;DkfbsLo======== ljifo;rL lzif{s k]h g+=Jun 01, 2015 · 2 k|j[mlt k|jfx /fli6«o q}dfl;s s[lif pRr...

1 k|j[mlt k|jfx /fli6«o q}dfl;s

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of]uL g/x/Lgfyn] ;'? u/]sf uf}+ ;+/If0f sfo{ jfuLZj/L If]qsf] clxn]sf] cfsif{0fsf] s]Gb| / klxrfg ePsf] 5 . u'? g/x/Lgfyn] lrtjgs} df8L If]qaf6 s]xL ;+Vofdf ufO{ NofP/ ;'? ug{'ePsf] ;f] >L jfuLZj/L cfWoflTds kl/ifb of]uL g/xl/gfy cf>fdsf] k|f+u0fdf /x]sf] uf}+ ;+/If0f s]Gb| :yflgo afl;sf] cys k|of; / ;xof]un] of]uL g/xl/gfy uf}+ ;+/If0f s]Gb|sf] ?kdf ;+rflnt /x]sf] 5 . kfNkfsf rlr{t /fhf d0fL d's'Gb]Zj/n] b]j3f6 wfd cfpFbf agfPsf kf~rfog dlGb/nfO{ pTvgg\ u/]/ of]uL g/xl/gfyn] afuLZj/L If]qsf] :yfkgf u/]sf lyP . wfld{s ko{6g :ynsf] ?kdf kl/lrt b]j3f6wfdsf] k|j]zåf/df /x]sf] jfuLZj/L If]q b]j3f6 If]q ljsf;

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;Gof; cf>d, /fddlGb/, xl/x/ dlGb/, o1zfnf, a'4 :t'k, l;4L u0f]z, uf]kL wfd, ;"o{s'08 cflb x'g\ . b]j3f6wfdsf] af6f]df kg]{ jfuLZj/L If]q klg plQs} kljq wfld{s :yn / /dl0fo If]q ulgG5 . /fi6« u'? of]uL g/xl/gfyn] cfÇgf] sd{ynf] agfPsf] jfuLZj/L If]q gf/fo0f3f6 b]lv @ ls=ld= pQ/df kb{5 . kljq gbL gf/fo0fLsf] lsgf/df cjl:yt of] If]q k'/ftflTjs, wfld{s / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] b[li6n] cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ 5 . oxfFsf] k|d'v cfsif{0f eg]sf k'/ftflTjs 9·n] k'g{lgdf{0f ul/Psf] jfuLZj/L dlGb/, of]uL g/xl/gfysf] cf>d #)cf}+ sf]6Lxf]d :yn tyf ToxfFsf] cv08 clUg / k|s[lt d}qL 9ª\un] lgdf{0f ul/Psf k/Dk/fut cfsif{s z}nLsf ljzfn s'6Lx¿, u0f]zsf] d'lt{, a;fx

;fF9], pTvgg\ ug{ afFsL /x]sf k'/ftflTjs s'08 tyf dlGb/x¿ cflb x'g\ . Tof] afx]s g]kfn s} gd"gfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] oxfFsf] uf}+ ;+/If0f s]Gb| lrtjg s} k|d'v cfsif{0f s]Gb| aGg k'u]sf] 5 . of] 7fpF k|fs[lts hª\unsf] lardf /x]sfn] oxfF laxfg a]n'sf d[u, h/

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fof], ag s'v'/f, v/fof] cflb hLjhGt'x¿ , rf}/df r/]sf r/fr'?ª\uLx¿ tyf cToGt} /d0fLo kl/b[Zox¿ b]Vg ;lsG5 . ;fy} o; cfWoflTds If]qnfO{ hfF8 /S;L, ufFhf, nfu'cf}ifw, w'd|kfg / k|f0fLx¿sf] jw tyf lx+;fnfO{ ;d]t lgif]w ul/Psfn] o; If]qsf] dlxdf ;j{q a9\bf] b]lvG5 . b]j3f6wfdsf] sl/j $* x]S6/ If]qkmndf /x]sf] o; cf>d If]q g]kfnsf cGo k|fs[lts dgf]/d If]q eGbf sd 5}g . zfGt / dgf]/d ;f] If]qdf /x]sf] 3gf h+undf ?b|fIf, j/, lkkn, lgdkQf, j]n, cfFk, s6x/, 5ltjg, /lbnf], asfOgf], OGb|h}, s/+u, ;fn, ;ld, a'9L w}/f] nufosf ?vx¿, d[u, h/fof], ab]n, af3 nufotsf hgfj/x¿ klg kfOG5 .

k|fs[lts ?kdf ;'Gb/ o; If]q k'/ftflTtj ?kdf klg plQs} dxTjk"0f{ kfOG5 . afuLZj/L kf~rfogsf] ?kdf o; If]qdf lzj, nlIdgf/fo0f, ;'o{, u0f]z / jfuLZj/Lsf] ?kdf ;/:jltsf] dlGb/ /x]sf] ljZjf; 5 . To; dWo] tL dlGb/sf] pTvgg\ eO;s]sf] 5 . cf>fdsf k|jStf gj/fh 9sfnnsf cg';f/ jfuLZj/L b]ljsf] Voflt b]z ljb]z;Dd /x]sf], oxfF bz{g ug{ cfpg]sf] jfSo gkm'6]sf] jfnssf] jfSo km'6]sf], >Lk~rldsf lbg x'g] oxfFsf] ljz]if k"hfdf ef/t;Ddaf6 eSthgx¿ oxfF cfpg] u/]sf] / b]ljsf] cflzif k|fKt ug{] u/]sf] atfpg'x'G5 . of]uL g/x¿gfysf pQ/flwsf/ tyf cf>fdsf k|d'v ;+/Ifs of]uL >Lifgfy of]uL g/x/Lgfy ckf/ 1fgsf e08f/ /x]sf] rrf{ ug{'x'Fb} jxfFn] g} lgb{]z u/] cg';f/ of] ;+/If0f s]Gb| tyf cf>fd cl3 a9L /x]sf] hfgsf/L

lbg'x'Fb} o; cf>dsf] Ps dfq p2]Zo ljZjzflGt /x]sf] atfpg'x'G5 .of]uL >Lifgfy /fi6« u'? of]uL g/xl/gfysf p Q/flwsf/L dfq geO{ 1fg / cf:yfsf ckf/ k|lts x'g'x'G5 . jxfFs} /]vb]vdf ljZj zflGtsf] nflu sf]6L xf]d cv07 bLk k|HjnLt eO/x]sf] 5 . hª\undf laif hGo tyf cd[t hGo b'O{ yl/sf jg:klt kfO{g] / o;df cd[t hGo jg:klt ;+sng ul/ cv08 bLk k|HjnLt ul/ /flvPskf] of]uL >Lifgfy atfpg'x'G5 . ;Dk"0f{df ljZjaGw'Tjsf] efjgf hfu[t xf];\ eGg] p2]Zosf ;fy

of]uL g/xl/gfyn] g]kfn / ljZjsf 7fpF 7fpFdf ljZj zflGt o1 / bLk k|Hjng ug'{x'GYof] . xfn ah]6 cefj / /fHosf] pbfl;gtfn] ubf{ of] b]j3f6sf] jfuLZj/L If]qdf dfq l;ldt ePsf] 5 t/ lrtjg af;Lsf] ckf/ :g]x / cf:yfsf sf/0f uf}+ ;+/If0f / ljZj zflGt o1 :yn lg/Gt/ ;~rfngdf /x]sf] 5 . uf} ;+/If0f s]Gb|x?df s]xL k|fljlws ;'wf/x? ug'{kg]{ atfpg'x'G5 . /fdk'/ s[lif SofDk;sf ;x–k|Wofks 8f= s[i0f sfÇn] . qm;

la|l8·df plrt Wofg k'¥ofpg' g;s]sfn] z'4 :yfgLo ufO{ ;+/If0fdf x|f; cfpg ;Sg] ;fy} cfGtl/s tyf afXo kl/lhjLsf] Joj:yfkg tyf r/0f If]qdf kfO{Psf] ljiffn' k|s[ltsf emf/x?sf] klg Joj:yfkg ug'{kg]{ b]lvPsf] atfpg'ePsf] 5 .g/xl/gfy uf} ;+/If0f s]Gb|nfO{ ;Sbf] ;xof]u ug{ / ;~rfngdf s'g} ljUgafwf gxf];\ / ljZjh zflGtsf ];Gb]z ;+;f/ el/ km}nfpg' xfdL ;a}sf] bfloTj xf] .

cfj/0f n]v


k/Dk/fut ?kdf dfq l;ldt /xg ;Sg] eg]/ cfnf]lrt ePsf] k|f+ufl/s s[lifdf xfn cfP/ 7'nf Joj;flxx¿n] klg yfn]sf 5g\ . w]/} Joj;foL cuf{lgssf] Joj;flos v]ltdf nfu]sf 5g\ eg] ;Fu;u} 7'nf] nuflg k|f+ufl/s v]ltnfO{ cfjZos dnvfb tyf h}ljs ljiffbL pTkfbgdf klg ;'? u/]sf 5g\ . o; If]qdf ;/sf/L ;Fu;Fu} lglh nuflg klg w]/} eO;s]sf] 5 . oxL l;nl;nfdf lrtjg pBf]u ;+3sf cWoIf tyf Plu| s]o/ g]kfn k|fOe]6 lnld6]8sf ;+rfns s[i0f clwsf/L;Fu k|s[lt k|jfxn] u/]sf] 5f]6f] s'/fsflg k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . -;+=_

!= xfn k|f+ufl/s s[lifdf ;/sf/L nuflg pNn]Vo j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 . o;sf] k|efj s[lif If]qdf s:tf] eO/x]sf] kfpg'ePsf] 5 <

Â s[lif eg]sf] klg Ps lsl;dsf] Joj;fo g} xf] . o;df klg kmfObf–3f6fsf] s'/f] cfpF5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] hyfeflj af8]sf] cg'bfgn] lb3{sfnLg ?kdf gs/fTds c;/ kfg{ ;S5 . k|f+ufl/ssf] gfddf u'0f:t/ / dfqfsf] Vofn gu/L ;'? ul/Psf] ;/sf/L cg'bfg afn'jf vgfP h:tf] gxf];\ . ls;fgnfO{ lglZrt pTkfbg u/]kl5 tf]lsPsf] cg'bfg lbg] h:tf s]xL ;'wf/f]Gd'v lglt rnfOPdf dfq k|f+ufl/s s[lifdf cg'bfgsf] s]xL ;s/fTds c;/ b]Vg ;lsG5 .

@= s[lif If]qsf] ;du| ljsf;sf] nfuL s] x'g'k5{ h:tf] tkfO{nfO{ nflu /x]sf] 5 .

Â g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;flRr g} s[lifdf cfw'lglss/0f ug{ vf]h]sf] xf] eg] lzIffdf Jojxf/Ls/0fdf hf]8

s[lif tyf jg lj1fg ljZjljBfno ;Fu;Fu} /x]/ klg sfd ug{ xfdL OR5's 5f}+ .

lbg'k¥of] . ;/sf/n] s[lif lzIff;Fu;Fu} cg';Gwfg / ljsf;sf cjwf/0ff Nofpg'k¥of] . ljBfyL{x¿ s[ifssf] v]t af/Ldf sfd u/]/ l;Sg] jftfj/0f x'g'k¥of], clg ltg} gLltut If]qdf k'U5g\ / g]kfn ;'xfFpbf] ljsf;sf cjwf/0ff lnP/ cfpF5g\ .

xfdL cfly{s ?kdf ;DkGg / dfgl;s ?kdf bl/b| 5f}+, To;}n] b]z ljsf; ug{ uf¥xf] ePsf] 5 . b]zn] cg'bfg lbFbf lglZrt dfkb08 agfP/ lbg'kb{5 . b]znfO{ slt j6f Biopesticide pBf]u rflxof], k|f+ufl/s dn pTkfbg pBf]u s'g s'g :t/sf] sltj6f rflxof], Tof] lglZrt u/]/ dfq vf]Ng lbg'k5{ / ltgnfO{ plgx¿n] pTkbfg tyf ljlqm u/]/ /fHodf k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfgsf] cfwf/df cg'bfg lbg'kb{5, tj dfq k'FhL nufgL /fi6«sf] ljsf;df k|jflxt x'G5 . ;fd'lxs v]lt, ;xsf/L tyf Joj;flos/0f k|]l/t ug{ ;lsof] eg] xfdL !)–@) jif{ leq Pl;ofsf] ;DkGg /fi6«df ulgG5f}+

.

#= g ] k f n n ] s[lifdf ljsf; ug{ ;Sg] cfwf/x¿ s] s] kfpg'ePsf] 5 <

Â g]kfndf s[lif sd{ ug{ hlt ;xhtf 5 Tof] ljZjsf] cGo s'g} 7fpFdf 5}g . OdfGbf/ x'g] xf] eg] g]kfndf hUuf hldg gePsf] dfG5] 5}g eg] klg x'G5 . sf]xL 5 g} eg] klg v]lt ug{ tof/ x'g'k¥of], kxf8df afemf] /x]sf e"–efu ;xh} pknAw u/fpg ;lsG5 .

k|f+ufls pTkfbg;Fu;Fu} To;nfO{ Value-Add u/]/ n}hfg'kg{] cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . xfd|f] ;a}

s[i0f clwsf/L

;/sfn] s[lif lzIff ;Fu;Fu} cg';Gwfg / ljsf;sf cjwf/0ff Nofpg'k¥of] .

cGtjf{tf{

cGtjftf{


eGbf pRr :yfgdf kmNg] h'Dnfsf] df;L{ wfgsf] Branding ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . s[lif pTkfbg;Fu;Fu} s[lif–ko{6gsf] klg k|r'/ ;Defjgf xfdLdf 5 . To;sf] klxrfg ug{ d'l:sn ePsf] 5 . xfd|f l5d]sL /fi6«x¿;Fu /x]sf] zq'jt cfzf+sfx¿nfO{ vtd u/L ToxfFaf6 ko{6s leqfpg ;s]df g]kfnsf] sfofkn6 g} x'g;Sg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .

$= s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu cg';Gwfg ckl/xfo{ s'/f xf] . o;df lglh If]qn] s] ug{ ;S5 / ul//x]sf] 5 <

Â s[lifsf] Joj;flos/0fsf] ;+efjgf / o;df ljleGg kf6fdf lglh If]qn] k|z:t cWoog u/]sf 5g\ / xfdLn] klg Tof] kf6f]df w]/} sfo{x¿ u/]sf 5f}+ . t/ /f]u nu f o ts f cGo If]qsf] cg';Gwfg lglh If]qaf6 Tolt ;Dej b]lvFb}g . o;sf nflu gfs{ / ljZjljBfno cl3 ;g{'kb{5 . To;sf nflu lglh If]qn] s] ;xof]u ug{'k¥of] :ki6 x'g'kb{5 .

o; kf6f]df s]xL dfqfdf Plu|s]o/n] tfldngf8' ljZjljBfno;Fu MoU u/]/ s]xL cg';Gwfg klg cl3 a9fPsf 5f}+ / o;df cem Jojl:yt ug{ h?/L 5 . s[lif tyf jg lj1fg ljZjljBfno;Fu klg ;Fu} /x]/ klg xfdL sfd ug{ OR5's /x]sf 5f}+ .

%= s] s[lifsf] ljsf;af6 g} b]zsf] ;du| ljsf; ;Dej b]Vg'ePsf] 5, Ps ;kmn pBdLsf] gftfn] s] eGg'x'G5 <

Â s[lifsf] If]q ljzfn /x]sf] 5 . o;n] Ps} rf]6L w]/} dflg;nfO{ /f]huf/ k|bfg ub{5 . vf;df xfO8«f] / ko{6gdf eGbf s[lifaf6 a9L kmfObf lng ;lsg5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] 7f]; lglt lnP/ cl3 a9\g ;s]df tLg rf/ jif{ leqdf ljb]lzPsf %) nfv g]

kfnLnfO{ b]zdf g} /f]Sg ;lsG5 .

s[lifaf6 s]xL ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] z'e ;+s]tx¿ b]lv ;s]sf 5g\ . %) j6f ufO{ kfNg] ls;fgn] ;lhn} Pp6f ufl8 r8]/ lx8\g] Nofstdf k'usf] 5 . phf{, oftfoft nufot cGo k"jf{wf/df ;/sf/ s]lGb|t x'g] / Joj;flos/0fsf] /fd|f] lglt dfq agfpg] xf] eg] c? ;/sf/n] s]xL ug{' g} kb{}g, s[lifaf6 g} sfofkn6 cfpF5 .

o;sf ;fy} g]kfndf lgs} ;+efjgf elgPsf] ko{6gsf] hu klg s[lifnfO{ g} agfpg'k5{ . a];fP/ NofPsf] ;fdfg ko{6snfO{ v'jfP/ cfDbflg ;Dej 5}g .

ljz]iftM k'FhL knfog / j|]g 8«]g g]kfnsf] d'Vo ;d:of xf] . o'/f]k cd]l/sf knfog ePsf g]kfnL;Fu;Fu} x'g] k'FhL knfog Pp6f 7'nf] ;d:ofsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .

To;df ljz]if Wofg lbg'k5{ .

ufpF 3/df cleefjsn] ;fg} b]lvg\ æk9 x} k9 gq xnf] hf]Tnf;\Æ eg]/ eGg] rngn] ubf{ klg s[lif k]zf Pp6f x]lkPsf] k]zfdf bh{ ePsf] :ki6 x'G5 . To;df qmlds ;'wf/sf] vfFrf] 5 . ljb]zaf6 kmls{P/ cfPsfn] d]xgt ug{ l;s]/ cfPsf 5g\ . To;sf] s]xL ;+s]t klg b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 . To;nfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ gLlt lgdf{0f ub{} sfdx¿ cufl8 a9fpg ;lsof] eg] !) jif{df blIf0f Pl;ofsf] cu|l8 b]zsf] ?kdf g]kfn :yflkt x'g ;s5 / c? kfFr ;ft jif{df Pl;ofsf] gd'gf b]zsf] ?kdf :yflkt x'g;S5 . To;sfnfO{ phf{ / oftfoftsf ljz]if Wofg lbO cfjZos Joj;flos lzIff kxf8–kxf8df lbg] k|jGw ljZjljBfnon] ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . Joj;flos lzIff ;lxt ;xsf/Ldf hf]8 lbg ;lsof] eg] s[lifaf6 dfq b|'t ljsf; ;Dej 5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/n] 7f]; lglt lnP/ cl3 a9\g ;s]df tLg rf/ jif{ leqdf ljb]lzPsf %) nfv g]kfnLnfO{ b]zdf g} /f]Sg ;lsG5 .

cGtjf{tf{


g]kfndf s[lifsf] Joj;foLs/0f nfdf] ;dob]lvsf] rrf{sf] ljifo /xb}+ cfPsf] 5. nufgLstf{x¿ s[lif;Fu ;DaGwLt Joj;fodf eGbf cGo Joj;fodf sd hf]lvd b]Vb} cfO/x]sf 5g\ / tbcg';f/ g} nufgL ub}{ cfO/x]sf klg 5g\. kl5Nnf s]lx ;dob]lv pNn]Vo ?kdf g} gofF pBdL o'jfx¿ s[lif Joj;fodf cfslif{t ePsf] kfOG5. ;~rf/ dfWodx¿n] klg kl5Nnf ;dodf o:tf k|of;x¿nfO{ hg;dIf Nofpg :yfg lbO/x]sf 5g\. s[lif pTkfbg Joj;fosf] s'/f ubf{ cg'ej / ;}4flGts 1fg b'Oj6f dxTjk"0f{ kIfx¿ x'gh;n} s'g}klg Joj;fo xfFSg d'Vo e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5. ljb]zdf /xFbf l;s]sf l;ksf] k|of]u, ;}4flGts 1fgdf cfwfl/t cg'ej Pj+ cfkm\g} ;fgf] kl/df0fsf] Joj;fonfO{ a9fpFb} nu]/ Joj;flos :j?k lbOg] cflb tl/sfx¿ Xfndf k|rlnt tl/sfx¿ b]lvG5g\. g]kfnsf] kl/j]zdf xfn}sf s]xL jif{x¿df ufpFx¿ phf8 x'Fb} uPsf 5g eg] o'jfx¿ ljb]zLg] / cfkmgf kl/jf/x¿ ;b/d'sfd jf d'Vo zx/x¿df ;g]{ qmd ltj| ?kdf cfO/x]sf] 5. o; ;Gbe{df vf;u/L gLlh pBdLx¿ tyf nufgL stf{x¿sf nflu Plss[t s[lifsf If]qdf sd hf]lvd tyf Jofks ;Defjgfx¿ b]lvPsf

5g. k|fljlws 1fgsf] sdL tyf ahf/d'vL s[lif k|0ffnLsf] hfgsf/L cefjdf o:tf ;+efjgfx¿nfO{ cfkmgf] cg's'n k|of]u ug{ g;s]sf pbfx/0f klg xfdL ;dIf 5g\.

Plss[t kmfd{ eGgfn] pTkfbgsf] lx;fan] ljljwtf, jftfj/0fLo lx;fan] ;fd~h:otf, cfly{s lx;fan] sd hf]lvd / clws nfe u/fpg] vfnsf] s[lifdf cfwfl/t pTkfbg k|0ffnL xf] h;n] Ps eGbf a9L s[lif pkhx¿sf] pTkfbg ub}{ ljleGg df};d, :yfg, ;do / kl/>dsf] e/k'/ pkof]u ug]{ nIo /fv]sf] x'G5. o; n]vdf vf;u/L s]xL gd'gf Plss[t s[lif kmfd{x¿sf] rrf{ ul/Ps]f 5 h;df dWo kxf8L e]udf /x]sf] d'Vo Joj;fo afv|fkfng tyf o;sf ;xfos Joj;fox¿ ;'Gtnf / cGo kmnkm'n tyf Knfli6s 6g]n leq df};dL ÷a]df};dL t/sf/L v]tLsf] rrf{ ul/G5.

kmfd{sf] ef}uf]lns cjl:ytL

;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ kIf eg]sf] kmfd{sf] cjl:ylt g} xf] h;n] l;Fuf] Joj;fosf] ;kmntf lgwf{/0f ub{5. o; ;Gbe{df Wofg lbg'kg]{ kIfx¿ M slDtdf @) jif{ ;Ddsf] of]hgf / To;sf nflu cfjZos hldg -df]x8f, 9NsfO{, df6f]sf] lsl;d, s"n pknAw If]qkmn_ k|ToIf ;'o{sf] k|sfz, kfgLsf] pknAwtf, lah'nLsf] pknAwtf, ahf/;Fusf] b'/L, afX} dlxgf uf8L rNg ;Sg] cj:yfsf] ;8s;Fusf] kx'Fr, lj:tf/ ug{sf nflu ykhldgsf] pknAwtf cflbdf Wofg k'¥ofpg' kb{5. o;sf ;fy} kmfd{sf nflu cfjZos sfdbf/ hgzlQmsf] pknAwtfnfO{ klg Vofn ug'{k5{.

s[lifdf Joj;foLs/0fsf nflu Plss[t kmfd{ M cjwf/0ff / cfofd

j]bk|;fb vltj8f / zf]ef j:tL

s[lif k/fdz{


z'?jft M

ahf/sf] ;Defjgf ePsf] pkh jf pTkfbgnfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstfdf /fv]/ To;sf] kl/If0f pTkfbgsf nflu s]lx l;ldt ;+Vofaf6 z'?jft ug'kb{5. afv|fkfng Joj;fosf nflu ;a}eGbf klxnf nflu r/0f, 8fn]3fF; sf af]6x¿, kf]if0f tTj ePsf ljsf;] 3fF;x¿sf] Joj:yf cl3Nnf] jif{af6 g} ug'{kb{5. !))) j6f afv|f kfNg} nIo xf] eg] klxnf] r/0fdf %) j6f afv|faf6 z'? u/L a9fpb} nUg'k5{ . To;f] ubf{ ;f] jftfj/0fsf] kl/If0f x'g'sf ;fy} yk nufgLsf nflu s]lx cfDbfgL x'g hfG5.

k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf;

:j:y vfg]kfgLsf] Joj:yf / To;sf] e08f/0f dxTjk"0f{ kIf x'g\. o;sf ;fy} x/]s Joj;fo ;Dd k'Ug] af6f] dxTjk"0f{ 5. o;sf ;fy} afv|fsf] ;Gbe{df af]sf, dfp, kf7fkf7L tyf v;Lsf nflu leGgfleGg} vf]/ tyf To;eGbf aflx/ lgSng] / 3fF; vfg, 3fd tfKg] If]qsf] Joj:yf ug'k5{. r/0f If]q;Ddsf] ;xh kx'Fr klg dxTjk"0f{ x'G5.

nufgL

k|f/lDes nufgL vf;u/L Go"gtd k"jf{wf/df ul/g'k5{ t/ k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; d"nsfo{ of]hgf cg';f/ g} ul/g'k5{. pbfx/0fsf nflu !)) /f]kgL If]qkmnsf] pQ/ kms]{sf] dWo kxf8L e"uf]nsf] nflu ejg agfpFbf klxnf] r/0f, bf]>f] r/0f Pj+ cGo r/0fsf nflu ljrf/ ug'{k5{. nufgLsf nflu :jo+, ;fem}bf/L jf a}+s;Fusf] C0f jf cGo ;+:yfsf] cg'bfg dxTjk"0f{ >f]t x'g\.

km/skg

Joj;fo ubf{ xfnsf rln/x}sf Jojf;ox¿ eGbf km/skg h:tf] dlGb/x¿df anL lbgsf nflu

af]sfsf] ;KnfO{ jfkz' awzfnf :yfkgf u/L :j:y df;'sf]pTkfbg cfkm}+ u/L d'Vo l8n/x¿nfO{ ;KnfO{ ug]{ vfnsf] Joj;fo gofF x'g hfG5. To:t} s]xL gofF kmn h:t} Pef]sf8f], lsjL cflbn] klg Joj;fodf gofF kg lbG5.

