sf] klg em08} cfwf dfq ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfdf DMEGA u7g u/L ;b:otf ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{ xfn} dfq z'? ePsf] 5 eg] sfe|], ;'v]{t tyfs~rgk'/df klg d]8]kn] o;nfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy cufl8 a9fO{ /x]sf] kfOof] . DMEGA sf] ;b:otf lnPkl5 k|flKt x'g] ;]jf, ;'ljwf tyf ;x'lnotaf/] npx? w]/} cglj1 /x]sf] tyf ;r]tgfsf] cefj ;d"x s]lGb|t5nkmnx?af6 klg b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . o:t} u/L uflj; tyf gu/klfnsfdf btf{ u/fpg] tyf lhNnf:tl/o3;fljsf÷; df btf{ ug]{ k|ltzt gu0o 5 / lt lgsfox?df n3' pBdLx?sf] ?kdf btf{ ug]{ sfg'gL cfwf/klg 5}g . btf{ ePsf s]xL n3' pBdLx? ;fgf pBf]usf] ?kdf btf{ ePsf 5g\ . %÷% jif{ kl5 gljs/0f ug'{kg]{ jt{dfg Joj:yfdf d'No clej[l4 s/df btf{ eO{ jif]{lg s/ r'Qmf k|df0f kq lng' kg]{ jt{dfg lgodn]



gljs/0f ug{ cem} em0eml6nf] ePsf] n3' pBdLx? atfpFb5g\ . t;y{ o; ;DaGwdf :ki6 lgtL tyf sfg'gLcfwf/ cfjZos eO{ ;s]sf] b]lvG5 .tflnsf #=@ M ;+:yf cg';f/sf] btf{ ljj/0f

sfo{qmd btf{ ePsf] ;+:yf ;+Vof k|ltzt

d]8]k

n3' pBdL ;d"x -d]u_ 67 10.3n3' pBdL ;d"x ;‹ -d]uf_ ahf/ jf uflj; :t/ 57 8.8lhNnf n3' pBdL ;‹ -l8d]uf_, lhNnf :t/ 96 14.8lhNnf pBf]u tyf jfl0fHo ;‹ 8 1.2lhNnf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{no÷;ldlt 18 2.8uflj;÷gu/kflnsf 2 0.3hDdf 38.2

d]8kf

n3' pBdL ;d"x –d]u_ ;d"x 2 0.4lhNnf n3' pBdL ;‹ -l8d]uf_, lhNnf :t/ 9 1.8lhNnf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{no÷;ldlt 32 6.4uflj;÷gu/kflnsf 3 0.6hDdf 9.2

#=#= sfo{s|dsf] ;fGble{stfM

#=#=! pBdLx?sf] cfjZostf ;Daf]wg:yflgo :t/df sfo{s|d ;fGble{stf d'Nof+sg ug]{ s|ddf n3' pBdLx?nfO{ lsg of] sfo{s|ddf ;xeflutf x'g'eof], o;n] tkfO{x?sf] cfjZostfnfO{ s'g xb ;Dd ;Daf]wg u/]sf] 5 / o:df tkfFx?sf] ;Gt'i6tf slQsf]/x]sf] 5 elg k|Zg ubf{ k|fKt pQ/x? lrq #=! / tflnsf #=# df b]vfOPsf] 5 .

tflnsf #=# M ;xefuL x'gfsf sf/0fx?÷cfjZoStf ;Daf]wgqm; sf/0f -:ofDkn ;+Vof Ö !!$&_ ;+Vof* k|ltzt! lbuf] cfDbfgLsf nflu 1,130 98.5

@ /f]huf/Lsf nfflu 1,005 87.6# vfB ;'/Iffsf nflu 104 9.1

$ :yfgLo ;|f]tsf] Aoj:yfkg tyf k|of]usf nflu 8 0.7

% ;fdflhs k|lti7fsf nflu 7 0.6^ cGosf] ;Lkmfl/;df 6 0.5

& cGo 3 0.3*ax'pQ/ k|Zg ePsf]n] æhf]8Æ !!$& eGbf al9 x'G5

d]8]k

lrq #=! n3' pBd 5gf}6 k|lqmofdf ;xeflutf

lyof]

96%

lyPg

4%

d]8kf

lyof]

95%

lyPg

5%



d]8]k tyf d]8kf b'j} tkm{ s|dz (%Ü npn] 5gf}6df cfkm"x?sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] / s|dzM (*=%Ü / *^=^ÜpQ/x? lbuf] cfDbfgL / /f]huf/L j[l4sf] ck]Iffsf ;fy sfo{s|ddf ;xefuL ePsf] b]lvg cfof] . o;af6sfo{s|dsf] pb]Zo / :yflgo nlIft ;d"xsf] cfjZostf ljr ;fdGh:otf /x]sf] kfO{g'sf] ;fy} sfo{s|dn]:yflgox?sf] cfjZostf cg'?k pgLx?s} rfxgfaf6 pBdx? 5gf}6 ug]{ u/]sf] kfOof] . o;af6 sfo{s|dsf];fGble{stf sf] k'i6\ofO{ :ki6 x'g cfPsf] 5 .

5gf}6df k/]sf !!$& n3' pBdLx? dWo] % hgf dfq -Hofb} Go"g ;f+lVolso ?kdf gu0o (StatisticallyInsignificant) æn3' pBdLÆ geO{ dhb'/ ePsf] kfpg'n] klg n3' pBd :yfkgf tyf ;+rfngdf :yflgo nlIft;d"xsf] rfxgf tyf cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L n3' pBdLx? l;h{gf ePsf] :ki6 b]lvG5 . lhNnf:t/df;+rflnt ;jfndf s]lGb|t ;d"x 5nkmndf ;d]t clwsf+z ;/f]sf/jfnfx?n] d]8]k df]8n xf]lzof/Lsf ;fy k"0f{?kdf cfjZos ;a} ;+efu ;d]l6Psf] Jojxfl/s ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsg] ?kaf6 th'{df ul/Psf], :yflgolhNnf tyf /fli6«o :t/df cfjZostf ;+u d]n vfg] / pBd ljsf;df klxnf] v'8lsnf] ePsf] egfO{(Statement) kfOof] . cWoogdf ;dfj]z ( j6} lhNnfx?df lhNnf l:yt ;/f]sf/jfnfx? ;+usf] ;jfndfs]lGb|t ;d"x 5nkmnsf] lgisif{ / pBd:t/df lnOPsf] cGt/jftf{ ljr ;fdGh:o ;d]t b]lvG5 .

#=#=@ 5gf}6 k|ls|ofdf ;Gt'i6tfn3' pBd 5gf}6 k|lqmofdf ;xefuL xg]x?sf] sfo{s|d k|lt ;Gt'li6 tyf ;xefuLx?sf] ck]Iffdf ;fdfGh:o

/x]sf] tflnsf #=$ af6 :ki6 x'G5 . sfo{s|d k|lt ;Gt'i6 gx'g] d]8]k tyf d]8kf tkm{ s|dz ^ tyf $ Ü dfqkfO{of] eg] k"0f{ ?kdf ;Gt'i6 x'g]sf] k|ltzt eg] s|dz !# tyf (Ü dfq b]lvG5 . o;/L 5gf}6 k|ls|ofnfO{ cem}kf/blz{ tyf j:t'ut agfpg' kg]{ cfjZoStf b]lvg cfPsf] 5 .

tflnsf #=$ M ;xefuL x'g]x?sf] ;Gt'li6sf] ljj/0f

sfo{qmd;Gt'i6Lsf] ljj/0f hDdf

k"0f{ ?kdf 7Ls} 5}g;+Vof k|ltzt

;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vof k|ltzt

d]8]k 80 13 514 83 22 4 616 100

d]8kf 43 9 403 85 30 6 476 100hDdf 123 11 917 84 52 5 1,092 100

#=$ sfo{s|dsf] k|efjsf/Ltfn3' pBd ljsf; sfo{s|dnIf tyf k|ult sf] kl/df0ffTds l:ylt kl/R5]b @ df ;+lIfKt j0f{g ul/;s]sf] 5 .d]8]kn] ljut % jif{df nIf eGbf % k|ltzt al9 k|ult xfl;n u/L @^,!($ np ;[hgf u/]sf] / d]8]kfn]nIfsf] *#Ü k|ult xfl;n u/L @!,^%$ n3' pBdL ;[hgf u/]sf] hgfPsf] 5 . ;/;/tL x]bf{ b'j} sfo{s|dsf]k|efjsf/Ltf ;Gtf]ifhgs b]lvG5 . t/ ;[lht n3' pBdL dWo] lhjLt n3' pBdLsf] l:ylt / s[oflzntfsf]dxTj /xg] ePsf]n] d'NofÍgdf ;dfj]z pBdx?sf] jt{dfg l:ylt d'NofÍgdf 5flgPsf !!$& n3' pBdLx?;+usf] :ynut cWoog / cGt/jftf{sf] cfwf/df tn j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 .

#=$=! pBd ;~rfngsf] xfnsf] cj:yf;h{gf ePsf n3' pBdsf] xfnsf] ;~rfng cj:yfsf] ljj/0f tflnsf #=% df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . sfo{qmdcg';f/ d]8ksf] ^%) pBdL / d]8kfsf] $(& pBdLsf] ;j]{If0f ePsf]df d]8]ksf] @(% -$%=#*Ü_ tyfd]8kfsf] @*% -%&=#$Ü_ xfn ;~rfngdf g/x]sf b]lvof] .

s"n :ofDkndf k/]sf !!$& n3' pBdL dWo] jt{dfg cj:yfdf sl/j cfwf xfn ;~rfngdf g/x]sf] of]cWoogaf6 b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . o; cg';f/ tflnsf kl/:yltsLo If]q tyf pBdsf] k|sf/ cg';f/ ljZn]if0f ubf{^) k|ltzt tyf cGo If]qdf $! b]lv $# k|ltzt ;~rfngdf g/x]sf] kfOof] . lhNnfdf hflgkmsf/ tyf



sfo{qmd;+u k|ToIf ;DalGwt kbflwsf/Lx?nfO{ ;~rfngdf /x]sf pBdLx?nfO{ cg'dflgt ug{ k|Zg ubf{ ^)k|ltzt ;~rfngdf /x]sf] x'g ;Sg] cg'dfg k|fKt eof] . o;/L x]bf{ t/fO{df afx]s cGo If]qsf] :ynut ;j{]If0f/ kbflwsf/Lx?sf] cg'dfg ljr :ki6 d]n ePsf] kfOof] . t/fO{df ^) k|ltzt ;~rfngdf g/x]sf] glthf k|fKtx'gdf jt{dfg dw]z cfGbf]ng, t/fO{ gfsfjlGb tyf :yflgo hgtf nlIft ;d"xsf] cfs|f]z :ki6 b]lvGYof] .%÷^ dlxgf b]lv sRrf kbfy{sf] cefj, cfjudgdf /f]s tyf ahf/ kx'Frdf cj/f]wn] ubf{ pBdLx? aGb x'gk'u]sf] / ;DalGwt lgsfox?sf] cg'udg tyf ;'kl/j]If0f x'g g;s]sf] l:ylt Psf tkm{ lyof] eg] csf]{ tkm{ !@a}zfv @)&@ sf] e'sDksf] c;/ klg ljBdfg} lyof] . o; cj:yfdf klg $) k|ltzt eGbf al9 pBdLx?;+rfngdf /xg'nfO{ n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{s|dsf] k|efjsf/LtfnfO{ Go"g ?kdf x]g{ g;lsg] b]lvG5 .

;+rfngdf /x]sf pBdx? dWo] k|ltztsf] cfwf/df ;a eGbf al9 æcGoÆ ;d"xsf] b]lvP klg n3' pBdsf];+Vofsf] cfwf/df s[lif -^@=*Ü_ / jghGo npx?n] afx'Notf xfl;n u/L vfB tkm{sf &%Ü n3' pBdLx?;~rfngdf gcfpg'sf] sf/0faf6 klg dw]z cfGbf]ng, e'sDk tyf ahf/ k|lt:kwf{sf ;d:of :ki6 ?kdf b]lvgcfPsf] 5 . ;]jf tyf u}/ s[lif tkm{ $) k|ltzt s} xf/fxf/Ldf ;+rfgdf cfPsf] kfOG5 .

. pBd ;~rfng gug'{ -aGb ug'{_ sf cGo sf/0fx?df v'b d'gfkmf ug{ g;Sg', a}slNks sfddf nfUg', k"hLnufgLsf] sld x'g', sdhf]/ 1fg÷;Lk , k|fljlws ;xof]usf] cefj, ahf/sf] cefj, cflb k|d'v b]lvP .

tflnsf #=% Mn3' pBd ;~rfng cj:yf

ljj/0f:ofDkn;+Vof

;~rfngdf /x]sf;~rfngdf

g/x]sf;+Vof k|ltzt k|ltzt

kfl/:yltsLoIf]q cg';f/

lxdfn 218 124 57 43

kxf8 382 225 59 41

t/fO{ 547 218 40 60

hDdf 1147 567 49.4 50.6

pBdsf] cfwf/cg';f/

s[lif 500 314 62.8 37.2

jg 138 57 41.3 58.7

vfB 70 17 24.29 75.7

;]jf 102 40 39.22 60.8

u}/s[lif 293 107 36.52 63.5

cGo 44 32 72.73 27.3

hDdf 1147 567 49.4 50.6

To:t}u/L, :yfkgf jif{sf] cfwf/df l;h{gf ePsfx?sf] a9\bf] hf]8df ;~rfngdf g/x]sfx?sf] kl5Nnf jif{x?dfa9\bf] hf]8 k|ltzt tflnsf #=^ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . cf}iftdf k|ltjif{ k|lt lhNnf !# n3' pBd aGb x'g]u/]sf]] b]lvG5 . cf};tdf k|lt jif{ lhNnfx?sf] k|lt lhNnf !%) b]lv @)) n3' pBdL ;[hgf ug]{jt{dfg nIf /x]sf] kfOPsf]df !) k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf ;~rfngdf cfpg g;ls aGb x'b} hfg]u/]sf] kfpg'nfO{ ;Gtf]ifhgs g} dfGg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .



tflnsf #=^ M cf=j sf] cfwf/df xfn ;~rfngdf g/x]sf pBdLx?sf] ljj/0f

ljj/0f

;~rfngdf g/x]sf hDdf l;h{gf ePsf hDdf ;~rfngdf g/x]sf / l;h{gfePsf a9\bf] hf]8 k|ltzt;+Vof a9\bf] hf]8 ;+Vof a9\bf] hf]8

2066/67 54 54 146 146 37.02067/68 100 154 133 279 55.22068/69 91 245 137 416 58.92069/70 199 444 378 794 55.92070/71 136 580 353 1147 50.6

hDdf 580 1147

n3' pBd :yfkgf ePsf] slt jif{ kl5 ;~rfngdf gcfO{ aGb x'g ku] elg cWoog ubf{ tn b]vfO{P em}+pBdx?sf] :yfloTjsf] nflu klxnf] @ jif{ clt gfh's (Critical) x'bf] /x]5 / To; kl5 aGb x'g] l:ylt s|lds?kdf sd x'+b} hfg] u/]sf] kfO{of] . o;af6 klg ;3g cg'udg tyf k|fljlws ;]jf k'¥ofpg BDSPO x?nfO{cfjZos Go"gtd ;dofjlw pknAw u/fpg' kg]{g} b]lvG5 .

:yfkgf ePsf] ! jif{ eGbf sd cjlw ;~rfngdf gcfO{ aGb x'g] – @$# -@!=@Ü_o ! b]lv @ jif{ cjlw leq ;~rfngdf cfPkl5 aGb x'g] – @$# -@!=@Ü_o @ jif{ dfly $ jif{ ;Dd aGb x'g] – ^! -%=# Ü_o $ jif{ kl5 ;~rfngdf gcfPsf] – ## -@=( Ü_o s'n ;~rfngdf gcfPsf] %*)

;~rfngdf ePsf n3' pBdLx?dWo] s]jn $=# k|ltztsf] :t/f]ÌtL e} l8d]ufaf6 k|df0f kq k|bfg u/]sf]b]lvof] . o; d"NofÍg k|ltj]bgdf n3' pBdsf] pTkfbg, /f]huf/L, nfut nfe ljZn]if0f cflb ljj/0f oL xfn;~rfngdf /x]sf %^& n3' pBdLsf] hfgsf/Lsf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] 5 .

#=$=@ Ifdtf clea[l4tflnsf #=& df pknAw hfgsf/L cg';f/ np z'? ug'{ cufl8 *%=% k|ltztn] n3' pBd z'? ug'{ cufl8lbOg] 6f]k]÷6f];] tflnd tyf (&=! k|ltztn] zLkd'ns tflnd kfOPsf] b]lvG5 . o:af6 d]8]k tyf b'j} tkm{n3' pBd ;+rfng cufl8 lbOg] tflnddf lgoldt tyf clgjfo{ b]lvG5 .

tflnsf #=& M n3' pBd z''? ug'{' cufl8 k|fKt Ifdtf clea[l4

ljj/0f

n3' pBd z'?ug'{eGbf klxnfk|fKt u/]sf] ;]jf

;]jf k|fKt u/]sf] ;+:yf

Jolj;]k|; l8d]uf lhNnf 3/]n' hDdf

;+Vof Ü ;+Vof Ü ;+Vof Ü ;+Vof Ü ;+Vof Ü

d]8]kTOPE/TOSEtflnd 543 83.5 530 97.6 8 1.5 5 0.9 543 100

;Lkd'ns tflnd 628 96.6 602 95.9 13 2.1 13 2.1 628 100

d]8kfTOPE/TOSEtflnd 441 88.7 255 57.8 39 8.8 147 33.3 441 100

;Lkd'ns tflnd 486 97.8 241 49.6 45 9.3 200 41.2 486 100

hDdfTOPE/TOSEtflnd 984 85.8 785 68.4 47 4.1 152 13.3 984 85.8

;Lkd'ns tflnd 1114 97.12 843 73.50 58 5.1 213 18.6 1114 97.1



o;af6 tflndsf] pkof]lutf tyf k|efjsf/Ltf a9fpg ;Sg] pBdLx? aGb x'g] (Drop out) klg sd ug{;lsg] :ki6 cj:yf b]lvg cfPsf] 5 / o:df tflndsf] cg'udg lgoldt ug{ g;ls/x]sf] lhNnf l:yt3;fpsf÷; af6 hfgsf/Ldf cfof] / pBd ljsf; ;xhstf{ / pko'Qm hgzlQm, Ifdtf / ef}uf]lns ;'ljwfsf]cefj k6s k6s ;a} lhNnfx?af6 bf]xf]l/Psf] / p7fO{+b} cfPsf] k|d'v ;jfnsf] ?kdf b]lvPsf] 5 . ;a}lhNnfx?df n3' pBdLx?sf] l:ylt cBfjlws gx'gsf] k|d'v sf/0f tflnd k|fKt bIf hgzlQmsf] cefj k|d'v;jfnsf] ?kdf k|:t't x'g cfPsf] 5 .

pBdzLntf ljsf; tflnd kZrft ;xefuLn] /f]h]sf] pBdsf] k|sf/ cg';f/ ;Lk ljsf; tflnd k|bfg ul/+bf;aeGbf a9L -*%Ü_ 5f]6f] cjlwsf] tflnd kfPsf] b]lvof] eg] !) k|ltztn] dWod cjlwsf] / % k|ltztn]dfq nfdf] cjlwsf] tflnd kfPsf] b]lvof] . pBd :yfkgf k"j{ lnPsf tflndx?df ;xefuLx?sf]] ;a} tflndx?cfˆgf] cfjZostf cg';f/ kfPsf]] kfO{of] . o;/L kfPsf]] tflnd dWo] %& k|ltzt eGbf a9Ln] o;sf] pkof]lutf7Ls} dfq ePsf] cg'e'lt u/] eg] sl/a @) k|ltztn] o;sf] k"0f{ ?kdf pkof]u u/]sf] JoQm u/] . o;af6 klgpBd ;~rfng u/]sf] ! jif{ leq} sl/j $) k|ltzt aGb x'g uPsf] sf/0f :ki6 x'g cfp+5 .

pBdLx?n] k|fKt u/]sf] tflndaf6 em08} tLg rf}yfO{sf] ;Gt'li6 7Ls} /x]sf] / !! k|ltzt dfq ;Gt'i6 /xL !$k|ltzt eg] ;Gt'i6 g/x]sf] kfO{of] . lnO{Psf] tflnd 7Ls} ?kdf pTkfbg ;Lk tyf Ifdtf a9fpg ;xof]uL/x]sf] sl/a ^$ k|ltztn] cg'e"lt u/]sf] kfO{of] .

n3' pBd 5gf}6 k|lqmofdf u|fld0f÷gu/ txsf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] ;xeflutf &% k|ltzt eGbf a9L /x]sf] kfO{of] .o:tf] ;xeflutf w]/} h;f]sf] -&$–(# Ü_ ;Gt'li6 7Ls} dfq /x]sf] kfO{of] . tflnddf ;xeflutf af/] ykhfgsf/L cg';"rL #=@ df k|:t't 5 .

Nf3' pBd sfo{s|daf6 pknAw u/fOPsf] 5f]6f], dWod tyf nfdf] cjlwsf] tflnd ;Gbe{df dlxnf tyf k'?ifNf3' pBdLx? aLr tflndsf] ;Gt'i6tf txnfO{ Mann-Whitney af6 kl/If0f ubf{ dlxnf eGbf k'?if a9L ;Gt'i6ePsf] kfOof] (p-value < 0.01) . sfo{s|dn] dlxnfx?nfO{ nlIft u/L Nf3' pBdL ;[hgf ug{ ljz]if hf]8 lbPsf]ePklg tflndsf] u'0f:t/ clej[l4 u/L dlxnf d}qL (Women-friendly) agfpg kxn ug{' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

Nf3' pBdL ;[hgf ;DaGwdf lgoldt tyf xfn ;~rfngdf g/x]sf Nf3' pBdLx? aLr tflndsf] ;Gt'i6tftxnfO{ Mann-Whitney lawLaf6 kl/If0f ubf{ xfn Nf3' pBd lgoldt ?kdf ;~rfng ul//x]sf pBdLx?,;~rfng gu/]sf Nf3' pBdLx? eGbf a9L ;Gt'i6 ePsf] kfOof] (p-value < 0.01) . o;af6 klg tflndsf]k|efjsfl/tfn] Nf3' pBdsf] lbuf]kg k|ToIf k|efj kfg]{ b]lvg cfof] .

xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf / g/x]sf Nf3' pBdLx?sf] hfltotf cg';f/sf] ;Gt'i6L Kruskal- Wallis Test af6kl/If0f ubf{ ljleGg hfthfltsf Nf3' pBdLx? aLr leGgtf kfOof] (p-value < 0.01) . ;Gt'i6sf] l:ylt;DaGwdf dw];L, blnt / cGo eGbf v;–cfo{ / hghflt al9 ;Gt'i6 /x]sf] b]lvof] . jt{dfg dw];cfGbf]ngsf] sf/0faf6 t/fO{sf w]/} Nf3' pBdx? aGb /x]sf] cj:yfdf o:tf] kl/0ffd cfpg' :jefljs g} xf] .t/ klg dw];L tyf blntnfO{ sfo{s|dn] ;d]6\g] k|of; u/]klg sfo{s|d sfo{Gjogdf BDSPO nfO{ Nf3' pBdl;h{gf ug{ pknAw ;do / MEDPA df DMEGA sf] ;xeflutf Go'g /x]sf] l:yltnfO{ ;'wf/ ug'{ kg]{ o;af6k|:6 b]lvg cfPsf] 5 .

n3' pBd sfo{s|daf6 pknAw u/fOPsf] 5f]6f] dWod / nfdf] cjlwsf] tflnd k|fKt u/]sf ljleGg pBdLx?sf];Gt'li6nfO{ Kruskal -Wallis k/LIf0f ljlwaf6 k/LIf0f ubf{ ljleGg lsl;dsf] ;fIf/tf txdf km/s km/s;Gt'i6L b]lvg cfof] (p-value < 0.01) . uGg k9\g / n]Vg ;Sg] pBdLx? al9 c;Gt'i6 ePsf] 5g\ eg] dWodb]vL pRr tx ;Dd cWoog u/]sf pBdLx? al9 ;Gt'i6 ePsf] kfOof] . o;af6 s] b]lvg cfpF5 eg] tflndsfo{s|dnfO{ lzIffsf] lx;fan] sd k9]n]v]sf pBdLnfO{ al9 nlIft x'g' kb{5 .



#=$=# n3' pBd :yfkgf kZrft k|fKt;]jfn3' pBd :yfkgf kZrft Joj;fo ;'wf/, k'gtf{huL, ahf/ lj:tf/, cflb ;]jf k|bfg ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . t/To;/L k|bfg ul/Psf ;]jfx? yf]/}n] dfq k|fKt u/L clwsf+zn] k|fKt gu/]sf] cj:yf b]lvof] -tflnsf #=*_ .o:tf tflnd÷;]jfx? Jolj;]k|;+, lhnp;;+, tyf lhNnf 3/]n' sfof{no÷;ldltn] k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvof] . o:tf]tflnd÷;]jfaf6 %^ b]lv *) k|ltzt pBdLx?sf] ;Gt'li6 cg'e"lt 7Ls} /x]sf] b]lvG5 eg] k"0f{ ;Gt'i6 ePsf]cg'e"lt ug]{x? !* b]lv #^ k|ltzt ;Dd /x]sf] kfO{of] .

tflnsf #=* M k|fKt u/]sf] ;]jf

ljj/0f;]jf k|fKt u/]sf]

lyof] lyPg;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vof k|ltzt

Joj;fo ;'wf/ tflnd(TOEE/TOGE) 41 3.6 1,106 96.4Kf'g/tfhuL tflnd(Refresher training) 123 10.7 1,024 89.3a|flG8ª÷Kofs]lhª 14 1.2 1,133 98.8pTkfbg lals|sf] nflu ahfl/s/0f lj:tf/ ;]jf 20 1.7 1,127 98.3pBdnfO{ lbuf] t'Nofpg k|fljlws ;]jf 26 2.3 1,121 97.7

hDdf 1,147

pBdLx?df o:tf tflnd tyf ;]jf kZrft pBd ;~rfng ug]{ tl/sf Pj+ cGo Jojxf/df 7Ls} ?kdf kl/jt{gePsf] sl/a %) k|ltztn] cg'e"lt u/]] eg] sl/a @) b]lv $) k|ltzt pBdLx?n] pgLx?sf] Aojxf/dfkl/jt{g ePsf] vf;} dxz'; gu/]sf] kfO{of] .

o:tf ;]jfx? w]/}h;f] lhnp;;+n] k|bfg ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvof] . Jf:t'ut ;‹÷;+:yf ;Ë cfj4 x'g]k|fljlws÷;+:yfut ;]jf eg] lhNnf 3/]n'n] klg sl/j @@ k|ltzt n3' pBdLnfO{ k|bfg ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvof] .o:tf ;]jfaf6 pBdLx?sf] ;Gt'li6sf] cg'e"lt ldl>t b]lvof] .

#=$=$ Joj;flos of]hgf th'{df tyf sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yfn3' pBd z'? ug'{ cufl8 Joj;fo of]hgf th'{df ug'{kg]{ o; sfo{qmdsf] gLltdf kb{5 . t/ pBd ;~rfngx'g yfn]kl5 pBdLx?n] To:tf] lnlvt of]hgfdf Wofg lbg 5f8]sf] b]lvof] . o; d"NofÍg cWoogsf :ofDknpBdLx? dWo] sl/a * k|ltzt -$$ hgf_ ;Ë dfq n3' pBd z'? ug'{ cufl8 th'{df u/]sf] Joj;foLsof]hgf ePsf] kfO{of] . o:tf of]hgf agfpg] sfo{df lhNnf 3/]n', l8d]uf, Jolj;]k|;+, tyf lhNnfl:yt k|fljlwslgsfox?n] ;xof]u u/]sf] b]lvof] . l8d]uf tyf Jolj;]k| ;+:yfx?;Ësf] 5nkmndf k|fKt hfgsf/L cg';f/l8d]ufn] pBdLx?sf] Joj;flos of]hgf agfO{lbPsf] klg e]l6of] .

Joj;flos of]hgf agfpg]x?dWo] $% k|ltzt cfˆgf] of]hgfaf6 k"0f{ ;Gt'i6 /x]sf], %) k|ltzt 7Ls} dfq;Gt'i6 /x]sf] tyf % k|ltzt ;Gt'i6 g/x]sf] kfO{of] . Joj;flos of]hgf agfpg] $) hgf dWo] #! hgfn] dfqof]hgf cg';f/ Joj;fo ;~rfng u/]sf] b]lvof] . Joj;flos of]hgf agfpg]x? dWo] !# hgfn] Joj;flosof]hgf cg';f/ Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ g;s]sf sf/0fx?df Joj;flos of]hgf a'‰g g;Sg', k|fljlws ;xof]ugkfpg', sRrf kbfy{ h'6fpg g;Sg', k|ljlw pknAw gx'g', cflb k|d'v b]lvP .

#=$=% n3' pBd ;]jf tyf pTkfbg ;DaGwL hfgsf/Ln3' pBd sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf Jolj;]k| ;+:yfx?n] pBdLx?nfO{ pBd ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ljleGg lsl;dsf ;]jfx? k|bfg ub{5g . pBdLx?n] k|fKt u/]sf] ;]jfsf k|sf/x? tflnsf #=( df k|:t'tul/Psf] 5 . Jolj;]k| ;+:yfx?n] lbPsf ;]jfsf ljleGg k|sf/ dWo] ;a} eGbf a9L Ifdtf ljsf; ;DaGwLtflnddf s]l›t /x]sf] b]lvG5 . csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ ;]jfdf cf}hf/ tyf pks/0f k|of]u tflnd ;DaGwL /x]sf] 5 .Jolj;]k| ;+:yfx?af6 k|bfg ul/g] o:tf tflndx?df ;a} tflnd pBdLx?n] k|fKt u/]sf] eg] b]lv+b}g .



tflnsf #=( M pBdLn] k|fKt u/]sf ;]jfx?

;]jfx?cfkm'n] ;]jf lnPsf]

hDdflyof] lyPg

;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vof;dflhs kl/rfng 8 25.0 24 75.0 32Ifdtf ljsf; ÷tflndx? 20 62.5 12 37.5 32Aoj;flos of]hgf lgdf{0f tflnd 2 6.3 30 93.8 32Aoj;flos of]hgf sfo{Gjog ;xhLs/0f 0 0.0 32 100.0 32cf}hf/ tyf pks/0f k|of]u ;DaGwL tflnd 14 43.8 18 56.3 32;femf ;'ljwf s]Gb| :yfkgf÷Aoj:yfkg tflnd 1 3.1 31 96.9 32k|flljlws tyf Aoj;fo ljsf; ;]jfx? 5 15.6 27 84.4 32

#=$=^ n3' pBd ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos k|fljlws ;]jfpBd ;~rfngsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ k|fljlws ;]jf pknAw u/]sf] >f]tx? tflnsf #=!) df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .sfo{qmdsf] bf}/fgdf n3' pBdLx?nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ljleGg k|sf/sf k|fljlws ;]jfx? ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnf;+:yfx?af6 k|bfg u/fpg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;du|df x]bf{, ;]jf lnPsf eGbf ;]jf glnPsf pBdLx?sf] ;+Vof a9Lb]lvG5 . k|fljlws ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yfx? dWo] l8d]uf cu|k+lQmdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To; kl5 lhNnfl:yt 3/]n'tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{no÷;ldltsf] :yfg cfp+b5 . cGo ;+:yfx?df s[lif÷kz' ;]jf / jg sfof{noaf6 s]xLpBdLx?n] k|fljlws ;]jf k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg], lhlj;, uflj;÷gu/kflnsf / dlxnf ljsf; sfof{noaf6;]jf kfpg] pBdLx¿ Go"g ;+Vofdf dfq 5g\ . ljleGg ;+:yfaf6 k|fljlws ;]jf lnPsf pBdLx? k|fo ;a}n]cfkm'n] lnPsf] ;]jfaf6 ;Gt'i6g} ePsf] atfPklg sd} dfq k"0f{ ?kdf ;Gt'i6 /x]sf] kfO{of] .

tflnsf #=!) M pBd ;~rfngsf] nflu k|fljlws ;]jfsf] >f]t

;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfx?;]jf lnPsf]

5 5}g;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vof k|ltzt

s[lif÷kz' ;]jf÷jg sfof{no 52 9.2 511 90.8lhlj; 1 0.2 562 99.8uflj; ÷ gu/kflnsf 7 1.2 556 98.8dlxnf ljsf; sfof{no 2 0.4 561 99.6lhNnf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{no ÷ ;ldlt 205 36.4 358 63.6l8d]uf 224 39.8 339 60.2hDdf 563

#=$=& ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 x'g] u/]sf] cg'udg ljj/0fo; d"NofÍgsf] bf}/fgdf :ofDkn pBdLx?nfO{ pgLx?n] ;~rfng ul//x]sf pBdx?sf] ljleGg lgsfo -h:t}Md]8]k, lhNnf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{no÷;ldlt, lhNnfl:yt ;DalGwt ;/sf/L lgsfo, lhNnf n3' pBd;‹ -l8d]uf_ / Joj;fo ;]jf k|bfos_ af6 ul/g] cg'udg af/]df hfgsf/L lnOPsf] lyof] . tflnsf #=!! dfk|:t't tYofÍ cg';f/, st}af6 klg lgoldt ?kdf cg'udg x'g] u/]sf] b]lv+b}g . l8d]ufaf6 cf+lzs cg'udgePsf] 5 eg] lhNnf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{no÷;ldltaf6 eg] Go"g dfqfdf cg'udg ePsf] b]lvG5 .



tflnsf #=!! M ljleÌ lgsfoaf6 cg'udg

cg'udg ug]{ lgsfocg'udg u/]sf]

hDdfk|fo Go'g 5}g

;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vofd]8]kaf6 36 7.9 32 7.0 388 85.1 456lhNnf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usfof{nfo÷;ldltaf6

115 25.2 85 18.6 256 56.1 456

lhNnfljsf; ;ldltaf6 2 0.4 16 3.5 438 96.1 456lhNnf:t/Lo ;DalGwt ;/sf/L lgsfoaf6 11 2.4 22 4.8 423 92.8 456lhNnf n3' pBdL ;d"x;‹-DMEGA) 180 39.5 91 20.0 185 40.6 456Joj;fo ;]jfk|bfos ;+:yf(BDSPO)af6 49 10.7 23 5.0 384 84.2 456

cg'udg kZrft s'g s'g If]qdf ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 eGg] ljZn]if0f ubf{,lhNnf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{no÷;ldlt / l8d]ufn] u/]sf]cg'udgaf6 ;aeGbf a9L pTkfbg If]qdf ;xof]u k'u]sf] b]lvG5 eg],;fk]Ifdf x]bf{ lalqm / Ifdtf ljsf;df yf]/} dfq ;xof]u k'u]sf] b]lvG5 .

cg'udg ;]jf kfPsf pBdLx?nfO{ dflysf cg'udgaf6 pgLx? slQsf];Gt'i6 5g\ elg ;f]lwPsf] k|Zgsf] pQ/df, w]/}h;f] -sl/a (%Ü_ n]cfkm'x? ;Gt'i6g} ePsf] atfP -lrq #=@_ / yf]/} -sl/a %Ü_ pBdLx¿dfq cg'udgaf6 c;Gt'i6 ePsf] b]lvG5 . cg'udg ePsf o:tfpBdLx?sf] ;d"xdf s'g} lsl;dsf] cfly{s ef/ -h:tf] M vfgf vr{,e|d0f tyf OGwg vr{, gub ;xof]u, cflb_ k/]sf] kfO{Pg .

#=$=* shf{ ;]jf ljj/0f

pBdLx¿;Ë pgLx?n] ;~rfng ul/g] pBdsf] nufgLsf] nflu cfly{s Joj:yfkg s;/L ul/of] eGg] k|Zgsf];Gbe{df, :ofDkn pBdLx¿ dWo] clwsf+z -sl/a *@Ü_ n] cfˆg} ;|f]taf6 Joj:yf u/]sf] atfP eg] afls -sl/a !*Ü_ pBdLx?n] cGo ;|f]taf6 C0f lnP/ nufgLsf] Joj:yfkg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cfˆg} >f]taf6 Joj:yfug]{x?sf] >f]t w]/}h;f]sf] art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yf tyf cGo pTkfbg Pj+ ax'd'vL ;xsf/L ;_:yf /x]sf]b]lvof] .

pBdLx?nfO{ C0f pknAwtfsf] ;xh÷c;xhtfsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{, sl/a (# k|ltztn] ;xsf/Laf6 lng] C0fpknAwtf ;xh ePsf] cg'e"lt u/] eg] af+ls & k|ltztn] n3' ljQ ;+:yf tyf a}Íx?af6 C0f lng] k|lqmof;/n gePsf] cleJolQm lbP . o;af6 n3' pBdLx?sf] a}+lsª ;]jfdf kx'+r Go"g ePsf] b]lvG5 .

pBd ;~rfngsf] nflu pBdLx?n] ljleGg cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s ;|f]tx?df, ;xsf/Laf6 ;aeGbf a9LC0f /sd lnPsf] b]lvG5 eg] ;aeGbf sd C0f /sd n3' lalQo ;+:yfaf6 lnPsf] b]lvG5 . Aofhb/sf]b[li6sf]0fn] x]bf{, ;aeGbf a9L -!*Ü_ Aofhb/ ;d"x÷art tyf C0f ;d"xn] lng] u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] ;aeGbfsd Aofhb/ -!^Ü_ a}+s÷lalQo ;+:yfx?n] lng] u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

;Gt'i68%

7Ls}87%

c;Gt'i65%

lrq #=@ M ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6ePsf]

cg'udgaf6 ;Gt'li6



#=$=( d];Lg/L÷cf}hf/ tyf ef}lts k"jf{wf/ Joj:yfkgd];Lg÷cf}hf/ Joj:yfkg

:ofDkn pBdLn] k|of]u u/]sf d];Lg÷cf}hf/x?df w]/}h;f] pBdLcfkm}n] ahf/ d"Nodf vl/b u/]sf] b]lvof] -lrq #=#_ . s]xL xb;Dd -@@Ü_cg'bfgdf -;femf ;'ljwf s]Gb|sf] k|of]u ;d]t_ / s]xL -!)Ü_ cf+lzscg'bfgdf kfPtf klg ^* k|ltzt;Dd pBdLx? cfkm}n] Joj:yf u/]sf 5g\ .

h8fg ePsf d];Lg cf}hf/sf] k|of]u l:ylt x]bf{ To:tfd];Lg÷cf}hf/x?sf] cw{ k|of]u (underutilised) ePsf] kfO{of] . sl/a* k|ltzt hlt dfq Ifdtfsf] () k|ltzt eGbf dfly k|of]u ePsfb]lvof] eg] clwsf+z %)–&) k|ltzt dfq k|of]u ePsf] b]lvof] / !#k|ltzt eg] %) k|ltzt eGbf klg sd k|of]u ePsf] b]lvof] -tflnsf#=!@_ .

tflnsf #=!@ M d]l;g/L cf}hf/sf] Ifdtf cg';f/sf] k|of]u l:yltk|of]usf] l:ylt ;+Vof k|ltzt a9\bf] hf]8 k|ltzt%)Ü eGbf sd 74 13.1 13.1%) b]lv &)Ü ;Dd 250 44.4 57.5&) b]lv ()Ü ;Dd 196 34.9 92.4()Ü eGbf dfly 43 7.6 100.0hDdf 563 100.0

ef}lts k"jf{wf/ Joj:yfkg

d];Lg/L÷cf}hf/ h:t} ef}lts k"jf{wf/ klg pBdL cfkm}n] ^( k|ltzt ;DdJoj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . afFlsdf !# k|ltzt k"0f{ cg'bfg tyf !* k|ltztcf+lzs cg'bfgdf ag]sf] b]lvof] -lrq #=$_ . o;/L k|fKt ePsf k"0f{ jfcf+lzs cg'bfg ;a} d]8]k tyf d]8kfaf6 pknAw u/fPsf] b]lvG5 .

#=% sfo{bIftf

#=%=! nfut tyf nfe ljZn]if0fn3' pBd l;h{gfdf nfu]sf] vr{ tyf o;af6 ePsf] nfe d]8kf sfo{qmdaf6 k|fKt x'g g;s]sf]n] ;du|df nfenfut ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsPg . o:tf] cj:yfdf pBdLx?n] u/]sf] nfut tyf cfDbfgLsf] cfwf/df :ynut?kdf pBdLx?sf] nfe nfut l:ylt ljZn]if0f ug'{ pko'Qm x'g]x'+bf oxf+ ;f]xL cg';f/ ljZn]if0f u/LpBdL:t/df n3' pBdLsf] sfo{bIftf dfkg ul/Psf] 5 .

n3' pBdsf] nfut M o; d"NofÍg cWoogdf k|lt n3' pBdL nfut ? !*$,)(@ b]lvg cfPsf] 5 h:df ?!&&,#^% rfn' vr{ -(^Ü_ / ? ^,#%) :yL/ nufgL -$Ü_ /x]sf] 5 . d'Vo rfn' vr{df kfl/jfl/s dhb'/ vr{*$ k|ltzt / sRrf kbfy{ tyf ;fdu|L vr{ !# k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 -tflnsf #=!#_ . To:t} u/L k|d'v :yL/nufgLdf d]l;g÷cf}hf/ tyf ef}lts k"jf{wf/ x|f;s§L /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

n3' pBdsf] nfe M n3' pBdsf] nfe tkm{ hDdf ? !&$,$^( ePsf] b]lvG5 h:df d'Vo pTkfbg sl/a (@k|ltzt / ;xfos pTkfbg * k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 -tflnsf #=!#_ .

nfut nfe ljZn]if0f M :ynut ;j]{If0f ul/Psf pBd ;~rfngdf k|of]u ePsf sRrf kbfy{, >dlbg tyfd];Lg Pj+ ef}lts k"jf{wf/df ePsf] nufgLsf] cfwf/df n3' pBdsf] nfut nfe ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . nfe–nfutsf] ljZn]if0fsf] ;f/f+z tflnsf #=!# df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 eg] kfl/l:yltsLo If]q, pBdsf] k|sf/, n}lËs

lrq #=$ M d];Lg÷cf}hf/sf] >f]t

lrq #=( M ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] >f]t

pBdLn]ahf/d'Nodf

vl/b u/]sf]68%

k"0f{cg'bfgdfkfPsf]22%

cf+lzscg'bfgdfkfPsf]10%

lrq #=# M d];Lg÷cf}hf/sf] >f]t

cfˆg}vr{dflgdf{0f69%

k"0f{cg'bfg13%

cf+lzscg'bfg18%

lrq #=$ M ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] >f]t



leÌtf tyf d]8]k–d]8kf sfo{qmd cg';f/ n3' pBd ;~rfngdf b]lvPsf] nfe–nfut ljZn]if0fsf] lj:t[tglthf cg';"rL #=# df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . pBdLsf] kfl/jfl/s >dsf] d"No ;d]t nfutdf ;dfj]z ubf{ n3'pBd ;~rfngaf6 v'b d'gfkmf ePsf] b]lvPg . tyflk, pBdLsf] kfl/jfl/s >dsf] d"No kl/jf/d} /xg]ePsf]n] ;f] ;d]t u/L d"NofÍg ubf{ n3' pBd ;~rfngaf6 k|lt pBd cf}ift ? !#(,^*( cfDbfgL ePsf]kfO{of] . pBddf k|of]u ePsf] hDdf kfl/jfl/s >d -#@%=(&_ sf] k|ltkmndf of] cfDbfgL ? $#) k|lt >dlbgkg{ cfp+5 . o; cWoogdf kfO{Psf] Hofnfbf/L dhb'/sf] Hofnf ? $(% k|ltlbg ;Ë bf+h]/ x]bf{ kfl/jfl/s>dsf] k|ltkmn klg sd b]lvG5 . t/ jif}{ el/ Hofnf dhb'/Lsf] sfd gkfpg] jt{dfg cj:yfdf lgoldt ?kdfk|lt >dlbg ? $#) cfDbfgL k|fKt x'g'nfO{ sd eGg klg sl7g g} b]lvG5 .

tflnsf #=!# M n3' pBdLsf] nfe–nfut ljZn]if0f -cf=j= @)&)÷&!_qm; ljj/0f hDdf k|lt pBd k|ltzt1 nfe -?_

1.1 d'Vo pTkfbg 90,586,944 159,765 91.61.2 ;xfos pTkfbg 8,337,070 14,704 8.4

hDdf -!_ 98,924,014 174,469 1002 nfut -?_

2.1 rfn' vr{

2.1.1 sRrf kbfy{ tyf cGo ;fdu|Lsf] vr{ 13,361,783 23,566 13.32.1.2 kfl/jfl/s dhb'/ vr{ 84,660,300 149,313 84.22.1.3 Hofnfbf/L dhb'/ vr{ 639,900 1,129 0.62.1.4 ;]jf vr{x? 1,903,952 3,358 1.9

hDdf -@=!_ 100,565,935 177,365 1002.2 :yL/ nfut

2.1.1 hldg÷3/ ef8f 479,994 847 12.62.1.2 Aofh jfkt lt/]sf] /sd 730,867 1,289 19.22.1.3 d]l;g tyf cf}hf/df X|f;s§L 1,276,655 2,252 33.52.1.4 ef}lts k"jf{wf/df X|f; s§L 1,326,935 2,340 34.8

hDdf -@=@_ 3,814,451 6,727 100hDdf nfut Ö hDdf -@=!_ ± hDdf -@=@_ 104,380,386 184,092kfl/jfl/s >dnfO{ nfutdf hf]8\bf hDdf v'b nfe ? Ö hDdf -!_ – hDdf -@_ -5,456,372 -9,623kfl/jfl/s >dnfO{ nfutdf ghf]8\bfhDdf nfe ? Ö hDdf -!_ – hDdf -@_ 79,203,928 139,689pBdL ;+Vof 567kfl/jfl/s >dnfO{ nfutdf hf]8\bf k|lt pBd nfe ? Ö hDdf -!_ – hDdf -@_ -9,623kfl/jfl/s >dnfO{ nfutdf ghf]8\bfk|lt pBd nfe ? Ö hDdf -!_ – hDdf -@_ 139,689

pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf s]lx n3' pBdx?sf] nfe – nfut ljj/0f tflnsf #=!$ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . /fd|f]ug]{x?n] k|lt n3' pBd $–% nfv ;Dd klg sdfpg ;lsg] pbfx/0f lbPsf 5g\ . To:t} u/L kfl/jfl/s>dsf] d"No 3/dfg} /xg] ePsf]n] v'b d'gfkmf gePklg n3' pBdx? rNg ;s]sf x'g\ .

tflnsf #=!$ M s]xL n3' pBdLx/sf] nfe nfut pbfx/0f -cf=j= @)&)÷&!_

lhNnf sfo{qmd n3' pBdhDdfcfDbfgL hDdf vr{ v'b nfe

kfl/jfl/s>dsf]d"No ;lxtsf] nfe

;f]n'v'Da' d]8kf t/sf/L pTkfbg tyf ljqmL 344,000 329,183 14,817 318,567;'g;/L d]8]k df5f pTkfbg tyf ljqmL 525,000 349,810 175,190 337,190;f]n'v'Da' d]8kf gfËnf] d'9f pTkfbg tyf ljqmL 28,000 9,115 18,885 18,885;'g;/L d]8]k u'Gb|L ptkfbg tyf ljqmL 99,900 113,248 -13,348 99,152af+s] d]8kf vfgf vfhf 55,000 16,550 38,450 38,450af+s] d]8]k d;nf pTkfbg 535,000 112,096 422,904 512,904;'v]{t d]8kf vfgf vfhf 391,000 410,980 -19,980 137,520;'v]{t d]8]k t/sf/L v/LbljqmL 206,900 150,005 56,895 203,145



u'NdL d]8kf cf/g 69,330 96,310 -26,980 58,520;'v]{t d]8]k df6fsf ef+8f agfpg] 175,000 169,333 5,667 118,167

nfut nfe cg'kft M pk/f]Qm adf]lhd pBdL:t/df n3' pBdsf] nfe nfutsf] cg'kft )=(% dfq x'g cfp+5. of] eg]sf] pBdsf] lg/Gt/tfsf] nflu :j:y l:ylt xf]O{g . t/ dfly elgPem} n3' pBddf kfl/jfl/s >dsf]k|of]u a9L ePsf] / ;f] >dsf] d"No kfl/jf/d} /xg] ePsf]n] ;f] d"NonfO{ 36fP/ nfe nfutsf] cg'kft lx;faubf{ %=)@ x'g cfp+5 h:n] kfl/jfl/s /f]huf/Lsf] lx;fjn] n3' pBd ubf{ kfl/jfl/s >dsf] ahf/sf] d"NogcfPklg k|lt O{sfO{ nufgL eGbf % u'0ff nfe cfpg] ;Í]t u/]sf] 5 .

pBdL:t/df d]8]ksf pBdLx?n] kfl/jfl/s >dsf] d"No lx;fa ubf{klg k|lt pBd cf}ift ? !&,@&( v'b nfelng;s]sf] b]lvG5 eg] d]8kfsf pBdLx?n] eg] v'b nfe lng ;s]sf] b]lvPg -cg';"rL #=#_ .pTkfbg nfenfut glthfn] n3' pBdLsf] pTkfbg Ifdtf Tolt alnof] gb]vfPsf]n] pBdLsf] cfDbfgLdf p;sf] k|fljlwssfo{bIftf (technical efficiency)sf] dfkg ul/Psf] 5 .

#=%=@ cfDbfgL kmng tyf sfo{bIftf ljZn]if0fcfDbfgL kmng dfkg M cfDbfgL kmngsf] nflu o:t} cWoogdf cGoq [(MEDEP (2001), Thapa (1998), Shandand Kalirajan (1993), Jondrow et al (1982), Aigner et al (1977)], klg k|of]u ePem}+ Translog function k|of]u u/Lfrontier function sf] dfkgaf6 k|fljlws sfo{bIftfsf] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . o; ljlw af/] lj:t[t hfgsf/Lcg';"rL #=$ df lbO{Psf] 5 . o; d"NofÍg cWoogdf lgDg cg';f/sf] kmng dfkg ul/Psf] 5 .

ln rtn = ln 0 + 1 ln raw + 2 ln serv +3 ln lcost + 4 ln deq + 5 ln dep

+ ½ [11 (ln raws)2 + 22 (ln servs)2 + 66 (ln rens)2 +77 (ln ints)2 + 33 (ln lcosts)2]+ 24 ln serv ln deq + 36 ln ren ln lcost + 47 ln int ln deq + 57 ln int ln dep+34 ln lcost ln deq + 35 ln lcost ln dep + 45 ln deq ln dep + 1 Pd + 2 Gd + 3 Ed + -@_

where; ln = natural log, rtn = return from enterprise (Rs), raw = cost of raw material (Rs), serv = cost ofservices acquired (Rs), lcost = labour cost (Rs), deq = depreciation on equipment and machinery (Rs),dep = depreciation on physical infrastructure (Rs), ren = rent paid (Rs), int = interest paid (Rs), Pd=programme dummy, Gd = gender dummy, Ed = enterprise dummy, = random disturbance term which isequal to u+v where u being due to inefficiency.

Translog income function sf] frontier regression af6 cfPsf] glthf tflnsf #=!% df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .o;sf] dfkgdf dwsf] dfg !=**# lyof] . N %^& / k|of]u ePsf rnx? !^ x'+bf olb dwsf] dfg !=%%$ eGbfsd ePdf autocorrelation x'g]df o; kmngdf cfPsf] dfg ;f] eGbf a9L ePsf]n] k|of]u ePsf rnx?aLrautocorrelation sf] k|efj k/]sf]] b]lv+b}g . To:t}u/L Breusch - Pagan chi-squared sf] ljlw ckgfP/heteroscedasticity x]l/Psf]df glthfdf s'g} tflTjs km/s k/]g .

tflnsf #=!% df k|:t't glthfdf b]lvP cg';f/ n3' pBdLsf] cfDbfgL a9fpg] rnx?df sRrf kbfy{, ;]jfvr{, >dvr{, d];Lg/L tyf cf}hf/df x|f;sl§ Pj+ ef}lts k"jf{wf/df X|f;sl§ ;fdfGo cj:yfdf (plain term);fy{s ?kdf b]lvP . sRrf kbfy{, ;]jfvr{ tyf >dvr{ squared term df ;sf/fTds ?kdf ;fy{s(positively significant) b]lvP . o:tf] glthfn] b]vfP cg';f/ tL >f]t tyf ;]jfx?sf] cw{ k|of]u(underutilised) ePsf] 5 . t;y{, o:tf >f]t tyf ;]jfsf] k|of]u a9fpgfn] pBdsf] cfDbfgL a9\g]5 . csf{tkm{,lt/LPsf] Aofhb/ tyf 3/÷hldg ef8f vr{ squared term df gsf/fTds ?kdf ;fy{s (negativelysignificant) b]lvP . o;sf] cy{ cfDbfgLsf] bf+hf]df pBdn] ef8fvr{ clws dfqfdf Aoxf]l//x]sf] 5 . t;y{,o:tf cfDbfgL a9fpgsf] nflu pBdn] o:tf vr{ 36fpg'k5{ . pBdn] cfDbfgL a9fpg sRrf kbfy{, >d tyf;]jf vr{x? a9fPdf k|lt O{sfO pTkfbgsf] l:y/ d"No 36\b} hfg] x'+bf of] glthf ts{o'Qm klg 5 .

ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf d];Lg/L÷cf}hf/;Ë >dvr{ gsf/fTds ?kdf pBdsf] cfDbfgLsf lgwf{/ssf ?kdf b]lvof] .o;n] >dsf] sdL x'+b} hf+bf d];Lg/L tyf ef}lts k"jf{wf/df vr{ a9fpg'k5{ eÌ] ;Í]t u/]sf] 5 .8dLrnx?df, sfo{qmd 8dLrn gsf/fTds ?kdf cfDbfgLsf] lgwf{/ssf] ?kdf b]lvof] . o;n] d]8kfn] k|j4{gu/]sf pBdL eGbf d]8]kn] k|j4{g u/]sf pBdLx? k|lt pBd a9L cfDbfgL ug{ ;Ifd 5g\ eÌ] hgfp+b5 .



To:t}u/L, n}lËs 8dLrn klg gsf/fTds ?kdf ;fy{s b]lvPsf] sf/0f k'?if pBdL eGbf dlxnf pBdLsf] k|ltpBd cfDbfgL ;fy{s ?kdf sd x'g] u/]sf] 5 . n3' pBdsf k|sf/x?df s[lifdf cfwf/Lt n3' pBdLx?sf] cGok|sf/sf pBdLx?sf] eGbf ;fy{s ?kdf sd cfDbfgL x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

tflnsf #=!% M n3' pBdLsf] pTkfbg kmngsf] glthfVariable (maximum likelihood estimates) Estimated coeficient P-valueln constant 7.212*** 0.000ln raw material 0.123*** 0.000ln service 0.056* 0.064ln labour cost 0.229** 0.023ln depreciation of equipment 0.569*** 0.000ln depreciation of physical infrastructure 0.251*** 0.000(½) (ln raw material)2 0.024** 0.014(½) (ln service )2 0.031** 0.018(½) (ln rent)2 -0.062*** 0.010(½) (ln interest)2 -0.052*** 0.003(½) (ln labour cost)2 0.065*** 0.001ln service * ln depreciation on equipment -0.002ns 0.390ln rent * ln labour cost 0.004ns 0.124ln interest * ln depreciation on equipment 0.006* 0.061ln interest * ln depreciation on physical infrastructure -0.005* 0.046ln labour cost * depreciation on equipment -0.046*** 0.000ln labour cost * depreciation on physical infrastructure -0.020*** 0.000ln depreciation on equipment * depreciation on physical infrastructure -0.003ns 0.443Programme dummy (medpa=1) -0.209* 0.064Gender dummy (female=1) -0.670*** 0.008Enterprise type dummy (agri-based=1) -1.449*** 0.000 = u /v 5.653*** 0.000 = (v

2 + u2) 3.788*** 0.000

Adjusted R2 (OLS estimate) 0.540F value 34.22*** 0.000Number of observations 567Note: *** , **, and * refer to significance at the 0.01, 0.05, and 0.10 levels, respectively.ns = not significant.Dependent variable = ln return from micro-enterprise (value).

ln = natural log.

sDKo'6/sf] dfkgaf6 cfPsf] = u /v = 5.653 tyf 2 = v2 + u

2 = 3.788 af6 u= [2/(1+1/2)] k|of]uu/]/ lx;fa ubf{ u=1.609 x'g cfp+5 . of] eg]sf] =(v

2 + u2 _ sf] 0.425 efu x'g cfp+5 . of] eg]sf]

pBdLx?sf] cfDbfgLdf sdL cfpgfsf] sf/0fx? dWo] $@=% k|ltzt pgLx?sf] k|fljlws sfo{bIftfsf] sdLsfsf/0fn] ePsf] 5 . o;sf] Go"gLs/0fsf nflu sfo{bIftf a9fpg gLltut ;'wf/ b]lv Ifdtf ljsf;sf;jfnx?sf] ;Daf]wg ug'{kb{5 .

k|fljlws sfo{bIftf (Technical efficiency) M pBdLn] cfˆgf] pTkfbgaf6 cfDbfgL lng;Sg] k|fljlws sfo{bIftf Psbd} Go"g kfO{of] . ;DefAo cfDbfgLsf] @% k|ltzt eGbf sd dfq cfDbfgL ug]{x? &! k|ltzt b]lvgcfof] -tflnsf #=!^_ . To:t} u/L ;DefAo cfDbfgLsf] @%–%) k|ltzt lng ;Sg] !* k|ltzt, %)–&% k|ltztlng] $ k|ltzt / &%–!)) k|ltzt lng] ^ k|ltzt b]lvof] .



tflnsf #=!^ M k|fljlws sfo{bIftf ljt/0fk|fljlws sfo{ bIftfsf] ;d"x ;+Vof k|ltzt<25 404 7125-50 103 1850-75 25 475-100 35 6

hDdf 567 100

pBdL :t/df ljQLo cfGtl/s k|flKt b/ (FIRR) tyf cfly{s cfGtl/s k|flKt b/ (EIRR) M tflnsf #=!# dfb]vfP cg';f/ ;du|df :ofDkndf k/]sf pBdLx?sf] kfl/jfl/s >dsf] ;d]t d"NofÍg ubf{ n3' pBd;~rfngdf nfe eGbf nfut a9L b]lvof] eg] tflnsf #=!@ df k|:t't ul/Pem} d]l;g/L cf}hf/sf] Ifdtfsf] &)k|ltzt eGbf sd k|of]u ug]{x? %&=% k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To:t}u/L, Ifdtfsf] &) b]lv () k|ltzt k|of]uePsf #% k|ltzt / Ifdtfsf] () k|ltzt eGbf sd k|of]u ePsf (@ k|ltzt ;Dd /x]sf] b]lvof] . ;du|df:ofDkn pBdLx?sf] pTkfbg kmngsf] dfkgdf d]l;g cf}hf/ tyf ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] Ifdtf cg';f/ pkof]ul:ylt a9fp+bf cfDbfgL a9\g] b]lvPsf]n] cGo vr{ ga9fO{sg d];Lg/L cf}hf/ tyf ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] k|of]usfo{ bIftf a9fO{ pBdsf] pTkfbg jflif{s ?kdf % k|ltztsf b/n] % jif{ ;Dd a9fp+g] of]hgf u/L !&k|ltzt -ljQLo ;+:yfx?sf] Aofhb/_ l8:sfpG6 b/ k|of]u ubf{ nfe nfut cg'kft !=)# / jt{dfgsf] v'b d"No(NPV) ? !*,!#) x'g cfp+5 . ljQLo cfGtl/s k|flKt b/ ^^=%$& x'g cfp+5 . of] dfkgdf pBdn] d]8]k tyfd]8kfaf6 kfPsf] cg'bfgsf ;fdu|Lx?sf] ;xof]usf] lx;fa lbg g;s]sf]n] To:tf] nfut ;dfj]z ePsf] 5}g .pBdn] cg'bfgsf] ?kdf ePsf] nfut lx;fa lbg g;s]sf]n] pBd:t/df klg cfly{s cfGtl/s k|flKt b/(EIRR) dfkg ug{ ;Dej ePg .

ljQLo cfGtl/s k|flKt b/df (FIRR) d]8]k / d]8kfsf] lgs} km/s b]lvof] . d]8]ksf pBdLx?n] cf=j=@)&)÷&! df nfut eGbf nfe a9L u/]sf -nfeM nfut cg'kft !=!_ 5g\ eg] d]8kfsf pBdLx?n] nfuteGbf nfe sd -nfeM nfut cg'kft )=&!_ u/]sf 5g\ . d]8kf tkm{ olb jt{dfg pTkfbg:t/df @) k|ltztn]jflif{s a[l4 xfl;n ug]{ xf] eg] pgLx?sf] ljQLo cfGtl/s k|flKt b/ (FIRR) !&=#)* x'g cfp+5 h'g eg]sf]ljQLo ahf/sf] cf}ift Aofhb/ -!&Ü_ wfÌ ;Sg] b/ xf] .

