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2011 Michigan Debate Institutes Liu

1NCTEXT: The United States Federal Government should propose [the area of the plan] in the UnitedStates-China Strategic Economic Dialogue. The United States will consistently advocate bilateralcooperation over [the plan] in negotiations. The resulting bilateral negotiations should bereleased in a joint statement and implemented based on the conclusions of the United States-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue.

Cooperation is essential- S & ED can solveDai Bingguo, Chinese State Councilor, 5/10/2011, http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2011/05/162969.htmSTATE COUNCILOR DAI: (Via interpreter) Dear friends from the press, its a great pleasure to meet with you once again. The China-U.S.Strategic and Economic Dialogues have alreadycompleted its third round. For each and every round, we invite friends from themedia to come here to draw a successful conclusion, so Id like to thank you. This round of dialogue was held as President Hu Jintao paid a successful state

visit to the U.S. earlier this year. The two sides agreed to build a China-U.S. partnership based on mutual respect andmutual benefit. I want to tell you the following: First, on the strategic track, Secretary Clinton and I focused on the agreement of our two leaders andexchanged views on how to build a China-U.S cooperative partnership based on mutual respect and mutual benefit. We had in-depth and practical exchange

of views.Our dialogue covered many issues, including China-U.S. bilateral relations, major issues internationallyand regionally, and we had a good conversation. We agreed thatwe must act in accordance with the spirit of the China-U.S.

joint statements, work to increase our strategic mutual trust, enhance exchanges at higher levels, have closerdialogue on international and regional issues, and to further increase our people-to-people exchange. Weissued an outcome list of the strategic track which covered energy, environment, science, technology,

transport, forestry, and climate change cooperations. I said we had a good conversation, and I did not mean that we agreed on eachand every issue. However, after each round of dialogues, we successfully expanded our mutual understanding andincreased our mutual trust and enhanced our cooperation, and this has added to our confidence of furtherdeveloping our bilateral relations in the future. Secondly,both ofus agreed that we must increase our strategic mutualtrust and deepen our practical cooperation. The U.S. had reaffirmed that it welcomes a strong, successful, and aprosperous China that plays a greater role in international affairs, and it does not seek to contain China. Itrespects Chinas interests. And both sides reaffirmed their commitment to a peaceful the Chinese sidereaffirmed its commitment to the road of peaceful development, and will not challenge the United Statesinterests. A China-U.S. strategic security dialogue is a very important outcome of this dialogue. We agreed tohold this dialogue within the framework of the Strategic Dialogue, and held its first round of meeting this morning, and theChina-U.S. strategic securitydialogue will continue to be held in the future. We also talked about further deepeningour bilateral cooperation and fostering new areas of cooperation and make our the pie of our common interests

bigger and more tasteful. Thirdly, we agreed that we will work together in the Asia-Pacific region so that we can better coordinate with each other andbetter interact with each other in the Asia-Pacific. We agreed that Asia Pacific is broad enough to accommodate the interests of China and of the UnitedStates. We must work together in this region, work together with other countries in this region to uphold peace, stability in the Asia-Pacific and to promotethe sustained prosperity of the Asia-Pacific and achieve the common development of all countries in this region so that the Pacific Ocean will become apeaceful one. We agreed that we will set up a consultation mechanism for Asia-Pacific region. Fourthly, we both agree that we must work globally and

respond to international as well as domestic challenges. Recently, there have been new and important changes in the international situation. For Chinaand the United States as two influential countries, it is important that we have more consultation,coordination, and cooperation in order to promote and safeguard peace, stability, and the prosperity of the

world. I wish to tell the friends from the media that the Strategic and Economic Dialogue, since its inception, has played avery important role in enhancing our mutual trust, coordinating our position, and promoting our mutuallybeneficial cooperation. China is ready to work with the U.S. side to further grow and make good use of thisS&ED dialogue and mechanism so that it can better serve China-U.S. relations. On how to make use of this mechanism, Ithink we are open to the good suggestions and proposals from the friends of the media.

US-Sino cooperation in space necessary to avoid deterioration of relationsHuihua Liu, Doctor of the Institute of the International Relations, visiting scholar of Fairbank East Asia Institute of Harvard University, 12/3/2006,China-US Cooperationin a Transitional World, http://www.siis.org.cn/Sh_Yj_Cms/Mgz/200504/2008724233213458B.PDF

While applauding the successful launch of Shenzhou 6, thepeople of China should also keep in mind the challenges and problemsthey will face going forward in their own space program. For any country, space development is both expensiveand technically challenging and thus requires the steadfast determination of a countrys government and itspeople. Looking back on the space program of the United States, one can see the glory fading even of the nation which arguably has made the greatestachievements in history. The American public has lost interest in space development and its inspiration for the future.A democracy such as theUnited States needs clear, tangible and immediate reasons in order to galvanize the disparate political andeconomic interests required for a complex space program. For good or bad, reviving public support for space development in theUnited States might best be accomplished by once again instilling a sense of a space race that once pushed America and the Soviets to rapid and high

