Ctg Express

8/4/2019 Ctg Express

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Voyage de Pyrord de Laval aux Indes orientales (1601-1611), Pyrard de Laval,Chandeigne, Paris, 1998, p. 303-304\!l r n ~ ~ ~ \!lD1 ~~ ~, \!l ~ ~~"'IB! ~ ~~~1~IC'1~C5!f~ ~ ~ ~ r n I qof ~ ~ ~, 800 ~'>I ~ I 5 f f i f O O * "~ ~ 9fB! ~ ~ ~ ~ I i5[@r


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Special Biodiversity AFCBiodiversity and Plantation in Bangladesh: Nasim AnwarIntroductionGrowth in population has created an increase in demand for food and other products,coupled with globalisation this has led to an increase in trade among countries.Cashing in on this phenomenon, plantations have sprung eg tea plantation, rubberplantation, oil palm plantations etc.Including plantation and others 13 million hectares (50000 square miles) of forestsdisappear worldwide each year, causing irreversible ecological damage and threatening theway of life of human societies that depend directly on them.However extensive clearing of the land for plantations or any other purposes willdisplace/eradicate biodiversity that is unique to a particular habitat/country.It is essential to educate plantation companies as to how to incorporate biodiversity and itsbenefits eg biological pest control.Higher levels of green house gases (GHGs) such as carbon dioxide and methane have led torising global temperature, which is wreaking environmental havoc worldwide. Increasedproduction of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), has depleted the ozone layer which protectsagainst harmful ultra-violet radiation.What Is BiodiversityThe variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial,marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part;this includes diversity within species, between species and ecosystems.The notion of biodiversity is even more complex to understand and measure than climatechange.The Indian economist Pavan Sukhdev headed a study of the economic value of servicesrendered by ecosystems. 'The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity' (TEEB), using an


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Special Biodiversity AFCAn appreciation of this difference in approach between developed and developingcount ries is essential i f i nternational positions are to be formulated. In the long term, anyNorth-South alliance depends on a bet ter understanding of the concerns of developingcountries' action for development cooperation and capacity-building in these countr ies aretherefore, here as elsewhere, crucial to achieving a collective treatment of g lobal questions.France's stance to face these challenges effectively and redress global c ri si s in biodiversity:

Form an international group of expert s on biodiversity Access to and benef it-sharing from the use of genetic resource Preserve the world's richest ecosystems - forests Strengthen protection of marine biodiversity specially in the deep seas Raise public awareness

(Source : French Development Agency and Global Public Goods Directorate, NaturalResources Management Department).Biodiversity is important not only for environmental reasons, but also for reasons ofdevelopment and geopoli tics.Biodiver sity refe rs to la rge as well as miniscule animals and plants. Some of the flora andfauna are unique only to certain countries and cannot be found elsewhere.Over the years research has highlighted the importance of biodiversity to the environmentand human beings. In the forest, trees and plants absorb the carbon dioxide and give outoxygen creating a balance in nature. For the agriculture sector there are beneficialinsects/plants that assist in eliminating predators/weeds.Awareness and Biod ive rsi t y Wo rk shpsWorkshops should address the issues of wildlife conservation, and forest managementconservation of biodiversity, including smart partnership for conservation of biodiversity -finding a balance between conservation and plantation practices, and good agriculturalpractices.While we fully agree on the need for conservation of flora and wildlife, it is also noted thatbiodiversity encompasses not only large animals and trees but a 'whole lot of smalleranimals and plan ts'. Plantations are relatively rich in such biodiversity.Schools an d Va rsities lnvolvernent in Biod ive rsityAny initiative from the State and the plantations should a lso encompass the need for a'driver' to lead, organize and manage; and collaboration with researchers, eg withUnivers it ies possibly att ract ing a number of post-graduate students etc.Since public knowledge of the connection between human well being and ecosystemservices is l imited, it is imperative to educate people about the utility of green belts. Soca tch them young, form ecolog ica l clubs at schools.Ch ittagong City Bi odiversity IndexMany policy-make rs have a poor understanding of what natural capital is, or how much it isworth to sustain the health and well being of communities. Our city should set up a 'CityBiodiversity Index' which is a grading system to measure how cities are conserving theirplant and animal species.