#=^ k|efj

#=^=! /f]huf/Ldf a[l4/f]huf/Lsf] l:ylt/f]huf/Lsf] ?kdf pBf]udf pBdL :jo+sf] ;+nUgtf sl/a &*, !( / #k|ltzt qmdzM jif}{e/L k"0f{sfnLg, df};dL -k"0f{sfnLg_ / cf+l;s ?kdf;+nUg ePsf] b]lvof] -lrq #=%_ . pBf]udf sfd u/]sf] lbg ulGtsf]lx;fan] x]bf{, Ps jif{df cf}iftdf @#@ lbg dfq sfddf ;+nUg ePsf]b]lvG5 / o; cWoogdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf pBdLx¿ dWo], jif{df #)) lbg;Dd sfd ug]{x? sl/a !* k|ltzt dfq 5g\ . To;} u/L, !)) lbg eGbfsd sfd ug]{ / !)) lbg b]lv @)) lbg ;Dd sfd ug]{ sl/a !)k|ltzt 5g\ / jif{df @)) b]lv #)) lbg ;Dd sfd ug]{sf] ;+Vof;aeGbf a9L -^!=(Ü_ b]lvG5 -tflnsf #=!&_ .

lrq #=% M pBdL :jo+sf] ;+nUgtf

jif}{e/L78%

df};dL19%

cf+l;s3%

lrq #=% M pBdL :jo+sf] ;+nUgtf



tflnsf #=!& M pBdL :jo+n] jif{df sfd u/]sf] lbgjif{df sfd u/]sf] lbg ;+Vof k|ltztjif{df !)) lbg eGbf sd 58 10.3!)) b]lv @)) bg;Dd 54 9.6@)) b]lv #)) lbg;Dd 348 61.9#)) lbg;Dd 102 18.1hDdf 562 100jflif{s cf}ift sfd u/]sf]lbg

231.57

tflnsf #=!* M pBdLsf] kl/jf/sf] cGo ;b:osf] /f]huf/L;b:o ;+nUg kl/jf/ ;b:o ;+Vof k|ltAolQm sfd u/]sf] lbg ut jif{

k'?if ;b:o 369 109dlxnf ;b:o 298 78.9hDdf 667 93.5

/f]huf/L k|bfg ug]{ ;DaGwdf, pBf]udfpBdLsf] kl/jf/sf] cGo ;b:onfO{ klg;+nUg ul/Psf] o; d"NofÍgn] b]vfPsf] 5 .;+VofTds b[li6sf]0fn] x]bf{, hDdf ^^& -dlxnf@(* / k'?if #^(_ hgf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?;+nUg ePsf] b]lvG5 -tflnsf #=!*_ .

/f]huf/Lsf] ?kdf x]bf{, pBdLsf] cfˆgf]kl/jf/ ;b:o afx]s cGosf] ;+nUgtf lgs}Go"g /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;+Vofsf] b[li6sf]0fn]x]bf{, hDdf @# -k'?if # / dlxnf @)_ hgf;+nUg ePsf] b]lvPtf klg clwsf+z df}ifdL ?kdf dfq ;+nUg ePsf] kfO{of] . ;fy} n3' pBd sfo{qmddf Pp6}pBdLn] PseGbf a9L pBd ug]{ eGbf Ps} pBdnfO{ a9fpg] k|fyldstf 5 . t/ w]/}h;f] pBddf pBdLsf]kl/jf/df PshgfnfO{ klg k"0f{ /f]huf/L gk'u]sf] b]lvG5 . sltko pBdLn] ljxfg–j]n'sf jf k'm;{bsf] ;dodfsfd u/]sf]] b]lvG5 . n3' pBdsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ b}lgs k"0f{ /f]huf/L lngsf] nflu Ps k|sf/sf] pBd dfqgu/L pBdLn] csf]{ pBd klg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 -pbfx/0f M d~h'iff #=!_ .

n3' pBddf /f]huf/L kmng ljZn]if0f3/–kl/jf/s} ;b:on] sfd u/]sf] / k"0f{ /f]huf/sf] ?kdf sfd gu/]sf]n] >d k|of]usf] dxTjk"0f{ c+z Hofnfb/vf;} dgg ePsf] b]lv+b}g . slt >d k|of]u ug]{ eÌ] Aoxf]/f >dsf] Hofnfb/ tyf pTkfbg:t/n] lgwf{/0fug'{kg]{df o;f] geP/ pTkfbg:t/ tyf pTkfbgdf k|of]u ePsf] ;fdu|L tyf cGo cj:yfn] k|efj kf/]sf] b]lvof]. o;sf] ljZn]if0fsf] nflu lgDg cg';f/sf] /f]huf/L kmng dfkg ul/of] .

TE = a0 + a1Sa + a

2Wr + a

3Rm + a

4Ye + a

5Pd + a

6Gd + a

7Ed1 + a

8Ed2 + a

9Ed3

+ a10

Ed4 + a11

Eb1 + a12

Eb2 + a13

Lt2 + a14

Lt3+ a15

Lt4 + a16

Lt5 + e -!_

where;Sa = service acquired, Wr = wage return to the family labour, Rm = raw material, Ye = year ofexperience, Pd = programme dummy, Gd = gender dummy, Ed1 = enterprise type dummy (agriculture-based), Ed2 = enterprise type dummy (forest based), Ed3= enterprise type dummy (food-based), Ed4 =enterprise type dummy (service-based), Eb1 = ecological belt dummy (mountain), Eb2 = ecological beltdummy (hill), lt2 = literacy dummy (literate), Lt3 = literacy dummy (primary education), Lt3 = literacydummy (lower secondary education), Lt4 = literacy dummy (secondary education), and e = randomdisturbance term.

d~h'iff #=! M k"0f{ /f]huf/Lsf] nflu pBd ljljlws/0fk|ultzLn dlxnf n3' pBdL ;d"x, sf]xnk'/ gkf – !, sf}lznf6f/

kf+r jif{ cl3 @% hgfsf] ;d"x agfO{ Rofp pTkfbg n3' pBd z'?u/]sf]df ljleÌ sf/0fn] ubf{ xfn !% hgf dfq ;d"xdf sfo{/t /x]sf] .kf+r–kf+r hgfsf] ;fgf] ;d"x agfO{ n6–n6df Rofp pTkfbg ug]{ u/]sf]. Rofp pTkfbg c;f]h b]lv r}q;Dd dfq pTkfbg x'g] / RofpnufPkl5 Rofp pTkfbg gx'Gh]n ;Dd sfd gx'g] ePsf]n] ;d"xn]d;nf lk;]/ Kofs]l6ª u/L ljlqm ug{ yfn]sf] . Tof] klg :yfgLo ahf/dfyf]/} dfq ljqmL x'g] ePsf]n] ;d"xdf lbge/sf] nflu sfd gePkl5cu/aQL agfpg] tyf d}gaQL agfpg] sfd ;d]t ug{ yfn]sf] . oL rf/lsl;dsf pBd ug{ yfn]kl5 aNn !% hgfnfO{ b}lgs $–% 306f sfdx'g yfn]sf] 5 .



cWoog ul/Psf] :ofDkndf n3' pBddf k|of]u ePsf >dsf] lgwf{/0f ug]{ ljleÌ tTjx?sf] dfkg glthftflnsf #=!( df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] dfkgdf Durbin Watson (dw) sf] dfg !=^%* lyof] . N %^& /k|of]u ePsf rnx? !^ x'+bf olb dwsf] dfg !=%(( eGbf sd ePdf autocorrelation x'g]df o; kmngdfcfPsf] dfg ;f] eGbf a9L ePsf]n] k|of]u ePsf rnx?aLr autocorrelation 5}g egL dfgLPsf] 5 . To:t} u/LBreusch-Pagan chi-squared sf] ljlw ckgfP/ heteroscedasticity x]l/Psf]df dfkg glthfdf s'g} tflTjskm/s k/]g .

tflnsf #=!( M n3' pBdLsf] /f]huf/L kmngsf] glthfVariable (maximum likelihood estimates) Estimated coeficient P-valueConstant 130.908*** 0.000Service acquired 0.001* 0.059Wage return to the family labour 0.001*** 0.000Raw material 0.000** 0.040Year of experience 2.477ns 0.168Programme dummy (medpa=1, medep=0) 9.179ns 0.109Gender dummy (female =1, zero otherwise) 16.987** 0.018Enterprise type dummy 1 (agriculture-based=1, zero otherwise) -20.075*** 0.003Enterprise type dummy 2 forest-based=1, zero otherwise) -18.890* 0.058Enterprise type dummy 3 (food based=1, zero otherwise) -38.593** 0.018Enterprise type dummy 4 (service based =1, zero otherwise) 4.289ns 0.711Ecological belt dummy 1(mountain=1, zero otherwise) -42.100*** 0.000Ecological belt dummy 2(hill=1, zero otherwise) 2.059ns 0.744Literacy dummy 2 (literate=1, zero otherwise) 3.024ns 0.664Literacy dummy 3 (primary=1, zero otherwise) 16.707** 0.048Literacy dummy 4 (lower secondary=1, zero otherwise) 29.296*** 0.002Literacy dummy 5 (secondary =1, zero otherwise) 11.693ns 0.135Adjusted R2 0.453F value 30.32*** 0.000Number of observations 567Note:

*** , **, and * refer to significance at the 0.01, 0.05, and 0.10 levels, respectively.ns = not significant.Dependent variable = labour dyas used

pBddf /f]huf/Lsf] b[li6n] x]bf{ pBddf nfu]sf] ;]jfsf] vr{, sRrf kbfy{ tyf >d k|of]usf] d"No /f]huf/Lsf;fy{s (significant) lgwf{/s (determinant) ePsf] b]lvof] . To:t} u/L, dlxnf pBdL ePdf, ;fIf/tfsf]:t/k|fylds Pj+ Go"g dfWoflds ePdf ;fy{s ?kdf /f]huf/L lbg a9]sf] / pBd s[lif, jg / vfBdf cfwfl/tePdf, tyf pBd lxdfnL If]qdf ePdf k|lt pBd /f]huf/L lbg ;fy{s ?kdf sd x'g] b]lvG5 .

#=^=@ kfl/jfl/s cfDbfgLdf a[l4n3' pBdsf] k|efjsf sf/0f cGo kfl/jfl/s lqmofsnfk klg a9]sf] x'+bf kfl/jfl/s cfDbfgLsf cGo >f]taf6klg cfDbfgL a9]sf] 5 -tflnsf #=@)_ . oBlk of] a9\gfsf cGo klg w]/} sf/0fx? x'g ;S5g\ h'g o;cWoogn] ;d]6]sf] 5}g, tfklg w]/}h;f] ;d"x s]Gb|Lt 5nkmndf n3' pBd u/]kl5 pBdzLntf a[l4sf] k|efjn]pBdLx? a9L hf]lvd lng ;Sg], b]z tyf ljb]zdf ;d]t /f]huf/L vf]hL ug{ ;Sg], cfˆgf Joj;fo klgJoj;flos ?kdf ug]{ tyf :yfgLo:t/df ePsf cGo sfo{qmdx?df ;d]t kx'r ug{ ;Sg] ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .



tflnsf #=@) M n3' pBd u/]kl5 kfl/jfl/s cfDbfgLdf kl/jt{g

cfDbfgLsf] >f]t

cfDbfgL(N=567) kl/jt{gk|ltztn3' pBd u/]kl5 -cfj @)&)÷&!_ n3' pBd ug'{eGbf klxn]3

s[lif 27,792.4 21,205.2 31kz'kfng 14,459.5 12,432.2 16u}/s[lif 10,881.9 9,447.0 15n3' pBd 98,924.0 0.0 0Hofnf÷dhb'/L 7,091.0 5,684.4 25ljk|]if0f 45,819.0 30,539.0 50k]G;g tyf cGo ;]jf 12,538.0 10,682.0 17cGo 1,820.0 2,097.0 -13hDdf 219,325.7 92,086.8 0cf}ift -k|lt pBdL kl/jf/_ 386.1 162.1 0

#=& n3' pBd ;~rfngdf lbuf]kgfk|fljlws ;xof]u M d]8]ksf] sfo{qmd ;lsPkl5 k|fljlws ;xof]usf] >f]t eg]sf] :yfgLo lgsfo x'g\ . t/ o:tflgsfoaf6 k|fljlws ;xof]u lg/Gt/ ?kdf k|fKt e}/xg] ;Defjgf @(=& k|ltzt :ofDkn pBdLn] gb]v]sf]kfO{of] eg] $!=^ k|ltztnfO{ t o:tf lgsfoaf6 k|fljlws ;xof]u k|fKt x'G5 eÌ]klg yfxf gePsf] b]lvof] .sl/a ^# k|ltztnfO{ ahf/df klg k|lt:kwf{ ug'{kg]{ hf]lvd /x]sf] cg'e"lt ePsf] b]lvof] . xfn ;~rfngdf/x]sf pBdLx? dWo] &* k|ltztn] d]8]k d]8kf nufot s'g} lgsfoaf6 k|ljlw÷k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw gePklg cfkm"x?n] cfˆgf pBd lg/Gt/ ?kdf ;~rfng ug]{ Joxf]/f JoQm u/] . o;af6 klg rfn' n3' pBdx?sf]k|fljlws lbuf]kg ;'lglZrt ePsf] b]lvG5 .

lg/Gt/ ?kdf pBd ;~rfngdf pBdLn] b]v]sf hf]lvdx? M pBd :yfkgf kl5 lg/Gt/ ?kdf ;~rfng ug]{;Gbe{df pBdLx?n] d'VotM ^ k|sf/sfhf]lvdx? cg'e"lt u/]sf] b]lvof] .ltgdf ^% k|ltztn] sRrf kbfy{sf]d"No a[l4, $$=@ k|ltztn]pBdLx?aLr k|lt:kwf{ a[l4, @@=^k|ltztn] pTkflbt j:t'sf] ahf/ dfusd x'g ;Sg] h:tf hf]lvdx?nfO{cg'e"lt u/]sf] b]lvof] -lrq #=^_ .

ahf/ dfudf cfwfl/t pTkfbg M lbuf] ?kdf pBd ;~rfngfy{ pBdLn] ahf/ ;j]{If0f u/L dfusf] cfwf/dfpTkfbg ug'{kg]{ ePtf klg %) k|ltzt eGbf a9L pBdLn] ahf/ ;j]{If0f ug]{ gu/]sf] / pTkfbg kl5 ahf/vf]Hg] u/]sf] b]lvof] . s]xLn] -#&=#Ü_ o:tf] ;j]{If0f ug]{ u/]sf] ePtf klg ^ k|ltztn] o:tf] ;j]{ ug'{k5{ eÌ]yfxfg} gkfPsf] Pj+ sl/a @ k|ltztnfO{ ;j]{ ug]{ Joxf]/f yfxf gePsf] / ;xof]u klg gePsf] atfP .

pBdnfO{ c?sf] x]g]{ b[li6 af/] pBdLsf] cg'e"lt M o; ;DaGwdf pBdnfO{ ;dfhn] /fd|f] -$*=!Ü_ b[li6n]x]/]sf] / %!=( k|ltztn] 7Ls} ?kdf x]/]sf] pBdLx?sf] cg'e"lt /x]sf] b]lvof] / o;n] pBd ;~rfngdf;fdflhs s7LgfO{ gcfpg] ;Í]t u/]sf] 5 .

ahf/ k|lt:kwf{ a[l4sf] ;fdgf M n3' pBdLsf] pTkfbgsf] ahf/ k|lt:kwf{ 5 egL &! k|ltztnfO{ hfgsf/LePsf] b]lvof] . o;df em08} *) k|ltztn] To:tf] k|lt:kwf{sf] ;fdgf ptkfbgsf] u'0f:t/ a9fP/ ug'{kg]{ ;f]r/fv]sf 5g\ eg] sl/a @) k|ltztn] 6f9fsf] ahf/df nu]/ ljlqm ug]{ ljrf/ u/]sf] b]lvof] .

3o; d"NofÍgdf k/]sf pBdLx?df cf=j= @)^^÷^& b]lv @)&)÷&! ;Dd :yfkgf ePsf pBdLx? k/]sfn] n3' pBd ug'{eGbfklxnf eÌfn] s'g} llZrt jif{ ge} :ofDkndf k/]sf pBdLsf] ljleÌ jif{sf] cf}ift dfg hgfp+5 .

lrq #=^ M pBdLn] cg'e"lt u/]sf hf]lvdx?

20.66.9

6516.9

22.644.2

k|ljlwx? hl6n x'b} uPsf]

:yfgLo ;fdfu|Lx?sf] cfk"lt{ 36]sf]

sRRffkbfy{sf] d'No j[l4

ahf/df j}slNks j:t' tyf ;]jfx?sf] pknAwtf

pTkflbt j:t'sf] ahf/ dfusd

pBdLx? aLrk|lt:kwf{df j[l4

lrq #=^ M pBdLn] cg'e"lt u/]sf hf]lvdx?



Jfftfj/0fLo ;'/Iff M n3' pBdaf6 jftfj/0fdf k/]sf] k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ pBdaf6 lg:sg] kmf]xf]/ d}nfaf6b'u{Gw pTkfbg, vfg] kfgL k|b'if0f, k|fs[lts >f]tsf] pkof]u, k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] pkof]u, df6f]sf] pj{/f zlQmdf gfztyf Affn >dsf] pkof]u, cflb jftfj/0fdf k|efj kg]{ tTjx? x'g\ eÌ] pBdLdf hfgsf/L /x]sf] kfO{of] .

;du|df pBdsf] eljio M lbuf]kgfsf] b[lisf]0faf6 ;du|df pBdsf] eljiosf] ;daGwdf sl/a @% k|ltztn]dfq k"0f{ ;'/lIft dx;'; u/]sf] kfO{of] eg] &# k|ltzt pBdLx?n] o;nfO{ 7Ls} ?kdf x]/]sf] b]lvof] . cGo @k|ltztn] eg] r'gf}ltk"0f{ /x]sf] / ;fdfGo rfk ;xg klg d'l:sn kg]{ cg'e"lt u/]sf] b]lvof] .

#=* pBdLsf] ljleÌ k"FhL ;daGwL hfgsf/Lef}lts ;DklQx? M n3' pBd u/]kl5 klg n3' pBdLsf] 3/sf] agf]6 tyf 5fgfsf] k|sf/df ;–;fgf v/k/fnsf] 5fgf, 6fonsf] 5fgf ePsf 3/df s]xL sdL cfPsf] / 9nfg u/]sf] 3/sf] ;+Vofdf s]xL a[l4 ePsf]b]lvof] . vfg]kfgLsf] >f]t, tyf zf}rfno cflbdf yf]/}dfq ;'wf/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . vfgf ksfpg] O{Gwgsf]k|of]udf eg] s]xL leÌtf ePsf] b]lvof] . pbfx/0f M vfgf ksfpg] O{Gwgsf] ?kdf bfp/fsf] k|of]u qmdz 36\b}Pn\lk Uof; / uf]a/Uof;sf] k|of]u eg] a9]sf] b]lvof] . To:t} aQLsf] d'Vo >f]tdf klg dl§t]nsf] k|of]u 36\b}uPsf] / ;f]nf/sf] k|of]u a9\b} uPsf] b]lvof] -lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf] nflu cg';"rL #=^_ .

3/fo;L k|of]hgsf e.}lts ;DklQ M n3' pBd u/]kl5 /]l8of] jfx]s l6le, lk|mh, df]6/;fO{sn, ;fO{sn,df]jfO{n, Uof;r'nf], uf]j/Uof; h:tf 3/fo;L ef}lts ;DklQdf a[l4 ePsf] b]lvof] -lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf] nflucg';"rL #=&_ .

kz'kfng M n3' pBd u/]kl5 ufO{ tyf afv|f kfngdf a[l4 ePsf] b]lvof] eg] e}+;L tyf s'v'/f kfng 36]sf]b]lvof] -cg';"rL #=*_ .

cfly{s k'“hL M cfly{s k'+hLsf] ;DaGwdf a}+s jf o:t} cGo ;+:yfdf z]o/ nufgL 36]sf] 5 eg] art sfo{s|ddf;+nUgtf a9]sf] 5 . klxn] / clxn]df d'Vo leÌtf eg]sf] kl/jf/sf] vfglkg, rf8kj{, lzIff tyf pkrf/ h:tf3/fo;L sfdsf] nflu lnPsf] C0f a9]sf] 5 eg], pTkfbgsf] nflu lnPsf] C0f 36]sf] 5 .

lzIff M n3' pBd ug'{eGbf klxn] / clxn] ljBfno ghfg] % jif{sf dflysf afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof tyf !% jif{eGbf dflysf lg/If/ ;b:ox?sf] ;+Vof b'a}df sdL cfPsf] b]lvof] -cg';"rL #=(_ .

:jf:Yo ;DaGwL M :jf:Yosf] If]qdf n3' pBd u/]kl5 klg s'g} ;fy{s kl/jt{g ePsf] b]lvPg tf klgPr\cfleP8\;\ h:tf 3fts /f]usf ;DaGwdf 1fg a9]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

dlxnf ;zlQMms/0f tyf ;dfj]zLs/0f M n3' pBd u/]kl5 pBdLsf] kl/jf/df dlxnf ;zlQms/0fsf] If]qdfeg] lgs} ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g ePsf] kfO{of] . pbfx/0f M kl/jf/sf] dlxnf ;b:o lg0f{osf/L e"ldsf -cWoIf,pkfWoIf, ;lrj_ h:tf kbdf /x]sf] cj:yfdf %$=! k|ltztn] ;'wf/ ePsf] 5 eg] kl/jf/sf] dlxnf ;b:ox?;d"x, ;xsf/L h:tf ;+:yfdf ;b:o x'g]df klg @&=# k|ltztn] a[l4 ePsf] 5 -cg';"rL #=!)_ .

#=( pBdLsf] a;fO{ ;/fO{ ;DaGwL hfgsf/Ltflnsf #=@! df k|:t't u/] cg';f/ pBdLsf] kl/jf/af6 :yfoL a;f]jf;sf] If]q 5f8]/ b]z leq jf ljb]zdfuPsf kl/jf/ ;b:ox?df klxn] !)% hgf /x]sf]df clxn] !(# -em08} *$ k|ltzt a[l4_ ePsf] b]lvof] . o;/La;fO{ ;/fO{ ug]{x?df ;a}eGbf a9L -sl/a &^Ü_, @% b]lv $( jif{sf] pd]/ ;d"xdf /x]sf] b]lvof] eg] @!k|ltzt eGbf a9L !% b]lv @$ jif{sf] pd]/ ;d"xsf /x]sf] b]lvof] . a;fO{ ;/fO{ u/]/ uPsf b]zx?df vfl8d'n'sdf !*) k|ltztn] a[l4 ePsf] 5 eg] ef/t hfg]x?df %* k|ltzt tyf b]z leqg} klg a;fO{ ;/fO{ug]{x?df @# k|ltztn] a[l4 ePsf] b]lvof] . a;fO{ ;/fO{ ug]{x?df df};dL a;fO{ ug]{df !)# k|ltztn] a[l4ePsf] b]lvof] eg] :yfoL ?kdf a;fO{ ;/fO{ ug]{x?df sl/a %# k|ltztn] a[l4 ePsf] b]lvof] . lhNnf:t/dftyf d]8]kdf ;d]t ePsf] ;d"x s]Gb|Lt 5nkmndf ePsf] hfgsf/L cg';f/ n3' pBd u/]/ s]xL pÌtL u/]sfx?



;d]t n3' pBdaf6 ePsf] cfDbfgL k|of]u u/]/ l56f] cfDbfgL ug]{ x]t'n] ljb]zdf sfd ug{ uPsf] klg b]lvof] .a;fO{ ;/fO{ ;DaGwL lj:t[t hfgsf/L cg';"rL #=!! df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf #=@! M a;fO{ ;/fO{ ;DaGwL hfgsf/L

;do / a;fO{ ;/fO{dlxnf k'?if hDdf

;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vofclxn] 164 85 29 15.03 193

n3' pBd z'? ug'{eGbf klxn] 86 82 19 18.1 105

kl/jt{g k|ltzt 90.7 53 52.63 83.81 83.81

#=!) vfB ;'/Iff l:yltn3' pBdLx?sf] n3' pBd u/]kl5 kfl/jfl/s vfB ;'/Iffsf] l:yltdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g b]lvPsf] 5 . n3'pBd ug'{eGbf klxnf cfˆgf] pTkfbg / :yfoL cfDbfgLn] ( dlxgf eGbf a9L vfg k'Ug] kl/jf/df !( k|ltztn]a[l4 ePsf] 5 -tflnsf #=@@_ . To:t}u/L # dlxgf eGbf sd vfg k'Ug] kl/jf/df em08} !^ k|ltztn] sdLcfPsf] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf yk hfgsf/L cg';"rL #=!@ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf #=@@ M n3' pBd u/]kl5 cfˆgf] pTkfbg / :yfoL cfDbfgLsf] >f]taf6 vfg k'Ug] kl/jf/ -k|ltzt_

vfB ;'/Iffsf] ljj/0f# dlxgf klgvfg gk'Ug]

#–^ dlxgfvfg k'Ug]

^–( dlxgfvfg k'Ug]

( dlxgf eGbfa9L vfg k'Ug]

n3' pBd u/]kl5 9.6 17.6 7.4 65.4

n3' pBd ug'{eGbf klxnf 11.1 24.7 9.9 54.7

#=!! d"NofÍg glthfsf] ;f/f+z n3' pBd :yfkgf k"j{ n3' pBdL 5gf}6 k|lqmofdf n3' pBdLx?sf] pT;fxhgs ?kdf ;xeflutf /x]sf] clwsf+z ;xefuLx? lbuf] cfDbfgL, /f]huf/L tyf vfB ;'/Iffsf nflu n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{s|ddf

;xefuL x'g] n3' pBd 5gf}6 k|lqmofdf u|fld0f÷gu/ txsf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] /fd|f] ;xeflutf /x]sf] pBd :yfkgf k"j{ lnPsf tflndx?df ;xefuLx?sf]] ;a} tflndx? cfˆgf] cfjZostf cg';f/ ePsf] pBdLx?df tflnd tyf ;]jf kZrft pBd ;~rfng ug]{ tl/sfdf 7Ls} ?kdf dfq kl/jt{g cfPsf] :ofdkndf k/]sf n3' pBdLx?dWo] em08} cfwf -$(=$#Ü_ dfq ;~rfngdf /x]sf, l;h{gf ePsf n3'

pBd aGb x'g'sf sf/0fx?df t/fO{ cfGbf]ng, @)&@ j}zfv !@ ut]sf] ljgfzsf/L dxfe'sDk, v'b d'gfkmfug{ g;Sg', a}slNks sfddf nfUg', k"hL nufgLsf] sld x'g', sdhf]/ 1fg÷;Lk , k|fljlws ;xof]usf] cefj,ahf/sf] cefj, cflb k|d'v /x]sf]

pBdLx?n] lnlvt Jofj;flos of]hgf th'{dfdf Wofg glbPsf] Joj;flos of]hgf cg';f/ Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ g;s]sf sf/0fx?df Joj;flos of]hgf a'‰g g;Sg',

k|fljlws ;xof]u gkfpg', sRrf kbfy{ h'6fpg g;Sg', k|ljlw pknAw gx'g', cflb k|d'v b]lvPsf] :jfldTjsf] b[li6n] clwsf+z pBdx/ pBdLs} :jfldTjdf /xL cfkm"n]g} ;~rfng ug]{ u/]sf] ljleGg ;+:yfaf6 k|fljlws ;]jf lnPsf pBdLx? k|fo ;a}n] cfkm'n] kfPsf] ;]jfaf6 ;Gt'i6 ePsf] lhNnf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{no÷;ldltaf6 pBdLx?sf] Go"g dfqfdf dfq cg'udg x'g ;s]sf] cfˆg} >f]taf6 nufgL Joj:yf ug]{x?sf] ljlQo >f]t art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yf /xL a}ls+ª ;]jfdf

kx'+r Go"g ;d"x÷art tyf C0f ;d"xsf] C0fdf a9L Aofhb/ x'g] u/]sf] d];Lg÷cf}hf/x?df w]/}h;f] pBdL cfkm}n] ahf/ d"Nodf vl/b u/]sf]



h8fg ePsf d];Lg÷cf}hf/x?sf] k"0f{ Ifdtfdf k|of]u gePsf] / ;femf ;'ljwf s]Gb| klg Ifdtf adf]lhd;~rfngdf gcfPsf]

pBdL Ps jif{df cf}iftdf @#@ lbg dfq sfddf ;+nUg ePsf] pBdLsf] cfˆgf] kl/jf/ ;b:o afx]s cGosf] ;+nUgtf lgs} Go"g /x]sf] pBddf nfu]sf] ;]jfsf] vr{, sRrf kbfy{ tyf >d k|of]usf] d"No /f]huf/Lsf ;fy{s lgwf{/s ePsf] ] ;du|df pBdLsf] kfl/jf/Ls >dnfO{ nfutdf hf]8\bf n3' pBd ;~rfngaf6 v'b d'gfkmf gePsf] kfl/jfl/s >dnfO{ nfutdf ghf]8\bf n3' pBd ;~rfngaf6 k|lt pBd cf}ift ? !#(,^*( nfe ePsf] kfl/jfl/s >dnfO{ vr{df ghf]9\bf k|lt kfl/jfl/s >dlbgsf] d"No ? $#) ePsf] pBdL:t/df d]8]ksf pBdLx?n] k|lt pBd cf}ift ? !&,@&( v'b nfe lng ;s]sf] cfDbfgL kmng ljZn]if0faf6 b]lvP cg';f/ sRrf kbfy{, ;]jfvr{ tyf >dvr{sf] k"0f{ ;b'kof]u x'g

g;s]sf] lt/LPsf] Aofhb/ tyf 3/÷hldg ef8f vr{ pBdn] clws dfqfdf Aoxf]l//x]sf] k'?if pBdL eGbf dlxnf pBdLsf] k|lt pBd cfDbfgL ;fy{s ?kdf sd x'g] u/]sf] pBdLx?sf] cfDbfgLdf sdL cfpgfsf] sf/0fx? dWo] $@=% k|ltzt pgLx?sf] k|fljlws sfo{bIftfsf]

sdLsf sf/0fn] ePsf] d]8]ksf pBdLx?n] cf=j= @)&)÷&! df nfeMnfut cg'kft !=! / d]8kfsf pBdLx?sf] nfeM nfut

cg'kft )=&! /x]sf] n3' pBd u/]kl5 /]l8of] jfx]s l6le, lk|mh, df]6/;fO{sn, ;fO{sn, df]jfO{n, Uof;r'nf], uf]j/Uof; h:tf

3/fo;L ef}lts ;DklQdf a[l4 ePsf] n3' pBd ug'{eGbf klxn] / clxn] ljBfno ghfg] % jif{sf dflysf afnaflnsfsf] ;+Vof tyf !% jif{

eGbf dflysf lg/If/ ;b:ox?sf] ;+Vof b'a}df sdL cfPsf] Pr\cfleP8\;\ h:tf 3fts /f]usf ;DaGwdf 1fg a9]sf] pBdLsf] kl/jf/df dlxnf ;zlQms/0fsf] If]qdf lgs} ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g ePsf] vfB ;'/Iffdf a[l4 ePsf]



kl/R5]b $ M glthfsf] d"NofÍg

o; kl/R5]bdf kl/R5]b @ df k|:t't xfn sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf n3' pBdL sfo{s|dx?sf] -d]8]k tyf d]8kf_cfwf/e"t hfgsf/L tyf kl/R5]b # df k|:t't d"NofÍgaf6 k|fKt ljZn]if0f tyf lgisif{ kl/0ffd, kl/df0ffTdstyf u'0ffTds ljlwx?sf] k|of]uaf6 k|fKt glthf P+j hflgkmsf/ JolQmx?;Ësf] cGtjftf{sf] cfwf/df n3' pBdsfo{s|dnfO{ b]xfP adf]lhd * j6f dfkb08 (criteria) df d"NofÍg u/L n3' pBd sfo{s|dsf] ;du| ljZn]if0ftyf d"NofÍg ul/Psf] 5 .

$=! n3' pBd sfo{qmdsf] ;fGble{stf;xdt ePsf lgod Pj+ zt{x?;Ë d]8]k / d]8kf sfo{s|dsf] tfbfTDotf M sfo{qmd:t/df n3' pBdsfo{qmdx? -d]8]k / d]8kf_ k"j{ ;xdt ePsf lgod Pj+ ;t{x¿ cg'?k sfof{Gjog ePsf] kfO{of] .sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog ul/jL lgjf/0fsf] nflu n3' pBd lgb]{lzsf -;~rfng lgb]{lzsf, @)&)_ / ;+zf]wgcg'?k s|lds ?kdf @)&$÷&% leq &% j6} lhNNffdf lj:tf/ x'g] u/L ;~rfng u/]sf] kfO{of] .

d]8kfsf] kf+r jif]{ /0fgLlt cg'?k sfof{GJog cj:yf M w]/} xb;Dd, d]8kfsf] sfof{Gjog d]8]k df]8]nnfO{cfGtfl/sLs/0f ug]{ nIfsf ;fy % jif]{ /0fgLlts of]hgfnfO{ c+lusf/ ub}{ s]G›Lo txb]lv :yfgLo lgsfox?-uflj;÷gu/kflnsf tyf lhlj;_ ;Dd sfof{Gjog eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 .t/, oBlk d]8kfsf] kf+rjif]{ /0fgLltdfd]8kfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{ df}h'bf hgzlQmn] dfq kof{Kt gx'g] x'+bf pBf]u dGqfno, 3/]n' tyf ;fgfpBf]u ljsfu / ;ldltdf yk hgzlQmsf] Joj:yf ug]{ pNn]v ePtf klg yk Joj:yf eg] x'g ;s]sf] b]l+vb}g .o; % jif]{ /0fgLlts of]hgfsf ;a} kIfx? -ljz]if u/L sfo{qmd Joj:yfkg, sf]if k|jfx ;+oGq_ sf] k"0f{tofcjnDag eg] x'g g;s]sf]n] cfGtl/sLs/0f ck]lIft ?kdf x'g g;s]sf] kfO{of] . t/ cfjZos hgzlQmpknAw u/fpg] tkm{ d]8kf kl5 k/]sf] :ki6 b]lvG5 . o:t} u/L d]8]k df]8]n cf+lzs ?kdf dfq sfof{GjogePsf] 5 . n3' pBd ljsf; sf]if (MEDF):yfkgf ug]{ u/fpg] tkm{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] P]g lgodsf] c:ki6tf,bfqL lgsfo ;Ë ePsf] ;Demf}tf tyf Single Accounting System sf] sf/0faf6 sltko lhNnfx?df z'? x'g;s]sf] 5}g eg] sltko lhNnfx?df 9Lnf] tyf sfo{s|dsf] dd{ (spirit) cg';f/ ;~rfng ug{ u/fpg ;s]sf]kfO{Pg .

sfo{qmdsf] ts{;Ddt cj:yf Mg]kfn Ps u|fdL0f If]qsf] afx'Notf ePsf] d'n's hxfF s"n hg;+Vofsf] cem}@#=* k|ltzt /fli6«o ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /xsf] 5 . b]zdf pBf]uwGbfsf] ljsf; x'g g;Sbf o'jfx? a]/f]huf/ e}lg/Gt/ ?kdf ljb]z knfog x'g afWo e}/x]sf] cj:yfdf pBdzLntf clej[l4 dfkm{t nfed"ns :j/f]huf/Ll;h{gf u/L ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug]{ tkm{ nlIft of] sfo{qmd cltg} ts{ ;Ddt ePsf] b]lvG5 . of]sfo{qmdn]b]zsf] ;a} e"uf]ndf a;f]af; u/]sf ljkGg, dlxnf, hghflt / blnt ju{sf] ;dfa]zLs/0f ug]{u/fpg] Joj:yf ;kmntfsf ;fy ub}{ cfPsf] kfOof] . o; cy{df of] sfo{s|d ts{;Ddt /x]sf]] b]lvG5 .

;/sf/L gLlt tyf /fli6«o k|fyldstf;Ë d]8]k tyf d]8kf sfo{qmddsf] tfbfTDotf Mn3' pBd ljsf;sf nflu;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 ul/Psf ;a} gLltx? -h:t} M t]x|f}+ of]hgf @)&)÷&! – @)&@÷&#, cf}Bf]lus gLlt @)^&,df}l›s gLlt @)&)÷&! jfl0fHo gLlt @)^%, s[lif Joj;fo k|j4g gLlt @)^#, cflb_ / pBdzLntfclej[l4af6 :j/f]huf/L l;h{gf u/L ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug]{ h:tf /fli6«o k|fyldstfl;t d]8]k tyf d]8kfsf]clws dfqfdf tfbfDotf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . cfjlws of]hgfdf n3' pBd l;h{gf tyf ljsf;nfO{ dxTjk"0f{ :yfglbPsf] 5 . ;fy} ;/sf/sf ljleGg If]qut gLltx?df o;nfO{ k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 . pBd ljsf; tkm{;/sf/L gLlt tyf /fli6«o k|fyldstfdf klg s]lGb|t /x]sf] kfO{Psf] ;Gbe{df n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{s|dsf]tfbfTDotf ePsf] k'li6 x'G5 .

sfo{qmdsf] ?k/]vfdf ef}uf]lns If]qsf] AofKttf, nlIft ;d"xsf] 5gf}6, nlIft hg;+Vof cflbsf] pko'Qmtf M

ef}uf]lns If]qsf] JofKttf M cfj= @)&)÷&! ;Dddf sfo{qmd b]zsf $% lhNnfx?df dfq ;~rfng e}/x]sf]cj:yf ePtf klg, ljut # jif{b]lv s|lds cfGtl/sLs/0f k|lqmof cg'?k % jif]{ /0fgLlts of]hgf cjlw leqb]zsf &% j6} lhNnfx?df lj:tf/ ul/g] nIosf ;fy sfo{s|d cl3 a9]sf] 5 . cf=j= @)&@÷&# ;Dddf of]^$ lhNnfdf nfu' eO{;s]sf] 5 . o; sfo{s|dn] ul/jLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf hgtf, ljz]if u/L ;fdflhs ?kdf



jlxis[t tyf ;LdfGts[t ;d"xnfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] / p2]Zo cg'?k sfo{qmdsfof{Gjog cl3 a9L /x]sf] cj:yfdf nlIft ;d"xsf] 5gf}6, nlIft hg;+Vof ;dfj]z tyf hfthfltsf] xfnsf]k"FhL / hfltotfdf ;dfgtf b]lvg'af6 klg -kl/R5]b #_ of] sfo{s|d ;dfj]zL / ;do ;fGble{s 5 .

sfo{qmdsf] of]hgf th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog k|s[ofsf] pko'Qmtf M u|fld0f÷gu/ txdf n3' pBd sfo{qmd th'{df,sfof{Gjog tyf d"NofÍgdf ;xeflutf u|fld0f÷gu/ txsf kbflwsf/Lx?sf] ;xeflutf &% k|ltzt eGbf a9L/x]sf] / o:tf] ;xefuLtfaf6 w]/} h;f]sf] ;Gt'li6 7Ls} /x]sf] kfO{Paf6 of] sfo{qmdsf] of]hgf th'{df tyfsfof{Gjog k|lqmof pko'Qm b]lvG5 .

sfo{qmdsf] ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds jfXotf M sfo{qmdsf] ;sf/fTds tyf gs/fTds afXotfsf] xsdfcWoog ubf{, nufgLsf nflu ljleÌ ljQLo ;+:yf, ;xsf/L tyf a}Íx?af6 C0f lng ;lsg], n3' pBdljsf;sf] nflu gLlt, lgod tyf lgb]{lzsf pknAw /x]sf], n3' pBd ljsf;sf] nflu cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf ePsf]h:tf cj;/sf ;Gbe{df ;fgf] k"+lhaf6 z'?ug{ ;lsg] ePsf]n] n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmd clt ul/a tyfljkÌ kl/jf/sf] cfo cfh{gsf] nflu pkof]uL kfO{Psf] 5 eg], sfo{qmdsf] gsf/fTds kIf vf;} b]lvPg .

$=@ sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsfl/tfsfo{qmdsf ;"rs tyf l;4ug]{ dfWodx?sf] cleAoQmtfsf] k|efasfl/tf M o; d"NofÍgdf, sfo{qmdsfof{Gjogsf] nflu cfjZos ;"rsx?sf] Joj:yf, sfo{qmdsf] ts{a4 9fFrf ;/n, dfkgof]Uo tyf glthfb]lvg] u/L 7Ls ?kdf cleJoQm ePsf] kfpg'sf] ;fy} ts{ 9fFrfdf pNn]v ePsf ;"rsx?sf] dfkg cfwf/-Means of verification_ klg ;lx 9Ëaf6 :ki6 5g\ eGg] ;|f]t JolQmx?sf] wf/0ff kfOof] . ts{a4 9fFrfdf pNn]vul/Psf hf]lvd -Risks_, dfGotf -Assumptions_ x? klg jf:tljs, pko'Qm / ;do ;fGble{s 5g\ . o;} u/L,ts{a4 9fFrfdf k|:tfljt >f]t ;fwg tyf lqmofsnfkx? Jojxfl/s tyf ;fGble{s 5g\ .

tf]lsPsf] nfut tyf ;dodf sfo{qmd ;DkÌtf M n3' pBd l;h{gf tkm{ d]8]ksf] @$,)&% pBdL l;h{gf ug]{nIo /x]sf]df @%,@&) l;h{gf u/L %Ü nIo eGbf a9L k|ult u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ o;} cjlwdf d]8kfn]@^,!($ pBdL l;h{gf ug]{ nIo /x]sf]df nIosf]] *# k|ltzt k|ult u/L @!,^$% n3' pBdLx? l;h{gf u/]sf]b]lvG5 . t/ n3' pBdL l;h{gf u/] klg lgwf{l/t ;dodf sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;jfndf, sfo{s|d cf=j=sf] z'?d};~rfng x'g g;ls sfof{Gjog tkm{ lgs} sld sdhf]/L /x]sf] kfO{of] . o;sf] d'Vo sf/0fdf lhNnf txdfsfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ s]G›af6 9Lnf] u/L clVtof/L cfpg] / Jolj;]k| ;+:yf 5gf}6 / lgo'lQm k|fo cf=j=sf]t];|f] rf}dfl;sdf x'g] eP af6 sfo{s|dn] ult lng g;s]sf] kfO{of] . ;du|df n3' pBd l;h{gf tkm{ (#k|ltzt k|ult xfFl;n ePsf] 5 .

txut tflndsf] k|efjsfl/tf M sfo{qmd dfkm{t k|bfg ul/Psf] tflndx?sf] xsdf pBd :yfkgf k"j{ lnPsftflndx?sf] cfjZostf cg';f/g} ePsf] / To:tf tflndsf] pkof]lutf 7Ls} ePsf] pBdLx?df cg'e"lt /x]sf]5 . pBdLx?n] k|fKt u/]sf tflndx? pTkfbg ;Lk tyf Ifdtf a9fpg ;xof]uL ePsf] b]lvG5 . t/ n3'pBdnfO{ df]8]n cg';f/ pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ TOEE/TOGE tflnd $Ü eGbf sdn] dfq lnPsf] / Jolj;]k|;+:yf 5gf}6df x'g] u/]sf] 9LnfO{sf] sf/0faf6 nfdf] cjlwsf] ;Lkd'ns tflnd d]8kf tkm{sf pBdLx?n] ljut# jif{b]lv kfpg g;s]sf] tYofÍaf6 :ki6 b]lvG5 .

n3' pBdzLntf ljsf; sfo{x?sf] k|efjsfl/tf M n3' pBd sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf] s|ddf pBdLx?nfO{ pBd;~rfng ug{sf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ ljleGg lsl;dsf l;kx? k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . ;fy} pBdLx?n] k|fKtu/]sf l;kx?af6 pgLx? ;dli6ut ?kdf 7Ls} dfq ;Gt'i6 b]lvG5g\ . k|fKt ;Lkaf6 pBdLx?sf] pTkfbg tyfIfdtf clej[l4df 6]jf k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . pBdLx?n] lnPsf tflnd dWo] w]/} h;f]n]] o;sf] pkof]lutf 7Ls} ePsf]cg'e"lt u/] eg]] o;sf] k"0f{ ?kdf pkof]u ug]{x?sf] ;+Vof eg] ;fk]Ifdf sd dfq kfOof] . ;Lkaf6 pBd;~rfng ug]{ tl/sf Pj+ cGo Jojxf/df klg 7Ls} ?kdf kl/jt{g ePsf] b]lvG5 . TOEE/TOGE lng] n3'pBdLx?sf] cg'kft w]/} Go"g dfq 5 . l;lh{t n3' pBd ;d"x lgoldt ?kdf ;~rfng x'g g;Sg' / of] cGoIf]qdf ck]lIft ?kdf k'g/fj[lQ x'g g;Sg' klg Pp6f d'Vo sf/0f /x]sf] ;d"xut 5nkmnaf6 :ki6 b]lvG5 .



k|bfg ul/Psf ;Lksf] pkof]lutf M:yfgLo >f]t tyf ;fwgsf] k|of]u u/L cfo cfh{g ug]{ b[li6n] x]bf{ d]8]kdf]8]n pko'Qm b]lvG5 . t/ pTkfbg nfut clws tyf u'0f:t/df Go"gtfsf] sf/0faf6 pTkflbt j:t'n]k|efjsf/L ?kdf ahf/df k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;s]sf] b]lv+b}g . n3' pBdLx?sf] pTkfbgn] ahf/df nf]slk|o a|fG8sfpTkfbgx?;Ë -pbfx/0fsf] nflu s]rk_ k|lt:kwf{ ug'{ kg]{ ePsf]n] pTkfbg nfut tyf u'0f:t/ tkm{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . ctM df]8]nn] ck]lIft u/] cg';f/ ahf/ dfu cg';f/sf] pTkfbg ug]{ kl/kfl6 eGbf pTkfbg u/Lahf/ vf]Hg] tyf cfˆgf] pTkfbg ljqmL u/fO{ lbg' n3' pBdx?n] ;DalGwt lgsfo ;dIf ;xof]u dfu ug]{cj:yf a9\b} uPsf] 5 .

k|j4{g ul/Psf n3' pBdsf] l:ylt, ;Gt'i6tf tyf ahf/ ;DefJotf M n3' pBd sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf] s|ddfpBdLx?nfO{ pBd ;~rfng ug{ ljleGg lsl;dsf l;kd'ns tflnd k|bfg ul/G5 . k|bfg ul/Psf] l;kx?af6pgLx? ;Gt'i6 x'g'sf] ;fy} / k|fKt ;Lkaf6 pBdLx?nfO{ pTkfbg tyf Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ 6]jf k'u]sf] b]lvG5 .t/ pBdLx?n] k|fKt u/]sf l;k d'ns tflnd dWo] w]/} h;f]n]] o;sf] pkof]u dfq ug{ ;s]sf] :ki6 u/] / k"0f{?kdf pkof]u ug]{x?sf] cg'kft eg] ;fk]Ifdf sd dfq kfOof] . o:t} u/L ;Lkaf6 pBd ;~rfng ug]{ tl/sfPj+ cGo Jojxf/df klg 7Ls} ?kdf kl/jt{g kfO{of] .

;dGjo M k|fKt ;"rgf tyf hfgsf/L cg';f/ n3' pBd sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf lhNnf l:yt ljifout lgsfox?-s[lif, kz' ;]jf, dlxnf, l;~rfO{, jg, cflb_ sf] ;xof]u tyf ;dGjodf sld sdhf]/L :ki6 b]lvG5 . s[lif tyfjg ;DjGwL sfof{nox?af6 :yflkt n3' pBd sfo{s|dnfO{ n3' pBd sfo{s|ddf ;dflxt tyf l8d]ufn];d]6\g] k|of;}} u/]sf] kfO{Pg . n3' pBd sfo{s|d cfkm}df lhNnf 3/]n' tyf;fgf pBf]u sfof{no÷;ldltsf]sfo{s|d h:tf] dfq l;ldt x'g uPsf] kfO{of] . ;a} lgsfox?n] n3' pBdL ljsf; tkm{ jf 3/]n' sfo{nox? ;Ë;dGjo tyf ;"rgf cfbfg k|bfg ug{÷u/fpg hgzlQmsf] sld / cf–cfˆg} lgoldt sfdsf] af]emn] ;d]t;lqmo ;xefuL x'g g;s]sf] hfgsf/Ldf cfof] .

d]8]kaf6 d]8kfdf ;Lk tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f M d]8]kaf6 d]8kfdf ;Lk tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f ug]{ ;Gbe{df;f]lwPsf] k|Zgdf, ;Lk x:tfGt/0f Go"g ?kdf ePsf] b]lvG5 . d]8]k / d]8kf sfo{s|d Ps} lhNnfdf leGg leGglgsfox?af6 sfof{Gjog ul/bf d]8]kn] d]8kfnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ cfˆg} sfo{s|d / hgzlQmsf] cefjdf n3' pBdl;h{gf tkm{ ;d]t ;+nUgtf x'g k/]sf] sf/0faf6 gEofPsf] b]lvG5 . MEDEP / MEDPA x? sf] BDSPO klgPs} x'g] ePsf]n] of] ;/sf/L lgsfox? eGbf cfof]hgf pGd'v /x]sf] kfO{of] .

pBf]u dGqfnoåf/f sfo{qmd th'{df, sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg M sfo{qmdsf] cg'udgsf] xsdf, ;du|sfo{qmdnfO{ pBf]u dGqfnoaf6 hgzlQmsf] cefjdf ck]lIft ?kdf lgoldt cg'udg x'g g;s]sf] kfO{of] .

d]8]k sfo{qmdsf] ;xh ;~rfng Mof] sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;~rfng ;Gbe{df ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx?sf]clwsf+z pQ/x?df sfo{qmd 7Ls} k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;~rfng eO{ d]8]k df]8]n cf+lzs ?kdf dfq sfof{GjogdfcfPsf] elg hfgsf/Ldf cfof] .

u'NdLdf Ps n3' pBdL ;d"xn] 7"nf]vfn] 6k/L pTkfbg t u/] t/ ahf/df ljqmL ePg . pkef]Qmfsf] dfucg';f/ gePsf]n] ljqmLdf ;d:of cfPsf] lyof] . pTkfbgnfO{ sf7df8f}+ nu]/ ljqmL ug]{ k|of; x'+bf9'jfgLsf] d"Non] ubf{ pTkfbg sf7df8f}+df k|lt:klw{ aÌ ;s]g . pTkflbt j:t'x?sf] u'0f:t/ tkm{ Wofgglb+bf pkef]Qmfx? n3' pBdLx?sf] pTkflbt j:t'x? vf;u/L vfB k|zf]wgdf cfwf/Lt j:t'x? tkm{cfslif{t x'g g;Sg] kfO{Psf] 5 . To;} u/L, sfo{qmd sfo{Gjog ubf{ ahf/sf] ;e]{If0f klg 7Ls} dfqfdfdfq pko'Qm 9Ën] ePsf] 5 . lhNnfdf ljifo lj1tfsf] cefj :ki6 b]lvG5 .



$=# sfo{qmdsf] sfo{bIftfsfo{qmdsf] sfo{bIftf lgDg cg';f/ d"NofÍg ul/Psf] 5 .

pBdL ljsf;df nfu]sf] cf}ift nfut M v08 #=* df k|:t't ul/P cg';f/ % jif{sf] cf};t x]bf{ d]8]ksf] ? k|ltpBdL nfut ? ^@,#(#=#( b]lvg cfpF5 t/ o; nufgLdf d]8]k df]8n sfo{Gjog tkm{sf] Jolj;]k| ;+:yf,l8d]uf/ d]8]kaf6 ;f]em} vr{ x'g] tyf n3' pBd ;xhstf{ pTkfbg tyf tflnddf ;d]t u/L ;a} k|sf/sf]vr{ ;dfj]Zf 5 . t/ n3' pBd l;h{gf tkm{ k|lt:kwf{sf] cfwf/df Jolj;]k| ;+:yf dfkm{t k|lt n3' pBdL k|ltjif{ ? @#,))) eGbf a9L vr{ gx'g] Jolj;]k| ;+:yf tyf d]8]kaf6 hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf] 5 . o:t} u/L d]8kf tkm{% jif{sf] cf};t k|lt pBdL nfut ? @@,#(# k/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L n3' pBdL l;h{gfdf d]8]k tyf d]8kf b'a}af6 k|ToIf vr{ sl/a ? @#,))) x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

d]8]k, d]8kf tyf cGo /fli6«o Pj+ cGt/fli6«o u};;n] k|j4{g u/]sf sfo{qmddf k|lt n3' pBdL nfutM n3'pBd k|j4{g ug]{ ;+:yfx?df w]/} h;f] sfo{qmdx?sf] jfli{fs ah]6 tyf k|ult ;dLIffdf n3' pBd l;h{gfug{sf] nflu dfq nfu]sf] vrsf]{ 5'§} lx;fa gb]lvg] tyf tL ;+:yfx?n] c? klg sfd ug]{ ePsfn] d]8]ksf]h:tf] n3' pBd ljsf;df nfu]sf] vr{ eg]/ 5'l§g] cj:yf e]l6Pg . Knfg g]kfn, o"Pd\Pg\, km/jf{8{, jN8{ lehgO{G6/g]zgn, x]Ne]6f;, s]o/ g]kfn, ;];L, cflbn] klg pBd ljsf;df sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf 5g\ . tyflkpgLx?sf] df]8]n d]8]k÷d]8kf h:tf] geP/ cfo cfh{gsf nflu ;Lk ljsf; lsl;dsf 5g\ . ltgdf s]xLkl/of]hgf h:t} ;];L÷;xsfo{sf] ;g\ @))^ df k|lt n3' pBdL k|ToIf vr{ ? !%,))) b]lvG5 (CECI, 2006)eg], /f]huf/ sf]if x]Ne]tf;sf] k|lt n3' pBd k|ToIf vr{ sl/a ? #),))) b]lvG5 (Helvetas, 2012) . oLvr{x?df jflif{s d'b|f l:k|mlt ldnfg ubf{ v]/L cf=j= @)&)÷&! df ;];Lsf] sl/a ? #),))) / /f]huf/sf]if÷x]Ne]tf;sf] sl/a ? #^,))) k|lt n3' pBdL x'g cfp+5 . o:tf sfo{qmdsf] bf+hf]df k|lt n3' pBdLl;h{gfdf ? @#,))) sf] nufgL sfo{bIftfsf] b[li6n] lgs}g} /fd|f] b]lvG5 .

sfo{qmd:t/df nfe tyf nfutsf] t'ngfM sfo{ lhDd]jf/Ldf elgP cg';f/sf] sfo{qmd:t/df nfe nfuttYofÍ d]8kf sfo{qmdaf6 k|fKt x'g g;s]sf]n] sfo{qmd:t/df nfe nfut cg'kft tyf cfGtl/s k|flKt b/(IRR) dfkg ug{ ;lsPg .

pBd:t/df nfe nfut t'ngf M o; d"NofÍg cWoogdf ul/Psf] ;j]{If0fdf ;+nUg :ofDkn pBdLx?af6 k|fKtnfe nfutsf] ljZn]if0f cg';f/ n3' pBdsf] nfe nfutsf] cg'kft )=(% dfq x'g cfp+5 . of] eg]sf] pBdsf]lg/Gt/tfsf] nflu :j:y l:ylt xf]O{g . pBdLsf] kfl/jfl/s >dsf] d"No ;d]t nfutdf ;dfj]z ubf{ n3' pBd;~rfngaf6 v'b d'gfkmf ePsf] gb]lvP klg pBdLsf] kfl/jfl/s >dsf] d"No kl/jf/d} /xg] ePsf]n] ;f] ;d]tu/L d"NofÍg ubf{ n3' pBd ;~rfngaf6 k|lt pBd cf}ift ? !#(,^*( ePsf] b]lvof . pBddf k|of]u ePsf]hDdf kfl/jfl/s >d -#@%=(&_ sf] k|ltkmndf of] cfDbfgL ? $#) k|lt >dlbg kg{ cfp+5 . t/ n3' pBddfkfl/jfl/s >dsf] k|of]u a9L ePsf] / ;f] >dsf] d"No kfl/jf/d} /xg] ePsf]n] ;f] d"NonfO{ 36fP/ nfe nfutsf]cg'kft lx;fa ubf{ %=)@ x'g cfp+5 h:n] kfl/jfl/s /f]huf/Lsf] lx;fjn] n3' pBd ubf{ kfl/jfl/s>dsf]ahf/sf] d"No gcfPklg k|lt O{sfO{ nufgL eGbf % u'0ff nfe cfpg] ;Í]t u/]sf] 5 .

pBd:t/df d]8]ksf pBdLx?n] kfl/jfl/s >dsf] d"No ubf{klg k|lt pBd cf}ift ? !&,@&( v'b nfe lng;s]sf] b]lvG5 eg] d]8kfsf pBdLx?n] eg] v'b nfe lng ;s]sf] b]lvPg -cg';"rL #=#_ . pgLx?n] To:tf]nfe lng g;Sg'sf sf/0fx?df k|ljlws ;Lksf] sdL, nfut a9L, d]l;g÷cf}hf/ tyf ef}lts k"jf{wf/ h:tf:yfL/ k'+hL nufgL a9L, Pj+ ePsf d];Lg/L÷cf}hf/ tyf ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] Ifdtf eGbf Psbd} sdsf] k|of]u,cflb k|d'v /x]sfn] pgLx?sf] sfo{bIftf a9fpg'kg]{ vf+rf] 68sf/f] b]lvPsf] 5 .

sfo{qmddf nufgL bIftf M cfDbfgL kmng (income function) sf] dfkgaf6 pBdL:t/df n3' pBdLsf]sfo{bIftf dfkg u/L ljZn]if0f ul/of] . o; dfkg cg';f/ n3' pBddf sRrf kbfy{, ;]jf vr{ tyf >d cw{k|of]u (underutilised) ePsf] 5 . t;y{, o:tf >f]t tyf ;]jfsf] k|of]u a9fpgfn] pBdsf] cfDbfgL a9\g]5 .lt/LPsf] Aofhb/ tyf 3/÷hldg ef8f vr{ eg] cfDbfgLsf] bf+hf]df pBdn] clws dfqfdf Aoxf]l//x]sf] 5 .



t;y{, cfDbfgL a9fpgsf] nflu pBdn] o:tf vr{ 36fpg'k5{ . pBdn] cfDbfgL a9fpg sRrf kbfy{, >d tyf;]jf vr{x? a9fPdf k|lt O{sfO pTkfbgsf] l:y/ nfut 36\b} hfg] x'+bf of] glthf ts{o'Qm klg 5 . ;fy},pTkfbg sfo{ bIftf a9fpgsf] nflu >dsf] sdL x'+b} hf+bf d]l;g/L tyf ef}lts k"jf{wf/df vr{ a9fpg'k5{ eÌ]klg b]lvPsf] 5 . cfDbfgL kmngsf] dfkg cg';f/ d]8kfn] k|j4{g u/]sf pBdL eGbf d]8]kn] k|j4{g u/]sfpBdLx? k|lt pBd a9L cfDbfgL ug{ ;Ifd 5g\ eÌ] b]lvPsf] 5 . o;n] klg d]8]k df]8]nsf] cfGtl/sLs/0fd]8kfdf k"0f{ ?kdf ePsf] 5}g eÌ] b]vfPsf] 5 . d]8]k df]8]n n3' pBd l;h{gf tyf ljsf; ug{sf] nfluKofs]hsf] ?kdf ;~rfng ePsf] 5 eg] d]8kfdf dfgjLo ;+;f]wgsf] sdL, Jolj;]k| ;+:yfsf] ;dodf 5gf}6x'g g;Sg', lgoldt cg'udg tyf k|fljlws ;]j lbg g;Sg', pBd z'? ug{sf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ Go"gtd;fdu|L ;dodf pknAw u/fpg g;Sg', cflb o;sf k|d'v sf/0f /x]sf 5g\ . To:t}u/L, n}lËs 8dLrn klggsf/fTds ?kdf ;fy{s b]lvPsf] sf/0f k'?if pBdL eGbf dlxnf pBdLsf] k|lt pBd cfDbfgL ;fy{s ?kdfsd x'g] u/]sf] b]lvPsf]af6 pTkfbg sfo{ bIftf a9fpg k'?ifsf] bf+hf]df dlxnfsf] Ifdtf sd ePsf]n] dlxnfsf]Ifdtf cle[l4df hf]8 lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

sfo{qmddf >f]t pkof]u bIftfM pBdLn] cfˆgf] pTkfbgaf6 cfDbfgL lng ;Sg] k|fljlws sfo{ bIftf Psbd}Go"g kfO{of] . ;DefAo cfDbfgLsf] @% k|ltzt eGbf sd dfq cfDbfgL ug]{x? &! k|ltzt b]lvg cfof] . To:t}u/L ;DefAo cfDbfgLsf] @%–%) k|ltzt lng ;Sg] !* k|ltzt, %)–&% k|ltzt lng] $ k|ltzt / &%–!))k|ltzt lng] ^ k|ltzt b]lvof] . pTkfbg sfo{bIftsf] sdLsf sf/0f ;du|df s'n cfDbfgLdf $@=% k|ltzt;Dd sdLsf] ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf] Go"gLs/0fsf nflu sfo{bIftf a9fpg gLltut ;'wf/ b]lv Ifdtfljsf;sf ;jfnx?sf] ;Daf]wg x'g'kb{5 .

h8fg ePsf d];Lg cf}hf/sf] k|of]u l:ylt x]bf{ klg To:tf d];Lg÷cf}hf/x?sf] cw{ k|of]u (underutilised)ePsf] kfO{of] . sl/a * k|ltzt hlt dfq d]l;g÷cf}hf/x?sf] Ifdtfsf] () k|ltzt eGbf dfly k|of]u ePsfb]lvof] 5 eg] clwsf+z Ifdtfsf] %)–&) k|ltzt dfq k|of]u ePsf] b]lvof] / !# k|ltzt eg] Ifdtfsf] %)k|ltzt eGbf klg sd k|of]u ePsf] b]lvof] . o;} sf/0f klg pBdLx?n] cw{ k|of]u ePsf sRrf kbfy{,;]jfvr{ tyf >dvr{df a[l4 ug'{k5{ . ;fy} n3' pBd sfo{qmdn] pBdLx?sf] k|fljlws Ifdtf (technicalefficiency) a9fpg] tkm{ lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ug'{k5{ .

pBdL:t/df ljQLo cfGtl/s k|flKt b/ (FIRR) tyf cfly{s cfGtl/s k|flKt b/ (EIRR) M pBdLx?sf]kfl/jfl/s >dsf] ;d]t d"NofÍg ubf{ n3' pBd ;~rfngdf nfe eGbf nfut a9L b]lvof] eg] d]l;g/Lcf}hf/sf Ifdtfsf] k"0f{ k|of]u ePsf] b]lv+b}g . pTkfbg kmngsf] dfkgdf d]l;g cf}hf/ tyf ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf]Ifdtf cg';f/ pkof]u l:ylt a9fp+bf cfDbfgL a9\g] b]lvPsf]n] cGo vr{ ga9fO{sg d];Lg/L cf}hf/ tyfef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] k|of]u sfo{ bIftf a9fO{ pBdsf] pTkfbg jflif{s ?kdf % k|ltztsf b/n] % jif{ ;Dda9fpg] of]hgf u/L !& k|ltzt -ljQLo ;+:yfx?sf] Aofhb/_ l8:sfpG6 b/ k|of]u ubf{ nfe nfut cg'kft!=)# / jt{dfgsf] v'b d"No (NPV) ? !*,!#) x'g cfp+5 eg] ljQLo cfGtl/s k|flKt b/ ^^=%$& x'g cfp+5 .of] b/ eg]sf] pBdsf] :j:y ljQLo cj:yf xf] . of] dfkgdf pBdn] d]8]kaf6 kfPsf] cg'bfgsf ;fdu|Lx?sf]nfut lx;fa lbg g;s]sf]n] pBd:t/df klg cfly{s cfGtl/s k|flKt b/ (EIRR) dfkg ug{ ;Dej ePg .

d]8]ksf pBdLx?n] cf=j= @)&)÷&! df nfut eGbf nfe a9L u/]sf -nfeM nfut cg'kft !=!_ 5g\ eg]d]8kfsf pBdLx?n] nfut eGbf nfe sd -nfeM nfut cg'kft )=&!_ u/]sf 5g\ . d]8kf tkm{ olb jt{dfgpTkfbg:t/df @) k|ltztn] jflif{s a[l4 xfl;n ug]{ xf] eg] pgLx?sf] ljQLo cfGtl/s k|flKt b/ (FIRR)!&=#)* x'g cfp+5 h'g eg]sf] ljQLo ahf/sf] cf}ift Aofhb/ -!&Ü_ wfÌ ;Sg] b/ xf] .