;fdflhs ;b\efj

Joj;fo ubf{ vf;u/L glhssf ;d'bfo;Fusf] ;xsfo{ / ;befj cToGt dxTjk"0f{ x'G5. ;d'bfon] To; Joj;fosf nflu cfjZos kg]{ hgzlQm jf sfdbf/ k"lt{ ug]{ dfq x}g, plgx¿sf] cfly{s pGgtLsf nflu klg dxTjk"0f{ x'G5.

k|rf/k|;f/

Joj;fo ;~rfng u/]kl5 To;sf] Jofkf/ k|rf/k|;f/ klg cfjZos 5 cGoyf ljleGg Joj;foLs sDkgL jf kmfd{ jf sfof{no o;sf af/]df cgle1 /xG5g\ t;y{ o;sf nflu ;fdflhs ;~hfn, kqklqsf ;Fusf] cGt/lqmof, hfgsf/L cfbfgk|bfg cflb ug'{ cfjZos /xG5.

k|fljlws ;]jf

e/kbf]{ k|fljlws ;]jf ;kmn Joj;fosf] cfwf/ xf]. t;y{ k|fljlws ;]jfsf] kxF'r tyf tT;DalGw ljwfdf cfkm\gf] 1fg, tflnd tyf cGo dfWodaf6 a9fpg' / ;s];Dd h'g Joj;fo cfkm'n] ug{ nfu]sf] 5 To;sf] Jojxfl/s 1fg c? To:t} kmfd{af6 lng' cToGt cfjZos 5.

lgZsif{

s'g} klg Joj;fo z'? ubf{ nfe ;DefJotf cWoog, k|fljlws Joj;foLs of]hgfsf] lgdf{0f, nfe ljZnif0f cflb u/L k|fljlws kIfdf Wofg lbg'k5{ cGoyf nufgL u'Dg] dfq x}g cGo ;Defljt Joj;foLnfO{ gsf/fTds ;Gb]z hfG5.

a a a

s[lif k/fdz{


hnafo" kl/jt{g s] xf] <

xl/tu[x UofF;x¿ h:t} sfa{g8fO{cS;fO8, ldy]g, gfO6«; cS;fO8, cf]hf]g / Snf]/f]k\mn"/f]sfa{gsf] dfqf jfo"d08ndf j[l4 ePs} sf/0f ;"o{sf] k|sfznfO{ y'g]/ /fVgfn] k[YjLsf] jfo"d08ndf tfkqmd a9\g hfG5. oxL k|efjnfO{ xl/tu[x k|efj elgG5. o;/L k[YjLsf] tfkqmddf ePsf] j[l4s} sf/0f hnjfo" kl/jt{g x'G5. hnjfo" kl/jt{gsf] c;/ df};d kl/jt{g, ;d"Gb|sf] ;txsf] j[l4 / lxdtfnx¿ k"m6\g] qmd k|ToIf ?kdf dx;"; ul/+b} cfPsf] kfOG5. o; n]vdf k/Dk/fut s[lif k|0ffnLsf] sf/0fn] x'g] xl/tu[x UofF;x¿sf] pT;h{gsf af/]df dfq / To;sf] ljsNksf ?kdf ;+/If0f s[lifsf af/]df s]lx k|sfz kfg]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5.

k/Dk/fut s[lif (Conventional Agriculture) s] xf] <

xfdLx¿n] ckgfO cfPsf] k/Dk/fut s[lif k|0ffnLdf hldgsf] vghf]t w]/} g} ul/g] x'gfn] nufgLsf lx;fan] vlr{nf] t 5b}5 g}, e"–Ifo / df6f]df ljBdfg vfBtTjsf] gf]S;fgsf lx;fan] klg plQs} vlr{nf] dflgG5. o;/L a/f]a/ ul/g] vghf]t / afnLgfnLs}] gn k/fnnfO{ v]taf/Laf6 lgsfNg] / cGoyf k|of]u ug]{ of hnfOlbg] k|yfn] df6f]sf] pTkfbsTjdf x|f; cfO/x]sf] 5 eg] jftfj/0fnfO{ klg k|b'lift agfO/x]sf] 5 .

k/Dk/fut s[lif k4ltsf sf/0f ;+;f/e/ jif]{gL sl/a &% c/j d]=6g= df6f]sf] Iflt e}/x]sf] 5, h;sf] d"No sl/a $)) c/j cd]l/sL 8n/ x'g cfpF5. lqkf7L, !((( sf cg';f/ g]kfnsf] kxf8L If]qaf6 dfq} aif]{gL )=@ b]lv !)% d]=6g k|lt x]S6/sf b/n] e"–

k/Dk/fut s[lifsf sf/0f hnjfo" kl/jt{g / o;sf] Joj:yfkgdf ;+/If0f s[lif

6Lsfaxfb'/ sfsL{

Ifo eO/x]sf] 5. o;/L g} df6f]af6 kf]ifs tTjx¿sf] e08f/0f l/lQ+b} hfgfn] df6f]sf] u'0f:t/df ;d]t x|f; cfO{ s[lif pTKffbgdf k|ToIf c;/ kfb{5, h;sf] sf/0f vfB ;'/Iff / s[lifsf] lbuf] ljsf;df r'gf}lt v8f x'G5. s[lif If]qsf] pTkfbsTjdf a[l4 gx'g' t/ pTkfbg nfutdf j[l4 x'g' / s[lif dhb'/sf] cefj x'g' g} o;sf sf/s tTjx¿ x'g\. csf{lt/ log} cg'ko'St k/Dk/fut s[lif k4ltsf sf/0f sltko xl/tu[x UofF;x¿sf] pT;h{g a9\g uO hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf gsf/fTds k|efj kl//x]sf] 5.

s:tf s:tf k/Dk/fut s[lif sd{x¿n] s;/L hnjfo" kl/jt{gdf e"dLsf v]ln/x]sf 5g\ t <

ljZjdf s[lif If]qn] dfq xl/tu[x UofF;x¿sf] s'n pTkfbgdf ;g @))% ;Dd cfOk'Ubf sl/j !! k|ltzt of]ubfg k'–ofO/x]sf] kfOG5 . k|ydtM xfd|f k/Dk/fut s[lifsd{x¿n] jfo"d08ndf l;w} xl/tu[x UofF;x¿ h:t} sfj{g8fO{cS;fO8, ldy]g / gfO6«; cS;fO8\ pT;h{g ub{5g eg] cToflws ?kdf ul/g] vghf]tsf sf/0f df6f]sf] ef}lts, /f;folgs tyf h}ljs u'0fx¿df kl/jt{g cfpg] x'gfn] ;du| k|efj s[lif kf/l:ysLo k|0ffnL (Agro-ecosystem) df kg{ hfG5.

sfa{g88O{cS;fO8 (CO2) UofF; M

xl/tu[x UofF;x¿ dWo] sfj{g8fO{cS;fO8 ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ UoFf; dflgG5 / o;sf] of]ubfg *) k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf /x]sf] kfOG5. ltj| ?kdf a9\b} u/]sf] cf}Bf]lulss/0fn] ljut !)) aif{df sfj{g8fO{cS;fO8sf] dfqf )=)@* jf a9]/ )=)%^ k|ltzt ;Dd k"u]sf] 5. h;sf] sf/0f tfks|ddf a[l4

jl/i7 j}1flgs, g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb, gfs{

hnjfo" kl/jt{g


x'g hfG5 eg] o;sf] c;/ s[lif If]qdf vf;ul/ la?jfn] vfgf agfpg] k|lqmofdf k|ToIf ?kdf kb{5. kmntM lr;f] df};ddf x'g] jfnLx¿df ;sf/fTds k|efj kb{5 eg] uld{ df};ddf nuffOg] jfnLx¿df gsf/fTds. sfj{g8fO{cS;fO8sf] jfo'd08nLo dfqf pNn]Vo ?kdf a9\g"sf] sf/0fx¿df k|fs[lts h+unx¿ v]taf/Ldf kl/0ft ul/g', df6f]nfO{ clws ?kdf vghf]t ul/, afnL la?jfsf gn, k/fn / 9f]+8, kftkltË/x¿ hnfOg' / gfO6«f]hgo"Qm dnx¿sf] c;Gt"lnt ?kdf k|of]u ul/g' cflb x'g\. k/Dk/fut v]ltk|0ffnLsf sf/0f e}/x]sf] e"–Ifos} sf/0f xfdLsxfF klg df6f]sf] k|fËfl/s sfj{g XjfQ} 36\bf] 5. h+unnfO{ s[lif e"lddf kl/0ft ubf{ t emg\ sfa{gsf] Iflt clws ?kdf x'G5 / of] ;d:ofn] cem ljs/fn ?k t df6f]sf] tfkqmd a9L x'g] pi0f k|b]zLo e"efu -t/fO{ / leqL dw]z_ df ePsf] kfOG5.

ldy]g (CH4) UofF; M

pkl:yltsf] lx;fjn] sfa{g8fO{cS;fO8 kl5sf] bf]>f] dxTjk"0f{ of] UofF; hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf kfg]{ k|efjsf lx;fjn] eg] klxnf] g} kb{5. ;g\ !(*! b]lv !((@ ;Dd aflif{s !=# k|ltztn] of] UofF;sf] j[l4 ePsf] cg'dfg 5. of] UofF;sf] pT;h{g vf;u/L k|fs[lts hnfzoaf6 !)) b]lv @)) 6]/f u|fd k|lt jif{, wld/f cflbaf6 !)—%) / ;d"Gb|af6 %—@) 6]/f u|fd k|lt jif{ -! 6]/f u|fd !) nfv d]l6«s 6g_ e}/x]sf] x'G5 eg] dfgjhGo sd{x¿df k/Dk/fut ?kdf ul/g] wfgv]tLaf6 @)—!%), ufO{j:t'x¿af6 ^%—!%), zx/L kmf]x/x¿af6 @%, kmf]x/ d}nf y"kfg]{ :yfgaf6 @)—&) / gn k/fn cflbsf] hngaf6 @)—*) 6]/f u|fd k|lt jif{sf lx;fan] pT;h{g e}/x]sf] 5. To;f] t of] dfqf cfh;Dd cfOk"Ubf lgs} a9]sf] x'g' kb{5. oL cf+s8fx¿af6 :ki6 x'G5 ls s[lifsd{hGo ldy]g Uof+; pTkfbgsf] kl/df0f cTolws 5. wfgv]t / pu|fpg] ufO{j:t'sf sf/0f of] UofF;sf] pTkfbg x"G5. kz'j:t'x¿nfO{ 9Lnf]u/L kRg] jf gkRg] cfxf/f v"jfpgfn] t emg o;sf] pTkfbg clws x'G5 . k|lt aif{ hDdf hDdL %)) 6]/f u|fd ldy]g Uof“; ljZjdf

pT;h{g x'G5. ;+;f/df cGbfhL ! s/f]8 *) nfv x]S6/df wfg v]tL x'G5 / To;af6 ldy]gsf] pTkfbg !=% 6]/f u|fd k|lt x]S6/sf lx;fjn] x'G5. To:t} !)=% s/f]8 hlt rf}kfofx¿ 5g\ / ltgn] sl/a ! c/a So"las lkm6 ldy]g k|To]s aif{ pTkfbg ub{5g\. elgG5, sfj{g8fOcS;fO8 Uof“;sf] t'ngfdf ldy]gsf] pTkfbg dfqf sd 5 t/ xl/t u[x k|efjsf lx;fjn] eGg] xf] eg] sfj{g8fOcS;fO8sf] eGbf !# u"0ff a9L 5. cfFs8faf6 k|dfl0ft x'G5 ls dfgjhGo s[lif sd{x¿af6 xl/t u[x Uof“;x¿sf] pT;h{g a9\bf] 5.

tflnsf g+ != ljZjdf jfo' / jiff{hGo e"–Ifosf sf/0f

k|fËfl/s kbfy{df ePsf] Ifltsf] dfqf

Ifltsf]dfqf

Dff6f]sf] k|fËfl/s kbfy{sf] Iflt -k]G6f u|fd_

jiff{hGo e"–Ifo

jfo'hGo e"–Ifo

hDdf

xNsf !=$—@=! )=%—)=* !=(—@=(dWod &=(—!$=@ @=)—$=) (=(—!^=@clt g} a9L ^=&—!!=@ )=$—)=& &=!—!!=(hDdf !^—@& $—% !(—$@

>f]t M nfn, !((( -gf]6 M ! k]G6fu|fd a/fa/ ! s/f]8 d]l6«s 6g_

Tfflnsf g+ @= afo"d08nLo sfa{gsf] dfqfdf df6f], lhlat kbfy{ tyf vlgh t]nx¿sf] of]ubfg

>f]tpT;h{g

-k]G6fu|fd sfa{g_;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx¿

vlgh t]naf6 @$)—$)) IPCC (2000)

e'–pkof]udf kl/at{g *!—!(! IPCC (2000)

df6f]sf] vghf]taf6 $&—%* nfn, (!((()e'–Ifoaf6 !(—#@e nfn, (!((()hLljt kbfy{af6 !(—!)% laleGg n]vsåf/f

sfj{gsf] l:yl/s/0f s;/L a9fpg] <

sfj{gsf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu k|fs[lts k|s[ofx¿nfO{ oyfl:tltdf g} /xg lbg] jf clej[l4 ug]{ / gofF

hnjfo" kl/jt{g


k|ljlwx¿sf] ljsf; u/]/ ug'{ kb{5.

!= jfo'd08nLo sfj{g8fOcS;fO8nfO{ k[YjLdf g} lj?jfx¿n] l:yl/s/0f ug]{ / ;f]sf nflu lj?jfsf] cfGtl/s zf/Ll/s k|0ffnLx¿ / vfgf agfpg] s[ofsnfknfO{ (photosynthesis) ;'b[9 ug]{,

@= sfj{gnfO{ jfnL la?jfd} /xg lbg] / ;f] sfj{gnfO{ df6f]sf] k|f+ufl/s kbfy{df kl/0ft ug{ k|zo lbg],

#= df6f]af6 sfj{g8fOcS;fO8sf] pT;h{gdf sld Nofpg],

$= pj{/fzlStsf lx;fan] l;dfGts[t hldgx¿sf] sfj{gnfO{ l:yl/s/0f ug]{ Ifdtf a9fpg],

sfj{gsf] Joj:yfkg

sfj{gnfO{ ;fdu|Lsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug]{ tkm{ Wofg s]lGb|t ug{'kb{5 / ;f]sf nflu la?jfx¿sf] 5gf}6df Wofg k'–ofpg' kb{5, o;sf nflu df6f]df l56\6} uNg] vfnsf afnLx¿ nufpg' kb{5. afnL rs| ckgfpg] / ;f] rs|df slDtdf klg Ps jfnL sf]z]jfnL x/]s b'O{–b'O{ jif{df nufpg] ug{'kb{5. vghf]tdf klg ljz]if Wofg lbg] / sd;]sd vghf]t ug]{ / e"–Ifo /f]Sg' kb{5, dnvfbsf] k|of]u ubf{ gfO6«f]hgo'St dn ;s];Dd k6s k6s u/L yf]/} yf]/} dfqfdf / df6f]df ldNg] ul/ k|of]u ug]{. pknAw k|fËfl/s kbfy{sf] k|of]u ;s];Dd Hofbf ug]{ / ghnfpg] ug{'kb{5. jfnL la?jfsf zq'x¿sf] Plss[t ?kdf Joj:yfkg ug]{ clg jfnL–kz'kfng k|0ffnLsf] cjnDag ug{'kb{5. ;fy} df6f]df pknAw lr:ofgsf] ;b'kof]u ug]{ clg la?jfsf] pko'St j[l4 s|dnfO{ a9fjf lbg] tyf df6f]df h}ljs s[ofsnfkx¿sf] a9fjf ug]{ ugf{n]] klg sfj{gsf] dfqfdf sld Nofpg ;lsG5. To;}u/L hldgsf] ;txdf 5fkf] /xg lbgfn] jfnL la?jfnfO{ rflxg] lr:ofgsf] ;b'kof]u x'G5 / jfnLsf] zf/Ll/s j[l4 tyf pTkfbgdf klg j[l4 x'g hfG5. o;f] ubf{ df6f]df kfOg] cGo k/hLljx¿ eGbf nfebfos 9'F;Lsf] dfqf a9\b5.

Tfflnsf g+ #= Dfs};Fu e6df;sf] cGt/jfnL / o;sf] k|efj

k|efjxl/of] dn gnufPsf]

xl/of] dn nufPsf]

ds}sf] pTkfbg (d]=6g k|lt x]S6/ #=% $=@

df6f]df sfj{gsf] dfqf (u|fd k|lt lsnf] @$=( @#=*

->f]tM Basamba et al., 2006_

s[lifjfnL / r/gjfnLx¿sf] jfnL rs| ckgfpg]

s[lif jfnL / r/gsf] 3'lDt jfnL k|yf ckgfpgfn] sfj{gnfO{ hf]ufO{ /fVg cj;/ ldNb5. kz'j:t'x¿sf] kfrg k|0ffnLn] jfnLla?jfdf ePsf t/ l56} gs'lxg] :jefjsf lnUgf];]n'nf]h h:tf s8f kbfy{nfO{ pkof]u ub{5g\ / l56\6} s'xfOlbG5g\. To;}u/L logsf] dnd'q l;wF} v]taf/Ldf klg kb{5. o;y{ slDtdf klg #–$ jif{df Psrf]6L s[lifjfnLsf] ;6\6f r/gjfnLx¿ nufpg' pko'St dflgG5. o;n] emf/kftsf] Joj:yfkgnfO{ klg ;xh agfOlbG5.

lgisz{

ljZje/ ul/b} cfPsf s[lifsd{x¿sf sf/0f s[lifIf]qn] xl/tu[x UofF;x¿sf] s'n pTkfbgdf pNn]Vo ?kdf of]ubfg k'–ofO/x]sf] kfOG5. k|ydtM xfd|f k/Dk/fut s[lifsd{x¿n] jfo'08ndf l;w} xl/tu[x UofF;x¿ h:t} sfj{g8fO{cS;fO8, ldy]g / gfO6«; cS;fO8\ pT;h{g ub{5g\ eg] cTolws ?kdf ul/g] vghf]tsf sf/0f df6f]sf] ef}lts, /f;folgs tyf h}ljs u'0fx¿df kl/jt{g cfpg] x'gfn] s[lif kf/l:ysLo k|0ffnL (Agro-ecosystem) df ;du| k|efj kg{ hfG5. lolgx¿sf] c;/ sd ug{sf nflu df6f]d} sfj{g l:y/Ls/0f ug{' g} pŒfd pkfo dflgG5. k[YjLdf sfj{g hDdf eO{ e08f/0f u/L /fVg] b'O{j6f dfWod dWo] Pp6f la?jf :jod\ xf] eg] csf]{ df6f] xf] / log}} dfWodx¿ bL3{sflng lx;fjn] sfa{g l:y/Ls/0f ul/ hnjfo" kl/jt{gsf] ult tyf c;/ Go"lgs/0f ug{sf nflu pkof]uL dflgG5g\.

hnjfo" kl/jt{g


kl/ro

ljZjdf eO/x]sf] hg;+Vof j[l4nfO{ dWo gh/ /fVb} s[lif pTkfbg a9fpg' kg]{ afWotf /x]sf] 5. o; s|ddf ljsl;t tyf cNk ljsl;t ;a} b]zx¿n] gofF k|ljlwsf] ;fy} /f;folgs dn / ljiffbLsf] clwstd k|of]u ul//x]sf 5g\. clxn]sf] ;3g s[lif k|0ffnLdf jf/Djf/ /f;folgs dnsf] c;Gt'lnt k|of]un] df6f] lalu|b} uO/x]sf]5. /f;folgs dnsf] Ifdtf a9fpg h}ljs dnsf] k|of]u ul/G5. s[lifsd{df k|of]u ug{ jfnL la?jfsf cjz]ifx¿ ;DefJo ;|f]t x'g\. ljz]if u/L l;dfGts[t ls;fg h;n] ufO{j:t' kfNg ;Sb}gg\ . pgL x¿sf] nflu of] g} /fd|f] k|fËfl/s dnsf] ;|f]t xf].

jfnL lj?jfsf cjz]if eGgfn] xfdLn] pTkfbg lng vf]h]sf] a:t' -pTkfbg_ lnO{;s]kl5 /xg] lj?jfsf cGo efux¿ x'g\ h:t}M kft, 8fF7, h/f cflb. o;sf] dxTj xfdLn] ljleGg b[li6sf]0fn] x]g{ ;lsG5. lj?jfsf hLljt efux¿ vfgf, kz'sf] cfxf/, 3fF;kftsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 h'g k|fËfl/s x'G5g\. o;nfO{ pTkfbg ug{ g cnu hdLg rflxG5, g cnu l;hg rflxG5 / 9'jfgL klg ug'{ kb}{g cyf{t o;nfO{ aflx/af6 Nofpg' kb}{g. of] cfkm} xfd|f] v]tjf/Ldf pTkfbg x'G5. pTkfbg ePkl5 o;df s]xL -wft' tTjx¿_ ld;fj6 xF'b}g / z'4 tyf ;d:of /lxt x'G5. lakGGf ju{sf ls;fg h;n] /f;folgs dn tyf cGo dn lsGg ;Sb}gg pgLx¿sf] nfuL of] g} pTs[i7 ljsNk xf] lbuf] ?kdf df6f]sf] pj{/fzlQm sfod /fVg]. oL kmfO{bfx¿ afx]s o;n] df6f]sf] ef}lts, /f;folgs / h}ljs u'0fx¿, df6f]sf] sfd, kfgL ;f]:g] Ifdtf / o;sf] :t/df ;d]t ;'wf/ NofpF5.

aGw'/fh a/fn/fli6«o ds}jfnL cg';Gwfg sfo{qmd /fdk'/, lrtjg

k|fËfl/s dnsf] /fd|f] ;|f]tM jfnLx¿sf] cjz]if

hj jfnL lj?jfsf cjz]ifx¿ df6f]df ld;L s'lxg yfN5, To;n] afnLsf] pTkfbg / jftfj/0fdf /fd|f] / g/fd|f] b'j} lsl;dsf] k|efj kf5{. sfj{g / gfO6«f]hgsf] cg'kft a9L ePsf cGg jfnLsf cjz]ifx¿ s'lxg ;do nfUb5. obL xfdLn] 7Ls tl/sfn] jfnLsf cjz]ifx¿ Joj:yfkg u¥of]} eg] To;n] /f;folgs dnsf] Ifdtf klg a9fpF5. s[ifsx¿n] o;sf] dxTj ga'em]/ hnfpg] ub{5g\ . h;n] ubf{ o:tf] dxTjk"0f{ dn xfjfdf sfj{g 8fOcS;fO8sf] ?kdf p8]/ gf]S;fg eO jftfj/0fnfO{ k|b'lift agfO/x]sf] 5. cg';Gwfgx¿sf] glthfn] b]vfPsf] 5 ls ! 6g ;'s]sf] ds}sf] 9f]8 af/Laf6 x6fpbf sl/a !( s]= hL gfO6«f]hg, * s]= hL km:kmf]/; / #$ s]= hL kf]6f; gf]S;fg x'bf]/x]5. To;sf/0f lj?jfsf] cjz]ifx¿nfO{ 7Ls t/Lsfn] Joj:yfkg ubf{ df6f]sf] u'0f:t/df tyf jftfj/0fdf o;n] k|ToIf / ck|ToIf b'j} ?kn] k|efj kfl//x]sf] x'G5.

afnL lj?jfsf cjzi]fx¿ sl'xg k|efj kfg]{ sf/s tTjx¿M

!_ afnLsf cjz]ifx¿M klxnf] tTjsf] ?kdf jfnL lj?jfsf cjz]ifx¿ g} /x]sf 5g\. o;sf] ljleGg cj:yfn] k|efj kfl//x]sf] x'G5.

caz]ifsf] 6's|fx¿sf] cfsf/M 7"nf] 6's|fx¿ eGbf ;fgf] 6's|fx¿ rfF8} ;8\5g\ lsgsL ;fgf] 6's|fx¿ df6f]df /fd|/L ldl;P/ 5l/G5g\ / ;'Id hLjf0f'x¿nfO{ cfs|d0f ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5. lj?jfdf lnugLg -Lignin_ h:tf jfws tGt'x¿sf] sdLn] ;8gdf bLuf]kgf NofpF5g\.

cjz]ifx¿sf] pd]/M— h;/L af]6 lj?jf l5lKkb}

k|f·fl/s dn


hfG5g\, To;df ePsf] kfgLdf 3'lng] tTjx¿ -h:t}M lrgL, k|fËfl/s cDn, k|f]6Lg, sfjf]{xfO8«]6sf] efux¿_ rf8} 6'ls|G5g\, To;/L g} lj?jfdf ePsf cGo tTjx¿ x]dL;]n'nf]h, ;]n'nf]h / lnulggx¿sf] j[l4 x'G5g\. kfgLdf 3'lng] tTjx¿ rf8} s'lxG5g\, To;sf] nut} c? tTjx¿ / To;kl5 lnulgg tTj s'lxg yfN5.

sfj{g÷gfO6«f]hg cg'kftM ;'s]sf af]6 lj?jfsf efux¿df $)—%) k|ltzt sfj{g kfO{G5 t/ To;df gfO6«f]hgsf] dfqf km/s x'G5g\ lsgls sfj{g÷gfO6«f]g cg'kft g} km/s /x]sf] x'G5. h'g af]6 lj?jfdf sfj{g÷gfO6«f]hg cg'kft hlt km/flsnf] x'G5g\, tL lj?jfsf] cjz]if lj:tf/} s'lxG5g\ / sfj{g÷gfO6«f]hgsf] cg'kft sd ePsf] cjz]ifx¿ rfF8} ;8\5g\. gfO6«f]hgsf] dfqf a9L ePsf] af]6 lj?jf rfF8} s'lxG5 / vfBtTjx¿ klg a9L lbG5. @)—#) k|ltzt eGbf a9L sfj{g÷gfO6«fh]g cg'kft ePsf] cjz]ifx¿ l9nf] s'lxG5g\.

@_ df6f]M— bf]>f] sf/s tTjsf] ?kdf df6f] g} /x]sf]5 / o;sf] ljleGg cj:yfn] af]6 lj?jfsf] cjz]if s'lxg] k|s[ofdf k|efj kfl//x]sf] x'G5 .

df6f]sf] lkPrM— o;n] ;"Id hLjf0f'x¿sf] k|s[lt, cfsf/ / ;+Vofdf k|efj kf5{, ;fy} OGhfOdsf] a[l4df sdL cfO{ lj?jfsf cjz]ifx¿ ;8gdf k|efj kf5{. ;fwf/0ftof clDno df6f]df eGbf t6:y df6f]df lj?jfsf] cjif]zx¿ s'lxg] k|s[of rfF8} x'G5. df6f]sf] clDnokg 36\b} uPdf JofS6]/Lofaf6 PS6Lgf]dfO;]6;\ / PS6Lgf]dfO;6]; af6 9';Ldf kl/jtg{ x'b}hfG5.

df6f]sf] tfks|dM— @)—$)) ;]G6Lu|]8 tfks|dsf] a]nf hLjf0f'sf] sfd / o;sf] a[l4 w]/} x'G5 / Tolt a]nf lj?jfsf] cjz]if s'lxg] sfd klg w]/} ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5.

df6f]sf] lr:ofgM— df6f]df ^) k|ltzt lr:ofg ePsf] a]nf la?jfsf] cjz]if ;8g] b/ w]/} x'G5, lr:ofgsf] dfqf #) k|ltzt cyjf !%) k|ltzt ePsf] a]nf s'lxg] k|s[of 36\5. df6f]df lr:ofg %$ b]lv *@

k|ltzt ePsf] a]nf k/fndf ;"Id hLjf0f'x¿sf] dfqf a9L x'g hfG5. df6f]sf] kfgL wf/0f Ifdtf -Field

Capacity_ %) k|ltzt eGbf a9L ePsf] v08df afnL la?jfsf] cjz]ifx¿af6 a9L gfO6«f]hg k|fKt x'G5. o; k|sf/ df6f] w]/} ;'Vvf jf df6f]df w]/} lr:ofg eof] eg] df6f]df xfjfsf] ;~rf/ /f]lsG5, ;"Id lhjf0f'x¿sf] ls|ofsnfk sd x'G5. To;n] s'lxg] k|s[ofnfO{ afwf k'¥ofpF5.

P/f]ljs / PgP/f]ljs cj:yfM— afnL lj?jfsf] cjz]if ;8g k|s[of PgP/f]ljs -ljgf clS;hg_ cj:yfdf sd x'G5 / P/f]ljs -clS;hg ePsf] cj:yfdf a9L x'G5. hj df6f] leh]sf] x'G5, Toltj]nf df6f]sf] 7"nf Kjfnx¿ kfgLn] el/Psf] x'G5 / clS;hg-xfjf_ sf] k|;f/0f sd x'g hfG5.

df6f]sf] k}t[s ck|fËfl/s gfO6«f]hgM—

df6f]sf] k}t[s ck|fËufl/s gfO6«f]hg k|fËfl/s kbfy{nfO{ vlghdf kl/j{tg u/fpg d2t u5{. o; k|sf/ gfO6«f]hg vfB tTjn] afnL lj?jfsf] cjz]ifx¿ ;8g / vlgh ?kdf cfpg k|efj kf5{.

df6f]sf] a'gf]6M—

s8f vfnsf] df6f]df s'lxg] a]nfdf vfB tTjsf] pknAwtf, k|fËfl/s kbfy{sf] s'lxg] k|s[of jf lhjf0f'x¿sf] pknAwtfdf k|efj kf5{. lrD6fO{nf] eGbf c? df6f]df af]6 lj?jfx¿sf] cjz]if rfF8} s'lxG5 lsgls lrD6fO{nf] df6f]n] k|fËfl/s kbfy{ ;8gdf /f]s nufpF5.

df6f]sf] agf}6M— df6f]sf] agf}6n] ubf{ k|fËfl/s kbfy{x¿ ;"Id ?kdf hDdf eP/ /xg /f]s nufpF5. k|fËfl/s kbfy{x¿ ;"Id ?kdf PsLlqmt eP/ a;]df ;'/lIft x'G5.

df6f]sf] ;"Id lhjf0f'x¿M— 9";L / AofS6]l/ofx¿ k|fËfl/s cjz]ifx¿ s'xfpg lhDd]jf/ x'G5g\. a9L tfks|d ePsf] j]nf PS6Lgf]dfO;]6;\ ;"Id hLjf0f' af]6 lj?jfsf cjz]if 6's|fpg a9L lhDd]jf/ x'G5 eg] sd

k|f·fl/s dn


tfkqmd ePsf] j]nfdf JofS6]l/of / 9";Ln] sfd u5{g\.