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2011 Michigan Debate Institutes Liuachievements in the 1950s and 1960s. Today, Russia is not a credible opponent as the United States does no longer considers it an aggressive strategicthreat. Comparatively speaking, China can potentially fill that role. China is more likely to muster the national will necessary for space development. Itssystem can still command the great social, economic and political resources required for a space program. But perhaps more importantly, China is able toavoid the pitfalls of short-sighted interests inherent in a democratic system and inspire long term vision required for a space program. As China continuesits development in space, it will gradually come into the U.S. orbit of strategic concern. Some people in the United States, especially in the Pentagon aresuspicious of Chinas interest and capabilities in space and are ready to make China a strategic opponent of the United States. Though this will notnecessarily lead to military tensions between the two countries, it can be assumed that Sino-U.S. political relations will suffer if the many delicate issuespertaining to space are not effectively dealt with. Chinas space program is still at an early stage, but as it evolves, it will inevitably change the Sino-U.S.strategic balance in space. China should anticipate this and, to the degree possible, take measures to mitigate it. A progress in Chinas science andengineering will surely narrow the gap with the United States in space technology and capability but that does not preclude cooperation between the twocountries. Given the overall climate of Sino-U.S. relations and the dual-use nature of space, default affects of capabilities in space on bilateral relations will

be deleterious.An active and positive attitude to cooperation will be necessary to avoid deterioration ofrelations.

China is willing to cooperate in space wants to prevent another ApolloSmith 10 (Marcia is the President of Space and Technology Policy Group. She was Director of the Space Studies Board and of the Aeronautics andSpace Engineering Board at the U.S. National Research Council. Before that she was a specialist in aerospace and telecommunications policy at theCongressional Research Service Global Economic Woes Mean More International Space Cooperation, Should Include China, Say International Space RepsOctober 16 http://www.spacepolicyonline.com/pages/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1174:global-economic-woes-mean-more-international-space-cooperation-should-include-china-say-international-space-reps&catid=91:news&Itemid=84) AKInternational cooperation will be essential to realizing future plans, they said, especiallyin human exploration. Mr. diLipkowski said that "None of us question the need for American leadership in space." In response to a question about China's role in future international

space activities, all four endorsed the idea. Mr. Kamimori pointed out that China is Japan's neighbor and they already haveestablished a cooperative relationship, especially through the Asia Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum (APRSAF), created in 1993 after the

1992 International Space Year. Mr. Diekmann added that ESA has had cooperative programs with China in space science andthat China participates in the International Space Exploration Coordination (ISEC) working group of countries discussing futurehuman space exploration. Mr. Drescher said that NASA Administrator Charlie Bolden's ongoing trip to China is an "important cornerstone tokeep stability and understand where we are." Mr. di Lipkowski added that China, with its population and economy, cannot beignored and "we have to bring them into the tent to see how we do things." The four were members of a panel organized by CSIS's Ashley Bander todiscuss "The Year Ahead in Space." All four praised the International Space Station (ISS), but emphasized that it is essential that the facility be put to gooduse now that so much has been spent on building it. Mr. Drescher and Mr. di Lipkowski warned that potential users may be lost because they do not want todeal with the layers of bureaucracy or lengthy time frames for getting an experiment on orbit. "We have to prove that this laboratory can deliver and not be awhite elephant," Mr. di Lipkowski asserted. Mr. Drescher added that "we have to rewrite" the book of "how to access ISS and give it to the scientists." Mr.Diekmann, however, said he would not "paint such a dark picture" of ISS utilization given that assembly has just been completed and a full crewcomplement only recently became available to conduct science experiments. ESA, he said, has a strong utilization plan and user community for ISS. As towhether ISS is a good model for future international space projects, Mr. di Lipkowski noted that the ISS cooperative framework was developed during theCold War and a new model will be needed for the current era of international relationships. Offering an impassioned defense of human spaceflight activities

he stressed that "We are living in terrible economic times. We can't do what Apollo did. My message is that we haveto cooperate." Ruing the fact that younger people today are not very interested in space activities even though it is one of the few sources of "positive"news, he emphasized that what is needed is new governance and export control models and a vision "or we will go nowhere." "We have to sell us, the spacecommunity, to the political community and not think that everything we do is marvelous and brilliant." He added that people need to understand that spaceis not expensive in the overall scheme of things, that in the United States, for example, NASA is only 0.6 percent of the federal budget. Mr. Diekmann saidthat space applications are the top priority in Europe exactly because the benefits are more visible to the public.

U.S.-Sino relations solves economic decline and is a prerequisite to solving every impact creates the foundation for global interestsCohen 9 (William S., Center for Strategic and International Studies, Smart Power in U.S.-China Relations,http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/090309_mcgiffert_uschinasmartpower_web.pdf [NT])

The evolution of Sino-U.S. relations over the next months, years, and decades has the potential to have agreater impact on global security and prosperity than any other bilateral or multilateral arrangement. In thissense, many analysts consider the US.-China diplomatic relationship to be the most influential in the world.