:ofDkn pBdLx?sf] pTkfbg g36fO{sg nfut dfq jflif{s ?kdf % k|ltztsf b/n] % jif{ ;Dd 36fpg]of]hgf u/L !& k|ltzt -ljQLo ;+:yfx?sf] Aofhb/_ l8:sfpG6 b/ k|of]u ubf{ nfe nfut cg'kft !=)# /jt{dfgsf] v'b d"No (NPV) ? !^,#@! x'g cfp+5 . ljQLo cfGtl/s k|flKt b/ ^$=#& x'g cfp+5 . d]8kfsfpBdLsf] xsdf pTkfbg:t/ sfod} /fvL] k|lt jif{ @) k|ltztsf b/n] nfut 36fPdf ljQLo cfGtl/s k|flKtb/ (FIRR) !$=#*^ dfq x'g cfp+5 h'g eg]sf] ahf/df rn]sf] shf{sf] Aofhb/ -!&Ü_ eGbf sd xf] . olbahf/sf] k|rlnt Aofhb/ wfÌ ;Sg] ljQLo cfGtl/s k|flKt b/ (FIRR) sf] b[li6n] x]g]{ xf] eg] jflif{s @)=%*



k|ltztsf b/n] nfut 36fpg ;Sg'k5{ . t/ Aojxfl/s ?kdf nfut 36fpg] tyf nfe a9fpg] b'a} of]hgfubf{ klg shf{ ahf/sf] !& k|ltzt Aofhb/ wfÌ pTkfbg nfut * k|ltztn] 36fpg] / pTkfbgaf6 nfe!@=)( k|ltztn] a9fpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

$=$ sfo{qmdsf] k|efjo; c+zdf d]8]k tyf d]8kfsf] sfo{qmdaf6 cfzfltt kl/0ffd xfl;n eP gePsf] tyf tL kl/0ffd xfl;ndfslt >]o oL sfo{qmdx?nfO{ lbg ;lsG5 eGg] ljZn]if0f u/]/ sfo{qmdsf] k|efj d"NofÍg ul/Psf] 5 .

n3' pBdLx?sf] cj:yf M ;j]{If0f ul/Psf d]8ksf] ^%) pBdLx?df #%% -%$=^Ü_ / d]8kfsf] $(& df @!@-$@=&Ü_ ;~rfngdf /x]sf] b]lvof] eg] d]8]ksf] @(% -$%=#*Ü_ tyf d]8kfsf] @*% -%&=#$Ü_ xfn;~rfngdf g/x]sf b]lvof] . l;h{gf ePsf em08} cfwf pBd ;~rfngdf g/x]sf sf/0f pBdn] lbg] /f]huf/Ltyf cfDbfgL / To;af6 pBdLsf] lhjg:t/df kg]{ k|efj klg k|efljt x'g uof] . ;~rfngdf g/x]sfx?sf];~rfng gug'{ -aGb ug'{_ sf sf/0fx?df a}slNks sfddf nfUg', k"hL nufgLsf] sld x'g', 1fg÷;Lk sdhf]/ x'g',k|fljlws ;xof]usf] cefj x'g', cflb k|d'v b]lvP . ;fy} t/fO{sf lhNnfx?sf] xsdf /fhg}lts cl:y/tfsf sf/0fsRRff kbfy{ gkfpg' tyf ePsf] pTkfbg klg ;j]{ ;doeGbf nuQ} cufl8 nfdf] ;do;Dd ahf/ ljqmL ug{g;Sg'n] ubf{ pBdx? aGb ePsf klg b]lvP eg] cGo lhNnfx?df ut a}zfvdf uPsf] d"sDksf] k|efj klg b]lvof]. t;y{ n3' pBdL l;h{gf u/]/ dfq gx'g] / ltgnfO{ lg/Gt/ cg'udg u/]/ k|fljlws Pj+ Joj;flos ;xof]uk'¥ofO{/xg' kg]{ o; d"NofÍgaf6 b]lvPsf] 5 .

;~rfngdf /x]sf n3' pBdLx?df l8d]ufaf6 :t/f]ÌtL ePsf] dfGotf k|fKt hDdf @$ hgf -$=@Ü_ pBdLkfO{of] h:df # hgf d]8kf / @! hgf d]8]ksf /x]sf 5g\ . :t/f]ÌtLsf] b/ Hofb} Go"g b]lv+bf n3' pBdsfo{qmdn] cem} s]xL ;do oL ;~rfngdf /x]sf oL pBdLx?nfO{ k|fljlws, ljQLo tyf Joj;fo k/fdz{ ;]jflbO{/xg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

/f]huf/L l;h{gfM /f]huf/Lsf] ?kdf pBf]udf pBdL :jo+sf] ;+nUgtf sl/a &*, !( / # k|ltzt qmdzM jif}{e/Lk"0f{sfnLg, df};dL -k"0f{sfnLg_ / cf+l;s ?kdf ;+nUg ePsf] b]lvof] . pBf]udf Ps jif{df cf}iftdf @#@ lbgdfq sfddf ;+nUg ePsf] b]lvG5, h'g k"0f{ /f]huf/sf] nflu xKtfdf %=% lbgsf] sfdsf] lx;fan] x'g cfpg]@*^ lbg eGbf sd 5 . hDdf %^& :ofDkn pBddf pBdL afx]s pBdLsf] kl/jf/sf ^^& hgfn] sfdu/]sf]af6 k|lt pBd kl/jf/sf sl/a !=!* hgfnfO{ ;+nUg u/fPsf]] b]lvG5 . oBlk ltgn] sfd u/]sf] jflif{scf}ift lbg eg] k|lt AolQm (#=% lbg b]lvG5 h'g k"0f{ /f]huf/sf] sl/a ## k|ltzt dfq x'g cfp+5 . Hofnfbf/L>dsf] ?kdf eg] s]jn @# hgf dhb'/nfO{ /f]huf/L lbPsf] b]lvG5 .

kfl/jfl/s >dnfO{ Hofnf lbg' gkg]{ x'+bf To:tf] >dsf] pkof]u Hofnfbf/L >ldssf] a/fa/Ldf ePsf] 5 eÌ]cj:yf /x]g . kfl/jfl/s >dsf] d"No gu/L pBdaf6 ePsf] s'n nfe ? $#) k|lt kfl/jfl/s >d lbg b]lvof] .kf/Ljf/Ls >d slt k|of]u ug]{ eÌ] Aoxf]/f >dsf] Hofnfb/ tyf pTkfbg:t/n] lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{df o;f] geP/pTkfbg:t/ tyf pTkfbgdf k|of]u ePsf] ;fdu|L tyf cGo cj:yfn] k|efj kf/]sf] b]lvof] . o;sf] ljZn]if0fsf]nflu ;lds/0f ! cg';f/sf] /f]huf/L kmng dfkg ul/of] h:df k|lt pBd /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf d"NofÍg ug{pBddf /f]huf/Lsf] b[li6n] x]bf{ pBddf nfu]sf] ;]jfsf] vr{, sRrf kbfy{ tyf >d k|of]usf] d"No /f]huf/Lsf;fy{s (significant) lgwf{/s (determinant) ePsf] b]lvof] . To:t} u/L, dlxnf pBdL ePdf, ;fIf/tfsf]:t/k|fylds Pj+ Go"g dfWoflds ePdf ;fy{s ?kdf /f]huf/L lbg a9]sf] / pBd s[lif, jg / vfBdf cfwfl/tePdf, tyf pBd lxdfnL If]qdf ePdf k|lt pBd /f]huf/L lbg ;fy{s ?kdf sd x'g] b]lvG5 .

cfDbfgLM n3' pBd ;~rfngaf6 vf;} cfly{s d'gfkmf ePsf] b]lv+b}g . pBdLn] hfgsf/L lbPsf Hofnfbf/L>ldssf] b}lgs Hofnfb/n] pBddf k|of]u ePsf] kfl/jfl/s >dsf] d"No ;d]t pTkfbg nfutdf hf]8\bf v'bnfe C0ffTds b]lvG5 . t/ klg k|lt pBdsf] cf}ift nfutdf *! k|ltzt kfl/jfl/s >d jfkt x'g] x'+bf pQm>dsf] Hofnf ;a} kfl/jfl/s cfDbfgLs} ?kdf kl/jf/dfg} /xg] ePsf]n] ;f] ;d]tnfO{ nfutdf hf]8\bfkfl/jfl/s nfe wgfTds 5 h'g k|lt kfl/jfl/s >dsf] ? $#) k|ltlbg kg{ cfp+5 .



o; cWoogdf kfO{P cg';f/ n3' pBdsf] k|efjsf sf/0f cGo kfl/jfl/s lqmofsnfk klg a9]sf] x'+bfkfl/jfl/s cfDbfgLsf cGo >f]taf6 klg cfDbfgL a9]sf] 5 . n3' pBd u/]kl5 kfl/jfl/s cfDbfgLsf ;a}h;f]>f]tdf cfDbfgL a9]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . oBlk of] a9\gfsf cGoklg w]/} sf/0fx? x'g ;S5g\ h'g o; cWoogn];d]6]sf] 5}g, tfklg w]/}h;f] ;d"x s]Gb|Lt 5nkmndf n3' pBd u/]kl5 pBdzLntf a[l4sf] k|efjn] pBdLx?a9L hf]lvd lng ;Sg] / b]z tyf ljb]zdf ;d]t /f]huf/L vf]hL ug{ ;Sg] / cfˆgf Joj;fo klg Joj;flos?kdf ug]{ ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ;du| cf}iftdf n3' pBd ug'{eGbf klxnf / n3' pBd u/]kl5sf] kfl/jfl/scfDbfgLdf !#) k|ltztn] a[l4 ePsf] 5 h'g ul/aL Go"gLs/0fsf] nflu o; sfo{qmdsf] Psbd} ;sf/fTds kIfxf] .

d]8]ksf] ;g\ @)!) df ePsf] k|efj d"NofÍgdf klg n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmdaf6 ePsf] cfDbfgLn] ul/aLGo'gLs/0fdf 6]jf k'u]sf] kfO{Psf] lyof] (NARMA, 2010) . n3' pBdLx?n] n3' pBddf efu glng]n] eGbf b'u'gfeGbf a9L cfDbfgL lng ;kmn ePsf] b]lvPsf] lyof] .

kfl/jfl/s vfB ;'/Iff M n3' pBd z'? u/]kl5 n3' pBdLx?sf] kfl/jfl/s vfB ;'/Iffsf] l:yltdf ;sf/fTdskl/jt{g b]lvPsf] 5 . n3' pBd ug'{eGbf klxnf cfˆgf] pTkfbg / :yfoL cfDbfgLn] ( dlxgf eGbf a9Lvfgk'Ug] kl/jf/df !( k|ltztn] a[l4 ePsf] 5 . o:tf] a[l4sf ;fy} vfBfÌdf kx'+r, k|of]u ePsf] vfBfÌsf]u'0f:t/, vfBfÌ vl/b ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf cflbdf klg ;'wf/ ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

lhjg:t/df k|efj M n3' pBd u/]kl5 9nfg u/]sf s]xL 3/ ag]sf] b]lvPtf klg 3/sf] agf]6 tyf 5fgfsf]k|sf/, vfg] kfgLsf] >f]t tyf zf}rfno, cflbdf ;fy{s kl/jt{g ePsf] b]lvPg . vfgf ksfpg] O{Gwgdf PnkLUof; tyf uf]a/Uof;sf] k|of]udf a[l4, alQsf] nflu lah'nLsf] vkt a[l4 tyf dl§t]nsf] vktdf sdL cfpg';sf/fTds kl/jt{g x'g\ . To:t} n3' pBd u/]kl5 /]l8of] jfx]s l6le, lk|mh, df]6/;fO{sn, ;fO{sn, df]jfO{n,Uof;r'nf], uf]j/Uof; h:tf 3/fo;L ef}lts ;DklQdf a[l4 x'g'n] klg lhjgz}nLdf kl/jt{g cfPsf] b]vfPsf] 5 .kl/jf/sf] vfglkg, rf8kj{, lzIff tyf pkrf/ h:tf 3/fo;L sfddf vr{ a9]sf] 5 .

lzIff tyf :jf:Yo M n3' pBd ug'{eGbf klxn] / clxn] ljBfno ghfg] % jif{ dflysf afnaflnsfsf] ;+Voftyf !% jif{ dflysf lg/If/ ;b:ox?sf] ;+Vof b'a}df sdL cfPsf] 5 . :jf:Yosf] If]qdf Pr\cfleP8\;\ h:tf3fts /f]usf ;DaGwdf 1fg a9]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . n3' pBdLx? ;xefuL x'g] pBdzLntf ljsf; tflnd,pTkfbg ;du|L Joj:yfkg, ahf/ ;e]{If0f tyf pTkfbg ljqmL h:tf lqmofsnfk ;~rfng x'+bf n3' pBdLsf]ljleÌ:t/sf JolQm tyf ;‹÷;+:yfx?;Ë cGtlqm{of x'g] x'+bf pgLx?df o:tf] 1fg a9]sf] ;d"x s]Gb|Lt5nkmndf kfO{of] .

dlxnf ;zlQms/0f tyf ;dfj]zLs/0f Mn3' pBd u/]kl5 pBdLsf] kl/jf/df dlxnf ;zlQms/0fsf] If]qdfeg] lgs} ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g ePsf] b]lvof] . pgLx?sf] ;d"x tyf ;xsf/L h:tf ;+:yfdf ;b:o x'g]sf] ;+Vofa9\g'sf ;fy} pgLx?sf] lg0f{osf/L e"ldsf a[l4 ePsf] 5 . cGo k|efjdf n3' pBdL dlxnfx?df cfly{scfTdlge{/tf a9]sf],dlxnfx? 3/af6 aflx/ cfpg] cfTdan ldn]sf], art ug]{ afgL a[l¢ x'b} uPsf] tyf;d"xdf ePsf] /sdaf6 yk cfo cfh{gsf s[ofsnfk ug{ ;Sg] k|]/0ff ldn]sf] 5 . afnL3/] blntx? qmdzJoj;flos aÌ yfn]kl5 afnL3/] k|yf nf]k x'+b} uPsf]5 .

jftfj/0f M n3' pBdaf6 jftfj/0fdf k/]sf] k|efjsf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ pBdaf6 lg:sg] kmf]xf]/ d}nfaf6 b'u{GwpTkfbg,vfg] kfgL k|b'if0f, k|fs[lts >f]tsf] pkof]u, k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] pkof]u, df6f]sf] pj{/f zlQmdf gfztyfAffn >dsf] pkof]u, cflb jftfj/0fdf k|efjkg]{ tTjx? x'g\ eÌ] pBdLdf hfgsf/L /x]sf] kfO{of] . n3'pBdaf6 jftfj/0f s'g} klg k|To]If k|efj k/]sf] eg] b]lvPg .

a;fO{ ;/fO{ M n3' pBd u/]kl5 pBdLsf] kl/jf/af6 a;fO{ ;/fO{ ug]{x?df eg] s'g} sdL ePsf] b]lvPg . l56f]l56f] cfDbfgL ug]{ O{R5fn] a;fO{ ;/fO{ ug]{x?nfO{ n3' pBdaf6 x'g] of] cfDbfgL cfsif{s x'g ;s]sf] b]lvPg .



cfoft k|lt:yfkg M n3' pBdLsf] pTkfbg ahf/df cfpg yfn]sf] / n3' pBdLsf] pTkfbgnfO{ 5'§} klxrfglbg] k|of; ;sf/fTds kIf b]lvof] . t/ n3' pBdLsf] pTkfbgn] cfoft k|lt:yfkg u/]sf] eÌ] e]l6Pg . tyflk,sltko cj:yfdf n3' pBdLx?sf] pTkfbgn] cGo ufp+ jf lhNnfaf6 cfPsf pTkfbgnfO{ s]xL k|lt:yfkgu/]sf] kfO{G5 . sRrf kbfy{ tyf pTkfbgsf] 9'jfgL vr{ 36]sf]n] :yfgLo ahf/df k|lt:klw{ x'g s]xL ;s]sf] /cfDbfgLsf] k'glj{t/0f x'g z'? ePsf] b]lvG5 .

ul/aL Go"lgs/0f M g]kfn ;/sf/n]g} ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lgsf hgtfnfO{ nlIft ug{ egL ul/aLsf] /]vfd"lgsfAolQmx?nfO{ nlIft u/L n3' pBdL 5gf}6 k|lqmof ckgfPsf] / ltgdf pBdzLntf ljsf; u/L n3' pBd;~rfng dfkm{t pgLx?sf] ul/aL lgjf/0f ug]{ p¢]Zodf of] sfo{qmdn] lhNnf tyf u|fld0f :t/df lgs}g}of]ubfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

cf=j= @)^^÷^& sf] nflu s]Gb|Lo tYofÍ ljefun] lgSof]{n u/]sf] Go"gtd cfo ? !(,@^! nfO{ jflif{sd'b|f:k|mLltn] u'0f]/ cf=j= @)&)÷&! sf] nflu k|lt kl/jf/ $=& hgf ;b:osf]] Go"gtd cfo ? !@*,*#^ x'gcfp+5 h:df ? &(,&(@ vfB kbfy{sf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ Go"gtd cfo xf] .

o; cWoogdf kfO{P cg';f/ n3' pBdaf6 ePsf] cfDbfgLn] sfo{qmddf ;+nUg n3'pBdL dWo] !% k|ltztul/aLsf] /]vf dfly k'u]sf 5g\ . oxf+ lx;fa ul/Psf] -pBdL ;+Vof %^&× sfo{qmdn] vr{ u/]sf] ? @#,)))k|lt pBdL Ö ? !#,)$!,)))_ nufgLn] *% hgf -!%Ü × pBdL ;+Vof %^&_ sf] ul/aL lgjf/0f ePsf] b]lvPcg';f/ Pshgf ul/anfO{ n3' pBdL agfP/ n3' pBdaf6 ePsf] cfDbfgLn]g} ul/aLsf] /]vf dfly p7fpgcf}iftdf ? !%#,### nfUg] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . ;g\ @))& df ul/aL Go"gLs/0fsf nflu Ps /f]huf/L l;h{gfug{ (Bajracharya, 2007) ;fgf pBddf ? !&),))) -clxn]sf] d"Nodf ? #!*,)))_ tyf d‰of}nf÷7"nfpBddf ? @!),))) -clxn]sf] d"Nodf ? #(#,)))_ nufgL nfu]sf] bfFhf]df of] ? !%#,### lgs}g} k|efjsf/L7xl/G5 .

n3' pBd sfo{qmdsf] o; d"NofÍgdf n3' pBdaf6 ePsf] cfDbfgLn] dfq kfl/jfl/s ul/aL k"0f{ Go"gLs/0fePsf] gb]lvPtf klg n3' pBdsf] k|efjsf sf/0f cGo kfl/jfl/s lqmofsnfk klg a9]sf] x'+bf kfl/jfl/scfDbfgLsf cGo >f]taf6 klg cfDbfgL a9]sf] 5 . n3' pBd u/]kl5 ;a} >f]t ldnfP/ ePsf] kfl/jfl/scfDbfgLsf] lx;fadf :ofDkn n3' pBdL dWo] &@=% k|ltzt ul/aLsf] /]vf dfly k'u]sf] b]lvof] . o; b[li6sf]0fn]x]bf{ n3' pBd d]8]k tyf d]8kf sfo{qmdsf] ul/aL Go"gls/0f sfo{qmddf /fd|f] of]ubfg /x]sf] b]lvG5 .kfl/jfl/s cfDbfgLdf ePsf] kl/jt{gsf] cfwf/df pBdLx?sf] ljleÌ cfDbfgL ;d"xdf ljt/0f cg';"rL #=% dfk|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

;x;|fAbL nIo xfl;ndf of]ubfgM ;du| k|efjsf] d"NofÍg ubf{ cfDbfgL a[l4 tyf ul/aL Go"gLs/0fn] ;x;|fAbLnIo !, ;fIf/tfdf ;'wf/n] ;x;|fAbL nIo @, dlxnf ;zlQms/0fn] ;x;|fAbL nIo #, lzIff, :jf:Yo ;DaGwL1fgdf a[l4n] ;x;|fAbL nIo ^ / jftfj/0fLo ;Dj4{gn] ;x;|fAbL nIo ^, cflbdf klg ;sf/fTds of]ubfgk'u]sf] b]lvG5 .

g]kfnsf] clt sd ljs;Lt /fi6«sf] cj:yfaf6 ;g\ @)@@ ;Dddf :t/f]GgtLdf of]ubfg M cfDbfgLdf a[l4,lzIff tyf :jf:Yosf] If]qdf ;sf/fTds k|efj, ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf of]ubfg, vfB ;'Iffdf of]ubfg, vfBfÌdfkx'+r a[l4, vfBfÌ vl/b ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfdf ;'wf/, cflb x]bf{ o; sfo{qmdn] g]kfnsf] clt sd ljs;Lt/fi6«sf] cj:yfaf6 ;g\ @)@@ ;Dddf :t/f]GgtL ug]{ p2]Zo xfl;ndf klg ;sf/fTds of]ubfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

$=% sfo{qmdsf] lbuf]kgfo; sfo{qmdsf] lbuf]kgfnfO{ d]8]k df]8]nsf] cfGtl/sLs/0f, k|lts[tLs/0f Pj+ ;+:yfut, k|fljlws, ;fdflhs /cfly{s b[li6sf]0fn] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .



d]8]k df]8]nsf] cfGtl/sLs/0f M d]8]k df]8nsf] cfGtl/sLs/0f ug'{ eg]sf] n3' pBd l;h{gf tyf k|j4{gsf]nflu d]8]kn] cjnDag u/]sf] k|lqmof / k4ltnfO{ ;DalGwt lgsfon] sfof{Gjog ug'{ / df]8]nsf] ;+:yfut;'b[9Ls/0f ug'{ xf] . o; cg';f/ ljZn]if0f ubf{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] @)^^÷^& b]lvg} ah]6 ljlgof]hg u/]/ d]8kfsfof{Gjogsf nflu cfGtl/sL/0fz'? u/L ;s]sf] 5 . cf=j= @)&@÷&# ;Dddf ^$ lhNnfx?df d]8kf nfu'e};s]sf] / cfp+bf] @ jif{df af+sL !! lhNnf ;d]t u/L &% j6} lhNnfx?df d]8kf nfu'x'g] ;/sf/sf] of]hgf/x]sf] 5 .

d]8]k df]8]nnfO{ d]8kfn] cfGtl/sLs/0f u/L k|lts[lts/0f ug{sf] nflu d]8kfsf] % jif]{ /0fgLltn] uf}8 u/]cg';f/ dfgjLo ;+;fwg tyf ef}lts ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] tkm{ sdL b]lvPsf]n] cfGtl/sLs/0f k|lqmof ck]Iffu/] cg';f/ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

df]8]nsf] k|lts[lts/0f M sfo{qmd ;~rfng df]8]n pT;fxhgs 5 . nlIft ;d"x jfx]s cGo hg;d'bfodf klgs]xL ug'{k5{ eÌ] efjgf tyf pT;fx hfu]sf] 5 . tyflk t/sf/L v]tLdf afx]s, df]8]nsf] :jt:km"t{ ?kdf n3'pBdLsf l5d]sLn] k5\ofPsf] b]lv+b}g . t/sf/L v]tL ug]{ klg ;a}] ls;fg ePsfn] l5d]ls ls;fgn] u/]sfnfO{k|lts[lts/0fg} eÌ ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g . kf+rjif]{ /0fgLlt cg';f/ cg'udgsf] nflu dfgjLo ;+;f]wgsf] Joj:yfePsf] 5}g .

lhlj; tyf uflj; h:tf :yfgLo lgsfo ;d]tn] o; sfo{qmdnfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf cfTd;ft u/L g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . lhNnf3/]n'sf] k|of; dfqn] cfGtl/sLs/0f ;xh x'g ;ls /x]sf] b]lv+b}g .

d]8]ksf] df]8]nsf] k|lts[lts/0fsf nflu d]8]k df]8]n sfof{Gjogdf h:t} d]8kf sfo{qmddf klg cfly{s, ef}ltstyf dfgjLo ;+;fwgsf ;'ljwfsf] k|fjwfg pknAw gePsf]n] @)&$÷&% kl5 of] sfo{qmd xfnsf] d]8]kh:t}u/L lbuf] ?kdf ;~rfng x'g ;Sg]h:tf] b]lv+b}g .

;+:yfut lbuf]kgf M d]8kfn] ;+:yfut ?kdf pBf]u dGqfnosf] lgoldt sfo{qmdsf] ?k lnO{ ;s]sf]n] eljiodfo;sf] lg/Gt/tf ;'lglZrt e};s]sf] 5 . To;} u/L n3' pBdL ;d"x ;‹x? -d]uf_, lhNnf n3' pBdL ;d"x;‹x? -l8d]uf_ tyf /fli6«o n3' pBdL ;d"x ;‹ klg ag]sfn] n3' pBdLnfO{ pBdsf] Joj:yfksLo tyfk|fljlws ;xof]u Pj+ xs÷lxtsf] /Iffsf] nflu ;+:yfut ljsf; ePsf] 5 . ;+:yfut ?kdf x]bf{ pBdLx?nfO{lg/Gt/ ?kdf gLltut, Ifdtf clea[l4 tyf ahf/Ls/0fsf] ;]jf lbg] ;+:yfsf] ?kdf l8d]uf /x]sf] 5 .

l8d]ufdf k|ltlglwx? n3' pBdL ;d"x ;‹ -d]uf_af6 cfpg] / d]ufsf k|ltlglwx? n3' pBdL ;d"xaf6 cfpg]k|fjwfg 5 . n3' pBdLx? 5gf]6 k|s[of cg';f/ pgLx?sf] z}lIfs tyf cfly{s:t/ sdhf]/ x'g] ub{5 . t/l8d]ufdf /xg] d]8]kn] ;xof]u u/]sf sd{rf/Lx? eg] a9L Ifdtfjfg ePsfn] l8d]ufsf] jf]8{sf ;b:ox?n]l8d]uf rnfpg] eGbf sd{rf/Ln] l8d]uf rnfPsf] cj:yf 5 . o;sf/0f l8d]ufsf ;b:ox?sf] rfxgf /cfjZostf cg';f/ l8d]uf rNg ;Sg] cj:yf b]lv+b}g . sd{rf/Lx? lbuf] ?kdf g/xg] ePsfn] l8d]uf;~rfngsf] cg'ej klg bL3{sfn;Dd l8d]ufdf g/xg] b]lvG5 .

cGo ;+:yfut Joj:yfdf % jif]{ /0fgLlt, sfo{qmd ;~rfng lgb]{lzsf, n3' pBd ljsf; sf]if tyf o;sf];~rfng lgb]{lzsf /x]sf 5g\ eg] ;+:yfut ;+/rgfdf s]Gb|Lotxdf d]8kf lgb]{zs ;ldlt / d]8kf sfof{Gjog;ldlt, lhNnf tzdf lhNnf pBd jsf; ;ldlt / ufp+txdf ufp+ pBd ljsf; ;ldltsf] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 .

l8d]ufsf] cfDbfgLsf] cfGt/Ls >f]t eg]sf] ;b:otf z'Ns dfq xf] . ;b:otf z'Nsaf6 l8d]ufsf sd{rf/Lsf]tna tyf ;+:yf Joj:yfkg vr{ wfÌ} g;Sg] cj:yf 5 . l8d]ufsf] ;b:otf tyf gjLs/0f z'Nsaf6 jfli{fs ?!),))) b]lv !%,))) dfq cfDbfgL ePsf] b]lvG5 . t/ sd{rf/L tyf sfof{no Joj:yfkg vr{ eg] ? ! nfveGbf a9Lsf] b]lvG5 . d]8]kaf6 vr{ Aoxf]/LPsf oL sd{rf/Lx? / Joj:yfkg vr{ d]8]k ;lsPkl5 lg/Gt/ rNg;Sg] b]lv+b}g . csf]{ tkm{ x/]s jif{ gof n3' pBdLx? l;h{gf x'g] x'+bf l8d]ufsf] sfo{If]q lg/Gt/ a[l4 x'+b} hfg]x'+bf l8d]ufn] ;]jf k'¥ofpg'kg]{ x'G5 h:sf sf/0f l8d]ufdf sd{rf/L yKb} hfg'kg]{ x'G5 . t/ l8d]ufn] ;f] ug{g;Sg] x'+bf ;b:ox?n] ;b:otf gjLs/0f ug]{ ;Defjgf klg sd b]lvG5 . gof+ aGb} hfg] n3' pBdLx? gof



ljifo / If]qdf klg x'g]x'+bf l8d]ufsf sd{rf/Lx?sf] Ifdtf clea[l4 tflnd klg x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 . of] klgl8d]ufsf] cfGtl/s cfDbfgLsf] >f]t sdhf]/ ePsf sf/0f x'g ;Sg] b]lv+b}g .

ljQLo lbuf]kgf M pBf]u dGqfnosf] d]8kf sfo{qmd d]8kfsf] kf+rjif]{ /0fgLlt cg';f/ ;~rfng ePsf] /lgoldt ?kdf ;/sf/n] d]8kfsf] nflu ah]6 5'6\ofpg] u/]sf]n] o; sfo{qmdnfO{ ljQLo ;Í6 kg]{ ;Defjgf5}g . ;fy} lhNnfdf n3' pBd ljsf; sf]if ag]sf] / o;df uflj;, gkf tyf lhlj;n] ;d]t /sd hDdf ug]{k|fjwfg ePsf]n] / cGo ;‹÷;+:yfx?n] klg o; sf]ifdf /sd hDdf ug{ ;Sg] k|fjwfg /x]sf]n] n3' pBdljsf;sf] nfly ljQLo lbuf]kgf eg] ;'lglZrt b]lvG5 .

k|fljlws lbuf]kgf M d]8]ksf] sfo{qmd ;lsPkl5 k|fljlws ;xof]usf] >f]t eg]sf] :yfgLo lgsfo g} x'g\ . d]8]kn] oLlgsfox?;Ë :yfkgf u/]sf] ;DaGw tyf lhNnf pBd ljsf; ;ldltdf lhNnfl:yt ;a} k|fljlws sfof{nox? ;b:oePsf sf/0f n3' pBd sfo{qmddf k|fljlws lbuf]kgf k|fo ;'lglZrt b]lvG5 .

;fdflhs lbuf]kgf M n3' pBd sfo{qmd tyf pBdLnfO{ ;dfhn] /fd|f] b[li6n] x]/]sf] / w]/}n] 7Ls} ?kdf x]/]sf]pBdLx?sf] cg'e"lt /x]sf] b]lvof] . o;n] pBd ;~rfngdf ;fdflhs s7LgfO{ gcfpg] ;Í]t u/]sf] 5 .

ahf/Ls/0fsf] lbuf]kgf M lbuf] ?kdf pBd ;~rfngfy{ pBdLn] ahf/ ;j]{If0f u/L dfusf] cfwf/df pTkfbgug'{kg]{ d]8]k df]8]n ePtf klg %) k|ltzt eGbf a9L pBdLn] ahf/ ;j]{If0f ug]{ gu/]sf] / pTkfbg kl5 ahf/vf]Hg] u/]sf] b]lvof] . pBdLn] ahf/ dfu cg';f/sf] pTkfbg eGbf klg a9L dfqfdf cfk'm v';Lsf] pTkfbg u/Lahf/ vf]h]sf] b]lvG5 h'g sf/0fn] ubf{ ahf/Ls/0fsf] ;d:of oyfjt} 5 . tyflk, w]/} pBdLnfO{ ahf/dfk|lt:kwf{ ug'{k5{ eÌ] hfgsf/L klg /x]sf] / pTkfbgsf] u'0f:t/ a9fP/ dfq ahf/ k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;lsG5 eÌ]1fg pgLx?df /xg'n] ahf/Ls/0fsf] ;d:of pBdLn] lj:tf/} ;dfwfg ub}{hfg] b]lvG5 .

n3' pBd k|lt cfsif{0f M pBddf lg/Gt/ nflu /xg] b[li6n] x]bf{ n3' pBd sfo{qmd ;~rfng x'g]eg]kl5;d'bfosf w]/} dflg;x? /x/n] efu lng cfPsfdf @–$ dlxgf kl5 o;af6 cfˆgf] kl/af/sf] u'hf/f rNb}gegL Joj;fo abNg] jf aflx/ hfg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fy} n3' pBdLx?df n3' pBd k|j4{g ug]{ sfo{qmdx?sf]nflu pBd ul/lbPsf] h:tf] efjgf /x]sf] / of] d]/f] pÌtLsf] nflu d cfk}mn] u/]sf] eÌ] efjgf /fd|f];Ë cfpgg;s]sf] d"NofÍgaf6 :ki6 b]lvG5 .

$=^ ;dfj]zLs/0fsfo{qmddf nlIft ;d"x 5gf}6sf lg0f{ocfwf/ M d]8]k÷d]8kf sfo{qmnfO{ ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] b[li6n] clwsf+zcToGt} ;Gt'i6 /x]sf] kfO{of] . of] sfo{qmd Kofs]hdf x'g]u/]sf] / ;a} Kofs]]h dlxnf, blnt tyf hghfltdfnlIft /x]sf] b]lvG5 . n3' pBdL 5gf}6 ug{ ckgfPsf] ;3g ;xeflutfTds tyf ;+j]bgzLn ljlw k|lt u|fld0ftyf s]Gb|Lo:t/ ;Dd ;Gt'i6 kfO{of] . sfof{Gjog z'? ubf{sf] cj:yfdf o;sf] ljlwnfO{ ;a}n] ;¥xfgf ug]{u/]sf] ;d"x s]Gb|Lt 5nkmnx?af6 :ki6 b]lvG5 . n}+lus tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f gLlt g} 5gf}6sf] d'Vocfwf/ ePsf] kfOof] .

sfo{qmddf nlIft ;d"xsf] pko'Qmtf M d]8]k tyf d]8kf b'a} sfo{qmdsf] d'Vo pb]Zo :j/f]huf/ l;h{gf u/Lul/aL lgjf/0fdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg] ePsf]n] ul/jLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf kl/jf/, dlxnf, cflbjf;L hghftL, blnt, Go"gcfo ePsf tyf cGo kl5 k/]sf ljkGg ju{ nlIft ;d"xdf kg{' o; sfo{qmdsf] nflu clt pko'Qm b]lvG5 .sfo{qmdn] nlIft u/] cg'?k pBdLsf kl/jf/x?sf] dlxnf ;b:ox? klg ljleGg ;d"x, ;xsf/L, h:tf ;+:yfsf]ljleGg txdf ;xefuL x'g] k|fjwfg ePaf6 sfo{qmd ;~rfng x'g' eGbf klxn]sf] l:ylt x]bf{ clxn]sf] cj:yfdfdlxnfsf] ;xeflutf tyf e"ldsf oL ;+:yfx?df j[l4 ePsf] o; cWoogn] klg b]vfPsf] 5 .

nlIft ju{sf] ;dfj]lztf M o; sfo{qmdn] cfˆgf] nlIft ;d"xdf k|fo ;a} k|sf/sf hfthflt -h:t} M dlxnfk'?if, v; cfo{, dw]zL hghflt, blnt / cGo_ nfO{ ;kmntf k'j{s ;dfj]z ug{ ;dy{ ePsf] kfO{of] . o;d"NofÍgsf] :ofDkn pBdLx?df klg *# k|ltzt dlxnf, $& k|ltzt hghftL tyf @& k|ltzt blnt, uÌdfq ;Sg] tyf k9\g / n]Vg ;Dd ;Sg] ;d]t u/L %% k|ltzt tyf k]zf cg';f/ &% k|ltzt s[lifdf x'g'n] of]sfo{qmd ;dfj]zL ePsf]] k'li6 x'G5 .



sfo{qmddf nlIft ;d"xsf] e"ldsf M ljz]ifu/L ;a} k|sf/sf nlIft ;d"xnfO{ sfo{qmdsf] ljleGg tx -of]hgfth{'df, sfof{Gjog, cg'ud / d"NofÍg_ df ;d]t ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . t;y{, nlIft ;d"xn]klg sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo cg';f/ ;d"xdf sfo{qmdsf] nlIft hg;+Vofdf k'Ug ;xof]u ug]{ tyf pBd 5gf}6sf]k|lqmofdf :yfgLo >f]tsf] hfgsf/L lbg] Pj+ :yfgLo >f]tsf] cTolws bf]xg x'gaf6 arfpg lgoldt cg'udgug]{ h:tf e"ldsf v]Ng'k5{ egL lhNnf:t/df ul/Psf] ;d"x s]lGb|t 5nkmndf ;'emfj cfPsf] lyof] .

$=& clwsf/jfnfx?sf] ;Gt'li6n3' pBd z'?, ;~rfng tyf ;Ifd agfpg lbO{Psf] k|fljlws ;xof]u M pBdLx?n] pBd :yfkgf k"j{ k|fKtu/]sf tflndx?df w]/}h;f]sf] ;Gt'li6 7Ls} /x]sf] kfO{of] . pBdLx?n] o:tf tflnd pTkfbg ;Lk tyf Ifdtfa9fpg ;xof]uL /x]sf]] cg'e"lt u/]sf] kfO{of] . n3' pBd ;~rfngsf] nflu ;]jf lnPsf eGbf ;]jf glnPsfpBdLx?sf] ;+Vof a9L b]lvof] . ljleGg ;+:yfaf6 k|fljlws ;]jf lnPsf pBdLx? dWo] eg] k|fo ;a}n] cfkm'n]lnPsf] ;]jfaf6 ;Gt'i6g} /x]sf] kfO{of] .

n3' pBd :yfkgf kZrft ePsf Joj;fo ;'wf/, k'gtf{huL, ahf/ lj:tf/, cflb tflnd ;]jfx? yf]/}n] dfqk|fKt u/]sf] / o:tf tflnd÷;]jfaf6 pBdLx?sf] ;Gt'li6sf] :t/ 7Ls} /x]sf] kfO{of] . pBdLx?df o:tf tflndtyf ;]jf kZrft pBd ;~rfng ug]{ tl/sf Pj+ cGo Jojxf/df 7Ls} ?kdf kl/jt{g ePsf] cg'e"lt u/]sf]kfO{of] eg] lgs}g} -sl/a @) b]lv $) k|ltzt_ pBdLx?n] pgLx?sf] Aojxf/df kl/jt{g ePsf] vf;} dxz';gu/]sf] b]lvof] .

To:t}u/L, cg'udg ;]jf kfPsf pBdLx?df w]/}h;f] -sl/a (%Ü_ n] cfkm'x? ;Gt'i6g} ePsf] atfP / yf]/} -sl/a%Ü_ pBdLx¿ dfq cg'udgaf6 c;Gt'i6 ePsf] b]lvG5 . cg'udg ePsf o:tf pBdLx?sf] ;d"xdf s'g}lsl;dsf] cfly{s ef/ k/]sf] kfO{Pg .

5gf}6sf lg0f{o cfwf/ M nlIft ;d"xsf] 5gf}6df k|of]u ePsf] kfl/jfl/s cfDbfgLsf] :t/Ls/0f u/L ul/adfhfg] tyf ;dfhdf kl5 k/]sf dlxnf, hghftL, blnt, ckfËtf ePsf tyf åGb lkl8t, cflbsf] cfwf/lnO{Psf]df pBdLx? ;Gt'i6 ePsf] kfO{Paf6 5gf}6sf cfwf/ 7Ls} ePsf] b]lvG5 .

nlIft ;d"xsf] 5gf}6 M n3' pBdL 5gf}6 k|lqmofdf n3' pBdLx?sf] (%Ü eGbf a9L ;xeflutf /x]sf] b]lvof] .of] 5gf}6 k|lqmofdf !! k|ltzt k"0f{ ?kdf ;Gt'i6 b]lvPeg] *) k|ltzt 7Ls} ?kdf ;Gt'i6 /x]sf] kfO{of] .pgLx?n] nlIft ;d"xsf] 5gf}6df ;xeflutfsf] pkof]lutf hfgsf/L u/fO{g'kg]{ ;'emfj klg /fv]sf 5g\ .

pBdLx?sf nflu ljQLo ;xof]u M pBdLx?n] ljleGg cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s ;|f]tx? -h:t}M ;d"x÷arttyf C0f ;d"x, ;xsf/L, a}+s÷lalQo ;+:yf, n3' lalQo ;+:yf, / JolQmx?_ af6 C0f lng] u/]sf]df ;xsf/Laf6;aeGbf a9L C0f /sd lnPsf] b]lvG5 eg] ;aeGbf sd C0f /sd n3' lalQo ;+:yfaf6 lnPsf] b]lvG5 .o:tf C0f ;]jfaf6 pBdLx? ;Gt'i6g} /x]sf] b]lvPtf klg Jofhb/eg] ;a}h;f] C0fsf] >f]tx?df !^ k|ltzteGbf a9L/xg'df pgLx? ;Gt'i6 g/x]sf] kfO{of] .

n3' pBdx?sf] ;~rfng lg/Gt/tf tyf ;'b[9tf M n3' pBdx?sf] lg/Gt/ ;~rfng tyf ;'b[9tfsf] nflulhNnf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{no÷;ldlt / l8d]ufn] lgoldt cg'udgu/L ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] b]lvG5 .oBlk cg'udgeg] Psbd sdhf]/ ePsf] cg'e"lt pBdLx?sf] /x]sf] 5 . tyflk, To:tf ;xof]uaf6 ;aeGbfa9L pTkfbg If]qdf ;xof]u k'u]sf] b]lvG5 eg], ;fk]Ifdf x]bf{ lalqm / Ifdtf ljsf;df yf]/} dfq ;xof]u k'u]sf]/ pBdLx?sf] ;Gt'i6tf klg 7Ls} /x]sf] b]lvof] .

;xof]usf] ;do M u|fld0f:t/sf sfo{stf{ / xfnsf n3' pBdLx? d]8kf / d]8]k b'j}n] Jolj;]k| ;+:yf 5gf}6dfu/]sf] 9LnfO{, Jolj;]k| ;+:yfnfO{ d]8]k df]8n] cg'dflgt u/]sf] ;do -lrq $=!_ nfO{ ;+j]bgl;ntfsf ;fyglnO{ k/Dkf/fut ?kdf d]8]k df]8n k|lt?k (Copy) dfq k|of]u ug{ vf]h]sf]af6 sfof{Gjogsf kl5Nnf lbgx?df;Gt'i6kg qmlds 36b} uO{ w]/} n3' pBdx? aGb x'b} uPsf] cWoogaf6 b]lvG5 . sfof{Gjog kIfdf ;'wf/ ub}{d]8]kn] n3' pBdL l;h{gf ug'{eGbf cfGtl/sLs/0f sfo{ tkm{ kl/rfng ug'{ h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 .



lrq g+= $=! M d]8]k df]8n sfof{Gjogdf cg'dflgt cjlw

$=* glthfsf] ;du| d"NofÍg

d]8]kaf6 d]8kf sfo{s|d sfof{Gjogsf nflu pknAw ;xof]u M pBdLx?sf] lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu d]8]kn]d]8kfnfO{ cfjZos ;]jf / ;xof]ux? k'¥ofO{/x]sf] 5 . To:tf ;xof]u d'Votof n3' pBdL l;h{gf b]lvk|fljlws ;Lk, pko'Qm k|ljlw, ahf/, ljQLo ;]jfdf kx'+r, >f]t ;j]{If0f, :yfgLo txdf of]hgf th'{df, cg'udg,lgl/If0f, tflnd tyf uf]i7L nufotsf If]qdf k'¥ofO{/x]sf] 5 . d]8kfsf] kf+r jif]{ /0fgLlt cg';f/ @)&$÷&%leqdf &#,))) gof pBdLx? l;h{gf ug'{kg]{df #@,))) d]8kfn] l;h{gf ug]{ nIo /x]sf] / ;/sf/L ah]6af6Tof] s7Lg x'g] b]lvPkl5 cfjZostf cg';f/ n3' pBdL l;h{gfdf klg d]8]kaf6 ;xof]u e}/x]sf] 5 . To;cnfjf, Jolj;]k| ;+:yf 5gf}6df d]8]kn] ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . cGo ;xof]ux? h:t} sDKo'6/ tflnd, jif{sf] z'?df;+o'Qm cled"lvs/0f, k|ult ;dLIff tyf sfo{qmd th'{df sfo{zfnf ;~rfng, cflb klg d]8]kn] d]8kfnfO{ lbg]u/]sf] 5 .

hgzlQm tyf ;dosf] lx;fan] klg d]8]kn] d]8kfnfO{ ;xof]u ul//x]sf] b]lvG5 . d]8]k cGtu{tsf * j6fAPSO df k|To]sdf @÷@ hgf GSS (Government Support Specialist) tyf MDS (Marketing DevelopmentSpecialist) /x]sf 5g\ h:sf] sfdg} ;/sf/L ;+oGqsf] Ifdtf clea[l4 u/L d]8kf sfof{Gjogdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg'/x]sf] 5 . To:t}, ! hgf Component Manager d]8]kaf6 d]8kfsf] ;xof]usf] nflu sfo{/t 5g\ eg] SeniorInstititional Development Specialist d]8]kaf6 pBf]u dGqfnod} a;]/ sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . d]8]ksf ChiefTechnical Adviser klg k'/f ;do pBf]u dGqfnod} a;]/ sfd ug]{ u/L d]8]kdf Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . t/ pBf]udGqfnon] pgnfO{ cem} dGqfnod} /fv]/ k|of]u ul/;s]sf] 5}g . Chief Technical Adviser nfO{ pBf]udGqfnod} /fv]/ sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f agfPdf pgLaf6 k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;xof]u lng ;lsg] b]lvG5 .

sl/a # jif{

k'j{ k|f/Dek|f/De

:t/f]Ggltlbuf]kg

sl/a # dlxgf

sl/a ! jif{

sl/a ! jif{

nlIft ju{ 5gf}6

;d"x u7g

art tyf C0fkl/rfng

;d"x Joj:yfkgtflnd

Joj;fo;r]tgf tflndz'?

;Lk tflnd

C0fdf kx'Fr

k|ljlwdf kx'Fr

CFC ljsf;

;xsf/L ljsf;

ahf/Ls/0fk/fdz{

pBdsf] ;fdgf

Joj;fo ;'wf/tflnd(TOEE/TOGE)

k'g/tfhuL tflnd

a|flG8Ë, Kofs]lhË

ahfl/s/0f ;DaGw

lbuf] pBd

a:t'ut ;+3;Ë;DaGw

ahf/Ls/0f;DaGwlj:t[tLs/0f

j:t' ljsf; /ljljlws/0f

u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f

;]jf k|flKtdfnfut ;fem]bf/L



d]8]kaf6 d]8kfdf x'g] ljQLo ;xof]usf] nflu d]8kfsf lhNnfx? n3' pBd l;h{gf tyf k|j4{gsf] nflu toePsf ;"rsx?sf cfwf/df :t/f]ÌtL klg x'g'kb{5 . o;sf] nflu tL lhNnfx?df lhNnf n3' pBd of]hgfth'{df, n3' pBd ljsf; sf]ifsf] :yfkgf, n3' pBd ljsf;sf] nflu s]Gb| tyf lhNnf txdf /sd ljlgof]hg,ut jif{ &% k|ltzt eGbf dfly ah]6 vr{ ePsf] x'g' kg]{, n3' pBd ljsf; sf]ifsf] ut jif{sf] n]vf kl/If0fePsf] x'g'kg]{, d]8kf sfo{qmd th'{df lhlj;sf] of]hgf th'{df k|lqmofdf ;dflxt x'g'kg]{, n3' pBd ljsf;sf]ifsf] /sd Jolj;]k| ;+:yf dfkm{t vr{ ePsf] x'g'kg]{, n3' pBd ljsf; d]8kf ;~rfng lgb]{lzsf cg';f/x'g'kg]{ / d]8]kn] lhNnf 3/]n'nfO{ d]G6l/ª u/]sf] x'g'kg]{ cflb k'/f ePkl5 lhNnfdf d]8]kn] klg yk ;xof]u ug]{k|fjwfg /x]sf]df w]/}h;f] lhNnfx?df o:tf cfwf/x? k'/f gePsf sf/0f d]8]kaf6 d]8kfdf /sd ghf+bf b'O{;+:yfaLr a'emfO{df s]xL sdL ePsf] klg b]lvPsf] 5 .

tflnd tyf cWoog e|d0fdf ;xeflutf tyf pko'Qmtf M d]8]kn] d]8kfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ Ifdtfljsf;sf y'k|} tflnd tyf cjnf]sg e|d0fx? klg ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pbfx/0f M d]8kf;Ë ;DalGwt;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ ;g\ @)!#df >LnÍf, @)!$ df hf]lh{of, @)!% df lrgsf] cjnf]sg e|d0f u/fPsf] lyof]eg] @)!^ sf] z'?d} ci6«]lnofdf Private Sector Development ;DaGwL tflnd lbPsf] lyof] . To:t} b]z leqklg glthfdf cfwf/Lt of]hgf th'{df, glthfdf cfwfl/t cg'udg tyf Joj:yfkg, ljQLo Joj:yfkg,k|ltj]bg tof/L, n}lËs tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f tflnd lbPsf] b]lvof] . o:tf cjnf]sg e|d0f tyftflndx? Ifdtf ljsf;sf] nflu lgs} pkof]uL ePsf] 5nkmnsf qmddf cfPsf] lyof] . t/ o:tf tflnd lnPsfAolQmx? eg] cfjlws ;?jfe} cGoq hf+bf n3' pBd ljsf;sf] nflu ;/sf/n] u/]sf] nufgLsf] ;lx pkof]ux'g g;s]sf] k|i6 b]lvG5 . o:tf] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] nflu kl5 l;kmfl/;df elgPem} pBf]usf] klg 5'§} ;]jftyf ;d"xsf] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ .

n3' pBd ljsf;df ;+nUg k|fljlws hgzlQmsf] Joj:yf M d]8kf sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf] nflu % jif]{ /0fgLltdfpBf]u dGqfnodf ! hgf ;x;lrj, ! hgf pk;lrj, @ hgf zfvf clws[t, / ! hgf sDKo'6/ ck/]6/,ljefudf ! hgf lgb]{zs / @ hgf clws[t, ;ldltdf ! hgf lgb]{zs tyf @ hgf clws[t, lhNnf 3/]n'df !hgf pBd ljsf; clws[t / ! hgf tYofÍ ;xfossf] Joj:yf ug]{ egL pNn]v ePsf] 5 . tyflk,sfof{Gjogdf eg] s'g}klg gof hgzlQmsf] yk gu/L ePs}nfO{ sfo{ lhDd]jf/L lbO{ sfd nufO{Psf] cj:yf 5 .sfo{qmd ;~rfng x'g] lhNnf:t/df lhNnfsf] lgoldt sfo{qmdsf] cnfjf d]8kfsf] yk sfo{qmdsf ;fy}d]8]ksf] glthf tyf sfo{qmd klg x:tfGt/0f x'g] eÌ] ePsf]n] d]8kfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] nflu % jif]{/0fgLltn] uf}8 u/] d'tfljssf] hgzlQm pknAw u/fpg'kg]{ 68\sf/f] b]lvG5 .

;dGjo a}7s M n3' pBd sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf] nflu d]8kf lgb]{zs ;ldlt / d]8kf sfof{Gjog ;ldlts]Gb|Lo:t/df, lhNnf pBd ljsf; ;ldlt lhNnf:t/df / ufp+ pBd ljsf; ;ldlt ufp+:t/df :yfkgf u/Lsfof{GJog ug]{ % jif]{ /0fgLltdf ePsf]df ufp+:t/df eg] sxL sxL+ dfq ufp+ pBd ljsf; ;ldlt ag]sf]lhNnf:t/Lo 5nkmndf hfgsf/L k|fKt eof] . tyflk, tL ufp+:t/Lo ;ldltx? vf;} lqmofzLn g/x]sf] a'lemof] .s]Gb|Lob]lv lhNnf:t/ ;Ddsf ;ldltx?sf] eg] cfjZostf cg';f/ ;dGjo a}7s a;]sf] a'lemG5 . t/ To:tfa}7sdf lhNnf:t/sf ;dGjo a}7sx? eg] lhNnf:t/df n3' pBd ljsf;sf] nflu ;+o'Qm of]hgf th'{df tyfl;h{gf ePsf n3' pBdsf] ;+o'Qm x]/rfx tyf cg'udgdf k|efjsf/L x'g ;lsg/x]sf] kfO{of] .

d]8]k tyf d]8kfdf pQd÷cg';/l0fo Jojxf/ (Best Practices) M n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{s|d tkm{ s]xL pQdcEof; (good practices) x? klg ePsf] d"NofÍgsf] s|ddf b]lvPsf] 5, h;nfO{ k'g/fj[lQ ug'{ ;do ;fk]Iftyf ;fGble{s b]lvG5 . To:tf /fd|f cEof;x?nfO{ a'+bfut ?kdf tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

s_ ljkGg tyf clt ul/j, dlxnf, hghftL, blnt tyf ef]sd/L h:tf hf]lvddf k/]sf kl/jf/x?nfO{ tflnddfq lbP/ k'Ub}g yf]s ;]jf tyf ;xof]u (holistic service) k|bfg ug]{ / pgLx?sf] klxrfg ;+j]bglzn tyf;3g k|sf/af6 ePsf] .

v_ ;femf ;'ljwf s]Gb| (common facility center) sf] Aoj:yfaf6 nlIft ;d"x tyf JolQmnfO{ n3' pBd ljsf;sfo{df ;lqmo ;xefuL x'g cj;/ k|fKt ePsf] .



u_ a}b]lzs ;xof]udf ;~rflnt bL3{sfnLg cjlwsf] kl/of]hgf lgwf{l/t cjlw cGTo kl5 k/Dk/fut 9Ëaf6;DjlGwt ;/sf/L lgsfonfO{ x:tfGt/0fsf ;fy} pknlJw tyf sfo{s|d b'j}nfO{ cfGt/LsLs/0fsf] k|of;ePsf] .

3_ d'n's ljZj Jofkf/ ;Ë7gsf] ;b:o ePsf] / cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fsf] l;4fGt cjnDag ul/;s]sf] kl/k|]Ifdfklg n3' pBdh:tf] sfo{qmd lghLIf]qsf] ;+nUgtfdf ub}{ hfg' kg]{ / o:tf] k|s[ofsf] ;+:yfoLs/0f ug]{k|lqmof z'? ePsf] .

ª_ :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnoaf6 of]hgf th'{dfsf] !$ r/0fsf] k|lqmofdf ;dfj]z eP/ cfPsf]] .

n3' pBd ljsf;sf cj;/

ljleÌ r/0fdf ul/Psf 5nkmn tyf ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?sf] k'g/fjnf]sgaf6 g]kfndf n3' pBd l;h{gf tyfljsf;df lgDg cg';f/sf cj;/ /x]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

gLltut cj;/x? M d]8]k df]8]nnfO{ cfGtl/sLs/0f u/L lg/Gt/tf lbg'k5{ eg]/ ;/sf/sf cfjlws of]hgf,gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx?df lg/Gt/ k|ltj4tf cfO{/x]sf] .

;+/rgfut cj;/x? M &% j6} lhNnfdf lhNnf 3/]n' sfof{no÷;ldlt sfo{/t /x]sf] .

/f]huf/Lsf cj;/x? M ljz]ifu/L u|fld0f e]udf /x]sf] #) k|ltzt eGbf a9Lsf] cw{j]/f]huf/L 36fpg:yfgLo:t/df /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug{ ;lsg] .

ul/aL lgjf/0fsf cj;/x? M n3' pBd sfo{qmdnfO{ ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu pko'Qm cf}hf/sf] ?kdf g]kfn;/sf/sf] cfjlws of]hgfdf k/]sf] / pBf]u dGqfnon] ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu n3' pBd sfo{qmd g};~rfngdf NofO{;s]sf] .

:yfgLo >f]t kl/rfngsf cj;/x? M lhNnfdf n3' pBd ljsf; sf]if :yfkgf e} ;s]sf]n] :yfgLo:t/df n3'pBd ljsf;sf] nflu >f]t kl/rfngsf] /fd|f] ;+oGq tof/ ePsf] .

;fgf] k'+hL kl/rfngsf cj;/x? M n3' pBdLsf pTkfbgnfO{ yf]/} j:t'df l;ldt u/L pTkfbg kl/df0f a9fpg'k5{ clg dfq o:tf pTkfbgsf] a}b]lzs ahf/df kx'+r x'g ;S5 eÌ] pbf]u jfl0fHo ;‹sf] ;'efjdf d]n vfg]u/L ;/sf/n] Ps ufp+ Ps pTkfbg tyf Ps lhNnf Ps pTkfbg h:tf] gLlt cjnDag u/]sf] .

n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmdsf r'gf}tLx?

n3' pBd sfo{s|d leqsf r'gf}tLx?

s_ n3' pBdLsf] ;+VofTds a[l4df hf]8 M n3' pBd sfo{s|dn] xfnn3' pBdLsf pTkfbgsf] ljqmL, d'gfkmf,lbuf] tyf :t/f]GgtL eGbf tflnd lbg] / n3' pBdLsf] ;+Vof a9fpg hf]8 lbg] u/]sf] cWoogaf6 b]lvG5 .d]8kfsf] xsdf Jolj;]k|| ;+:yfn] tflnd lbP/ olt n3' pBdL ag] eg]/ ;"rL k7fp+5 / 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usfof{no tyf ;ldltx?n] Tolt g} pBdL ag] eg]/ k|ult tof/ kfg]{ k/Dk/f 5 . d]8]k cGtu{tsf] If]qLokl/of]hgf ;xof]u sfo{fno (APSO) n] k]z u/]sf] cg'udg k|ltj]bgnfO cfwf/ lng] u/]sf] kfO{of] . t/k|foh;f] nB' pBdLx?df Joj;flos of]hgf (Business Plan) agfpg ;Sg] Ifdtf gb]lvPsf]], n3' pBdLx?n]Joj;flos of]hgf agfpg hf]8 glbPsf] tyf agfPsf] cj:yfdf klg ltgLx?nfO{ cWofjlws ug]{ gu/]sf]b]lvPsf]n] n3' pBdLsf] ;+Vof a9fpg'sf ;fy} o:tf r'gf}tLx?sf] ;fdgf ug]{ tkm{ klg sfo{qmdn] Wofg lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

of] d"NofÍgsf] qmddf d]8]knfO{ ;d]t nB' pBdLx? sfo{:yndf ;lhn} kQf nufpg ;Sg] lj:t[t gfd, gd]l;,6]lnkmf]g ;lxtsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f pknAw u/fpg lgs} ;do nfu]sf]n] of] d"NofÍg sfo{ cl3 a9fpg :oflDKnªug{ ;d]t 9Lnf] x'g uPsf] lyof] . o;af6 ;"rgf k|0ffnL lgoldt ?kdf Jojl:yt / cWofjlws x'g 9LnfO{e}/x]sf] b]lvof] . d]8kfdf t o:tf] ljj/0f kfpg emg} ;do nfu]sf] lyof] / ;f] x'g'df w]/}h;f] :ofDkn



lhNnfx?df o:tf] ljj/0f /fVg] k|0ffnLg} gePsf] / ePsf] hfgsf/L klg lhNnf 3/]n'df sfo{/t s'g} sd{rf/Lljz]ifdf e/ k/]sf] b]lvof] . l;lh{t n3' pBdLx?sf] ;xL ljj/0f ;lhn} kfpg g;Sbf ;DalGwt sfof{noaf6pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ ;]jf / ;x'lnot ;DalGwtn] ;dod} kfpg g;Sg l:ylt :ki6 5 . oL ;d:ofx?nfO{cfGtl/s r'gf}ltsf] ?kdf lnO{ cg';'lr $=! df lbP cg';f/ lhNnfut ?kdf lqmofzLn n3' pBdLx?sf]cWofjlws ;"rL tof/ ug]{ tkm{ d]8]k nfUg' cToGt} h?/L ePsf] 5 . o;n] d]8]ksf] pknlAw d]8kfdfx:tfGt/0f ug{ ;xh klg x'g]5 .

v_ Joj;fo ljsf; ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfx?sf] lgo'lQmdf 9LnfO{ tyf sfo{ cjlw cToGt} 5f]6f] M jt{dfg;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g tyf lgodfjnLsf] k|fjwfg cGtu{t xfn lhNnf 3/]n'n] Jolj;]k| ;+:yfx? lgo'lQm ug]{k|lqmofn] ubf{ Jolj;]k| ;+:yfx? 9Lnf] u/L cf=j=sf] t]>f] rf}dfl;ssf] clGtd ;dodf lgo'lQm ug]{ kl/kfl6 5 .o;n] ubf{ sltko ;dodf pBdL l;h{gf ug{ nfUg] Go"gtd ;do gx'+bf gx'+b} klg Jolj;]k| ;+:yfx?n] sfo{qmd;DkÌ u/L n3' pBdL l;h{gf ePsf] hfgsf/L lhNnf 3/]n'nfO{ lbg] u/]sf] b]lvof] . n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{;DkÌ ug{ tLg jif{ nfUg] d]8]k df]8]n sfof{Gjog ug{ Jolj;]k| ;+:yfnfO{ Ps jif]{ s/f/ Tof] klg cf=j=sf]clGtd rf}dfl;sdf ;Demf}tf u/L sfo{qmd k'/f ug]{ k|s[ofg} d]8]k df]8]nsf] k|lts[tLs/0fdf r'gf}tLsf] ?kdfb]vf k/]sf] 5 . n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{ tLg jif{ nfUg] d]8]k df]8]n sfof{Gjog ug]{ Jolj;]k| ;+:yf klg Go"gtdtLg jif{sf] nflu 5gf}6 u/L d]8]k df]8]n k"0f{ ?kdf sfof{Gjog u/L k|ltkmndf cfwf/Lt ljQLo Joj:yf(Output-based Financing System) cGtu{t lgo'lQm ug'{k5{ . o;nfO{ ;8s jf cGo k"jf{wf/ ljsf; em}+ax'jlif{o cfof]hgf (Multiple Year Project) sf] ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ h?/L b]lvG5 . o; ;DaGwdf lhNnfl:yt;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx?n] klg oxL cledt /x]sf] lyof] .

u_ Joj;foljsf; ;]jfk|bfos ;+:yfsf] 5gf}6 M jt{dfg cEof;df Jolj;]k| ;+:yfsf] 5gf}6 3/]n' tyf ;fgfpBf]u ljefu÷;ldltn] s]Gb|Lo lj1fkg u/L k|lt lhNnf tLgj6f ;+:yf 5gf}6 u/L lhNnfnfO{ gfd l;kmfl/;ug]{ / lhNnfn] tL tLg ;+:yfaf6 k|fljlws tyf ljQLo k|:tfjgf lnO{ k|lt:klw{ Pp6fnfO{ 5gf]6 ug]{ Joj:yfljBdfg 5 . o;f] ubf{ 5gf}6sf] k|lqmof k'/f ubf{g} ;do w]/} nflu pBd l;h{gfsf] nflu ;dofefj x'g] u/]sf]5 . t;y{ of] k|lqmof klg kl/:s[t x'g' h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 . o;sf] ljsNksf] ?kdf lhNnfaf6 ;6{lnli6ª eP/cfPsf ;+:yfx?sf] k|fljlws tyf ljQLo k|:tfjgf ljefu÷;ldltn] d"NofÍg ug]{ jf b'a} sfo{sf] lhDd]jf/LlhNnf 3/]n' sfof{nox?nfO{ k|bfg ug'{ pko'Qm b]lvG5 . o;af6 5gf}6 k|lqmof 5l/tf] x'g'sf] ;fy} ;lx ;]jfk|bfos ;+:yf 5gf}6 x'g] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g]5 .