#_ af]6 lj?jfsf] cjz]ifx¿sf] Joj:yfkgM— of] t]>f] sf/s tTjsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5. o;n] klg af]6 lj?jfsf] cjz]if s'lxg] k|s[ofdf k|efj kf5{.

cjz]ifsf] dfqfM— yf]/} dfqfdf /x]sf lj?jfsf] cjz]ifx¿ rf8} s'lxG5 lsgls df6f]df gfO6«f]hgsf] pknAwtf x'G5. w]/} dfqfdf cjz]ifx¿ /flvof] eg] df6f]df gfO6«f]hgsf] sdL x'g uO{ s'lxg] k|s[of l9nf] x'g hfG5.

k|of]u ug]{ tl/sfM— Ps} 7fpFdf y'k|f] kf/L /fv]sf] k/fn eGbf kN6fO kN6fO /fv]sf] k/fn !% lbg rfF8} s'lxG5, To;kl5 ;8g ;do km/s kg{ hfG5. y'k|f]df gkN6fO{ /fVbf sl'xgsf] nflu ;'xfpbf] cj:yf x'b}g, o;df tfksd| / lr:ofg sda];L eO{ ;"Id hLjf0f'sf] lqmofsnfk 36\5. jfnL la?jfsf] cjz]ifx¿sf] Joj yfkgn] df6f]sf] u'0fx¿df ;'wf/ NofpF5.

df6f]sf] ef}lts u'0fdf k|efjM

df6f]sf] agf}6M— lj?jfsf] cjz]ifn] df6f]df k|fËfl/s kbfy{ ykL /fd|f] df6f] aGg d2t u5{, h;n] ubf{ df6f]sf] agf}6df l:y/tf NofpF5 / df6f]sf] cfsf/df ;'wf/ cfO{ df6f] lalu|gaf6 arfpF5.

df6f]sf] 3gTj / l5b|M— k|fËfl/s kbfy{df sd 3gTj ePsf] sf/0f lj?jfsf] cjz]ifsf] k|of]un] df6f]sf] 3gTj 36fpF5 / df6f]df l5b|x¿ a9fpF5 h;n] ubf{ df6f]df xfjfsf] ;~rf/ /fd|f] x'G5. df6f]df xfjfsf] ;~rf/ /fd|f] eof] eg] afnL lj?jf ;lk|G5g\.

df6f]df kfgLsf] ;Gt'ngM— lj?jfsf cjz]ifx¿sf] k|of]un] df6f]sf] agf}6, df6f]sf] l5b|x¿ / l:y/tdf ;'wf/ NofO{ df6f]df kfgLsf] axfj / wf/0f zltm a9fpF5.

df6f]sf] tfks|dM— lj?jfsf] cjz]ifx¿af6 df6f]df 5fKkf] -Mulching_ xfNbf hf8f]df tfks|d a9fpF5 / udL{df tfks|d 36fpF5 / df6f]sf] tfks|d 36L j]zL

eO/xg'af6 hf]ufpF5.

df6f]sf] lr:ofgM— af]6 lj?jfsf cjz]ifx¿n] df6f]sf] jfikLs/0f b/ 36fpF5. cjz]ifx¿n] 5f]lkPsf hUuf eGbf vfnL hUufdf a9L dfqfdf jfikLs/0f x'G5. df6f]df 5fkf] xfNgfn] df6f]sf] lr:ofg hf]ufpg'sf] ;fy} emf/kft lgoGq0fdf ;d]t d2t u5{.

df6f]sf] /f;folgs u'0fdf k|efj

df6f]sf] lkPrM— df6f]sf] lkPr ;Gt'ng /fVg lj?jfsf cfjz]ifx¿ k|of]u ug'{ Pp6f /fd|f] dfWod xf]. k|fËfl/s kbfy{ df6f]df yKgfn] df6f]sf] lkPr /fd|/L a9\5 h;n] df6f] cDnLo x'gaf6 hf]ufpF5. df6f]df k|fËfl/s kbfy{ ylkbf ToxfF /f;folgs k|ltls|of x'G5 h;nfO{ l8sfjf]{lhn];g ckm cuf{lgs Pgcfog -Decarboxylation of organic anions_ elgG5, To;n] df6f]df Iffl/o Sof6cfogsf] (Basic cations) dfqf a9fpF5g\ / df6f] cDnLo x'g kfpFb}g. df6f]sf] k|fËfl/s kbfy{n] Pp6f cf/If0fsf] sfd u5{ h;n] la?jfx¿nfO{ rflxg] cfjZos tTjx¿ hf]ufO{ /fV5 / tL tTjx¿ r'lxP/ hfgaf6 ;d]t /f]S5. df6f]df ePsf] k|fËfl/s kbfy{n] @) b]lv #) k|ltzt;Dd o:tf] sfd u5{, j[l4 u/fpF5.

df6f]sf] h}ljs u'0fdf k|efjM

lj?jfsf cfjz]ifx¿n] ;"Id lhjf0f'x¿sf] a[l4 / s[ofsnfk a9fpg zltm k|bfg u5{, o;n] hLjf0f'x¿sf] dfqf o:tf] cj:yf k|bfg u5{ hxfF vfBtTjx¿ >f]tsf] ?kdf k|fKt x'G5. gfO6«f]hg l:yl/s/0fdf d2t k'¥ofpF5. k|fËfl/s kbfy{n] AofS6]l/ofsf] ;+Vof a9fpF5. AofS6]l/ofn] gfO6«f]hg hDdf u/L df6f]df gfO6«f]hgsf] dfqf a9fpF5.

OGhfOdx¿M— k|fËfl/s kbfy{sf] k|of]un] df6f]df ljleGg k|sf/sf] OGhfOdx¿sf] dfqf a9fpF5, h;n] ubf{ ;"Id hLjf0f'x¿ df6f]df /fd|/L sfd u5{. e6df;sf] 8fF7x¿ k|of]u ugf{n] gfO6«f]hgsf] dfqf a9fpF5 eg] ds}sf] cjz]ifx¿ k|of]u ugf{n] km:km]6tTjsf] s[ofsnfk

k|f·fl/s dn


a9fpF5. anf}6] kfËf] df6f]df ux'Fsf] 5\jfnLn] kmf];km]6

a9fpg d2t u5{. o;/L df6f]df afnL lj?jfsf

cjz]ifx¿sf] k|of]un] ljleGg k|sf/ OGhfOdx¿sf]

pTklt tyf a[l4 eO{ /f;folgs k|lts[of ;lhnf] u/fpg

/ la?jfsf] vfBtTj pknAw u/fpg d2t u5{.

hLjf0f'x¿sf] dfqfdf a[l4M— k|fËfl/s kbfy{sf] k|of]un]

df6f]df hLjf0f'x¿sf] ;+Vof a[l4 x'G5 / s'lxg] k|s[of

l56f] eO{ df6f]df vfBtTjsf] pknAwtf rf8} x'G5

/ o; k|sf/ af]6 lj?jfsf] cjz]ifx¿ la?jfsf]

vfBtTjsf] ;|f]tsf] ?kdf sfd u5{.

Tfl:j/M /fli6«o ds}jfnL cg';Gwfg sfo{qmd /fdk'/, lrtjg df ds}sf] cjz]if nfO df6f]df ldnfpb}

a a a

k|f·fl/s dn

lbuf] s[lif / jftfj/0fdf ;dlk{t eO

k|sfzg x'g nfu]sf] k|s[lt k|jfxnfO{ k|sfzg lg/Gt/tf tyf

;kmntfsf] z'esfdgf .

lbuf] s[lif tyf kof{ ko{6gdf ;dlk{t eO :j:y s[lif tyf hl8a'l6sf] k|jw{g ub{} hfg ;knntf ldnf]; eGb} k|s[lt

k|jfxnfO{ k|sfzg lg/Gt/tfsf] z'esfdgf lbg

rfxG5f}+ .

ækm"njf/L If]qnfO{ k|f+ufl/s 3f]if0ff u/f}+, gd'gf j8fsf] ?kdf ljsf; u/f}+ .Æ

j8f ;ldltsf] sfof{no

e/tk'/ p=df=g=kf=–!(, km"njf/L

k|wfgfWofks

tyf

hfgsL pRr dfWoflds ljBfno kl/jf/


k|fª\ufl/s v]lt

k|fª\ufl/s v]lt eg]sf] Tof] s[lif pTkfbg k|0ffnL xf] h;jf6 s[lif hGo pTkfbgx¿ h:t} vfBfGg afnL, t/sf/L afnL, kmnkm"n afnL, skf; tyf kz'hGo pTkfbg h:t} ljleGg k|sf/sf df;'x¿, b"w / b"wjf6 aGg] kl/sf/x¿, km'nsf ;fy;fy} oL ;a} pTkfbgsf k|zf]lwt vfB j:t'x¿ k|fª\ufl/s tl/sfjf6 pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5. k|fª\ufl/s v]ltdf Jojxfl/s jf k|rlnt s[lif k|0ffnLdf k|of]u x'g] /f;folgs tyf s[lqd kbfy{x¿ h:t} /f]u tyf ls/f lj?4sf ljiffbLx¿, emf/kft lgoGq0fdf k|of]u u/Lg] cf}iflwx¿, tyf /f;folgs dn cflbnfO{ k|of]u gu/L k|fs[lts j:t'x¿ h:t} jg:klt, hl8j'6L, k|fª\ufl/s dn nufot cGo k|fs[lts pkfox¿ ckgfOG5 . h;n] df6f]sf] pj{/fzlQm oyfjt /fVg], k|fs[lts tl/sfn] afnL ;+/If0f ug]{, afnL / kz'hGo ljljwtfdf gsf/fTds c;/ gkf/L ;'Jojl:yt ug{ d2t ub{5.

ljiffbLx¿sf] lg/Gt/ k|of]ujf6 afnL lj?jfsf zq'x¿df krfpg] Ifdtfsf] a'l4 x'G5 h;n] ubf{ lbuf] afnL ;+/If0fsf] cj:yf ;[h{gf x'g ;Sb}g. kmn:j?k /f]u ls/f lgoGq0f x'g g;Sg'sf ;fy} k};fsf] klg jjf{b x'g] ub{5. o;sf] cnfjf k|fljlws 1fgsf] cefjn] obfsbf /f]u lgoGq0fsf nflu k|of]u ul/g] ljiffbL ls/f lgoGq0fsf nflu / ls/f lgoGq0f ug]{ ljiffbL /f]usf] nflu k|of]u eO{ o; cj:yfsf] afnL ;+/If0fdf ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ,cy{lxg x'ghfG5. g]kfndf ljiffbL ef/t, rLg, hfkfg, yfONof08, ci6«]lnof, l;uf+k'/ tyf cflb cGo b]zjf6 lelqb} cfO/x]sf] tYo e]l6G5g\. o;/L lelqg] ljiffbL cGo b]zsf] t'ngfdf ef/t / rLg jf6 cfpg] ljiffbL jl9 5. cf=a= @)^*÷@)^( sf] ;/sf/L tYof+s cg';f/ nueu b]zdf k|ltjif{ #&

k|fª\ufl/s v]lt / h}ljs ljiffbL

;'Gb/ ltjf/L -s[lif lj1_

d]6«Ls 6g ljiffbL vkt e}/x]sf] kfO{Psf] 5. cfoltt ul/Psf] ;'?sf b'O{ jif{ -)%$÷)%%_ ljiffbLsf] cf}ift vkt ^ d]6«Ls 6g ePtfklg cfw'lgsLs/0f tyf Aofa;foLs/0fsf sf/0f ljiffbLsf] k|of]u a9b} uO{/x]sf] 5. o;/L vkt ePsf] ljiffbLnfO{ ?k}ofdf cfFsng ug]{ xf] eg] $) s/f]8 ?k}of ljiffbLsf nflu dfq} vr{ ePsf] tYofFÍ e]l6G5. ;fdfGotof x]g]{ xf] eg] g]kfndf ljiffbL v]ltjfln, cGge08f/ tyf hg:jf:Yo If]qdf jl9 k|of]u ul/Psf] kfOG5. x'gt xfdf|] b]zdf cGo b]zsf] t'ngfdf ljiffbLsf] vf; dfqfsf] !$) u|fd ;s[o tTj 5 h'g Hofb} g} Go"g xf]. t/ hxfF ljiffbL k|of]u x'G5 To:tf 7fpFdf ljiffbLsf] dfqf Hofbf c;'/lIft k|of]u / c1fgtf jz k|of]u ul/Psf] e]l6G5. ljiffbL dfgj z/L/df ljleGg tj/n] -h:t} d'vaf6, 5fnfaf6, 5fnfsf /f}x¿, cfFvfaf6_ k|ToIf?kdf k|j]z u{b5 / ck|ToIf?kdf b'lift xfjf / kfgLaf6 klg dfG5]sf] z/L/df k|j]z u/]sf] kfO{G5. ue{jtL dlxnfdf ljiffbL k|j]z u/L ;s]kl5 aRrfx¿df klg c;/ b]lvg] / sltko ljiffbLx¿ b'wsf] dfWodaf6 jRrfx¿df hfg] / jRrfx¿ Klg o;jf6 k|tf8Lt x'g] tYo cg';Gwfgjf6 k|dfl0ft ePsf 5g\. xfnsf] l:yltdf /f;folgs kbfy{sf] k|of]u s]xL ;Lldt If]q jf ;Lldt s[ifsx¿n] dfq ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 eg] clwsf+z kxf8L If]qdf afnL ;+/If0fsf] lglDt k/Dk/fut ?kdf k|of]u ul/b}+ cfPsf] laleGg h}ljs Pj+ k|fª\ufl/s kbfy{x¿sf] g} k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5. k|+fufl/s s[lif pTkfbgn] h}ljs ljljwtf tyf :j:Yo df6f] ;+/If0f u/]/ kof{oj/0fsf] bL3f{o'nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'sf ;fy} s[ifs ju{ Pj+ pkef]Qmf ju{ sf] lxtsf] kIfdf x'G5 eg] k|rlnt jf Jojxfl/s v]lt k|0ffnLaf6 kof{oj/0fsf] cfo' ;fwf/0ftof 5f]6f] ;dosf]nflu dfq l;ldt /xG5. jg:klt tyf jftfj/0fdf gsf/fTds c;/

h}ljs ljiffbL


gkg{], dflg;sf] :jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/ gkg]{, vlr{nf] ljiffbLx¿ / dnvfb vl/bdf nfUg] k"FhLsf] art x'g], :yflgo dn tyf h8Lj'6Lsf] ;b'kof]u x'g], lb3{sflng k|efj x'g] ePsfn] /f]u ls/fsf] ljiffbL lj?4 pTkGg x'g] k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtfsf] ljsf; x'g] ;Defjgf sd x'G5. /f]u tyf ls/fsf k|fs[lts zq'x¿nfO{ s'g} xflg gf]S;fgL xF'b}g. jf:tjdf k|fª\ufl/s s[lif k|0ffnLjf6 s[ifssf] clt dxTjk"0f{ k|fs[lts ;Dkbf, dflyNnf] ;txsf] df6f]sf] k"0f{?kdf ;+/If0f / ;+aw{g x'G5. df6f]sf] ;+/If0fsfnflu uf]j/dn, sDkf]:6 dnaf6 lj?jfnfO{ rflxg] vfB kbfy{ k|fKt x'gsfnflu df6f]df pknAw u/fpFb5. ux|f / sfGnf v]lt k|0ffnL, 5fkf] /fVg] sfo{af6 klx/f], e"–IfonfO{ /f]sL hldgsf] ;txsf] kfgLnfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ d2t k'Ub5. ?v, emfF8L nufpg], bfnjfnL /f]Kgfn] df6f]sf] s8fkg, vfBtTjx¿sf] r'xfj6, e"–IfonfO{ Go"g u/fO{ jfnL la?jfsf h/fnfO{ vfBtTj k'¥ofpg] df6f]sf] txnfO{ l:y/ /fVb5.

k|fª\ufl/s dn / o;sf ljz]iftfx¿

k|fª\ufl/s dnn] df6f]sf] kf}li6s tTjx¿ tyf k|fª\ufl/s kbfy{x¿nfO{ a9fpF5 h:n] ubf{ df6f]sf] pj{/f zlQm a9\g hfG5.

k|fª\ufl/s dnn] df6f]nfO{ km'sf] / a'/a'/fpFbf] agfO{ df6f]sf] agf]6nfO{ /fd|f] agfpF5. s8f agf}6sf] df6f]df o;sf] k|of]uaf6 df6f] v's'nf] / anf}6] agf}6sf] df6f]nfO{ ;fx|f] agfOlbG5.

lrlD6nf] df6f]df k|fª\ufl/s dnsf] k|of]uaf6 df6f]df xfjfsf] cfjfudg / kfgLsf] lgsf; /fd|f] x'G5. anf}6] df6f]df kfgL c8Øfpg ;Sg] Ifdtf a9L x'G5.

k|fª\ufl/s dn lj:tf/} s'lxg] x'Fbf o;sf] c;/ kl5;Dd /lx/xG5. Pp6fjfnLdf k|of]u u/]sf] dn csf]{ jfnLnfO{ ;d]t k|fKt x'G5.

of] dn a9L dfqfdf kg{ hfFbf o;jf6 afnL gfnLnfO{ s'g} g/fd|f] c;/ kb}{g.

df6f]df k|fª\ufl/s kbfy{sf] ;+t'lnt l:ylt /lx/xFbf kmnfd / PNd'lgodsf Iffl/o cS;fO8x¿ k|fª\ufl/s s0fx¿df 6fFl;P/ /xG5g\. kmf]:km]6n] Iffl/o aGwgjf6 d'lQm kfpF5 / df6f]df /x]sf] kmf]:km/; la?jfsf]nflu

k|fKo x'G5.

k|fª\ufl/s dnsf d'Vo >f]tx¿

Â ufO{ j:t'sf] dnd"q (Animal Litter) Â sDkf]i6 dn (Compost) Â xl/of] dn (Green Manure) Â ;'Id h}ljs dn (Bacterial fertilizer) Â zx/sf] kmf]x/ d}nf / gfnsf] dn Â lkgf (Oil cakes) Â rkL{sf] dn (Night Soil) Â s'v'/fsf] dn (Poultry Manure) Â xf8sf] dn (Bone meal) Â Phf]nf

h}ljs ljiffbL jf afof]k]i6L;fO8

zq' /f]u tyf ls/fnfO{ gfz ug]{ hLjf0f'df cfwfl/t laiffbLnfO{ h}ljs ljiffbL jf afof]k]i6L;fO8 elgG5. afof]k]i6L;fO8 s'g} /;fog geO{ hLjf0f'x¿sf] ;d'x xf] h;sf] k|of]uaf6 zq' ls/fx¿ s]lx ;dokl5 /f]uLP/ d5{g\. jfof]k]i6L;fO8sf] ?kdf Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Nematode, Protozoa h:tf hLjf0f'x¿nfO{ k|of]u ul/G5. /f;folgs ljiffbLsf] lg/Gt/ k|of]uaf6 sltko ls/fx¿n] k|of]u ul/Psf] ljiffbL lj?4 k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtfsf] ljsf; u/]sf 5g\ / tL ls/fx¿nfO{ lgs} w]/} dfqfdf ljiffbL xfNbf klg tL db}{gg\ t/ jftfj/0fdf / k|of]ustf{df eg] To;sf] gsf/fTds c;/ k/]sf] x'G5. o:tf ljiffbLsf] lg/Gt/ k|of]un] oL ls/fn] eljiodf cem}+ k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ 8/ x'G5 eg] c? ls/fx¿ klg ToxL+ af6f]df nfUg ;S5g. ljiffbL lj?4 k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf ljsf; u/]sf sf/0f Helicoverpa armigera -6df6/sf], rgf, skf;sf] uaf/f]_ ls/fnfO{ /f;folgs ljiffbLsf] k|of]un] lgoGq0f ug{ w]/} ufx|f] 5. o:tf 3fts vfnsf ls/fnfO{ klg jfof]k]i6L;fO8sf] k|of]un] ;lhn} / jftfj/0fnfO{ s'g} gsf/fTds c;/ gkfl/sg} dfg{ ;lsG5.

3/]n' ljiffbL (Botanical Bio-pesticides)

:yfgLo :t/d} lttf], lk/f], 6/f]{ tyf cldnf] hftsf] lj?jfsf] ljleGg efnfO{ dl;gf] u/L agfOPsf] efudf

h}ljs ljiffbL


ufO{sf] ux'Ft / cGo ljleGg hl8a'6Lx¿ ld;fO{ agfOPsf] ljiffbLnfO{ 3/]n' ljiffbL elgG5. o:tf ljiffbLx¿ k/fk"j{sfnb]lv g} jfnL lj?jfsf ljleGg zq'hLjnfO{ wkfpg tyf dfg{ k|of]u ul/b}+ cfO/x]sf] 5. lgdsf] kft, 8fF7 tyf bfgfnfO{ lyr]/ cfPsf] emf]ndf yf]/} kfgL ld;fP/ 5/]df dfq klg jfnL la?jfdf nfUg] ls/fx¿nfO{ wkfpg ;lsG5. ufpF3/df 3/]n' ljiffbL /f;folgs ljiffbLsf] t'ngfdf ;lhn} agfpg ;lsg] ePsf] / w]/} g} ;:tf] kg{ hfg] ePsf]n] klg of] k|ljlwsf] nf]slk|otf a9\b} uO/x]sf] 5.

Aofl;Nn; y'/LGhLPG;L; (Bacillus thuringiensis)

o; hLjf0f'sf Spore / Poisonous crystal k'tnLsf nfef{sf z/L/df k;]kl5 tLgnfO{ la:tf/} laif nfUb5 / ls/fx¿ db{5g\. laif nfu]/ dg{ ls/fn] oL hLjf0f'nfO{ vfg} k5{. hLjf0f' ls/fsf] k]6df k'u]kl5 oL AofS6]/Lofsf aapx¿ dWocfGb|fdf uP/ pd|G5g / /utdf ldl;P/ z/L/el/ km}nLG5g / ! b]vL & lbg;Dd ls/fx¿ db{5g.

Go'SnLo/ kf]nLx]8f|]l;; efO/; (Nuclear polyhedrosis virus)

oL efO/;hGo h}jLs laiffbL x'g\. oL hLjf0f'x¿ ;+j]bglzn ls/fsf z/L/df k;]kl5 sf]ifx¿df cfqmd0f ub{5g\ / ls/fn] efO/; lgn]sf] # blv $ xKtfleq ls/fsf] d'To' x'G5. d[To' x'g'eGbf ! b]vL @ lbg cuf8L ls/fsf] 5fnfsf] /+u sfnf] x'G5 / To;df kx]nf wAafx¿ b]vLG5g / 5fnf lrKnf] b]lvG5. d[To' x'g' cuf8L /f]u nfu]sf nfef{x¿ af]6sf] dflyNnf] efudf k'Ub5g\ / ToxL em'08LP/ d5{g. d/]sf ls/fx¿sf] 5fnf k'm6]/ nfvf}+ efO/;x¿ aflx/ lg:sG5g\ / ToxLaf6 c? ls/f klg efO/;sf] lzsf/ x'g k'U5g\.

6«fO{sf]8/df lel/l8 (Trichoderma viridae)

6«fO{sf]8/df Pp6f wfuf] h:tf] /];fbf/ 9';L xf] h'g df6f]df jf ;8] un]sf] jg:ktL jf sf7df lj:tfl/t ?kdf km}nLP/ a:b5. of] 9';Ln] c? la?jfnfO{ /f]u nufpg] vfnsf 9F';Lx¿ h:t} Fusarium, Rhizoctonia,

Pythium -h;n] cf]Onfpg], km]b s'lxg], h/f s'lxg], ufgf] s'lxg] /f]u nufpg] u5{g\_ nfO{ cfqmd0f u/L ltgLx¿sf] ;j{gfz ub{5g\ h;sf sf/0f la?jfdf oL 9'F;Laf6 nfUg] /f]ux¿sf] cfqmd0f sd x'g k'Ub5. of] hLjf0f'o'Q ljiffbL ljpx¿df klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 / lapdf k|of]u ubf{ ev{/ pd|]sf] lj?jfnfO{ 9'F;LhGo /f]ux¿af6 d'lQ lbnfp5g\. oL laiffbLx¿ c+u'/, rgf, abfd, cfn', ux'+, cb'jf, leG8L, n;'g, Kofh, 6df6/, skmL cflb jfnLdf k|of]u ubf{ pko'Qm b]lvPsf 5 .

k/lhjL ls/fx¿sf] ;+/If0f (Predators and Parasitoids)

k/lhjL ls/fx¿ h:tf]sL ufOg] ls/f, :qL hGo vk6], jf3] vk6], gfDn] ls/f tyf dfs'/f h:tf ls/fx¿n] 7'nf] ;+Vofdf zq'hLjnfO{ lgoGq0f ul//x]sf x'G5g\. t;y{ o:tf h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] ;+/If0f ug{ ;s]df lbuf] ?kdf ls/f lgoGq0f x'g]df b'O{dt 5}g.

9F';LhGo h}ljs ljiffbL (Fungal Bio-pesticide)

9';Lsf] k|of]ujf6 klg w]/} ls/f tyf /f]ux¿ lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5. df6f]df x'g] lt 9F';Lx¿n] df6f]df tyf la?jfdf x'g] rkfP/ tyf r';]/ vfg] ls/fx¿nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5. ltgLx¿nfO{ xl/of] 9F';L / ;]tf] 9'F;Lsf] gfdn] lrlgG5. tL 9F';Lx¿n] v'd]|sL/f, nfxL cfbLnfO{ lgoGq0f ub{5. oL 9F';Lsf s0fx¿ olb tL ls/fx¿sf] z/L/df k|j]z u¥of] eg] ltgLx¿n] To;tf ls/fx¿nfO{ dfb{5.

lgdf6f]8hGo h}ljs ljiffbL (Nematode):

k|s[ltdf sltko lgdf6f]8x¿n] df6f]df ePsf ls/fx¿sf] z/L/ leq k|j]z u/L To:tf sL/fx¿nfO{ dfb{5.

t;y{ k|f+ufl/s v]tL / h}ljs ljiffbLsf] k|of]un] xfdL :jf:Yo jfnL pTkfbg ug{ ;Sb5f}. o; k|s[ltsf] v]tL jfnL k|0ffnLn] xfd|f] df6f] z'4 x'G5, df6f]sf] ef}tLs cj:yf ;'w|G5 / jftfj/0f klg :j:Yo /lx dfgj :jf:Yo ;'wf{gdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5.

h}ljs ljiffbL


kl/ro M

yfxf cfGbf]ngsf k|0f]tf s= ?krGb| la:6sf] of]ubfgnfO{ sb/ ub{} dsjfgk'/sf] pQ/L If]qnfO{ ut a};fvdf yfxf gu/kflnsfsf] ?kdf 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] xf] . kfn'ª, bfdg / ah|jf/fxL uflj;x¿ ld;fP/ o; gu/kflnsfn] k"0f{tf kfPsf] xf] . oL ltg} uflj;x¿ Pltxfl;s, kf}/fl0fs / k|fs[lts ?kn] dgf]/d / ckf/ ;DefJotf af]s]sf] :yfg x'G5 . s[lif / ko{6gsf] ct'ngLo ;Defjgf af]s]sf] of] gu/kflnsf dsjfgk'/sf] pQ/L If]qdf kb{5 . &*%( x]S6/ cf]u6]sf] o; If]qnfO{ ko{6lso b[li6sf]0fn] Psbd k|d'v dflgG5 . ef}uf]lns agfj6n] k|bfg u/]sf] k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{ / o;n] k'tfnL em} ;lhPsf] bdg, kfn'ª / ah|a/fxL :jb]zL dfq geO{ ljb]zL ko{6sx¿sf] klg k|d'v uGtJo xf] . oxfFsf jGohGt', lxpF emg{] kxf8L jgf]6 / sf]0fwf/L ;Nnf clg u'/fF;sf ?vx¿ o;nfO{ emg\ snfTds / dgdf]xs agfPsf] 5 . a;{]lg xhf/f}+ ko{6sx¿ oxfFsf ;'Gb/ b[Zofjnf]sg ug{ cfpFb5g\ . ;d'Gb|L ;txb]lv #@!# ld6/;Dd dfly /x]sf] lxpF kg{] pRr kxf8L efu bdg / ToxfFaf6 tn b]lvg] kfn'ª pkTosfn] o;sf] snfTds cfj[ltnfO{ emg\ ;'gdf ;'uGw yk]sf] 5 . k|s[ltsf] Pp6f cg'kd pkxf/sf] ?kdf o; If]qnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . w/tlno lx;fan] k|r'/ h}ljs / jg:ktLo ljljwtfsf] ;lDd>0fn] o;nfO{ cem dxTjk'0f{ ?kdf lrgf/L k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . oxfFsf] k|fs[lts cfj/0f / o;n] ko{6sx¿df kf/]sf] ;sf/fTds k|efjn] klg o;nfO{ clj:d/0fLo uGtJosf] ?kdf kf/]sf] 5 . dgf]/d ?kn] ;lhPsf] plQ;sf ?vx¿ / tn pkTosfdf b]lvg] t/sf/L v]tLsf] Tof] kmfF6x¿n] wtL{d} :ju{sf] cfefif u/fpFb5 .

ko{6g ljsf;df yfxfM ;Defjgf / r'gf}tL

s k|d'v uGtJox¿

dsjfgk'/sf] pQ/L If]q dxfef/t kj{tLo lxd>[ªvnf cGtu{t kb{5 . o; :yfgaf6 b]lvg] :jt lxd>[ªvnf tyf kxf8x¿df km'Ng] /ftf clg ;]tf nfnLu'/fF; / ljleGg jg:kltn] hf] sf]xLsf] dg axnfpg ;S5 . k|s[ltsf] cd'No pkxf/ ag]/ ;'Gb/ b[Zofjnf]sgsf] cj;/nfO{ s;}n] klg gsfg{ ;Sb}gg\ . sf]0fwf/L ;Nnf3f/L, plQ;sf] h+un clg ljleGg k|hfltsf ?v / ag:klt klg of] 7fpFsf] cfsif{0f ?kL ko{6sLo ;DefJotfnfO{ a9fjf lbPsf] 5 . ;d'Gb|L ;txaf6 @)))–#))) ld6/;Dd /x]sf] o; e"–efudf ljljwtfsf] cWoog cjnf]sg ug{ kfO{G5 . o;}u/L ko{6sLo b[li6n] oxfF w]/} uGtJox¿ 5g\ h;n] hf] sf]xL 3'Dg cfpg]x¿nfO{ nfnflot gu/L 5fF8b}g .