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Special Biodiversity AFC .Pavan Sukhdev, in h is book, 'The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity' fur ther says, forthe first time in human history, over half of the world's populat ion l ives in c it ies. By 2050,the United Nations, predicts that upto 80% of the global population could be urban. Theimplica tion of this will not be merely ecolog ical, the env ironmental cha llenges of this t rendare significant.Urban fores try pract ices are get ting outdated. If urban areas are to have more plantations,then a significant shift in planning and management o f cities is requir ed where p lantationexperts can be found useful.Urban greenery should be increasingly treated as assets, which absorb carbon dioxide andgenerates oxygen. No other living being generates oxygen except trees. The presentmethod of fixing targets based on number of saplings planted needs to be changed. Treesthat are good in carbon sequestration can go a long way in mit igat ing effec ts of c limatechange. (Source: India Today, September,20,2010).

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Plantations Tea a nd Rubber in BangladeshThe beginning of tea plantations in Assam, Ind ia dates back to 1833. The first experimentaltea plants in our part of the world were planted close to the present Chittagong club area in1840.And the first commercial tea garden in Bangladesh was established in Malnicherra TeaEstate, Sylhet 1854. Since then the tea industry has been through quite a few historicalupheavals - notable among them is World War" 1939-1945, Partition of India 1947 and theIndependence War 1971.Through these h isto rical changes, the ownership of tea gardens established by the Britishcompanies on the abundantly available forest and waste land or government land wereestablished.Today Bangladesh has got 163 tea gardens including 07 in Panchagarh where tea cultivationstarted only recently in 2000. Including Panchagarh the entire land 114912.87 hectaresgranted for production of tea uses 45.43% of it for actual tea growing, and area under teais 52201.63 hectares , a t present land described as forest in the tea plantation area isPlanted Forest - 1970.90 hectares (2% of grant area) and Natural Forest - 14286.88hectares and is 13% of the grant area.Rubber another plantation crop started in mostly forest area by the government forestdepartment in the name o f Bangladesh Fo rest Industries Developmen t Co rpora tion (BFIDC)in the 1960s, and were planted in 11 Rubbe r Estates in Chittagong and Sylhet areas. I t is thelargest grower of rubber in the countr y. In the 1980s fur ther land for rubber was opened upin Modhupur area having 4 Rubber Estates presently BFIDC's rubber area is 13212.55hectares. Nowadays, Chi ttagong Hill Trac ts Development Board, Rubber is a lso grown in theTea Planta tions where land is not su itable to tea growing, Private Estates and Small Holdersare also raising rubber plantat ions. Rubber in Bangladesh is grown by the above companiesand organizations with a total area of about 32767.09 hectares approximately.In a lot of rubber plantations in the country both belonging to private owners and theBFIDC, wild e lephants come rampaging and is often a menace. There is a definite need toaddress the issue of a 'corridor, for wi ld animals, this could also be made under a scheme.Planters have to develop tea and rubber area as riparian reserves on jungle fringes, whichwil l serve aswi ldli fe corridors for accessibi li ty to habitats.In Panchagarh initially it was a big challenge to grow tea in this harsh ter ra in wi th littlevegetat ion. The soi l is sandy with rocks and rubble underneath. Nothing g rew well. Growingrice on higher land was difficult.