3_ csf]{ lhNnfsf] Jolj;]k| ;+:yf 5gf}6 x'g] ;Defjgf M Jolj;]k| ;+:yf 5gf}6 k|lqmofdf csf]{ lhNnfsf] Jolj;]k|;+:yf 5gf]6 x'g jt{dfg vl/b P]g tyf lgodfjnL afws 5}gg\ . t/ jfXo lhNnfsf Jolj;]k| lgo'Qm ePsf]cj:yfdf ;DalGwt lhNnf l:yt Jolj;]k| ;+:yfsf] Ifdtf clea[l4 gx'g] b]lvG5 . Jolj;]k| ;+:yf s/f/dflgo'lQm x'g] ePsf]n] Jolj;]k| eP n3' pBd l;h{gfsf] sfd ;lsPkl5 p;n] cGoq lhNnfdf cfkm"x?n] l;h{gfu/]sf pBdL k|lt ;xof]u tyf ;]jf gk'¥ofpg] / cGoq lhNnfsf npx?sf] pgLx?df kx'+r klg x'b}g . o:tf]cj:yfdf npx?n] ;–;fgf cfjZos ;]jf klg ;dodf kfpg g;ls pgLx? ;d:ofdf kg]{ / sfo{qmd;~rfngsf] u'0f:t/ Go"g x'g ;Sg] eÌ] s]lx hflgkmsf/ tyf lhNnf:yLt sfo{s|d kbflwsf/Lx? tyf s]xL n3'pBdLx?sf] egfO{ kfO{of] . o; ;DaGwdf Jolj;]k| 5gf}6 ubf{ ;DalGwt lhNnfsf ;]jf k|bfosx?nfO{ s]xL ykc+s lbO{ k|fyldstf lbg] ul/Ptf klg lhNnfsf ;Defljt ;]jf k|bfosx?nfO{ tflnd tyf Ifdtf ljsf;sfo{s|d ;~rfng ug'{ h?/L b]lvG5 . xfn ;]jf k|bfosx?sf] d"NofÍgdf lhNnf leqsf ;]jf k|bfosx?nfO{ lbO{cfPsf] c+sdf s]xL yk u/L lhNnf leqs} ;+:yfx? e/;s 5gf}6 x'g] ;'lglZrttf ug'{ h?/L b]lvG5 .

ª_ :yfkgf kl5sf k|fljlws ;]jf tyf cg'udg M Psftkm{ ;DalGwt :yfgLo lgsfo;Ë ;+o'Qm of]hgf th'{dfgePsf]n] :yfgLo lgsfox?n] n3' pBdLx?sf] cg'udg tyf ltgLx?nfO{ k|fljlws ;]jf lbg] tkm{ cu|;/gePsf] l:ylt 5 eg] tL lgsfox?sf] lgoldt sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z ;d]t ub]{gg\ . csf]{tkm{ d]8]k tyf d]8kf;Ë cfˆÌ} k|fljlws hgzlQm gePsf]n] ubf{ n3' pBd :yfkgf kl5 ul/g'kg]{ oyf]lrt k|fljlws ;]jf tyfck]lIft ?kdf k|ljlw lbg ;lsPsf] 5}g . lhNnfl:yt cGo ;/sf/L lgsfox?af6 l;lh{t pBdLx? st} btf{gePsf / st} ;fgf pBf]usf] ?kdf pBdLs} kxndf 3/]n' sfof{nodf btf{ ePsf kfOG5g\ . t/ b'j}sfo{s|daLr ;dGjo gePsf] :ki6 b]lvG5 . o;af6 bf]xf]/f]kgsf] l:ylt pTkGg x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf b]lvPsf] 5 .



r_ lhNnf 3/]n' tyf d]8]kaLr ;dGjosf] sdL M d]8kf z'? ePkl5 d]8kfn] qmdz d]8]ksf] df]8]ncfGtl/sLs/0f ug]{ tyf d]8]ksf glthfx?nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] egLPtf klg d]8kf z'? ePkl5 d]8]kaf6d]8kfdf sfo{qmd tyf glthf x:tfGt/0f u/L d]8kfsf] Ifdtf clea[l4 ug]{ tkm{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfo{ x'gg;s]sf] eÌ] d]8kf sfo{qmdsf] ljZn]if0f dfq geO{ o; cWoogsf glthfx?jf6 klg :ki6 b]lvg cfPsf] 5 .km/s km/s >f]t / k|fljlws cg'ej ePsf ;+:yfx?n] d]8]k tyf d]8kf b'a}n] Ps} lhNnfdf km/s km/suflj;df n3' pBdL l;h{gf tyf k|j4{gsf] sfo{qmd ubf{ Ifdtf clea[l4 ug]{ tkm{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfo{ x'gg;s]sf] eÌ] d]8kf sfo{qmdsf] ljZn]if0f 5 . o; r/0fdf d]8]kn] d]8kfsf] Ifdtf a[l4df dfq sfd u/L n3'pBdL l;h{gfsf sfd eg] d]8kfn] ubf{ cfGtl/sLs/0f tyf k|lts[lts/0fsf] sfd a9L x'g;Sg] 5 . t;Yf{d]8]kn] af+ls @ jif{df n3' pBd l;h{gf gu/L ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] cWofjlws ljj/0f tof/ kfg]{ / l;h{gf ug]{tkm{ nfUg] >f]t÷/sdaf6 d]8]kdf ;+nUg lgsfox?sf] Ifdtf (Capacity Development) hgzlQm ljsf; (HRDevelopment) tyf ef}lts ;'ljBf ljsf; (Physical Facilities Development) tkm{ nfUg' cToGt} h?/Lb]lvG5.

-5_ ahf/Ls/0f M n3' pBd ljsf; tyf k|j4{gsf] df]8]n cg';f/ ahf/ ;'lglZrt eP kl5 pTkfbg ug'{kg]{ xf]t/ pBdLx? cfˆgf] pTkfbg ePkl5 vl/b ug]{ ;+:yfut lgsfo vf]Hb5g\ . n3' pBdLx?jf6 pTkflbt j:t'vl/b ul/lbg] ;:yfut lgsfosf] Joj:yf 5}g . 6«]8dfs{ /fv]/ ahf/Ls/0f ug]{ tkm{ Wofg k'u]sf] 5}g . w]/}lsl;dsf pTkfbg ePsf sf/0f Jofkf/Lsf] dfu cg';f/sf] kl/df0fdf pTkfbg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . n3' pBdLn]cfˆgf] pTkfbgsf] nflu ahf/ cfkm} vf]Hg' kg]{ / pBdLsf] pTkfbg lslglbg] Uof/]G6L gePsf] x'+bf pBdLx?pTkfbg a[l4 ug{ hf]lvd dx;'; ub{5g\ . pTkfbg a[l4 ubf{ :yfgLo ahf/df k|lt:kwf{ a9\gu} d"No 36\b} hfg]tyf To:tf pTkfbgsf] ljqmL cGo sxf+ / slt x'G5 egL n3' pBdLn] ljZn]if0f ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf 5 . To:tf]cj:yfdf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;‹ ;xof]uL x'g ;S5 . t/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;‹ yf]/} pkhsf] w]/} kl/df0f vf]Hb5 eg]n3' pBdLx? w]/} lsl;dsf yf]/} yf]/} pTkfbg ul//x]sf 5g\ . n3' pBd l;h{gf tyf k|j4{g ug]{;‹÷;+:yfx?sf] lgb]{zg ;ldltdf lhNnf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;‹ tyf g]kfn 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u lhNnf;ldltx? ;b:o ePtf klg w]/} ;‹÷;+:yfx?n] n3' pBd l;h{gf tyf k|j4{g ug{ yfn]sfn] pgLx?sf] ;b:otfcf}krfl/stfdf dfq k'/f ePsf] h:tf] b]lvPsf] 5 . Joj;fo k|j4{sf nflu pgLx?sf] e"ldsf pNn]Vo ?kdfePsf] b]lv+b}g .

afXo r'gf}ltx?s_ pBd btf{ tyf gjLs/0f M n3' pBdsf] xsdf pBd btf{ ug}{kg]{ sfg'gL jfWotf 5}g . t/ ;fgf tyf 3/]n'pBf]u sfof{no ;ldltn] 3/]n' pBf]usf] ?kdf s]xL n3' pBdLnfO{ btf{ ug]{ u/]sf] kfOP klg jt{dfg Joj:yfcg';f/ % jif{df gljs/0f ug'{ kg]{ t/ gljs/0f ug{ cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{noaf6 Eof6 (VAT) lt/]sf] k|df0fk]z ug'{kg]{ ePsf]n] k|fo n3' pBdLaf6 o;nfO{ ;d:ofsf] ?kdf lng] / ljutsf Eof6 glt/] ;Dd gljs/0fx'g ;Sg] l:ylt b]lvb}g . pBd btf{ ug}{kg]{ eÌ] gePsf]n] gljs/0fsf] klg ;jfn /x]g . gljs/0f ug{ gk/]kl5s'g pBd s:tf] cj:yfdf 5g\ eÌ] cWofjlws hfgsf/L /x]sf] 5}g . pBd btf{ u/]klg s/df hfg gkg]{ eÌ]5 .t/ btf{ ePsf pBdLx? s/sf] bfo/fdf cfp+5g\ / gljs/0fsf] a]nfdf s/ km5\{of}6sf] lx;fj klg k]zug'{kg]{x'G5 . n3' pBdLsf] xsdf eg] of] k|i6 5}g . o;/L gljs/0fdf emGem6 Joxf]g{ k/]kl5 btf{ ePsfx?n] klggljs/0f kl§ gnfu]sf] l:ylt 5 .

v_ :yfgLo lgsfox?aLr ;dGjo M lhNnf pBd ljsf; ;ldltdf lhNnf:t/Lo ;/sf/L k|fljlws lgsfox?klg ;b:o x'G5g\ . t/ klg n3' pBd ljsf; ;DaGwL kf+rjif]{ /0fgLlt af/] w]/}h;f] :yfgLo lgsfox?dfPsbd} sd hfgsf/L 5 . d]8kfsf] kf+r jif]{ /0fgLlt k|fljlws ;]jf lng] jfx]s k|fljlws lgsfonfO{ n3' pBdljsf; sfo{qmdsf] cleÌ cËsf] ?kdf g;d]6]sf] b]lvG5 . :yfgLo lgsfox?;Ësf] ;dGjodf k|ljlw, k|fljlws;]jf Pj+ shf{ ;'ljwf h:tf ;]jfx? ;lx ;dodf pknAw x'g] x'+bf :yfgLo lgsfox?nfO{ kf+rjif]{ /0fgLlt tyfcGo gLlt lgodx?sf] jf/]df hfgsf/L x'g' h?/L 5 / /0fgLltn] klg tL lgsfox?nfO{ ;d]6\g' k5{ . o:tf];dGjosf] cefjn] ubf{ d]8]k tyf d]8kf sfo{qmdn] :yfgLo k|fljlws lgsfox?;Ë ;dGjo u/L ;+o'Qmsfo{qmd th'{df u/]sf] b]lv+b}g .



u_ ;dodf clVtof/L ghfg' / Jolj;]k| ;+:yf lgo'lQmdf 9LnfO{ x'g'' M g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ah]6 clVtof/L sfo{k/Dk/fut ?kd} ;dodf gx'g] u/]sf] sf/0faf6 klg ;DalGwt lgsfox?n] ;dodf Jolj;]k| ;+:yf 5gf}6 ug{g;s]sf] / cGo nB' pBd ;DalGwt sfo{x? klg ;dodf ;DkÌ ug{ g;s]sf] l:ylt 5 . o; ;DaGwdf g]kfn;/sf/, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u / cy{ dGqfno ;a}sf] Wofg s]lGbt e};s]sf] / kxn eO{ /x]sf] klg 5 . t/o:df ;dodf clVtof/L k|fKt u/L lhNnfdf k7fpg ;DalGwt ljefu tyf ;ldlt rgfvf] x'g' kg]{ 5 .clVtof/L k7fP kl5 lj:t[t sfo{of]hgf th'{df ug{÷u/fpg kg]{ b]lvG5 . lhNnfdf lgoldt sfo{qmd 5, t/To;sf] lj:t[t sfof{Gjog x]bf{ dfl;s sfo{ of]hgf tof/ ug]{ u/]sf] kfO{Pg . o; tkm{ ;DalGwt ljefux?sf]Wofg hfg' kg]{ b]lvG5 eg] To:tf] sfo{ of]hgf tof/ ug{ / sfof{Gjog d]8]kn] ;xeflutf d'ns ljwLaf6sfo{Ifdtf a[l4 x'g] u/L ;xsfo{ ug'{ k5{ .

3_ 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;DaGwL cg'ejsf] ;l~rtL tyf ;b'kof]u M 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ;ldltcGtu{tsf sd{r/Lx?sf] ;?jf x'+bf ;ldlt cGtu{ts} cGo sfo{qmd lhNnfdf ;?jf ePsf]n] o; ;DaGwdf;+nUg sd{rf/Ln] xf;Ln u/]sf] ;Lk / cg'ej ;ldlt leqg} /x]sf] b]lvof] . t/ 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usfof{nodf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx? eg] k|;fzg ;]jf cGtu{t /x]sfn] ;do k'u]kl5 h'g;'s} sfof{nodf ;?jf jfa9'jf e} hfg ;Sg] ePsf]n] ;/sf/n] ;do / cfly{s nufgL u/L tof/ kf/]sf] 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ;DaGwLcg'ej / ;Lk 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBd ljsf; tyf k|j4{gdf ;l~rlt x'g g;s]sf] l:ylt 5 . o;n] ubf{Psftkm{ ;/sf/L nufgLsf] ;lx ;b'kof]u ePsf] 5}g eg] csf]{ tkm{ cg'ej gePsf AolQm 3/]n' tyf ;fgfpBf]u sfof{nodf ;?jf jf a9'jf e} cfp+bf pgLx?nfO{ pBd ;DaGwdf a'‰b} ;do hfg] x'+bf pBd ljsf;k|efjsf/L x'g g;Sg'sf ;fy} sfo{ bIftfdf ;d]t sdL ePsf] b]lvof] . o:tf] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu cGoljifout If]qdf h:t} pBf]udf klg pBf]usf] ;]jf / ;d"x l;h{gf u/L ;/sf/n] pBf]u ljsf;sf nflu dfgjLo;+;fwg ljsf;df u/]sf] nufgLsf] ;b'kof]u ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf 68\sf/f] ?kdf b]lvPsf] 5 .

ª_ bIf hgzlQmsf] sdL M Psftkm{ 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;DaGwL cg'ejsf] ;l~rtL tyf ;b'kof]ux'g ;s]sf] 5}g eg] csf{tkm{ lhNnf 3/]n' sfof{nodf bIf hgzlQmsf] sdL] 5 . d]8kfdf pBd ljsf;;xhstf{ gePsf] jf s]xL dlxgfsf] nflu c:yfoL lgo'Qm ug]{ Joj:yf ePsf]n] lhNnfdf sfo{s|d yk ug]{ t/hgzlQm / ef}lts ;'ljwf yk gug]{ jt{dfg kl/kfl6 cGTo x'g h?/L b]lvG5 .

;Daf]wg x'g'kg]{ cGo s]xL ;d;fdlos ;jfnx?

cWoogsf] s|ddf lgDg ;jfnx? Aff/Daf/ d"NofÍgdf k|ltljDjLt ePsf x'+bf ltlgx?sf] ;Daf]wg x'g cToGth?/L b]lvG5 .

s_ l;{hgf ePsf n3' pBdLx? :t/f]Ggltsf] :yLlt cWofjlws x'g g;s]sf] / Ps k6ssf] n3' pBdL ;+w}sf]n3' pBdL h:tf] cg'e'lt b]lvPsf]

-v_ n3' pBdLx?sf] nut cWofjlws /fvL ;]jf k|jfxNffO{ lgoldt / ;do ;fk]If x'g g;s]sf]

-Uf_ n3' pBdLx?nfO{ lhNnfl:yt ;/sf/L k|fljlws sfof{nox?af6 lgoldt k|fljlws ;]jf / ;'kl/j]If0fJoj:yf ;+:yfut Joj:yf gePsf]

-3_ n3' pBd ljsf; sf]if ;dodf :yfkgf ug{ g;ls :yflgo lgsfox?af6 o;df of]ubfg (Contribution)gePsf]

-ª_ d]8kfdf d]8]ksf pknlAw tyf d]8]k df]8n cfGtl/lss/0f ug]{ k|s[of z'? ePkl5 o:nfO{ ;+:yfut ug{cfjZos hgzlQm tyf Ifdtf ljsf; sfo{s|d ck]lIft k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog x'g g;s]sf]

-r_ cf}wf]lus gLltn] n3' pBdsf] kl/efiff u/L ;+:yfut ug]{ k|of; u/L ;s]kl5 klg vfBdf cfwfl/t n3'pBdsf] xsdf pBd btf{ u/L pTkfbgnfO{ :j:Yy tyf vfWf ;'/Iff (Food Safety) lgod cg'?k ;'/If0fagfpg cfjZos kxn tyf n3' pBdLx?nfO{ ;]jf k'Ug g;s]sf]



-5_ lhNnfdf n3' pBd sfo{s|d lj:tf/ ul/+bf sfo{qmd dfq yk u/L hgzlQm / ef}lts ;'ljwf yk gul/+bfo;jf6 ;DalGwt lgsfox?n] ;~rfng u/L /x]sf cGo lgoldt sfo{s|d tyf n3' pBd ljsf;sfo{s|ddf ;d]t kg{ ;Sg] k|lts'n k|efj af/] lj:t[t cWoog gePsf]

sfo{s|ddf ;+nUg kbflwsf/Lx?sf] ;Gt'li6s/0f

sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf] d"NofÍgM n3' pBd sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ d]8]k tyf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf;ljefu tyf ;ldltdf ul/Psf] ;d"x s]lGb|t 5nkmnsf ;xefuLx?n] ljleÌ lg0f{ofwf/df u/]sf d"NofÍgsf];f/f+z tflnsf $=@ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . b'a} ;+:yfsf ;xefuLx?n] of] sfo{qmd lgs} ;fGble{s tyf lgs};dfj]zL 5 egL d"NofÍg u/] . sfo{qmd ;~rfnsx?sf] b[li6df n3' pBdLx?sf] ;Gt'li6 ;Gt'i6 b]lv lgs};Gt'i6 d"NofÍg eof] eg] k|efjsfl/tf, sfo{bIftf, k|efj, lbuf]kgf tyf ;dfj]zLs/0f h:tf lg0f{ofwf/dfsfo{qmd ;~rfnsx?sf] cg'e"lt /fd|f] b]lv g/fd|f] ;Ddsf] km/s /Xof] .

tflnsf $=@ M n3' pBd sfo{qmd ;~rfnssf] :jd"NofÍg

qm;

lg0f{ofwf/;d"x s]lGb|t 5nkmndf cfPsf] cg'e"lt

3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefutyf ;ldlt, lqk'/]Zj/

n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmd,wf]lj3f6

! ;fGble{stf lgs} -!_ lgs} -!_@ k|efjsfl/tf 7Ls} -#_ k|efjsf/L -@_# sfo{bIftf 7Ls} -#_ bIf -@_$ k|efj 7Ls} k/]sf] -#_ /fd|} k/]sf] -@_% lbuf]kgf gb]lvPsf] -$_ b]lvPsf] -@_^ ;dfj]zLs/0f lgs} -!_ lgs} -!_& n3' pBdLx?sf] ;Gt'li6sf]

d"NofÍg;Gt'i6 -@_ lgs} -!_

* ;du| lgisif{ 7Ls}dfq -#_ -cf};t /fd|f]_ /fd|f]l6Kk0fL M lg0f{ofwf/df ! nfO{ lgs} /fd|f] / $ nfO{ g/fd|f] eg]/ d"NofÍg ul/Psf] .

lhNnf:t/Lo ;d"x s]lGb|t 5nkmnsf] d"NofÍg M lhNnf pBd ljsf; ;ldltsf ;b:ox?;Ësf] ;d"x s]lGb|t5nkmndf ;xefuLx?n] ljleÌ lg0f{ofwf/df u/]sf d"NofÍgsf] glthf tflnsf $=# df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .d"NofÍgdf sfo{qmd lgs} -*#Ü_ ;dfj]zL ePsf] kfO{of] . sfo{qmdsf] ;fGble{stf, k|efjsfl/tf, sfo{bIftf,k|efj tyf lbuf]kgf klg 7LSs} ePsf] -%)Ü eGbf a9L_ kfO{of] .

tflnsf $=# M lhNnf:t/Lo ;d"x s]Gb|Lt 5nkmnsf] d"NofÍg

lg0f{ofwf/gf} lhNnfsf] ;d"x s]lGb|t 5nkmnaf6 cfPsf] cg'e"lt cf}ift k|ltzt

hDdf!= w]/} @= 7Ls} #= Go"g÷sd $= 5}g %= c;fGble{s k|Zg

;fGble{stf 28 56 15 1 0 100k|efjsfl/tf 9 60 29 1 1 100sfo{bIftf 10 51 37 3 0 100k|efj 8 56 36 0 0 100lbuf]kgf 16 53 29 2 0 100;dfj]zLs/0f 83 14 3 0 0 100n3' pBdL ;Gt'li6 65 35 0 0 0 100

;du| d"NofÍg 0 60 40 0 0 100



;du| d"NofÍg M ljleÌ:t/df ul/Psf] 5nkmn tyf n3' pBdL ;j]{If0faf6 cfPsf] glthf cflbnfO{lqsf]0ffTds ;+in]0fubf{ cfPsf] glthf tflnsf $=$ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

k|:t't tflnsfdf cfj @)^^÷^& b]lv cfj @)&)÷&! ;Dd d]8]k tyf d]8kf cGtu{t ;~rflnt n3' pBdsfo{s|dx?sf] d"NofÍg n3' pBdLx?sf] :ynut lg?2]lZoo :ofDklnËaf6 k|fKt glthf, sfo{s|ddf ;+nUgkbflwsf/Lx?;Ësf] ;fd'lxs 5nkmn (Focus Group Discussion) tyf hflgkmsf/ JolQmx? ;Ësf] ;jfndfcfwfl/t cGt{jftf{sf] lqsf]0ffTds ljj]rgf (Triangulation) af6 lgisif{ lgsflnPsf] 5 .

tflnsf $=$ glthf d"NofÍgsf] ;du| lgisif{lg0f{0fwf/ d"NofÍg

-!–$_lgisif{ (Findings)

;fGble{stf lgs} -!_ ;/sf/L gLlt tyf /fli6«o k|fyldstf;Ë d]8]k tyf d]8kf sfo{qmdsf]tfbfTDotf /x]sf]

nlIft ;d"x tyf hg;+Vofsf] cfjZostf / dfunfO{ k|To]If ?kdf ;Daf]wgug]{ k|of; ePsf]

lhNnf:t/df sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog d]8kfsf] % jif]{ /0fgLlts of]hgf@)&)÷&! – @)&$÷&% l;t tfbDotf ldnfpg] k|of; ePsf]

d'n'ssf] ul/jL lgjf/0f nIonfO{ k|ToIf ?kdf ;dfj]zL 9+ujf6 ;Djf]wgu/]sf]

d]8]kn] kl/If0f, ljsf; tyf Jofklss/0f ug{ k|of; u/]sf] d]8k df]8npTtd ePsf]

k|efjsfl/tf 7Ls} -@_ n3' pBd l;h{gfdf d'Vo e"ldsf /xg] Jolj;]k|;x?sf] 5gf}6 tyf lgo'lQmk|lqmof ;'wf/ cfPsf] Pj+ npljsfsf] ;dli6ut ;]jf k|jfxdf cf+lzs;xeflutf -np :yfkgf ;Dd dfq_ ePsf]

d]8]k k|f?k (MEDEP Modality) sf] cf+lzs k|of]u / Modality n] k|If]lkt u/]cg?k kof{Kt cjlw k|bfg ug]{ k|of; ePsf]]

TOPE/TOSE tyf ;Lk d'ns tflnd lnO{ n3' pBd z'? u/L ;s]sf n3'pBd dWo] s]xLnfO{ TOEE/TOGE tflnd k|bfg ul/Psf]

d]8kf cGtu{t sfo{s|d lhNnf:t/df yk of]Uo / :yfO{ hgzlQm, yk ljlQo>f]t / yk ef}lts ;'ljwf ljgfg} d]8kf cGtu{t sfo{s|d yk ul/Ptf klgsfo{qm ;~rfngdf /x]sf] . oBlk, o;jf6 tL lgsfox?n] ;~rfng ub}{cfPsf lgoldt sfo{s|dx?df k|lts'n k|efj kg{ ;Sg] ;+efjgf eg] /x]sf]

l;lh{t n3' pBdL dWo sl/a %) k|ltzt hlt ;lqmo /x]sf] lhNnfdf cGo lgsfox? ;Ë ;+o'Qm of]hgf th'{df tyf ;dGjo ck]lIft?kdf k|efjsf/L ?kdf x'g g;s]sf]

lhNnf n3' pBd ljsf; sf]ifdf :yfkgf e} sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf]sfo{bIftf 7Ls} -@_ ah]6 lgsf;fdf 9LnfO{sf sf/0f sfo{qmd 9Lnf z'?e} ;DkÌ ug{ ;do ck'u

ePsf] ;a} lgsfon] n3' pBd ljsf;sf] nflu sf]ifdf /sd /fVg] cj:yf ag]sf] d]8kf sfo{qmddf n3' pBdaf6 ePsf] cfDbfgL tyf nfu]sf] Joj:yfklsovr{ pknAw x'g] Joj:yf e}g;s]sf]]

:yfgLo >f]t kl/rfng ;Gtf]ifhgs /x]tf klg pko'Qmkl/df0f eGbf sd/x]sf]

d]l;g÷cf}hf/ tyf ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] k|of]u Ifdtf eGbf sd /x]sf] tflnd k|fKt bIf n3' pBd ;xhstf{sf] cefj /x]sf] pBdL l;h{gfdf k|lt k|To]If vr{ cGo sfo{qmd tyf cGo u};;sf] bf+hf]dfsd /x]sf]



pBdLx?sf] k|fljlws sfo{bIftf Go"g /x]sf]k|efj 7Ls} -@_ n3' pBdsf] pTkfbgn] dfq vfB ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt x'g g;s]tfklg

pBdzLntfsf] k|efjn] ;du| kfl/jfl/s lqmofsnfksf] pTkfbg a9]sf] lzIff tyf dlxnf ;zlQms/0fdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g cfPsf] ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf of]ubfg k'u]sf] l;h{gf ePsf pBdLx? dWo] sl/a cfwf rfn' cj:yfdf /x]sf] k|lt n3' pBdL /f]huf/L ;+Vof ;Gtf]ifhgs ?kdf a[l¢ x'g g;s]sf] :jk"mt{ n3' pBdLx? pTkGg x'g g;s]sf] ;x;|fAbL nIo xfl;ndf ;sf/fTds of]ubfg /x]sf] ;x;|fAbL nIo xfl;ndf of]ubfg k'u]sf] t/ g]kfnsf] clt sd ljs;Lt/fi6«sf] cj:yfaf6 ;g\ @)@@ ;Dddf :t/f]GgtL ug]{ nIfdf ;sf/fTdsof]ubfg /x]sf]

lbuf]kgf 7Ls} -@_ d]8kfn] ;+:yfut ?kdf pBf]u dGqfnosf] lgoldt sfo{qmdsf] ?k lnO{;s]sf]

of] sfo{s|d n3' pBdL l;h{gf ug]{ kl/df0ffTds nIf tkm{ a9L pGd'v ePsf] cfGtl/s ;'kl/j]If0f, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg Joj:yf sdhf]/ /x]sf] n3' pBdLx?sf] :t/f]pGgtL u/L dflyNnf] txdf pBdLx?sf] :t/ a[l¢eO{;s]sf] cj:yfdf n3' pBdL 36fO{ gof+ balance sheet th'{df ug]{Joj:yf gePsf]

sltko cj:yfdf n3' pBdLx?sf] pTkflbt j:t'x?n] jhf/df k|lt:kwf{ ug{;Ifd gb]lvPsf]

l8d]ufsf] :jfldTj n3' pBdL eGbf d]8]kdf /x]sf] b]lvg], pNn]lvo ;+Vofdfn3' pBdLx?nfO{ o;n] ;b:o agfpg g;s]sf], jx';+Vos n3' pBdLx?o;sf] ;b:otf lng / gljs/0f ug{ pT;'s g/x]sf], o;n] cfˆg] cf}lrTotfn3' pBdLx?;Ë :ki6 ?kdf /flv k}/jL ug{ g;s]sf] / d]8]ksf] cGTo kl5of] ;+:yf lbuf] ?kdf sfof{Gjogdf /xg ;Sg] :ki6 cfwf/ gb]lvPsf]

Ps} lhNnfdf d]8]k tyf d]8kf ;~rfng ubf{ sfo{s|d sfof{Gjogdf u|fld0ftyf lhNnf txdf k|ltZkwf{Tds efjgf ljsl;t x'g uO{ lbuf]kg tyfcfGtl/sLs/0f k|ls|ofdf k|efj kg{ uPsf]

;dfj]zLs/0f lgs} -!_ sfo{qmd ;dfj]zL ePsf], nlIft ju{sf] 5gf}6g} lglZrt dfkb08sf] cfwf/dfcg'kftfTds 9Ëaf6 nlIft u/]sf]

dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf ^)Ü eGbf a9L tyf blnt tyf hghftLx?sf] pNn]lvo;xeflutf /x]sf]

sfof{s|d sfof{Gjogdf l8d]ufx?n] blnt / dlxnfx?nfO{ a9L k|fyldstf lbg]u/]sf]

;femf ;'ljwf s]Gb|sf] Joj:yfn] sfo{s|dnfO{ ;dfj]zLs/0f ug{ yk jn k'u]sf]clwsf/jfnfx?sf] ;Gt'li6

7Ls} -@_ n3' pBdL 5gf}6sf cfwf/ 7Ls} ePsf z'?df n3' pBdL l;h{gf cj:yfdf clwsf+z ;Gt'i6 /xg] t/ kl5Nnfcj:yfx?df ;Gt'i6 kg 36\b} hfg] k|j[lQ b]lvPsf]

tflnddf ;xeflu x'g] jx';+Vos ;xeflux? klg tflndaf6 ;Gt'i6 b]lvPklg tflnd kZrft cg'z/0f sfof{s|dx?sf] sldn] sfof{s|d k|lt ;Gt'li6sf]cj:yf ;Gtf]ifhgs gb]lvPsf]

;xof]usf] kl/df0f sd ePsf] cg'e"lt /x]sf] lalqm / Ifdtf ljsf;df yf]/} dfq ;xof]u k'u]sf

Gff]6 M ! lgs}, @ 7Ls}}, # Go"g, $ gePsf]



kl/R5]b % M l;kmfl/; tyf sfo{ of]hgf

o; d'Nof+sg k|ltj]bgdf k|:t't d'Nof+sg glthfsf] ljZn]if0f -kl/R5]b #_ tyf lgsif{ kl/0ffd -kl/R5]b $_ sf]cfwf/ Pj+ jt{dfg l:yltdf n3' pBd sfo{s|d sfof{Gjog tyf k|efjx? tyf o:sf ;du| r'gf}ltx?nfO{ljZn]if0f ub}{ o; kl/R5]bdf ;Lkmfl/;x? tyf ltgLx?nfO{ ;dofa4 sfof{Gjog ug{ sfo{of]hgf 9fFrf ;d]tk|:t't 5 .

n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{s|d k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjog eO{ ck]lIft ?kdf :t/f]GgtL x'g g;Sg'df sfo{s|dleqsf / aflx/ b'j} k|sf/sf r'gf}ltx? Joxf]/g{ / ;dfwfg x'g sl7g eO{/x]sf] jt{dfg cj:yf 5 . sfo{s|d;fGble{stf dfly k|Zg p7fpg] tyf n3' pBd ljsf;df d]8]k df]8nsf] cko'Qmtf tyf of]ubfg pT;fxhgsx'+bf x'+b} klg sfof{Gjog tkm{ ePsf sld sdhf]/LnfO{ d'Vo sf/s tTjsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . d]8]ksfof{Gjogsf] rf}yf] r/0fdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] u/]sf] k|lta4tf cg'?k d]8kfdf pko'Qm hgzlQm Joj:yf ug{g;Sg'sf] ;fy} sfo{s|dsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] nflu cfjZos Go"gtd oftfoft nufPt ef}lts ;'ljwfpknAw gu/fpg klg dxTjk"0f{ sf/s tTjx? x'g .

%=! ;du| l;kmfl/;x? -k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df_cf=j= @)^^÷^& b]lv @)&)÷&! ;Dddf d]8kfn] ;d]6]sf] pRr kxf8 b]lv t/fO{ If]qdf cjl:yt ( lhNnfsf]d]8]k tyf d]8kf åf/f l;lh{t !!$&4 n3' pBdLx?;Ë ;+/rgfut k|ZgfjnL (Structured Questionnaire) sf]dfWodaf6 lnO{Psf] cGt/jftf{, lhNnf pBd ljsf; ;ldlt, lhNnf l:yt n3' pBd sfo{s|ddf k|ToIf tyfck|ToIf ;+nUg cGo kbflwsf/Lx?, s]Gb|Lo:t/df pBf]u dGqfno, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefu, 3/]n' tyf;fgf pBf]u ;ldlt, /fli6«o n3' pBdL dxf;+3 g]kfn, cflb ;Ë lnOPsf] cGt/jftf{sf] cfwf/df ;du| ?kdfo; d"NofÍgdf lgDg l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] 5 . /0fgLltn] lglb{i6 u/] cg';f/ n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{s|d@)&$÷&% leq g]kfnsf] ;a} &% lhNnfdf sfo{s|d lj:tf/ eO{;Sg] o; d"NofÍgaf6 k|i6 b]lvg cfPsf] 5 /of] cfGtl/sLs/0f sfo{s|d ljleGg r'gf}tLx? kf/ ub}{ 7f]; ?kdf cufl8 al9 /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o; sfo{s|dsf]ck]lIft ?kdf sfof{Gjog txdf cem} k|efjsf/L agfpg d"NofÍgsf] l;kmfl;nfO{ @ efudf ljeflht ul/Psf]5 .

!_ jt{dfg d]8kf /0fgLlt cjlw -@)&@÷&#–@)&$÷&%_ leq sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{@_ d]8kf /0fgLlt cjlw cGTo -@)&$÷&%_ kZrft

%=!=! jt{dfg d]8kf /0fgLlt cjlw leq

!_ n3' pBd sfo{s|dnfO{ :yflgo lgsfo÷;/sf/nfO{ lgIf]k0f ug]{ (Devolve to local government/DDC)s[lif, kz' tyf k|fylds :jf:Yy pkrf/ em}+ nplj sfo{s|dnfO{ klg lhlj; dftxt lgIf]k0f (Devolve) ug]{ .o;af6 :yflgo lgsfo ;/sf/sf] k|ToIf e"ldsf (Responsible) hjfkmb]lxtf (Accountabiltiy) tyfkf/blz{tf (Transpancy) a9\g uO{ ljlQo >f]t (Financial Resources) a9fpg ;d]t yk an ldNg] 5 .

@_ n3' pBdLx?sf] tYofÍ cBfjlws u/L :t/f]Gglt ug]{ j}1flgs Joj:yf ldnfpg]æPs k6ssf] n3' pBdL ;+w}sf] n3' pBdLÆ h:tf] cg'e'lt x'g] jt{dfg Joj:yfnfO{ cGTo ug{ d]8]k df]8ncg';f/ n3' pBdL ljsf; tyf :t/f]Gglt ug{ Go"gtd # jif{ nfUg] ePsf]n] xfn;Dd l;lh{t n3'pBdLx?sf] lgDg cg';f/ cBfjlws ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg]

s_ n3' pBdLn] ;Lk d'ns tflnd lnO{ np :yfkgf ugf {;fy cf}Bf]lus gLlt @)^& cg';f/ !dlxgf leq :yflgo lgsfodf btf{ clgjfo{ ug]{ .

v_ dfly -s_ adf]lhd btf{ ePsf] ldltn] # jif{ leq :t/f]Gglt eP÷gePsf] cg'udg u/L lhNnf3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{no÷;ldtLdf clgjfo{ ?kdf btf{ ug{ nufO{ lhNnfsf] n3' pBdLsf];"rLaf6 x6fpg] .

4!!$& n3' pBdLx? lg?b]lzo (Random) :ofDklnª ljlwaf6 5gf}6 ePsf dWo] % hgfsf] cfˆg} :jfldTjsf] n3' pBd geO{ Hofnfbfl/ pBdLsf] ?kdfsfd u/]sf] kfO{of] .



u_ ævÆ adf]lhd :t/f]Gglt x'g g;s]df sf/0f hgfO{ dfu cg';f/ ! jif{sf] nflu ljz]if yk k|fljlws;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] (Grace period with focused technical support)

3_ dfly æuÆ cg';f/ pknAw u/fO{Psf] ! jif{ ;dodf klg :t/f]Gglt x'g g;Sg] rfn' npx?nfO{;"rLaf6 x6fO{ :jv'lzdf pBd ;~rfng ug{ lbg] .

ª_ xfn rfn' npx? :yflgo lgsfodf btf{ gePsf] cj:yfdf xfn ærfn'Æ np DMEGA df btf{eP÷gePsf], np :yfkgf ePsf] ldtL / xfnsf] l:ylt cg'udg u/L ls 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf]?kdf btf{ ug{ nufpg] of dfyL æ3Æ df pNn]v eP em}+ ! jif{ :t/f]Gglt cjlw lbO{ ljz]if ;]jf;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] .

#_ lhNnf:t/df n3' pBd ljsf; O{sfO{ :yfkgf u/L Go"gtd hgzlQm pknAw u/fpg]d]8]k df]8nnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf k|lts[lts/0f tyf cfGtl/sLs/0f ug{ k|To]s lh3;fpsf÷; df n3' pBdljsf; OsfO{ :yfkgf u/L Go"gtd tflnd k|fKt /fhkq cglÍt -k|f_ låtLo txsf] ! hgf pBd ljsf;;xhsftf{ (EDF) sf] :yfoL b/jlGb l;h{gf ug]{ . n3' pBdLsf] ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df s'g} lhNnfdf b'O{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L EDF sf] b/jlGb l;h{gf ug]{ .

$_ lh3;fpsf÷; sf] sfo{Ifdtf tyf k|fljlws ;Lk clea[l4 ug]{l;lh{t npx?sf] Ifdtf, :yfloTj tyf :t/f]Ggltdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg ;]jf k|bfoss} k|fljlws, ljlQo tyfef}lts Ifdtf clea[l4 ug'{ kg]{ ePsf]n] tL sfof{nox?df n3' pBd ljsf; OsfO :yfkgf u/L npx?sf]Ifdtf clea[l4 ug{ k|fljlws ;xfotf sfo{s|d (Technical Assistance Program) ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

%_ sf];]nL 3/ ;~rfngn3' pBdLx?sf] pTkfbg ljs|L ;'lglZrt u/L ahf/;Ë cfjWbtf ldnfpg k|To]s @÷# lhNnfnfO{ ;d"xutu/L Pp6f sf];]nL÷;f}uft u[x :yfkgf ug{÷u/fpg k|fljlws tyf cfly{s ;xof]u kl/rfng ug]{ . sf];]nL3/ ;~rfng ;/sf/L – lghL – ;xsf/L ;fem]bf/L cjwf/0ffaf6 ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] . sf];]nL3/ ;~rfngdf DMEGA sf] clgjfo{tf u/fPsf] cj:yfdf o;sf] lbuf]kg ;'lglZrt u/fpgsf ;fy} n3'pBdLx?sf] btf{ / gljs/0fdf lgoldttf Nofpg ;lsg] b]lvG5 .

^_ jLp k'+hL 3'lDt sf]if pknAw u/fpg]n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{nfO{ lbuf] tyf :t/f]Ggt/L tkm{ k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f tyf nufgL j[l4 ug{ n3'pBdLx?nfO{ lglZrt cjlwsf] lgldQ jLp k'+hL 3'lDt sf]if (Seed Capital Revolving Fund) cg'?k pknAwu/fpg]

&_ BDSPO x?sf] lgo'lQm tyf ;]jf pkof]ud]8]k df]8n sfof{Gjog ug{ Go"gtk Ps jif{ nfUg] ePsf]n] BDSPO x?n] df]8nsf ;Dk"0f{ ;+efux? k"j{tof/L, ;+efljt np 5gf}6, TOPE/TOSE/TOEE/TOGE ;lxtsf pBd ljsf; tflnd, ;Lk d'nstflnd, k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f tyf ljlQo ;]jfdf kx'+r cflb ;Dk"0f{ sfo{s|d sfof{Gjog ug{ Go"gtd ( dlxgf;do pknAw x'g] u/L output linked financing system cg'?k BDSPO lgo'Qm ug]{ / lgo'lQmdf l9nfO{x'g uO{ cfly{s jif{ cGTo x'g] l:ylt ;[hgf eP cfufdL cf=j=df e'QmfgL lbg] u/L cfufdL cf=j= sf]sfo{s|ddf ;d]t ;dfj]z ug]{ .

*_ s[lif C0f em}+ n3' pBdLx?sf] nflu klg ;x'lnot Aofhb/ -xfnsf] ^Ü_ df C0f pknAw u/fpg gLltutJoj:yf ldnfpg]

(_ n3' pBdLx?nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/ jf jt{dfg gLlt cg';f/ -s[lif tyf jg If]qdf ;d]t_ æjLdfÆ ug{ nufpg] .



%=!=@ cf=j= @)&$÷&% kZrft

cf=j @)&$÷&% sf] cGToaf6 jt{dfg d]8]k sfo{s|d ;dfKt eO{;Sg] / &% lhNnfdf d]8kf lj:tf/ eO;Sg]ePsf]n] o; n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{s|dnfO{ lta|tf lbO{ k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg / :t/f]Gglt eO{;s]sf n3'pBdx?nfO{ k|j¢{g ub}{ k'gM k"j{ l:yltdf kms{g ;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{ Go"lgs/0f ug{ lgDg l;kmfl/; ul/G5 .

!_ pBf]u dGqfno :jo+ jf cGo bft[ ;+:yfx?sf] ;xof]udf æpBd ljsf; sfo{s|dÆ ;~rfng ug]{ . k|:tfljtpBd ljsf; sfo{s|dn] :t/f]Gglt eO{ ;DjlGwt lgsfodf btf{ eO{;s]sf pBdLx?nfO{ lglb{i6 cjlw ;Dd;dli6ut Joj;fo ljsf; ;]jf (holistic business development service) k|bfg ub}{ pBd ljsf;;xhstf{ pTkfbg ug{÷u/fpg ;xhLs/0f tyf ;dGjofTds e"ldsf v]Ng' kg]{5 .

@_ Go"gtd # jif{sf] nflu output linked financing system cg'?k Jolj;]k| ;+:yf lgo'Qm u/L n3' pBdL>[hgsf] k"j{ tof/L -;fdflhs kl/rfng, 3/w'/L ;e]{If0f, pBdL 5gf}6, TOPE/TOSE tflnd, ;Lkd'nstflnd_, n3' pBd :yfkgf -;Lk d'ns tflnd, Joj;flos of]hgf th'{df tyf sfof{Gjogdf ;xof]z, C0f;]jfdf kx'+r, k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f, ahf/ kx'+r_ ;+jlGw s[ofsnfk tyf :jfldTj ;+jlGw s[ofsnfk(TOEE/TOGE) tflnd, k'g{{tfhuL tflnd cg'udg / :t/f]GgtL ;dalGwt ;Dk"0f{ -Psd'i7 / yf]s_sfof{b]z lbg] lgtLut Joj:yf ug]{ . /f]huff/L sf]ifn] Joj:yf u/] em} tLg jif{ leq n3' pBdLx?nfO{:t/f]GgtL ug{ ;Ifd ePsf] cj:yfdf k|ltkmn (Output) sf] cfwf/df yk cfly{s k|f]Tlfxg lbg] / Go"gtdk|ltkmn xfl;n ug{ g;Sg] Jolj;]k| ;+:yfnfO{ bl08t ug]{ ;d]t Joj:yf ldnfpg]

#_ n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{nfO{ lbuf] tyf :t/f]Ggt/L tkm{ k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f tyf nufgL j[l4 ug{ n3'pBdLx?nfO{ lglZrt cjlwsf] lgldQ jLp k'+hL 3'lDt sf]if (Seed Capital Revolving Fund) cg'?kpknAw u/fpg]

$_ lhNnfdf :yflkt n3' pBdLx?sf] s[ofsnfk / pknAwL cg'udg ug{, :t/f]Ggltdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg / btf{k|ls|ofnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ n3' pBd ljsf; ;+of]hs – ! tyf %)) s[ofzLn n3' pBdLsf] nflu Go"gtd! sf] b/n] EDF b/jGbL l;h{gf u/L sfo{s|d sfof{Gjog ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] tyf lghfdlt ;]jf P]g tyflgodfjnLdf EDF sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf tyf tx pNn]v ug{ cfjZos ;+zf]wg ug{ kxn ub}{ EDF x?sf]Ifdtf clea[l4 ug{ k'g{tfhuL tflnd ;~rfng ug]{ .

%_ lh3;fpljsf÷; df ;a} k|sf/sf pBdL -n3', ;fgf, demf}nf_ x?sf] Webdf cfwfl/t Database tof/u/L cBfjlws ug]{÷u/fpg] .

^_ n3' pBdLx?sf] ;+:yf DMEGA df ;a} n3' pBdLx? btf{ ug'{kg]{ sfg'gL Joj:yf ldnfO{ DMEGA sf] k}/jLtyf ;dGjosf/L e"ldsfnfO{ :yflkt u/fpg] . np btf{ tyf gljs/0f z'Ns sfg'g dfkm{t lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{5 . n3' pBdLx?nfO{ :t/]GgtL ePsf] k|df0f DMEGA af6 n3' pBdLx?sf] :ynut cg'udgsf] cfwf/dflbg'kg]{ / o;}sf] cfwf/df lh3;fljsf÷; df btf{ ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

&_ DMEGA nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 lhNnfdf l;lh{t n3' pBdLx?sf] ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df lglZrt cfly{s;xof]u pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ DMEGA sf] :yfloTjaf6 /fli6«o n3' pBd dxf;+3 g]kfn (National MicroEntrepreneurs Federation Nepal-NMEFEN)sf] :yfloTj ;d]t cfpg] 5 .

%=@ gLltut tx df l;kmfl/;

s_ pBf]u dGqfno

!_ d]8]kn] cjsf af+ls cjlwdf d]8kfsf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf] cltl/Qm k|ljlw lj:tf/, tyf ef}lts ;fdu|Lsf];'ljwf tyf ;'lglZrttf ug]{

@_ Jolj;]k| ;+:yfnfO{ Go"gtd # jif{sf] nflu lgo'Qm output linked financing system cg'?k n3' pBdLl;h{gfsf] k"j{ tof/L -;fdflhs kl/rfng, 3/w'/L ;e]{If0f, pBdL 5gf}6, TOPE/TOSE tflnd, ;Lkd'nstflnd_, n3' pBd :yfkgf -;Lk d'ns tflnd, Joj;flos of]hgf th'{df tyf sfof{Gjogdf ;xof]u, C0f;]jfdf kx'+r, k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f, ahf/ kx'+r ;+jlGw s[ofsnfk tyf :jfldTj ;+jlGw s[ofsnfk(TOEE/TOGE) tflnd, k'g{{tfhuL tflnd cg'udg / :t/f]GgtL ;dalGw ;Dk"0f{ -Psd'i7 / yf]s_ sfof{b]ztyf lhDd]jf/L lbg] lgtLut Joj:yf ldnfpg] .



#_ s[lifdf cfwfl/t n3' pBdx?nfO{ em} cGo ;a} k|sf/sf n3' pBdLx?sf] nflu s[lifdf h:t} ;x'lnotJofhb/df C0f -xfn ^ k|ltzt _ ;]jf ;'lglZrt ug]{

$_ n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{nfO{ lbuf] tyf :t/f]Ggt/L tkm{ k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f tyf nufgL j[l4 ug{ n3'pBdLx?nfO{ lglZrt cjlwsf] lgldQ jLp k'+hL 3'lDt sf]if (Seed Capital Revolving Fund) cg'?k pknAwu/fpg]

%_ l8d]ufsf] lhDd]jf/L / s[ofsnfk :ki6 tf]ls n3' pBdLx?n] :jfldTj lng ;Sg] u/L pgLx?s} ;+:yfsf]?kdf ljsf; u/L u/fO{ ltgLx?nfO{ ;DfGjosf/L (Coordination) tyf k}/jL] (Advocacy) sf]lhDd]jf/L÷sfof{b]z lbg] Joj:yf ldnfO{ logLx?nfO{ lbuf] t'Nofpg ;doa4 sfo{of]hgf th'{df u/Lsfof{Gjog u/fpg]

v_ 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{no ljefu÷;ldtL

!_ n3' pBd ljsf; sf]ifnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf o:sf] dd{ adf]lhd sfo{ ug{ ;Sg] ;Ifd t'Nofpg] / n3' pBdljsf; sfo{s|dnfO{ lhlj;df lgIf]lkt ug]{ .

@_ lhNnf l:yt sfof{nox?sf] Ifdtf ljsf; / ef}lts ;'ljwf tkm{ k|of; u/L ;fwg ;DkGg t'Nofpg] / k|To]slhNnf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{no / ;ldltsf] sfof{nodf n3' pBd ljsf; OsfO{ :yfkgf u/LltgLx?df Go"gtd ?kdf b]xfosf hgzlQm Joj:yfkg ldnfpg] .s= n3' pBd ljsf; ;+of]hs – !v= slFDtdf k|To]s ;lqmo %)) n3' pBdsf] nflu ! n3' pBd ljsf; ;xhstf{sf] b/alGbsf] Joj:yfug]{ .

#_ n3' pBdLx?sf] web df cfwf/Lt database t}of/ u/L To:sf] cfwf/df Mobile App agfO{ ltgLx? af/];dod} ;DalGwtn] ;xh ?kdf hfgsf/L kfpg ;Sg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] . ljefu tyf ;ldltdf n3'pBdLx?sf] cWofjlws nut ug{ GISMIS :yfkgf ug]{ .

$_ ;'kl/j]If0f, cg'udg tyf d'NofÍgnfO{ k|efjsf/L tyf lgoldt t'Nofpg] / :ynut ;'kl/j]If0fnfO{l8lh6fOh8 ug]{ .

%_ Jolj;]k| ;+:yfx? 5gf}6df ;DjlGwt lhNnf sfof{no tyf lhlj;x?nfO{ kl/rfng u/L Jolj;]k| ;+:yfx?sf]cfˆgf] sfdk|lt hjfkmb]xLtf a9fpg :ofgLo Jolj;]k| ;+:yfsf] Ifdtf clea[l4df kxn ug]{

^_ n3' pBdLsf] ;dGjo tyf k}/jLsf] nflu l8d]uf nfO{ kl/rfng ug{ lgtLut Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

&_ Jolj;]k| ;+:yfsf] sfof{b]z tLg jif{sf] tf]Sg] Joj:yf ldnfpg cfjZos kxn ug]{ . o; s|ddf Jolj;]k|;+:yf / l8d]ufsf] sfof{b]zdf cfjZos kl/dfh{g ug{ u/fpg / lh3;fpsf÷; df cfjZos hgzlQm /ef}lts ;'ljwf Jojl:yt ug{ rfn' lgb]{lzsfnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ kxn ug]{ .

%=# sfo{uttx df l;kmfl/;

-s_ d]8]k

!_ rf}yf] r/0fsf] af+ls cjlwdf d]8kfsf] Ifdtf ljsf;sf] cltl/Qm k|ljlw ef}lts ;fdu|Lsf] ;'ljwf tyf;'lglZrttf

@_ jt{dfg APSO nfO{ ljs]lGb|t u/L $÷% lhNnfx? ;d]6\g] u/L cluster office :yfkgf ug]{ / tL clusteroffice af6 ;DalGwt lhNnf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{no ÷ ;ldltsf] Ifdtf ljsf; ef}lts ;'ljwf tyfpBd ljsf; ;xhstf{sf] Joj:yf ldnfO{ xfnsf] pknAwLx?nfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ .

#=_ n3' pBd ljsf; sf]ifsf] :yfkgf tyf k|efjsf/L kl/rfngdf ;DalGwt ;/sf/L lgsfo / bft[ ;+:yf ;Ë;dGjo ug]{ / cfgf] of]ubfg sf]ifdf pknAw u/fpg ;DalGwt lhNnfx?nfO{ k"j{ zt{x? k'/f ug{ cfjZos;xof]udf t]hL Nofpg]



$_ s]lx ljlzi7 n3' pBdx? klxrfg u/L ltgLx?sf] u'0ffTds j[l4 tyf lj:tf/ ug{ ljz]if sfo{s|d ;~rfngug]{

%_ sl/a 8]9 bzs n3' pBd ljsf; tkm{ k|efjsf/L tyf ;kmn e"ldsf v]nL ;/sf/L sfo{s|ddf n3' pBdsfo{s|dnfO{ cfGtl/sLs/0f åf/f ;dflxt ug{ ;kmn ePsf] kl/k[i7df d]8]ksf] klg :t/f]Ggt/L u/L ;fgftyf demf}nf pBd ljsf; tkm{ r/0fa4 ?kdf nfUg pBd ljsf; sfo{s|dsf] ;DefJotf cWoog ub}{cfof]hgf k|:tfa tof/ th'{df ug{ ;DalGwt ;/sf/L lgsfo, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u / o"Pgl8lk nufPtsfbft[ ;+:yf;Ë ;dGjo ug]{ .

v_ lhNnf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{no ÷ ;ldlt

!_ lhNnfdf rfn' tyf ;s[o Pj+ cw{ ;s[o n3' pBdLx?sf] d]8]kn] ljsf; u/]sf] ;d]t ÷ cWofjlws l:ylt,sDKo"6/ dfWodaf6 cWofjlws ug]{

@_ sfof{nodf n3' pBd ljsf; OsfO{ :yfkgf u/L lhNnfdf sfo{/t n3' pBdL ;xhstf{x?sf] ;"rL tof/kfl/ cBfjlws ug]{ / cfkm'n] n3' pBd ;'? gu/]sfnfO{ n3' pBd ;xhstf{sf] ?kdf :yfO jf c:yfO{lgo'lQm gug]{

#_ lhNnfdf n3' pBdL ljsf; ;xhstf{x?sf] /f]i6/ tof/ kfl/ d]8]k dfkm{t Ifdtf ljsf; sfo{s|d ;~rfngug]{ u/fpg]

$_ lhNnfdf /x]sf ;s[o tyf cw{ ;s[o ;a} n3' pBdLx?nfO{ cfufld # jif{ leq TOEE/TOGE tfnLd lbg]Joj:yf ldnfpg]

%_ n3' pBdLx?sf] pTkfbgx?nfO{ :t/o'Qm agfO{ pTkfbgsf] klxrfg emNsg] Joj:yf ldnfpb} lhNnfdfsf];]nL 3/÷;f}uft u[x ;~rfng x'g] l:ylt l;h{gf ug]{

^_ lhNnfdf pBd btf{ ubf{ n3' pBdsf] kl/efiff leq k/]sfnfO{ s}lkmotdf hgfO{ :t/f]Gglt eP ÷gePsf]oyfy{ cg'udg u/L cfjZos ;xof]u k|bfg ug]{ / lhNnfdf /x]sf l8d]uf;Ë ;dGjo u/L o:nfO{;dGjosf/L / k}/jL ug{ ;Sg] ;Ifd ;+:yfsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug]{

&_ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldtLsf] ;xof]u / g]t[Tjbflo e"ldsfdf n3' pBd ljsf; sf]if / o:sf] dd{ (spirit) cg'?kk|efjsf/L ?kdf kl/rfng ug]{

*_ n3' pBdLx?sf] pTkfbgnfO{ ahf/df k|lt:klw{ x'g kxn ug]{

u_ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldtL -:yfgLo lgsfo_

!_ lhNnfdf n3' pBd ljsf; sf]ifnfO{ o:sf] dd{ cg'?k :yfkgf u/L u/fO{ cfk'm ;lxt cGo ;/sf/L,cw{;/sf/L, u}/ ;/sf/L tyf bfqL ;+:yfx?nfO{ klg ;xefuL x'g ;dGjosf/L tyf g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsf jxgug]{

@_ lhNnfl:yt dftxtsf k|ljlws sfof{nox?n] n3' pBd tyf n3' pBdLx?nfO{ k'¥ofPsf] ;xof]usf] lgoldtn]vfhf]vf u/L cfjZos jh]6 k|:tfljt tyf ljlgof]hg ug{ u/fpg ;dGjosf/L tyf g]t[Tjbflo e"ldsfjxg ug]{

#_ lhNnfdf n3' pBd ljsf;sf] nflu % jif]{ lglt agfO{ nfu' ug]{ ÷u/fpg]

$_ uflj; tyf gu/kflnsfx?nfO{ klg n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{s|d ;~rfng ug{ ÷ u/fpg kxn ug]{ /ltgLx?sf] n3'pBd ljsf; sf]ifdf ;xeflutf ;'lgZrLt u/fpg]

%_ lhNnf pBd ljsf; ;ldlt tyf ufp+ pBd ljsf; ;ldltnfO{ jflif{s of]hgf th'{df ubf{ :yfgLo:t/sfk|fljlws lgsfox?;Ë ;+o'Qm of]hgf th'{df u/L tyf ufp+:t/df n3' pBd l;h{gf ;'lglZrt ug]{



%=@ sfo{ of]hgf

%=@=! cNksfnLg of]hgf

d]8]k df]8]nsf] cfgtl/sLs/0f u/L &% j6} lhNnfdf o;sf] k|lts[lts/0fsf] nflu b]xfo adf]hd cNksfnLg,dWodsfnLg tyf bL3{sfnLg sfo{ of]hgf l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf %=! M cNksfnLg sfo{ of]hgf -klxnf] b'O{ jif{_qm;+ lqmofsnfk lhDd]jf/L @)&#÷&$ @)&$÷&%gLltut tx! n3' pBdLnfO{ k|ljlw x:tfGt/0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg

3'lDt sf]ifsf] cjwf/0ff cg';f/ jLp k"+hLsf] ljlQo;xof]u pknAw u/fpg gLltut Joj:yf ldnfpg]

pBf]u dGqfno

@ n3' pBdLnfO{ s[lif C0f em}+ ;x'lnot Jofhb/dfC0f ;]jf pknJw u/fpg cy{ dGqfno, g]kfn /fi6«a}+s tyf a}+sx? ;Ë ;dGjo u/L lgltut lg0f{ou/fpg]

pBf]u dGqfno

# l;h{gf ePsf pBdLx?sf] lg/Gt/tfsf] nflu d]8kflgb]{zsfdf kl/dfh{g ug]{

pBf]u dGqfno

$ d]8kf sfo{s|d k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog tyfcg'udgsf] nflu yk hgzlQm tyf n3' pBdL;xhstf{sf] nflu :yfoL Joj:yf ldnfpg kxn ug]{

pBf]u dGqfno

% Jolj;]k| ;+:yf 5gf]6 lgodfjnL k'g/fjnf]sg u/L5gf}6 ePsf ;+:yfx?nfO{ d]8]k df]8nsf] ;Dk"0f{;+efu sfof{Gjog ug]{ lhDd]jf/L lbg] Joj:yfldnfpg]

pBf]u dGqfno,3/]n' tyf ;fgfpBf]u ljefu

^ n3' pBd ljsf; sf]if Jojl:yt tyf k|efjsf/Lt'Nofpg lgltut Joj:yf ldnfpg]

;+l3o dfldnftyf :yflgoljsf; dGqfnotyf pBf]udGqfno

& d]8]kn] xfn ;Dd u/]sf s[ofsnfkx?sf]k'g/fjnf]sg u/L o;nfO{ d]8kf ;~rfngdf ;xeflulhNnfx?sf] Ifdtf ljsf; tyf cfGtl/sLs/0fdfk|efjsfl/tfsf ;fy h'6\g gLltut tyf ;dGjosf/Le"ldsf v]Ng]

pBf]u dGqfno

* d]8]kfsf] jt{dfg ;+/rgfdf k|To]s lhNnfsflh3;fpsf÷; df n3' pBd ljsf; OsfO{ :yfkgfu/fO{ cfjZos hgzlQm tyf ef}lts ;'ljwf Joj:yfub}{ n3' pBd sfo{s|dnfO{ lhlj;df lgIf]k0f ug]{

pBf]u dGqfno

( l8d]ufnfO{ d]8kfdf ;dflxt u/L n3' pBdLx?sf]:jfldTj :yflkt ub}{ ;dGjosf/L / k}/jL e"ldsf;'lglZrt x'g] gLltut Joj:yf ldnfpg]

pBf]u dGqfno

sfo{ut tx! 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefu / ;ldltdf GISMIS

O{sfO{ :yfkgf u/L n3' pBdLx?sf] ;'lr cBfjlwsu/fpg]

3/]n' tyf ;fgfpBf]u ljefu /3/]n' tyf ;fgf



pBf]u ;ldlt@ s[oflzn n3' pBdLx?sf] ;"lr cWofjlws ub}{

;j{;fwf/0fsf] k|of]u / cg'udgnfO{ ;xhtf k|wfgug{ mobile apps tyf cg'udgnfO{ l8lh6fOh8u/fpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg]

d]8]k / 3/]n'tyf ;fgf pBf]uljefu / 3/]n'tyf ;fgf pBf]u;ldlt

# lhNnf :t/df n3' pBd sfof{s|d sfof{Gjog ug{lhlj; tyf lhNnf :t/Lo ;/sf/L k|fljlwssfof{nox?sf] ;xeflutfdf ;+o'Qm gLlt / of]hgfth'{df ug]{÷u/fpg]

lhNnf 3/]n' tyf;fgf pBf]usfof{no /;ldltsf]sfof{no

$ Jolj;]k| ;+:yf 5gf}6 k|s[ofsf] ;ldIff ub}{ tLg jlif{osfof{b]z ;lxt ax' jlif{o cfof]hgfsf] ?kdf n3'pBd ljsf; sfo{s|d Jolj;]k| ;+:yfdfkm{t ;~rfngu/fpg]

d]8]k / 3/]n'tyf ;fgf pBf]uljefu / 3/]n'tyf ;fgfpBf]u;ldlt

% d]8kfdf d]8]k cfGtl/lss/0f ug]{ sfo{ ;DkGg ug]{ d]8]k^ 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefu / dftxtsf lhNnf

sfof{nox?sf] k|fljlws, ljlQo tyf ef}lts Ifdtf /;'ljwf Joj:yf ldnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf n3' pBdljsf; sfof{s|d ;~rfng ug{ ;Ifd t'Nofpg]

d]8]k

& n3' pBdLx?nfO{ Joj;flos of]hgf th'{df ug{,th'{df u/]sf] of]hgf cg';f/ sfof{Gjog ug{ tyfltgLx?nfO{ cWofjlws ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{

d]8]k / 3/]n'tyf ;fgf pBf]uljefu / 3/]n'tyf ;fgf pBf]u;ldltdftxtsf lhNnfsfof{nox?