!_ kj{lto jg:klt pBfg

@_ lztf]i0f jfujfgL s]Gb|

#_ l;de~Hofª\

$_ nfnLu'/fF;sf] e08f/

%_ bfdg Eo'6fj/

^_ OGb|;/f]j/

v ;DefJotf / ;Defjgf

:yflgo ?kdf dfq geO{ /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{i6«Lo ?kdf klg ko{6gsf] ;Defjgf af]s]sf] If]q xf] of] . dsjfgk'/sf] yfxf gu/kflnsf To;} t ko{6sLo uGtJo :yn To;}dfly klg k|r'/ ;Defjgfx¿ af]s]sf] of] If]qn] /fli6«o ko{6gd} pNn]vflgo tj/n] 6]jf k'¥ofpg ;S5 . sltko ko{6sLo uGtJox¿ ;Defjgf eP/ klg

;~ho b]j lai6

ko{6g


hgr]tgf / oftfoftsf] cefjn] v'Nnf tj/n] k|of]u x'g kfPsf 5}gg\ . ltgLx¿ ljleGg r'gf}tLx¿ lar g} r]lkPsf 5g\ . k|s[ltsf] cljl5Gg ;ld>0fnfO{ prLt tj/n] k|of]u ug{] xf] eg] of] If]q g]kfns} k|d'v uGtJox¿ dWo] Ps x'g cfpF5 . o;df ;DalGwt lgsfo / ;/sf/sf] Wofg hgf h?/L 5 . oL / o:tf If]qx¿sf] ljsf; ;Djw{g, k|jw{gsf] nflu 7'nf] vfFrf] /x]sf] 5 . k|s[ltsf] cd'No wgnfO{ lbuf] ?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsof] eg] o;n] cyfx ;Defjgf af]s]sf] 5 . h:t}M

!= lsjL v]tL @= 6«]ls+u #= ;fOlsln+u $= u'/fF;sf] h'; / hfd %= jf]l6+u ^= df5fkfng&= cWoog cg';Gwfg tyf lxn :6]zg lgd{f0f u r'gf}tLx¿

oBkL ‘yfxf’ sf ;Defjgfx¿ cyfx 5g\, r'gf}ltx¿ klg TolQs} 5g\ . k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] wgL bfdg, kfn'ª ah|jf/fxL ;Defjgfsf] afjh't klg plrt sbdx¿ rflnPsf 5}gg\ . ;fxfl;s nufgLst{fsf] sld / ;/sf/L ah]6sf] b'?kof]un] of] If]qsf] ko{6g ljsf;nfO{ 7'nf] wSsf k'u]sf] 5 . ko{6g ljsf;sf] af6f]df e]l6Psf / x'g ;Sg] r'gf}ltx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M

Â oxfFsf] ef}uf]lns jgfj6 g} ljsf;sf] klxnf] r'gf}tL xf] . kxf8x¿n] 3]l/Psf] kfn'ª pkTosfdf e"–jgf]6sf sf/0f plrt tj/n] ;8s lgd{f0f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g\ . ;jf/L ;fwgx¿sf] k|of]u Psbd Go"g 5 . kmn:J?k ko{6sLo uGtJox¿ cf]em]ndf k/]sf 5g\ . ltgLx¿sf] dxTj ljs6 / b'n{e If]qd} l;ldt 5g\ .

Â plrt lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] sdLn] oxfF ljsf;sf ultljlw Psbd ;':t 5 . oxfF pRr u'0f:t/sf] o'jf hgzlQm pTkfbg ug{] /fd|f sn]h tyf SofDk;x¿ 5}g\ . h;n] ub{f ;+rf/ klg ljsf;f]Gd'v cj:yfdf dfq 5 . h;n] ubf{ ko{6g ljsf;df ;/f]sf/ ug{] / o;sf] dxQ\jf]nfO{ cfTd;fy ug{] hdft Psbd} sd 5 .

Â k|r'/ ;Defjgf af]s]sf] ePtfklg plrt nufgL

/ ;/sf/L ah]6sf] r'xj6n] ubf{ ljsf;sf sfdx¿

7Kk 5g\ . ljleGg lgsfodf x'g] ah]6sf] b'?kof]un]

klg o; If]qdf 7'nf ;d:ofx¿ pTkGg ePsf 5g\ .

;xfl;s nufgLst{fsf] sdLn] klg oxfF 7'nf] ;d:of

ePsf] 5 .

Â ko{6g Joj;fosf] dxTjnfO{ oxfFsf hgtfx¿n]

cfTd;fy ug{ g;Sg' klg Psk|sf/sf] ;d:of xf]

. hgr]tgf / lzIffsf] sdLn] ub{f oxfFsf :yfgLo

afl;Gbfx¿ ko{6s Joj;fosf] af/]df cglj1 5g\ .

xf]6]n tyf nhx¿sf] ;d:of emg\ ljs/fn 5 . o:tf

;d:ofx¿nfO l5rf]Ng ;lsof] eg] cjZo klg bfdg,

kfn'ª, ah|jf/fxL g]kfns} Ps k|d'v ko{6sLo uGtAo

jGg] s'/fdf b'Odt 5}g\ .

3 ;f/f+z

k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] wlg yfxf gu/kflnsf /

fli6«o ko{6g ljsf;sf] Pp6f cleGg c+u h:t}

xf] . oxfFsf hLjhGt', b'n{e jg:kltn] o;

If]qnfO{ k|fs[lts ?kdf ;DkGg agfPsf] 5 . xhf/f}+sf]

;+Vofdf ko{6sx¿ bfdg kfn'ª cfpg] u/]sf 5g\ .

o;sf] afah't klg ;Defjgfsf ljifox¿ cem w]/}

5g\ . ljsf; tyf ;Daw{gsf cfO{kg{] r'gf}ltx¿sf]

cWoog u/]/ To;sf] plrt lgjf/0f ug{ ;lsof] eg]

bfdg kfn'ª g]kfns} k|d'v ko{6sLo :yn x'g] s'/fnfO{

gsfg{ ;lsb}g . t;y{ ;fx;L nufgL / o'jfx¿sf] ;xL

;b'kof]u x'g ;Sof] eg] yfxf gu/kflnsf b]zs} nflu

8n/ / kfp08sf] >f]t aGg ;S5 . ;DalGwt lgsfo,

;+3 ;+:yfx¿sf] kxnnfO{ ;/sf/af6 plrt ;+jf]wg

eof] eg] o; If]qn] ct'nlgo kmfObf lbg] lglZrt 5 .

;'/Iff ;+oGq, ;+rf/ dfWodnfO{ cem ;'ljwf / ;jn

agfpg klg h?/L kIf xf] . :yfgLo df}lnstfnfO{

k|fyldstfdf /fv]/ ko{6sx¿sf] :jfut ;Tsf/ ug{

;lsof] eg] yfxf gu/kflnsf Pp6f pbfx/0fLo gu/

aGg] s'/fdf b'Odt 5}g\ . a a a

ko{6g


/f;folgs ljiffbLM

jfnLgfnLdf nfUg] ls/fx¿, ;'n;'n], jfnL /f]u,

emf/kft, h'sf, d';f / cGo lk/fxf hgfj/x¿nfO{

gfz ug{ jf lgoGq0f ug{ k|of]u ul/g] ljleGg y/Lsf

ljiffn' kbfy{x¿nfO{ g} /f;folgs ljiffbL (Chemical

Pesticide) elgG5.

vfBGgsf] ce'tk"j{ pTkfbg x'g'df pGgt hftsf

aLplahg, /;folgs dn, ls6gfifs jf /f]ugfifs

laiffbL, l;rfFO{, oflGqs/0f, Psn v]tL, ;fdflhs

cfly{s Joj:yfkg / s[lif k|;f/ k|ljlwaf6 ;Dej

ePsf] xf]. oL k|ljlwsf] ;xfotfaf6 x'g] cToflws

pTkfbg a[l4nfO{ xl/t s|flGt elgPsf] xf]. xl/t

s|flGtn] pTkfbgdf gf6sLo a[l4 ePtf klg of] k|ljlw

lgd{n ;kmf k|ljlw eg] xf]O{g. o;df cg]sf+} jftfj/0fLo

k|efjx¿ b]vf k/]sf 5g\ . h;dWo] k|fs[lts >f]tsf]

lta| t/ x|f; / k|b'if0f d'Vo ?kdf pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5.

df6f] / kfgLsf] Ifo, :yfgLo hftsf lap lahgsf]

s|dz nf]k, km:kmf]/; / lhjfz]if phf{sf] lta| t/

vktaf6 k"gM k|fKt gx"g] k|fs[lts >f]tx¿sf] e08f/0f

xf; Psftkm{ b]lvG5 eg] csf]{tkm{ /;folgs dn, sL6

tyf /f]ugfifs laiffbLsf] Aofks k|of]uaf6 df6f], kfgL

/ jfo'd08nsf] k|b'if0fdf j[l4 eO{/x]sf]5.

æ/f;flogs laiffbLsf] k|of]un] ls;fg, Aofkf/L /

pkef]Qmf ;a} df/df k/]sf 5g\. lsgeg] Ps jfnLdf

!* b]lv @% k6s laiffbL 5g]{ ls;fgsf] :jf:Yodf

s:tf] c;/ kl//x]sf] xf]nf / eljiodf /f]u nfu]

kl5 t/sf/L a]r]/ sdfPsf] k};fn] cf}ifwL vr{

kSs} k'Ub}g a? v]t a]r]/ klg lgsf] x'g ufx|f] 5Æ.

/f;folgs laiffbLsf] a9\bf] k|of]u, o;af6 x'g] k|d'v c;/x¿ tyf j}slNks pkfox¿

3gZofd e08f/L, s[lif a}1flgs/fli6«o ds}afnL cg';Gwfg sfo{qmd, /fdk'/, lrtjg

laiffbL b'?kof]usf sf/0fx¿

Â cgfjZos ?kdf laiffbLsf] pkof]u a9\b} hfg'. Â cfjZostf eGbf a9L laiffbLsf] k|of]u x'g'. Â Joj;flos v]tLdf laiffbLsf] nuftf/ k|of]u x'g'. Â /f]u ls/fsf] rf8f] lgoGq0f ug{ Hofb} s8f

laiffbLsf] k|of]u x'g'. Â k|of]u ul/;s]/ afFsL /x]sf laiffbLnfO{

nfk/jfxL;Fu gi6 ug]{ jf hyfefjL kmfNg] ug'{. Â /f]u, ls/fsf] Iflt glrgLsg cg'ko'Qm laiffbLsf]

l;kmfl/; ug'{. Â s[ifsdf laiffbL k|of]u ;DalGw 1fg / tflndsf]

cefj x'g'. Â w]/} h;f] u|fdL0f e]usf s[ifsx¿df laiffbLsf]

vt/faf/] hgr]tgfdf sdL x'g'. Â df;' k;n]x¿n] lemufF eufpg df;'df g'efg

k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf]. Â xl/of] t/sf/L ljz]if u/]/ /fof] ;fu, 6df6/,

e]06f cfbLnfO{ nfdf] ;do ;Dd ls/faf6 arfO{ /fVg dfnflyogsf] emf]ndf 8'afpg] rng Aoa;foLs v]tLdf /x]sf]. To;}u/L

j}slNks ljiffbL


cfn', 6df6/, e]06fdf tfhfkg Nofpg] gfpFdf 9';Lgf;s laiffbLdf pkrf/ ug]{ rngn] klg laiffbLsf] b'?kof]u a9bf] 5.

Â lxhf]cfh b]zsf ljleGg 7fpFsf vf]nfdf ljiffbL xfn]/ df5f dfg]{ rng rn]sf] b]lvG5 .

laiffbLaf6 x'g] k|d'v c;/x¿ (Negative Impact of Pesticides)

/f;folgs laiffbLn] zq'hLjnfO{ dfq lagfz ug]{ xf]Og o;n] k|fs[lts ;+t'ngdf pkof]uL ldqhLax¿ h:t} k/fu;]rg ug]{ df}/L, k'tnL, /]zd ls/f, ufOg] ls/f, af3] vk6], dfs'/f, r/fr'?ËL, u8\of}nf, df5f, ;k{, 5]kf/f] nufot k/hLjL ls/fx¿, lzsf/L ls/fx¿ cfbLsf] lagfz ub}{ cfPsf] 5. o;sf] cltl/lQm laiffbLaf6 x'g] k|d'v c;/x¿df dflg;, h}ljs >f]tsf] Ifo, cfg'j+lzs x|f;, kz'k+lIfsf] :Jff:Yodf xflg, gbLgfnf k|b'if0f, e'ldut hn k|b'if0f, jfo' k|b'if0f, df6f] k|b'if0f, zq'hLjx¿df k|lt/f]wfTds zlQmsf] lagf; d'Vo x'g. hyfefjL laiffbLsf] k|of]usf sf/0f lgDg lnlvt ;d:ofx¿ b]vf kb{5g\.

!_ dfgljo :jf:Yodf c;/ (Human Health hazards)

@_ xfjfdf x'g] k|b'if0f (Air Pollution)

#_ df6f] tyf kfgLdf x'g] k|b'if0f (Soil and Water Pollution)

$_ kz' k+lIfdf c;/ (Animal Health Hazards)

%_ h}ljs ljljwtfsf] nf]k (Reduce Biodiversity)

^_ ls/fx¿df k|lt/f]ws zlQmsf] ljsf; (Pest

Outbreaks)

&_ cGo nlIft gu/]sf k|f0fLx¿df c;/ (Reduce Natural Enemies)

*_ k/;]lrt jfnLx¿df k/fu;]rgsf] ;d:of (Pollination problem in cross pollinated

crops)

(_ Dofb gf3]sf laiffbLsf] ;d:of (Problem of

Out dated Pesticides)

/f;folgs laiffbLsf] lasNk h}ljs tyf

jg:klts laiffbL

s_ h}las laifflb / k|of]u lalw

h}ljs ljiffbL eGgfn] vf;u/L ls/f lgoGq0fsf]

nflu k|of]u ul/g] hLljt ;'Id hLjf0f'x¿af6 tof/

u/LPsf] ljiffbL eGg] a'lemG5. o;df ls/f lgoGq0f

ug{ Entomopathogenic -ls/fx¿nfO{ /f]uL jgfpg]_

Jofs6]/Lof, 9';L, efO/;, lgdf6f]8 / k|f]6f]hf]jfx¿sf]

k|of]u ul/G5. o:tf vfn] ljiffbLx¿ Jftfj/0fLo

b[li6sf]0fn] ;a}eGbf sd xflgsf/s tyf dfgj /

hgfj/sf] nflu ;'/lIft elgPsf] 5. s]xL h}ljs

laiffbL / To;sf] k|of]u af/] tn hfgsf/L ul/Psf] 5 .

k|of]u ul/g] h}ljs laiffbLsf] gfd

ls/fsf ju{ ls/fsf tyf /f]usf k|sf/

k|of]u dfqf k|of]u k6s

Kf|of]u ljwL

Aof;Ln; y'l/Gh]lG;; -la6L_, AofS6]/Lof

k'tnL au{ ;“lt{sf] kft vfg] nfe]{aGbfsf] k'tnL, O{6a'6] k'tnL , ;]dL n'k/ cfbL.

! b]vL !=% u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgL

@ k6s ;Dd

:k|]

a]pe]/Lof a];Lofgf -9';L_

slnnf d'G6f tyf km"n / kmn 5]8g] / r':g] ls/fx¿

Uf]ne]8f, e]G6f kmn 5]8\g]

% u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgL

@–# k6s

:k|]

j}slNks ljiffbL


d]6f/lhod Plg;fKnL -9'F;L_

df6f]d'gL a;]/ gf]S;fg k'¥ofpg] ls/fx¿

v'd|], wld/f, km]b s6'jf, /ftf] sldnf, cGo vk6]x¿

!)) u|fd 9'F;L, !)) u|fd ;Vv/ jf lrgLnfO{ @) s]hL sDkf]i6 dndf

! k6s

kfs]sf] sDkf]i6df ld;fP/

8]/L;d -afg:klts laiffbL_

r':g] tyf sf]q]/ vfg] / s8f cfj/0f ePsf ls/fx¿

nfxL, kt]/f], ;'n;'n], km6]+u|f

! b]vL !=% u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgL

@–# k6s

:k|]

duf]{;f]d jf afof]dlN6lgd jf lgdfl/g

w]/} yl/sf ls/fx¿ k"tnL, lem+uf, nfef{x¿ @ Pd=Pn= k|lt ln6/ kfgL

@–# k6s

:k|]

Pg=lk=eL= -efO{/;_

k"tnL au{sf ls/fx¿

kmn s"xfpg] ujf/f], e"ml;nls/f, nflx, ;a} nfef{hGo ls/fx¿

$ b]lv % yf]kf k|lt ln6/ kfgL

@–# k6s

:k|]

6«fOsf]8«df lel/8L -9F';Lgf;s laiffbL_

9'F;Laf6 nfUg] /f]ux¿

a]gf{ s"lxg] /f]u, sfpnL aGbfsf] ufF7] /f]u, 89"jf, yf]Kn] cfbL

!)) u|fd 9";L, !)) u|fd ;Vv/ jf lrgLnfO{ @) s]hL /fd|/L kfs]sf] dn

@ k6s

kfs]sf] sDkf]i6df ld;fP/

v_ jfnL ;+/If0fdf :yfgLo h8La'6Lsf] k|of]uxfd|} jl/k/L ufpF3/df w]/} yl/sf laiffbL agfpg ;lsg] af]6la?jfx¿ /x]sf 5g\. ltgLx¿sf] k|of]uaf6 ljleGg

lsl;dsf ls/f tyf /f]ux¿ lgoGq0fdf ;xof]u k'Ug] s'/f ljleGg cg';Gwfgaf6 hfgsf/L lng ;lsG5. s]xL

jg:ktLx¿sf] ljj/0f tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5.

qm=;+ k|of]u ul/Psf ;fdfu|L < s"g jfnL < s] sf] nfuL <! ux"+t ± l:f:gf], ltt]kftL agdf/f

lv/f]{sf] kft ld;fO{t/sf/L clwsf+z ls/fx¿

@ t'n;Lsf] kft ± kfgL ;"Gtnf kftvGg] ls/f# ltt]kftL ± kfgL t/sf/L em";Lnls/f, nfxL$ d]jfsf] kft skmL kfp8/L dLN8\o / 89"jf /f]u% n;"g,;okqL km"n, Kofh v";f{gL t/sf/L clwsf+z ls/fx¿^ af]emf]sf] w"nf] ± ;fa"g kfgL t/sf/L vk6], nfxL

& ;"tL{±;fj"gsf] ld>0f t/sf/L y|LK;, km]b s6"jf

j}slNks ljiffbL


* asfOgf] xl/of] kft aGbf, wfg nfxL, 9"+u|] ls/f, km8\s] ls/f( lgdsf] aLp aGbf, wfg ujf/f], vk6], kft a]?jf!) kL/f] v";f{gLsf] 3"nf]±kfgL t/sf/L nfxL ls/f!! d]jfsf] kft±;fa'g± d6Lt]n t/sf/L, wfg nfxL, km8\s] ls/f!@ c;"/f]sf] xl/of] kft aGbf, e6df;, ;"tL{ k"tnL, em";Lnls/f, kftvfg] nfe|]!# v/fgL t/sf/L, ;"Gtnf vk6], nfxL, kftvfg] ls/f

!$ xn]bf] ± kfgL t/sf/L O{6a"6] k"tnL!% xn]bf]±;fa"g kfgL±ux"t wfg kmf}hL ls/f, ujf/f], kfta]?jf

!^ lgdsf] kft ± kfgL wfg / t/sf/L ujf/f], km8\s], 8f+7 s"xLg] 9";L, / t/sf/L clwsf+z ls/fx¿

!& kfO{/y|]d±;fj'g±kfgL t/sf/L vk6] ;d"xsf ls/fx¿

!* ux"+t±kfgL t/sf/L w"nf] 9";L , nfxL

!( 6r{ Aof6«sf] sfnf] w"nf] wfg lh+ssf] sdL

@) hfnL km"nsf] kft,8f+7 t/sf/L ;]tf] 9";L /f]u

@! l6d"/±kfgL uf]ne]+8f , v";f{gL,e06f j}nfpg] /f]u

@@ ;"tL{sf] 8f+7sf] w"nf] t/sf/L z{v] ls/f, lrKn] ls/f

@# sf+rf] d]jfsf 6"qmfx¿ v]tsf] cfnL d";f lgoGq0f@$ cnsqf±dl6t]n gl/j]n u"jf] vfg] ls/f@% ufOsf] b"w±kfgL t/sf/L ;]tf] w"n] 9";L , u"hd"h] /f]u@^ uf]j/±kfgL wfg AofS6]l/on 89"jf@& af]6nfO{ a]:;/L xNnfpg /x/ /x/sf] ujf/f]

@* lrgL±;Vv/ kmn t/sf/L kmn s"xfpg] cf};f@( cfn;sf] t]ndf sk8f lehfO{ km]bdf 6f+:g] cf+k cf+ksf] 3"g lgoGq0f#) s]t"sL wfg ujf/f], a]?jf#! c+l8/sf] kLgf df6f]df wdL/fx¿#@ uf]ne]+8f / ;okqLsf] ld>Lt v]tL uf]ne]+8f ujf/f] ls/f

## k"lbgf aGbuf]jL ;d"x nfxL ls/fx¿

#$ uf+hfsf] xl/of kft±kfgL km;L{ /ftf] vk6]#% tf]/Lsf] kLgf cb"jf ufgf] s"lxg] /f]u

u= emf]ndn jf lutLdn

ufFp3/df ;lhn} kfO{g] jg:kltx¿ / cGo kbfy{ ld;fO{ agfO{Psf] emf]nnfO{ ælutLdnÆ eGg] ul/G5. o;nfO{

emf]ndn jf k|fª\ufl/s laiffbL klg eGb5g\. o;n] t/sf/LnfO{ nfUg] w]/} k|sf/sf ls/f tyf /f]unfO{ Joj:yfkg

u/]sf] kfO{Psf] 5.

j}slNks ljiffbL


lutLdn agfpbf cfjZos kg]{ jg:klt / cGo kbfy{ tyf ltgsf] dfqf

af]emf]sf] kft cfwf lsnf] l6d"/sf] u]8f / kft !=% lsnf]

c;"/f]sf] d"06f cfwf lsnf] kt]gfsf] d"06f cfwf lsnf]

sfFrf]kftsf] kft / d"06f cfwf lsnf] ltt]kftL @ lsnf]

lgdsf] kft ! lsnf] agdf/fsf] kft / d"06f cfwf lsnf]

lkgf ! kfpm -@%) u|fd_ asfOgf], cf?sf] kft, uf]ne]8fsf kft / d'G6f, c+u]/L, l;knL, lv/f]{, ;lhjg,

l;:gf]sf] kft / d'06f –@ lsnf]

gf]6M ux'Ft – !% ln6/, ;fa'g – @%) u|fd / kfgL–% ln6/

lutLdn agfpg] tl/sf jg:kltsf kft / d'G6f -af]emf], c;'/f], lgd, l;:gf], l6d'/, kt]gf, ltt]kftL, sfFrf]kft, agdf/f_ x¿nfO{ dl;gf] -@

cf}+nf nfdf]_ 6'qmf agfO{ sfl6G5. lutLdn agfpFbf uxF'tnfO{ klxn] Ps} 7fpFdf ;+sng u/]/ jf lbgx'+ yKb} k|of]u

ug{ ;lsG5. To:t} jg:kltnfO{ 6'qmf kf/L /flvG5 eg] 6'qmf gkfl/sg klg /fVg] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5. gf]6 M%)

ln6/sf] 8«ddf hDdf *–!) lsnf] jg:ktLx¿, @% ln6/ ux'Ft / # lsnf] lkgf dfq /fVg ;lsG5.

lutLdnsf] k|of]u Â lutLdnsf] &÷& lbgsf] km/sdf jfnL gl6k'Gh]n;Dd nuftf/ k|of]u ul/G5.

Â o;n] t/sf/Ldf nfUg] ;a} lsl;dsf ls/fx¿nfO{ eufpg] u5{ / /f]u nfUg klg lbb}g.

Â o;sf] k|of]un] jfnL la?jfnfO{ vfB tTj k|fKt x'g uO{ pTkfbg a9fpg d2t ub{5.

j}slNks ljiffbL

q}dfl;s klqsf k|s[lt k|jfxn] lbuf] s[lif tyf kof{

ko{6gdf ;dlk{t eO cfkm\gf] k|sfzgnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg ;sf];\

eGg] z'esfdgf lbg rfxG5' .

q}dfl;s klqsfsf] ?kdf k|sfzg k|f/De ePsf] k|s[lt k|jfxn] lbuf] s[lif tyf kof{ ko{6gdf ;dlk{t eO cfkm\gf] k|sfzgnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg ;sf];\ eGg] z'esfdgf lbg

rfxG5' .

lg/~hg ;'j]bLk|f]kfO6/

lg/h >]i7;k P08 uf],

l8df6{zd]G6 :6f]/k|ultky, gf/fo0fu9hfgls ;–ldn

e=p=d=g=kf=–!(, km"njf/L, lrtjg


of] k6ssf] af3 lbjz ;fpg !$ ut]sf lbg lrtjg, sf7df8f}+ / alb{ofdf ljz]if sfo{qmd eP. uPsf] df3b]lv h]7;Dd ePsf] af3 u0fgfsf] glthf ;f] sfo{qmddf ;fjh{lgs ul/of]. t/fO{ If]qsf] /f}tx6b]lv s~rgk'/;Ddsf /fli6«o lgs'~h, cf/If, ;+/lIft If]q, h}ljs dfu{, ;fd'bflos jg / /fli6«o jg If]qx¿df ePsf] u0fgfn] st} af3sf] ;+Vof s]xL ;'wf/ ePsf] st} s]xL 36]sf], st} XjfQ} a9]sf] b]vfof]. ;du|df b]ze/ af3sf] ;+Vof a9]sf] kfOof]. rf/ jif{cl3 lj; @)^^ ;fndf ;fj{hlgs ePsf] tYofª\s cg';f/ g]kfne/ !@! jf3 lyP. of] k6s !(* k'Uof].

;/sf/n] cfpFbf] gf} jif{ leq cyf{t ;g\ @)@@ ;Dddf g]kfndf af3sf] ;+Vof @%) sf] xf/fxf/Ldf k'¥ofpg] nIo /fv]sf] 5. ;g\ @))( df e]l6PsfeGbf ;g\ @)@@ df af3sf] ;+Vof bf]Aa/ agfpg] sfd c;Dej} t gxf]nf t/ r'gf}tL/lxt eg] kSs} 5}g. g]kfndf ;j}eGbf a9L af3 kfOg] If]q lrtjgdf a;]/ lgofNbf of] nIosf] d'Vo tuf/f] eg]sf] rf]/L lzsf/ / dfgjdfly af3sf] a9\bf] cfqmd0f b]lvG5.

lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hdf ;g\ @))( df ePsf] u0fgfdf (! j6f jo:s af3 e]l6Psf lyP. To;sf cfwf/df lrtjgdf clwstd !$& j6f af3 /x]sf] cg'dfg lyof]. To;sf] Ps jif{kl5 lrtjg lgs'~hsf] r'/] If]qdf dfq} af3sf] cg'udg ufbf{ #$ jo:s af3 km]nf k/]sf lyP. h;sf sf/0f lrtjgdf !@% jo:s af3 /x]sf] lgs'~hn] hfgsf/L lbPsf] lyof]. t/ o; k6s lrtjgdf Go'gtd (* b]lv clwstd !#( / cf};t cyf{t s'n !@) af3 /x]sf 5g\. ;g\ @))( df ePsf] u0fgfsf (! / / To;sf] Ps jif{kl5 r'/]df ePsf] cg'udgdf km]nf k/]sf #$ u/L s'n !@% jo:s

af3 gd¿g\, dfG5] klg afFr'g\

/d]zs'df/ kf}8]n

af3eGbf o; k6s kfFrj6f sd af3 km]nf k/]sf 5g\.

lrtjgdf af3 36] a9]sf]eGbf klg dfgjdfly nuftf/ x'g] u/]sf] cfqmd0f lrGtfsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5. uPsf] cfly{s jif{df lrtjg lgs'~h cf;kf;sf If]qdf h+unL hgfj/sf] cfqmd0fdf k/]/ !^ hgfn] Hofg u'dfPsf] lgs'~h k|zf;gn] hfgsf/L u/fPsf] 5. af3 lbj;sf lbg lrtjg lgs'~hsf k|d'v ;+/If0f clws[t sdnh+u s'Fj/n] ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] tYofª\s cg';f/ To;/L dg]{dWo cfwf cyf{t cf7hgfnfO{ af3n] g} cfqmd0f u/]sf] 5.

of] eGbf cl3Nnf] cfly{s jif{df af3sf sf/0f rf/hgfsf] d[To' ePsf] lyof]. Tof]eGbf cl3Nnf] cfly{s jif{df af3sf] cfqmd0fdf k/]/ dg]{ sf]xL klg lyPgg\. cyf{t z'Goaf6 rf/ clg cf7 u/]/ dfG5]x¿ dl//x]sf 5g\. ;g\ @)@@ ;Dd af3 bf]Aa/ agfpg] nIo k'/f xf]nf gxf]nf t/ af3sf] cfqmd0fdf k/]/ Hofg u'dfpg]sf] ;+Vof bf]Aa/ eO;s]sf] 5. To;}n] of] Hofb} lrGtfsf] ljifo xf]. :yfgLodfly hgfj/n] ug]{ cfqmd0f g/f]lsP ;+/If0f k|lt pgLx¿nfO{ pTk|]l/t ug{ ufx|f] x'G5. :yfgLosf] hfu?stf / ;lqmo ;xeflutf lagf ;+/If0f sfo{ k|efjsf/L aGb}g.