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Special Biodiversity AFC Special Biodiversity AFCKazi and Kazi Tea Estate, where humbly I was a lead consultant for tea growing andmanufacture, came forward with an idea of growing organic tea. The original credit toestablish a plantation for Kazi & Kazi goes to retired Brigadier Azim and Mr Mukerjee fromIndia . The person who deserves a national award for braving to grow tea in Panchagarh andthe real pioneer there is Mr Mosharraf Hossain of Tetu lia Tea Company Limi ted. Today thelush green tea gardens of others and especially Kazi and Kazi Tea Estate with hundreds ofthousands of medicinal p lan ts as shade t rees have become a glo rious examp le of organ ictea production a new venture for Bangladesh. Dr Aminul Kabir is the key person behindKazi's organic production, we he lped with rationally g rowing tea and processing it to d rink.It was demonstrated that tea and other crops could be grown without any inorganicfertilizers or pesticides. The area was barren and grass was allowed to grow under controland that even tua lly began to re tain wa te r, contr ibu ting t o increasing nutr ien t up take in thesoil.Most shade trees - Amloki (Indian Gooseberry), Neem, Nishinda (Chaste Tree), Bohera(Billenic myrobalan), Basak (Malabar Nut) etc. are medicinal. Pes t control i s organical lydone by medicinal trees, grasses and neem seed oil. Pesticide is made by medicinal andrepel lent grasses and plants. In add ition, neem oil mixed with ritha (soap nut) is sp rayed tocont ro l pests. This neutralizes the pests and nur tures the fr iend ly predators.(Source: The Story of TeaWorke rs in Bangladesh,2009).One very significant and strong point of Kazi's organic tea cultiv ation is its cat tle nea rly 1000cows in 13 farms sprawled all over the area. The cow dung is used in the bio-gas plant andthe slurry is used for the manufacture of compost which is a per fect organic fer ti li zer.Cowdung is also procured from small t ea growers under a cow loan scheme of the KaziShahid Foundation.I spoke to the chairman of Kazi and Kazi Tea Estate lately, whose brainchild it was to growtea since he visited me in Mertinga Tea Estate,Sylhet in 1974 & 1975 were I was theManager. At that time he was an instr uct or in the Militar y Academy. He happi ly mentionedthe innumerous sma ll animals and reptiles and various birds teeming in his garden whichwas once a sheer waste land. Bigger cats and predators could be also coming fromJa ldapa ra Wildlife Sanctua ry in Ind ia on ly approximately 50 to 60 kms away, but who willg ive the animals a 'corridor' surely not the barbed-wire fencing that our neighbours haveerected.In the bulk of the of the tea estates situated in greater Sylhet and Chittagong are whereenv ironmental catch words l ike biodiversity are reali ties. Las t morning I was there l is teningto song birds of the tea gardens in Sylhet. Birds that are almost extinct hornbill has beensighted in many estates adjo ining t he fr inges of governmen t jungles and reserve forests. Ahandfu l of about 300 species of birds are in 'our tea gardens and it's surrounding jungles.Kal ij Pheasant (Lophura leucomelana) Great Pied Hornbill (Buceros bicornis) Red JungleFowl (Gallus gallus) Hill Myna (Gracula relig iosa ) etc .In the plantat ions where pesticides and weedicides are not indiscriminately used there arethree t iers of insects, the apex, which are pure predators, not p reda ted upon by any others,the second rung of predators which are also predated, and the lowest rung of insects,which are mere food for higher predators. Wild animals like wild boar, barking deer, hare,monkeys, and porcupine just talk about it - what a faunal diversity.I n the tea p lantation the tea bush is a part of a multi-tier system of trees and plants typicalof a sub-tropical rainforest. The diversity of life is such that tea estate has six stages: localforests, leguminous permanent shade trees (albizzias), the temporary leguminous shade

tiers indigoferra, gliricidia, are among others. The fourth stage of companion plants isindigenous fru it trees and grasses.The tea comes next, followed by the sixth and final stage, which has a fabulous diversity ofweeds, creepers and ground cover vegetation. Some of the grasses and herbs havemedic inal properties and are insect repellers. This form of integrated forest management isusually termed PERMACULTURE.The fast vanishing sub-tropical rainforest of South Asia and Southeast Asian countries - oneof the major woes of environmentalists - has been preserved in many plantations as anecessary cond ition o f t he plantation's functioning. Because when tea grows amidst somany other plants, in a natura l env iron, it is bound to carry in it the fragrances and flavourof nature.Mulch ing with g reen matt ers is an un ique method. It takes rain impact and prevents soilerosion, stymies weed growth but does not eliminate floral diversity on the ground,preserves soil mois ture dur ing drough t pe riods and on decay, the mulch forms top soil, richand fertile, helping the tea to cope under the worst adversities.In the tea planta tions of Bangladesh a very interesting insect, a member of the prayingmantis fami ly that takes the shape of a tea leaf is sometimes found. I t belongs to the familyof Phillidae which is adep t to mimicry. In tea gardens we have seen it to be an exact replicaof the tea leaf. In summer it carr ied the typical signs of fresh, new leaf. In winter it showedthe browning tha t actually affects tea leaves. And there is a claim by an Indian Organic teagarden named Makaibari in Kurseong, Darjeeling, in 1995, a hailstorm devasted one part ofthe hills of the tea plantations of Makaibari Tea Estates. The hail stones lef t large patches onthe tea leaves. Surprise, surprise - the same injury marks were seen in the pray ing mantisbodies in qui te another area and unaffected by hai l and undisturbed part of this tea estate.The present owner of Makaibari Tea Estate, Mr Rajah Banerjee calls the mantis 'TEA DEVA'meaning tea diety. There was something happening not expla ined by science at least not allof it only, - that is biodiversity.

*The complete version of t he article Biodiversity and Plantatians in Bangladesh and Myanmar byNasim Anwar is available fo r consultation in the AFC resource centre.

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Pvrard de Laval, Voyages de Pyrard de Laval (1601-1611), p. 305-306.