* n3' pBdLx?nfO{ jftfj/0f d}qL n3' pBd :yfkgfug{ tyf pTkflbt j:t'x? vfB ;'/Iffsf]b[li6sf]0faf6 :j:Yys/ pTkfbg ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{tyf cfjZoStf cg';f/ lgodg ug]{

3/]n' tyf ;fgfpBf]u ljefu /3/]n' tyf ;fgfpBf]u ;ldltdftxtsf lhNnfsfof{nox?

( s[oflzn / cw{ s[oflzn n3' pBdLx?nfO{ clgjfo{?kdf TOEE / TOGE tflndsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] /cfufld # jif{ leq of] tflnd ;a}n] lnO;s]sf] x'g'kg]{

d]8]k / 3/]n'tyf ;fgf pBf]uljefu / 3/]n'tyf ;fgf pBf]u;ldltdftxtsf lhNnfsfof{nox?

!) l8d]ufx?nfO{ pko'Qm e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/L lbg] u/LlhNnf :t/Lo sfo{s|ddf ;dflxt ug]{ ÷ u/fpg]

d]8]k / 3/]n'tyf ;fgf pBf]uljefu / 3/]n'tyf ;fgf pBf]u;ldltdftxtsf lhNnf



sfof{nox?!! n3' pBdLx?nfO{ :yflgo ahf/df k|lt:kwL{ x'g

;Ifdtf ljsf; ub}{ ahf/ ;DaGw ljsf; ug{;xof]u k''¥ofpg]

3/]n' tyf ;fgfpBf]u ljefu /3/]n' tyf ;fgfpBf]u ;ldltdftxtsf lhNnfsfof{nox?

!@ n3' pBd ljsf; sf]ifdf of]ubfg ub}{ cGo;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox?nfO{ klg o;df of]ubfg ug{k|f]T;flxt ug]{

d]8]k

!# n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{s|dsf] cfof]hgf cjwf/0ff kqtof/ ug{ ;+efJotf cWoog ug]{÷u/fpg]

d]8]k

!$ ljlzli6s[t tyf ;kmn n3' pBdLx?sf] :t/f]GgtL /lj:tf/sf] nflu ljz]if sfo{s|d ;~rfng ug]{

d]8]k

%=@=@ dWodsfnLg sfo{ of]hgf -@)&%÷&^ – @)&&÷&*_tTsfnLg sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbFb} b]xfoadf]lhdsf yk lqmofsnfkx¿ dWodsfnLg sfof{Gjog of]hgf -# b]lv % jif{_ ;~rfng ug{ l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] 5 .

-s_ lhNnf :t/Lo % jif]{ n3' pBd ljsf; of]hgf th'{df ug]-v_ k|:tfljt pBd ljsf; sfo{s|dn] :t/f]Gglt eO{ ;DjlGwt lgsfodf btf{ eO{;s]sf pBdLx?nfO{

lglb{i6 cjlw ;Dd ;dli6ut Joj;fo ljsf; ;]jf (holistic business development service) k|bfgpBf]u dGqfno :jo+ jf cGo bft[ ;+:yfx?sf] ;xof]udf æpBd ljsf; sfo{s|dÆ ;~rfng ug]{ .

-u_ Joj;flos ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfsf] Go"gtd # jif{sf] nflu ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg]-3_ l8d]ufsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 tyf k}/ljsf] e"ldsfdf :yflkt u/fpg]-ª_ pBd ljsf; ;xhstf{ pTkfbg Joj:yf ldnfO{ ltgLx?nfO{ pBd :yfkgf ug{ nufpg]-r_ lghfdlt ;]jfdf pBf]u ljsf;sf] ;]jf tyf ;d"xsf] :yfkgf ug]{

%=@=# bL3{sfnLg sfo{ of]hgf -@)&*÷&( – @)*#÷*$_bL3{sfnLg sfof{Gjog of]hgf ;~rfng ePsf]cjlwdf tTsfnLg tyf dWosfnLg sfo{qmdx¿nfO{lg/Gt/tf lbO{dWosfnLg tyf bL3{sfnLgsfof{Gjog of]hgfnfO{ ;/sf/sf] cfjlws of]hgf;Ë d]n vfg] u/L th'{df ubf{ a9L]pko'Qm x'g] ePsf]n] xfn bL3{sfnLg of]hgf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5}g .



kl/R5]b ^ M l;s]sf kf7x?

o; d"NofÍgsf] s|ddf w]/} kf7 l;lsP klg b]xfPsf kf7x? sfo{s|dsf] nflu pkof]uL b]lvPsf 5g\ .

-s_ tflnd lbP/ dfq n3' pBdLn] pBd z'? ub}{gg\ . pgLx?nfO{ ;Lk ljsf;, sRrf kbfy{df kx'+r, C0f;'ljwf tyf ahf/ ;+of]hg ;d]tsf] yf]s ;xof]usf] cfjZostf kb{5 .

-v_ k/Dk/fut k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f ljwLaf6 n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{ ;Dej tyf lbuf] x'b}g .

-u_ n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmdsf nlIft ;d"xg} ul/a tyf clt ljkÌ kl/jf/x? x'g] ePsfn] pgLx?sf]cfjZostf / dfu cg';f/sf] pBd dfq ;kmn x'G5 .

-3_ ul/ax?af6 ;~rflnt n3' pBd :t/f]GgtL ug{ ljz]if kxn cfjZos k5{ cGoyf n3' pBdLx? ;w}+sf]nflu ;a}sf] nflu n3' pBdLg} eO{ /xG5g\ .

-ª_ vfBdf cfwfl/t n3' pBdLnfO{ pTkflbt j:t'sf] u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrt ug{ u/fpg ahf/df ljz]if kxn /k|f]T;fxgsf] cfjZoStf kb{5 .

-r_ pBd ;~rfng gu/]sf / cg'ej gePsfaf6 pBd ljsf; ;xhstf{ tyf tflnd k|bfg ug'{ hf]lvdk"0f{x'g'sf] ;fy} lbuf] x'g ;Sb}g .

-5_ sfo{qmdsf] lbuf]kgfsf] nflu pBdL 5gf}6 k|lqmof b]lvg} d s]xL pBd u5'{, of] d]/f] pBd xf] / o;af6g}d]/f] lhljsf rnfp+5' eÌ] efjgf ljsf; u/fpg' kbf]{ /x]5 .

-h_ k|efjsf/L ;fdflhs kl/rfng gu/L xtf/df nIo k|flKt p2]Zon] pBdL ljsf; ubf{ of] lbuf] x'b}g .

-`_ lhNnfdf sfo{s|d yk u/L cfjZos hgzlQm, ef}lts tyf cfly{s ;'ljwf Joj:yf gug]{ s]Gb|Lo ;f]rfO{sfo{s|dsf] k|efjsfl/tf tyf lbuf]kgsf] nflu k|To'Tkfbs x'g ;Sb5 .



;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?

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CECI.2006. Sahakarya Project - Annual Work Plan. CECI Nepal, Baluwatar.

David M. Levine, D. M., 2009. Basic Business Statistics: Concepts and Application, 9/e, PearsonEducation, Upper River Saddle, NJ, USA.

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Helvetas. 2012. Employment Fund Annual Report 2012. Helvetas - SDC/UKaid? WB

Kish, 1995.Survey Sampling, Wiley Classic Edition, 1995, John Wiley and Sons Inc., NY, USA

MOI. 2013. ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmd – ;~rfng lgb]{lzsf – @)&) g]kfn ;/sf/,pBf]u dGqfno

MOI. 2014. ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmd – kf+r jif]{ /0fgLlts of]hgf _ @)&)÷&!–@)&$÷&%_ = g]kfn ;/sf/, pBf]u dGqfno

NPC. 2013. /fli6«o cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg lbUbz{g= /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u

SNPMC. 2015a. Request for Proposal - Evaluation of Micro-enterprise Development Program (MEDP)implemented by the Ministry of Industry (MOI) in Nepal. Strengthening National Planning andMonitoring Capacity (SNPMC) – NPC/UNDP.

SNPMC. 2015b. Terms of Reference for - Evaluation of Micro-enterprise Development Program (MEDP)implemented by the Ministry of Industry (MOI) in Nepal. Strengthening National Planning andMonitoring Capacity (SNPMC) – NPC/UNDP.

Thapa, P.K. 1998. Economic Efficiency in Vegetable seed Produyction in the Eastern hills of Nepal.Ph.D. Thesis. UPLB Philippines

UNDP. 2008. Micro-Enterprise Development Program (Phase III). United Nations Development Program,Nepal

UNDP. 2013. Micro-Enterprise Development Program (Phase IV). United Nations Development Program,Nepal

3;fplj;, @)&!= cg'udg tyf lgl/If0f k|ltj]bg @)&!= 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt, lqk'/]Zj/



d"NofÍgdf ;+nUg lj1 tyf cg';Gwfg ;xfosx?

s|;+ gfd sfo{If]qd"NofÍgdf ;+nUg lj1x?

1 8f= k|Xnfb s'df/ yfkf 6f]nL g]tf -s[lif cy{ lj1_

2 8f= jL/]Gb| jL/ a:Goft cWoog ;+of]hs -d"NofÍg lj1_

3 8f= gL/h gf/fo0f hf]zL d"NofÍg lj1

4 >L c?0f eb| vgfn tYYffÍ lj1

cg';Gwfg ;xfosx?1 /f]zgL yfkf n}ËLs tyf ;dflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f

2 k|ltef ;'j]bL cy{ ljZn]if0f

3 >]o;L If]qL ;dfhLs ljZn]if0f ;xfos

4 ;'/h yfkf cg';Gwfg ;'kl/j]Ifs

5 ;Gts'df/ >]i7 cg';Gwfg ;'kl/j]Ifs

6 /ljGb| dNn cg';Gwfg ;'kl/j]Ifs

7 hLjgzfnL l3dL/] cg';Gwfg ;'kl/j]Ifs

8 ?k]z s'df/ s0f{ cg';Gwfg ;'kl/j]Ifs

9 ;+hLj u'Ktf cg';Gwfg ;'kl/j]Ifs

10 l;tf/fd sfsL{ u0fs

11 k|Xnfb d}gfnL u0fs

12 lk|of nfld5fg] u0fs

13 lgnDa/ /]UdL u0fs

14 k|ltkbf zdf{ u0fs

15 ;+ud >]i7 u0fs

16 ufoqL kGyL u0fs

17 /Tg axfb'/ l;+x u0fs

18 sNkgf yfkf u0fs

19 :d[tL e08f/L u0fs

20 z+s/ t'nfw/ u0fs

21 gLd{nf /]UdL tYYffÍ Joj:yfkg ;xfos



cg';"rLx?

cg';"rL @=!M d]8]k rf}yf] r/0fsf] ;+lIfKt ;f]r tflnsf

ljj/0ffTds ;+If]k sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rsx? k'i6\of+O{sfcfwf/x?

cg'dfg

nIo M g]kfndf ul/aL Go'gLs/0ftyf /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug'{

;g\ @)!) df ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf hg;+Vof @%=@ k|ltztaf6 ;g\ @)!& ;Dddf @) k|ltztdf emg]{5 .

pNn]vgePsf]

pNn]vgePsf]

c;/ M n3' pBdL l;h{gf slDtdf &#,))) n3' pBdL h:df M&)Ü dlxnf, #)Ü blnt, $)Ü cflbjf;L hghftL, cGohftL#)Ü, a]/f]huf/ o'jf ^)Ü, dw]zL $)Ü

pNn]vgePsf]

pNn]vgePsf]

k|ltkmn ! Mn3' pBdzLntf ljsf;sf] nflulbuf] ;]jf k|bfg k|0ffnL

k|ltkmnsf uGtJo!_ gof n3' pBdL l;h{gf -#),))) xhf/_@_ n3' pBd ;]jf k|bfosx? n3' pBd ljsf; lbuf] ?kdf k|bfg

ug{ ;Ifd#_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] d]8kf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ s]Gb|Lo:t/sf]

;+:yfut Ifdtf ljsf;$_ :yfgLo ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfx? -:yfgLo lgsfo nufot_ sf]

lhNnf:t/df d]8kf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ ;+:yfut Ifdtfljsf;

pNn]vgePsf]

pNn]vgePsf]

k|ltkmn @ Mn3' pBdL ;‹ tyf n3' pBdljsf; ;]jf k|bfosx?sf]kl/rfng u/L n3' pBdljsf;sf] nflu ;fdflhskl/rfng, k|fljlws ;Lkdf kx'+r,ahf/df kx'+r, ljQLo ;]jfdfkx'+r, pÌt k|ljlw tyf jsfnth:tf Joj;fo ljsf; ;]jfx?dfn3' pBdLsf] lbuf] kx'+r

%= g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f ;DalGwt ;a"t (evidence) tyf jftfnfk(dialogue) sf] n3' pBd ljsf; gLlt th'{df tyf of]hgfdfk|of]u, tyf n3' pBd ljsf; ;DaGwL yk cg';Gwfgsflgisif{ (evidence) pknAw

^= :t/f]Ìlt ePsf n3' pBdLx?nfO{ /fli6«o tyf lhNnf n3'pBdL ;‹x? Pj+ cGo To:t} ;+:yfx?n] jsfnt nufotsfn3' pBd ;DalGwt ;]jfx? lbuf] ?kdf k|bfg

&= ljQLo ;]jf kx'+rdf j[l4

pNn]vgePsf]

pNn]vgePsf]

lqmofsnfk

!=! sfo{qmd lhNnfx?df >f]t tyf ahf/ ljZn]if0f ug]{!=@ uflj; klxrfg ug]{!=# ;fdflhs kl/rfng tyf n3' pBdL ;d"x u7g ug]{!=$ nlIft nfeflGjtx?nfO{ pBd ljsf; tflnd (SIYB) k|bfg ug]{!=% k|fljlws ;Lk tflnd tyf pko'Qm k|ljlw tyf ;fdu|L ;xof]u ug]{!=^ clt ul/ax?sf] nflu ;femf ;'ljwf s]Gb|sf] Joj:yf u/L ljQLo ;]jf k|bfosx?df ;+of]hg ug]{!=& :yfgLo ahf/ ;+of]hg ug]{ tyf Jofj;foLs k/fdz{ lbg]!=* df}h'bf n3' pBdLx?nfO{ ;dfg's'ntf ;xof]u ug]{!=( glthfdf cfwfl/t cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg lgb]{lzsf tyf glthf dfkg k|f?k sfof{Gjog ug]{@=! ahf/ ljZn]if0f ug]{@=@ tflnd sfo{qmd (module) tof/ ug]{@=# tflnd sfo{qmdsf] Jofj;foLs/0fdf ;xof]u ug]{@=$ NEDC n] d]8kf;Ësf] ;fem]bf/Ldf ljsf; ug]{ n3' pBd ljsf; tflnd sfo{qmdsf] ljsf; tyf

kl/rfngdf NEDC nfO{ k/fdz{ ;xof]u ug]{]@=% d]8kf sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf] s/f/ cfXjfgdf efulng] tyf n3' pBd ljsf; Ifdtf ljsf;df

nufgL ug]{ n3' pBd ljsf; ;]jf k|bfosx?nfO{ k/fdz{ lbg]@=^ n3' pBd ljsf;sf ;kmntfx?sf] k|lts[ltsf nflu ;fdflhs sfo{qmdx? ug{ NEDC nfO{

;xof]u ug]{@=& n3' pBd ljsf;sf] If]qdf k|sflzt Pj+ ljB'tLo >f]t ;fdu|Lx? ljsf; tyf kx'+r :yfkgf ug{

NEDC nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{@=* tflnd k|lzIfssf] tflnd (TOT) ;~rfng ug{ NEDC nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{@=( n3' pBd ;DaGwL dfgjLo ;+;fwg pTkfbgsf] nflu :t/Lo tflnd ;fdu|L ljsf; ug{ tflnd

;+:yfx?nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{



#=! d]8kf sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf] nflu /fli6«o:t/df ag]sf ;ldltx?sf ;lrjfnox?nfO{ ;Nnfxsf/Pj+ k|fljlws ;xof]u ug]{

#=@ d]8]k df]8]ndf n3' pBd l;h{gf Pj+ k|j4{gsf] nflu pBf]u dGqfno, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]uljsf; ;ldlt, lhNnf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{nosf Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{

#=# n3' pBdlzntf l;h{gfnfO{ ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] cf}hf/sf] ?kdf a'‰g / ;~rfng ug{ ;‹Lodfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno, jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno h:tflgsfox?sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{

#=$ pBf]u dGqfno, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefu Pj+ 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; jf]8{df n}lËstyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f ;Dj]bgzLn Joj:yfklso ;"rgf k|0ffnL :yflkt tyf ;'b[9Ls/0f u/Lk|efjsf/L cg'udg tyf of]hgf th'{dfsf] nflu tYofÍ ljZn]if0f Ifdtf clea[l4 ug]{

#=% n3' pBd ljsf; ;DaGwL of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf pknlAwx?sf] clen]lvs/0f tyf k|;f/sf] nflupBf]u dGqfnonfO{ ;xof]u ug]{

#=^ cfo cfh{g÷:j/f]huf/ l;h{gfdf nfu]sf s]Gb|Lo:t/sf ljleÌ lgsfox? aLr ;+o'Qm lqmof -synergy_ sfod u/L ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] nflu >f]tx?sf] pQd pkof]u ug{ pBf]u dGqfnonfO{;xof]u ug]{

#=& d]8kfsf %) j6f lhNnfx?df df}h'bf n3' pBdx?sf] :t/f]Ìlt tyf ;dfg's'ngtf a9fpgsf]nflu pBf]u dGqfnonfO{ ;xof]u ug]{

#=* tflnd ;+:yfg tyf NEDC ;Ë cflwsf/Ls dfGotf lbnfpg] sfo{qmd :yflkt ug{ pBf]udGqfnonfO{ ;xof]u ug]{

#=( n3' pBd ljsf; ;DaGwL 1fg s]Gb| :yfkgf ug{ pBf]u dGqfnonfO{ ;xof]u ug]{$=! d]8]ksf] ^ r/0fLo n3' pBd l;h{hgf df]8]n a'‰g tyf ;f]lx adf]lhd ;~rfng ug{ lhNnf

3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{no, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u jf]8{, lhNnf ;jsf; ;ldlt, lhNnf n3'pBd ;~rfng ;ldltsf] Ifdtf clea[l4 ug]{

$=@ n}lËs tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f, dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f Pj+ zflGt ;Dj]bgzLn of]hgf tyfsfo{qmd th'{df ;DaGwL cled'vLs/0f ug]{

$=# cfjZostf klxrfg, ;xeflutftds u|fld0f n]vfhf]vf ljlw, ahf/ ljZn]if0f tyf n3' ljQcflbsf jf/]df cled'vLs/0f ug]{

$=$ lhNnf:t/df ;dGjo clea[l4 ug]{ ;+oGq, jsfnt tyf lhNnf:t/Lo >f]t kl/rfngdf ;xof]uug]{

$=% lhNnf n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmf, gu/kflnsf pBd ljsf; sfo{qm tyf ufpF pBd ljsf;sfo{qmddf nufgL ug{ O{R5's lhNnf, gu/kflnsf tyf uflj;x?nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{

$=^ :t/Ìf]lt ePsf lhlj;x? tyf :tf/f]Ìf]lt ePsf lhlj;x/nfO{ n3' pBd ljsf; ;~rfngsf]nflu cg'bfg lbg] tof/L ;daGwL cj:yfsf] kl/If0f ug]{

%=! cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g,@)$( / cf}Bf]lus gLlt @)^& sf] kl/dfh{gsf] nflu ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]uug]{

%=@ pks/f/ ug]{ gLlt tyf sfg'g agfpg ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{%=# If]qut gLlt tyf sfg'gx?df ePsf l/Qmtfsf] ;dLIff tyf klxrfg u/L ;fd~h:otf sfod

ug{sf] nflu ;Lkmfl/; ug]{%=$ s[lif tyf jgdf cfwfl/t n3' pBd k|j4{gsf nflu lgb]{lzsf ljsf; ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{%=% d]8]k df]nnfO{ d]8kfdf cfGtl/sLs/0f ug{sf] nflu lgb]{lzsf tyf Dofg'on tof/L tyf kl/dfh{g

ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{%=^ ;g\ @)!& ;Dddf ax'bft[ tyf ax' ;fem]bf/L b:tfj]h tof/ ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{%=& ahf/ ljZn]if0f, pTkfbg ljsf;df cg';Gwfg, ljQLo ;]jf tyf n3' pBd ljsf;df kx'+rsf]

ljsf; tyf Joj;flos k|;f/sf] nflu cg';Gwfg ;+:yfx?sf] Ifdtf lgdf{0f ug]{%=* PsLs[t Pj+ k|efjsf/L ljlwn] cg';/0f ug]{ u/L jsfnt sfo{ ug{sf] nflu n3' pBdL ;‹x?nfO{

;xof]u ug]{%=( k|efjsf/L jftf{nfk ;~rfngsf] nflu jftf{nfk ynf] :yflkt ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{^=! :tf/]Ìltsf nflu tof/ ePsf n3' pBdL ;d"xsf df}h'bf ;b:ox?sf] jt{dfg l:ylt klxrfg ug]{^=@ ;d"xsf ;b:ox?sf] klxrfg ePsf cfjZostf cg';f/ b"/ b[li6 tyf Jojf;flos of]hgf

th'{dfsf nflu n3' pBdLx?nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{^=# cfˆgf ;b:ox?nfO{ ljleÌ lsl;dsf ;]nf ljsf; tyf k|bfg jf/] n3' pBdL ;‹nfO{ k/fdz}

k|bfg ug]{^=$ n3' pBdL ;d"xx?nfO{ cfˆgf ;b:ox/;Ë SMS hfgsf/L ynf] ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u ug]{^=% n3' pBdL ;‹x?nfO{ ;]jf k|bfg tyf cGo lhNnfx?df e|d0f sfo{qmd, Jofkf/ d]nf÷k|bz{gL

cflb cfof]hgf ug{ k/fdz{ lbg]&=! n3' pBdLx?sf] ljQLo cfjZostf, pko'Qm pTkfbg tyf ;]jfsf] jf/]df cg';Gwfg ug]{



&=@ n3' pBdLx?nfO{ ljQLo ;]jf k|bfosx? aLr 1fg tyf cg'ej cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ ynf] ;lh{gf ug]{&=# n3' pBdLx?nfO{ ljQLo ;]jf tflnd k|bfg ug]{&=$ ;xsf/Lx?sf] u7g tyf Ifdtf clea[l4 tyf pgLx?nfO{ yf]s shf{ k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yfx?

(wholesale lending institutions) ;Ë ;dfof]hg ug{ n3' pBdL /fli6«o tyf lhNnf ;‹x?nfO{;xof]u ug]{

&=% n3' pBdLaf6 :t/Ìf]lt ePsfsf] klxrfg ug]{ k|s[of tyf :t/Ìf]lt ePsf pBdLx?n] C0f ln+bfx'g] hf]lvdtf dfglrq (profile) tof/ ug{ n3' pBdL /fli6«o ;‹ tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx? aLr 7f];(firm) ;Demf}tf u/fpg ;xof]u ug]{

&=^ n3' ljQLo ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfx?;Ësf] ;fem]bf/Ldf cGj]if0fd"ns ljQLo pkhx? (products)ljsf; ug{ n3' pBdL /fli6«o tyf lhNnf ;‹nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{



cg';"rL @=@ M d]8kfsf] ;+lIfKt ;f]r tflnsf

ljj/0ffTds ;+If]k sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rsx? k'i6\of+O{sf cfwf/x? cg'dfgnIo M ;fdflhs jlxis/0f/ ;LdfGts[t hgtfsf];fdflhs cfly{s cj:yfef;'wf/ NofO{ ul/aLsf]/]vfaf6 dfly p7fpg]

;g\ @)!) df ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf hg;+Vof @%=@k|ltzt af6 ;g\ @)!& ;Dddf @) k|ltztdf emg]{5 .

p2]Zo M n3' pBd ljsf;sfo{qmddfkm{t ul/ahgtfsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cj;// cfo:t/ clea[l4 ug]{

/f]huf/L ;+Vof -xhf/df_ n3' pBddf x'g] nufgL -? nfvdf_ n3' pBdsf] pTkfbsTj pTkfbgsf] lgof{t a[l4 k|ltzt :yfgLo j:t'sf] pTkfbg k|ltzt

cfly{s ;j]{If0f-cy{dGqfno, jflif{sk|ltj]bgx?_pBf]u dGqfno,;‹Lodfldnf tyf:yfgLo ljsf;dGqfno

k|ltkmn Mkl|tkmn ! M d]8kÞfsf]k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjgsf] nflupkoo'Qm gLlt ;+/rgf /;'b[9 jftfj/0f

!=! d]8kf lgb]{lzsf kl/dfh{g ug]{!=@ gtLhfdf cfwfl/t pks/f/;DagwL ;|f]t k'l:tsf

tof/ ug]{!=# pkÞs/f/ gLlt :jLs[tLsf] nfludGqLkl/ifb\df kÞ]z

ug]{!=$ ;Da4 If]qut gLltx/ aLr ;';Ëttf -;fd'bflos

jg gLlt, ko{6g gLlt, sliff gLlt, jfl0fHo gLltcflb If]qdfcfjZpstf cg';f/ ;dGjo u/Lkl/dfh{g, ;+zf]wgsf nflu sfo{ug]{

!=% ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Ë gLlt 5nkmn tyf cGt/lqmofug]{

kl/dflh{t cf}Bf]lusJoj;fo P]g

lgb]{lzsf kl/dflh{t;asG6«\ofl6Sª gLlt:jLs[t

If]qut gLltsfg'gx/sf] ;+zf]wg,

sfo{ljlw tflndlgb]{lzsf, js{;k,;]ldgf/ k|ltj ]bgx?

sfg"g tyfgLltx¿sf];eodf g}kÞ'g/fjnf]sg/:jLs[t x'g]

k|ltkmn @ M ;'b[9 ;+:yfutIfdtf

@=! pBf]u dGqfnodf n3' pBd zfvf tyf 3/]n'tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefu / ;ldltdf n3' pBdOsfOsf] :yfkgf / Ifdtf clea[l4 ug]{

@=@ ;‹Lodfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf;, jg tyfe";+/If0f, s[lif ljsf;, ul/aL lgjf/0f tyf;xsfoL dGqfno, ul/aL lgjf/0f sf]ifdftf]lsPsf kmf]snk;{gsf] Ifdtf clea[l4 ug]{ .

@=# lhNnf pBd ljsf; ;ldlt tyf lhNnf 3/]n'sfof{no÷;ldltsf] Ifdtf clea[l4 ug]{ .

@=$ gtLhfd'vL c'udg k|0ffnL :yfkÞgf ug]{ .@=% n3' pBd1fgJoj:yfkg s]Gb|sf] :yfkÞgf ug]{ .@=^ MEGs, MEGAsnfO{ DMEGA df cfj4tf ug]{@=& sd{rf/Lx/sf] Ifdtf clea[l4 ug]{@=&=! pBf]u, ;‹Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf;, jg

tyf e"–;+/If0f, s[lif ljsf; dGqfnodf@=&=@ lhNnf sfof{nox?df@=* pBd ljsf; ;xhstf{x?sf] ljsf;@=( pBd ljsf; ;xhstf{ ;DaGwL tflnd ;~rfng

ug]{ ;+:yfx?sf] :yfkgf / ;'b[9Ls/0f

pBf]u dGqfno, 3/]n'tyf ;fgf pBf]uljsf;ljefu÷;ldltsfjflif{s k|ltj]bgx?

g]kfn;/sf/n]sfo{qmd:jLs[t ug]{

k|ltkmn # M n3' pßdLx?sf]l;h{gf / :t/f]Ìlt

#=! gof pBdLx?sf] ;+Vof#=@ :t/f]Gglt ePsf pBdLx¿sf] ;+Vof#=# ;femf ;'ljwf s]Gb|sf] ;+Vof#=$ ahf/;Ësf] ;DaGwaf6 nfeflGjt pBdLx¿sf]hDef k|ltzt

pBf]u dGqfno, ;‹Lodfldnf tyf :yfgLoljsf; dGqfno, 3/]n'tyf ;fgf pBf]uljefu ÷;ldlt /lhlj;sf jflif{sk|ltj]bgx?


k|ltkmn $ M n3'pBdLx¿sf] ljQLo / k|ljlw;]jf ;Ddsf] kÞx'+rdf a[l4

$=! C0f k|fKt ug]{ pBdLx¿sf] ;+Vof -xhf/df_$=@ hDdf C0f -? bz nfvdf_$=# k|ljlwsf] ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ pBdLsf] ;+Vof -xhf/df_

pBf]u dGqfno, ;‹Lodfldnf tyf :yfgLoljsf; dGqfno, 3/]n'

g]kfn;/sf/n]sfo{qmd



x'g] tyf ;fgf pBf]uljefu ÷;ldlt /lhlj;sf jflif{sk|ltj]bgx?

:jLs[t ug]{

k|ltkmn % M n3' pBdLsfpTkÞfbg tyf ;]jfx¿:yfgLo, If]]qLo, /fli6«o tyfcGt/fli6«o ahf/;Ddlj:tf/ x'g]

%=! pkÞs/f/sf] ;+Vof -xhf/df_%=@ ljqmL sIfx?sf] ;+Vof -;f}uft u[x, sf];]nL 3/_%=# :yfgLo ahf/df n3' pBdLx¿sf] pTkÞfbgsf]

ljqmLn] cf]u6\g] lx:;f -k|ltzt_%=$ ljb]zL ahf/df n3' pBdLx¿sf] pTkÞfbgsf]

ljqmLn] cf]u6\g] lx:;f -k|ltzt_



k|ltkmn ^ M jftfj/0f d}qLk|ljlwsf] hfgsf/L /cjnDag

^=! gof+ ;'wf/LPsf] k|ljlwsf] ;+Vof^=@ jftfj/0f d}qL k|ljlwsf] cjnDag ug]{

pBdLx¿sf] ;+Vof



lqmofsnfk M!=! d]8kÞf lgb]{lzsf klÞ/dfh{g ug]{ .!=@ d]8kÞf lgb]{lzsf klÞ/dfh{g u/L lgb]{zg ;ldlt ;dIf k]z ug]{ .!=# glthfd'vL pkÞs/f/;DaGwL ;|f]t ;fdu|L tof/ ug]{ .!=$ pkÞs/f/ gLlt :jLs[tLsf] nflu dGqL kl/ifb\df k]z ug]{ .!=% ;Da4 If]qut gLltx¿ aLr ;fd~h:o -;fd'bflos jg gLlt, ko{6g gLlt, s[lif

gLlt, jfl0fHo gLlt cflb If]qdf cfjZostf cg';f/ ;dGjo u/L kl/dfh{g,;+zf]wgsf nflu sfo{ ug]{ .

!=^ ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Ë gLlt 5nkmn tyf cGt/lqmof ug]{ .@=! pBf]u dGqfnodf n3' pBd zfvf tyf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefu /

;ldltdf n3' pBd O{sfO{sf] :yfkgf / Ifdtf clea[l4 ug]{@=@ ;‹Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf;, jg tyf e";+/If0f, s[lif ljsf;, ul/aL

lgjf/0f tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno, ul/aL lgjf/0f sf]ifdf tf]lsPsf kmf]sn k;{gsf]Ifdtf clea[l4 ug]{

@=# lhNnf pBd ljsf; ;ldlt tyf lhNnf 3/]n' sfof{no÷;ldltsf] Ifdtf clea[4ug]{

@=$ gtLhfd'vL cg'udg k|0ffnL :yfkgf ug]{ .@=% n3' pBd 1fg Joj:yfkg s]Gb| :yfkgf ug]{@=^ n3' pBdL ;d"x (MEGs), n3' pBdL ;d"x ;‹ -MEGAs_ x?nfO{ lhNnf n3'

pBdL ;e"x ;‹ (DMEGA_ df cfa4 u/fpg]@=& s]Gb| tyf lhNnf:t/sf sd{rf/Lsf] bIftf clea[l4 ug]{ .@=* pBd ;jsf; ;xhstf{x?sf] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{ .@=( pBd ljsf; ;xhstf{ ;DaGwL tflnd ;~rfng ug]{ ;+:yfx?sf] :yfkgf /

;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{#=! gof+ pBdLx¿sf] l;h{gf -n3' pBd l;h{gf ;DaGwL of]hgf lgdf{0f /sfof{Gjog_ .#=@ :t/f]Gglt of]hgf th'{df / sfof{Gjog =#=# ;femf ;'ljwf s]Gb| - CFC_ :yfgkgf of]hgf lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjog .#=$ ahf/Ls/0fsf] /0fgLlts of]hgf th'{df / sfofG{jog$=! ljQLo ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfx? sf] ;DefJotf Doflkª ug]{] .$=@ n3' pBdLx¿sf] Joj;flos of]hgf agfpg ;xodf]u ug{] .$=# ljQLo ;+:yfx¿af6 C0f k|fKt ug{ ;xhLs/0f ug]{ .$=$ k|To]s n3' pBdLx¿sf] dfu adf]lhd pgLx¿/fO{ k|fljlws tyf k/fdz{ ;]jf

k|bfg ug]{$=% k|fljlws ;]jf k|fKt ug{/0fgLlts of]hgf th'{ef / sfof{Gjog k|lsofdf

;xhLs/0f ug]{ .%=! n3' pBdL / 7"nf pBf]uLx¿aLr pkÞs/f/sf] k|lsofnfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug]{ .



%=@ ahf/Ls/0fsf] nflu ;f}uft u[x jf sf];]nL 3/sf] :yfkÞgf tyf k|j4{gsf nflu/0fgLlts of]hgf amgfpg] / sfof{Gjog ug]{ .

%=# cfGt/Ls ahf/Ls/0fsf] nflu /0fgLlts of]hgf agfpg] / sfof{Gjog ug{] .%=$ n3' pBdsf pTkfbgx¿nfO{ ljb]zL ahf/df kÞ'¥ofpg] /0fgLlts of]hgf lgdf{0f /

sfof{Gjog ug{] .^=! gof+ ;'wf/LPsf] k|ljlwsf] cfjZostfsf] klxrfg u/L sfo{of]hgf th'{df /

sfofGjog ug]{ .^=@ pBdLx¿nfO{ jftfj/0fd}qL k|ljlwsf] cjnDag ug]{ k|lsofsf] hfgsf/L tyf

ljsf; ug]{ .^=# cfjZos ;|f]t ;fdfu|L tyf phf{sf] lgoldt pknAwtfsf] nflu ;xhLs/0f ug]{ .



cg';"rL # M n3' pBdLsf] ljj/0f

cg';"rL #=! :ofDkn n3' pBdLsf] ljt/0fcg';"rL #=!=! M kfl/l:yltsLo If]q cg';f/ :ofDkn pBdL ljt/0f

If]q

s[lifdfcfwf/Lt

jgdfcfwf/Lt

vfBdfcfwf/Lt

;]jfdfcfwf/Lt

u}/ s[liffdfcfwf/Lt cGo hDdf

;+Vof Ü ;+Vof Ü ;+Vof Ü ;+Vof Ü ;+Vof Ü ;+Vof Ü ;+Vof Ülxdfn 75 34 31 14 13 6 21 10 59 27 19 9 218 100kxf8 199 52 14 4 10 3 46 12 107 28 6 2 382 100t/fO{ 226 41 93 17 47 9 35 6 127 23 19 3 547 100hDdf 500 138 70 102 293 44 1,147k|ltzt 44 12 6 9 26 4 100

cg';"rL #=!=@ M :yfkgf jif{ cg';f/ :ofDkn n3' pBdLsf] ljt/0f

jif{d]8]k d]8kf hDdf

;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vof2066/67 124 84.9 22 15.1 1462067/68 29 21.8 104 78.2 1332068/69 71 51.8 66 48.2 1372069/70 267 70.6 111 29.4 3782070/71 159 45.0 194 55.0 353

hDdf 650 56.7 497 43.3 1,147

cg';"rL #=!=# M pd]/ ;d"x cg';f/ :ofDkn pBdLsf] ljt/0flnË pd]/

#) jif{ eGbf sd #)–$% jif{ $%–^) jif{ ^) jif{eGbf a9L hDdf;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vof k|ltzt

dlxnf 305 32 466 49 164 17 19 2 954 100k'?if 42 22 73 38 60 31 18 9 193 100hDdf 347 30 539 47 224 20 37 3 1,147 100

cg';"rL #=!=$ M hfltotf cg';f/ :ofDkn ljt/0fhfltotf ;+Vof k|ltzt

v;cfo{ 232 20.2hghftL 450 39.2dw];L 132 11.5blnt 313 27.3 (9.5 t/fO{ blnt_cGo 20 1.7 (0.8 d';ndfg_hDdf 1,147 100

cg';"rL #=!=% M lzIffsf]:t/ cg';f/ :ofDkn pBdL ljt/0f

lnË

pBdLsf] lzIff

uGg dfq;Sg]

k9\g / n]Vg;Sg]

k|fyldslzIff

lgDgdfWoflds

lzIff

dfWofldslzIff

pRr lzIff hDdf

;+Vof Ü ;+Vof Ü ;+Vof Ü ;+Vof Ü ;+Vof Ü ;+Vof Ü ;+Vof Üdlxnf 330 34.6 225 23.6 120 12.6 68 7.1 154 16.2 56 5.9 953 100k'?if 40 20.6 42 21.6 26 13.4 20 10.3 46 23.7 20 10.3 194 100

hDdf 370 32.3 267 23.3 146 12.7 88 7.7 200 17.4 76 6.6 1,147 100



cg';"rL #=@ M pBd :yfkgf k"j{ n3' pBd ;DaGwL ;xof]u, Ifdtf clea[l4 tyf k|efjsfl/tf

cg';"rL #=@=! M n3' pBd 5gf}6 k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'gfsf sf/0fx?qm; sf/0f ;+Vof k|ltzt! lbuf] cfDbfgLsf nflu 1,130 98.5

@ vfB ;'/Iffsf nflu 104 9.1

# /f]huf/Lsf nfflu 1,005 87.6$ :yfgLo ;|f]tsf] Aoj:yfkg tyf k|of]usf nflu 8 0.7

% ;fdflhs k|lti7fsf nflu 7 0.6^ cGosf] ;Lkmfl/;df 6 0.5

& cGo 3 0.3hDdf 1,147

l6Kk0fL M o;df ax' pQ/ cfpg] k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 .

cg';"rL #=@=@ M ;Lk ljsf; tflnd k|fKt ug]{sf]] ljj/0f

Tflndx?tflnd k|fKt ug]{

;+Vof k|ltzt5f]6f] cjlw -!% lbg eGbf sd_ ;Lk d"ns tflnd 997 85dWod cjlw -!^ lbg b]lv $% lbg_ ;Lk d"ns tflnd 117 10nfdf] cjlw -$% lbg eGbf dfly_ ;Lk d"ns tflnd 59 5

cg';"rL #=@=# M lnPsf] tflndsf] cfjZostf ljj/0f

Tflndx?Tfflndsf] cfjZostf ePsf] cg'e"lt ug]{

;+Vof k|ltztTOPE/TOSE/ SIYB/MECD 917 96.15f]6f] cjlw -!% lbg eGbf sd_ ;Lk d"ns tflnd 968 97.1dWod cjlw -!^ lbg b]lv $% lbg _ ;Lk d"ns tflnd 111 94.9nfdf] cjlw $% lbg eGbf dfly_ ;Lk d"ns tflnd 54 91.5

cg';"rL #=@=$ M lnPsf] tflndsf] k|of]u l:yltTflndx? Tfflndsf] 1fg k|of]u

hDdfk"0f{ ?kdf ePsf] s]lx xb ;Dd ePsf] k|of]u gePsf];+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vof

TOPE/TOSE/ SIYB/MECD 123 12.9 811 85.0 20 2.1 9545f]6f] cjlw -!% lbg eGbf sd_ ;Lk d"ns tflnd 134 13.4 763 76.5 100 10.0 997dWod cjlw -!^—$% lbg _ ;Lk d"ns tflnd 34 29.1 67 57.3 16 13.7 117nfdf] cjlw $% lbg eGbf dfly_ ;Lk d"nstflnd

13 22.0 39 66.1 7 11.9 59

cg';"rL #=@=% M u|fld0f÷gu/ txdf n3' pBd sfo{qmd th'{df, sfof{Gjog tyf d"Nof+Ígdf ;xefuLtfljj/0flqmofsnfkx? ;xefuLtf

;+Vof k|ltztn3' pBdLx?sf] 5gf}6 k|ls|ofdf ;xeflutf 878 76.5n3' pBdljsf; sfo{s|dth'{dfuf]i7Ldf ;xeflutf 59 5.1n3' pBd Aoj:yfkgaf/] lg0f{o k|s[ofdf;xeflutf 27 2.4n3' pBd sfo{s|d d"NofÍgdf 26 2.3



cg';"rL #=# M n3' pBdLsf] nfe–nfut ljZn]if0f -cf=j= @)&)÷&!_cg';"rL #=#=! M kfl/l:yltsLo If]qsf]] cfwf/df n3' pBdLsf] lj:t[t nfe nfut ljZn]if0f

ljj/0f lxdfn kxf8 t/fO{ hDdf

1 nfe -?_

1.1 d'Vo pTkfbg 32,902,430 36,462,638 21,221,876 90,586,944

1.2 ;xfos pTkfbg 1,209,750 5,022,815 2,104,505 8,337,070hDdf -!_ 34,112,180 41,485,453 23,326,381 98,924,014

2 nfut -?_

2.1 rfn' vr{

2.1.1 sRrf kbfy{ tyf cGo ;fdu|Lsf] vr{ 1,288,255 7,855,342 4,218,186 13,361,783

2.1.2 kfl/jfl/s dhb'/ vr{ 13,931,100 36,113,850 34,615,350 84,660,3002.1.3 Hofnfbf/L dhb'/ vr{ 49,500 589,500 900 639,9002.1.4 ;]jf vr{x? 283,866 1,191,300 428,785 1,903,952

hDdf -@=!_ 15,552,722 45,749,992 39,263,221 100,565,935

2.2 :yL/ nfut

2.2.1 hldg÷3/ ef8f 39,520 350,350 90,124 479,994

2.2.2 Aofh jfkt lt/]sf] /sd 36,244 269,623 425,000 730,867

2.2.3 d]l;g tyf cf}hf/df X|f;s§L 187,974 436,557 654,004 1,278,535

2.2.4 ef}lts k"jf{wf/df X|f; s§L 299,754 554,107 560,074 1,413,935

hDdf -@=@_ 563,492 1,610,637 1,729,202 3,903,331

hDdf nfut Ö hDdf -@=!_ ± hDdf -@=@_ 16,116,214 47,360,629 40,992,423 104,469,266

kfl/jfl/s>d nufP/ v'b nfe ? Ö hDdf -!_ – hDdf -@_ 17,995,966 -5,875,176 -17,666,042 -5,545,252

kfl/jfl/s>d gnufP/ v'b nfe ? Ö hDdf -!_ – hDdf -@_ 31,927,066 30,238,674 16,949,308 79,115,048

pBdL ;+Vof 124 225 218 567

kfl/jfl/s>d nufP/ k|lt pBd nfe nfe ? Ö hDdf -!_ –hDdf -@_

145,129 -26,112 -81,037 -9,780

kfl/jfl/s>d gnufP/ k|lt pBd nfe nfe ? Ö hDdf -!_ –hDdf -@_

257,476 134,394 77,749 139,533



cg';"rL #=#=@ M n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmdsf]] cfwf/df n3' pBdLsf] lj:t[t nfe nfut ljZn]if0f

ljj/0f d]8]k d]8kf hDdf

1 nfe -?_

1.1 d'Vo pTkfbg 64,640,751 25,946,193 90,586,9441.2 ;xfos pTkfbg 5,448,020 2,889,050 8,337,070

hDdf -!_ 70,088,771 28,835,243 98,924,0142 nfut -?_

2.1 rfn' vr{

2.1.1 sRrf kbfy{ tyf cGo ;fdu|Lsf] vr{ 7,111,926 6,249,857 13,361,7832.1.2 kfl/jfl/s dhb'/ vr{ 52,467,300 32,193,000 84,660,3002.1.3 Hofnfbf/L dhb'/ vr{ 515,250 124,650 639,9002.1.4 ;]jf vr{x? 1,258,664 645,288 1,903,952

hDdf -@=!_ 61,353,140 39,212,795 100,565,9352.2 :yL/ nfut

2.2.1 hldg÷3/ ef8f 347,017 132,977 479,9942.2.2 Aofh jfkt lt/]sf] /sd 531,793 199,074 730,8672.2.3 d]l;g tyf cf}hf/df X|f;s§L 931,123 347,412 1,278,5352.2.4 ef}lts k"jf{wf/df X|f; s§L 791,691 612,244 1,403,935

hDdf -@=@_ 2,601,623 1,291,708 3,893,331hDdf nfut Ö hDdf -@=!_ ± hDdf -@=@_ 63,954,763 40,504,503 104,459,266kfl/jfl/s>d nufP/ hDdf v'b nfe ?Ö hDdf -!_ – hDdf -@_

6,134,008-11,669,260 -5,535,252

kfl/jfl/s>d gnufP/ hDdf nfe ?Ö hDdf -!_ – hDdf -@_

58,601,30820,523,740 79,125,048

pBdL ;+Vof 355 212 567kfl/jfl/s>d nufP/ k|lt pBd nfe nfe ?Ö hDdf -!_ – hDdf -@_ 17,279 -55,044 -9,762kfl/jfl/s>d gnufP/ k|lt pBd nfe nfe ?Ö hDdf -!_ – hDdf -@_ 165,074 96,810 139,550



cg';"rL #=#=# M n3' pBdsf] k|sf/sf]] cfwf/df n3' pBdLsf] lj:t[t nfe nfut ljZn]if0f

ljj/0f s[lif jg vfB ;]jf u}/s[lif cGo hDdf

1.1 d'Vo pTkfbg 32,033,314 24,668,540 5,037,750 5,580,150 18,012,390 5,254,800 90,586,9441.2 ;xfos pTkfbg 3,969,880 91,000 595,930 1,856,700 1,249,310 574,250 8,337,070

hDdf -!_ 36,003,194 24,759,540 5,633,680 7,436,850 19,261,700 5,829,050 98,924,0142 nfut -?_

2.1 rfn' vr{

2.1.1 sRrf kbfy{tyf cGo;fdu|Lsf] vr{

6,661,559 650,727 846,576 639,230 4,364,438 199,253 13,361,783

2.1.2 kfl/jfl/sdhb'/ vr{ 55,114,200 7,132,500 2,484,000 4,628,700 12,038,400 3,262,500 84,660,300

2.1.3 Hofnfbf/Ldhb'/ vr{

466,200 0 450 38,250 135,000 0 639,900

2.1.4 ;]jf vr{x? 1,075,891 114,837 36,396 193,310 373,948 109,569 1,903,952hDdf -@=!_ 63,317,850 7,898,064 3,367,422 5,499,490 16,911,787 3,571,321 100,565,935

2.2 :yL/ nfut

2.2.1 hldg÷3/ef8f

257,295 0 3,429 51,000 158,450 9,820 479,994

2.2.2 Aofh jfktlt/]sf] /sd

488,334 7,280 20,240 57,830 124,937 32,246 730,867

2.2.3 d]l;g tyfcf}hf/dfX|f;s§L

696,767 60,820 32,947 155,309 227,603 105,090 1,278,535

2.2.4 ef}ltsk"jf{wf/df X|f;s§L

753,526 105,820 76,383 28,369 212,582 237,255 1,413,935

hDdf -@=@_ 2,195,922 173,919 132,999 292,508 723,571 384,412 3,903,331hDdf nfut Ö hDdf -@=!_ ± hDdf -@=@_

65,513,772 8,071,984 3,500,421 5,791,998 17,635,358 3,955,733 104,469,266

kfl/jfl/s >d nufP/v'b nfe ? Ö hDdf -!_– hDdf -@_

-29,510,578 16,687,556 2,133,259 1,644,852 1,626,342 1,873,317 -5,545,252

kfl/jfl/s >d gnufP/v'b nfe ? Ö hDdf -!_– hDdf -@_

25,603,622 23,820,056 4,617,259 6,273,552 13,664,742 5,135,817 79,115,048

pBdL ;+Vof 314 57 17 40 107 32 567kfl/jfl/s >d nufP/k|lt pBd nfe nfe ?Ö hDdf -!_ – hDdf -@_

-93,983 292,764 125,486 41,121 15,199 58,541 -9,780

kfl/jfl/s >d gnufP/k|lt pBd nfe nfe ?Ö hDdf -!_ – hDdf -@_

81,540 417,896 271,603 156,839 127,708 160,494 139,533



cg';"rL #=#=$ M n}lËs leÌtfsf n3' pBdsf]] cfwf/df n3' pBdLsf] lj:t[t nfe nfut ljZn]if0f

ljj/0f dlxnf k'?if hDdf

1 nfe -?_

1.1 d'Vo pTkfbg 65,174,224 25,412,720 90,586,9441.2 ;xfos pTkfbg 6,298,820 2,038,250 8,337,070

hDdf -!_ 71,473,044 27,450,970 98,924,0142 nfut -?_ 0 0 0

2.1 rfn' vr{ 0 0 02.1.1 sRrf kbfy{ tyf cGo ;fdu|Lsf] vr{ 10,653,419 2,708,364 13,361,783

2.1.2 kfl/jfl/s dhb'/ vr{ 71,480,250 13,180,050 84,660,300

2.1.3 Hofnfbf/L dhb'/ vr{ 78,750 561,150 639,900

2.1.4 ;]jf vr{x? 1,237,480 666,472 1,903,952hDdf -@=!_ 83,449,899 17,116,036 100,565,935

2.2 :yL/ nfut 0 0 02.2.1 hldg÷3/ ef8f 264,870 215,124 479,994

2.2.2 Aofh jfkt lt/]sf] /sd 577,350 153,517 730,8672.2.3 d]l;g tyf cf}hf/df X|f;s§L 1,009,036 269,499 1,278,535

2.2.4 ef}lts k"jf{wf/df X|f; s§L 1,113,396 300,539 1,413,935hDdf -@=@_ 2,964,653 938,678 3,903,331

hDdf nfut Ö hDdf -@=!_ ± hDdf -@=@_ 86,414,551 18,054,715 104,469,266kfl/jfl/s>d nufP/ v'b nfe ? Ö hDdf -!_ – hDdf -@_ -

14,941,5079,396,255 -5,545,252

kfl/jfl/s>d gnufP/ v'b nfe ? Ö hDdf -!_ – hDdf -@_ 56,538,743 22,576,305 79,115,048pBdL ;+Vof 463 104 567kfl/jfl/s>d nufP/ k|lt pBd nfe nfe ? Ö hDdf -!_ – hDdf -@_ -32,271 90,349 -9,780kfl/jfl/s>d gnufP/ k|lt pBd nfe nfe ? Ö hDdf -!_ – hDdf -@_ 122,114 217,080 139,533



cg';"rL #=#=% M hftLotfsf]] cfwf/df n3' pBdLsf] lj:t[t nfe nfut ljZn]if0f

ljj/0f v;cfo{ hghftL dw];L blnt cGo hDdf

1 nfe -?_

1 d'Vo pTkfbg 13,264,943 59,708,715 1,392,700 15,627,646 592,940 90,586,9441 ;xfos pTkfbg 2,703,870 4,151,220 16,000 1,465,980 0 8,337,070

hDdf -!_ 15,968,813 63,859,935 1,408,700 17,093,626 592,940 98,924,0142 nfut -?_

2 rfn' vr{

2.1.1 sRrf kbfy{ tyf cGo;fdu|Lsf] vr{

3,006,405 7,329,113 234,566 2,467,396 324,303 13,361,783

2.1.2 kfl/jfl/s dhb'/ vr{ 21,092,850 44,458,650 1,968,750 16,143,300 996,750 84,660,300

2.1.3 Hofnfbf/L dhb'/ vr{ 137,250 464,400 0 38,250 0 639,900

2.1.4 ;]jf vr{x? 522,456 962,698 35,922 359,376 23,500 1,903,952

hDdf -@=!_ 24,758,961 53,214,861 2,239,238 19,008,322 1,344,553 100,565,9352 :yL/ nfut

2.2.1 hldg÷3/ ef8f 77,067 332,194 600 70,000 133 479,994

2.2.2 Aofh jfkt lt/]sf]/sd

264,970 228,874 0 237,023 0 730,867

2.2.3 d]l;g tyf cf}hf/dfX|f;s§L

465,876 573,434 42,895 193,745 2,585 1,278,535

2.2.4 ef}lts k"jf{wf/df X|f;s§L

305,643 752,714 28,671 263,241 63,667 1,413,935

hDdf -@=@_ 1,113,556 1,887,216 72,166 764,009 66,385 3,903,331hDdf nfut Ö hDdf -@=!_ ±hDdf -@=@_

25,872,516 55,102,077 2,311,403 19,772,330 1,410,939 104,469,266

kfl/jfl/s>d nufP/ v'b nfe ?Ö hDdf -!_ – hDdf -@_

-9,903,703 8,757,858 -902,703 -2,678,704 -817,999 -5,545,252

kfl/jfl/s>d gnufP/ v'b nfe? Ö hDdf -!_ – hDdf -@_

11,189,147 53,216,508 1,066,047 13,464,596 178,751 79,115,048

pBdL ;+Vof 129 309 16 107 6 567kfl/jfl/s>d nufP/ k|lt pBdnfe nfe ? Ö hDdf -!_ –hDdf -@_

-76,773 28,343 -56,419 -25,035 -136,333 -9,780

kfl/jfl/s>d gnufP/ k|ltpBd nfe nfe ? Ö hDdf -!_– hDdf -@_

86,738 172,222 66,628 125,837 29,792 139,533



cg';"rL #=$ M k|fljlws sfo{bIftf d"NofÍg ljlw

Technical efficiency: Conceptually, the objective of technology transfer to enhance the know-how of theentrepreneur to run the enterprise is to improve the production efficiency. By using a production functionapproach, the production function relates to the maximum possible output. The producer has to achievethat maximum output to be efficient in production. Anybody producing below the possible maximum isinefficient. The presence of the inefficient producer now implies that the producer either failed to operateon the technically efficient production function (production frontier) or he/she failed to apply the level ofinput that maximizes profits. Such a failure to operate on the production frontier is referred to as technicalinefficiency.

By following MEDEP's earlier study (MEDEP, 2001), technical efficiency will be measured by usingfrontier regression. Frontier regression directly measures and gives the estimated values of technicalefficiencies of the individual enterprise. An example of technical efficiency is shown in Figure 1. TheYaverage is the average function while Ymaximum is the maximum function (also known as a frontier function),which envelops all the observations. Hence, Ymaximum is the technically feasible maximum attainableproduction for a given technology.

Hence, all the observations fall below the frontier function and there can be no observation above thefrontier line. For example individual A is using X1 level of input and is getting Y1 level of production.As given by average function, individual A1 is below the average function and individual C is abovethe average function. But the maximum technically attainable income at the same level of input is Y3as individual C is obtaining. Hence, as compared with C, that is the maximum technically attainableincome, individual A and B are technically less efficient than C. A's technical efficiency, thus, is Y1/Y3and that of B is Y2/Y3. Similarly, their technical inefficiency is given by (1 - Y1/Y3) and (1 - Y2/Y3),respectively.

Hence, technical efficiency (TE) = Ratio of a actual output of the micro-enterprise to the technicallymaximum possible output of that enterprise

By following MEDEP (2001), Thapa (1998), Shand and Kalirajan (1993), Jondrow et al (1982), Aigner etal (1977), etc technical efficiency will be measured by using a frontier translog production function asfollows.

* A

* B * *

* *

X10

Y1

Y2

Y3

* *

* *

* C *

Output

Input

Yaverage

Ymaximum

* *

* *

* ** *

*

* *

Figure 1: Technical Efficiency

A



)1(jjk

n

1i

m

1kki

ji

n

1i

n

1jij2

1k

m

1kk

n

1iii0j

XlnE

XlnXlnEXlnlnYln

εj = vj + uj (2)

where Yj = production of micro-enterprise j;

Xi = level of independent variables i (such as raw materials, labour, credit, information, baseline percapita income of the entrepreneur, entrepreneur's equity, etc);

Ek = dummy variables affecting production (such as MEDEP or MEDPA district, ecological belt,phase of the MEDEP programme, etc;

εj = disturbance term consisting of two independent elements, vj and uj ;

vj = random variation in output due to the factors outside of the control of entrepreneurs;

uj = technical inefficiency relative to the stochastic frontier.

The random symmetric disturbance term vj is assumed to be independently and identically distributed as

N(0, σ2v). The inefficiency component uj is also assumed to be independently and identically distributed

half normal as N(0, σ2u). Hence when uj=0, then the income of the particular enterprise lies on the

frontier. By the same token, when the uj<0, then the income of that particular enterprise lies below thefrontier, indicating the level of technical inefficiency.