:yfgLodfly af3sf] cfqmd0f lsg a9\bf] 5 o;k|lt Wofg lbg cfjZos 5. lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] dWojtL{ Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf k'j{ cWoIf s[i0f e't]{nsf] cg'ejdf af3sf] cfxf/f lgs'~hdf 36\bf] 5. clxn] ePsf] u0fgfn] klg of] s'/fnfO{ k'li6 u/]sf] 5. af3 w]/} kfOg] lrtjg lgs'~h, alb{of lgs'~h / z'SnfkmfF6f jGohGt' cf/IfdWo] af3sf] cfxf/f k|hfltsf] ;j}eGbf sd 3gTj lrtjg lgs'~h If]qdf g} 5.

;+/If0f


lrtjg lgs'~h cf;kf;df dWojtL{ ;fd'bflos jgsf] /fd|f] ljsf; ePsf] 5. /fd|f] 3fF; kfOg] ePsf sf/0f h/f]of] lrQnn] ayfg a9fPsf 5g\ ;fd'bflos jgx¿df. h/fof] lrQn ePsf] 7fpFdf af3 cfpg] g} eof].

cfxf/f vf]Hb} cfpg] af3 / 3fF; bfpF/f lng dWojtL{ jg k:g] ufpFn]x¿aLr hDsfe]6 a9\g yfn]sf] xf] eG5g\ e't]{n. af3n] w]/} b'Vv lbg] d]3f}nL If]qsf jfl;Gbf x'g\ pgL. ;+Vof a9fpg] of]hgfdf nfu]sf] ;/sf/n] lgs'~h leqsf 3fF;] d}bfgsf] cj:yf ;'wf/]/ af3sf] cfxf/f k|hfltsf hgfj/x¿ lrQn, h/fof]sf] ;+Vof a9fpg ;'emfj lbG5g\ e't]{n. af3 lgs'~heGbf aflx/ gcfpg] pkfPsf] vf]hLdf nfUg' pQd x'g] pgsf] egfO 5.

lgs'~hsf k|d'v ;+/If0f clws[t sdnh+u s'Fj/sf] egfOnfO{ cfwf/ dfGg] xf] eg] af3sf] cfgLafgL yfxf kfpg] xf] eg] p;sf] cfqmd0faf6 hf]lug ;lsG5. t/ p;sf] cfgLafgL s] s:tf] xf] l;sfpg] s:n] < a:tLdf nuftf/ af3 cfqmd0fsf 36gf a9L /xFbf :yfgLonfO{ ;r]t agfpg] ljifodf ;/sf/n] clxn];Dd s'g} sfo{qmd u/]sf] ef]Ug ;'Gg kfOPsf] 5}g. :yfgLonfO{ c;'/lIft agfP/ ;+/If0fdf kmnbflo sfd ug{ ;lsGg eGg] s'/f ;/sf/n] a]n}df a'em\g cfjZos 5.

af3 ;+/If0fsf] csf]{ r'gf}tL o;sf] rf]/L l;sf/ g} xf]. u}+8f df/]/ vfu dfq} n}hfG5g\ ch+usf] zl// To;} 5f8\5g\. To;}n] t:s/n] df/]sf] u}+8fsf] ;"rgf aflx/ cfpF5. af3sf] af/]df cfkm\7\of/f] s] xf] eg] o;sf /f}+, x8\l8 5fnfb]lv nueu ;j} c+uk|Tof+u laqmL x'g] ePsfn] t:s/n] df/]sf] af3sf] cjz]if;Dd /fVb}gg\. To;}n]af3sf] l;sf/ slt eof] kQf nufpg ufx|f] x'G5. t/ l;sf/ eO g} /fv]sf] x'G5.

t:s/x¿ slt rnfv 5g\ eGg] s'/f alb{ofdf ePsf] 36gfn] g} k'li6 u5{. lj=; @)^& ;fnsf] c;f]hdf

lrtjgdf Pp6f af3 xf]6ndf km]nf k¥of]. p4f/kl5

s]xL ;do lrtjg lgs'~hsf] s;/fdf kz'lrlsT;ssf]

/]vb]vdf /x]kl5 af3 :jf:Yo eof]. To;nfO{ alb{of

nu]/ 5f8\g] lg0f{o eof]. gdf] a'4 gfd /fv]/ ;f]

af3nfO{ lgs} tfdemfdsf ;fy alb{of nluof]. af3sf]

3fF6Ldf ;]6nfO{6 hl8t /]l8of]sn/ afFlwof]. To;

k|sf/sf] cTofw'lgs /]l8of]sn/n] sf7df8f}+df a;]/ g}

af3 sxfF 5 kQf nfU5 elgof].

t/ s]xL lbgkl5 PsfPs af3 ufoa eof]. vf]hL ub}{ hfFbf

af3 km]nf k/]g /]l8of]sn/ eg] e]l6of]. clwsf/Lx¿n]

af3 rf]/L t:s/n] g} df/]sf] 7x/ u/]. af3 t:s/x¿

slt zlQmzfnL 5g\ eGgsf nflu of] pbfx/0f g} sfkmL

5. ef/tsf ljleGg ;+/lIft If]qx¿df rf]/L l;sf/sf

36gf a9]sf] vj/ ToxfFsf ;+rf/dfWoddf cfO /x]sf

5g\. To;dfly 8/ nfUbf] csf]{ vj/ klg 5 Tof] xf]

s'Voft af3 t:s/ ;+;f/r+bsf] l/xfO.

ef/t /fh:yfgdf /x]sf] ;l/:sf g]zgn kfs{sf k'/} af3

df/]/ c+usf] sf/f]af/ u/]sf] cf/f]k nfu]sf ;+;f/r+b

s]xL lbgd} 5'6\g nfu]sf] ef/tLo ;+rf/dfWodx¿n]

hgfPsf 5g\. ;g\ @))% df ;dfltPsf ;+;f/r+bdfly

nfu]sf cf/f]kx¿sf] kof{Kt k|df0f gePkl5 b'O{ ;o

af3 dfg]{ d'2fsf cleo'Qm ;+;f/ l/xf x'Fbf g]kfndf

klg t:s/x¿n] 6fpFsf] p7fpg] hdsf]{ cjZo ug]{5g\.

;+;f/r+b h]naf6 5'6]/ af3sf] c+usf] sf/f]af/df km]l/

xft xfn]df ef/tsf dfq} xf]Og g]kfnsf af3 klg

pgsf] lgzfgfdf kg]{ 5g\. rf]/L l;sf/ klxnfsf] eGbf

emg} a9]/ hfg] ;DefjgfnfO{ gh/ cGbfh ug{ ldNb}g.

t:s/n] af3 gdf?g af3n] :yfgLonfO{ gdf/f]; oL b'O{

s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ ;+/If0f of]hgf agfP ;kmNtf

cjZo ldNg] 5.

a a a

;+/If0f


g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;M

cfh eGbf !)–!% jif{ cl3dfq klg g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; Tolt x'g ;s]sf] lyPg. dflg;gx¿ Ps 7fpFaf6 csf{] 7fpF;Dd s'g} lr7L kq jf ;dfu|L k7fpg k¥of] eg] lgs} emGeml6nf] dflgg] x'nfsaf6 jf cfˆgf] ufpF3/sf] sf]xL JolQm aflx/ ;fdu|L k7fpg kg{] 7fpF;Dd hfbF} 5 eg] p;sf] lhDdf nufP/ k7fpg kg{] afWotf lyof]. ;do;+u} ePsf] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsfzn] ubf{ cfhsf] lo ;do;Dd cfOk'Ubf oL emGem6x¿ Joxf]g{'kg{] afWotf 5}g . cfˆg} uf]hLdf /fv]/ lnP/ lx8\g ldNg] df]afOn h:tf ;fwgx¿sf] k|of]un] cfhsn sfdx¿ w]/} l56f] / 5l/tf] ?kdf ug{ ;Dej ePsf] 5.

b'/;+rf/ ;+:yfgsf] :yfkgf;+u} g]kfndf cf}krfl/s ?kdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u / ljsf; x'g yfn]sf] dflgG5| Tof] eGbf cuf8L ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u obfsbf ePtfklg lgoldt / ;j{;'ne gx'Fbf of] If]q Tolt km:6fFpg g;Sg'sf ;fy} krf;sf] bzsdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug{Tolt ;xh klg lyPg.

;f7Lsf] bzskl5 g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] kx'r ;/n ePsfn] o;sf] k|of]u a9\g yfNof]. Psflt/ /]l8of], Pkm=Pd=, l6eL tyf s]jn Joj;fo h:tf k|ljlwx¿ ;:tf], ;e{;'ne / ;lhnf] ePsf] sf/0fn] ub{f logLx¿sf] k|of]u PsfPs a9\g uof]. csf{]lt/ b'/;+rf/ ;+:yfgn] tf/o'Qm k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t kmf]g ;'lawf / tf//lxt k]h/ / df]afOnh:tf k|lalwx¿ leTo{fpg yfNof]. laz]if u/]/ u|fld0f If]qdf /]l8of], Pkm=Pd= / ;x/L If]qdf l6eL tyf s]jn Joj;fo ;fy} tf/df cfwfl/t kmf]g / tf//lxt k]h/, df]afOn h:tf k|ljlwx¿sf] k|of]u a9\g uof] ;"rgf k|ljlwn] ;x/L If]qdf kfPsf] ;kmntf kZrft oL ;'ljwfx¿

s[lif If]qdf ;"rgf k|ljlw k|of]u

u|fld0f If]qdf klg lj:tf/ x'g yfn] . lj:tf/} g]kfndf gLlhIf]qn] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf nufgL a9fpg yfn] kZrft k|ltikwf{ a9\g uO{ tf/o'Qm kmf]g / tf//lxt df]afOnh:tf k|ljlwx¿ cem ;:tf] / ;j{;'ne eof].

;"rgf / k|ljlwsf] If]qdf gLlhIf]q k|j]zsf] ;fy} ;]jf tyf ;'lawfx¿ lj:tf/ / kl/:s[t ub{} nu] h;n] ub{f dflg;x¿sf] 3/3/df dfq geO{ dflg;x¿sf] xft–xftdf kmf]g, OG6/g]6h:tf ;'lawfx¿ ;:tf] / ;xh} pknAw x'g yfNof]. g]kfndf OG6/g]6sf] ljsf;;+u} ;'rgf k|ljlwsf] If]q Pp6f gofF df]8df k|j]z uo{f]| o;n] Jofkfl/s, a}ls+u, ko{6g cflb h:tf Joj;fox¿nfO{ ;xh / k|lt:kw{L agfOlbof]. o;sf cnfjf o'jfx¿df OG6/g]6, df]afOnsf] h:tf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u a9\g uof]. o; k|sf/n] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ljgf b}lgs hLjgsf] kl/sNkgf ug{;Dd klg ;lsFb}g.

s[lif If]qdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u xfnsf] cj:yf

g]kfn Ps s[lif k|wfg b]z ePsfn] ax';+Vos g]kfnLx¿sf] b}lgs hLjg u'hf/fsf] k|d'v cfwf/ s[lif k]zf xf] . s[lif dGqfnosf] cflwsfl/s j]j;fO6 cg';f/ g]kfnsf] s'n hg;+Vofsf] ^^ k|ltzt hgtf s[lif k]zfdf ;+nUg 5g\ eg] g]kfnsf] s'n u|fx:y pTkfbg dWo] sl/a ## k|ltzt s[lifn] wfg]sf] 5| t/ s[lif pTkfbgx¿n] pko'Qm ahf/ / plrt d'No gkfpbf lt pTkfbgx¿ sd d'Nodf a]Rg'kg{] x'G5 jf lagf l;lQdf v]/ uO/x]sf] x'G5| . yf]/} s[ifsx¿n] dfq ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/]/ cfˆgf] Joj;fonfO{ kl/:s[t, ;d'Ggt / gfkmfd'vL agfpg ;s]sf 5g\. s[lifsf pTkfbgsf nflu cfjZos sRrf kbfy{x¿sf] d'No;'rL, pknAwtf, tyf u'0f:t/sf] af/]df e/kbf{] / ljZjfl;nf] ;'rgfsf] cefjdf s[ifsx¿ 7lug

ljh]z ld>

;"rgf k|ljlw


afWo 5g\. obfsbf s]xL hfu?s ls;fgx¿n] ljleGg >f]tx¿af6 k|fKt ;'rgfsf] cfwf/df u'0f:tl/o sRrf kbfy{ vl/b ug{] / cfˆgf] pTkfbgsf] plrt d'No kfpg] u/]sf] ePtfklg ax';+Vos s[ifs oL ;'ljwfx¿sf] kx'Fraf6 6f9} 5g\.

b}lgs hLjgsf] cleGg c+u ag]sf] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u s[lifsf] If]qdf klg ug{ ;lsof] eg] pTkfbgsf] ahf/Ls/0fdf ;xhtf cfO{ cfDbfgL / d'gfkmf b'j} a9\g'sf ;fy} s[lif If]qdf o'jfsf] cfsif{0f a9\g] x'G5. g]kfndf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;;Fu} ljleGg If]qx¿df o;sf] k|of]u klg a9\bf] 5| . s[lif If]q klg ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] Pp6f ;Defjgf af]s]sf] If]q xf].

s[lifdf 6]lnkmf]g tyf df]afO{nsf] k|of]u

lxhf]cfh afnaflnsf b]lv j[4 j[4f ;a}sf] kx'rdf df]afOn ;'ljwf k'u]sf] x'gfn] s[lifsf] If]qdf df]afOn k|of]usf] ;DefjgfnfO{ a9fO{ lbPsf] 5| . clk|msL d'n'sx¿df lgs} ;kmn / k|efjsf/L dflgPsf] df]afOn kmf]gaf6 k|fKt x'g] P;=Pd=P;= / jftf{nfk ;]jfaf6 ahf/ d"No;"lr, pTkfbg, dfu tyf cfk"lt{sf] hfgsf/L lnglbg, pko'Qm ahf/sf] vf]lh ug{sf] ;fy} s[lif pTkfbgsf] nflu rflxg] sRrf kbfy{, o;sf] d'No ;'rL / kflxg] 7fpFx¿sf] af/]df hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg df]jfO{n g]kfndf klg plQs} ;xof]uL x'g;S5.

;/sf/L tj/af6 s[ifsnfO{ s[lif pTkfbg k|ljlwx¿sf] k|of]u ug{sf] nflu tyf cfˆgf] v]taf/Ldf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfgsf] pko'Qm ljlwx¿sf] af/]df hfgsf/L lngsf] nflu ljleGg x6–nfOgx¿sf] Aoa:yf ug{ ;s]df ;/sf/L cg';Gwfg s]Gb| tyf ls;fgx¿ aLrdf b]lvg] vf8ndf s]xL sld cfO{ ;'ljwfnfO{ r':t b'?:t agfpg ;lsG5| s[ifssf ;d:ofx¿ a'em]/ ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ cjnDjg ug{sf ;fy} s[lif cg';Gwfgdf klg ;xhtf Nofpg ;lsG5.

s[lifdf l6=eL= / /]l8of]sf] k|of]u

yf]/} nufgLdf w]/} u|fxs;Dd k|ToIf ?kdf k'Ug ;lsg] x'gfn] s[lif pTkfbgsf nfuL cfj:os sRrf kbfy{x¿,

s[lifd'ns pTkfbgsf] lj1fkg, ahf/ k|jw{g cflbsf nflu s]jn nfOg, l6eL, /]l8of], Pkm=Pd= h:tf k|zf/0fsf dfWodx¿ ;a}eGbf ;xh / ;:tf] dfWod aGg ;S5. lo k|zf/0fsf dfWodx¿ cfhsn ufpF–ufpFdf ;hx ?kdf k'Ug] ;fy} ;x/L e"–efudf klg plQs} nf]slk|o ePsfn] u|fld0f / ;x/L If]qx¿nfO{ hf]8\gsf] nflu /fd|f] dfWod aGg ;S5. u|fld0f efudf pTkfbg ePsf] s[lif pTkfbgx¿nfO{ zx/df nu]/ a]Rg ;lsof] eg] pTkfbgn] /fd|f] ahf/ d'No kfpgsf ;fy} zx/L If]qsf pkef]Qmfx¿n] klg tfhf pTkfbgx¿ pkof]u ug{ kfpg] 5g\ .

s[lifdf OG6/g]6sf] k|of]u

s[lif pTkfbgsf] ahf/ k|jw{gsf] nflu OG6/g]6sf] k|of]u klg csf{] pQd ljsNk aGg ;S5. ljZj el/ Ps};fy k'Ug ;Sg] ;fdy{\o /fVg] of] k|ljlwsf] k|of]un] cfˆgf] b]zdf dfq geP/ ljb]zsf] ahf/df klg cfˆgf] pTkfbgnfO{ k|jw{g ug{sf] nflu ;xhtf k|wfg u5{. ljleGg ;fdflhs ;+hfnx¿ h:t}M km];a's, t'O6/, o'6\o'a cflbsf] k|of]u u/]/ pTkfbgsf] ahf/Ls/0f ug{ ;lsG5| . ;fdflhs ;+hfnsf] cnjf dx+uf j]a;fO6sf] ljsNksf] ?kdf b]lvPsf Anux¿sf] k|of]u u/]/ cfˆgf] pTkfbg /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ahf/;Dd k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 . km];a's, 6'O6/ h:tf ;fdflhs ;+hfnx¿n] lgz'Ns ?kdf cfˆgf pTkfbgsf] k|jw{g ug{] ;'ljwf lbg'sf ;fy} lglZrt /sd lt/] kl5 cfkm'n] rfx]sf] u|fxs;Dd ;"rgfx¿ k'¥ofO{lbg] ;'ljwfx¿ lbPsf 5g\. Anu / ;fdflhs ;+hfnx¿ k|of]u ug{ ;xh / ;:tf] kg{'sf ;fy} cfkm'n] rfx]sf] h;/L k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] x'gfn] oL k|ljlwx¿ o'jfx¿ dfem klg lgs} nf]slk|o 5g\ . o'jfx¿sf] oL ;fdflhs ;~hfnk|ltsf] em'sfjnfO{ klg Wofgdf /fVb} pgLx¿nfO{ klg ;d]6]/ sfd ul/of] eg] o'jfx¿nfO{ s[lif If]qdf cfsif{0f ug{ ;lsG5. ljb]zdf o'jfx¿nfO{ s[lif If]qdf cfslif{t ug{sf] nflu of] k|ljlwsf] k|of]usf] ;'?jft eO;s]sf] 5. g]kfndf klg o;sf] k|of]u ˆof§km'§ b]lvP klg k|efjsf/L ?kdf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g.

3/–3/df OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf k|of]u ug{ ul/a ls;fgx¿sf] nflu s]xL dxFuf] x'g;S5 . To;sf]

;"rgf k|ljlw


lasNkdf 6]nL–;]G6/sf] Joj:yf ug{ ;s] ;lhnf], ;:tf] / ;j{;'ne ?kdf ufpF–ufpFdf ul/a ls;fgx¿sf] kx'rdf OG6/g]6 ;]jf k'Ug ;S5| 6]ln;]G6/ zx/–ahf/df ;fdfGo ag]sf ;fOa/sf] cawf/0ffdf cfwfl/t k|ljlw xf] h;n] ufpFsf lszfgnfO{ s[lif nufot cGo s'/fx¿sf] af/]df klg hfgsf/L lbG5. h;df o;n] ;Dk"0f{ ls;fgx¿nfO{ ahf/sf] dfu–cfk"lt{, d'No;'rL, sRrf kbfy{sf] pknJwtf, ls/f tyf /f]u lgoGq0f cflbsf] af/]df pko'Qm hfgsf/L ldNg'sf ;fy} pko'Qm /f]huf/Lsf] cfefjdf ljb]zLg afWo o'jf hdftnfO{ s[lif If]qdf tfGg ;lhnf] eO /]ld6fG; dflysf] lge{/tfnfO{ sd u5{|. o;n] b]zsf] ljsfzdf klg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng]df s'g} b'ljwf 5}g.

To;}ul/ ;x/L If]qdf a;f]af; ug{] dflg;sf] Jo:t b}lgs hLjgz}nLsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ O–dfs{]l6+u Jofkf/sf] gofF ljsNksf] ?kdf b]lvg yfn]sf] 5|. of] ;'ljwfsf] k|of]un] u|fxssf] 3/;Dd pTkfbg pTkfbs jf Jofkf/Ln] k'¥ofpg] x'gfn] ub{f pTkfbgsf] u'0f:y/ yk ljZj;gLotf cfpg'sf ;fy} pTkfbs / Jofkf/Lsf]

cfDbfgLdf j[l4 x'g]df klg s'g} z+sf /xb}g . of] k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ub{f pTkfbs / u|fxs lardf l;wf ;Dks{ x'gfsf ;fy} cfly{s n]gb]gsf] s'/fx¿ klg r':t b'?:t /fVg ;lsg] x'gfn] of] k|ljlwsf] k|of]un] u|fxs, pTkfbs tyf Aokf/L ;a}nfO{ kmfObf k'Ug]df s'g} z+sf 5}g.

;du|df eGg' kbf{ g]kfnn] ;"rgf k|ljlw If]qdf 5f]6f] ;dodf k|ult u/]sf] 5 . s[lif g]kfndf ;+efjgf af]s]sf If]qx¿ dWo] Ps k|d'v If]q xf]. t/ s[ifs / ahf/ aLrdf ;"rgf cfbfg–k|bfgsf] pko'Qm dfWodsf] cefjdf ahf/df vfBj:t'sf] cefj x'g] ;fy} s[ifsn] cfˆgf] pTkfbg sd d'Nodf a]Rg' kg{] cyjf v]/ kmfNg'kg{] cj:yf 5. o:tf] cj:yfdf ;'rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u s[lif If]qdf klg ug{ ;s]sf] v08df s[ifs 7lugaf6 hf]lug'sf ;fy} pTkfbgsf] pko'Qm ahf/ d'No kfpg] x'gfn] cfDbfgL klg a9\g uO{ s[lif If]qn] sf]N6f] km]g{ w]/} ;do nfUb}g. ;fy} ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] dWodaf6 b]z ljb]zdf ;lhn} cfˆgf] pTkfbgsf] ahf/ vf]Hg ;lsg] x'gn] gofF ;Defjgfx¿sf] klg vf]hL ug{ ;lsG5|.

a a a

;"rgf k|ljlw

lrtjgsf] uf}/j tyf ul/dfdo k|:t'lt lrtjg dxf]Tj;sf] bzf}+ ;+:s/0f lrtjg dxf]T;j– @)&! sf] ;kmntfsf]

z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5f}+ .

cgGtk|sfz ;'j]bLk|wfg ;Dkfbs

k|s[lt k|jfx tyf kl/jf/


lu4 ;+/If0fsf k|of;x?

k"hf zdf{

k|hflt kfOg] b]zx? k|jf;L ÷ck|jf;L ;+/If0f l:ylt

White rumped vulture g]kfn, ef/t, kls:tfg, aª\unfb]z k|jf;L u+eL/ vt/fdf

Slender billed vulture g]kfn, ef/t, aª\unfb]z k|jf;L u+eL/ vt/fdf

Long billed vulture g]kfn, ef/t, kls:tfg k|jf;L u+eL/ vt/fdf

Himalayan griffon vulture g]kfn, ef/t, kls:tfg k|jf;L kQf gnfu]sf]

Eurasian griffon vulture g]kfn, ef/t, kls:tfg hf8f] cltly kQf gnfu]sf]

Red headed vulture g]kfn, ef/t k|jf;L u+eL/ vt/fdf

Egyptian vulture g]kfn, ef/t, kls:tfg k|jf;L vt/fdf

Linereous vulture g]kfn, ef/t, kls:tfg hf8f] cltly

Lammergeier vulture g]kfn, ef/t, kls:tfg k|jf;L sd rf;f] b]vfO{Psf]

lu4 k|fs[lts s'lrsf/ ePsf] sf/0fn] logLx¿nfO{ k|s[ltsf cleGg c+u dflgG5 . dfgj hfltnfO{ xfgL gk'¥ofpg] / k|s[ltnfO{ ;kmf b'u{Gw/lxt agfpg] h6fo' -lu4_ d/]sf] hgfj/ cyf{t l;gf] vfg] r/f] xf] . lu4n] cfkmF}n] l;sf/ ub}{gg\ . lu4n] tLg lbgdf Ps lsnf]u|fd / jif{df !@) lsnf]u|fd ;Dd l;gf] vfP/ k|s[ltnfO{ ;knfO{ u5{ . logLx¿ ;fF:s[lts lx;fan] klg Toltg} dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ . af}4 ;d'bfodf zjnfO{ v'nf 7fpFdf /

fv]/ lu4nfO{ af]nfP/ v'jfpg] k|rng 5 .

ljZjdf kfO{g] @# k|hfltsf lu4dWo] g]kfndf White rumped vulture, Slender billed vulture, Egyptian vulture, Red headed vulture, Himalayan griffon vulture, Long billed vulture, Linereous vulture and Lammergeier vulture ;d]t ( k|hfltsf lu4 kfO{G5 . ;g\ !(() b]lv g]kfn, ef/t / kls:tfgdf lu4x¿sf] ;+Vof 36\g yfn]sf] xf] . nG8g l:yt h'nf]lhsn ;f];fO6Ln] ;g\ @)!)

df ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] l/kf]6 cg';f/ Pl;ofnL lu4x¿ ((% n] 36]sf 5g\ .

;+/If0f


a a a

lu4 36\g'sf] sf/0fx?

Â g]kfn, ef/t / kls:tfgdf cg';Gwfg u/]cg';f/

kz' pkrf/df k|of]u ul/g] Non- Steroid anti

inflammatory drug (NSAID) 8fOSnf]km]g]s g}

d'Vo sf/0f ePsf] .

Â af;:yfgsf] cefj, a9\bf] tfkqmdsf] k|efj,

v'Nnf kz'r/0f 36]kl5 cfxf/f gkfOg]h:tf

sf/0fn] lu4 nf]kpGd'v e}/x]sf] 5 .

Â s's'/ nufPtsf 5f8f rf}kfof dfg{ ljif k|of]u

ul/g' / hyfefjL kmflng' .

Â lu4sf] af/]df dflg;x?nfO{ yf]/} 1fg ePsf]

/ s'g} 7fpFdf x'Fb} gePsf] cj:yf 5 . o;

hfltsf] af/]df ;DalGwt 1fg eOsg, ;+/

If0fsf k|oTgx? k[ys ePsf] 5}g .

lu4 ;+/If0fsf k|of;x?

Â kz'sf] cyjf dflg;sf] b'vfO{ sd ug{ k|of]u

ul/g] 8fOSnf]km]g]s cf}iflwo'Qm l;gf] vfPkl5

lu4 dg]{ u/]sf] tYo kQf nufPkl5 /fli6«o

tyf cGt/fli6«o ;d"x kG5L ;+/If0f, ;+3, aDa]

Gofr'/n lx:6«L ;f];fO6L, /f]on ;f];fO6L ckm

k|f]6]S;g ckm a8, h'nf]lhsn ;f];fO6L ckm

nG8g ;:yfx?n] kz'pkrf/df 8fOSnf]km]g]s

cf}iflw k|lt{alGwt ul/Psf] 5 .

Â lu4 ;+/If0f ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] / :yfgLo

;d'bfPsf] cu|;/tfdf g]kfnsf] gjnk/f;L,

kfNkf, ?kGb]lx, s}nfnL nufPt :yfgdf lu4

;+/If0f cyf{t h6fo' /]i6'/]G6 klg :yfkgf ul/

Psf] 5 .