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On coming eventsSlow food festival - 23 April 2011Festival de la restauration lenteAffiance francaise de C hittagong and partners: B ishaud B angIa, A sian U niversity forW o m e n, M erm aid C ateAF C organ izes a s low food fes t ival (res tau ra t ion len te) w ith the As ian U nive rs ity fo r W om e n,B is haud Bangia and Merm aid Cafe . The fes tiva l is coo rd inated by the Biod ivers ity club o fthe AF C. The objectives are to de fine a lis t recipes and item s from local and seasonalp roducts. The concept o f o rgan ic food, susta inable developm en t and carbon foo tpr in t w illbe one o f the m ain cr ite r ia to select the food item s dur ing th is par t ic ipat ive in it iat ive.The s low food concept has been fo rm u lated som e 20 years ago and has led to thered iscovery o f biod ive rs ity, ancien t recipes and healthy food habit . It is p ar ticu lar ly r elevan tin a biod ive rs ity r ich environm e nt such as Chittagong region .S cie ntif ic co ns ultan t: G eo rgia G uldan , (A UW).

Preambule...the s low food is m ade from ingred ien ts w hich m os t o f ten grew up at a s low path,... reached the p lace o f consum p t ion from the p lace o f p roduct ion at a s low path ...it is consum ed s low ly and chew ing is a dis t inct ive featu re o f the s low food par t isan .. .it is d iges ted s low ly and fu lly in o rde r to m ake the m os t ou t o f the nu tr it ious quality o f thefood.


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On coming eventsS ide effect to be consid ered o r expected(a par t f rom delicio us degus tat ion and per fect d iges t ion )* The re tu rn o f the banana le ave s o n the table s ...* The s low food lovers like gardens , f low e rs and the ir f ragrance, w alks in o rder to gather thenew ly blossom e d o r r ip e ite m in the ir envir o nmen t,* One o f the s ide effects o f the s low food fondness is a natu ral inc linat ion tow ards beautydeveloped through the con tem p lat ion o f vegetable , f ru i ts, bays, leaves and an im a l grow ingthrough the seasons and the d if fe re nt s tage s o f the ir lives .* In a s low food, there is food , so even if over consum p t ion is no t a d is t inct ive featu re o f s lowfo od lo ve rs , those one tend to like eat ing and to deve lop a cer ta in fondness fo r food w hich cantr an slate in en dles s adda abo ut the co m parat ive qualit ies o f cer ta in var ie ty o f f ru it , and all fo rm s(m u sica l, g ra ph ic e tc) o f e le gie s ch an ting the glo ry o f food. This fondness also open the doo rs toexper im e n tat io n an d o pen ness to n ew gas t ro no m ic ho rizo n,* The s low food lover , though he is found o f grand m a's recipes and very proud o f be ing fromw here he is and all that th is her itage s tu f f , is very pos t m o dern thanks to th is openness to newg as tr on om ic h or iz ons and also due to his aw a reness o f environm e ntal issues o f the 21 st cen tu r ywo r l d.* Replacing the pho to graphic m a ntra "C hees e .. .!" by "Chew ..." (m us t gen tle sm i le on the face)


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Slow food festivalThe Biodiversity Club of Alliance Franc;:aisede Chittagong organized the first ever slow-food festival of Bangladesh at its premises on 23rd April in collaboration with BishaudBangia and Asian University for Women headed by Prof. Georgia Guldan and BrendaKrantz. The students, teachers, Director and staff participated actively by bringingdifferent home-made slow-food items, i.e. seasonal, local and requiring the lowestinputs possible or with the lowest carbon footprint possible.Prof. Georgia Guldan gave a historical and scientific introduction to the slow-foodmovement which has spread over the world. The students of the differentnationalities of AUFW brought a special dish of each of their own country. Mr. AlamKorshed of Bishaud Bangia enthusiastically joined this programme bringing some fooditems and Mr. Nashim Anwar concluded the festival by offering everybody a cup oftea prepared by him. More than SO items were relished by the participants. Thefestival was highlighted in the important national dailies like the Daily Star. The codedress for the participant was very strict: deshi, which added to the colourful dressingof the feast and gave a village like outlook to the overall gathering. Everybody sat onthe small mat tasted the delicious food which was as colourful as the dresses. In aword the whole environment had a festive look and mood. This festival was areminder of the extreme wealth and variety of Bengali gastronomy.The success of this first edition of the slow-food festival in Bangladesh which wasrestricted to an exclusive audience is an encouragement to expand it to a wider publicfor the next time.


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