2 = u2 + v2

= u/vAs given by equation above, the disturbance in the model is due to inefficiency reasons and random shock.The value of and is given by the computer. Then, values of random disturbance term v 2 and the value ofinefficiency term

u is computed later.



cg';"rL #=%M pBdLx?sf] ljleÌ cfDbfgL ;d"xdf ljt/0f

cg';"rL #=%=!M n3' pBdaf6 ePsf] cfDbfgLsf] cfwf/df pBdLx?sf] ljleÌ cfDbfgL ;d"xdf ljt/0f-cfj @)&)÷&!_

ljj/0fN = 567

? &(,&(@ eGbfsd -k|ltzt_

? &(,&(@ b]lv ?!@*,*#^ ;Dd -k|ltzt_

? !@*,*#^ eGbf a9L-k|ltzt_

kfl/:yltsLo If]qcg';f/

lxdfn 75.8 6.5 17.7

kxf8 74.2 8.0 17.8

t/fO{ 76.6 12.8 10.6

sfo{qmd cg';f/d]8]k 76.3 8.2 15.5

d]8kf 74.1 11.8 14.2

pBdsf] cfwf/cg';f/

s[lif 81.2 8.0 10.8

jg 77.2 8.8 14.0

vfB 41.2 5.9 52.9

;]jf 57.5 12.5 30.0

u}/s[lif 72.9 15.0 12.1

cGo 65.6 6.3 28.1

;du| 75.5 9.5 15.0

cg';"rL #=%=@ M n3' pBd u/]kl5 kfl/jfl/s cfDbfgLdf ePsf] kl/jt{gsf] cfwf/df pBdLx?sf] ljleÌcfDbfgL ;d"xdf ljt/0f -cfj @)&)÷&!_

ljj/0fN = 567

? &(,&(@ eGbfsd -k|ltzt_

? &(,&(@ b]lv ?!@*,*#^ ;Dd -k|ltzt_

? !@*,*#^ eGbf a9L-k|ltzt_


lxdfn 9 27.4 65.3

kxf8 12 14.7 80.0

t/fO{ 31 17.0 68.8

sfo{qmd cg';f/d]8]k 6.8 19.7 73.5

d]8kf 13.2 16.0 70.8

pBdsf] cfwf/cg';f/

s[lif 11.8 18.2 70.1

jg 3.5 24.6 71.9

vfB 11.8 11.8 76.5

;]jf 5.0 7.5 87.5

u}/s[lif 3.7 19.6 76.6

cGo 15.6 21.9 62.5

;du| 9.2 18.3 72.5



cg';"rL #=^M ef}lts ;DklQx?

cg';"rL #=^=! M pBdLsf] 3/sf] agf]6df ePsf] k|efj

3/sf] 5fgfsf] k|sf/clxn] n3' pBd ug'{eGbf klxn] n3' pBd u/]kl5sf]

a[l4 -k|ltzt_;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vof k|ltztv/, k/fn 55 9.9638 63 11.111 -12.76fon 105 19.022 107 18.871 -1.99'Ëf 25 4.529 32 5.6437 -21.9h:tfkftf 299 54.167 301 53.086 -0.79nfg 68 12.319 64 11.287 6.3hDdf 552 100 567 100 -2.6

cg';"rL #=^=@M pBdLsf] vfg] kfgLsf] >f]tdf k|efj

vfg] kfgLsf] >f]t clxn]n3' pBd ug'{eGbfklxn]

n3' pBd u/]kl5sf] a[l4-k|ltzt_

;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vof k|ltztwf/f 377 66.37 372 65.5 1.34sn 144 25.35 146 25.7 -1.37s'nf]÷O{gf/ 44 7.7 44 7.7 0vf]nf 3 0.5 6 1.1 -50hDdf 568 100 568 100 0

cg';"rL #=^=#M pBdLsf] rlk{sf] k|sf/df k|efj

zf}rfno

clxn]n3' pBd ug'{eGbfklxn]


;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vof k|ltzt5}g 30 5.2817 30 5.2817 0vfN8f] 100 17.606 106 18.662 -5.66cfw'lgs -ˆN; ePsf]_ 438 77.113 432 76.056 1.3889hDdf 568 100 568 100

cg';"rL #=^=$M pBdLsf] vfgf ksfpg] O{Gwgsf] d'Vo >f]tdf k|efj

;do tyf vfgf ksfpg] O{Gwgsf] >f]tclxn]

n3' pBdug'{eGbf klxn]


;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vof k|ltztbfp/f 452 80 475 84 -5Pn\lk Uof; 77 14 59 10 31uf]j/Uof; 34 6 29 5 17u'O{+7f 5 1 5 1 0hDdf 568 100 568 100

cg';"rL #=^=%M pBdLsf] aQLsf] d'Vo >f]tdf k|efj

aQLsf] d'Vo >f]tclxn] n3' pBd ug'{eGbf klxn]

n3' pBd u/]kl5sf] a[l4 -k|ltzt_;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vof k|ltzt

laB't 546 96 545 96 0.2;f]nf/ 13 2 12 2 8.3d}gaQL 1 0 1 0 0.0dl§t]n 4 1 6 1 -33.3Aof6«L 4 1 4 1 0.0hDdf 568 100 568 100



cg';"rL #=&M M 3/fo;L ef}lts ;DklQ

ef}lts ;DklQ

clxn] n3' pBd ug'{eGbf klxn]d"Nofdf a[l4

k|ltztx'g] 3/w'/L

;+Vof;DklQsf];+Vof

cg'dflgt hDdfd"No ?

x'g] 3/w'/L;+Vof

;DklQsf];+Vof

cg'dflgt hDdfd"No ?

/]l8of] 273 278 272,550 270 288 282,750 -4l6=le 371 389 6,138,100 336 342 5,536,200 11lkm|h 51 52 1,195,500 35 35 770,500 55df]6/;fOsn 50 52 10,102,195 36 36 5,948,000 70;fOsn 236 337 2,234,100 217 292 1,842,000 21df]jfO{n 59 60 908,000 43 44 694,500 31Uof;r"nf] 515 1,188 6,924,100 472 868 4,853,000 43uf]j/ Uof; 178 209 860,000 133 134 657,300 31

cg';"rL #=* M 3/fo;L kz'wg

kz' wg

clxn] n3' pBd ug'{eGbf klxn]d"Nodfa[l4

k|ltzt

x'g]3/w'/L;+Vof

;DklQsf];+Vof

cg'dflgthDdf d"No ?

x'g]3/w'/L;+Vof

;DklQsf];+Vof

cg'dflgthDdf d"No ?

ufO{÷uf]? 329 873 11,943,500 303 757 10,478,000 14.0

e};L÷/f+uf 190 370 10,830,200 187 351 11,227,500 -3.5

e]8f÷afv|f÷;'ª\u'/ 382 1887 14,350,900 358 1785 10,740,000 33.6

s'v'/f÷xf+; 269 2089 1486100 252 2354 1868000 -20.4

cg';"rL #=( M lzIffdf k/]sf] k|efj

ljj/0fclxn] n3' pBd ug'{eGbf klxn]

kl/jt{gk|ltzt

dlxnf k'?if hDdf dlxnf k'?if hDdf;+Vof Ü ;+Vof Ü ;+Vof ;+Vof Ü ;+Vof Ü ;+Vof

ljBfno ghfg] % jif{ dflysfafnaflnsf

9 47.4 10 52.6 19 14 58.3 10 41.7 24 -20.8

!% jif{eGbf dflysf lg/If/;b:ox?

143 60.1 95 39.9 238 167 59.6 113 40.4 280 -15.0

cg';"rL #=!) M dlxnf ;zlQms/0f tyf ;dfj]zLs/0f

:jf:Yo ljj/0f

clxn]n3' pBd ug'{eGbf

klxn] ;sf/fTdscj:yf kl/jt{gePsf] kl/jf/

k|ltzt

;sf/fTds cj:yfePsf] kl/jf/

;sf/fTds cj:yfePsf] kl/jf/

;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vof k|ltztkl/jf/sf dlxnf ;b:ox?nfO{ c? k'?if ;b:onfO{em} vfgfsf] k|sf/ pknAwtf

339 95.2 334 93.8 1.5

kl/jf/sf] dlxnf ;b:ox? ;d"x, ;xsf/L h:tf;+:yfdf ;b:o x'g]

317 89.0 249 69.9 27.3

kl/jf/sf] dlxnf ;b:o lg0f{osf/L e"ldsf -cWoIf,pkfWoIf, ;lrj_ h:tf kbdf /x]sf]

57 16.0 37 10.4 54.1

3/ hUuf vl/b, ;DktL vl/b h:tf sfo{ ug{ dlxnf;b:ox? lg0f{osf/L e"ldsfdf /x]sf

265 74.4 257 72.2 3.1



cg';"rL #=!! M sfo{qmdaf6 pBdLsf] a;fO{ ;/fO{ df ePsf] kl/jt{g

cg';"rL #=!!=! M pd]/ ;d"x cg';f/ a;fO{ ;/fO{a;fO{ ;/fO{ ug]{sf] pd]/;d"x -jif{_

clxn] n3' pBd ug'{eGbf klxn]kl/jt{g k|ltzt

;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vof k|ltzt!% eGbf sd - - 2 1.9 -!%–@$ 41 21.2 22 21.4 21.244

@%–$( 146 75.6 79 76.7 75.648

%)–&$ 5 2.6 2 1.9 2.5907&% eGbf dfly 1 0.5 - - 0.5181

hDdf 193 100 103 100 100

cg';"rL #=!!=@M a;fO{ ;/fO{sf] b]z ;DaGwL hfgsf/La;fO{ ;/fO{ u/]sf] :yfg clxn] n3' pBd ug'{eGbf klxn]

kl/jt{g k|ltzt;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vof k|ltzt

b]z leq 37 19.2 30 28.6 23.3ef/t 49 25.4 31 29.5 58.1vf8L d'n's 93 48.2 39 37.1 138.5cGo d'n's 14 7.3 5 4.8 180.0hDdf 193 100 105 100 83.8

cg';"rL #=!!=#M a;fO{ ;/fO{sf] df};d ;DaGwL hfgsf/L

a;fO{ ;/fO{ u/]sf] df};dclxn] n3' pBd ug'{eGbf klxn]

kl/jt{g k|ltzt;+Vof k|ltzt ;+Vof k|ltzt

df};dL 132 68.4 65 61.9 103.1:yfoL 61 31.6 40 38.1 52.5hDdf 193 100.0 105 100.0 83.8



cg';"rL #=!@ M vfB ;'/Iffdf ePsf] kl/jt{g

cg';"rL #=!@=!M n3' pBd u/]kl5 cfˆgf] pTkfbg / :yfoL cfDbfgLsf] >f]taf6 vfg k'Ug] kl/jf/ -k|ltzt_





kfl/l:yltsLo If]qcg';f/

lxdfn 4.0 28.2 15.3 52.4kxf8 12.9 28.9 8.4 49.8

t/fO{ 11.9 15.6 1.8 70.6

sfo{qmd cg';f/ d]8]k 7.5 17.1 6.5 67.9d]8kf 9.0 19.5 9.0 62.5

pBdsf] cfwf/ cg';f/s[lif 7.3 15.6 6.1 71.0jg 8.8 36.8 10.5 43.9

vfB 5.9 5.9 88.2

;]jf 30.0 27.5 2.5 40.0u}/s[lif 13.1 35.5 9.3 42.1

cGo 15.6 43.8 18.8 21.9

hDdf 9.6 17.6 7.4 65.4

cg';"rL #=!@=@ M n3' pBd ug'{eGbf klxn] cfˆgf] pTkfbg / :yfoL cfDbfgLsf] >f]taf6 vfg k'Ug] kl/jf/ -k|ltzt_






lxdfn 4.8 29.8 21.8 43.5

kxf8 13.8 31.1 9.3 45.8t/fO{ 11.9 15.1 2.3 70.6

sfo{qmd cg';f/ d]8]k 12.1 23.9 12.0 51.9d]8kf 9.4 25.9 9.9 54.7

pBdsf] cfwf/ cg';f/

s[lif 7.6 17.2 8.6 66.6

jg 10.5 35.1 10.5 43.9vfB 5.9 5.9 5.9 82.4

;]jf 30.0 30.0 2.5 37.5

u}/s[lif 14.0 36.4 11.2 38.3

cGo 15.6 43.8 18.8 21.9

hDdf 11.1 24.7 9.3 54.9

cg';"rL $=! M nB' pBdLsf] cWofjlws ;"rL

lhNnfsf] gfd Muflj;Mahf/ s]Gb|sf] gfd M;Gbe{ ldlt (Reference Date )*Mqm= ;= ljj/0f! nB'pBdLsf] gfd@ uflj;÷ gkf# j8f$ 6f]n% ;Dks{ gDa/^ xfn ;+rfnLt nB' pBd& jt{dfg l:ylt-;s[o ÷cw{ ;s[o_* :yfkgfdf ;xof]u ug]{ Jolj;]k| ;+:yf( l8d]ufaf6 btf{ eO{ gjLs/0f u/] ÷gu/]sf]!) Joj;flos sfo{ of]hgf agfPsf]÷gagfPsf]!! Joj;flos sfo{ of]hgf th'{df u/]sf] eP cBfjlws u/] ÷gu/]sf]!@ TOEE/TOGE tflnd lnPsf] 5÷5}g*cWofjlBs ul/Psf] ldltnfO{ hgfpF5 .


efu @ M d"NofÍg ljlw tyf k|ZgfjnLx? 94

kl/lzi6fÍ



!= d"NofÍg ljlw

of] d"NofÍgdf d"VotM d]8]k / d]8kf sfo{qmdn] n3' pBd l;h{gf / k|j4{gsf lqmofsnfk tyf k|fKtglthfx?sf] n]vfhf]vf ub}{ 5 . ;fy} d"NofÍg s|ddf cWoog lhNnfx?df d]8]k tyf d]8kf sfo{qmd;~rfngsf] z'?df ul/Psf] cfwf//]vf cWoog k|ltj]bgx?sf glthfx?;Ë klg t'ngf ul/Psf] 5 . d~h'iff!=!= df tfls{s ljZn]if0f df]8]nsf ;Defux? ;+lIfKt ?kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

!=! d"NofÍgsf] k|f?k

of] n3' pBd sfo{qmd -d]8]k±d]8kf_ sf] d"NofÍg lrq #=! sf] cjwf/0ffTds k|f?k cGtu{t /xL lrq !=!cg';f/ sfo{qmd tfls{s ljZn]if0f df]8]n (Programme Logic Analysis Model - PLAM)ckgfO{Psf] 5 .

lrq !=!= M cjwf/0ffTds k|f?k

gLltut ;+/rgf tyf jftfj/0f

;+:yfut ;+/rgf tyf jftfj/0f

lrq !=@ M sfo{qmdsf] tfls{s ljZn]if0f df]8]nsf ;Defu tyf ltgsf ;+of]hg

Hff]lvd Hff]lvd

Hff]lvdHff]lvd

d"NofÍgaf6 cfzfltt pknlAw d]8]k tyf d]8kf sfo{qmdx?af6 nlIft

;d"xdf k/]sf] k|efj d]8kfdf d]8]k df]8]n cfGtl/sLs/0f tyf

k|lts[tLs/0f eljiodf ;~rfng ul/Psf] sfo{qmdsf]

k|efjsf/L of]hgf th'{df tyfsfof{Gjogsf] nflu l;lsPsf kf7sf]hfgsf/L xf;Ln

d"NofÍg dfkb08 ;fGb{lestf k|efjsfl/tf sfo{bIftf k|efj lbuf]kg ;dfj]zLs/0f


s_ pBdx? -d]

s_ pBdx?-d]8]k cGtu{t M@)^^–@)!$_

v_ pBdx?-d]8]kf cGtu{tM@)^^–@)!$_

n3'pBdsfo{s|d

lbuf]kgf

bIftf

k|efjsfl/tf

;fGble{stf

;du| nIo

sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo

k|ltkmn

lqmofsnfk

>f]t÷;fdu|L

k|efj

c;/x?



!=@ d"NofÍgsf] ljifoIf]q

of] d"NofÍg cWoog sfo{ lhDd]jf/Ldf lbO{Pcg';f/ b]xfo adf]lhdsf ;ft ljifoIf]qdf ;Lldt /x]/ ;~rfngul/Psf] 5 .

s_ ;fGble{stf M ;fGble{stfsf] d"NofÍg n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo tyf ;du| nIo ;/sf/sf] n3'pBd ljsf; gLlt tyf nlIft ;d"x Pj+ n3' pBdLx?sf] cfjZostf;Ësf] a}wtfsf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] 5 .lrq !=# df pNn]v ePsf ;"rsx?sf] ljZn]if0f u/L ;fGble{stf d"NofÍg ul/Psf]5 .

v_ k|efjsfl/tf Msfo{qmdsf k|ltkmnx?n] d]8]k tyf d]8kfsf] s] slt p2]Zo xfl;n eP eÌ] cfwf/dfk|efjsfl/tf d"NofÍg ul/Psf] 5 . lrq !=$ df k|:t't ;"rsx?sf] ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/df sfo{qmdsf]k|efjsfl/tf d"NofÍg ul/Psf] 5 .

d~h'iff !=! M tfls{s ljZn]if0f df]8]nsf ;Defux?

lqmofsnfk(Activities) M sfo{qmd jf cfof]hgfsf] k|ltkmn k|fKt ug{sf nlu ;DkGg ug]{ 5'6\6} sfo{x¿

k|ltkmn (Output) M sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfsf] p2]Zo k|flKtsf] lglDt lgwf{l/t nIo pTkfbg jf ;]jf sfo{s|dsf]k+x'r -sfo{s|d÷cfof]hgf k|ToIf lhDd]jf/_

c;/ (Outcome) M cfof]hgfaf6 k|fKt ePsf] k|ltkmnsf] k|of]u jf pkof]usf] kl/0ffdaf6 b]lvg] kl/jt{g -sfo{s|d÷cfof]hgfd'Votof lhDd]jf/ t/ ;Dk"0f{ ?kdf lhDd]jf/ lng g;Sg]_

k|efj (Impact) M sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfsf] kl/0ffdaf6 k"0f{ ?kdf jf cf+lzs ?kdf eP klg kl/nlIft pkef]Qmf ju{ -nfeflGjtx'g] ju{ sf] hLjg:t/df cfPsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ k|efj elgG5 . -sfo{s|d÷cfof]hgfsf] of]ubfg k|ToIf x'g] t/ k"0f{ ?kdf lhDd]jf/tyf k|dfl0ft ug{ sl7g_

lrq !=# M ;fGble{stf d"NofÍgsf ;"rsx?

;fGble{stf

;/sf/L gLlt tyf /fli6«o k|fyldstf;Ë d]8]k tyf d]8kf sfo{qmddsf]tfbfTDotf

;xdt ePsf lgod Pj+ zt{x?;Ë d]8]k / d]8kf sfo{s|dsf] tfbfTDotf

d]8kfsf] sfof{Gjog kf+r jif]{ /0fgLlt cg'?k eo geosf] ckgfPsf]

sfo{qmdsf] ?k/]vfdf ef}uf]lns If]qsf] AofKttf, nlIft ;d"xsf] 5gf}6,nlIft hg;+Vof cflbsf] pko'Qmtf

sfo{qmdsf] ts{;Ddt eP gePsf]

nlIft hg;+Vofsf] cfjZostf ;Daf]wg

sfo{qmdsf] of]hgf th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog k|s[ofsf] pko'Qmtf

sfo{qmdsf] ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds jfXotf



u_ sfo{bIftf Msfo{qmdsf] nufgL tyf k|fKt k|ltkmnsf] u'0f:t/ tyf kl/df0f Pj+ o;sf] k|flKtdf nfu]sf] ;do/ nfut ljZn]i0f u/L sfo{qmdsf] sfo{bIftf d"NofÍg ul/Psf] 5 . of] d"NofÍg ljz]ift pTkfbsTj, nfut–cfut, tyf nfut k|efjsfl/tfsf] cfwf/df ul/Psf]5 -lrq !=%_ .

lrq !=% M sfo{bIftf d"NofÍgsf ;"rsx?

sfo{bIftf

ljQLo cfGtl/s k|flKt b/(FIRR)

nfut tyf cfutsf] t'ngfBCR

cfly{s cfGtl/s k|flKt b/(EIRR)

d]8]k / d]8kf ljr cfut÷nfut cg'kft, EIRR tyfFIRR

sfo{qmddf >f]t nufgL lgwf{/0f bIftf

sfo{qmddf >f]t pkof]u bIftf

d]8]k tyf d]8kf sfo{qmddf n3' pBdL ljsf;df nfu]sf] cf}ift nfut

d]8]k, d]8kf tyf cGo /fli6«o Pj+ cGt/fli6«o u};;n] k|j4{g u/]sfsfo{qmddf k|lt n3' pBdL nfut

lrq !=$ M k|efjsfl/tf d"NofÍgsf ;"rsx?

k|efjsfl/tf

sfo{qmdsf ;"rs tyf l;4ug]{ dfWodx?sf] cleAoQmtfsf] k|efasfl/tf

tf]lsPsf] nfut tyf ;dodf sfo{qmd ;DkÌ ePls eogg\ . olb leGgtfeP sf/0fx? s] lyP . sf/0fx? /fdf|];Ë clen]vLs/0f ePsf 5g\ls 5}gg\ <

l;h{gf ePsf n3' pBdLsf] ;+Vof -of]hgf / pknlEbsf] laZn]if0f _

txut tflndsf] k|efjsfl/tf

n3' pBdzLntf ljsf; sfo{x?sf] k|efasfl/tf

k|bfg ul/Psf ;Lksf] pkof]lutf

pBdzLntf -Ps lsl;dsf] pBdzLtntf af6 csf]{ pBdzLntfdf nfUg]_

k|j4{g ul/Psf n3' pBd ;+Vof tyf ltgsf ahf/ ;DefJotf

;dGjo

tflndsf] kmnf]–ck

d]8]kaf6 d]8kfdf ;Lk tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f

pBf]u dGqfnoåf/f sfo{qmd th'{df, sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg

d]8]k sfo{qmdsf] ;xh ;~rfngdf] k|efj kfg]{ tTjx?



3_ k|efj Md]8]k tyf d]8kfsf] sfo{qmdaf6 cfzfltt kl/0ffd xfl;n eP gePsf] tyf lt kl/0ffd xfl;ndfslt >]o oL sfo{qmdx?nfO{ lbg ;lsG5 eÌ] ljZn]if0f u/]/ k|efj d"NofÍg ul/Psf] 5 . lrq !=^ df k|:t't;"rsx?sf] ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/df sfo{qmdsf] k|efj d"NofÍg ul/Psf] 5 .

ª_ lbuf]kgf M l;h{gf ePsf n3' pBdLx?sf] Joj;fosf] lg/Gt/tf tyf lbuf] cfDbfgLsf] ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/dfsfo{qmdsf] lbuf]kgf d"NofÍg ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] nflu lrq !=& df k|:t't ul/Psf ;"rsx?sf] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf]5 .

r_ ;dfj]zLs/0f M ;xeflu 5gf}6, sfo{qmd th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgdf nfeljd'v ju{ tyfjlx:s[tdf k/]sf ;d"xsf] ;xeflutfsf] ljZn]if0f u/L ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] d"NofÍg ul/Psf]5 . ;dfj]zLs/0fd"NofÍg lrq !=* adf]lhdsf ;"rsx?df cfwfl/t lyP .

k|efj

n3' pBdLx?sf] cj:yf aGb, rfn' jf k|ultx'+b}} cufl8 a9\b} / :t/f]GgtL ePsf] -;fgf, demf}nf tyf 7"nf pBdLx?_

/f]huf/L – jflif{s ?kdf l;h{gf ePsf] /f]huf/L lbg -k"0f{ jf cf+lzs_ Mul/aL, hft hftL÷hghftL 5'6\ofP/

kfl/jfl/s vfB ;'/Iff – pknAwtf, kx'+r, pkof]uLtf

;x;|fAbL nIo xfl;ndf of]ubfg – :jf:Yo, lzIff, ;/;kmfO{, n}lËs ;dfgtf

ljleÌ >f]taf6 ePsf] cfDbfgLdf kl/jt{g -o;df ahf/ ljqmLaf6 ePsf]cfDbfgL dfq –kfl/jfl/s vktdf ePsf] c+zsf] u0fgf gul/sg_

kf+r k"+lh -ef}lts, k|fs[lts, ;fdflhs, ljQLo, /fhg}lts_df ePsf] kl/jt{g

cfoft k|lt:yfkg tyf g]kfnsf] clt sd ljs;Lt /fi6«sf] cj:yfaf6;g\ @)@@ ;Dddf :t/f]GgtL

:yfgLo hgtfsf ljsf; ck]Iff k"/f eP gePsf]

cfDbfgL >f]t cg';f/ cf}ift cfDbfgLdf ePsf] kl/jt{g d]8]kn] t]>f] tyf rf}yf] r/0fdf tyf d]8kfn] ;g\ @))*÷)( b]lv

@)!$÷!% ;Dddf ljsf; u/]sf n3' pBdLx?sf] kfl/jfl/s cfDbfgLdfePsf] kl/jt{g

lrq !=^ M k|efj d"NofÍgsf ;"rsx?

lbuf]kgfk|fljlws lbuf]kgf

d]8]k df]8]nsf] cfGtl/sLs/0f tyf k|lts[lts/0f

ljQLo lbuf]kgf

nlIft ;d"xdf cfly{s nfesf] ljt/0f

s]Gb|Lo tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/af6 sfo{qmdnfO{ /fhg}lts ;xof]u

d]8]k tyf d]8kfn] xfl;n u/]sf ljsf; glthfx?sf] lg/Gt/ /]vb]v

lrq !=& M lbuf]kgf d"NofÍgsf ;"rsx?



5_ clwsf/jfnfx?sf] ;Gt'li6 M sfo{qmdsf ljleÌ kIfx?sf af/]df clwsf/jfnfx?sf] cg'e"lt ljZn]if0fsf]cfwf/df of] d"NofÍg ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] nflu lrq !=( df k|:t't ;"rsx?sf] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

!=#d"NofÍgsf k|d'v ;jfn tyf tYofÍ >f]t

of] d"NofÍg cWoogn] ;d]6\g'kg]{ ;a} rnx? af/] hfgsf/L xfl;n ug{ ;'wfg{'kg]{ d'Vo k|Zg / ltgsf ;fydf;f]lwg'kg]{ pk–k|Zgx? tyf ltgsf >f]t Pj+ ;Íng tyf ljZn]if0f ljlw tflnsf !=! df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

;dfj]zLs/0fnlIft ju{sf] ;dfj]lztf

sfo{qmddf nlIft ;d"x 5gf}6sf lg0f{ocfwf/

sfo{qmddf nlIft ;d"xsf] pko'Qmttf

sfo{qmddf nlIft ;d"xsf] e"ldsf

lrq !=* M ;dfj]zLs/0f d"NofÍgsf ;"rsx?


pBdLx?sf nflu ljQLo tyf k|fljlws ;xof]u

5gf}6sf lg0f{o cfwf/

nlIft ;d"xsf] 5gf}6

;Lk ljsf; tflndsf] u'0f:t/ tyf n3' pBd z'?ug{ lbO{Psf];xof]usf] kl/df0f

n3' pBd z'?, ;~rfng tyf ;Ifd agfpg lbO{Psf] k|fljlws ;xof]u

n3' pBdx?sf] ;~rfng tyf ;'b[9tf

pkh ahf/ vf]hdf u/]sf] ;xof]u

;xof]usf] ;do

lrq !=( M clwsf/jfnfx?sf] ;Gt'li6 d"NofÍgsf ;"rsx?



tflnsf !=!M d"NofÍg of]hgfsf] d"n?k

d"NofÍgdf d"Vo k|Zgx? pk k|Zgx? lg0f{osf cfwf/ cfjZos tYofÍ tYofÍsf] >f]ttYofÍ ;Îngljlw

ljZn]if0fljlw

;fGble{stf!

;xdt ul/Psf lgod Pj+zt{x?sf] kfngf

s] n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmd sfo{fGjogqmddf g]kfn ;/sf/n] ci6«]lnofnL ljsf;lgof]u Pj+ cGo bft[ ;+:yf tyf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo ljsf; sfo{s|d;Ë ePsf] ;Demf}tftyf ;t{x? kfngf u/]sf] 5 <

s] d]8]k / d]8kfn] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLltlgod kfngf u/]sf] 5 <

olb s'g} kIfn] s'g} zt{x? kfngf gu/]sfeP kfngf gug]{ sf] x'g\ / lsg kfngfgu/]sf x'g\ <

;xdt ePsf] /cEof; ul/Psf]k|s[ofsf] t'ngf

sfo{qmd th'{df,sfof{Gjog tyfd"NofÍg

sfo{qmdsfb:tfj]hx?,d"NofÍgk|ltj]bgx?

sfo{s|d kbflwsf/LcGtjf{tf{ -r]slni6_

;dLIff;DalGwt;Gbe{ u|Gy tyfk|ltj]bgsf] ;dLIffgLltut txdf5nkmn

u'0ffTds

@

d]8kf sfo{s|dn] sfof{Gjogsf];dodf o;sf] kf+r jif]{ /0fgLltckgfPsf]] 5 ls 5}g <

kf+rjif]{ /0fgLlt af/] lhNnf:t/df hfgsf/Ls:tf] 5 <

olb hfgsf/L ePsf] eP, kf+r jif]{ /0fgLltsf]cfwf/df sfo{qmd th'{df ePsf 5g\ <

kf+r jif]{ /0fgLltsf] sfof{Gjogdf s:tf;d:of tyf r'gf}ltsf] ;fdgf ug'{ k¥of] <

pNn]v ul/Psf t/ sfof{Gjg gePsf If]q /ltgsf sf/0f s] xf]nfg\ <

ltgsf] ;dfwfgdf s:tf k|of; ul/P / s:tfk|of; ;kmn eP <

cg'e"lt ljZn]if0fsfof{Gjogsf]df]8flnl6

/0fgLltx?, jflif{sof]hgfx?, sfo{qmdsfof{Gjoglgb]{lzsfx?

sfo{s|d kbflwsf/LcGtjf{tf{

;dLIff;DalGwt;Gbe{ u|Gy tyfk|ltj]bgsf] ;dLIff

u'0ffTds

# ;/sf/L gLlt tyf /fli6«ok|fyldstf;Ë d]8]k tyf d]8kfsfo{qmdsf] tfbfTDotf ldn]sf] 5ls 5}g<

d]8]k / d]8kfsf] k|f/lDes p2]Zo / lqjlif{ocfjlws of]hgfdf k|d'v ;fd~h:otf s] 5 <

olb geP, d'Vo leÌtf s] 5 <t'ngfTds ljZn]if0f

sfof{Gjogsf]df]8flnl6



u'0ffTds

$ sfo{qmdx?ul/aL lgjf/0fsfnIo;Ë ts{;Ddt 5g\ ls5}gg\<

ul/jL lgjf/0f nIf ;Ë ts{ ;Ddt ePTo:sf] s] k|df0f 5 <

olb geP, s] kl/dfh{g ug'{k5{ <t'ngfTds ljZn]if0f




u'0ffTds

%sfo{qmd pko'Qm 9Ëaf6 th'{dfePsf 5g\ ls 5}gg\<

ef}uf]lns lj:tf/ cf}lrTok"0f{ 5 < hg;+Vofsf] bf+hf]df nlIft ;d"xsf]

;xeflutf Gofof]lrt 5 <t'ngfTds ljZn]if0f

nfeflGjt ju{sf];xeflutf

k|ult tyf d"NofÍk|ltj]bgx?


u'0ffTds





ljZn]if0fljlw

^ d]8]k tyf d]8kf sfo{qmdn]nlIft hg;+Vofsf] cfjZostf;Daf]wg u/]sf 5g\ ls 5}gg\ <

;Daf]wg ePsf d'Vo cfjZostf s] lyP < s:tf cfjZstfx/ ;daf]wg x'g ;s]sf

5}gg\ <t'ngfTds ljZn]if0f

cfwf//]vf tyf;e]{If0f

cfwf//]v k|ltj]bg,;d'bfo

;dLIff, pBd;e]{If0f

u'0ffTds

&

sfo{qmdsf] of]hgf th'{df tyfsfof{Gjog k|s[of pko'Qm 5g\ <

of]hgf th'{df s;/L ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsG5 < sfof{Gjog k|s[ofdf s] ;'wf/ Nofpg ;lsG5 < lhNnf:t/df s'g 9+uaf6 sfof{Gjog ePsf]

5 < olb 5}g eg], s'g ;+efudf sdhf]/L b]lvG5

/ lsg<

t'ngf tyf cg'e"ltljZn]if0f

;do >[Înf (timeseries) tYofÍljZn]if0f tyf;e]{If0f

cfjlws d"NofÍgk|ltj]bgx?, ;e]{If0f

;dLIff, d'Vohflgkmsf/ JolQmcGtjf{tf{, ;e]{If0f

u'0ffTds

* sfo{qmdsf] ;sf/fTds tyfgsf/fTds jfXotfx? s] s] lyP<

;sf/fTds jfXotf s] 5g\ < gsf/fTds jfXotf s] 5g\ <

cg'e"lt ljZn]if0f cg'e"lt ljZn]if0f k|f/lDes

d'Vo hflgkmsf/JolQm cGtjf{tf{,;d"x s]Gb|Lt5nkmn

u'0ffTds tyfkl/df0fftds

k|efjsfl/tf! sfo{qmdsf ;"rs tyf l;4ug]{

dfWodx? k|efjsf/L ?kdfcleAoQm ePsf 5g\ ls 5}gg<

s:tf ;"rsx? ;fgble{s lyPgg\ < s:tf ;"rsx? c;fGble{s / sdhf]/ lyP <

cg'e"lt ljZn]if0fcg'e"lt ljZn]if0f,k|ltj]bgx?

k|f/lDes tyf cGo

d'Vo hflgkmsf/JolQm cGtjf{tf{,;d"x s]Gb|Lt5nkmn


@

nlIft sfo{qmdx?sf] k|efjsf/Lsfof{Gjog

s] d]8]k df]8n k|efjsf/L / ;Gtf]ifhgs?kdf k|of]u ul/of] <

s'[g ;+efu / lsg < o;df s:sf] / s] s:tf] sdhf]/L /Xof] < n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{s|d tyf k|j4{g

/0fgLlt ;Gtf]ifhgs ?kdf sfof{Gjog ePsf5g\ <

t'ngfsfo{qmdsfof{Gjogaf/]hfgsf/L

jflif{s k|ultk|ltj]bg, sfo{qmd;DkÌ k|ltj]bg

n3' pBdL;j]{If0f

sfo{s|dkbflwsf/L;e]{If0f

kl/df0ffTdsty u'0ffTds

#nIosf] t'ngfdf slt n3' pBdLl;h{gf eP <

n3' pBd ljsf; nIo tyf k|ult ljrsfo{d sfof{Gjog tfnd]n ldn]sf] 5 <

nIo cg';f/ gePsf] eP lsg x'g ;s]g <t'ngf pBdLsf] ;+Vof

jflif{s k|ultk|ltj]bg, sfo{qmd;DkÌ k|ltj]bg


u'0ffTds

$tflnd sfo{qmd tflndLx?sf]Jojxf/df kl/jt{g Nofpgk|efjsf/L lyP ls lyPgg\ <

n3' pBd th'{df tyf k|j4{gsf nflu s]s:tf tflndx?;~rfng u/]sf] 5 <

SIYB Kofs]hsf] TOPE, TOSE, TOEE, TOGEh:tf csf]{ r/0fdf hfg] slt lyP <

t'ngf tflndLsf] ;+Voftflnd ;DkÌk|ltj]bg

;dLIff;DalGwt;Gbe{ u|Gy tyfk|ltj]bgsf];dLIff, ;e]{If0f

u'0ffTds





ljZn]if0fljlw

% k|bfg ul/Psf ;Lkx? nlIft;d"xsf] cfjZostf cg'?k lyPls lyPgg\ <

nlIft ;d"xsf] cfjZostf / dfu ;DalGwtlyP ls lyPgg\ <

olb geP, lsg x'g ;s]g <

cg'e"lt ljZn]if0f,tYofÍ zf:qLokl/If0f

nlIft ;d"xsf]cg'e"lt ljZn]if0f

k|f/lDes p÷p ;u'0ffTds tyfkl/df0fftds

^ k|bfg ul/Psf ;Lkx? / vf;Jojxf/df ePsf leÌtfx? s]lyP <

lt leÌtfx? s;/L ;Daf]wg ePsf lyP <cg'e"lt ljZn]if0f,tYofÍ zf:qLokl/If0f

nlIft ;d"xsf]cg'e"lt ljZn]if0f

p÷p ;u'0ffTds tyfkl/df0fftds

&

n3' pBdzLntf ljsf; sfo{x?k|efjsf/L lyP ls lyPgg<

:ylgo >f]t tyf ;Lksf] pkof]u u/LjL /]vfd'gL /x]sfnfO{ nlIft ug{ /f]huf/L

l;h{gf ;dfj]zLs/0f ;fem]bf/L÷;xsfo{

cg'e"lt ljZn]if0fsfo{qmdsfof{Gjogaf/]hfgsf/L

k|f/lDes / cGo

pBdL ;j]{If0f d'Vo hflgkmsf/

JolQm cGtjf{tf{,;d"x s]Gb|Lt5nkmn

sf=k=;


*tflndsf] kmnf]–ck sltk|efjsf/L b]lvG5 <

k|efjsf/L gePsf] eP lsg < ca s:tf]sbd rfNg'k5{ <

kl/df0ffTdsljZn]if0f

pBdsf] lsl;d /;+Vof

jflif{s k|ultk|ltj]bg, sfo{qm;DkÌ k|ltj]bg,cfjlws d"NofÍgk|ltj]bgx?

;dLIff;DalGwt;Gbe{ u|Gy tyfk|ltj]bgsf];dLIff, ;e]{If0f


(

sfo{qmdx?n] s:tf k|sf/sf n3'pBdx? k|j4{g u/]sf lyP < /tL pTkfbgx?sf] ahf/;DefJotf s:tf] lyof] <

k|To]s k|sf/df slt pBdx? k|j4{g ePsflyP <

pTkflbt j:t'sf] ahf/Ls/0fdf s] pBdLx?lgw{Ss lyP <

s'g} k|sf/sf] pBdsf] pkhsf] ahf/df laqmLgx'g] ;d:of ePsf] lyof] <

olb ePsf] eP pBdlx?n] tL pkhx? s] u/]/ s;/L ;d:of ;dfwfg u/] <


pBdsf] lsl;d /;+Vof

jflif{s k|ultk|ltj]bg, sfo{qm;DkÌ k|ltj]bg

pBdL ;j]{If0f ;dLIff;DalGwt

;Gbe{ u|Gy tyfk|ltj]bgsf];dLIff

!)pBdLx? Ps lsl;dsf]pBdzLntf af6 csf]{pBdzLntfdf nfUg ;s]sf lyPls lyPgg\ <

pBdzLntf kl/jt{gsf nflu s] gofFcj;/x? l;h{gf ul/of] <

slt k|ltzt pBdLx? To:tf cj;/af6nfeflGet eP <

cg'e"lt ljZn]if0fnlIft ;d"xsf]cg'e"lt ljZn]if0f

k|f/lDes

;d"x s]lGb|t5nkmn

pBdL ;e]{If0f hflgkmsf/

;j]{If0f






ljZn]if0fljlw

!!

s]Gb|Lo:t/df ;dGjo sltk|efjsf/L /Xof] < pbfx/0f Mpd, d]8kf, d]8]k

;dGjosf nflu s] ;+/rgf :yflkt ul/Psf]5 <



pBdsf] lsl;d /;+Vof


;dLIff ;DalGwt ;Gbe{

u|Gy tyfk|ltj]bgsf];dLIff

sf=k=;=


lhNnf:t/df ;dGjo sltk|efjsf/L /Xof] < pbfx/0f Mpdsf] lhNnf sfof{no,lhlj;÷uflj; tyf d]8]ksf]If]qLo sfof{no



pBdsf] lsl;d /;+Vof

jflif{s k|ultk|ltj]bg, sfo{qmd;DkÌ k|ltj]bg,cfjlws d"NofÍgk|ltj]bgx?



!@

d]8]kaf6 d]8kfdf ;Lk tyfk|ljlw x:tfGt/0f sltk|efjsf/L 5 <



pBdsf] lsl;d /;+Vof


;dLIff;DalGwt;Gbe{ u|Gy tyfk|ltj]bgsf];dLIff,hflgkmsf/JolQm;ËcGt/s[{of


!#d]8]k÷d]8kf sfo{qmdsf] ;xh;~rfngdf k|efj kfg]{ tTjx?s] s] b]lvP <

eljiodf ltgsf] ;Daf]wg s;/L ug'{k5{ <kl/df0ffTdsljZn]if0f

pBdsf] lsl;d /;+Vof


;dLIff;DalGwt;Gbe{ u|Gy tyfk|ltj]bgsf];dLIff,hflgkmsf/JolQm;Ë cGts[{of

!$pBf]u dGqfnoåf/f sfo{qmdth'{df, sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udgslQsf] x'g] u/]sf] 5 <



pBdsf] lsl;d /;+Vof


;dLIff;DalGwt;Gbe{ u|Gy tyfk|ltj]bgsf];dLIff,hflgkmsf/JolQm;Ë cGts[{of


sfo{bIftf





ljZn]if0fljlw

!

pBdsf] cfut s;/L lx;fj ug]{u/]sf] 5 < s:tf s:tf pkhsf]n]vfhf]vf x'g] u/]sf] 5

nfut cfutsf] n]vf hf]vf ubf{ cfPsf;d:of s] lyP <


pTkfbg nfut tyfcfDbfgL

;d'bfo

sfo{s|db:tfj]h;ldIff

pBd ;e]{If0f sfk;

kl/df0ffTds

@ d]8]k tyf d]8kf sfo{qmddfnfut tyf cfutsf] t'ngfTdsl:ylt s:tf] 5 <Benefit-cost ratio(BCR)?

shf{ lbg] a}Ín] n3' pBd ;~rfngdfnufgL ubf{ slt k|ltzt Jofhb/ nufp+5g\<



;d'bfo p÷p ; kl/df0ffTds

# d]8]k tyf d]8kf sfo{qmddfcfly{s cfGtl/s k|flKtb/(EIRR)sf] t'ngfTds l:ylts:tf] 5 <

n3' pBddf k|of]u ePsf ;fdu|Ldf s] slt5'6 jf ;x'lnot lbO{Psf] 5 <



;d'bfo

p÷p ;

kl/df0ffTds

$ d]8]k tyf d]8kf sfo{qmddfljQLo cfGtl/s k|flKt b/(FIRR)sf] t'ngfTds l:ylts:tf] 5 <

a}Íaf6 lbO{g] shf{ n3' pBdsf] k|sf/adf]lhd km/s klg 5 ls <



;d'bfo

p÷p ;

kl/df0ffTds

%pBdLx? k|fljlws ?kdf slt;Ifd b]lvP <

slt k|ltzt pBdLx? k|fljlws b[li6n] ;Ifdb]lvP <

s:tf tTjx? k|fljlws sfo{bIftfsf lgwf{/sb]lvP <

kl/df0ffTdsljZn]if0f, tYofÍzf:qLo kl/If0f


;d'bfo

p÷p ;

kl/df0ffTds

^sfo{qmddf >f]t nufgL lgwf{/0fsfo{bIftf s:tf] 5 <

slt k|ltzt pBdL >f]t nufgL lgwf{/0fdf;Ifd b]lvP <

s:tf tTjx? >f]t nufgL lgwf{/0fsfo{bIftfsf lgwf{/s b]lvP <



;d'bfo

p÷p ;

kl/df0ffTds

& sfo{qmddf >f]t pkof]usfo{bIftf s:tf] 5 <

pknAw >f]tsf] k"0f{ pkof]u ePsf] 5 <k|of]u ePsf cf}hf/x? k"0f{ Ifdtfdf;~rfng ePsf 5g\ <



;d'bfo p÷p ; kl/df0ffTds

*d]8]k tyf d]8kf sfo{qmddf n3'pBdL ljsf;df nfu]sf] cf}iftnfut slt lyof] <

n3' pBd l;h{gfdf k|lt pBd slt nfutnfu]sf] lyof] <

l;h{gf kZrft vr{


pBdsf] lsl;dtyf ;+Vof

jflif{s k|ultk|ltj]bg, sfo{qmd;DkÌ k|ltj]bg,cfjlws d"NofÍgk|ltj]bgx?


kl/df0ffTds





ljZn]if0fljlw

( d]8]k tyf d]8kf sfo{qmddf Psn3' pBdL ljsf;df nfu]sf]cf}ift nfutsf] cGo sfo{s|dsf]nfut;Ë t'ngf .

cGo sfo{qmd;Ë slt km/s 5 < ljZn]if0fn3' pBdl;h{gfdf nfu]sf]vr{

d]8]k, 3/]n' tyf;fgf pBf]u ljefu÷;ldltsfk|ltj]bgx?

;dLIff kl/df0ffTds

k|efj!

sfo{qmdn] l;h{gf u/]sf]&),*(( n3' pBdLx?sf]cj:yf s:tf] 5 <

slt pBdx? aGb eP / slt rNb}5g\ <t'ngf pBdLsf] ;+Vof

jflif{s k|ultk|ltj]bg, sfo{qm;DkÌ k|ltj]bg,cfjlws d"NofÍgk|ltj]bgx?, ;e]{If0f


kl/df0ffTds

@oL &),*(( pBdLx?n] slt/f]huf/L l;h{gf u/] <

jflif{s ?kdf l;h{gf ePsf] /f]huf/L lbg -k"0f{ jf cf+lzs_ul/aL, hft hftL÷hghftL 5'6\ofP/

t'ngf, tYofÍzf:qLo kl/If0f

pBdLsf] ;+Vof

jflif{s k|ultk|ltj]bg, sfo{qm;DkÌ k|ltj]bg,cfjlws d"NofÍgk|ltj]bgx?, ;e]{If0f

;dLIff;DalGwt;Gbe{ u|Gy tyfk|ltj]bgsf];dLIff, ;e]{if0f

kl/df0ffTds

#d]8]k tyf d]8kfn] k|j4{g u/]sfpBddWo] sltsf] :t/f]GgltePsf] 5 <

slt cufl8 a9\b} / slt :t/f]GgtL ePsf -;fgf, demf}nf tyf 7"nf pBldx?_ 5g\ <

n3' pBdsf] :t/f]Ggltdf k|efj kfg]{ tTjx?s] s] x'g\ <

t'ngf, tYofÍzf:qLo kl/If0f

pBdLsf] ;+Vof

jflif{s k|ultk|ltj]bg, sfo{qmd;DkÌ k|ltj]bg,cfjlws d"NofÍgk|ltj]bgx?, ;e]{If0f

;dLIff;DalGwt;Gbe{ u|Gy tyfk|ltj]bgsf];dLIff

p÷p;

kl/df0ffTds

$

sfo{qmdn] kfl/jfl/s cfDbfgLslt a9fof] <

>f]t cg';f/ cf}ift cfDbfgLdf ePsf]kl/jt{g

d]8]kn] t]>f] tyf rf}yf] r/0fdf] tyf d]8kfn];g\ @))*÷)( b]lv @)!$÷!% ;Dddfljsf; u/]sf n3' pBdLx?sf] kfl/jfl/scfDbfgLdf ePsf] kl/jt{g

kl/df0ffTdsljZn]if0f, tYofÍzf:qLo kl/If0f

kfl/jfl/s cfocfwf//]vf k|ltj]bg,pBdL

p÷p; ;dLIff, ;e]{If0f

kl/df0ffTds

% kfl/jfl/s vfB ;'/Iffdf slt;'wf/ cfof] <

vfB pknAwtf, kx'+r, tyf pkof]uLtfsf]l:yltdf slt kl/jt{g eof] <

u'0ffTds tyfkl/df0ffTdsljZn]if0f

cfo, pTkfbg,lg0f{o k|s[of,pkof]lutf

cfwf//]vf k|ltj]bg,pBdL


kl/df0ffTds

^ sfo{qmdn] ;x;|fAbL nIo xfl;ndfs] of]ubfg u/]sf] 5 <

:jf:Yo, lzIff, ;/;kmfO{, n}lËs ;dfgtfcflbdf u/]sf] of]ubfg

t'ngf, cg"e"ltljZn]if0f, u'0ffTdsljZn]if0f

cg'e"lt ljZn]i0fcfwf//]vf k|ltj]bg,;d'bfo, cfjlwsd"NofÍg k|ltj]bg



& kfl/jfl/s ul/aL Go"gLs/0f / lhjg:t/df s] kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 < kl/df0ffTds cfo, d'b|f l:k|mlt cfwf//]vf k|ltj]bg, ;dLIff, ;e]{If0f u'0ffTds tyf





ljZn]if0fljlw

a;fO{ ;/fO{ Go'lgs/0f ug{df o;sfo{s|dsf] s] of]ubfg k'u]sf] 5<

ljZn]if0f pBdL kl/df0fftds

*cfoft k|lt:yfkgdf s] of]ubfg/Xof] <

clxn] ahf/df ljlqm x'g] n3' pBd pkhn]ljb]zaf6 cfpg] s] pkhsf] k|lt:yfkg u/]sf]5 / slt k|ltztdf <


pTkfbg, ahf/d"No,cfoftsf] tYofÍ

Jofkf/ ;d'bfotYofÍ

;dLIff, ;e]{If0f,;d"x s]Gb|Lt5nkmn


(g]kfnsf] clt sd ljs;Lt/fi6«sf] cj:yfaf6 ;g\ @)@@;Dddf :t/f]GgtL ug]{ nIodf of]sfo{qmdn] slt of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf]5 <

/fli6«o cfodf slt of]ubfg 5 < kl/jf/df dfgj ljsf;df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg]

s:tf ;DklQ hf]l8Psf] 5 -dfgj ;DklQ;"rs -human asset index)

pBdaf6 ePsf] cfDbfgLn] cfly{s ;Í6 sltsd u/]sf] 5 <(economic vulnerability index)


pTkfbg, ahf/d"No,cfoftsf] tYofÍ

Jofkf/ ;d'bfotYofÍ

;dLIff, ;e]{If0fu'0ffTds tyfkl/df0fftds

!) sfo{qmdn] :yfgLo hgtfsfljsf; ck]Iff k"/f ug{ ;s]sf]b]lvG5 <

sfo{qmdn] :yfgLo ljsf;df k'¥ofPsf]of]ubfg af/] :yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf]cg'e"lt s:tf] 5 <

cg'e"lt ljZn]if0f cg'e"lt ljZn]i0f pBdL p÷p; ;d"x s]Gb|Lt

5nkmn


lbuf]kgf!

n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmd;+:yfut ?kdf lbuf] x'g] b]lvG5<

d]8kf cGtu{t d]8]k s;/L cfGtl/sLs/0feO{ /x]sf] 5 <

o;sf] nflu tof/ ePsf ;xof]uL gLltutb:tfj]hx? sfof{Gjog ePsf 5g\ <

s] s:tf] gLltut÷sfg"gL Joj:yf ldnfO{Psf]5 <

:yfgLo ;/sf/;Ë s:tf] ;+of]hg 5 <

u'0ffTds ljZn]if0fcfGtl/sLs/0fk|s[of

k|ltj]bgx?,dGqfno, d]8]k,:yfgLo ;/sf/

;dLIff, d'Vohflgkmsf/JolQm cGtjf{tf{,;d"x s]Gb|Lt5nkmn

kl/df0fftds

@

d]8]ksf] cGt ePkl5 of] sfo{qmdlbuf] ?kdf rNg] b]lvG5 <

s]Gb| tyf :yfgLo:t/df d]8kfsf] nflu>f]t÷;fwgsf] Joj:yf s:tf] 5 <

;d"x sf]if s;/L l;h{gf ul/Psf] 5 /To;sf] kl/rfngsf] Joj:yf s] ul/Psf] 5 <

:yfgLo jrt tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfdfslt n3' pBdL ;b:o ePsf 5g\ <

u'0ffTds ljZn]if0f>f]t ljlgof]hgz}nL, ;d"x sf]if

k|ltj]bgx?,dGqfno, d]8]k,pBdLx?


sfk;, p÷p;

kl/df0fftds





ljZn]if0fljlw

#

sfo{qmdsf] k|fljlws lbuf]kgfs;/L x'g]5 <

k|fljlws ;]jfsf] nflu ;+:yfut Joj:yfs;/L ul/Psf] 5 <

k|fljlws ;]jf k|bfosx?sf] Ifdtf s] 5 < pBdLx? k|fljlws ;]jf k|bfosx?;Ë s;/L

;+of]hg ePsf 5g\ <

u'0ffTds ljZn]if0f

dfgljo >f]t, ;]jfk|bfosx/sf]k|fljlws Ifdtf,k|fljlws ;]jfsf]k|fjwfg

k|ltj]bgx?,dGqfno, d]8]k,Jofj;flos ;]jfk|bfosx?,Joflj;]k|sf


sfk;

kl/df0fftds

$nlIft ;d"xdf cfly{s nfesf]ljt/0fsf] lg/Gt/tf eljiodfs;/L x'g]5 <

kfl/jfl/s xflg tyf lgi7fdf k|efjkfg]{ lgDgtTjx?df s] kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 <

lg0f{o k|s[of < kfl/jfl/s cfDbfgLsf] ljt/0f < 3/fo;L sfdsf] af+8kmf+8df kl/jt{g <

cg'e"lt ljZn]if0f cg'e"lt ljZn]if0f ;d'bfo, pBdL

;e]{If0f, d'Vohflgkmsf/JolQm cGtjf{tf{,;d"x s]Gb|Lt5nkmn

p÷p;

kl/df0fftds

%

sfo{qmdn] lg/Gt/ ?kdf/fhg}lts÷;+:yfut ;dy{gkfpg] b]lvG5 <

d]8kfnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ :yfgLo;/sf/÷lgsfo;Ë k|fljlws hgzlQmsf]cj:yf s:tf] 5 <

jh]6 ljlgof]hgdf slt kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 < s]Gb|Lo tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/n] Jofkf/ d]nf

tyf ahf/ cjnf]sg e|d0f cflb ug]{ Joj:yfs;/L ldnfO{Psf] 5 <

cg'e"lt ljZn]if0f

clwsf/jfnfx?,;d'bfosf hgtf,tyf;/f]sf/jfnfx?

clwsf/jfnfx?,;d'bfo,;/f]sf/jfnfx?


sfk;

kl/df0fftds

^

d]8]kn] xfl;n u/]sf] ljsf;glthfx?nfO{ d]8kfn] s;/Llg/Gt/tf b]nf <

Jofj;flos of]hgf cWofjlws ug]{, Jofkf/d]nfdx?df ;xeflutf, ahf/ cg';Gwfg,hf]lvd ljZn]if0f h:tfpBdzLntf ;DaGwLljifodf slt kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 <

jftfj/0fLo lbuf]kgf -h:t} jftfj/0fLosfg"gsf] kfngf, k|fs[lts >f]tsf] lbuf];Íng, cflb_sf] af/]df s] Joj:yfldnfO{Psf] 5 <

u'0ffTds ljZn]if0f

Jofj;flosof]hgfsf] cj:yf,Jofkf/ d]nfdf;xeflutf,jftfj/0fLo sfg"g;DagwL 1fg

clwsf/jfnfx?,;d'bfo,;/f]sf/jfnfx?


sfk;

kl/df0fftds

&

sfo{qmdsf] ;fdflhs lbuf]kgfsf];'lglZrttf b]lvG5 <

;fdflhs kj{x?df ;xeflutf s:tf] 5 < n3' pBdL tyf pBdnfO{ ;dfhaf6 :jLsfo{

tyf dfGotf s:tf] 5 <cg'e"lt ljZn]if0f ;d'bfosf] cg"e'lt

;d'bfo, dGqfno,ljefu, lhNnflgsfo


sfk;

kl/df0fftds





ljZn]if0fljlw

;dfj]zLs/0f

!sfo{qmddf nlIft ;d"x s;/L5gf]6 x'g] u/]sf 5g\ <

s:tf lg0f{ofwf/÷/0fgLlt k|of]u ePsf 5g\ < cg'e"lt tyfu'0ffTds ljZn]if0f

lg0f{ofwf/,;d'bfosf] cg'e"lt

sfo{qmd tyf/0fgLlt b:tfj]hx?,;d'bfo, lhNnflgsfo

;dLIff, d'Vohflgkmsf/ JolQmcGtjf{tf{, ;d"xs]Gb|Lt, sfk;

u'0ffTds

@s] oL nlIft ;d"x5gf]6sfcfwf/ pko'Qm 5g\ <

olb 5}gg\ eg] lsg < cj s:tf] kl/dfh{g ug'{k5{ <

cg'e"lt tyfu'0ffTds ljZn]if0f


lhNnf lgsfo

;dLIff, d'Vohflgkmsf/ JolQmcGtjf{tf{, ;d"xs]Gb|Lt 5nkmn,sfk;

u'0ffTds

#sfo{qmdn] nlIft ;d"xnfO{;kmntfk"j{s ;dfj]z ug{;s]sf] 5 <

olb 5}gg\ eg] lsg < cj s:tf] kl/dfh{g ug'{k5{ <



sfo{qmd tyf/0fgLlt b:tfj]hx?,;d'bfo, s]Gb|Lo tyflhNnf lgsfo

;dLIff, d'Vohflgkmsf/ JolQmcGtjf{tf{, sfk;

u'0ffTds

$ sfo{qmdn];dfj]zLs/0f k|j4{gsfnflu nlIft ;d"xnfO{ s] e"ldsflbPsf] 5 <

sfo{qmd th'{df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg tyfd"NofÍgdf nlIft ;d"xsf] ;+nUttf s:tf] 5<



sfo{qmd tyf/0fgLlt b:tfj]hx?,s]Gb|Lo÷lhNnflgsfo

;dLIff, d'Vohflgkmsf/ JolQmcGtjf{tf{, sfk;

u'0ffTds

clwsf/jfnf -n3' pBdL_ x?sf];Gt'li6!

5gf}6sf lg0f{ofwf/ n3'pBdLx?nfO{ :jLsfo{ 5g\ <

olb 5}gg\ eg] s] ;'wf/ ug'{ h?/L 5 <cg'e"lt tyfu'0ffTds ljZn]if0f


sfo{qmd tyf/0fgLlt b:tfj]hx?,;d'bfo, pBdL

;dLIff, d'Vohflgkmsf/ JolQmcGtjf{tf{, ;d"xs]Gb|Lt 5nkmn,;e]{If0f, pp;

u'0ffTds

@

nlIft ;d"xsf] 5gf}6df n3'pBdLx?sf] ;xdlt ePsf] 5 <

olb 5}g eg], s] ;'emfj x'g ;S5 <cg'e"lt tyfu'0ffTds ljZn]if0f


sfo{qmd tyf/0fgLlt b:tfj]hx?,;d'bfo, pBdL

;dLIff, d'Vohflgkmsf/ JolQmcGtjf{tf{, ;d"xs]Gb|Lt 5nkmn,;e]{If0f, pp;

u'0ffTds

# pBdLx?nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf]k|fljlws tyf ljQLo ;]jfx? n3'pBdLx?sf] cfjZostf cg'?ksf

olb 5}g eg] l/Qmtf s] xf] <cg'e"lt tyfu'0ffTds ljZn]if0f


;d'bfo, pBdL p÷p; u'0ffTds





ljZn]if0fljlw

5g\ <

$ sfo{qmdn] k|bfg u/]sf] ;Lkljsf; tflnsf] u'0f:t/;Ë n3'pBdLx? ;Gt'i6 5g\ <

olb 5}gg\ eg] s] kIfdf kl/dfh{g jf ;'wf/ug'{knf{ <



;d'bfo, pBdL p÷p; u'0ffTds

% pBd z'?ug{ lbO{Psf] C0fpBdLsf] dfu cg;f/sf]kl/df0fsf] lyof] <

olb 5}gg\ eg] s] s'/fdf leÌtf b]lvof] <cg'e"lt tyfu'0ffTds ljZn]if0f


;d'bfo, pBdL sfk;, p÷p; u'0ffTds

^ n3' pBd z'?, ;~rfng tyf;Ifd agfpg lbO{Psf] k|fljlws;xof]unfO{ n3' pBdLx?n]s;/L cg'e"t u/]sf 5g\ <

s:tf ;jfnx? ;Daf]wg ePsf 5}gg\ <cg'e"lt tyfu'0ffTds ljZn]if0f


pBdL p÷p; u'0ffTds

& ahf/ vf]hsf] nflu k|bfgul/Psf] ;xof]uaf6 n3'pBdLx?n] ahf/sf] ultzLntfa'‰g ;s]sf] b]lvG5 <

olb 5}gg\ eg] eljiodf s] ug'{knf{ <cg'e"lt tyfu'0ffTds ljZn]if0f


pBdL, s]Gb|Lo tyflhNnf lgsfo

sfk;, p÷p; u'0ffTds

* ;xof]u k|bfg ul/+bfsf] ;do n3'pBdLx?sf] cfjZostfsf];do;Ë d]n vfPsf] 5 <

olb 5}gg\ eg] s] kl/jt{g ug'{knf{ <cg'e"lt tyfu'0ffTds ljZn]if0f


pBdL p÷p; u'0ffTds

gf]6 M sfk; eGgfn] sfo{s|d kbflwsf/L ;j]{If0f nfO{ hgfOPsf] 5 eg] p÷p; eGgfn] pBd÷pBdL ;j]{If0fnfO{ hgfOPsf] 5 .

pBf]u dGqfnoåf/f ;~rflnt n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{s|dsf] d"NofÍg cWoog


!=$ d"NofÍgsf] p2]Zo cg';f/ d"NofÍg dfkb08 tyf ;"rsx?

tflnsf !=@ Mp2]Zo cg';f/ d"NofÍg dfkb08 (Thematic Area) tyf ;"rsx?

d"NofÍgsf]p2]Zo

cWoog If]q d"NofÍgsf]dfkb08

;"rs

!_ d]8]k tyfd]8kfåf/f;~rflntsfo{qmdsf]sfof{Gjogk|s[of tyf sfo{;Dkfbgsf]:t/d"NofÍg ug'{

d]8]k tyf d]8kfn]n3' pBd l;h{gf tyfljsf;df ckgfPsf]k|s[of

;]jf k|bfg Joj:yf nfeflGjtju{ 5gf}6

k|s[of gLlt lgod tyf

sfo{s|d b:tfj]h lgb]{lzsf ;dLIff

;fGble{stf 1. ;xdt ePsf lgod Pj+ zt{x?;Ë d]8]k / d]8kf sfo{s|dsf]tfbfTDotf

2. d]8kfsf] sfof{Gjog kf+r jif]{ /0fgLlt cg'?k eo geosf]3. sfo{qmdsf] ts{ ;Ddt eP gePsf]4. ;/sf/L gLlt tyf /fli6«o k|fyldstf;Ë d]8]k tyf d]8kf

sfo{qmddsf] tfbfTDotf5. sfo{qmdsf] ?k/]vfdf ef}uf]lns If]qsf] AofKttf, nlIft

;d"xsf] 5gf}6, nlIft hg;+Vof cflbsf] pko'Qmtf6. nlIft hg;+Vofsf] cfjZostf ;Daf]wg7. sfo{qmdsf] of]hgf th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog k|s[ofsf] pko'Qmtf8. sfo{qmdsf] ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds jfXotf

d]8]k tyf d]8kfn]n3' pBd l;h{gf tyfljsf;df ckgfPsf]k|s[of

nfeflGjtju{ 5gf}6k|s[of

ahf/ (forward)tyf ;]jfk|bfosx?;Ë(backward) ;+of]hg(linkage)

:t/f]GgtL l:ylt -rfn', d[t, :t/f]GgtL_

nIo tyf k|ult;dLIff

k|efjsfl/tf 9. sfo{qmdsf ;"rs tyf l;4ug]{ dfWodx?sf] k|efjsf/L ?kdfcleAoQmtf

10. n3' pBdLx?sf] cj:yf M aGb, rfn' jf k|ultx'+b}}, cufl8 a9\b}/ :t/f]GgtL ePsf] -;fgf, demf}nf tyf 7"nf pBdLx?