Â g]kfndf @))^ b]lv cf}iflw Joj:yf ljefun]

8fOSn]fkm]g]ssf] pTkfbg tyf cfotdf k|ltaGw

nufpFb} ;'/lIft j}slNks cf}iflw d]lnSl;Sofdsf]

pTkfbg u/]sf] 5 .

lu4 ;+/If0fsf sfo{qmdx?

Â j}1flgs cg';Gwfg / cg'udg

Â j}snft, r]tgf / Ifdtf clej[l4

Â ;d'bfoaf6 Joj:yflkt lu4 ;+/lIft If]q

Â lu4 ;+/If0f k|hgg s]Gb|

Â t/fO{sf] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t lu4 ;+/If0f

sfo{qmdsf] k|jw{g

Â bfªdf u+le/ vt/fdf k/]sf] ;]tf] lu4sf] :yfg

;+/If0f sfo{qmd

Â z'Snfkmf6f jGohGt' cf/If0f / s}nfnL lhNnfdf

u+le/ vt/fdf k/]sf lu4x?nfO{ ;d'bfodf

cfwfl/t Plss[t b[li6sf]0fn] ;+/If0f ul/Psf] .

;+ef/

jftfj/0fsf] s'lrsf/ dflgg] lu4 nf]kGd'v x'b} u}/x]

sfn] jftfj/0f k|b"if0f a9\b} uPsf] / af}4 hfltsf]

;+;sf/df ;diof cfPsf] 5 . j}snlks cf}iflw

dxFuf] ePsf] sf/0fn] 8fOSnf]km]g]s cf}iflwsf] k|ltaGw

ePtfklg k|of]udf NofO/x]sf] b]Vg ;lsG5 . ((%

n] 3l6/x]sf] lu4sf] ;+VofnfO{ clej[l4 ug{ sfg'gL

Joj:yf bx|f] / lu4 ;+/If0f k|hgg s]Gb| / cGo ;+/

If0fsf sfo{qmd ug{ kg{] b]lvPsf] 5 .

;+/If0f


dfgj hLjgsf] k|d'v ltg cfwf/ uf;, af;, skf;

dWo] ufF; s[lif;“u} hf]l8Psf] 5. ljZjdf hg;ªVof

clt g} lta| ultdf prflnb} 5. o:tf] kl/l:ytLdf s}Fof}

dflg;n] cfh lg/fxf/ hLjg u'dfpg' k/]sf] 5. ljZjdf

hlt ;'s} j}1flgs cfljisf/ ePtf klg clxn]sf]

dflg; dfunfO{ k"/f ug{ ;Sg] s[lif pTkfbg ePsf]

5}g h;sf] sf/0f dfgj ;dfh g} e8\lsg k'u]sf] 5.

7'nf] tnfpsf] aLrdf hlt g} /fd|f] sdn km"n]tf klg

tnfpsf] ulx/fO{ dfkg gu/L l6Kg hfg] lg0f{o ul/G5

. clg Tof] sfo{ eofgs / Joy{ x'g;S5 To:t} ul/

s[lif ljsf;df s]Gb|df htL;'s} ljsf;sf cfwf/sf

of]hgf th'{df u/]klg Tof] ;d'bfodf nfu' xF'b}g . eg]

Tof] Joy{ x'g]5. x'g t g]kfndf s]Gb|df a;]/ ul/Psf

s]xL c+z ;fd'bflos hLjgdf nfu' eP xf]nfg\ . s[lifn]

s]xL xt;Dd km8\sf] df¥of] xf]nf t/ h'g?kdf s[lif

ljsf; x'g'kYof]{ Tof] guGo 5 . g]kfn eGbf w]/} k5fl8

s[lif ljsf;df cl3 a9]sf /fi6«x¿ clxn] ljZjnfO{ g}

vfBGg al9/x]sf] 5 t/ g]kfndf ef]sdf/Lsf] ;d:ofn]

s}of}+ hLjg u'd]sf 5g\. To;}n] ;fd'bflos s[lif

ljsf;df ;d'bfonfO{ g} kl/rfng ug]{ clg s]Gb|af6

j}1flgs ;|f]t / ;fwg pknAw x'g] xf] eg] g]kfnsf]

cfly{s qmflGt klg s[lifaf6} ;'?jft x'g]5.

æsfd ub}{ l;Sg]Æ l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ;d'bfonfO{

;+nUg u/fO{ ;~rfng ul/g] ljsf; k|lqmofn] lbuf]

ljsf;n] nIo xfl;n ug{ d4t ub{5. ;fd'bfonfO{

g} cuf8L ;f/]/ ul/g] ljsf;sf lqmofsnfkn] Ps t

;'lbk u}/], B.Sc.Ag.(2009-2013)s[lif tyf kz' lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfg

/fdk'/ SofDk; /fdk'/, lrtjg

pgLx¿df sfo{qmddf ckgTjsf] efjgfsf] ljsf; x'G5

eg] csf]{lt/ ltgsf] dd{t ;Def/df ;d]t pgLx¿sf]

g} ;+nUg x'g] kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf; x'G5. ;d'bfosf]

lxtsf nflu sfo{Gjog ul/g] ljsf;sf lqmofsnfknfO{

kf/bzL{, pTkfbgd"ns / k|efjsf/Ltf agfpgsf nflu

;d'bfos} k|ToIf ;+nUgtf h?/L x'G5. ls;fgx¿sf

;d:of pgLx¿dfkm{t g} klxrfg u/fpg], ;d'bfo;Fu}

ltgsf] of]hgf agfpg], pgLx¿s} ;+nUgtfdf

of]hgfx¿sf] sfo{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg] / k|fKt k|ltkmnsf]

;dfg'kflts ljt/0fnfO{ ;'lglZrt u/fpg] vfnsf]

kl/kf6L ljsf; ug{ ;s]sf] v08df ;/sf/L kl/jt{gsf

;+jfxs eg]sf] ;d'bofsf ;b:o g} x'g]5g\. o;sf nflu

;j{k|yd ;d'bfosf] e"ldsf / ;xeflutfnfO{ g} l:jsf/

ul/g'kb{5. 8]gdfs{sf] sf]kgx]ugdf ;g\ !((% df

;DkGg æ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu ljZj ;Dd]ngÆ

n] klg ljsf;sf] d'Vo ;|f]t / nIo g} hgtfsf]

Ifdtfsf] ljsf; / ;zlQms/0fnfO{ cfTd;ft / nIo

g} hgtfsf] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; / ;zlQms/0fsf nflu

of]hgf sfof{Gjog / d"NofÍgsf r/0fx¿sf] lg0f{o

k|lqmofdf ;d'bfosf] k"0f{ ;xefuLtfnfO{ cfjZos

7fg]sf] 5. t/ hg;xeflutfnfO{ kl/jt{g / ljsf;sf]

dxTjk"0f{ tTjsf] ?kdf nfdf] ;dob]lv l:jsf/ ul/Psf]

ePtfklg g]kfndf o;nfO{ ;+tf]ifhgs ?kdf cEof;

ul/Psf] 5}g.

s[lif ljsf;df ;fd'bflos ;xeflutf

;xeflutf


cfh klg s'n ufx|:Yo pTkfbgsf] dxTjk"0f{ lx:;f s[lif If]qn] cf]u6]sf] 5. s'n hg;+Vofsf] em08} b'O{ ltxfO lx:;f s[lif k]zfdf g} cfl>t 5. tyflk s[lif k]zfnfO{ dof{lbt / pTkfbgd"ns agfO{ lgjf{xd'vL v]tL k|0ffnLdf kl/jt{g u/L Jofj;flos / cfw'lgs jgfpg' cfhsf] r'gf}ltsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5. s[lif If]qdf ul/g] nfufgL / of]hgfa4 k|of;n] cfh klg ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf pNn]vgLo k|efj kfg{ g;s]sf] oyfy{ 5n{Ë g} 5. ls;fgx¿sf hLjg / hLljsf]kfh{gdf k|efj kfg]{ s[lif ljsf;sf lqmofsnfksf] lgwf{/0f / sfof{Gjog ls;gx¿sf] cfjZostf / k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df gx'Fbf jfl~5t pknlAw xfl;n x'g ;s]sf] 5}g.

g]kfnsf] kl/kf6Ldf k"/fg} v]ltk|0ffnL, cfjZos l;k, tflndsf] cJoj:yf, ;/sf/L tj/af6 plrt nufgL / k|fljlwssf] sldsf] sf/0f ;d'bflos ;xeflutfn] s[lifdf s'g} klg qmflGt leœofpg ;s]sf] 5}g. ;j{k|yd

ls;fgx¿ dfem s[lif ;d'xsf] u7g ug]{, pgLx¿ lar dfl;s ?kdf sf]if hDdf ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ h;sf] sf/0f ToxL hDdf ul/Psf] /sd lglZrt Aofhdf Ps ls;fgn] nflu cfkm\gf] cfjZostf k"lt{ ug{ ;S5. To; ;d"xdf s[lif sfof{nosf k|fljlwsx¿ uO{ IPM tflnd, s[lif k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;df tflnd cflb lbg'kb{5. To:t} u/L pgLx¿aLrsf] ;DaGw ;'wf/ ug{sf lglDt c}rf+] k}rf]+sf] sfo{qmd cufl8 ;fg]{ h;sf sf/0f hgzlQmsf] klg art x'g] ub{5. lglZrt >f]t / ;fwgdf ufpFdf s'nf] lgdf{0f, af6f] 3f6f] cGo lqmofsnfdf ;d'bfonfO{ g} cuf8L a9L ;d'bfodf æxfdLÆ eGg] efjgfsf] ljsf; ug{ ;s]df s[lif ljsf;n] lgs} rf8f] km8\sf] dfg{ ;Sg] b]lvPsf] 5. s[lif ljsf;df ;d'bfo / ToxfFsf ;b:onfO{ sf];]9'Ëfsf] ?kdf :yflkt u/fO{ ;/sf/L If]qaf6 pgLx¿df 6]jf yKb} s[lif ljsf;df nfUg'kg]{ cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . clgdfq eGb} cfOPsf] cfly{s qmflGt s[lifaf6 z'?jft x'g]5.

>f]tsf] cfjZostf klxrfg / ljZn]if0f

;d'bfo

cg'udg÷d"NofÍg

:jfldTj / lgoGq0f of]hgf th'{df

nfesf] ljt/0f sfo{Gjog

a a a

;xeflutf


:yfgLo sRrf kbfy{ k|of]u ul/ ufFp 3/d} bfgf ;Gt'lnt agfpg] tl/sf, aif{e/L xl/of] 3fF; pTkfbg

afv|fkfngnfO{ xfdLn] 3fF;kftsf] dfWodn] dfq

Jojl:yt ug{ ;s]df pTkfbg nfut sd x'g ;Sg]

ePtfklg ljleGg pd]/ / zf/Ll/s cj:yf cg';f/

zf/Ll/s j[l4b/nfO{ sfod /fVg / pTkfbg IfdtfnfO{

Jojl:yt ug{ xl/of] 3fF;;Fu} bfgfsf] k|of]u Joj;flos

afv|fkfngsf] nflu h?/L dflgG5.

ueL{0fL afv|fsf] nflu

afv|f ueL{0fL ePsf] ;o lbg;Dd ue]{ kf7f]sf] zf/Ll/s

j[l4 @% k|ltzt dfq ePsf] x'G5 eg] afFsL &%

k|ltzt j[l4 ue{sf] clGtd !)) b]lv !$% cyjf

!%) lbgleqsf] cjlwdf x'G5. of] cjlwdf a9L kf]if0f

tTjsf] cfjZostf k5{. ue{df kf7f] a9\b} uPkl5

kf7]3/sf] cfsf/ klg a9\b} hfG5 / afv|fn] w]/} vfg

;Sb}g. o:tf] cj:yfdf Psflt/ afv|fnfO{ a9L cfxf/f

vfg h?/L x'G5 eg] csf]{tkm{ k]6df cfjZostf

cg';f/sf] a9L 3fF; c6\b}g t;y{ a9L vfB tTj ePsf

t/ sd 7fFp cf]u6\g] ;Gt'lnt bfgf Vjfpg h?/L

x'G5. o; cj:yfdf kf]lifnf] 3fF;sf] ;fy} !$ b]lv !^

k|ltzt k|f]l6g ePsf] bfgf b}lgs ?kdf @)) b]lv @%)

uf|dsf b/n] pknAw u/fpg'k5{ h;n] ubf{ Psflt/

kf7fsf] hGd tf}n -@ s]hLeGbf a9L_ x'G5 eg] csf]{tkm{

clGtd ue]{0fL cj:yfsf] kf]lifnf] cfxf/fn] ;lhn} Jofpg]

/ klxnf] dlxg] n}gf] cj:yfnfO{ /fd|f] ub{5. afv|fn]

ue]{0fL cj:yfsf] clGtd * xKtfdf ;l~rt u/]sf] af];f]

g} klxnf] * xKt] n}gf] cj:yfdf k|of]u ub{5 . t;y{

kf]lifnf] ue]{0fL /f;gn] n}fgf]df a9L b'w lbg] ePsf]n]

kf7fkf7L :j:y /xL d[To'b/ sd x'G5 .

x's{g] /f;g

/fd|f] u'0f:t/o'Qm 3fF;n] !) k|ltzt eGbf a9L l8=l;=kL=

/ ^% k|ltzt eGbf a9L l6=8L=Pg= x's{g] kf7fkf7LnfO{

k|of{Kt kf]if0f tTj lbG5 . x's{bf] pd]/sf kf7fkf7LnfO{

lbg] bfgf tnsf] tflnsfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] :yfgLo

:t/df pknAw x'g] cGg / cGo vfB kbfy{x¿sf]

pkof]u u/L agfpg ;lsG5.

ljleGg zf/Ll/s tf}ncg';f/ cfxf/sf] Joj:yf

ljleGg zf/Ll/s tf}n ePsf afv|fnfO{ b'w, bfgf /

3fF; b}lgs lbg'kg]{ kl/df0f tnsf] tflnsfdf lbO{Psf]

5. zf/Ll/s tf}n % s]hLsf] ePkl5 kf7fkf7Lx¿n]

bfgf vfg yfNb5g\ / xl/of] 3fF;klg l6Kg yfNb5g.

pd]/ cg';f/ b'wsf] dfqfdf 36a9 / 3fF;bfgf s|d};Fu

a9\b} uPsf] l:ytL ;f] 6]ann] b]vfp5 .

afv|fsf] nfuL aif{e/L xl/of] 3fF; pTkfbg

Affv|fkfngsf] nflu clwstd bfgfsf] k|of]un] pTkfbg

d'No a9\g uO{ laqmLsf] ;d:of x'g ;S5. t;y{

;se/ aif{e/L kf]lifnf] tyf xl/of] 3fF; pTkfbgdf

hf]8 lbO{ ;:tf] tl/sfn] pTkfbg lng ;Sof} eg] cfˆgf]

pTkfbg nfut 36\g uO{ cfDbfgLdf j[l4 ug{ ;lsG5

. jif{e/L xl/of] 3fF;sf] Joj:yf ug{;s] tof/L bfgfsf]

cfjZostf kb}{g / afv|fsf] zfl//Ls j[l4, k|hgg\,

kf7fkf7Lsf] :jf:Yo cflbsf] nflu cfjZos kf]ifs tTj

sf] cfk'tL{ x'g hfG5.

ef]hg 9sfnk|fljlws clws[t r/0f tyf 3fF; afln pTkfbg dxf;fvf, aGbLk'/, tgx'F

kz'kfng


l;= g+= bfgf sRrf kbfy{ bfgf sRrf kbfy{sf] k|ltzt

! bfgsf] gd'gf ! @ # $

@ ds} !) % !)

# h] jf hf}, #) #%

$ tf]/Lsf] lkgf #) @) %

% ux'Fsf] rf]Ss/ %) #) @)

^ v'bf] & !& & %

& vlgh nfa8 @ @ @ @

* g'g ! ! ! !

s'n !)) !)) !)) !))

bfgf sRrf kbfy{ !$ k|ltzt k|f]l6g !^ k|ltzt k|f]l6g !* k|ltzt k|f]l6g

ds} #& efu #% efu #@ efu

h] jf hf}, #& efu #% efu #@ efu

ux'Fsf] rf]Ss/ !% efu !# efu !$ efu

tf]/Lsf] lkgf -efu !% efu @_ efu

vlgh nfa8 ! efu ! efu ! efu

g'g ! efu ! efu ! efu

x's{g] /f;g

afv|fsf] nflu gd'gf bfgfx¿M

aif{} e/L xl/of] 3fF; pTkfbg ug]{ of]hgfsf k'jf{wf/x¿ tof/ kfbf{ lgDg a+'bfx¿df Wofg k'¥ofpg'kb{5.

Â 3fF;sf] 5gf}6.

Â nufpg] ;do.

Â 3fF; sf6\g] tl/sf.

Â 3fF; sf6\g] cj:yf.

3fF; v]tL ug{' cl3 lgDg a'bfFx¿df Wofglbg' h?/L 5 M

Â cfkm';Fu ePsf] afv|fsf] ;+Vof / ltgLx¿nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ xl/of] 3fF;sf] dfqf.

Â pko'Qm 3fF;sf] klxrfg. Â pknJw hUuf / cfjZos ;|f]t ;fwgx¿.

3fF; 5gf}6 s;/L ug]{ <

x/Lof] 3fF;sf] aif{e/L c6'6?kdf cfk'tL{ ug{sf nfuL df};d cg';f/sf] 3fF; tyf 8fn] 3fF;x¿ nufpg'kb{5. h:t} M

-s_ 8fn]3fF; –O{lkn–O{kLn, sf]O/fnf], vGo', uf]ug, lrp/L, 6fFsL cfbL.

kz'kfng


-Vf_ ax'jlif{o 3fF;x¿ –g]kLP/, cd[;f], :6fO{nf], Snf]e/, ss\;km'6, /fO{u|f;, ;]6fl/of3fF; cflb.

-u_ df};dL 3fF;x¿ M lxpFb] M h}+++++++++++++++++±e]r, h}±;fgf] s]/fp jf jl;{d

-t/fO{sf] nflu_ jif]{ M l6cf];]N6L ± af]8L, ds}±af]8L, g]lko/ cfbL.

afv|fsf] nflu x] pTkfbg

x] eGgfn] slnnf] cj:yfdf 3fF;nfO{ vf; u/L aiff{ofddf vkt eGbf pTkfbg al9 ePsf] a]nf sf6L ;'sfO{ /fVg] k|lqmofnfO{ x] elgG5. x] ;'sfFpbf 3fF;df kfgLsf] dfqf !%–@! ÜeGbf al9 x'g' x'b}g. x] ;'sfFpbf ;s];Dd 3fddf kflg gkg]{ :yfgdf ;'sfO{ tof/ ug{'k5{. x] ;'sfpbf kfgL k¥of] eg] 3fF;df ePsf] 3'nglzn vlgh, le6fldg, sfjf]{xfO{8«]6 cflb kvflnP/ hfg] x'bfF ;'sfpg] k|lqmofnfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbg'k5{. o;sf] nfuL 3fddfq nfUg] t/ kfgLaf6 arfpg] Pp6f ljz]if k|sf/sf] Knfli6ssf] 3/ jf cf]t agfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5. x] nfO{ lxpFb jf cGo cfxf/f sd kfO{g] a]nfdf ;'/lIft cfxf/sf] ?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5.

x] agfpg] k|rlnt t/Lsfx¿ w]/} ePtfklg ;fdfGotof ufpF3/df x] lgDg tl/sfaf6 agfpg ;lsG5.

Â xl/of] 3fF;nfO{ x] df ?kfGt/0f ug{'sf] d'Vo

p2]Zo x/Lof] 3fF;df ePsf] kfgLsf] dfqfnfO{

36fO{ s'lxg, 9F';L kg{ / cDn aGgnfO{ /f]Sg] /

xl/of] 3fF;df ePsf] kf}li6stfnfO{ sfod /fVg]

xf].

Â /fd|f] x] df 3fF;sf kftx¿ Z'f?sf]] cj:yfdf

h:t} x'g'kb{5 h;n] x] sf] kf}li6stfnfO{ oyfjt\

/fVb5.

Â x] df kf}li6stf w]/} / /]zf sd x'g'kb{5.

Â x] xl/of] / g/d x'gsf ;fy} w'nf] tyf kmf]xf]/

af6 d'Qm x'g'kb{5.

Â x] sf] nflu 3fF; sf6\bf km'n km'Ng z'? u/]kl5

/fd|f] x'G5.

kz'kfng

a a a

afns'df/L sn]hgf/fo0fu9, lrtjg

af n

df/L

s'sn ] h

u'0f:t/Lo pRrlzIffsf nflu afns'df/L sn]hu'0f:t/Lo pRrlzIffsf nflu, cTofw'lgs k|of]uzfnfx? ;lxt ISO 9001/2008 sf] dfGotf k|fKt Pjd\ ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]uaf6 ;fd'bflos sn]htkm{ ;j{k|yd ;jf]{Ts[i6 3f]lift eO{ QAA k|fKt o; afns'df/L sn]h gf/fo0fu9df MBS, M.Ed., BBS, BBA, B.Ed, B.Sc. Microbiology & Environ-ment Science, BHM / + 2 tkm{sf ljljw ljifodf cWoog cWofkg x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . ;fy} B.Ed. :6fkmg;{sf sIffx? ;kmntfsf ;fy ;+rfngdf /x]sf] Joxf]/f ;d]t ;xif{ hfgsf/L u/fOG5 . – lk|lG;kn

@)$#


kl/ro clwsf+z ljsf;f]Gd"v b]zx¿df jfnL la?jfsf] ;+Vof

sd x'g' ;femf ;d:ofsf] ?kdf cfO{/x]sf] 5. jfnL

la?jfx¿ klg ;–;fgf aRrf h:t} x'g\. h;/L ;fgf

gfgLx¿nfO{ kf}li6s cfxf/ v'jfOG5 / ltgx¿ cUnf,

alnof tyf :j:ys/ eO{ a9\g], x's{g] u5{g\. To;/L g}

jfnL /f]k]kl5, df6f]sf] lr:ofg lnO{ 9f8LP/ pd|G5g\

/ la:tf/} a9\5g\ / ;do laTb} hfbfF jfnL sdhf]/

x'b+} hfg] / cGTodf /f]u tyf ls/fn] cfs|d0f ub{5g\.

kmn:j?k pTkfbgdf k|lts'n c;/ k5{. To;sf/0f

jfnL lj?jfsf] klg klxnf] hLjgdf oy]i7 Wofg

k'¥ofpg' dxTjk'0f{ x'G5. To;sf] nflu 98\ofOPsf]

lapm /f]Kbf rf8}+ pd|g], cyf{t df6f]df ePsf] lr:ofg

lng] ;do 36fpg] ePsf]n] / df6f]sf] vfBtTj a]nfd}

lng] ePsf]n] af]6 la?jf l56f] l56f] x's{G5g\ / k|lts"n

cj:yfdf -;"Vvf, /f]u tyf ls/f_ ;+u k|lt:kwf{ u/]/

klg afFRg ;S5g\.

slxn]sfFxL cToflws jiff{sf] sf/0fn] jfnL /f]Kg] ;do

l9nf ePdf 98\ofOPsf] lapmnfO{ 5fofFdf ;"sfPsf] lapm

s]xLlbg ;Dd /fVg ;lsG5 / /f]k]sf] v08df ;'Vvf

lapm eGbf 98ofOPsf] lapmn] ;s/fTds kl/0ffd

lbPsf] k|df0fx¿ 5g\. lapm rfF8f] pd|]sf] sf/0f a]gf{sf]

h/f k|0ffnLdf b|"t ljsf; x'g' tyf df6f]leq lapmsf]

jl/k/L pko'Qm jftfj/0f kfpg] x'gfn] a]gf{sf] a9\g],

x's{g] sfo{ tLa| ultdf eO{ af]6 cf]h; tyf dha"t eO{

k|lts"n jftfj/0fdf afFRg ;Sg] x'gfn] o;sf] dxTj

emNsfpF5.

sf];]jfnLdf lapm lehfpg] (Seed Priming) k|ljlw s[ifssf] nflu j/bfg

/fh]Gb| b/fO{, al/i7 j}1flgs -P;–#_ sf];]afnL cg";Gwfg sfo{s|d, /fdk"/, lrtjg

x/]s ;fn dfgjhftLsf] cl:tTj sfod ug{ lapmn]

dxTjk'0f{ of]ubfg /x]sf ;j{ljltt} 5. lapmaf6

la?jfdf kl/0ft x'g] / k"gM lapmsf] ?kdf cfpg]

Pp6f ;fdGo k|s[of xf]. x/]s jif{ gofF lapm nufP/

ljZjdf ^) k|ltzt vfBfGg cyf{t @=# jLlnog 6g

vfBGg pTkfbg x'G5. o;sf] nflu lapm ;kmntfk'j{s

rfF8f] pd|L k|sfz, kfgL tyf df6f]df ePsf] vfB tTj

lnPdf dfq k|z:t pTkfbg lng ;lsG5. of] k|s[ofnfO{

sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg lapm k|fOldË pTs[i6 ljlw xf].

lapm k|fOldËkl5 lapm pTkfbgdf j[l4 ePsf] s]xL pbfx/0f

Â lhDjfa] tyf ef/tdf ds} jfnLdf @@ k|ltztn]

pTkfbgdf j[l4 .

Â kfls:tfg tyf lhDafa]df h"g]nf] jfnLdf #!

k|ltztn] pTkfbgdf j[l4 .

Â kfls:tfg tyf ef/tdf ux"+jfnLdf #& k|ltztn]

pTkfbgdf j[l4 .

Â klZrd clk|msfdf 3}of wfgdf &) k|ltztn]

pTkfbgdf j[l4 .

Â kfls:tfg d"+ujfnLdf @)=^ k|ltztn]

pTkfbgdf j[l4 .

Â a+unfb]z, g]kfn tyf kfls:tfg rgfjfnLdf

$) k|ltztn] pTkfbgdf j[l4 .

lapm k|fOldÍ s] xf] <

lapm k|fOldÍ lapm 5g"{ jf /f]Kg"eGbf cufl8 ;fbf

kfgLdf aLp 98\ofpg] ;/n ljlw xf]. af:tjdf of]

ljlw k/Dk/fb]lv g} jfnLx¿df rNb} cfPsf] rng xf].

:yflgo k|ljlw


xfn nx/] t/sf/LjfnLx¿df of] ljlw nf]slk|o /x]sf]

5. of] ljlw ckgfpg' k5fl8 xfd|f] v]tL k|0ffnLdf

cfjZos ?kdf af]6lj?jfx¿sf] ;+Vof :yflkt ug'{ xf].

g]kfnsf] clwsf+z v]tL cfsf;] kfgLsf] e/df ul/g]

/ /f]Kg] ;dodf hldg ;"Vvf kg]{ jf clws lr:ofg

eP/ jfnLgfnL /f]Kg ;dod} g;lsg] jf jf]6sf] ;+Vof

k|of{Kt gx'bfF pTkfbgdf k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ ePsf]n]

o:tf k|fs[lts ;d:ofnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ lapm k|fOldË

cToGt ;/n / ;'ne ljlw xf] eGbf cTo'Qm gxf]nf.

lapm k|fOldË k/Dk/fut ?kdf lapm 98\ofpg] tl/sf

xf] o;df /fte/ ;fbf kfgLdf jf !@ 306f;Dd lapm

lehfOG5 / kfgL tsf{P/ 9f8]sf] lapmnfO{ s]xL 306f

5fofFdf ;'sfO{G5 / lapm ;'lsnf] ePkl5 5l/G5.

a]nfotsf j}1flgs 8f= 8]le8 Xof/L;n] klg ef/tsf]

ljleGg 7fpFdf rgf, ds} d"+u tyf 3}of wfgdf s[ifssf]

v]taf/Ldf ul/Psf] k/LIf0faf6 pTkfbgdf ;s/fTds

c;/ k/]sf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\. To;}u/L k'j{ sf];]jfnL

ljz]if1 /fds[i0f Gof}kfg]n] u/]sf k/LIf0faf6 d';'/f]nfO{

!@ 306f ;Dd lehfpg] @ 306f 5fofFdf ;"sfp+bf

pTkfbg tyf jfnL :yfkgfdf pNn]vLo ;'wf/ cfPsf]

k|ltj]bg k]zug'{ ePsf] 5. k"j{ bnxg j}1flgs 8f=

d";"b cnLn] wfg sf6]/ hf]tL 98\ofOPsf] lapm /f]Kbf

!% b]lv #) k|ltztn] d";"/f] pTkfbg a9]sf] pNn]v

ug{'ePsf] 5. 8f= cnLn] lapm k|fOldË;+u} @ k|ltzt

kf]6fl;od 8fO{xfO8«f]lhg]h cyf]{km:km]69 ld;fP/ lapm

pkrf/ u/]df cem pTkfbgdf tyf jfnL :yfkgfdf

;s/fTds c;/ kfpg ;lsG5 elg pNn]v u/]sf 5g\.

lapm 98\ofpg] ljlwaf6 d'+udf kx]nf] l5/lj/] efO/;

/f]u tyf rgfjfnLdf km]bs'lxg] /f]u tyf h"g]nf] jfnLdf

l;Gb"/] /f]u -Downey Mildew_ sf] k|sf]k sd ePsf]

cGt/f{li6«o hg{nx¿df 5flkPsf] 5. o;sf] ;f]wsfo{

rln/x]sf] 5.

/f;folgs kbfy{ nfb\g] dfWod (Nutrient loading)

lapm 98\ofpg] ljlw eg]s} ;"Id tTjx¿, /fO{hf]ljod tyf

jfnL ;+/If0fsf /f;folgs kbfy{x¿nfO{ nfb\g] -loading_

;fwg ePsf] 5. o;sf] k|of]u ef/t -rgf_, g]kfn tyf

a+unfb]z -d"+u_ df Jofks ?kdf k|of]u eO/x]sf] 5.

kfls:tfgdf lh+s tTj sld ePsf] df6f]df lapm 98\

ofpg] ljlwåf/f lh+s tTj nfb]/ -loading_ ds}, ux'F

tyf rgfsf] pTkfbg a9\g'sf] ;fy} cfly{s lx;fan] w]/}

;:tf] kg{ hfG5. o; ljlw k|of]u u/]/ /fO{hf]ljod w"nf]

sf];]jfnLx¿df klg nfb\g ;lsG5 kmn:j?k luvf{sf]

;+Vofdf a9f]Q/L x'g'sf] ;fy} h}ljs gfO{6«f]hg l:y/

s/0f k|efjsf/L kfO{Psf] 5. ;du|df eGg'kbf{ lapm

k|fO{ldË eg]s} 3/ agfpbfF tof/ kfl/Psf] 5t tyf

kvf{n h:t} xf].

aLp lehfpg] ljlw

!= lapm 5g]{ jf /f]Kg] ;dodf lapm lehfpg';\.

@= ljleGg jfnLnfO{ l;kmfl/; ;do;Dd dfq lapm

lehfpg';\.

#= l;kmfl/; ;doeGbf w]/} nfdf] ;do;Dd

lehfpg' ePdf lapm pd|Lg ;S5 / lapm v]/

kmfNg] l:ylt cfpg ;S5.

$= csf]{ lbg lehfOPsf] lapmaf6 kfgL tsf{pg';\ /

xfjfv]Ng] 5fofdf s]xL306f lapmnfO{ ;'sfpg'xf];\.

%= ;'lsnf] lapmnfO{ tof/L hUufdf 5g'{xf];\.

^= v/fa df};dsf] sf/0fn] sygsbflrt lapm

5g{ ;lsPg eg] s]xL lbg;Dd ;'Vvf 7fpFdf

e08f/0f ug{ ;lsG5.

;'/lIft ?kdf lapm lehfpg] ;do leGg leGg jfnLx¿sf]

nflu cg';Gwfgaf6 l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] 5. lsgls o;f]

u/]df dfq ;dosf] art tyf ;:tf] ;'/lIft ljlwåf/f

s[ifs ;dIf lj:tf/0f ug{ ;lsG5. cem s[ifsx¿nfO{

j/bfg ;fljt ePsf] 5. ;fwf/0ftof lehfpg] ;do

/fte/ lehfpg] -Overnight soak_ eg]tfklg jfnL lkR5]

km/s km/s l;kmfl/; u/LPsf] 5.

:yflgo k|ljlw


tflnsf ! M lapm lehfpg] l;kmf/L; ;do

jfnL lapm lehfpg] ;do -Safe Limit_ g]kfnsf] cg"ej

ds} !@ b]lv !* 306f

3}of wfg @$ 306f

ux"+ * 306f

rgf * 306f

d";"/f] !@ 306f #(=( k|ltzt pTkfbgdf j[l4

d"+u ^ 306f )=% k|ltzt ;f]8LPd df]nLA8]6 -% u|f= k|lt s]=hL= lapmdf

pkrf/ ubf{ !) b]lv #) k|ltzt pTkfbgdf j[l4..

uxt * 306f !! k|ltzt pTkfbgdf j[l4

af]8L * 306f

h"g]nf] !) 306f

s[ifssf] k|lts[of

Â 98\ofOPsf] lapm # lbg cufj} pd|G5.

Â 98\ofOPsf] lapm /f]Kbf l56f] a9\g], rfF8f]

km"Ng], ;"Vvf ;xg ;Sg] tyf rfF8f] bfgf nfUg].

Â 98\ofOPsf] lapm /f]Kbf & b]lv !) lbg cufj}

kfSg], bfgf k"i6 eO{ pTkfbg !! b]lv !))

k|ltzt a9\5.

ljutsf] l;sfO{

Â 98\ofOPsf] lapm 5bf{ df6f]df l7Sssf] lr:ofg

x'g'k5{.

Â ;fbf kfgLdf lehfPsf] lapm g} pQd jf

;s/fTds kl/0ffd lbG5.

Â lapm 98\ofpFbf 6";fpg] ePdf ;"Vvf df6f]df

5g'{ x'+b}g.

Â d';'/f] jfnLdf ;'Vvf Hofbf ePdf 3';'jf

jfnLsf] ?kdf 5g{'k5{.

k|ToIf tyf ck|ToIf?kdf jftfj/0fLo c;/

Â h}ljs gfO6«f]hg l:y/s/0fdf j[l4.

Â 98\ofOPsf] sf];]afnLsf] lapm /f]Kbf h/f tn

v08 ;Dd k"Ug] ePsf]n] e"–Ifo /f]Sg d2t

ug]{.

Â pTkfbgdf lbuf] ;s/fTds k|efj kg]{ ePsf]n]

hf]lvd v]tL k|0ffnLaf6 ;'/Iffsf] cg'e'lt eO{

s[ifssf] cfo cfh{gdf 6]jf k'Ug].

Â k|fs[lts ljkQL;Fu n8\g ;Sg] ePsfn] a;fO{

;/fO{ /f]lsg] / hLljsf]kfh{gsf cj;/x¿

k|fKt eO{ k"g{pTyfgdf ;xof]u k'Ug].

a a a

:yflgo k|ljlw


cb'jfnfO{ Ps k|d'v gub]jfnLsf] ?kdf lnOG5. 3/df aGg] cg]s k|sf/sf t/sf/L Pj+ crf/ hGo vfBkbfy{df ld;fO{ :jfb a9fpg] sfddf k|of]u ul/b} cfO{/x]sf] s'/f ;j{ljlbt} 5. o;sf cnfjf o;df ePsf] Ps ljz]if /f;folgs kbfy{n] cf}ifwLsf] ?kdf klg k|of]u ul/G5. t/ cfhsn o;} /f;folgs kbfy{sf sf/0f jfnLgfnLdf nfUg]] xfgLsf/s ls/fx¿nfO{ nv]6\g] / wkfpgsf nlfu emf]ndf]n agfpb} cfO{/x]sf] kfO{G5.

cb'jf jfnL lzt tyf t'iff/f] gnfUg,] ;d'Gb|sf] ;txsf] #)) ld6/ b]lv !^)) ld6/ ;Ddsf] xfjfkfgL Pj+ df6f]sf] lk=Pr= ^=% ePsf] pkof]uL 7flgG5. ;+;f/df cb'jfsf ljleGg hftx¿ ePtfklg g]kfndf g;] / af];] hftsf] cb'jf nf]slk|o x'b} cfPsf] 5. ;fdfGotfo cb'jf jfnL pko'Qm nufpg] ;do kmfNu'g @) b]lv j}zfv !% ut] ;Dd xf] . o;sf ;fy;fy} cb'jf nufpg] 7fpFnfO{ #–$ k6s ;Dd /fd|f];Fu vghf]t u/L /fd|/L kfs]sf] sDkf]i6 dn %) b]lv @)) 8f]sf] ;Dd k|of]u ug'{kb{5. csf]{ s'/f cb'jf jfnL 5fkf] geO{ gx'g] jfnLsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5. df6f]df kof{Kt lr:ofg sfod ug{ Pj+ emf/kft lgd"{n kfg{sf] nflu 5fkf]sf] cfjZostf kb{5. oL t eP cb'jf jfnL nufpgsf nflu Wofg lbg' kg]{ s]lx s'/fx¿ t/ o; jfnLsf] /fd|f] j[l4 tyf ljsf; x'g'sf nflu ljleGg xflgsf/s /f]u tyf ls/fx¿n] ;tfpg] ub{5. olb ls/fx¿nfO{ dfq} s]nfpg] xf] eg] sltko ls/fx¿ hldgdf a;]/ o;sf] ufgfnfO{ c;/ ub{5g eg] sltkon] sf08 tyf kftnfO{ vfP/ Pj+ r';]/ xfgL k'¥ofpg] ub{5. oL ;Dk"0f{ ls/fx¿sf] 5f]6sf/L kl/ro Pj+ ltgLx¿sf] Plss[t Joj:yfkgaf/] tn j0f{g ul/Psf] 5.

cb'jf jfnLdf nfUg] d'Vo xfgLsf/s ls/fx¿

!= v'd|] ls/f

of] ls/f vk6] ;d'xdf kg{ Psbd} vt/gfs ls/f xf]. of] ls/fsf] w]/} k|hfltx¿ Pj+ o;sf] hLjgrqm w]/} nfdf] x'g] ePsf]n] df6f]df nfdf] ;do;Dd /lx ufgfnfO{ Pj+ h/fnfO{ vfO{ Iflt k'¥ofp5. Ps} lsl;dsf] jfnL k|0ffnL Pj+ /fd|/L s'x]sf] uf]j/ dn k|of]u u/]sf] v08df o;sf] k|sf]k a9L x'G5. o;af6 aRgsf] nflu lgDg pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5.

s_ ljleGg jfnLx¿ ePsf] 3'DtL jfnL ckgfpg] h:tf] sL klxnf] jif{ bf];|f] jif{ t];|f] jif{ cb'jf ds}÷ux'F e6df;÷tf]/L cb'jf±ds} e6df; tf]/L cb'jf cfn'±ds} ds}÷jf]8L v_ /fd|/L s'x]sf] uf]j/dn k|of]u ug]{. u_ ;Dej eP;Dd aQLsf] kf;f] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5. 3_ hldgsf] ;/;kmfO{df Wofg lbg].

@= wld/f

;fdfGoto of] Tolt 7"nf] zq'sf] ?kdf lng ;lsb}g. clnslt ;'Vvf Pj+ jif{ lkR5] cb'jf dfq} nufPsf] 7fpFdf o;sf] k|sf]k a9L x'G5. o;nfO{ s'g} klg ljiffbLn] 5'b}g t;y{ ljiffbL k|of]u ug'{ eGbf Plss[t zq' hLj Joj:yfkg u/L o;sf] lgd{n kfg{' kb{5. o;sf ;fy;fy} lgDg pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5.

s_ jif{ lkR5] cb'jf dfq} nufpgsf] ;§f slDtdf Ps–b'O{ jif{ la/fP/ cb'jf nufpg]. v_ /fd|/L vghf]t u/L dfq cb'jf nufpg]. u_ vfgfsf] kf;f] /fv]/ o;sf] Joj:yfkg ug]{.

cb'jf jfnLdf nfUg] d'Vo ls/fx¿ / ltgLx¿sf] Plss[t Joj:yfkg

zLnf zdf{

jfnL ;+/If0f


#= 8fF7df nfUg] ujf/f]

of] ujf/f] ls/f k'tnL ;d'xdf kb{5. o;sf] nfef{ cj:yf 8fF7 leq k;L 8fF7fsf] sflnnf] j:t' vfO{ lj?jfnfO{ a9\gaf6 /f]Sb5. o;sf] nfef{sf] zl//df y'k}| ;–;fgf /f}Fx¿ x'G5g\ / zl//sf] /+u lkmSsf kx]Fnf] x'G5. To;} ul/ o;sf] jo:s cj:yf rflx kx]Fnf] / kv]6fdf w]/} g} ;+Vofdf sfnf yf]Knfx¿ b]lvG5g\. o;sf] Joj:yfkgsf] nflu lgDg pkfox¿ ug{ ;lsG5. s_ a9L xNsf a9]sf] af/Ldf o;sf] k|sf]k a9L

x'g] ePsf]n] plrt dfqfdf dnsf] k|of]u ug]{ / o'l/of sf] ;+d"lrt ?kdf k|of]u ug]{ .

v_ of] ls/fn] Iflt u/]sf] 8fF7 cf]OnfP/ ;'Sg] ePsf]n] o:tf lj?jf b]lvg ;fy pv]lnP/ kmfNg] .

u_ afQLsf] kf;f] k|of]u ug]{ .

$= ufgfdf nfUg] sTn] ls/f

of] sTn] ls/fn] lj?jfsf] ufgfnfO{ Iflt k'¥ofpb5. ufgf yGsfpg] a]nfdf of] sTn] ls/fsf] k|sf]k tyf Iflt a9L b]lvG5. cln a9L ;'Vvfsf] dfqf a9L eof] eg] o;sf] k|sf]k a9\b5. pQm sTn] ls/f ufgfdf a9\b} uPsf] cfFVnfdf uO{ knfpg nfu]sf] 6';fnfO{ Iflt k'¥ofpb5. o;sf] Joj:yfkgsf] nflu lgDg pkofx¿ ug]{.s_ ufgf nufpg] a]nfdf sTn] ls/f 5 ls 5}g elg

kQf nufpg] / dfq} nufpg]. v_ o;sf] k|sf]k sd ug{sf] nflu e]8fsf] dn

k|of]u ug]{. u_ lj?jfx¿df of] ls/f b]lvg ;fy /f]uL af]6nfO{

pv]n]/ kmfNg].

%= cb'jfsf] kft a]?jf

of] ls/f klg k'tnL ;d"xdf kb{5 / of] cb'jfsf] Tolt vt/gfs ls/f dfGg ;lSb}g. o;sf] jo:s / nfef{ cj:yfnfO{ ;lhn};Fu 5'§ofpg ;lsG5. jo:ssf] kv]6fdf ;]tf yf]Knfx¿ x'G5g\ eg] nfef{sf] 6fpsf] z/L/sf] t'ngfdf ;fgf] / sfnf] x'G5. o;sf] Joj:yfkgsf] nflu lgDg pkofx¿ ug]{.s_ o;sf] Joj:yfkgsf] nflu kft a]l/Psf] h:tf] b]lvPdf

To; leqsf] nfef{nfO{ a6'Ng] / lyr]/ dfg]{.

v_ emf]ndf]nsf] k|of]u ug]{.

^= ufgfdf nfUg] cf};f

of] ls/f lemFuf ;d"xdf kg]{ dWod Iflt ug]{ hLjsf] ?kdf lrlgG5. olb ufgf ;8\g Pj+d s'lxg' uPdf To;nfO{ /fd|/L lgofn]/ x]bf{ ;f–;fgf cf};fx¿ b]lvG5g\. jfnL yGsfpg] ljlQs} v'nf cfsfzdf /fVgfn] o;sf] jo:sn] ufgf leq km'n kfg{ uO{ jfnLnfO{ Iflt k'¥ofpg] ub{5. o;sf] Joj:yfkgsf] nflu lgDg pkofx¿ ug]{.s_ o;sf] Joj:yfkgsf] nflu kmn s'lxPsf] e]l6g ;fy pQm ufgfnfO{ kfgL ePsf] af6fdf /fVg]. v_ ufgfdf lgdaf6 ag]sf] h}ljs ljiffbL 5g]{. u_ o;sf] jo:snfO{ cfsif{0f ug{sf] nflu vfgfsf] rf/f agfO{ k|of]u ug]{.

cb'jf jfnLdf nfUg] ls/fx¿sf] Plss[t Joj:Yffkg

;j{k|yd Plss[t Joj:yfkgsf tl/sfx¿ hfGg' eGbf klxn] of] eg]sf] s] xf] eGg] s'/f h.gsf/L x'g' kb{5. af:tjdf Plss[t zq'lhj Joj:yfkg eGgfn] cfkm';Fu ePsf ;|f]t tyf ;fwfgx¿sf] ;d'lrt Joj:yfkg Pj+d k|of]u ub}{ afnL nufpg' eGbf klxn] hldgsf] tof/L Pj+d ljpsf] tof/L ug'{ b]lv afnL gleqfOGh]n;Dd ls/f, /f]u tyf emf/kftsf] Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ckgfpg], ef}lts, h}ljs Pj+d /f;folgs j:t'x¿sf] ;d'lrt k|of]unfO{ g} Plss[t zq'lhj Joj:yfkg elgG5. To;f] xf] eg] cb'jfjfnLdf nfUg] ls/fx¿sf] Plss[t Joj:yfkgsf nflu Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\. s_ c;n hft Pj+d z'4 ljpsf] k|of]u ug]{. v_ /fd|f];Fu vfghf]t ul/ hldgsf] to/L ug]{. u_ v]ltjfnL ;w} ;kmf;'u/ /fVg]. 3_ 9';L hGo /f]ux¿af6 arfpgsf] nflu 9';L gf;s ljiffbLaf6 pkrf/ u/]/ dfq jfnL nufpg]. ª_ v'd|] ls/f Joj:yfkgsf] nflu /fd|f] kfs]sf] uf]j/dn Pj+d 9';L hGo h}ljs ljiffbL df6f]df ldnfpg]. r_ jQLsf] cfs{if0f kf;f] k|of]u ug]{. 5_ ls/f nfuL xfn]df jg:klt hGo h}ljs ljiffbL Pj+d emf]ndf]n k|of]u ug]{.

jfnL ;+/If0f


kl/ro

l;tfË /f]u kz'x¿df vf; u/L Jofpg] ;dodf d]6fjf]lns c;Gt'ngaf6 pTkfGg x'g] /f]u xf]. of] /f]u ljz]if u/L a9L b'w lbg] ufO{df ;fwf/0ftof % b]lv !) jif{sf] pd]/df, t];|f]b]lv ;ftf} a]t;Dd JofPsf] $* 306f leq / slxn]sfFxL JofPsf] !) lbg k5fl8;Dd tyf Jofpg' cufj} klg b]vf kg{ ;S5. c? hgfj/sf] t'ngdf h;L{ hftsf ufO{ o; /f]uaf6 a9L k|efljt x'g] ub{5. ufO{ afx]s, e};L, afv|f, a'Fu'/ / s's'/x¿df klg of] /f]u b]lvg ;lsG5.

o; /f]uaf6 k|efljt kz'sf] /utdf SoflN;odsf] dfqf sdL x'g] df+;k]zLdf sDkg x'g] Pj+ sdhf]/ x'g], p7\g g;Sg], emf]qmfpg] nIf0fx¿ b]lvG5 / pkrf/ gkfPdf d'5f{ k/L dg{ ;Sg] x'G5. /f]usf] gfd ldNs lkmj/ ePtfklg o; /f]udf Hj/f] x'g'sf] ;f6f] z/L/sf] tfkqmd ;fwf/0f cj:yfsf] eGbf sd x'g ;S5.

/f]usf] sf/s

of] /f]u s'g} hLjf0f', ljiff0f' jf 9'F;Ln] ubf{ x'g] xf]Og. /utdf vf;u/L cfof]lgs SoflN;odsf] dfqfdf sdL x'g' o; /f]usf] k|d'v sf/0f xf]. SoflN;odsf] cefjdf z/L/sf OR5flwg df+zk]zLx¿sf] ult Pj+ pQ]hgf aGb x'G5 / of] /f]u b]vf k5{. /utdf SoflN;odsf] sdL x'g] sf/0fx¿df bfgfdf SoflN;odsf] dfqf sd x'g' dfq xf]Og. ;fwf/0ftof JofPkl5 SoflN;od k|z:tdfqfdf b'wdf hfg] x'gfn] /utdf o;sf] dfqf 36\g] ub{5. hgfj/n] cfjZos SoflN;odsf] dfqf zl//Ls k|s[ofaf6 cfk"tL{ ug{ g;Sbf o;sf] nIf0f b]vf kb{5. Jofpg] ;dodf cfGb|af6 SoflN;odsf]

ldNs lkmj/÷l;tfË /f]uM Ps kl/ro

zf]if0f sd x'g uO{ /utdf plrt dfqfdf SoflN;od k'Ug ;Sb}g. le6fldg–8L sf] sdL / a9L If/Lokgfn] ubf{ klg cfGb|fjf6 SoflN;odsf] zf]if0f sd x'g uO{ of] /f]u nfUg ;S5. JofO;s]kl5 x8\8L / df;'df hDdf ePsf] SoflN;odsf] plrt dfqfdf kl/rfng gx'Fbf klg of] /f]u b]vf k5{. o;/L kl/rfng gx'g'df Kof/fydf]{g xdf]{gsf] sdL / SoflN;6f]lgs xdf]{gsf] dfqf a9L x'g' / Oi6«f]lg xdf]{gsf] k|efj dWo s]lx sf/0f x'g ;Sb5. cTolws ysfjf6, s;/t, pQ]hgf / @–# lbg;Dd vfgsf] cefjn] ubf{ JofPsf] jfx]s c? cj:yfdf ;d]t of] /f]u b]vf kg{ ;Sb5.

d'Vo nIf0fx¿

ufO{ e};Ldf of] /f]usf] nIf0fnfO{ # cj:yfdf jlu{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5. k|yd cj:yfdf z'idf kz' cTolws pQ]lht x'g], z/L/ bx|f] kfg]{, 6fpsf] / v'§fsf df+;k]zLdf sDkg x'g], vfg / rNg dg gug]{, 6fpsf] xNnfpg], lha|f] lgsfNg] bfFt s6\s6fpg] nIf0f b]vfpF5. zfl//Ls tfkqmd ;fdGo jf clnslt a9L x'g] u5{. kl5Nnf v'§f sdhf]/ x'G5g\, h;n] ubf{ hgfj/ hldgdf a:5 / p7\g ;Sb}g.

bf];|f] cj:yfdf kz' s/Ësf] e/df hldgdf a:5 e'Odf a:bf Xofs'nfn] 6]s]/ a:5 / d'G6f] k5f8L sf]vflt/ kms]{sf] x'G5. kz' lgs} ;':t x'g], v'§fsf] s8fkg x/fpg] / kz' p7\g g;Sg] x'G5. y't'gf] ;'Vvf x'G5. 5fnf, v'§f, k'R5/, sfg lr;f] x'g'sf] ;fy}, z/Ll/s tfkqmd (^–!) !) km]/gxfO6 x'g] u5{. cfFvfsf] gfgL 7"nf] x'g], ;'Vvf x'g], dn4f/ v's'nf] x'g], 3f]Rbf s'g} k|ltlqmof gb]vfpg] x'G5. dnåf/sf] v's'nf]kgf /f]u klxrfg s] nflu lgs} Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/f xf].

O{Zj/ jl;{nf

kz'kfng


To:t} /f]lu kz'df d'6' / ?e]gsf] ult sd x'G5. h'unsf] gzf e]l6b}g, k]6 km'Ng], slAhot x'g] / ulx/f] ;f; km]g]{ ub{5.

t];|f] cj:yfdf kz' a:g g;Sg] x'G5 / bfofF afFof sf]N6]k/]/ kN6G5. k]6 km'Ng], ulx/f] ;f; km]g]{, kz' p7]/ a:g g;Sg] cj:yfdf x'G5. z/L/sf] tfkqmd cem sd x'g] ub{5. d'6'sf] ult !@) k|ltldg]6;Dd k'U5 t/ ;'Gg g;Sg] x'G5. h'un / gzf e]§fpg ufx|f] k5{. k]g km'Ng ;S5. cGtdf kz'n] pkrf/ kfpg ;s]g eg] ult / Zjf;k|Zjf; aGb eO{ kz' db{5. e]8f / afv|fdf klg ufO{;Fu ldNbf] h'Nbf] nIf0f b]vf k5{ t/ ufO{ e}F;L h:tf] t'?Gt} e'O{df a:g] ub}{gg\. a'Fu'/df klg ufO{df h:t} JofPsf] s]lx 306fdf of] /f]u b]vf kb{5. s's'/ / 3f]8fdf of] /f]unfO{ æPSnDkl;ofÆ elgG5.

ldNs lkmj/;Fu ldNbfh'Nbf -em'lSsg ;Sg]_ s]lx cj:yfx¿ 5g\. ljz]if/L -u|f; l66fgL_ h'g DofUg]lzodf] sdLn] x'G5, of] /f]u ;a} pd]/ / cj:yfsf kz'df b]vf kg{ ;S5. cGo cj:yfx¿df, /utdf ljifhGo kbfy{ pTkGg x'g', Jofpg] ;dodf s'g} sf/0fn] k5fl8sf] v'§fsf] lkme/ hf]lg{sf] lnufd]G6 Rofltg' 8fpg/ sfp l;G8«f]d, kf7]3/ of]gLsf] ;+qmd0f cflb cj:yfdf o; /f]u;Fu e'lSsg ;Sg] x'G5. /utdf ljifhGo kbfy{ pTkGg x'g] cj:yfdf kz'nfO{ cGo ;+qmd0fLo /f]u h:t} y'g]nf], k]6sf] ;+qmd0f cflb ;+qmd0fLo /f]u h:t} y'g]nf], k]6sf] ;+qmd0f cflb ;Fu;Fu} b]vf kb{5. lkme/ hf]gL{sf] lnufd]G6 RofltPsf] cj:yfdf kz'n] vfglkg /fd|f];Fu ub{5. lb;flk;fa aGb x'Fb}g / z/Ll/s tfkqmd ;fdfGo /xG5. 8fpg/ sfp l;G8«f]ddf kz' p7\g ;Sb}g t/ vfgf, lbzf lk;fa ;fdfGo g} x'G5. kfg]3/ tyf of]gLsf] ;+qmd0fsf] cj:yfdf Hj/f] cfpg] ub5{, of]gL4f/af6 >fj lg:sG5 t/ SoflN;odsf] pkrf/n] 7Ls x'Fb}g.

arfj6 tyf pkrf/

o; /f]usf nIf0f b]Vgf;fy hlt;Sbf] rf8f] kz'/f]u ljz]if1;Fu ;Dks{ /fvL pkrf/ ug'{kb{5. pkrf/df

l9nf x'g uof] eg], kz' w]/} nfdf] ;do;Dd p7\g

g;Sg] x'G5. /f]uL kz'nfO{ gzfaf6 @%Ü SoflN;odsf]

af]/f]Un'sf]g]6sf] emf]n $))–*)) ld=nL= lbP/ pkrf/

ug{ ;lsG5. kz' pkrf/ ubf{ub} p7]/ 3fF;kft vfg

;'? ub{5. b'lx ;s]kl5 y'gdf xfjf e/]/ sNrf}8f]

xfjfn] e/]kl5 o; /f]uaf6 kz'nfO{ s]lx cf/fd

x'G5. cg';Gwfgaf6 yfxf kfPcg';f/ Jofpg' eGbf

s]lx xKtf cufl8 bfgfdf a9L dfqfdf SoflN;od

lbPdf, of] /f]u x'g] a9L ;Defjgf x'G5. To;}n] Jofpg]

;doeGbf cufl8 -ue{sf] clGtd cj:yflt/_ kz'sf]

bfgfdf SoflN;odsf] dfqf 36fpg] tyf km:kmf]/;sf]

dfqf a9fpgfn] ldNs lkmj/ nfUg] ;Defjgf sd ug{

;lsG5. sf];]jfnLsf] 3fF;x¿df a9L SoflN;od x'g]

x'Fbf a9L b'wfn' ufO{nfO{ Jofpg] ;dolt/ o:tf 3fF;x¿

v'jfpg' x'Fb}g. a9L b'wfn' kz'sf] bfgdf, Jofpg' eGbf

s]lx xKtf cufl8b]lv SoflN;od / km:kmf]/;sf] cg'kft

!M! x'g' /fd|f] x'G5. JofPsf] !@ 306f;Dd b'w gb'xgfn]

of] /f]usf] ;Defjgf sd ug{ ;lsG5. b'w b'x'Fbf k'/}

glgyfg]{ ugf{n] klg /f]u nfUg] ;Defjgf sd x'G5. !

nfv o"lg6 le6fldg 8L–# k|lt $% lsnf] zfl//Ls tf}n

cg';f/ kz' Jofpg' @ b]lv * lbg cufj} nufpgfn] of]

/f]u lgs} sd ePsf] pNn]v 5.

lgrf]8

u'0ffTds k]f}li6s tTjsf] sldn] x'g] ldNs lkmj/ /f]u

g]kfnsf] uf|ld0f If]qdf 7'nf] ;d:ofsf] ?kdf b]lvPsf]

5. o; k|lt ;dod} ;r]t eOof] eg] /f]usf] sf/0fn]

ubf{ x'g] kz'Ifltaf6 ;lhn} arfpg l;sG5. of] /f]u

b]Vbf c;fdfGo b]lvP klg /f]uaf6 arfpg kz'nfO{

;Dodtf k"j{s tl/sfn] k"j{ /f]uyfd ljlwx¿ ckgfpg

h?/L b]lvG5.

a a a

kz'kfng


ljifo k|j]z M

e"kl/j]li7t xfd|f] d'n'ssf] s/La *# Ì e"–efu kxf8 / lxdfnon] cf]u6]sf] 5 eg] s]jn !& Ì e"–efu t/fO{÷dw]zn] ;d]6]sf] 5. a9\bf] hg;+Vofsf] rfk, jg h+unsf] tLj| ljgf; / cJojl:yt P+j cj}1flgs ljsf;] lqmofsnfkx¿n] ubf{ g]kfnsf kxf8L If]q cyf{t\ dflyNnf] t6Lo If]qsf j:tL P+j jfl;Gbf tyf tNnf] t6Lo If]q cyf{t\ a];L, kmfF6 / t/fO{÷leqLdw]]zsf jfl;Gbf hf]lvddf k/]sf 5g\. xfnsf aif{x¿df of] hf]lvd c? a9]/ uPsf] 5. o;f] x'g'sf] k|d'v sf/0f dWo] Pp6f sf/0f hyfefjL vlgPsf u|fld0f ;8sx¿ a9L lhDd]jf/ b]lvPsf 5g\. o; n]vdf u|fld0f ;8saf6 pTkGg ;d:of, ltgn] kf/]sf] k|efj / ;dfwfgsf pkfosf laifodf pNn]v ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5.