11. tf]lsPsf] nfut tyf ;dodf n3' pBd l;h{gf ePls eogg\<. olb leGgtf eP sf/0fx? s] lyP . sf/0fx? /fd|f];Ëclen]vLs/0f ePsf 5g\ls 5}gg\ <

12. l;h{gf ePsf n3' pBdLsf] ;+Vof -of]hgf / pknlAwsf]ljZn]if0f _

13. txut tflndsf] k|efjsfl/tf14. n3' pBdzLntf ljsf; sfo{x?sf] k|efasfl/tfsf] cg';/0f15. k|bfg ul/Psf ;Lksf] pkof]lutf16. pBdzLntf -Ps lsl;dsf] pBdzLtntf af6 csf]{

pBdzLntfdf nfUg]_17. k|j4{g ul/Psf n3' pBd sf ahf/ ;DefJotf18. ;dGjo19. tflndLsf] kmnf]–ck20. d]8]kaf6 d]8kfdf ;Lk tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f21. pBf]u dGqfnoåf/f sfo{qmd th'{df, sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg22. d]8]k sfo{qmdsf] ;xh ;~rfngdf k|efj kfg]{ tTjx?

k|fljlws hgzlQmsf];+Vof tyf cg'ejsf]cfwf/df k|fljlws 6]jfkIfsf] sfo{ bIftf

ljQLo ;]jfsf]rf~hf]kf~hf]

n3' pBdL l;h{gfsf]nfut

n3' pBd :yfkgf ug{nfu]sf] ;do

n3' pBdaf6 ePsf]cfDbfgL

sfo{bIftf 23. n3' pBd :yfkgfaf6 k|ToIf tyf ck|ToIf vr{ k|lt n3'pBdL

24. tflnd vr{ -k|lt n=p_ rfn' npsf] nflu k|fljlws ;]jf -k|ltnp k|lt jif{_

25. nfut tyf cfutsf] t'ngf BCR26. cfly{s cfGtl/s k|flKt b/ (EIRR)27. ljQLo cfGtl/s k|flKt b/ (FIRR)28. d]8]k / d]8kf ljr cfut÷nfut cg'kft, EIRR tyf FIRR29. sfo{qmddf >f]t nufgL lgwf{/0f bIftf30. sfo{qmddf >f]t pkof]u bIftf31. d]8]k tyf d]8kf sfo{qmddf n3' pBdL ljsf;df nfu]sf]

cf}ift nfut32. d]8]k, d]8kf tyf cGo /fli6«o Pj+ cGt/fli6«o u};;n] k|j4{g

u/]sf sfo{qmddf k|lt n3' pBdL nfut

@_ sfo{qmddf pBdsf] lsl;d tyf ;dfj]zLs/0f 33. sfo{qmddf nlIft ;d"x 5gf}6sf lg0f{ocfwf/



ul/a, cltul/a, dlxnf,o'jf, bnLt,dw];L tyfcGo nlIft;d"xsf];dfj]zLs/0ftyf pgLx?sf]sfo{qmd k|ltsf];Gtl'i6sf]d"NofÍg ug'{

ef}uf]lns Pj+kfl/l:ylts If]qcg';f/ ul/a, cltul/a,hfthftL÷hghftLsf];dfj]zLs/0f

n}lËs ;dfj]zLs/0fl:ylt

pBdsf] lsl;d tyfef}uf]lns tyfkfl/l:ylts If]qcg';f/ o'jfx?sf];dfj]zLs/0f

34. sfo{qmddf nlIft ;d"xsf] pko'Qmttf35. nlIft ju{sf] ;dfj]lztf36. sfo{qmddf nlIft ;d"xsf] e"ldsf

nlIft ;d'bfosf] ;]jfk|bfos ;dIf kx'Fr

lg0f{o k|s[ofdf nlIft;d"xsf] ;xeflutf

sfo{s|d k|lt;]jfu|xLx?sf] ;Gt'li6-;du| tyf ljifout;]jf_

;Gt'li6s/0f 37. 5gf}6sf lg0f{o cfwf/38. nlIft ;d"xsf] 5gf}639. pBdLx?sf nflu ljQLo tyf k|fljlws ;xof]u40. ;Lk ljsf; tflndsf] u'0f:t/ tyf n3' pBd z'?ug{ lbO{Psf]

;xof]usf] kl/df0f41. n3' pBd z'?, ;~rfng tyf ;Ifd agfpg lbO{Psf] k|fljlws

;xof]u42. n3' pBdx?sf] ;~rfng tyf ;'b[9tf43. pkh ahf/ vf]hdf u/]sf] ;xof]u44. ;xof]usf] ;do45. sfo{qmd k|lt nlIft ;d"xx?sf] wf/0ff

#_ d]8]k tyfd]8kfåf/f;~rflntsfo{qmdsf]nlIft ;d"xsf]lhljsf]kfh{g;'wf/ tyful/aLlgjf/0fdfePsf] of]ubfgaf/] d"NofÍgug'{

lhljsf]kfh{g tyfkfl/jfl/s ;Dkltdfkl/jt{g

n3'pBd lasf;sfo{s|dn] 3/kl/af/sf] cfly{scj:yf ;'b[9u/fO{lgjf{xd'lv ul/aLlgjf/0f sfo{s|ddfk'¥ofPsf] of]ubfg

b]zdf AofKQ ul/aLsd ug{df u/]sf]of]ubfg

k|efj 46. n3' pBdLx?sf] ;+Vof tyf cj:yf47. n3' pBdaf6 cfDbfgL -kfl/jfl/s cfDbfgLdf ePsf] kl/jt{g

_48. /f]huf/Ldf ePsf] kl/jt{g -k"0f{sfnLg÷cf+lzs, dlxnf÷k'?if_49. lbuf] hLljsf]kh{gsf % k'Flhx? -cfly{s, ef}lts, ;fdflhs,

k|fs[lts, dfgjLo_ k'Flhdf kl/jt{g50. kfl/jfl/s vfB ;'/Iff – pknAwtf, kx'+r, pkof]uLtf51. ;x;|fAbL nIo xfl;ndf of]ubfg – :jf:Yo, lzIff, ;/;kmfO{,

n}lËs ;dfgtf52. sfo{qmdn] ul/aL Go"gLs/0fsf] nIfdf ;xof]u53. cfoft k|lt:yfkg tyf g]kfnsf] clt sd ljs;Lt /fi6«sf]

cj:yfaf6 ;g\ @)@@ ;Dddf :t/f]GgtL54. :yfgLo hgtfsf ljsf; ck]Iff k"/f eP gePsf]

$_ d]8kfsfo{qmddfd]8]k df]8]nsf]cfGtl/sLs/0fk|s[ofsf]d"NofÍg ug'{tyf eljiodfn3' pBdljsf;sfo{qmdsf]nfluckgfpg'kg]{gLlt, of]hgf,sfo{qmd tyfkl/of]hgfdf;xof]uL x'g]

d]8]k df]8ncfGtl/sLs/0f ug{;xlhs/0fsf nflucjnDag u/]sflqmofsnfkx?

s]Gb| tyf lhNnfsflgsfox?sf] Ifdtfclej[l4 tyf ;Gt'li6

k|fljlws hgzlQmsf];+Vof tyf cg'ejsf]cfwf/df d]8kfsf]k|fljlws 6]jf kIfsf]bIftf

d]8]k tyf d]8kf aLr;dGjo

d]8]k / d]8kf

lbuf]kgf 55. sfo{qmdsf] ;+:yfut lbuf]kgf56. sfo{qmdsf] k|fljlws lbuf]kgf57. ljQLo lbuf]kgf58. nlIft ;d"xdf cfly{s nfesf] ljt/0fsf] lg/Gt/tf59. sfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/ ?kdf /fhg}lts÷;+:yfut ;dy{g60. d]8]kn] xfl;n u/]sf] ljsf; glthfx?nfO{ d]8kfdf lg/Gt/tf61. sfo{qmdsf] ;fdflhs lbuf]kgfsf] ;'lglZrttf

d"NofÍgcWoogsf]lgisif{kl/0ffd

62. d]8]kaf6 d]8kf sfo{s|d sfof{Gjogsf nflu pknAw ljlQo;xof]u -;do, kl/df0f / kof{Kttf_

63. tflnd tyf cWoog e|d0fdf ;xeflutf tyf pko'Qmtf64. ;"rgf cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ k4tL / To:sf] sfof{Gjog l:ylt65. d]8kfdf n3' pBd ljsf;df ;+nUg k|fljlws hgzlQmx?sf]

;+Vof / :t/66. ;dGjo a}7s



vfnsfl;sfO{sf]vf]lhug'{

sfof{Gjogaf6 l;s]sfkf7x? -ug'{ x'g] / ug{gx'g]_

67. d]8]k df]8nsf] sfof{Gjog l:ylt68. d]8]k tyf d]8kfdf pQd÷cg';/l0fo Jojxf/ (Best

Practice)69. n3' pBd ljsf;sf cj;/70. n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmdsf r'gf}tLx?71. sfo{s|ddf ;+nUg kbflwsf/Lx?sf] ;Gt'li6s/0f

n3' pBd sfo{s|dsf] pknlAw ljZn]if0f ubf{ n3' pBdn] b]znfO{ ul/aL lgjf/0f ug]{ af6f] b]vfpb} cfd ?kdful/aL lgjf/0f ug{ d2t ub{5 jf o; sfo{s|dn] lhag lgjf{x ug]{ dWod:t/sf] pkfo dfq k|bfg ub{5 eGg];DaGwdf ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

!=% d"NofÍgsf dfkb08 tyf ;DalGwt k|ZgfjnLsf] tfbfTDotf

pk/f]Qm adf]lhdsf dfkb08x?sf ;"rsx?sf jf/]df hfgsf/L ;Íng ug{ tof/ kfl/Psf k|ZZgx?nfO{ ;"rscg';f/ ldnfg u/L lgDg tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

!=^ tYofÍ ÷;"rgfsf] >f]t

of] cWoogsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ tYofÍ tyf ;"rgfx? lgDg cg';f/ s]Gb|Lo, lhNnf tyf uflj;÷gu/ tyftflnsf g+ !=# df b]vfOP cg';f/ ljleGg >f]tx?af6;Íng ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf !=#M tYofÍ ;Íng >f]t tyf ljlwtx tYofÍ÷>f]t ljwL

s]Gb|Lo /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u pBf]u dGqfno 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefu 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{s|d ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;‹Lo ljsf; sfo{s|d / n3' pBd ljsf; OsfO{ /fli6«o n3' pBdL dxf;‹ g]kfn (NMEFEN) pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;‹ 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u dxf;‹ cGo cfjZostf cg';f/

r]slni6df cfwfl/tkbflwsf/L cGtjf{tf{

k|sflztk|ltj]bg÷;fdfu|Lx?sf] ;dLIff

lhNnf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt ÷ lhNnf n3' pBd ljsf; ;ldlt lhNnf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no lhNnf n3' pBd ;d"x ;‹ (DMEGA)

lhNnf pBf]u jfl0fHo ;‹3 lhNnf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ;‹ n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{s|dsf] If]qLo ;xof]u sfof{no (APSO)

lhNnf:t/Lo n3' pBd ;DalGwt ;/sf/L sfof{nox? –lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no, lhNnf kz';]jf sfof{no, lhNnfjg sfof{no, dlxnf ljsf; sfof{no, cflb .

n3' pBd ljsf;df ;+nUg cGt/f{li6«o÷/fli6«o u}=;=;=x? cGo cfjZostf cg';f/

r]slni6df cfwfl/t kbflwsf/LcGtjf{tf{

k|sflztk|ltj]bg÷;fdfu|Lx?sf] ;ldIff



gu/÷u|fld0f n3' pBdx? n3' pBdLx? gu/kflnsf÷uflj; :yfgLo ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;‹÷;+:yfx? :yfgLo ljsf; sfo{stf{

lg?2]ZoLo :oflDKnªdf cfwfl/tn3' pBdL cGtjf{tf{

n3' pBd cjnf]sg n3' pBdL cGtjf{tf{ hflgkmsf/ JolQm cGtjf{tf{ ;d"x s]Gb|Lt 5nkmn ;jfndf cfwfl/t dfldnf

cWoog

!=&tYofÍ ;Íng ljlw

o; d"NofÍgsf] nflu k|f/lDes tyf låltos b'j} lsl;dsf tYofÍ ;Íng ul/Psf]5 .

!=&=!= k|f/lDes tYofÍ ;Íng

k|f/lDes tYofÍ n3' pBd, n3' pBdL, pBdL ;d"x, lhNnf:t/ tyf /fli6«o:t/sf ;ldltx?, Joj;fo, ;]jfk|bfosx?af6 tflnsf !=# df pNn]v ul/P cg';f/ k|f/lDes tYofÍ ;Íng ul/Psf] 5 . n3' pBd÷n3'pBdLx?sf] 5gf}6 lg?2]ZoLo gd'gf ;e]{If0faf6 ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} cGo hfgsf/Lx? ;d"x s]Gb|Lt 5nkmn,clwsf/jfnf tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;Ísf] cGt/s[ofaf6 ;Íng ul/Psf] 5 .

s_= gd'gf n3' pBdL 5gf}6

o; d"NofÍg k|of]hgsf] nflu n3' pBd÷n3' pBdL 5gf}6 ug{ ;j{ k|yd b]xfosf cfwf/df 5gf}6 ul/Psf] 5 .

– d]8]k tyf d]8kf b'j} nfu' ePsf lhNnfsf] k|ltlglwTj

– d]8kf dfq nfu' ePsf] lhNnfsf] k|ltlglwTj

– kf+rj6} ljsf; If]qsf] k|ltlglwTj

– tLgj6} kfl/l:yltsLo If]qsf] k|ltlglwTj

– dxf e"sDksf] k|efj– sfof{b]z (Terms of Reference) df tf]lsP cg'?k Go"gtd lhNnf k'lu ;s]sf] x'g' kg]{

pk/f]Qm lg0f{ofwf/ ;d]6]/ :ofDkn ln+bf of] d"NofÍg cWoogdf lgDg cg';f/sf gf} lhNnfx? 5gf}6 ul/Psf] 5 .

Tflnsf !=$ M lhNnf 5gf}6

cfwf/ljsf; If]qsf] k|ltlglwTj

k"jf{~rn dWodf~rn klZrdf~rndWo

klZrdf~rn;'b'/

klZrdf~rns"n

-luGtL_!= d]8]k / d]8kf b'j}

nfu' ePsfs_ lxdfnv_ kxf8u_ t/fO{

––

;'g;/L

/;'jfsfe|];nf{xL

––

;'v]{t–

af+s]

–––

!@#

@= d]8kf dfq

s_ lxdfnv_ kxf8u_ t/fO{

;f]n'v'Da'––

–––

–u'NdL–

–––

––

s~rgk'/

!!!

s'n luGtL @ # ! @ ! (

lxdfnkxf8t/fO{

!)!

!!!

)! !

!

))!

@#$



v_ gd'gf cfsf/ 5gf}6

o; d"NofÍg cWoogdf s]jn hDdf n3' pBdL yfxf ePsf] t/ e]l/oG; yfxf gePsf]n], ljleÌ ;Gbe{u|Gyx?sf] ;dLIffsf] cfwf/df (Levine, 2009; Kish, 1995)multistage systematic simple random samplingdesignk|of]u u/L :ofDkn ;fO{h lgSof]{n ug{sf] nflu tYofÍ zf:qdf dfGo lgDg cg';f/sf] ;"q k|of]u ul/Psf]5 .

noptimum = D nFPC (1)= ×(2)

= / × ×( )(3)

hxf+ FPC eg]sf] finite population correction, SRS eg]sf] simple ramdon sampling, n eg]sf] rflxg] :ofDkn;fO{h, D eg]sf] l8hfO{g Okm]S6, Z eg]sf] slGkm8]G; O{G6/ensf] nflu lnO{Psf] dfg, eg]sf] kk'n];gsf]k|f]kf]/;g, e eg]sf] dflh{g ckm O//. oL;a}sf] dfg /fv]/ lgsflnPsf] gd'gf cfsf/ tflnsf !=% df k|:t'tul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf !=% M :ofDkn ;fO{h;Í]t ljj/0f Dffgn cfjZos gd'gf ;+Vof

N cWoog ;Ldf leq ePsf hDdf n3' pBdL ;+Vof -d]8]k @^,(^$±d]8kf@),&)*_

47,6725

D l8hfO{gsf] c;/6 3

Z/2Z sf] nflu ;Dj]bgzLn dfg (critical value); o; cWoogdf cfjZosljZj;gLo dfg -(%Ü /flvPsf] 5_

1.96

;lx hg;+Vofsf] cg'dfg -%)Ü_ /flvPsf]_ 0.5

e :jLsfo{ vnn k|ltzt (Margin of error) (%Ü df /flvPsf]) 0.05

cfjZos :ofDkn ;fO{h ;+Vof –k"0f{cÍdf nluPsf]_(rounded) 1,1447

o;/L lx;fa ul/Psf] :ofDkn n3' pBdL d]8]k / d]8kfdf lgDg cg';f/ 5g\ .

hDdf n3' pBdL Ö d]8]k -@^,(^$_ ±d]8kf -@),&)*_Ö $&,^&@(N)

d]8]kaf6 gd'gf n3' pBdL Ö -@^,(^$÷$&,^&@_ !,!$$ Ö ^$&=;j]{ ul/Psf] oyfy{ ;+VofÖ ^%) ÖX1

5of] ;+Vof xfnnfO{ :ofdkn ;fO{h lgSof]{n ug{sf] nflu d]8]kaf6 k|fKt hfgsf/L -@^,(^$_ / of] d"NofÍgsf] sfo{ lhDd]jf/LdfpNn]v ePsf] d]8kfsf] @), &)* n3' pBdLsf] hDdf xf] . d]8]k tyf d]8kf b'a}df n3' pBdLx?sf] cWofjlws tYofÍ dfuul/Psf] 5 . ;f] k|fKt ePkl5 o;df s]lx km]/abn klg x'g ;S5 . ;fy} s]lx pBdLx? xfndf lqmof;Ln g/x]sfsf] ;d]t ;"rLk|fKt ePkl5 klg of] s]lx km/s x'g ;Sg]5 .6o; cWoogdf klxnf lhNnf 5gf}6, To;kl5 lhNnfdf ePsf u|fld0f ahf/ s]Gb|x? dWo]af6 ahf/ s]Gb| 5gf}6 tyf ahf/ s]Gb|n];d]6]sf uflj;x?dWo]af6 uflj; 5gf}6 u/L tLg;t/df :t/Ls/0f (stratification) x'g] ePsf]n] l8hfO{g c;/sf]dfg # /flvPsf]5 .7pk/f]Qm cg';f/ s'n n3' pBdL ;+Vof km]/abn ePkl5 ;f]lx cg';f/ of] :ofDkn ;+Vof klg km]/abn x'g]5 . oBlk, pk/f]Qm;'qdf o:tf] s'n pBdL ;+Vof s]lx km]/abn ePklg :ofDkn ;+Vof eg] pNn]Vo pkdf k]m/abn x'g]5}g . t;y{ l;h{gf e}lqmof;Ln /x]sf n3' pBdLx?sf] Plsg s'n ;+Vof k|fKt gx'Gh]n ;Ddsf] nflu xfnnfO{ o;}nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL sfo{ cufl8a9fO{Psf] 5 . kl5 km]/abn ePdf ;f]lx cg';f/ km]/abn klg ul/Psf]5 .



d]8kfaf6 gd'gf n3' pBdL Ö -@),&)*÷$&,^&@_ !,!$$ Ö $(&= X2

hDdf(X) Ö(X1+X2) = !,!$&

d]8kf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ePsf lhNnfx?df l;h{gf ePsf n3' pBdLx?sf] e/kbf]{ ;"rL s]Gb|af6 k|fKt x'gg;s]sf]n] :ofDkn 5gf}6sf] sfo{ s]Gb|df pknAw tYofÍ cg';f/ lhNnfut :ofDkn lgwf{/0f ul/of] . pk/f]Qmtflnsf adf]lhd d]8]ksf lhNnfx?df k|lt lhNnf !)* tyf d]8kfsf lhNnfx?df %% sf b/n] :ofDknlgwf{/0f u/L lhNnfleqsf n3' pBdLsf] :ofDkn lng] sfo{ ul/of] .

lhNnfdf ePsf d'Vo d'Vo pBddf ;a}sf] k|ltlglwTj klg xf];\ / w]/} ;d]6\g ;lsof];\ eÌ] x]t'n] d]8]k /d]8kfsf] u|fld0f ahf/ s]Gb| (rural market centre – RMC) x? dWo]af6 7'"nf] Ps s]Gb| lnO{ gd'gf ljt/0ful/Psf] 5 . To;/L Sn:6/ -u'R5f_ agfp+bf lg?2]lzo gd'gf(ramdom sample)df Ps} lsl;dsf] pBd dfqkg]{ ;DefjgfnfO{ 36fOof] . ;fy} u|fld0f ahf/ s]Gb leqsf uflj;x?sf] 5gf}6 u/L gd'gf ljt/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

o;/L RMC 5gf}6 ubf{ ;a}eGbf a9L pBdL ePsf] RMC sf] %) k|ltzt egbf a9L Ps} RMC af6 :ofDkn5gf}6 ul/Psf]5}g / csf]{ RMC yk u/L :ofDkn 5gf}6 ul/Psf] 5 . of] k|s[of ld8]ksf lhNnfx?sf] k"/ful/Psf] 5 eg] d]8kfsf lhNnfx?sf] kl5 lhNnfdfu} lj:t[t ;"rL k|fKt u/L lhNnfdfg} ul/Psf]5 .

ª=_ gd'gfsf] k|f/lDes OsfO{ Mdfly pNn]lvt ljlwaf6 gd'gf cfsf/ lgwf{/0f eO{;s] kl5 d]8]k÷d]8]kf cyjflhNnfl:yt ;]jf k|bfosx? (BDSPO, DCSIO, DCSIBO, DMEGA) af6 k|fKt RMC cGtu{tsf uflj;x?dfl;h{gf ePsf n3'pBdLx?sf] ;"lr dWo]af6 ;a}eGbf a9L n3' PbdL ePsf uflj;sf] 5gf}6 u/L :ofDknlnO{g]5 . o;/L :ofDkn ln+bf pQm uflj;df ePsf s'n n3' pBdLsf] %) k|ltztdf ga9fO{ :ofDkn lnO{g]5/ olb ;f] gk'u]df csf]{ bf]>f] uflj; yk u/L b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L uflj;x?sf] ;"rLaf6 cfjZos :ofDknlnOPsf] 5 . of] d"Nofª\sg cWoogsf] nflu o;nfO{g} g} :tl/o gd'gf k|f?k Sampling Framesf] ?kdf lnO{Psf]lyfof] . ctM o;}nfO{ Population (N) dfgL o; dWo]af6 cfjZos gd'gf ;+Vofdf lg?b]lzo ljlw(Randomsampling)af6 lhNnfsf] Ps 7"nf] ahf/ s]Gb|af6 5gf}6 ul/Psf]5 . Ps k6s gd'gf 5gf}6 eO{;s] kl5 n3'pBdL ge]l6Psf] jf pQ/ lbg cl:jsf/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s gd'gf nfO{ lj:yflkt ul/Psf] 5}g . olb5gf}6df k/]sf] n3' pBd aGb eO{ ;s]sf] ;e]{If0fdf kfOPdf To;nfO{ klg k|ZgfjnL jdf]lhd cGtjftf{df;dfa]z ul/Psf] 5 / pBd aGb x'g'sf] sf/0fx? kQf nufOPsf] 5 . ;+If]kdf of] d"NofÍgn] gd'gf 5gf}6nfO{ljz]if dxTj lbg'sf ;fy} gd'gf 5gf}6df k"0f{tof lg?2]lzo ljlw(random sampling) ckgfPsf] 5 .

!=&=@= låtLos tYofÍ ;Íng

låtLos tYofÍ ;Íng ;dLIff ;DalGwt ;Gbe{ u|Gy tyf k|ltj]bgsf] ;dLIff(Desk review)af6 ul/Psf]5 .g]kfndf n3' pBd ljsf; af/] ;du|df tyf d]8]k Pj+ d]8kfsf] ljz]ifu/L hfgsf/L ;Íng ul/Psf] 5 .;dLIff ul/Psf] k|d'v b:tfj]hx?df d]8]ksf] ljleÌ r/0fsf b:tfj]h, d]8kfsf] sfo{qmd tyf /0fgLltsof]hgf, jflif{s sfo{qmdx?, jflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bgx?, ljleÌ cjlwdf ePsf d"NofÍg k|ltj]bgx?, cfwf//]vfcWoog k|ltj]bgx?, n3' pBd k|j4{g af/] ;/sf/L gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd ;DaGwL b:tfj]hx?, cflbkb{5g\ . of] ;dLIffaf6 tflnsf #=! df k|:t't ul/Psf ;dLIff ;DalGwt ;Gbe{ u|Gy tyf k|ltj]bgsf] ;dLIffeÌ] >f]t O{lËt ePsf rnx?sf] af/]df u'0ffTds tyf kl/df0ffTds tYofÍx? ;Íng ul/Psf]5 .

!=&=# cltl/Qm hfgsf/L ;Íng ljlw

of] d"NofÍg cWoogdf b]zdf ;du| ?kdf n3' pBd gLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf]] jf/]df klg hfgsf/L cfjZos k5{. To:t} u/L d]8]k tyf d]8kf jfx]s cGo ;/sf/L tyf u}/ ;/sf/L ;‹÷;+:yfx?n] k|jw{g u/]sf n3' pBddf]8]n tyf ltgsf k|lt pBd nfut cflb jf/]df klg hfgsf/L ;Íng ul/Psf] 5 . oL hfgsf/Lx? ljleÌljsfoaf6 k|sflzt k|ltj]bgx?sf] ;dLIff u/L ;Íng ul/Psf] 5 .



c+=!=&=$ ;jfndf cfwfl/t dfldnf cWoog

of] d"NofÍgsf glthf tyf lgZsif{x?nfO{ yk dha'tLs/0fsf] nflu ;jfndf cfwfl/t dfdnf cWoog klgul/Psf] 5 . oL dfdnf cWoog JolQm, ;+:yf, cj:yf, 36gf, cflbsf] jf/]df ul/Psf] 5 .



kl/R5]b @ M k|ZgfjnLx?

@=! n3' pBd÷pBdL k|ZgfjnL

s|=;+= k|Zg pQ/ u0fsnfO{ lgb]{zg1 lhNnf2 u|fld0f ahf/ If]q3 Uff=lj=;÷gkf4 ufpF÷6f]n÷j8f g+5 n3' pBd ;DalGwt

lgsfosf] klxrfgd]8]k ................................................1d]8kf .............................................. 2

6 pBdsf] gfd6.1 d'Vo lqmofsnfk6.2 pBdsf] k|sf/ s[lifdfcfwfl/t -pTkfbg_ .......................... 1

jgdfcfwfl/t .......................................2vfB k|;f]wgdfcfwfl/t ............................ 3;]jfdfcfwfl/t -ko{6g/ Jofkf/_................. 4u}/ s[lifdfcfwfl/t-ko{6g / Aofkf/jfx]s_ .......5cGo.................................................. 6

7 u0fssf] gfd :8 ldlt:

v08 ! Mn3' pBdLsf] kl/ro

s|=;+= k|Zg pQ/ u0fsnfO{ lgb]{zg1 pBdLsf] gfd2 kmf]g g+= ÷df]jfO{n g+=

3 lnË dlxnf .........................................1k'?if ......................................... 2

4 pd]/ ===================== jif{5 Hffltotf v;cfo{........................................1

hghftL ...................................... 2dw];L = ........................................3blnt ........................................4cGo ......................................... 5

6 pBdLsf] lzIff-PspQ/ dfq 5fGg]_

uGg dfq ;Sg] ..............................1k9\g / n]Vg ;Sg] .......................... 2k|flyds lzIff ................................3lgDg dfWoflds lzIff ......................4dfWoflds lzIff ............................. 5pRr lzIff tyf dfly=.......................6

7 pBdLsf] kl/jf/sf] d'Vok]zf -cfosf] cfwf/df_

-Ps pQ/ dfq 5fGg]_

s[lif .............................................1Jofkf/ ..........................................2;]jf .............................................. 3Hofnf dhb'/L ................................ 4hftLo k]zfut sfo{ ..........................5n3' pBd .......................................6



s|=;+= k|Zg pQ/ u0fsnfO{ lgb]{zg8 n3' pBd :yfkgf

u/]sf]jif{ -;fn pNn]v ug]{_dlxgf

9 tkfO{ n3' pBdLsf]?kdf lsg ;xefuL x'g'eof]<

-d'Vo b'O{ pQ/ dfq5fGg]_

lbuf] cfDbfgLsfnflu ............................... 1vfB ;'/Iffsfnflu...................................2/f]huf/Lsfnfflu .....................................3:yfgLo ;|f]tsf] Aoj:yfkgtyfk|of]usfnflu= .... 4;fdflhs k|lti7fsf nflu ..........................5cGosf] l;kmfl/;df..................................6cGo -v'nfpg]_.......................................7

10 tkfO{nfO{ n3' pBdLsf]?kdf s:n] 5gf}6 u/]sf]lyof] <

-Ps pQ/ dfq 5fGg]_

Joj;fo ;]jfk|bfos ;+:yf ......................... 1l8d]uf ................................................2cfkm};lDdlnt ;d"x .................................3cfkm}n] l8d]uf÷ljl8P;\lkcf];Ë ;Dks{ u/]sf] ... 46f]k]÷6f];] tflnddf ;xefuLx'g] cj;/ kfP/.....5:yfgLo g]tfsf] l;kmfl/; ........................... 6cGo -v'nfpg]_.......................................7

11 s] tkfO{ jf tkfO{sf;dxsf ;b:ox?n] n3'pBd z'? ug'{ cufl8b]xfosf ;]jf k|fKt ug{ePsf] lyof] <

s|;

;]jf ;]jf k|fKtu/]sf]

;]jfk|bfgug]{ ;+:yf

lyof] lyPg BDSPO DMEGA! n3'pBd;d"x u7g@ Afrt tyf C0f

kl/rfng# n3'pBd;d"x

Joj:yfkg tflnd12 clxn] n3' pBdL eP/

ul//x]sf] sfdklxn]b]lvs} tkfO{sf] kl/jf/n];~rfng ub}{cfPsf]pBdsf]lg/Gt/tf xf] <

xf] ============================================================ 1xf]Og .................................................. 2

xf]O{g eg]k|Zg!# dfhfg]

12.1 olb xf] eg] Tof]slxn]af6;~rfngub}{] cfPsf]xf] <

jif{ ====================================-;fn v'nfpg]_

12.2 xf] eg] klxn] /clxn] n3' pBddfs] km/s 5 <

If]qmkmn jf pTkfbg :t/ a9]sf] ========================!clxn] Joj;fosf] ?kdf u/]sf]===========================@nufgL tyf /f]huf/ a9fPsf] ============================#vf;} km/s gePsf] ========================================$

!#= n3' pBdL 5gf}6df ;xeflutf tyf;Gt'i6tf

s|=;+= Tfflndx? ;xeflutf olb ;xeflutfePtkFfO{ slQsf] ;Gt'i6 x'g' x'G5ly+P lyPg k"0f{ ?kdf 7Ls} 5}g

!#=! s] tkfO{ n3' pBdL 5gf}6k|s[ofdf ;xefuL x'g'x'GYyf] <

1 2 1 2 3

!#=@ sf/0f lbg'xf]; !=

@=

sf/0f :ki6 5f]6f]/ a'lemg] u/L n]Vg]



!$= s] tkfO{n] n3'pBd z''? ug'{'cufl8 b]xfosf] ;]jfx? k|fKt ug'{ ePsf] lyof]<

s|=; sfo{s|d÷ls|ofsnfk ;]jf k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] eg] slxn] lyof] eg]sf] af6< -sf]8_

lyof] lyPg ;fn dlxgf! Joj;fo ;r]tgf tflnd

(TOPE/TOSE)! @

@ l;k d"ns tflnd ! @# C0f ;]jf ! @$ k|ljlw ;]jf÷pknAwtf ! @

% ;femf ;'ljwf s]Gb| ! @

^ Afhfl/s/0f ;DaGwdfk/fdz{

! @

Gff]6-sf]8_M ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yf !—ljl8o;lkcf](BDSPO) @— l8d]uf(DMEGA) #—lhNnf 3/]n' tyf ;fgfpBf]usfof{no÷;ldlt

s|=;+= k|Zg pQ/ u0fsnfO{ lgb]{zg!% s] tkfO{n]] n3' pBd sfo{qmddf;xefuLx'g' eGbf

klxnf ;DalGwt lgsfo (BDSPO, DMEGA, d]8]k,lh3;fpljsf÷;ldlt_ ;Ë s'g} lsl;dsf]lnlvt;xdtL÷;Demf}tf ug'{ ePsf] lyof] <

lyof] .................. 1lyPg.................. 2

lyPg eg] v08 @ dfhfg] . olb lyof] eg];Demf}tfsf] k|lt dfu]/x]g]{

!%=! olb lyof] eg] s] sf nflulnlvt;xdtL÷;Demf}tf ug'{ ePsf] lyof] <

s|=;+= ;+:yfx? BDSPO lhNnf 3/]n' tyf ;fgfpBf]u sfof{no÷;ldlt5 5}g 5 5}g

!%=! K|ffjlws ;]jf ! @ ! @!%=@ ahf/ ;DaGw÷lals| ;'lgZrttf ! @ ! @!%=# lzk ljsf; ! @ ! @!%=$ ljlQo ;]jf ! @ ! @!%=% ;fdflhs kl/rfng÷;+:yfut ljsf; ! @ ! @!%=^ /f]huf/L a[l4 ! @ ! @!%=& cfDbfgL a[l4 ! @ ! @!%=* sRrf kbfy{ pknAwtf÷;'lgZrttf ! @ ! @



v08 @ M n3' pBdLsf] btf{ tyf ;b:otf

1. s] tkfO{n] of] n3' pBd b]xfPsf s'g} ;+:yfdf btf{ u/Fpg' ePsf] 5<

s|=;+= pBd ;Ë ;DalGwt ;+:yfx? btf{ u/FPsf ] olb btf{u/FPsf] ePjif{ -;fn_

5 5}g!=! n3' pBdL ;d"x -d]u_ ;d"x 1 2!=@ n3' pBdL ;ldtL -d]uf_ ahf/ jf uflj; :t/ 1 2!=# lhNnf n3' pBdL ;+3 -l8d]uf_, lhNnf :t/ 1 2!=$ lhNnf pBf]u tyf jfl0fHo ;‹ 1 2!=% lhNnf 3/]n' tyf ;fgfpBf]u sfof{no÷;ldlt 1 2!=^ uflj;÷gu/kflnsf 1 2

2. s] tkfO{n] lhNnf n3' pBdL ;+3 -l8d]uf_ sf] ;b:otf lng' ePsf] 5 <

s|=;+= pBd;Ë ;DalGwt ;+:yfx? ;b:otflnPsf] olb ;b:otf lnPsf]eP jif{ -;fn_5 5}g

@=! lhNnf n3' pBdL ;+3 -l8d]uf_ 1 2@=@ n3' pBdL ;ldtL -d]uf_ ahf/ jf uflj; :t/ 1 2‘@=# n3' pBdL ;d"x -d]u_ ;d"x 1 2

#= ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] ;b:otf

s|=;+= k|Zg pQ/ u0fsnfO{ lgb]{zg3 tkfO{÷tkfO{sf] kl/jf/sf] s'g} ;b:on]

s'g} ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] ;b:otf lng'ePsf] 5 <

5 ....................................15}g ..................................2

olb 5}g eg] v08 #df hfg]]

#=! olb lnPsf] eP s:tf] ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] ;b:otf lnPsf] 5 <

s|=;+= k|Zg 5 5}g!=! jrt tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yf 1 2!=@ n3' pBdL ;xsf/L ;+:yf 1 2!=# pTkfbg hGo ;xsf/L ;+:yf 1 2!=$ ax'pb]Zo ;xsf/L ;+:yf 1 2!=% ahf/Ls/0f jf Aofkf/ ;DalGw ;xsf/L ;+:yf 1 2



v08 # M n3' pBd ;DaGwL ;xof]u, Ifdtf clea[l4 tyf k|efjsfl/tf

!= n3' pBd ;DaGwL lgDg Tfflndx? lng' ePsf] 5<

s|=;+= Tflndx? Tfflnd lnPsf] Tfflnd cfjZos Tfflndsf] 1fg k|of]u u/]sf]5 5}g lyof] lyof] k"0f{ ?kdf s]lx xb

;Dd5}g

!=! TOPE/TOSE/ SIYB/MECD 1 2 1 2 1 2 3!=@ 5f]6f] cjlw -!% lbg eGbf sd_

l;k d"ns tflnd1 2 1 2 1 2 3

!=# dWod cjlw -!^ lbg b]lv $%lbg _ l;k d"ns tflnd

1 2 1 2 1 2 3

!=$ nfdf] cjlw $% lbg eGbfdfly_ l;k d"ns tflnd

1 2 1 2 1 2 3

!=% dflysf tflndx?af6slQsf] ;Gt'i6 x'g' x'G5

;Gt'i6 .................................................. 17Ls} .....................................................2c;Gt'i6 ................................................ 3

!=%=! sf/0f lbg'xf]; -;Gt'i6jf czGt'i6 h] 5To;sf] sf/0f ;f]Wg]_

!=

@=

sf/0f :ki6 5f]6f]/ a'lemg] u/L

n]Vg]

@= u|fld0f÷gu/ txdf n3' pBd sfo{qmd th'{df, sfof{Gjog tyf d"Nof+Ígdf ;xefuLtf

s|=;+= Tfflndx? ;xefuLtf olb ;xefuL eP ;Gt'i65 5}g k"0f{ ?kdf l7s c;Gt'i6

@=! n3' pBdLx?sf] 5gf}6 k|ls|ofdf ;xeflutf 1 2 1 2 3@=@ n3' pBdljsf; sfo{s|dth'{dfuf]i7Ldf

;xeflutf1 2 1 2 3

@=# n3' pBd Aoj:yfkgaf/] lg0f{ok|s[ofdf;xeflutf

1 2 1 2 3

@=$ n3' pBd sfo{s|d d'Nof+sgdf 1 2 1 2 3

#= tkfO{ n3' pBd sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf p3d :yfkgf eO{;s]kl5 b]xfosf] sfo{s|ddf ;xefuL jf ;]jf k|fKt ug{cj;/ kfpg' ePsf] 5 <

s|=;+= sfo{s|d ;]jf k|fKtu/]sf]

5 eg] slxn] ;]jf k|bfg ug]{;+:yf sf]8

;Gt'i6tfsf]8

5 5}g Afif{ dlxgf! Joj;fo ;'wf/

tflnd(TOEE/TOGE)@ Kf'g/tfhuL tflnd(Refresher

training)# a|flG8ª÷Kofs]lhª$ pTkfbg lals|sf] nflu ahfl/s/0f

lj:tf/ ;]jf% pBdnfO{ lbuf] t'Nofpg k|fljlws ;]jfGff]6-sf]8_M ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yf !—ljl8o;lkcf], @— l8d]uf, #—lhNnf 3/]n' tyf ;fgfpBf]u sfof{no÷;ldlt;Gt'i6tfM !— k"0f{ ;Gt'i6, @—l7s}, #—c;Gt'i6



$= n3' pBd tflnddf ;xeflu ePkl5 tkf+O{sf] pBd ;~rfng ug]{ tl/sf Pj+ cGo Jojxf/df s] s:tf] kl/jt{gePsf] 5 <

s|=;+= Tflndx? kl/jt{g ePsf]k"0f{ ?kdf s]lx xb ;Dd 5}g

$=! pTkfbg k|ljlwsf] ;d'lrt k|of]udf kl/jt{g ePsf] 1 2 3$=@ hf]lvd lng] Ifdtfdf a[l4 ePsf] 1 2 3$=# pTkfbgdf nfut 36fpg ;Ifd ePsf] 1 2 3$=$ pTkflbt j:t'sf] u'0f:t/ a[l4 ePsf] 1 2 3$=% ;]jf k|bfosx?df kx'+r a[l4 ePsf] 1 2 3$=^ ahf/Ls/0f Ifdtfdf a[l4 ePsf] 1 2 3$=& pBd ;~rfng ug]{ O{R5f a[l4 ePsf] 1 2 3$=* gof cj;/sf] vf]hL ug]{ rfxgfdf a[l4 ePsf] 1 2 3

5 clxn] o;p3d÷Aoj;fodf tkfO{sf];DnUgtf s;/L 5 <-d'Vo Ps pQ/_

Aoj;foL÷pTkfbs -lghL Psn ;~rfng_=== . 1Joj;foL÷pTkfbs -;d"xsf] ;b:o _ ..........2sd{rf/L÷dhb'/ dfq ............................. 3

sd{rf/L÷dhb'/ dfq-#_ eP v08 * dfhfg ]

^= n3' pBdnfO{ lbuf] t'Nofpg tkfO{n] b]xfosf] sfo{s|ddf ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ kfpg' ePsf] 5 <

s|=; sfo{s|d

;]jfk|fKtu/]sf]

5 eg] slxn];]jf

k|bfg ug]{;+:yfsf]8

;Gt'i6tfsf]8

5 5}g ;fn dlxgf^=! Jf:t'ut ;+3;+:yf ;Ë cfj4 x'g k|fljlws÷;+:yfut

;]jf1 2

^=@ pTkfbg lals|sf] nflu ykahfl/s/0f lj:tf/ ;]jf 1 2^=# Af:t' ljsf; / ljljlws/0f 1 2^=$ u'0f:t/ ;wf/ ÷lgoGq0f 1 2^=% ;]jf k|flKtdf nfut 36fpg tyf ;fem]bf/L ljsf; 1 2Gff]6-sf]8_M ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yf !—ljl8o;lkcf],@— l8d]uf, #—lhNnf 3/]n' tyf ;fgfpBf]u sfof{no÷;ldlt;Gt'i6tfM !— k0f{ ;Gt'i6, @—l7s}, #—c;Gt'i6

7 s] tkfO{n] pBd :yfkgf b]lv xfn;Dd jflif{s jfdf}ifdL?kdf;~rfng ub}{ cfpg' ePsf] 5<

lgoldt -jflif{s÷df}ifdL_ ............. 1xfn ;~rfng gu/]sf]=................. 2

7.1 xfn ;~rfng gu/]sf] eP pBdaGb u/]sf jif{ -;fn_

================================

7.2 aGb ug{'÷;+rnfggug{'sfsf/0fx?-d'Vo tLg pQ/_

k'“hL÷nufgLsf] sld ........................ 1hgzlQmsf] cefj ........................... 2pks/0f÷d]zLgsf] cefj ................... 3sdhf]/ k|fljlws 1fg÷zLk ...............4kfl/jfl/s ;xof]usf] sld ==========================5ahf/sf] cefj ............................... 6sd gfkmf÷3f6f............................... 7hl6n k|s[of ..................................8sRrf kbfy{sf] cefj÷k|ofKttf ........... 9k|fljlws ;xof]usf] cefj .................10j}slNkssfddf nfu]sf] =====================11pBd ;~rfng ug{ ljB't, kfgL tyf ef}ltsk'jf{wf/sf] cefjcGo-v'nfpg]_ .....12

;~rfng gug'{sftLg sf/0f lnPkl5o; kZrftcGt/jftf{ cGTo ug'{xf]nf tyf cGo k|Zgg;f]Wg].



v08 $ M n3' pBd Joj;fo of]hgf;DaGwLhfgsf/L

s|=;+= k|Zg pQ/ u0fsnfO{ lgb]{zg* tkfO{n] of] n3' pBd z'? ug'{ cufl8

Joj;fo of]hgf agfpg' ePsf] lyof] <lyof] ....................................... 1lyPg ......................................2

olb lyPg eg]v08 …%Ú df hfg]

*=! olb lyof] eg] of] of]hgf s:sf];xof]udf agfpg' ePsf] lyof] <-d'Vo Ps pQ/ dfq 5fGg]_

s[lif÷kz' ;]jf ÷jg sfof{no .......... 1lhlj;.....................................2uflj; ..................................... 3dlxnf ljsf; sfof{no................. 4lhNnf 3/]n' pBf]u sfof{no÷;ldlt...5l8d]uf ..................................... 6ljl8P;\lkcf] ..............................7cGo -v'nfpg]_ ...........................7

*=@ Joj;fo of]hgf af6 tkfFO{ slQsf];Gt'i6 x'g' x'G5 <

;Gt'i6..................................... 17Ls} .......................................2c;Gt'i6................................... 3

*=# pQm of]hgf cg';f/ Joj;fo;~rfng ug'{ ePsf] 5 <

5 ......................................... 15}g .......................................2

olb 5 eg] v08 %df hfg]

*=#=! olb 5}g eg] Joj;fo of]hgf;~rfng ug'{ g;Sg'sf sf/0fx?-d'Vo b'O{ pQ/ dfq 5fGg]_

Joj;fo of]hgf a'emg g;Sg' ......... 1sRrf kbfy{ h'6fpg g;s]sf] ..........2l/0f gkfPsf] ÷nufgL ug{ g;s]sf] .... 3k|fljlws ;xof]u gkfPsf] .............. 4lzk÷k|ljlw pknAw gePsf]............5pTkfbgsf]ahf/ gePsf] ................ 6cGo -v'nfpg]_ ...........................7

v08 %M n3' pBdkl/jt{g;DaGwL hfgsf/L

s|=;+= k|Zg pQ/÷sf]8 u0fsnfO{ lgb]{zg

1 s] tkfO{n] n3' pBd :yfkgfkZrft kl/jt{g ug'{ ePsf] 5<

5 ....................................... 15}g ..................................... 2

kl/jt{g eÌfn] n3'pBdsf] lqmofsnfkdfePsf] kl/jt{gnfO{a'‰g'k5{ .

1.1 olb kl/jt{g u/]sf] eP xfnu/]sf] pBdsf] d'Vo lqmofsnfks] xf] pNn]v ug'{xf];\

=========================================================================================================================================================

1.2 kl/jt{g u/]sf] jif{ -;fn v'nfpg]_1.3 xfn pBdsf] k|sf/ s[lifdfcfwfl/t -pTkfbg_................1

jgdfcfwfl/t.............................2vfB k|;f]wgdfcfwfl/t ..................3;]jfdfcfwfl/t -ko{6g / Aofkf/_ ..... 4u}/ s[lifdfcfwfl/t ...................... 5cGo........................................6



1.4 n3' pBdlsg kl/jt{g ug'{ eof] < sRrf kbfy{ pknAw gePsf] ...........1BDSPOsf] l;kmfl/;.....................2pBdaf6 3f6f eO{ pl:sg} g;s]sf] ...3C0f pknAw gePsf ................... 4ahf/÷ljls|df ;d:of .................. 5u'0f:tl/o pTkfbg ug{ g;s]/..........6bIf 1fg tyf lzk geP/ .............. 7

v08 ^ M n3' pBd;~rfng;DaGwLhfgsf/L

s|=;+= k|Zg pQ/÷sf]8 u0fsnfO{ lgb]{zg1 pBd ;~rfng :yfg

-d'Vo Ps pQ/_3/÷lglh :yfg ........................... 1;fd'bflos ;'ljwf s]Gb .................. 2Eff8fsf] :yfg ............................. 3cGo ;fj{hlgs :yfg................... 4

2 of] pBd s:sf] :jfldTjdf jfJoj:yfkgdf 5 <-d'Vo Ps pQ/_

cfkm\g} ...................................... 1;d"x÷;xsf/L ............................ 2;fem]bf/ ................................... 3

2.1 olb ;d"x÷;xsf/L jf ;fem]bf/dfpBd ;+rnfg eP ;+nUg ;+Vof

dlxnfk'?if

2.2 olb ;d"x÷;xsf/L÷;fem]bf/sf]:jfldTjdf eP tkfO{sf];+nUgtf s;/L ePsf] 5<

cWoIf÷pkfWoIf .......................... 1;lrj ......................................2;b:o ...................................... 3

3 s] tkfO{sf] of] pBdlhNnf 3/]n'tyf ;fgf pBf]usfof{no÷;ldltdfbtf{ 5

5 ........................................ 15}g ...................................... 2

of] k|Zg k'g ;f]Wg]/ o;eGbf cufl8v08 @ sf] k|Zg !;Ë d]n vfof]vfPg hfr u/Lldnfpg' kg]{

3.1 btf{ ePsf] jif{ -;fn_ ===========================================3.2 btf{ ubf{ pBdsf] clws[t k'FhL

nufgL slt lyof]? ==========================================

3.3 s] tkfO{n] of] p3dnfO{ gljs/0fu/fO;Sg' ePsf] 5<

5=======================================!5}g=====================================@;do ePsf] 5}g=====================#

3.4 clxn] -xfn_pBdsf] k'FhL slt 5 ? ======================================3.5 olb tkfO{sf] pBdsf] k“'hL a[l4 ePsf]

eP o;df s:nfO{ a9L>]o lbg' x'G5<

;+:yf÷e"ldsf >]o:t/ afof+ kl6ePsfpQ/x?dfk|yd>]onfO{ !, bf]>f]>]onfO{ @ / t]>f]>]onfO{ # u/L s'g}tLgj6fnfO{ >]opNn]v ug]{

!= d]8]k÷BDSPO@=lh3;psf÷;ldlt

#=lhlj;÷uflj;$=cfkm" nufPtcfˆgf]kl/jf/sf] k|of;÷;xeflutf%=ljQLo ;+:yfsf] nufgL^=pBddfsfo{/tHofnfbf/L÷sd{rf/L

3.6 tkfO{sf] pBd :t/f]Gglt eof] egLl8d]ufjf6 k|df0f kq kfpg' ePsf] 5<

5 ........................... 15}g ..........................2



v08 &M n3' pBd;]jftyfpTkfbg;DaGwLhfgsf/L

!= pko'Qmk|ljlw ;]jf

s|=;+= k|Zg pQ/÷sf]8 u0fsnfO{ lgb]{zg1 tkfO{nfO{ of] n3' pBd l;h{gf ug{

Joj;fo ;]jf k|bfos ;|:yf

(BDSPO)n] xfn;xof]u u/]sf] 5 <

5...................................15}g=================================== 2

olb 5}g eg] k|Zg g++ # dfhfg] .

xfn zAb nfO{ hf]8 lbg'kg]{

@=! olb 5 eg] s] s] ;]jfx? k|bfg ub{5 <

s|=;+= Tflndx? Jo;]k| ;+:yfn] ;]jf lbg]u/]sf]

cfkm'n] ;]jflnPsf]

;]jf lnPsf] eP ;]jfaf6;Gt'i6L s:tf] 5 <

5 5}g lyof] lyPg k"0f{ ?kdf s]lx xb;Dd

5}g

! ;dflhs kl/rfng 1 2 1 2 1 2 3@ Ifdtf ljsf; ÷tflndx? 1 2 1 2 1 2 3# Aoj;flos of]hgf lgdf{0f

tflnd1 2 1 2 1 2 3

$ Aoj;flos of]hgf sfo{Gjog;xhLs/0f

1 2 1 2 1 2 3

% cf}hf/ tyf pks/0f k|of]u;DaGwL tflnd

1 2 1 2 1 2 3

^ ;femf ;'ljwf s]Gb|:yfkgf÷Aoj:yfkg tflnd

1 2 1 2 1 2 3

& K|fljlws tyf Aoj;fo ljsf;;]jfx?

1 2 1 2 1 2 3

@=@ dflysf ;]jfx?x?af6 slQsf];Gt'i6 x'g' x'G5 < sf/0f lbg'xf];

!=

@=@=# dflysf ;]jfx?x?af6 ;dodf

pknAw -cfjZos k/]sf] a]nf _ePsf] lyof]

k|foh;f] ............................................ 1slxn] slx .........................................2lj/n} ............................................... 3slxn] gkfPsf].................................... 4

#= tkfO{n] n3' pBd ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos k|fljlws ;]jfxfn sxf+af6 kfO{/xg' ePsf] 5 <

s|=;+= Tflndx? ;]jf lnPsf] ;]jfaf6 ;Gt'i6

5 5}g k"0f{ ?kdf s]lx xb;Dd

5}g

! s[lif÷kz' ;]jf÷jg sfof{no 1 2 1 2 3@ lhlj; 1 2 1 2 3# uflj; ÷ gu/kflnsf 1 2 1 2 3$ dlxnf ljsf; sfof{no 1 2 1 2 3% lhNnf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{no ÷

;ldltsf] lhNnf sfof{no1 2 1 2 3

^ l8d]uf 1 2 1 2 3



$= cg'udg$= tn pNn]lvt s'g} lgsfoaf6 tkfO{sf] pBdsf]

cg'udg tyf ;xof]u x'g] u/]sf] lyof]<!= lyof] @= lyPg olb lyPg eg] k|Zg g+= %

shf{ ;]jfdf hfg]

$=! olb lyof] eg] lgDg hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\

s|=;+= cg'udg ug]{ lgsfo cg'udg u/]sf] cg'udg kZrft ;xof]u k'u]sf] If]q

K|ffo Go'g 5}g pTkfbg ljls| Ifdtfljsf;

;dGjo Aojfl;os;]jfdfkx'Fr

! d]8]kaf6 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5@ lhNnf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf

pBf]usfof{nfo÷;ldltaf6

1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5

# lhNnfljsf; ;ldltaf6 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5$ lhNnf:t/Lo ;DalGwt

;/sf/L lgsfoaf61 2 3 1 2 3 4 5

% lhNnf n3' pBd ;+3-DMEGA)

1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5

^ Joj;fo ;]jfk|bfos;+:yf(BDSPO)af6

1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5

s|=;+= k|Zg pQ/÷sf]8 u0fsnfO{lgb]{zg

$=@ dflysf cg'udgx?af6 slQsf];Gt'i6 x'g' x'G5 _

;Gt'i6.............................................17Ls}............................................... 2c;Gt'i6...........................................3

$=@=! sf/0f lbg'xf]; !=

@=

$=# dflysf cg'udgx?af6 tkfO{sf];d"xdf s'g} cfly{s ef/ k/]sf] 5

5 .................................................15}g .............................................. 2

$=#=! olb 5 eg] s;/L cfly{s ef/ kg{uof] <

Vffgf vr{ .........................................1e|d0f tyf OGwg vr{ .......................... 2gub ;xof]u......................................3

%= shf{ ;]jfs|=;+= k|Zg pQ/÷sf]8 u0fsnfO{

lgb]{zg% tkfO{n] of] n3' pBd :yfkgf tyf

;~rfng ug{ ljlQo ;|f]t sxfFaf6k|fKt ug'{ ePsf] 5<

cfk\mg} ;|f]t ...........................................1C0f lnPsf] ......................................... 2


6 tkfO{n] of] n3' pBd ;~rfng ug{C0f lng rfx] ;lhn} pknAw x'G5<

5 .....................................................15}g .................................................. 2

6.1 sf/0f lbg'xf];\

^=@ olb C0f÷shf{ lnPsf] eP lgDg ljj/0f lbg'xf];\



s|=;+= s'g ;+:yfaf6 C0f lnPsf]

slt C0f lnPsf] / sltAofhb/df

C0f ;]jfaf6 slt ;Gt'i6 x'g'x'G5 <

/sd -?_ Aofh b/ k"0f{ ?kdf s]lx xb;Dd

5}g

! ;d"x÷art tyf C0f ;d"x 1 2 3@ ;xsf/L 1 2 3# a}+s÷ljlQo ;+:yf 1 2 3$ nB' ljlQo ;+:yf 1 2 3% Aofkf/L 1 2 3^ AolQmx?

^= ahf/ ;Dks{ / Joj;fo k/fdz{

s|=;+= k|Zg pQ/÷sf]8 u0fsnfO{ lgb]{zg1 ahf/ Ph]G6x? ;Ë tkfFO{ slQsf]

;Gt'i6 x'g' x'G5 <5 ................................................... 15}g .................................................. 2

1.1 olb 5 eg], tkfFO{ slQsf] ;Gt'i6x'g' x'G5 <

;Gt'i6............................................... 17Ls}.................................................. 2c;Gt'i6............................................. 3

2 pTkflbt j:t'sf] u'0f:t/ j[l4 ug{cfjZos kg]{ ;]jf tkfO{nfO{pknAw 5 <

5 ................................................... 15}g .................................................. 2

2.1 olb 5 eg], tkfFO{ slQsf] ;Gt'i6x'g' x'G5 <

;Gt'i6............................................... 17Ls}.................................................. 2c;Gt'i6............................................. 3

3 pTkflbt j:t'sf] u'0f:t/ hf+ru/fpg] ug'{ePsf] 5 <

5 ................................................... 15}g .................................................. 2

3.1 5 eg], tkfFO{ To:tf] u'0f:t/dfkg ;]jfaf6 slQsf] ;Gt'i6 x'g'x'G5 <

;Gt'i6............................................... 17Ls}.................................................. 2c;Gt'i6............................................. 3

&= n]vftyfclen]v k|0ffnL

s|=;+= k|Zg pQ/÷sf]8 u0fsnfO{ lgb]{zg! cfDbfgL tyf vr{sf] lx;fa

lstfa /fv]sf] 5 ls 5}gatfpg'xf];<

5 ............................................... 15}g.............................................. 2

olb pQ/ 5 eg]dflx;fa lstfa, a}Ísf]gfd, n]vf kl/If0fsf]k|ltj]bg, nfut /fv]sf]lx;fa lstfa cflbdfu]/ x]g]{ / eg]sf]hjfkm ;lx ePsf];'lglZrt ug]{

@ n3' pBdsf] 5'§} a}Í vftfls 5}gatfpg'xf];

5 ............................................... 15}g.............................................. 2

# pBdsf] jflif{s n]vf kl/If0fu/fpg] u/]sf]ls 5}g atfpg'xf];

5 ............................................... 15}g.............................................. 2

$ pTkfbgsf] nut ;daGwL lx;fa/fv]sf]ls 5}g atfpg'xf];

5 ............................................... 15}g.............................................. 2

% pTkfbgsf] nut /fVg] u/]sf]ePkfl/jfl/s vkt s6fpg] u/]sf]ls 5}g atfpg'xf];

5 ............................................... 15}g.............................................. 2



*= /f]huf/L


1 tkfO{ :jo+ o; pBddf sfdug'{x'G5 <

u5'{ ................................................ 1ulb{g .............................................. 2

1.1 olb ug'{x'G5 eg] tkfO{sf];+nUgtf s;/L ePsf] 5<

jif}{e/L -k"0f{sfnLg_ ............................. 1df};dL -k"0f{sfnLg_ ............................. 2cf+l;s ?kdf..................................... 3

1.2 jif}{e/L hDdf slt lbg sfdu'g'{ x'G5 <

2 tkfO{sf] kl/jf/sf] cGo s'g};b:o o; pBddf sfd u5{g\<

u5{g .............................................. 1ub}{gg\ ............................................. 2

olb u5{g\ eg], lgDg ljj/0f v'nfpg'xf];\

s|=;+= ;b:o kl/jf/ ;b:o;+Vof

sfd u/]sf] lbg ut jif{ u0fsnfO{ lgb]{zg M olb pQ/df PshgfeGbf a9L cfof] / To;df Pshgf k"0f{ /csf]{ cf+lzs jf b'a} km/s km/s sfd ug]{

eg]df b'a}sf] hf]8]/ ldnfP/ n]Vg]! k'?if ;b:o@ dlxnf ;b:o

s|=;+= k|Zg pQ/÷sf]8 u0fsnfO{ lgb]{zg2 s] tkfO{n] o; pBddf cfˆgf] Ps} 3/

kl/jf/sf ;b:o afx]s cGonfO{ klg /f]huf/Llbg] ug'{ ePsf] 5 <

5 .....................................15}g .................................. 2

olb 5 eg], lgDg ljj/0f v'nfpg'xf];\

s|=;+= ;b:o ;+Vof /f]huf/L lbPsf] lbg ut jif{

jflif{s ?kdf Dff}ifdL ?kdf jflif{s Dff}ifdL ?kdf

@=! k'?if ;b:o@=@ dlxnf ;b:o

(= Nfut tyf nfe ljZn]if0f

of] pBdaf6 utjif{ -@)&)÷&!_ dfePsf] pTkfbgtyfljqmLsf] ljj/0f -ut jif{ eGgfn]M @)&) ;fnsf] >fj0f! ut] b]lv @)&! ;fnsf] cfiff9 d;fGt ;Dd_

u0fsnfO{ lgb]{zg M pTkfbgsf] kl/df0f ;f]Wbf pBdLnfO{ cfkm'nfO{ yfxf eP cg';f/ eÌ lbg] / Tof] pTkfbg kl/df0fdfpNn]v ug]{ . To;nfO{ u0fs cfkm}n] pTkfbgsf] k|s[lt cg';f/ s]hL jf ln6/ jf uf]6f h:tf k|rlnt O{sfO{df kl/df0fn]Vg] .



s|=;+= pTkfbgsf] gfdpTkfbgkl/df0f

÷:yfgLoOsfO{

k|rlntOsfO{-k|O{_

pTkfbgkl/df0f-k|O{_

lals| kl/df0f-k|O{_

lals| d'Nok|lt-k|O{_

ahf/Ls/0fubf{ nfu]sf]

vr{ ?

s_ k|d'v pTkfbg

v_ ;xfos pTkfbg

gf]6 ! M k|rlnt OsfO{ eÌfn] lulGt eP ;+Vofdf, tf}n eP s]hLdf, cfotg eP ln6/df pNn]v ug]{

ut % jif{sf] cfDbfgL tyf vr{

u0fsnfO{lgb]{zgMpBdLn] pBd :yfkgf u/]kl5 pBdaf6 klxnf] pTkfbgcfpgyfn] kl5sf] pTkfbgsf] ljj/0f lng] . t/nfutsf] ljj/0f eg] z'?sfjif{ af6} lng] . o;f] ubf{ kl5Nnf jif{x?df :yfkgfePsfpBdx?sf] ljj/0fkf+rjif{sf] gx'g ;Sg] ePsf]n] pBd :yfkgfePsf] jif{af6 ljj/0f lng] . pbfx/0f — olbpBdcf=j=@)^^÷^&df :yfkgfePsf] /x]5 eg] To; pBdsf] kf+rjif{sf] lx;fj cfp+5 eg] olbpBdcf=j= @)^(÷&) df:yfkgfePsf] /x]5 eg] To; pBdsf] b'O{ jif{sf] dfqlx;fj cfp+5 .

s|=;+= jif{ s'n cfDbfgL s'n pTkfbg vr{ lx;fa /fv]sf] cj:yf

5 5|}g\

! @)&)÷&! -utjif{_ ! @

@ @)^(÷&) ! @

# @)^*÷^( ! @

$ @)^&÷^* ! @

% @)^^÷^& ! @

Gff]6M cfly{s jif{M >fj0f ! b]lv cfiff9 d;fGt;Dd



d]l;g/L cf}hf/sf] vr{

u0fsnfO{ lgb]{zg Md]l;g/L cf}hf/df d]l;g/L cnfjf Psjif{ eGbf a9L l6Sg] s'6f], sf]bfn], /08f, xyf]8f, kfgLsf ef+8f tyf 8«d, bfgfv'jfpg] ef+8f, cflb h:tf cf}hf/x?nfO{ ;dfj]z ug'{k5{ .

s|=;+= d'Vo d]l;gcf}hf/sf] gfd

>f]t!= ahf/ d'Nodfvl/b@= k"0f{ cg'bfg#= cf+lzscg'bfg

n3' pBdsf]nfutd'No ?

k|fKt u/]sf]jif{

-;fn_

sfdlbg]cfo'jif{df

pNn]v ug]{

h8fgsxf+ ePsf] xf] <-!= lghLpBddf@= ;femf ;'ljwf

s]Gb|df_cg'bfgaf6k|fKtsf] d"No

pBdLn]Aoxf]/]sf]d"No

s|=;+ ljj/0f! k|of]u ePsf d]l;g/L cf}hf/x?sf] Ifdtfsf] slt k|ltzt hlt

k|of]u ePsf] 5 <%)Ü eGbf sd =========================1%) b]lv &)Ü ;Dd ===================2&) b]lv ()Ü ;Dd ===================3()Ü eGbf dfly =======================4

ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ljj/0fu0fsnfO{ lgb]{zg M ef}lts k"jf{wf/ eÌfn] 3/, uf]7, e]8f afv|f tyf a+u'/sf] vf]/, uf/f] nufP/ agfPsf] dnsf] vf8n,Knfli7s 6g]n, kfgL kf]v/L, h]g/]6/ /fVg] 5fk|f], tyf pTkfbg /fVg] :6f]/ cflbnfO{ a'‰g'k5{ .