;d:ofx¿ M

dfly pNn]v ul/Pem} g]kfn kxf8L d'n's xf] / oxfFsf] e"–efu -dxfef/t / r'/] kj{t >[v+nf_ e"–Ifo / klx/f]sf b[li6sf]0fn] cToGt ;+j]bgzLn dflgG5g\. Tolt dfq xf]Og g]kfnsf kxf8x¿ vf;u/L dxfef/t / r'/] kj{t >[vnf c? d'n'ssf kxf8sf] t'ngfdf e/v/} ag]sf gofF kxf8x¿ -Newly formed young

mountains_ x'g\. ;+j]bgzLntfsf] lx;fjn] r'/] kxf8 a9L sdnf] x'gfn] dxfef/teGbf a9L ;+j]bgzLn 5. o:tf ;+j]bgzLn kxf8L e"–efudf g} xfd|f w]/} j:tLx¿ / v]tLkftL /x]sf] 5. oxfFsf ljleGg >f]tx¿ jg h+un, hn>f]t, hdLg, ufO{j:t' cflbsf] ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkg s'zntfk'j{s ug{ ;s]sf] v08df g]kfnsf] ljsf;sf] d'n d]?b08 log} kxf8x¿ / oxfFsf k|fs[lts >f]tx¿ aGg ;S5g\. t/ le/fnf] e"–v08sf] /Iff

g]kfndf u|fld0f ;8saf6 pTkGg ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfo

lbjfs/ kf}8]n, lhNnf e"–;+/If0f clws[tlhNnf e"–;+/If0f sfof{no, DofUbL

sjrsf] ?kdf /x]sf] jg h+unsf] tLj| ljgfz eO{ xhf/f}+÷nfvf}+ x]S6/ hdLg e"–Ifo, klx/f] / af9Ln] Ifltu|:t ag]sf] 5. csf]{tkm{ log} sdnf] e"–agf]6o"Qm le/fnf kxf8x¿df ljut 8]9 bzsb]lv ;+/If0fsf] ;f]r ljgf xr'jfsf] e/df u|fld0f ;8s vGg yflnof]. z'?sf] sl/a Ps bzs ;Dd w]/} h;f] u|fld0f ;8s :yflgo hg>d k|of]u u/]/ vlgg] ub{Yof], h;n] ubf{ e"–Ifo, klx/f] / af9Lsf ;d:of Tolt w]/} a9]sf] lyPg. :yflgo hgtfn] klg /f]huf/L kfPsf lyP. t/ ljut %–^ jif{ otfb]lv u|fld0f ;8s vGg] gfFpdf hyfefaL 8f]h/ / PS:sfe]6/ nufO{Psf] 5, sdnf] / le/fnf] :yfgsf v]taf/L, xl/ofnL jgh+unnfO{ vNanfpg] / sdhf]/ agfO{ Iflt k'¥ofpg] sfd ePsf] 5. o;/L u|fld0f ;8s vGbf s'g :yfgaf6 n}hfFbf w]/} hgtfnfO{ kmfO{bf k'U5, jg h+un, 3/, v]tjf/L, kfgLsf d'n, ljsf;sf k"jf{wfx¿nfO{ sd Iflt k'U5 eg]/ k|fljlws b[li6sf]0faf6 / e"–;+/If0f P+j jftfj/0f d}qL r:df nufP/ ;8s vGg] u/]sf] kfO{b}g. cem sltko :yfgdf t x/]s ;fn ;8ssf] ?k/]vf

-Alignment_ kl/jt{g u/]/ dxTjk"0f{ jgh+un, 3/, v]tjf/L, l;+rfO{ s'nf] / kSsL /fhdfu{nfO{ ;d]t cj?4 kfg]{ u/L ;8s vGg] u/]sf] k|z:t pbfx/0f kfO{G5. xfn} o; k+lStsf/n] b]v]ef]u]sf] k[YjL /fhdfu{sf] d'lUngb]lv gfu9'Ëf lar kg]{ ;8s v08df u|fld0f ;8sx¿sf sf/0faf6 y'lk|Psf] n]bf] ÷u]u/, 9'Ëf tyf klx/f], kf]v/f – afUn'Ë ;8sv08sf] kfª uf=lj=;=sf] gofFk'n–;x;|wf/f If]qdf ePsf] Iflt, dfn9'uf – a]gL ;8ssf] dfemkmfF6, a]gL glhssf] klx/f]n] k'¥ofPsf] Iflt h:tf y'k|} pbfx/0f 5g\. o; k|sf/ ;+/If0fsf] ;f]r lagf vlgPsf u|fld0f ;8sn] x/]s aiff{ofddf

jftfj/0f


/fhdfu{nfO{ g} Iflt k'¥ofpg] / cj?4 kf/]/ xhf/f}+ ofq'x¿ cnkq kg]{ u/]sf 5g\. o:tf pbfx/0f x/]s h;f] lhNnfdf b]Vg, ;'Gg / e'Qmef]uL x'g kfO{G5. ljsf;sf] gfpFdf Pp6f ljsf; sfo{n] csf]{ ljsf;sf] ;+/rgfnfO{ Iflt k'¥ofPsf] 5, l;+rfO{sf s'nf]x¿, vfg]kfgLsf 6\ofÍL, d'nx¿ tx;gx; ePsf 5g\ . JolQmsf 3/uf]7, v]taf/Lsf] lagf; tyf x/]s aif{ ;of}+ lgbf]{if hgtfx¿sf] Hofg} lng] u/]sf] k|z:t pbfx/0fx¿ tkfO{+ xfd|f] ;fd'Gg] 5g\. Tolt dfq xf]Og, hn ljB'tsf hnfzodf df6f],jfn'jf,9'+uf,u]u/ y'lk|P/ ltgsf] cfo' 36]sf] 5. /d0fLo tfnx¿ h:t} M kf]v/fsf] km]jf, ?kf, a]ugf; tfn, ;Nofgsf] s'le08] bx cflb tfntn}ofx¿ k'l/b}F v'FlDrb} uPsf 5g\. o:tf u|fld0f ;8sn] d'n'ssf ;a}h;f] kxf8L lhNnfx¿, r'/] If]qsf j:tL tyf ufpFx¿nfO{ g/fd|/L k|efljt kf/]sf] 5.

u|fld0f ;8sn] kf/]sf tTsflng c;/x¿ M

Â dflyNnf] tl6o If]qsf :yflgo hgtfsf] 3/, v]taf/L e"–Ifo, klx/f] / af9Lsf] rk]6fdf k/]sf 5g\ eg] tNnf] tl6o If]qsf hgtfx¿ gbLsf] s6fgL / af9Ln] cfs|fGt ePsf 5g\.

Â u|fld0f ;8saf6 hyfefjL kmflnPsf df6f], 9'Ëf / u]u|fgn] ubf{ tNnf] tl6o If]qsf gbL, vf]nfx¿ df6f], 9'Ëf, u]u|fg / jfn'jfn] ubf{ k'l/+b} ltgsf] ;tx ToxfFsf v]tLof]Uo hdLgsf] ;txeGbf dfly p7\g uO{ af9Lsf] k|sf]k a9]/ uPsf] 5. xhf/f}+ x]S6/ v]tx¿ jfn'jf / u]u|fgo'Qm au/sf] ?kdf kl/0ft ePsf 5g\. sltko If]q 8afgdf k/]sf 5g\.

Â af6f] vg]/ hyfefjL kmflnPsf] df6f] au]/ uO{ 7"nf uN5L / klx/f]x¿sf] >[hgf ePsf].

Â l;+rfO{sf s'nf]x¿, vfg]kfgLsf 6\ofÍL, d'nx¿ tx;gx; ePsf 5g, JolQmsf 3/uf]7, v]taf/Lsf] lagf; tyf x/]s aif{ ;of}+ lgbf]{if hgtfx¿sf] Hofg} lng] u/]sf] k|z:t pbfx/0fx¿ tkfO{+ xfdL ;fd'Gg] 5g\. Tolt dfq xf]Og, hn ljB'tsf hnfzodf df6f], jfn'jf, 9'+uf, u]u|fg

y'lk|P/ ltgsf] cfo' 36]sf] 5. Â e"–Ifo, klx/f] / af9Ln] ubf{ xhf/f}+ ljsf;sf

k"jf{wf/x¿ h:t}– l;+rfO{sf s'nf]x¿, vfg]kfgLsf 6\ofÍL, kfgLsf d'nx¿sf] tx;gx;, JolQmsf 3/uf]7, v]taf/Lsf] lagf;, hn ljB'tsf hnfzodf df6f], jfn'jf, 9'+uf, u]u|fg y'lk|P/ ltgsf] cfo' 36\g'sf] ;fy} 7"nf] hgwgsf] Iflt a9\b} uPsf].

Â vlgPsf u|fld0f;8s g} lr/f–lr/f k/]sf] / klx/f]n] k'l/g uO{ uf8L grNg] cj:yfdf k'u]sf].

Â jg–h+unsf] ljgf; ePsf] h;n] ubf{ jGohGt' / ax'd"No h8Lj'l6sf] cl:tTjdf ;+s6 pTkGg x'g yfn]sf]].

Â x/]s jif{ u|fld0f ;8sdf nufgL u/]sf] /sdn] hgtfnfO{ /fxt lbg'sf] ;f6f] cfxt k'¥ofPsf].

Â csf]{ jif{ k'gM nueu Tolt g} /sd nufgL ubf{ klg u|fld0f ;8ssf] cj:yfdf s'g} ;'wf/ gcfPsf].

Â 8f]h/ ;+:s[ltn] ufFp3/df a]/f]huf/L >[hgf u/]sf] / :jb]zL k};f 8f]h/ / l8h]nsf] gfp+df ljb]lzPsf].

u|fld0f ;8sn] kf/]sf / kfg{;Sg] bL3{sflng c;/x¿M

Â kfgLsf d"nx¿ ;'Sg yfn]sf]. Â kfgL hdLgleq hfg] k|s[of (Infiltration) sd

x'g uO{ hnsf] k'g{;+lrlt Â -Recharge_ 36\g yfn]sf]. Â s[ifLsf] pTkfbsTjdf x|f; cfPsf]. Â sltko :yfgdf hgtfsf] pl7jf; x'g;Sg]

cj:yf >[hgf ePsf]. Â jftfj/0fLo P+j hnfwf/Lo cj:yfdf x|f;

cfpg nfu]sf]. Â ljB't u[xsf hnfzo, l;+rfO{ s'nf]x¿, /fhdfu{

cflb ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/nfO{ k|lts'n k|efj k/]sf].

jftfj/0f


Â df};d kl/jt{g cyf{t\ jiff{t\ sd x'g], v08j[li6, cltj[li6, cgfj[li6 a9\g yfn]sf] Pj+ hnjfo' kl/at{gdf 6]jf k'–ofPsf].

Â slxn]sfxLF cfsl:ds ?kdf g;f]r]sf] d';nwf/] jiff{ x'g] / 7"nf] hgwgsf] Iflt x'g] ;Defjgf a9]sf].

Â ;du|df hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df k|lts'n k|efj k/L hLjg si6k|b x'g] hf]lvd a9]sf].

;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ M

u|fld0f ;8ssf] ;e]{If0f u/L ?k/]vf (Alignment) tof/ kfbf{ j:tL / ax';+Vos hgtfnfO{ kmfObf k'Ug], jg–h+un, kfgLsf d'n, tfntn}of cflbnfO{ sd c;/ k'Ug] tyf hgtfsf] 3/, v]tjf/LnfO{ Go"g Iflt x'g] alnof] / e/kbf]{ :yfg xF'b} hfg] u/L ;8ssf] ?k/]vf jgfpg' kg]{.

Â nfut Ol:6d]6 tof/ ubf{ slDtdf !%–@)Ü jh]6 en tsf{pg] s'nf] / 3fF; tyf jf]6lj?jfx¿ nufO{ xl/ofnL k|jw{g sfo{sf nflu 5'§ofpg'kg]{.

Â oyf;+ej hgkl/rfng u/L ;8s vÌ] / clt cfjZos 7fpF hxfF dflg;af6 ;+ej 5}g, To:tf] :yfgdf dfq hldg ljgfz gx'g] u/L 8f]h/ nufpg].

Â u|fld0f ;8sdf enkfgLsf] Joj:yfkg dxTjk"0f{ kf6f] xf], t;y{ ;8s vGg] sfo{ ;+u;+u} en tsf{pg] s'nf] clgjfo{ ?kdf agfpg].

Â u|fld0f ;8s vGbf ;s];Dd lxpFbsf] ;dodf vGg].

Â jiff{t\ z'? x'gf;fy u|fld0f ;8ssf] b'j} kfvfdf

l56f] hdLg 9fSg] cd[;f], g]lko/, v/, jfljof], :6fOnf], df]nf;];, kf;kfnd, abfd] 3fF; tyf jfF;, lgufnf], Olkn–Olkn, baba], e'h]qf], s]t'sL, ;lhjg, l;dnL, lgnsfF8f, c;'/f] cflb ax'pkof]uL 3fF; tyf lj?jfx¿ nufO{ xl/ofnL agfpg].

Â s]lGb|o txdf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] kxn / lgb]{zgdf :yflgo ljsf; dGqfnon] u|fld0f ;8snfO{ lbuf] / alnof] agfpg] u/L ;+/If0fd'vL xl/t u|fld0f ;8ssf] cjwf/0ff cg'?ksf] lgb]{lzsf tof/ ug]{ / lhNnf:t/df lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] cu'jfO{df ;f] lgb]{lzsfnfO{ s8fO{sf ;fy sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{.

Â ;/sf/n] gLltut ?kdf g} j]/f]huf/Lsf sf/0f ljb]lzg afWo o'jf hgzlQmnfO{ :jb]zdf g} /fi6« lgdf{0fdf nfUg cfsif{s >d d"No lbO{ u|fld0f ;8s vGg clek|]l/t ug]{ u/L /fli6«o cleofg yfNg' kg]{.

pk;+xf/M

;fFrf] cy{df g]kfnsf] kxf8L u|fld0f e]usf hgtfnfO{ u|fld0f ;8ssf] dfWodaf6 ljsf;sf] d'nk|jfxdf cufl8 a9fpg] xf] eg] lbuf] / ;+/If0fd'lv xl/t ;8ssf] cjwf/0fnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] cjnDag u/L dftxtsf ;+a4 ;Dk"0f{ lgsfox¿ dfkm{t s8fOsf ;fy sfof{Gjog ug{ h?/L eO{ ;s]sf] 5. cGoyf of] ;'Gb/ kxf8L d'n's e"–Ifo, klx/f] / af9Lsf] kof{o gaGnf eGg ;lsb}g. o; dxTjk"0f{ tYonfO{ ;+a4 ;a}n] a]n}df dgg\ u/L ljgf;d'vL ljsf;nfO{ Tofu]/ ;+/If0fd'vL ljsf;df nfUg'df g} d'n's / hgtfsf] enfO cGtlg{lxt 5.

a a a

jftfj/0f

ælrtjg Hof]lt ;fKtflxs vf]hL vf]hL k9f}+ .Æ


cf}krfl/s pRr lzIff lnPsf / k|fl1s JolQmTjx¿af6

dfq cGj]if0fsf] ljsf; ;Dej x'G5 eGg] k/Dk/fjfbL

ljrf/sf lj?4 pbfx/0fLo JolQmTj x'g\ lrtjg

e08f/f uf=lj=;= j8f g+ & wdf}/fsf dfg s'df/

rf}w/L. k]zfn] ;fdfGo sd{rf/L eP klg pgL Plss[t

zq'hLj Joj:yfkg -cfO{= lk Pd=_ k4tLnfO{ cfTd;ft

ug]{ cu'jf s[ifs x'g\. :yfgLo cGj]if0f k|a4{g sfo{df

cWoog cg';Gwfg ug]{ af}l4s JolQmTjx¿sf lardf

;d]t kl/ro agfpg ;kmn rf}w/Laf6 gof+ k':tfn]

w]/} s'/fx¿ l;Sg ;Sb5g\. cgf}krfl/s cg';Gwfg /

;d:of k|ltsf] lgoldt ;fwgfn] klg pRr k|fl1stfo'Qm

ljrf/ ;Dk|]if0f ug{ ;Dej 5 eGg] gjLg lrGtgnfO{

dfg s'df/ rf}w/Lsf] :yfgLo cGj]if0f ljsf;n] :yflkt

ul/lbPsf] 5. oxL g} pgsf] ljz]iftf / k[ys\ cl:tTj

xf]. xflgsf/s laiffbL ljgf klg 9F';L, efO{/; /

ls/faf6 t/sf/Lv]tLnfO{ arfpg'kg]{ p2]ZonfO{ dg

dlitisdf ;hfP/ km';{bsf] If0fdf cfkm\g} 3/ j/k/

kfO{g] >f]tx¿sf] ;lDd>0f / k|of]u;Fu v]Nb} hfFbf

jftfj/0f d}qL sL/f lgoGq0f k4ltM cfhsf] cfjZostf

z]ifdl0f e§/fO{[email protected]

ljsl;t ePsf pgsf k|of;x¿ k|f+ufl/s v]tLsf]

k|a4{gdf :t'To 5g\.

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vt/fo'Qm ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ug{] u/]sf] k|lt Hofb} lrlGtt

5g\. ljiffbLsf] Go"lgs/0fsf nflu ;r]t e"ldsf lgjf{x

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ug{ ;lsg] ;DaGwdf ljleGg h}ljs ljiffbLx¿sf]

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lgoGq0fsf] nflu ;d]t ;lhnf] 3/]n' pkfosf] ljsf;

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/ ls/f Joj:yfkgsf nflu cfkm\g} kxndf ljleGg

:yfgLo pkfox¿sf] ljsf; u/]sf 5g\. o;} qmddf

afF;sf] tfdfsf] emf]n k|of]u u/]/ ls/f lgoGq0f ug]{,

lrgLsf] k|of]uaf6 9F';L lgoGq0f

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kof{j/0fdf ljiffbLsf] b'ik|efj

sd ug{ ;lsg] Jofjxfl/s 1fg

cfkm\g} s/];f af/Ldf jiff}{+;Dd

nufP/ xfl;n u/]sf 5g\ .

v]tLkftLsf] l;nl;nfdf ljleGg

lsl;dsf efO{/;sf] k|efjsf/

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ljxfg * ah] b]lv ( jh] ;Dd lj?jfdf 5b{5g\.

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5b{5g\. ls/f Joj:yfkgsf nflu #)) u|fd cldnf]

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ljBfly{ / lzIfsnfO{ hl8a'6L ;DalGw tflnd lbg],

hl8a'6L au}+rfx? z}lIfs ;+:yfx?df agfpg k|]l/t ug{]

tyf dWojlt{ tyf ;fd'bflos jgx?df hl8a'l6 hGo

af]6lj?jfx? nufpg k|f]T;fxg ug{] of]hgf /x]sf] kmf/d

;~rfns sfkm\n] atfpg'x'G5 .

Joj;fo

Kshetrapur Organic Store

Kshetrapur, Narayangarh, ChitwanFresh House, Dairy, Vegetable

xfd|f ;]jfx?

Â b'w, bxL, Wo", klg/, c08f, lhpFbf] df5f, df;', tfhf lhpFbf] s'v'/fsf] yf]s tyf v'b|f laqm]tf .

Â xf]d 8]lne/L / /]u'n/ u|fxsnfO{ ljz]if ;'ljwf . Â cuf{lgs ;fdfu|L / t/sf/Lsf] nflu xfdLnfO{ ;Demg'xf];\ .

/fhf l;4fy{ af:sf]6f kmf]g M )%^–%@%)$^df]=M (*$!#)^@@# (*)^@#^$(#

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æ?v /f]kf}+ jg hf]ufcf}+, jGohGt', r/fr'?ËLsf] ;+/If0f u/f}+Æ

xfd|f ljz]iftfx? M Â h}ljs ljljwtf, hl8a'6L / jGohGt'sf] cjnf]sg . Â cfGtl/s ko{6g / lkslgs :6k . Â e/tk"/ gu/ If]qaf6 s]xL ldg]6sf] b'/Ldf . Â ljZj k|l;4 b]j3f6wfdsf] k|j]zåf/ . Â lrtjg s} cfsif{s hnlj/] em/gf s]xL ldg]6df k'u]/ cfpg ;lsg] .

hnb]lj ;fd'bflos jgsf] e|d0f u/f}+, cfGtl/s ko{6gnfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/f}+ .


;d[4 lrtjgsf] nflu ;du| cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;fF:s[lts ljsf;sf ;fy} pBf]u Joj;fosf] k|j4{gdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] k|To]s @ jif{sf] cGt/fndf lj+ ;+ @)%# ;fnb]lv cfof]hgf ul/b}+ cfPsf] lrtjg lhNnfsf] uf}/j / ul/dfo k|:t'lt lrtjg dxf]T;j o;k6s k'gM bzf}+ ;+:s/0fsf] ?kdf lrtjg dxf]T;j – @)&! k|bz{gL d}bfg, gf/fo0fL gbL lsgf/, lrtjgdf ldlt @)&! kf}if @% b]lv df3 $ ut] ;Dd cfof]hgf x'guO/x]sf] 5 .

lhNnfsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts ljsf;df cu|;/ /xFb} ;fj{hlgs gLlh ;fem]bf/Lsf] cg'kd gd"gf k]z ub{} cfO{/x]sf] ;+:yfx? qmdzM pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 lrtjg, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt lrtjg, e/tk'/ pk dfxfgu/kflnsf, /Tggu/ gu/kflnsf / /Tggu/ pBf]u jfl0fHo;+3sf] ;+o'St cfof]hgfdf s/L !) lj3f If]qkmndf ;~rfng x'g] lrtjg dxf]T;j – @)&! df ^ j6f ljz]if :6n ;lxt sl/j $&% j6f :6nx? /x]sf 5g\ .

lrtjg d'n'ssf] &^ cf}+ lhNnfsf] ?kdf lrlgG5 . krxQ/} lhNnfsf dflg;x?sf] a;f]jf; /x]sf] lrtjgdf hftLo, eflifs, ef}uf]lns Pjd\ ;fF:s[lts ljljwtf 5 . of] ljljwtfdf klg Pstf, ;lxi0f'tf, ;b\efj, hfu[lt / o'uLg ljsf;sf cg'kd pbfx/0fx? b]Vg kfO{G5 . oxfF kxf8L b'u{dtf / leqL dw]zLo ;'udtfsf] ck"j{ ;+ud 5 eg] s[lif / pBf]u, jfl0fHo, ko{6g cflbsf] cgf}7f] ;+of]hg klg 5 . k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{n] el/k"0f{ lrtjg h}ljs ljljwtf klg 5 . oxfF ljZjs b'n{e

Psl;+u] u}+8f, uf]xL h:tf jGohGt' tyf ljleGg /+uLr+uL r/fr'?+uLx?sf] ;'/lIft af;:yfg cyf{t /fli6«o lgs'~h cjl:yt 5 . ctM lrtjg ljb]zL ko{6sx?sf] ;Ddf]xs :yfgsf ?kdf ;d]t lr/kl/lrt /x]sf] 5 .

;bfem}+ o;k6s klg :yfgLo, /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o cf}Bf]lus Pjd\ pkef]Uo j:t'x?sf] k|bz{gLsf ;fy} lrtjgsf ljljw nf]s;F:s[lt snf, ;flxTo, lzIff, :jf:Yo cflb If]qsf] k|j4{gfTds emns / emfFsLx? k|blz{t x'g] sfo{qmdsf] lg/Gt/tf /xg] 5 .

dxf]T;jsf] p2]Zox? M

Â pBf]uL Pjd\ Joj;foLx?df :jR5 Jofj;foLs k|lt:kwf{sf] jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgf u/fO{ nufgLsf cj;/sf] ;[ghf ug{] .

Â :yflgo, /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o d'n'sx?df pTkflbt j:t' Pjd\ ;]jfx?sf] a[xt k|bz{gL u/L Jofks k|rf/–k|;f/df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]

Â j:t' pTkfbgsf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf gofF gofF pknlAwx?nfO{ hgdfg;df k|:t't ug{] .

Â ;du| b]zsf] ljsf;sf] nflu lhNnfsf] snf, ;flxTo / ;F:s[lt hu]gf{ Pjd\ k|j4{gdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

Â s[lif lzIff, :jf:y, ;"rgf k|ljlw, pBf]u Pjd\ ko{6g If]qdf ePsf ultljlwx?sf] klxrfgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

Â lgsf;Lof]Uo j:t'x?sf] klxgf / k|j4{gdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]

lrtjg dxf]T;jsf] bzf}+ ;+:s/0fM @)&!sdn sf]O/fnf

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o;}u/L Ps ufpF Ps pTkfbg cGtu{t /x]sf] lrtjg lhNnfsf] s]/f j:t'nfO{ k|j4{g ug{] p2]Zon] o;k6s klg s]/fsf] vfg]s'/fsf] ljljlw/0fdf hf]8 lbO{Psf] 5 eg] s]/fsf] 8dL / gd"gf v]tL klg /flvPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy}, v]ns'n, hnofqf, :jf:Yo ;]jf, cflbjf;L hghftLx?sf] e]ife"iff, snf ;+:s[lt ;dfj]z ;lxtsf]

C.T.E.V.T. åf/f dfGotf k|fKt lrtjgsf] Ps dfq cfo'j]{b sn]h====

e/tk'/–!), lrtjg, kmf]gM )%^–%@$#*%

pkrf/ ul/g] /f]ux?M

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– lkgf, PnhL{ tyf bdvf]sL .

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– 5fnf /f]u tyf lk;fa ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{

pkrf/ .

;+sfox?M cfo'j]{b j}B !% dlxg] . cfo'j]{b slj/hf # jif]{ .

g]zgn OlG:6Ro"6 ckm ;fOG; Ps 6]Sgf]nf]hL

ljz]iftfx?M

– cfkm\g} ejgdf !) z}ofsf] c:ktfn ePsf] .

– xa{n uf8]{g o'St .

– cg'ejL k|Wofksåf/f zfGt jftfj/0fdf k9fOg] .

– cfkm\g} xftleq xf]:6]nsf] Joj:yf ePsf] .

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k|jfxnfO{ k|sfzg lg/Gt/tfsf] z'esfdgf lbg

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ækmf]xf]/ kfgL /f]usf] afgL, :jR5 kfgL ;kmn lhGbufgLÆ

;'rgf Â ;fa'g kfgLn] xft wf]cf}+, emf8f kvfnfaf6 arf}+ . Â rkL{ k|of]u ug]{ aflg a;fnf}+ . Â ;kmf kfgL lkcf}+, :j:y /xf}+ .

vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO l8lehg sfof{no

e/tk'/, lrtjg

ækG5L /f]uaf6 aRg afof];]So'l/6L ckgfcf}++ .Æ

jfof] ;]So'l/6Lsf] nflu lgDg s'/fdf Wofg lbcf}+ M

/fli6«o kG5L /f]u cGj]if0f k|of]uzfnf

e/tk'/, lrtjg

!= JolQmut ;/;kmfO@= cfuGt's k|j]z#= ;fdfg cf];fg]{ tyf r9\g] uf8L$= kmfd{ tyf cf}hf/ ;/;kmfO%= vf]/df k|of]u u/L lgsflnPsf ;f]t/^= d/]sf] kG5L &= kfgLsf] ;kmfO*= cfjh hfjt(= afof];]So'l/6L k|f]u|fd dlg6l/·

;DkfbsLo======== ljifo;rL lzif{s k]h g+=Jun 01, 2015 · 2 k|j[mlt k|jfx /fli6«o q}dfl;s s[lif pRr...

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Transcript of ;DkfbsLo======== ljifo;rL lzif{s k]h g+=Jun 01, 2015 · 2 k|j[mlt k|jfx /fli6«o q}dfl;s s[lif pRr...