:yfgLo lgsfo eÌfn] uflj; tyf gkfnfO{ hgfp+5 .

of] pBddf ut jif{df -@)&)÷&!_ k|of]u ePsf] d'Vo sRrf kbfy{sf] ljj/0f

qm; sRrf kbfy{sf] gfd OsfO{ k|of]u kl/df0f hDdf nfu]sf] vr{ ?

s|=;+ ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf]gfd

>f]tM!= pBdLsf] cfˆg}vr{df lgdf{0f@= k"0f{ cg'bfg#= cf+lzscg'bfg

:jfldTjM!=pBdL÷lghL@= pBd ;d"x#= :yfgLolgsfo

lgdf{0fu/]sf] jif{-;fn_

lgdf{0fdfnfu]sf] hDdfvr{ ?

To;k"jf{wf/n]sfdlbg]cfo' -jif{_



cGo rfn' vr{ M ut jif{ -@)&)÷&!_ sf] jflif{s vr{ ?

qm; vr{sf] ljj/0f vr{ ?1 kfgL

2 ljh'nL

3 hldg÷3/ef8f

4 d];Lg/L dd{t

5 ahf/ ;e]{If0f

6 k|fljlws ;]jf

7 lj1fkg

8 cltly ;Tsf/

9 k|zf;lgs÷ n]vfvr{

cGo =========

shf{sf] ljj/0fs|=;+= shf{sf] >f]t -!_ shf{ /sd ? Jofhb/ -Ü_

lbuf]kgf

s|=;+= k|Zg pQ/÷sf]8 u0fsnfO{ lgb]{zg1 Eljiodf st}af6 klg k|fljlws

;xof]u k|fKt x'g 5f8]kl5 tkfO{ of]pBd lg/Gt/ ?kdf ;~+rfng ug{;Ifd x'g'x'G5 <

5 .............................................. 15}g ............................................ 2yfxf 5}g ...................................... 3

2 s] tkfO{sf] pBdnfO{ lg/Gt/ ?kdf:yfgLo lgsfosf] ;xof]u k|fKteO/xg]5 <

5 .............................................. 15}g ............................................ 2yfxf 5}g ...................................... 3

:yfgLo lgsfoeÌfn] uflj; tyfgkfnfO{ hgfp+5 .

3 of] pBdlj/Gt/ ;~rfng ug{df ahf/k|lt;kwf{ ug{[kg]{ jf hf]lvd df]Ng'kg]{cj:yf b]Vg' ePsf] 5 <

5 .............................................. 15}g ............................................ 2yfxf 5}g ...................................... 3

4 pBdnfO{lg/Gt/ ?kdf ;~rfngdf b]Vg'ePsf hf]lvdx?

k|ljlwx? hl6n x'b} uPsf] ................... 1:yfgLo ;fdfu|Lx?sf] cfk"lt{ 36]sf]......... 2sRRffkbfy{sf] d'No j[l4 ...................... 3ahf/df j}slNks j:t' tyf;]jfx?sf] pknAwtf ..........................4pTkflbt j:t'sf] ahf/ dfusd ............. 5pBdLx? aLrk|lt:kwf{df j[l4 ............... 5



5 ahf/ ljzn]if0f ug]{ u/]sf] ...................................... 1ug]{ gu/]sf]] .................................... 2ug'{k5{ eÌ] yfxfgePsf...................... 3ug{ ghfg]sf] / ;xof]u klggePsf].........4

5 n3' pBdL tyf pBdnfO{ ;dfhaf6:jLsfo{ tyf dfGotf s:tf] 5 <

/fd|f] ............................................ 17Ls} ............................................ 2g/fd|f] .......................................... 3

6 tkfO{sf] pBdsf] pTkfbgsf] ahf/k|lt:kwf{ a9]sf] 5 <

5 ............................................... 15}g ............................................. 2

6.1 olb a9]sf] eP s;/L ;fdgf ug'{ ePsf]5 <

pTkfbgsf] u'0f:t/ a9fP/ ................... 1pTkfbgnfO{ 6f9fsf] ahf/df nu]/ ljlqmu/]/]............................................. 2s]xL ug{ g;s]/ pTkfbg 36fPsf] .......... 3

Jfftfj/0f ;'/Iff

s|=;+= k|Zg x'G5 x'b}gX'G5 eg] Go"lgs/0fsf]

nfluplrtJoj:yfkg u/]sf]5 5}g

1 pBdaf6 lg:sg] kmf]xf]/ d}nfaf6 b'u{Gw pTkfbg ! @ ! @2 vfg] kfgL k|b'if0f ! @ ! @3 k|fs[lts >f]tsf] pkof]u ! @ ! @4 k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] pkof]u ! @ ! @5 df6f]sf] pj{/f zlQmdf gfz ! @ ! @6 Affn >dsf] pkof]u ! @ ! @

&= tkfFOsf] pBdsf] eljio s:tf] 5 pHjn÷÷k"0f{ ;'/lIft ===================================================== !7Ls} -;fdfGowSsf÷rfk ;xg ;Ifd_ =============================== @r'gf}tLk"0f{ -;fdfGorfk ;xgd'lZsn_ ================================= #

u0fs M o;kl5 v08 ( dfhfg]



v08 *M p3d÷Aoj;fodf sd{rf/L÷dhb'/sfnfluk|ZgfjnL

s|=;+= k|Zg pQ/÷sf]8 u0fsnfO{ lgb]{zg2 tkfO{sf]o; pBddf ;+nUgtf

s;/L ePsf] 5<jif}{e/L -k"0f{sfnLg_ =================== !df};dL -k"0f{sfnLg_ =================== @cf+l;s ?kdf =============================#

2.1 ut jif{ sfd u/]sf] lbg

@=@ b}lgs Hofnf jf cfDbfgL

@=# tkfO{sf] kl/jf/sf] cGo s'g};b:o o; pBddf sfdu5{g\ <

u5{g\ ================================!ub}{gg\ ==============================@

#=! olb u5{g\ eg], lgDg ljj/0f v'nfpg'xf];\

kl/jf/ ;b:o ;+Vof sfd u/]sf] lbg ut jif{ b}lgs Hofnf÷cfDbfgL

! k'?if ;b:o@ dlxnf ;b:o

s|=;+= k|Zg pQ/÷sf]8 u0fsnfO{ lgb]{zg4 s] tkfO{n] o; pBddf cfˆgf] Ps} 3/

kl/jf/sf ;b:o afx]s cGonfO{ klg /f]huf/LlbPsf] 5 <

5 .....................................15}g .................................. 2

olb 5 eg], lgDg ljj/0f v'nfpg'xf];\

;+Vof /f]huf/L lbPsf] lbg ut jif{jflif{s ?kdf Dff}ifdL ?kdf jflif{s Dff}ifdL ?kdf

=! k'?if ;b:o@ dlxnf ;b:o

s|=;+= k|Zg pQ/÷sf]8 u0fsnfO{ lgb]{zg4 s] tkfO{ ;xefuL ePsf] of]

pBdaf6 pTkflbt j:t' tyf;]jfaf6 k|fKt cfDbfgL ug'{ ePsf]x'G5 <

5 ===========================================15}g =========================================@

olb 5 eg] slt /sd k|fKt ug'{ePsf] 5 <

?



v08 (M k|efj

-u0fsM sd{rf/L÷dhb'/, nufgLstf{÷z]o/ ;b:o tyf n3' pBd Aoj;foL÷pTkfbs ;a}nfO{ ;f]Wg]_

ef}lts ;DklQx?

s|=;+= k|Zg clxn] -n3' pBd z'? u/]kl5_ klxn] -n3' z'? ug'{ eGbf cufl8_1 s] tkfO{sf]

cfÏgf]÷kl/jf/sf]3/ 5 <

5 ....................................... 15}g ...................................... 2

lyof] ....................................1lyPg ....................................2

1.1 olb 5 eg], 3/;+Vof

1.2 d'No -?_

1.3 5fgfsf] k|sf/-Ps d'Vo pQ/_-cfkm' a:g] dfq_

v/÷k/fn .............................. 16fon ...................................29'+uf ..................................... 3h:tf kftf ............................ 49nfg ...................................5

v/÷k/fn .............................. 16fon ...................................29'+uf ..................................... 3h:tf kftf ............................ 49nfg ...................................5

2 tkf+O{sf] cfkm\gf] jfkl/jf/sf]:jfldTjsf] hUufslt 5 <-If]qkmn_

pBdLn] eg]sf] OsfO{dfoxf+ n]Vg] ==================================================

=============x]S6/-u0fsn]

cfkm'n] lx;fju/]/ oxf+

x]S6/df n]Vg]_

pBdLn] eg]sf] OsfO{dfoxf+ n]Vg] ==================================================

=========x]S6/-u0fsn]cfkm'n]

lx;fj u/]/oxf+ x]S6/df

n]Vg]_gf]6 M ! lj3f Ö @) s6\7f Ù ! s6\7f Ö @) w'/ Ù ! x]S6/ Ö @) /f]kgL Ù ! x]S6/ Ö #) s6\7f,! x]S6/ Ö !=$&& lj3f Ù ! lj3f Ö !# /f]kgL Ù ! /f]kgL Ö !^ cfgf Ù ! cfgf Ö $ k};f Ù ! /f]kgL Ö $df6f]d'/L

3 Vffg]kfgLsf] d'Vo>f]t-Ps d'Vo pQ/_

Wff/f -cfÏg}÷;fd'bflos_ .............. 1snwf/f -cfÏg}÷;fd'bflos_ ......... 2s'nf]÷Ogf/ ............................. 3vf]nf ................................... 4

Wff/f -cfÏg}÷;fd'bflos_ .............. 1snwf/f -cfÏg}÷;fd'bflos_ ..........2s'nf] ..................................... 3vf]nf ................................... 4

4 zf}rfno-Ps d'Vo pQ/_

5}g ...................................... 1vfN8f] ..................................2cfw'lgs -kmN; ePsf]_................. 3

5}g ......................................1vfN8f] ...................................2cfw'lgs -kmN; ePsf]_................. 3

5 vfgf ksfpg]OGwgsf] d'Vo >f]t-Ps d'Vo pQ/_

bfp/f ................................... 1Pn=lk=lh Uof“; ........................ 2Uff]j/ Uof“; ............................. 3dl6t]n ................................ 4u'O7f ...................................5ljB't ................................... 6lemu8L .................................7

bfp/f ...................................1Pn=lk=lh Uof“; ........................2Uff]j/ Uof“; ............................. 3dl6t]n ................................ 4u'O7f ....................................5ljB't ...................................6lemu8L .................................7

6 alQsf] d'Vo>f]t-Ps d'Vo pQ/_

ljB't ................................... 1;f]nf/ ..................................2d}galQ ................................. 3dl6t]n ................................ 4Aofl6«af6 alQ .........................5cGo ..................................... 6

ljB't ...................................1;f]nf/ ...................................2d}galQ ................................. 3dl6t]n ................................ 4Aofl6« ....................................5cGo .....................................6

xfn np z'? ug'{ eGbf cufl8

s|=;+ Ef.}lts ;DklQ ;+Vofolb 5 eg] cg'dflgt

d'No ?;+Vof

Olb lyof] eg] cg'dflgtd'No ?

1 /]l8of]



2 l6=le3 lkm|h4 df]6/;fOsn5 ;fOsn6 Uff8L7 ;f]nf/8 df]jfO{n9 Uof;r"nf]10 uf]j/ Uof;

kz'kfng

xfn np z'? ug'{ eGbf cufl8s|=;+ kz'kfng ;+Vof olb 5 eg] cg'dflgt

d'No ?;+Vof olb lyof] eg] cg'dflgt

d'No ?1 ufO{÷uf]?2 e}+;L÷/f“ufx?3 Affv|f÷v;L÷a'ª\u'/4 s'v'/f÷xf+;

cfly{s k' “hL

xfn np z'? ug'{ eGbf cufl8s|=;+ cfly{s k' “hL 5 5}g olb 5 eg]

cg'dflgtd'No ?lyof] lyPg olb lyof] eg]

cg'dflgtd'No ?1 kl/jf/sf] vfglkg, rf8kj{,

lzIff tyf pkrf/ h:tf3/fo;L sfdsf] nflu C0flng] u/]sf] -aflif{s_

! @ ! @

2 pTkfbgsf] nflu C0f lng]u/]sf] -aflif{s_

! @ ! @

3 art sfo{s|ddf ;+nUg-dfl;s art_

! @ ! @

4 a}s, ;xsf/L, jf o:t} cGo;+:yfdf z]o/ nufgL u/]sf]

! @ ! @

5 C0f nufgL ug]{ u/]sf] ! @ ! @

:jf:Yo ;DaGwL

s|=;+=

k|Zgxfn np z'? ug'{ eGbf cufl8

5 5}g5 eg];+Vof

5 5}g5 eg];+Vof

1 Pr=cfO{=le= P8\; ;DaGwL kl/jf/df hfgsf/L ! @ ! @2 Ifo/f]uaf6 k|efljt kl/jf/ ;b:ox? ! @ ! @3 sfnfhf/÷dn]l/ofaf6 k|efljt kl/jf/ ;b:ox? ! @ ! @4 lzz' d[To' -! jif{ d'gLsf aRrfsf] d[To'_ ! @ ! @5 afn d[To' -% jif{ d'gLsf aRrfsf] d[To'_ ! @ ! @6 dft[ d[To' -;'Ts]/L x'+bf_

! @ ! @



dlxnf ;zlQms/0f tyf ;dfj]zLs/0f

s|=;+=

k|Zg

xfnn3' pBd z'? ug'{ eGbf

cufl85 5}g

5 eg];+Vof

lyof] lyPg lyof]eg];+Vof

1 s] tkfO{sf] kl/jf/sf dlxnf ;b:ox?nfO{ c? k'?if ;b:onfO{em} vfgfsf] k|sf/ pknAw 5 <

! @ ! @

2 tkfFO{sf] kl/jf/sf] dlxnf ;b:ox? ;d"x, ;xsf/L h:tf;+:yfdf ;b:o 5g\ <

! @ ! @

3 tkfFO{sf] kl/jf/sf] dlxnf ;b:o eP lg0f{osf/L e"ldsf-cWoIf, pkfWoIf, ;lrj _ h:tf kbdf ;d]t 5g\ <

! @ ! @

4 3/ hUuf vl/b, ;DktL vl/b h:tf sfo{ ug{ dlxnf ;b:oeP lg0f{osf/L e"ldsf /xG5<

! @ ! @

lzIff ;DaGwL

s|=;+= k|Zgxfn

n3' pBd z'? ug'{ eGbfcufl8

dlxnf k'?if hDdf dlxnf k'?if hDdf1 % jif{ dflysf hDdf afnaflnsf

1.1 ljBfno ghfg] % jif{ dflysf afnaflnsf2 !% jif{eGbf dflysf;b:ox?

2.1 !% jif{eGbf dflysf lg/If/;b:ox?

a;fO{ ;/fO{ ;DaGwL hfgsf/L-a;fO{ ;daGwL hfgsf/L ln+bf sfdsf] nflu cfˆgf] :yfoL a;f]af;sf] If]q 5f8]/ b]z leq jf ljb]zdf uPsf kl/jf/;b:osf] ljj/0f lng]_aflx/ uP/ a:g] kl/jf/;b:ox?sf] gfd

clxn] nB' z'? ug'{ eGbfklxn]

lnË pd]/ jif{:yfg sf]8 k|j[lQ sf]8

lnË pd]/ jif{:yfgsf]8

k|j[lQsf]8

sf]8 M :yfg M != b]z leq @= ef/t #= vfl8 d'n's $= cGo b]z k|j[lQ M != df}ifld @= :yfoL

tkfO{sf] kl/jf/sf] jflif{s cfDbfgLsf] ljj/0f

s|=;+= cfDbfgLsf ;|f]tx? clxn]?

n3'pBd z'? ug'{eGbf klxn] ?

(=! v]tLaf6 cfDbfgL -jif]{ jfnL tyf lxp+b] jfnLaf6_, vfBfGg,t/sf/L, bnxg, kmnkm'n ljls cflbaf6 ePsf] cfDbfgL

(=@ kz'kfngaf6 -b'w tyf b'w hGo kbfy{, ljls|, kz' ljls|, c08fljls|_af6 ePsf] cfDbfgL

(=# u}x« s[lif Jofkf/÷ Joj;fo -Jofkf/, k;n, 3/hUuf ef8f, 7]Ssfk6\6f, pBf]u Joj;fo cflb_af6 ePsf] cfDbfgL -n3' pBdafx]ssf] dfq eg]{_

(=$ n3' pBdaf6 ePsf] cfDbfgL(=% Hofnfbf/L ÷dhb'/Laf6 ePsf] cfDbfgL(=^ a}b]lzs /f]huf/Laf6 ePsf] cfDbfgL(=& k]G;g, gf]s/L cflbaf6 ePsf] cfdbfgL(=* cGo cfdbfgL eP v'nfpg] =============================================



vfB ;'/Iffdf ;'wf/

n3' pBd z'? ug'{eGbf klxnf cfˆgf] pTkfbg / :yfoL cfDbfgLsf] >f]taf6 lgDg ljj/0f lbg'xf];\ .xfn n3' z'? ug'{ eGbf cufl8

! klxnf cfˆgf] pTkfbg / :yfoL cfDbfgLsf] >f]taf6 vfg k'Ug]dlxgf -slt dlxgf xf] cÍdf n]Vg]_

@ vfBfGgdf kx'+r !=5

@= 5}g != lyof] @= lyPg

# k|of]u u/]sf]] vfBfGgsf] u'0f:t/ /fd|f] !=5

@= 5}g != lyof] @= lyPg

$ kl/jf/df s'kf]if0fsf] ;d:of !=5

@= 5}g != lyof] @= lyPg

% vfBfGg vl/b ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf !=5

@= 5}g != lyof] @= lyPg

^ vfB;'/Iff !=5

@= 5}g != lyof] @= lyPg

of] n3' pBd sfo{qmdnfO{ cem} k|efjsf/L, clt ul/a, dlxnf, o'jf, bnLt, dw];L tyf cGo nlIft ;d"xsf];dfj]zLs/0fsf tyf glthfd"vLt'Nofpg ;'emfj

;'emfj!@#

;xof]usf] nflu wGojfb !



@=@ sfo{qmd kbflwsf/LnfO{ ;f]Wg]k|ZgfjnL -sfkk|_

s_ pQ/bftfsf] ;fdfGo hfgsf/L

! gfd M

@= kb M

#= tx -lrGxf] nufpg]_ != s]Gb|Lo @= lhNnf #= gu/÷uflj; $= If]q (area)%= ahf/s]Gb|

$= s]Gb|Lotx afx]s cGo eP lhNnfsf] gfd M =========================================

%= n3' cg'bfg sfo{qmd;Ë ;+nUgtf cg'ej jif{ < =======================

^= xfnsf] lgsfodf sfo{/t jif{ ====================

&= o; lhNnfdf sfo{/t jif{ ===========

*= d"NofÍg ;Gbe{ !_ d]8]k @= d]8kf, #= d]8]k tyf d]8kf b'a}

v_ n3' pBd sfo{qmd ;DaGwdf

gf]6 M!= sfo{qmd eÌfn] ;Gbe{ cg';f/ d]8]k jf d]8kf s] xf] To;nfO{ a'emL ;f]xL cg';f/ pQ/ k|fKt ug{ k|of;ul/g] 5 <

@= s[kof of] v08df ;f]lwg] k|Zgx?nfO{ lgDg kf+r >]0fLdf pQ/ k|fKt u/L k|Tos pQ/sf] sf/0f÷cfwf/ tyfk|df0f eP ;f] ;f]Wg' xf]nf .

k|Zg pQ/ d'Vo sf/0f÷cfwf/sf] l6kf]6!= ;fGble{stf!=! of] sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf :jLs[t

gLlt, lgod tyf zt{x?sf] ;xL ?kdf kfngful/Psf] 5 ls 5}g <

!= w]/} @= l7Ss #= Go"g÷sd$= 5}g %= c;fGble{s k|Zg

!=@ sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ubf{ lhNnf:t/dfd]8kfsf] kf+rjif]{ /0fgLlt ckgfPsf] 5 ls5}g<


!=# /fli6«o gLlt -cGtl/d of]hgf_ ;Ë of]sfo{qmd slQsf] ;fd~h:o 5 jf tfnd]nvfG5 <


!=$ /fli6«o cf}Bf]lus gLlt @)^& ;Ë of]sfo{qmd slQsf] d]n vfG5 <


!=% of] sfo{qmdn] /fli6«o tyf lhNnf:t/dful/aL lgjf/0f nIfnfO{ slQsf] of]ubfgk'¥ofPsf] 5 <


!=^ s] of] sfo{qmdsf] of]hgf th'{df pko'Qmlsl;daf6 ePsf] 5 <


!=& nlIft hg;+Vofsf] cfjZostfnfO{ of]sfo{qmdn] slQsf] ;Daf]wg÷;d]6]sf] h:tf]tkfO{nfO{ nfU5 <




!=* s] of] sfo{qmd pko'Qm 9Ëaf6 th'{df eO{sfof{Gjog ePsf] 5 <


5nkmnsf qmddf p7]sf ;fGble{stf ;DaGwL d'Vo a'+bfx?sf] l6kf]6

@= k|efjsfl/tf@=! sfo{qmd sfof{GJogsf] nflu cfjZos

;"rsx? ts{ 9f+rfdf jf ;f]rtflnsfdf;/n, dfkgof]Uo tyf glthf b]lvg] u/LcleAoQm ePsf 5g\ <


@=@ ts{ 9f+rfdf s] ;"rsx?sf] dfkg cfwf/(Means of verification) :ki6 5g\ <


@=# ts{ 9f+rfdf hf]lvd (Risks) / dfGotf(assumptions)x? jf:tljs, pko'Qm tyf;do ;fGble{s 5g\ <


@=$ ts{ 9f+rfdf k|:tfljt >f]t ;fwg(inputs)x? jojxfl/s / pko'Qm 5g\ <


@=% ts{ 9f+rfdf k|:tfljt lqmofsnfkx?pko'Qm / ;do ;fGble{s 5g\ <


@=^ s] of] sfo{qmd of]hgf cg';f/ k|efjsf/L?kdf lgwf{l/t ;dodf ePsf] 5 <


@=& s] of] sfo{qmd lgwf{l/t / :jLs[t ah]6;Ldf leq ;dodf ePsf] 5 <


@=* s] of] sfo{qmd k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;~rfngePsf] 5 <


@=( s] of] sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf lhlj;af6cfjZos ;xof]u pknAw ePsf] 5 <


@=!) s] of] sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf uflj;sf];xeflutf ck]lIft ?kdf k|efjsf/L ePsf]5 <


@=!! n3' pBd sfo{qmdx? k|j4{g ubf{ :yfgLocfjZostfnfO{ s'gxb;Dd k"lt{÷;Daf]wgug{ ;s]sf] 5 <


@=!@ o; sfo{qmdn] nlIft ;d"xsf]cfjZostfnfO{ s'gxb;Dd k"lt{÷;Daf]wgug{ ;s]sf] 5 <


@=!# n3' pBd sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf ljifoutlgsfox? -s[lif, kz', dlxnf, l;~rfO{_af6k|fKt ;xof]u÷;dGjosf]:t/ s:tf] 5 <


@=!$ sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ubf{ ahf/ ;e]{If0fpko'Qm 9Ëaf6 ePsf] 5 <


@=!% d]8]kaf6 d]8kfdf ;Lk x:tfgt/0fpko'Qm 9Ëaf6 k|efjsf/L ?kdf ePsf] 5 <


@=!^ pBf]u dGqfnoaf6 of] sfo{qmd lgoldt?kdf cg'udg x'g] u/]sf] 5 <


5nkmnsf qmddf p7]sf k|efjsfl/tf ;DaGwL d'Vo a'+bfx?sf] l6kf]6



#= sfo{bIftf#=! s] n3' pBd ljsf; ;+Vof / o:df

ePsf] s"n nufgL t'ngfTds ?kdfpko'Qm 5 <

-jflif{s nIf / ah]6 ljlgof]hg aLrsf];fd~h:otfdf s]Gb|Lt 5 <


#=@ k|lt n3' pBdLnfO{ pknAw k|ToIf tyfck|ToIf nufgL -vr{_af6 pgLx?sf] ck]lIftk|ltkmn (output)xfl;n ePsf] 5 <


#=# n3' pBdLx? sfo{qmdsf] ;xof]uaf6s'gxb;Dd k|fljlws ?kdf ;Ifd ePsf5g\ <


#=$ ;+nUg Joj;fo ljsf; ;]jf k|bfos(BDSPOs)x? sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog, ;]jfk|bfg tyf cg'udg ug{ ;Ifd 5g\ <


#=% lhNnfl:yt sfof{nox? (DCSIO,DCSIC)sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog, ;]jf k|bfgtyf cg'udgdf slQsf] ;Ifd 5g\ <


#=^ u|fdL0f txdf sfo{/t sfo{stf{x? :jo+sfo{qmd ;xlhs/0f tyf n3' pBdLx?nfO{;]jf k'¥ofpg ;Ifd 5g\ <


#=& sfo{qmdsf] jflif{s :jLs[t ah]6 vr{(financial delivery) s:tf] 5 <


#=* k|lt n3' pBd l;h{gf cg'bfg pko'Qm5 <


#=( :yflkt n3' pBd dfly x'g] cg';/0f;]jf vr{ Gofof]lrt÷ts{;Ët 5 <


#=!)_ n3' pBdL ;‹x? cfˆgf ;b:ox?nfO{cfjZos ;]jf k'¥0fpg slt ;Ifd 5g\<


5nkmnsf qmddf p7]sf sfo{ bIftf ;DaGwL d'Vo a'+bfx?sf] l6kf]6

$= k|efj$=! tkfO{sf] ;+:yfdf /x]sf] tYofÍ cg';f/

clwsf+; pBdLx?sf] xfnsf] cj:yf s:tf]5 <


$=@ :yflkt÷;~rfngdf cfPsf n3'pBdLx?sf] :t/f]Ggltsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5<


$=# sfo{qmdn] kfl/jfl/s vfB ;'/IffnfO{slQsf] ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 <


$=$ sfo{qmdn] ;x;|fAbL nIf xfl;n ug{slTsf] ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 <


$=% sfo{qmdn] ul/aL Go"gLs/0f nIfnfO{slQsf] ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 <




$=^ sfo{qmdn] cfoft k|lt:yfkgdf (importsubstitution) df slQsf] ;xof]uk'¥ofPsf] 5 <


$=& sfo{qmdn] s'gxb;Dd hgtfsf]ck]Iff÷cfsf+Iff k"/f u/]sf] h:tf] nfu]sf]5 <


$=* sfo{qmdn] g]kfnsf] sd ljsl;t/fi6«af6 ljsf;Gd'v d'n'sdf :t/f]Ìltx'gdf slQsf] ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] 5 <


5nkmnsf qmddf p7]sf k|efj ;DaGwL d'Vo a'+bfx?sf] l6kf]6

%= lbuf]kgf%=! s] of] sfo{qmd ;+:yfut ?kdf lbuf] 5 < != w]/} @= l7Ss #= Go"g÷sd

$= 5}g %= c;fGble{s k|Zg%=@ d]8]k sfo{qmd @)!* df cGTo x'+b}5 .

To;kl5 s] of] sfo{qmd xfns} ultdfoyfjt ;~rfngdf /xg] 5 <


%=# d]8]kn] xfl;n u/]sf] elgPsf]pknlAwx?nfO{ s] d]8kfn] ;d]t lg/Gt/tflbg ;Qm5 <


%=$ sfo{qmdn] ;fdflhs lbuf]kgf -åGbGo'gls/0f÷lgjf/0f, cfk;L ;b\efjgf, d]nldnfk, cflb_ nfO{ ;'lglZrttf u/]sf] 5 <


%=% n3' pBdL ;‹x? cfˆgf] ;]jfaf6 ePsf]cfDbfgLn] lbuf] ?kdf rNg ;Sg] cj:yf5 <

!= /fd|f];Ë rNg ;Sg]@= rNg ;Sg], #= rNgg;Sg] $= aGbg} x'g],%= c;fGble{s k|Zg

5nkmnsf qmddf p7]sf lbuf]kgf ;DaGwL d'Vo a'+bfx?sf] l6kf]6

^= ;dfj]zLs/0f^=! sfo{qmddf nlIft ;d"xx?sf] 5gf}6

pko'Qm lsl;daf6 ePsf] 5 <!= w]/} @= l7Ss #= Go"g÷sd$= 5}g %= c;fGble{s k|Zg

^=@ sfo{qmddf nlIft ;b:ox?sf];xeflutf÷k|ltlglwTj hg;+Vofdfltlgx?sf] cg'kft cg';f/ ePsf] 5 <


^=# sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf nlIft ;d"xx?sf]lg0f{ofTds e"ldsfdf ;xeflutf;lx÷pko'Qm9Ëaf6 ePsf] 5 <-lg0f{ofTds lqmofsnfkdf pgLx?sf]e"ldsfsf] k|efjsfl/tf_


^=$ sfo{qmd k|lt nlIft ;d"xx?sf] wf/0ff;sf/fTds /x]sf] kfpg' ePsf] 5 <




5nkmnsf qmddf p7]sf ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwL d'Vo a'+bfx?sf] l6kf]6

u_ cGo k|Zgx?

sfo{qmd sfof{GJog ;Dagwdf tn s]xL k|Zgx? 5g\ . To;sf] pko'Qm pQ/ lbg'x'g]5 / cfjZos k/]k|sflzt÷ck|sflzt k|ltj]bgx? ;d]t pknAw u/fpg cg'/f]w ub{5f}+ . ck|sflzt k|ltj]bgx?nfO{ uf]Kob:tfj]h (confidential document)sf] ?kdf lnO{ d"NofÍg cWoogsf] nflu dfq >f]t gv'nfO{ k|of]u ul/g]k|lta4tf ;d]t o;};fy AoQm ub{5f}+ . s'g} k|Zg tkfO{{ jf tkfO{n] k|ltlglwTj ug'{ePsf] ;+:yfnfO{ c;fGble{snfu]df To;} cg';f/ k|ZgfjnL el/g] 5 .

!_ tkfO{sf] sfof{no÷lgsfoaf6 n3' pBd sfo{qmdnfO{ s] s:tf ;]jf s;/L ug'{x'G5<

qm=;= lqmofsnfk s] s;/L eÌ] l6kf]6 ug]{! n3' pBd ljsf;

sfo{qmd th'{df@ n3' pBdL l;h{gf

# jflif{s n3' pBd l;h{gf-gof ;+:yf_

$ :yflkt n3' pBdnfO{;]jf÷cg';/0f

% n3' pBd sfo{qmdx?df;+nUg pBdLx?sf] tYofÍcWofjwLs/0f

^ n3' pBd sfo{qmdsf];'kl/j]If0f÷cg'udg

& n3' pBd sfo{qmdsf]d"NofÍg

* n3' pBd sfo{qmddfnlIft ;d"xsf] ;xeflutf;'lglZrt

@_ n3' pBd l;h{gfsf k|s[ofx?nfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf j0f{g ul/lbg'xf];\ -l;h{gf ug'{ cufl8sf r/0fx?_

r/0f lqmofsnfk lgsfosf k|d'v e"ldsfk|yd

lålto

t[lto

rf}yf]

kfrf}+



#_ n3' pBd ljsf;sf cj;/x?nfO{ s;/L ljZn]if0f ug'{ ePsf] 5 <

!=

@=

#=

$=

$_ n3'pBd sfo{s|dn] :yfgLo:t/df ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug{ s] s:tf] e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 atfpg'xf]; <

%_ tkf+Osf] ljrf/df n3'pBd sfo{s|dn] kfl/jfl/s ul/la Go"gLs/0f / 3/ vr{ rnfpg dfq e"ldsf v]n]sf]5 ls /fli6«o:t/d} ul/aL lgjf/0f ug]{ dfWod ag]sf] 5 eÌ] af/] jtfO{lbg'xf]; <

^_ /fli6«o:t/d} ul/aL lgjf/0f ug]{ dfWod ag]sf] 5 eg] s;/L of]ubfg u/]sf] 5 atfpg'xf]; <

&_ MEDPAsfo{s|dn] MEDEP sfo{s|dsfl;sfO{x?nfO{ slQsf] cfTd;fy u/]sf] 5 atfpg'xf]; <

*_ of]hgf cg';f/ ;g @)!& ;DDfdf MEDEP sf sfo{s|d / l;sfO{x?nfO{ MEDPA n] cfGtl/sLs/0f /k|lts[lts/0f ug{ ;S5 ls ;Sb}g tkfO{sf] cg'easf] cfwf/df atfpg'xf]; <

(_ n3' pBd sfo{qmdsf jt{dfg r'gf}tLx? s] s] x'g\ <

!)_ dfly pNn]lvt r'gf}tLx?nfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ tkfO{sf s] ;'emfjx? 5g\ <


;xhstf{sf] gfd M ;DkÌ ldlt M

yk ;'emfjxfd|f] cWoogsf] nflu ;xof]uL yk ;'emfj eP kfpg klg xfdL ljgd| cg'/f]w ub{5f}+ .



@=# ;d"x s]lGb|t 5nkmnsf] r]slni6 -;s]5_

;d"x s]Gb|Lt lhNnf:t/Lo 5nkmndf ;xeflutf M sl/a & – !@ hgf n3' pBd k|j4{g Pj+ ljsf;sf;/f]sf/jfnfx?

5nkmnsf nflu k|Zgx? M

!_ :yfgLo:t/df ;~rfng ePsf n3' pBd sfo{qmdx?af6 :yfgLo:t/df nlIft ;d"x afx]s cGodf k/]sf];sf/fTds jfXotf (positive externalities)s] s] x'g\ <s_

V_

u_

@_ :yfgLo:t/df ;~rfng ePsf n3' pBd sfo{qmdx?af6 :yfgLo:t/df nlIft ;d"x afx]s cGodf k/]sf]gsf/fTds jfXotf (negative externalities)s] s] x'g\ <s_

v_

u_

#_ nlIft sfo{qmdx? of]hgf d'tfljs lgwf{l/t / :jLs[t ah]6 ;Ldf leq k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfo{Gjog ePsf 5g\ <

$_ ah]6 lgsf;f ;dodf x'G5 ls x'b}g < olb ;dodf x'+b}g eg] To;sf] sfo{s|d ;~rfngdf s:tf] k|efak/]sf] 5 atfpg'xf];\ <

%_ lgDg pNn]lvt n3' pBdzLntf ljsf; sfo{x? n3' pBd k|j4{g ug{df slt k|efjsf/L lyP <;d"x 5gf}6 M

;d"x u7g M

;Lkx:tfGt/0f tflnd M

n3' pBdL ;ldlt u7g M

n3' pBd pkh ahf/Ls/0f M

%_ sfo{qmdsf] lbuf]kgfsfo{qmdsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ kIf eg]sf] o;sf] lbuf]kgf xf] . t;y{ d]8]k sf] cGTo -;DejtM @)&% kl5_ ePkl5klg of] sfo{qmd lg/Gt/ ?kdf -h:t} M ;+:yfut, ;|f]t/;fwg kl/rfng / k|flalws lbuf]kgfsf] b[li6n]_ s;/LrNg ;S5 jf rNg] b]lvG5 eGg] g} o; 5nkmn sf] laifo xf] .



%=!_ s] ;+:yfut b[li6n] sfo{qmd lbuf] ?kdf rNg ;Sg] b]lvG5<

%=@_ ;|f]t kl/rfng -h:t}M dfgj, cfly{s, cflb_ lx;fan] sfo{qmd lbuf] ?kdf rNg ;Sg] b]lvG5<

%=#_ k|fljlws -k|fljlws ;]jf, k|fljlws ;]jf k|bfos l;tsf] ;+of]hg, cflb_ b[li6n] sfo{qmd lbuf] ?kdf rNg;Sg] b]lvG5<

%=$_ nlIft ;d"xdf cfly{s nfesf] ljt/0f lbuf] ?kn] rNg ;Sg] b]lvG5 <

%=%_ nlIft ;d"xdf gLltut b[li6n] sfo{qmd lbuf] ?kdf rNg ;Sg] b]lvG5 <

%=^_ d]8]kn] xfl;n u/]sf] ljsf; glthfx?nfO{ d]8kfn] lg/Gt/tf lbg ;Sg] b]lvG5 <

^_ n3' pBd sfo{s|dn] :yfgLo:t/df ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug{ s] s:tf] e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 atfO{lbg'xf]; <

&_ tkf+Osf] ljrf/df n3' pBd sfo{s|dn] kfl/jfl/s:t/df ul/aL Go"gLs/0f / 3/ vr{ rnfpg dfq e"ldsfv]n]sf] 5 ls /fli6«o:t/d} ul/aL lgjf/0f ug]{ dfWod ag]sf] 5 atfO{lbg'xf]; <

*_ MEDPAsfo{s|dn] MEDEP sfo{s|dsfl;sfO{x?nfO{ slQmsf] cfTd;fy u/]sf] 5 atfpg'xf]; <

(_ of]hgf cg';f/ ;g @)!& ;DDfdf MEDEP sf sfo{s|d / l;sfO{x?nfO{ MEDPA n] cfGtl/sLs/0f /k|lts[lts/0f ug{ ;S5 ls ;Sb}g tkfO{sf] cg'easf] cfwf/df atfpg'xf]; <


;xhstf{sf] gfd M ;DkÌ ldlt M

yk ;'emfjxfd|f] cWoogsf] nflu ;xof]uL yk ;'emfj eP kfpg klg xfdL ljgd| cg'/f]w ub{5f}+ .

@=$ d]8]k tyf d]8kf ;DaGwL ;Gbe{ u|Gy ;dLIffaf6 ;Íng ul/g] hfgsf/Lx? -;;_

qm;ljifoj:t'

k|d'vcfjZos;"rgf÷tYofÍ

;"rgfsf] >f]t

;fGble{+stf! !=! sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf] a]nfdf d]8]k / d]8kfn] ;xdt ul/Psf lgod

Pj+ zt{x?sf] kfngf s] n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmd sfo{fGjog qmddf ci6«]lnofnL ljsf;lgof]u Pj+ cGo bft[ ;+:yf tyf ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;‹Lo ljsf; sf]if ;Ë ePsf];Demf}tf tyf ;t{x?sf] g]kfn ;/sf/n] kfngf u/]sf] 5 <

sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf d]8]k / d]8kfn] bft[ ;+:yfx?;Ë ;xdtu/]sf lgod Pj+ zt{x? kfngf u/]sf 5g\ <

olb s'g} kIfn] s'g} zt{x? kfngf gu/]sf eP kfngf gug]{ sf] x'g\ / lsgkfngf x'g ;s]g <

sfo{qmdth'{df,sfof{Gjogtyf d"NofÍg

sfo{qmdsfb:tfj]hx?,d"NofÍgk|ltj]bgx?

!=@ d]8kf sfo{s|dn] sfof{Gjogsf] ;dodf o;sf] kf+r jif]{ /0fgLltckgfPsf]] 5 ls 5}g <

kf+rjif]{ /0fgLlt af/] lhNnf:t/df hfgsf/L s:tf] 5 < olb hfgsf/L ePsf] eP, kf+r jif]{ /0fgLltsf] cfwf/df sfo{qmd th'{df

ePsf 5g\ < kf+r jif]{ /0fgLltsf] sfof{Gjogdf s:tf ;d:of tyf r'gf}ltsf] ;fdgf

ug'{ k¥of] < pNn]v ul/Psf t/ sfof{Gjg gePsf If]q / ltgsf sf/0f s] xf]nfg\ < ltgsf] ;dfwfgdf s:tf k|of; ul/P / s:tf k|of; ;kmn eP <

sfof{Gjogsf]df]8flnl6 /0fgLltx?,

jflif{s of]hgfx?,sfo{qmdsfof{Gjoglgb]{lzsfx?

!=# ;/sf/L gLlt tyf /fli6«o k|fyldstf;Ë d]8]k tyf d]8kf sfo{qmdsf]tfbfTDotf ldn]sf] 5 ls 5}g <

d]8]k / d]8kfsf] k|f/lDes p2]Zo / lqjlif{o cfjlws of]hgfdf k|d'v;fd~h:otf s] 5 <

olb geP, d'Vo leÌtf s] lyof] <


/0fgLltx?,jflif{s of]hgfx?,sfo{qmdsfof{Gjoglgb]{lzsfx?

!=$ sfo{qmdx?] ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nIo;Ë ts{;Ddt 5g\ ls 5}gg < olbgeP, s] kl/dfh{g ug'{k5{ <

sfof{Gjogsf]df]8flnl6 /0fgLltx?,

jflif{s of]hgfx?,sfo{qmdsfof{Gjoglgb]{lzsfx?

@

sfo{qmd th'{df, sfof{Gjog tyf d"NofÍg k|s[ofsfof{Gjogsf]df]8flnl6

/0fgLltx?,jflif{s of]hgfx?,sfo{qmdsfof{Gjoglgb]{lzsfx?

k|efjsfl/tf

##=! sfo{qmdsf ;"rs tyf l;4ug]{ dfWodx? k|efjsf/L ?kdf cleAoQm

ePsf 5g\ ls 5}gg\ < s:tf ;"rsx? ;fGble{s lyPgg\ <

cg'e"ltljZn]if0f,k|ltj]bgx?

#=@ nlIft sfo{qmdx?sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog lrqdf elgP cg';f/ ^ ;Defudf l;h{gf ul/g] n3' pBdL l;h{gfsf]

nflu nfUg] ;do lbO{Psf] lyof]ls lyPg < lyPg eg] lsg <

sfo{qmdsfof{Gjogaf/]hfgsf/L

jflif{s k|ultk|ltj]bg,sfo{qmd ;DkÌ



o;df s:sf] / s] s:tf] sdhf]/L /Xof] < nlIft sfo{qmdx? of]hgf d'tfljs k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;f]lrPsf] ;do /

vr{df sfof{Gjog ePsf 5g\ < ;dodf gePsf] eP lsg < nfut a9]sf] lyof] eg] lsg / s;/L < o:tf leGgtfx?sf] clen]v /flvPsf] 5 < olb ePdf tL s] lyP <

pko'Qm lyP ls lyPgg\<

k|ltj]bg

$

nIosf] t'ngfdf slt n3' pBdL l;h{gf eP <pBdLsf];+Vof

jflif{s k|ultk|ltj]bg,sfo{qmd ;DkÌk|ltj]bg

%sfo{qmx?n] s:tf k|sf/sf n3' pBdx? k|j4{g u/]sf lyP < / tLpTkfbgx?sf] ahf/ ;DefJotf s:tf] lyof] <

pBdsf]lsl;d /;+Vof

jflif{s k|ultk|ltj]bg, sfo{qm;DkÌ k|ltj]bg

^

s]Gb|Lo:t/df ;dGjo slt k|efjsf/L /Xof] < pbfx/0f M pd, d]8kf, d]8]kpBdsf]lsl;d /;+Vof

jflif{s k|ultk|ltj]bg, sfo{qm;DkÌ k|ltj]bg,cfjlwsd"NofÍgk|ltj]bgx?

&

lhNnf:t/df ;dGjo slt k|efjsf/L /Xof] < pbfx/0f M pdsf] lhNnfsfof{no, lhlj;÷uflj; tyf d]8]ksf] If]qLo sfof{no

pBdsf]lsl;d /;+Vof


*

tflndLsf] kmnf]–ck slt k|efjsf/L b]lvG5 <pBdsf]lsl;d /;+Vof


(

d]8]kaf6 d]8kfdf ;Lk tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f slt k|efjsf/L 5 <pBdsf]lsl;d /;+Vof


!)

pBf]u dGqfnoåf/f sfo{qmd th'{df, sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg slQsf] x'g]u/]sf] 5 <

pBdsf]lsl;d /;+Vof


!!

d]8]k sfo{qmdsf] ;xh ;~rfngdf k|efj kfg]{ tTjx? s] s] b]lvP <pBdsf]lsl;d /;+Vof




sfo{bIftf!@ d]8]k tyf d]8kf sfo{qmddf n3' pBdL ljsf;df nfu]sf] cf}ift nfut

slt lyof] <pBdsf]lsl;d tyf;+Vof

jflif{s k|ultk|ltj]bg,sfo{qm ;DkÌk|ltj]bg,cfjlwsd"NofÍgk|ltj]bgx?

!# BCR and IRR nfut tyfcfut

sfo{qmd ah]6tyf pknlAwk|ltj]bg

k|efj!$

sfo{qmdn] l;h{gf u/]sf] &),*(( n3' pBdLx?sf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 <pBdLsf];+Vof

jflif{s k|ultk|ltj]bg,sfo{qmd ;DkÌk|ltj]bg,cfjlws d"NofÍgk|ltj]bgx?,

!%

oL &),*(( pBdLx?n] slt /f]huf/L l;h{gf u/] < pBdLsf];+Vof


!^

d]8]k tyf d]8kfn] k|j4{g u/]sf pBddWo] sltsf] :t/f]Gglt ePsf] 5 <pBdLsf];+Vof


!&d]8]k tyf d]8kf sfo{qmddf Ps n3' pBdL ljsf;df nfu]sf] cf}iftnfutsf] cGo sfo{s|dsf] nfut;Ë t'ngf .cGo sfo{qmd;Ë slt km/s 5 <

n3' pBdl;h{gfdfnfu]sf] vr{

d]8]k, 3/]n' tyf;fgf pBf]uljefu÷;ldltsfk|ltj]bgx?

!*_ tkfO{sf] lhDd]jf/L (mandate)sfo{If]q leq ljut kf+r jif{ leqdf l;lh{t n3' pBdx?

ljj/0f cf=j= @)^^÷^& b]lv @)&)÷&! ;Dddf!= s"n l;lh{t ;+Vof@= xfn pT;fxhgs ?kdf lqmof;Ln (growing);+Vof#= ev{/} z'? ePsf] -^ dlxgf cjlw k"/f gu/]sf]_;+Vof$= s'g}klg ;do aGbx'g] cj:yfdf /x]sf] ;+Vof%= dflyNnf] txdf :t/f]Ìlt ePsf] ;+Vof^= ljut % dlxgfb]lv aGb /x]sf];+Vof

!(_ dflyNnf] txdf :t/f]Ìlt ePsf n3' pBdLx?nfO{ lgDg cg';f/ jlu{s/0f ul/lbg'xf];\ .

qm=;= ljj/0f k|ltzt! s[lifdf cfwfl/t@ jghGo k}bfjf/df cfwfl/t# ;]jfdf cfwfl/t



$ k]zfut hftsf sfddf cfwfl/t% ko{6gdf cfwfl/t^ cGo

@)_ aGb jf aGbx'g] cj:yfdf /x]sf n3' pBdx?sf] jlu{s/0f

qm=;= ljj/0f k|ltzt! s[lifdf cfwfl/t@ jghGo k}bfjf/df cfwfl/t# ;]jfdf cfwfl/t$ k]zfut hftsf sfddf cfwfl/t% ko{6gdf cfwfl/t^ cGo

@!_ n3' pBd sfo{qmddf vr{ ljj/0f — :jLs[t ah]6 / vr{

cf=j= ah]6 tyf vr{sf] ljj/0fsd{rf/L÷hgzlQm-tna÷eQf_

sfo{qmdcg'udgd"NofÍg

-b}lgs e|d0feQf, ;jf/LO{Gwg, cflb_

n3'pBdLx?sf]

tflnd÷Ifdtfljsf;

;+nUghgzlQmx?

n3'pBdLx?sf]

nfluk"jf{wf/(capital)ljsf;

-pbfx/0f M;femf

;'ljwf s]Gb|lgdf{0f_

n3'pBdLx?sf]

nflud];Lg/L÷cf}hf/

n3'pBdLx?nfO{gub ;xof]u-k|ljlw vf]htyf pkof]u_

k|bz{gsfo{qmdtyfk|rf/k|;f/

cGo ;a}

cf=j= @)^^÷^&:jLs[tah]6 ?vr{ ?

cf=j= @)^&÷^*:jLs[tah]6 ?vr{ ?

cf=j= @)^*÷^(:jLs[tah]6 ?vr{ ?

cf=j= @)^(÷&):jLs[tah]6 ?vr{ ?

cf=j= @)&)÷&!:jLs[tah]6 ?vr{ ?



@=% hflgkmsf/ JolQm÷lgsfo ;e]{If0f -hflg;_

-lhNnf s[lif ljsf; sfof{no, kz' ;]jf sfof{no, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, dlxnf ljsf; sfof{no/ u};;x?, n3'pBd ;~rfng ug]{ u}x|;/sf/L ;+:yf_

lhNnf Mlgsfo÷;+:yfsf] gfd MpQ/bftfsf] gfd Mkb MlhNnfdf sfo{/t jif{ M

s_ of] lhNnfdfd]8]k÷d]8kf h:tf] n3'pBd sfo{s|d ;~rfng ug]{ cGo ;+:yfx? eP ltlgx?sf] gfd lbg'xf];\ .!=

@=

#=

v_ s] of] lhNnfdfd]8]k÷d]8kf b'j} sfo{/t 5g\ <!=

@=

#=

u–!_d]8]k÷d]8kfb'j} ePsf] cj:yfdf oL b'O{ ljr s] ;dfgtf 5 < tkfO{nfO{ ePsf] hfgsf/L cg';f/ s] s] df;dfgtf 5g\ <!=

@=

#=

u–@_d]8]k÷d]8kfb'j} ePsf] cj:yfdf oL b'O{ ljr s] leGgtf 5 < tkfO{nfO{ ePsf] hfgsf/L cg';f/ s] s] dfleÌtf 5g\ <!=

@=

#=

3_ cGo n3' pBd sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ ;+:yfx? eP - k|Zg g+= ! sf] pQ/s]f cfwf/df _ lt ;+:yfx?sf]sfo{qmd / d]8]k÷d]8kfsfo{qmd aLr s] leGgtfx? kfpg' ePsf] 5 < d]8]k÷d]8kfsf] s]xL k|d'v ljz]iftfx? atfO{lbg' x'G5 ls <!=

@=

#=

$=

ª_ d]8]k÷d]8kf sf s]xL n3' pBdLx?sf] cWoog÷e|d0f ug'{ePsf] 5 <



5}g ========================) 5 ======================== !

r_ olb pQ/ 5 eg] slxn] / s'g pBdsf] e|d0f ug'{ePsf] lyof] <;+Vof jif{÷dlxgf pBdx?sf] gfd pBdsf] lsl;d 7]ufgf!=@=#=$=%=^=&=*=

5_ tkfO{nfO{ d]8]k÷d]8kfsf] s'g cËn] cfslif{t u/]s]f 5 < ljz]iftf j0f{g ul/lbg'xf];\.!=

@=

#=

h_ n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmddf d]8]k÷d]8kfsf] s'g lqmofsnfk cgfjZos h:tf] tkfO{nfO{ nfu]sf] 5 <!=

@=

#=

em_ MEDPAsfo{s|dn]MEDEP sfo{s|dsfl;sfO{x? nfO{ slQmsf] cfTd;fy u/]sf] 5 atfpg'xf]; <

`= of]hgf cg';f/ ;g @)!& ;DDfdf d]8]ksf sfo{s|d / l;sfO{x?nfO{ d]8kfn] cfGtl/sLs/0f /k|fs[ltsLs/0f ug{ ;S5 ls ;Sb}g tkfO{sf] cg'ejsf] cfwf/df atfpg'xf]; <

6_ ;dli6ut ?kdf o;sf] d"Nofª\sg ug'{kbf{ tkfO{ s;/L ug'{x'G5 <!= cToGt} k|efjsf/L @= k|efjsf/L #= 7Ls} $= k|efjsf/L gePsf]

dflysf] cfˆgf] pQ/ sf] k'i6ofO{ ug]{ sf/0f÷cfwf/x? :ki6 kfl/lbg'xf];\ .!=

@=

#=

$=

7_ tkfO{ ;DalGwt ;+:yf÷lgsfoaf6 klg n3'pBd ljsf; ;DaGwL s]xL lqmofsnfkx? xfn ;~rfngdf 5g\ <5}g ================= ) 5 ======================== !

7=!_ 5g\ eg] tkfO{sf] ;+:yfaf6 ;~rflnt sfo{qmd / d]8]k÷d]8kfaLr s] leGgtf 5 < oL k|Zg # g+=df g}o:sf] pQ/ cfP k'g bf]x¥ofpg' kg]{ 5}g\ .



7=@_ 5g\ eg] tkfO{sf] ;+:yfaf6 ;~rflnt n3' pBd sfo{qmdsf] d'Vo ljz]iftf s] 5 <!=

@=

#=

7=#_ 5g\ eg]+ cf};t ?kdf jflif{s slt n3'pBd ljsf; ug]{ ug'{ePsf] 5 / ltlgx?sf] kl/Tofu b/ (dropoutrate) s] 5 <

7=$_ n3'pBd sfo{s|dn] :yfgLo:t/df ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug{ s] s:tf] e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 atfpg'xf]; <

7=%=! _ tkf+Osf] larf/df n3'pBd sfo{s|dn] u[x:y:t/df ul/aL Go"gLs/0f / 3/ vr{ rnfpg dfq e"ldsfv]n]sf] 5 ls /fli6«o:t/d} ul/aL lgjf/0f ug]{ dfWod ag]sf] 5 atfpg'xf]; <

7=%=@_ of]hgf cg';f/ ;g @)!& ;DDfdf d]8ksf sfo{s|d / l;sfO{x?nfO{ d]8kfn] cfGtl/sLs/0f /k|lts[lts/0f ug{ ;S5 ls ;Sb}g tkfO{sf] cg'ejsf] cfwf/df atfpg'xf];\ <

8_] n3' pBd sfo{qmdnfO{ cem} k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;~rfng ug{÷u/fpg …s]Ú ug'{knf{ . s]xL ;'emfj eP lbg'xf];\ .

!=

@=

#=

;xof]usf] nflu wGojfb .



@=^ n3' pBdL;‹x?af6 ;Íng ul/g] hfgsf/L

-n3' pBdL lhNnf ;‹_!_ lhNnf ;‹sf] ;fdfGo hfgsf/L

lhNnf M

hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg] JolQmsf] gfd M

kb M df]afO{n g+=

;+:yfdf sfo{/t jif{ M

@_ lhNnf ;‹df cfj4 ;b:of ;+Vof M#_;b:otf gljs/0f ug]{ ;b:o ;+Vof M$_ lhNnf;‹n] k'¥ofPsf] ;]jfqm; ;‹n] cfˆgf ;b:ox?nfO{ k'¥ofPsf] ;]jf Tof] ;]jfaf6 ePsf] k|d'v pknlAw!

@

#

$

%_ d'Vo cfDbfgLsf] >f]t tyf vr{

ut jif{sf] s'n vr{ ? M

ut jif{sf] s'n cfDbfgL

qm; cfDbfgLsf] >f]t ?!

@

#

$

^_ ;‹sf] ;jn Pj+ b"j{n kIf tyf cj;/ Pj+ r'gf}tLx?sf] ljZn]if0f

k|d'v ;jn kIf k|d'v b"j{n kIf

k|d'v cj;/x? k|d'v r'gf}tLx?



@=& s]Gb|Lo ;+:yfx?af6 ;Íng ug'{kg]{ hfgsf/Lx? -s];;_

lgsfo÷;+:yfsf] gfd M

pQ/bftfsf] gfd M

kb M df]afO{n g+=

!= ;/sf/L gLlt tyf /fli6«o k|fyldstf;Ë d]8]k tyf d]8kf sfo{qmdsf] tfbfTDotf ldn]sf] 5 ls 5}g <5}g =====) 5 ======= !

@= d]8]k / d]8kfsf] k|f/lDes p2]Zo / lqjlif{o cfjlws of]hgfdf k|d'v ;fd~h:otf s] 5 <

olb geP, d'Vo leÌtf s] lyof] <

#= n3' pBd ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx? ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nIo;Ë ts{;Ddt 5g\ ls 5}gg\ <5}g =====) 5 ======= !

olb 5}gg\ eg] o;df s] kl/dfh{g ug'{k5{ <

$= d]8kf sfo{s|d sfof{Gjogdf o;sf] kf+r jif]{ /0fgLlt ckgfO{Psf]] 5 ls 5}g <5}g =====) 5 ======= !

kf+r jif]{ /0fgLltsf] sfof{Gjogdf s:tf ;d:of tyf r'gf}ltsf] ;fdgf ug'{ k¥of] <

olb /0fgLltdf pNn]v ul/Psf t/ sfof{Gjg gePsf If]q eP lt s] lyP / ltgsf sf/0f s] xf]nfg\ <

ltgsf] ;dfwfgdf s:tf k|of; ul/P / s:tf k|of; ;kmn eP <

%= nlIft sfo{qmdx?sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog x'g ;s]sf] 5 <

n3' pBd l;h{gf tyf ljsf; s;/L x'g]5 egL lrq ;lxt o;df ^ ;Defux? k'/fug'{kg]{ pNn]v 5 . o:tf;Defux? l;kmfl/; eP cg';f/ sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] 5 egL s:n] / s;/L cg'udg ug]{ u/]sf] 5 <

olb 5}g eg] o;df s:sf] / s] s:tf] sdhf]/L /Xof] <

o:tf sdhf]/L ;Daf]wg ug]{ s:tf] of]hgf 5 <

^= n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf] nflu s]Gb|Lo:t/df ;dGjo slt k|efjsf/L /Xof] < pbfx/0f M pBf]udGqfno, d]8kf, d]8]k, cflbsf] aLrdf



k|efjsf/L gePsf] eP lsg < ca s:tf] sbd rfNg'k5{ <

&= pBf]u dGqfnoåf/f sfo{qmd th'{df, sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg slQsf] x'g] u/]sf] 5 <

k|efjsf/L gePsf] eP lsg < ca s:tf] sbd rfNg'k5{ <

*= sfo{qmdnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ k|fljlws ;]jfsf] lbuf] kgf s;/L x'g] of]hgf ul/Psf] 5 <

(= sfo{qmdn] lg/Gt/ ?kdf /fhg}lts÷;+:yfut ;dy{g kfpg] Joj:yf s;/L u/]sf] 5 <

d]8kfnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ :yfgLo ;/sf/÷lgsfo;‹ k|fljlws hgzlQmsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 <

jh]6 ljlgof]hgdf slt kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 <

;g @)!& df d]8]k kl/of]hgf ;lsPkl5 To;sf] c;/ d]8kfdf s:tf] knf{ atfpg'xf]; <

s]Gb|Lo tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/n] Jofkf/ d]nf tyf ahf/ cjnf]sg e|d0f cflb ug]{ Joj:yf s;/L ldnfO{Psf] 5 <

!)= d]8]kn] xfl;n u/]sf] ljsf; glthfx?nfO{ d]8kfn] s;/L lg/Gt/tf b]nf <

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Transcript of dNofÍgk|ltj]bg · #=^ k|efj 34 #=^=! /f]huf/Ldf a[l4 34 #=^=@ kfl/jfl/s cfDbfgLdf a[l4 36 #=& n3'...