Without question, strong and stable U.S. alliances provide the foundation for the protection and promotion ofU.S. and global interests. Yet within that broad framework, the trajectory of U.S.-China relations will determine the success, or failure, of effortsto address the toughest global challenges: global financial stability, energy security and climate change, nonproliferation, and terrorism, among otherpressing issues. Shepherding that trajectory in the most constructive direction possible must therefore be a priority for Washington and Beijing.

Virtually no major global challenge can be met without U.S.-China cooperation. The uncertainty of thatfuture trajectory and the "strategic mistrust" between leaders in Washington and Beijing necessarily concerns many experts and policymakers in both

countries.Although some U.S. analysts see China as a strategic competitordeliberately vying with the UnitedStates for energy resources, military superiority, and international political influence alike analysis by theCenter for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) has generally found that China uses its soft power topursue its own, largely economic, international agenda primarily to achieve its domestic objectives of economicgrowth and social stability.1 Although Beijing certainly has an eye on Washington, not all of its actions are undertaken as a counterpoint to theUnited States. In addition, CSIS research suggests that growing Chinese soft power in developing countries may have influenced recent U.S. decisions toengage more actively and reinvest in soft-power tools that have atrophied during the past decade. To the extent that there exists a competition between theUnited States and China, therefore, it may be mobilizing both countries to strengthen their ability to solve global problems. To be sure, U.S. and Chinesepolicy decisions toward the respective other power will be determined in large part by the choices that leaders make about their own nations interests at


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2011 Michigan Debate Institutes Liuhome and overseas, which in turn are shaped by their respective domestic contexts. Both parties must recognizeand acceptthat the other will pursue aforeign policy approach that is in its own national interest. Yet, in a globalized world, challenges are increasingly transnational, and so too must be theirsolutions. As demonstrated by the rapid spread of SARS from China in 2003, pandemic flu can be spread rapidly through air and via international travel.

Dust particulates from Asia settle in Lake Tahoe. An economic downturn in one country can and does trigger an economicslowdown in another. These challenges can no longer be addressed by either containment or isolation. Whatconstitutes the national interest today necessarily encompasses a broader and more complex set ofconsiderations than it did in the past As a general principle, the United States seeks to promote its national interest while it simultaneouslypursues what the CSIS Commission on Smart Power called in its November 2007 report the "global good."3 This approach is not always practical orachievable, of course. But neither is it pure benevolence. Instead, a strategic pursuit of the global good accrues concrete benefits for the United States (and

others) in the form of building confidence, legitimacy, and political influence in key countries and regions around the world in ways that enable the UnitedStates to better confront global and transnational challenges. In short, the global good comprises those things that all people and governments want but

have traditionally not been able to attain in the absence of U.S. leadership. Despite historical, cultural, and political differencesbetween the United States and China, Beijing's newfound ability, owing to its recent economic successes, tocontribute to the global good is a matter for common ground between the two countries. Today there isincreasing recognition that no major global challenge can be addressed effectively, much less resolved, withoutthe active engagement ofand cooperation betweenthe United States and China. The United States andChinathe worlds first- and third-largest economiesare inextricably linked, a fact made ever more evident inthe midst of the current global financial crisis.


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--XT: SED Mech KeyThe S & ED is the best mechanism for bilateral cooperationHilaryRodham Clinton, Secretary of State, 5/10/2011, http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2011/05/162969.htmSECRETARY CLINTON: Good afternoon. I want to begin by thanking our Chinese colleagues, led by Vice Premier Wang and State Councilor Dai and the

entire Chinese delegation for a productive and comprehensive dialogue between us. And I also, along with Secretary Geithner, want to thankeveryone on the American side, not just those from the State Department or Treasury but indeed from across our government. Theunprecedentedlevel of involvement and the extraordinary workthat has taken place since our last S&ED in Beijing was trulyimpressive. The Strategic and Economic Dialogue continues to grow broader and deeper. It reflects the

complexity and the importance of our bilateral relationship. Andwe have covered a lot of ground together, and Imhappy to reportwe have made a lot of progress. The list of agreements and understandings reached is quite long.Wehave seen concrete progress on a wide range of shared challenges, from the energy and environment tointernational trade and security. For example, there is now a new partnership that will bring U.S. and Chinese companies and universitiestogether. Those which are developing innovative environmental technologies will nowbeworkingbi-nationallyand with localgovernments and NGOs to promote sustainable development projects such as next generation batteries for electric cars, and newclean air and water initiatives. Already, Tulane University in New Orleans and East China Normal University are collaborating to improve the conservationof wetlands, and we have seen many other examples.

The S & ED is a vital forum for cooperation between the US and ChinaHilaryRodham Clinton, Secretary of State, 5/10/2011, http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2011/05/162969.htmJust as important, although perhaps even harder to quantify, are the habits of cooperation and mutual respect that weve formedthrough these discussions.We believe that to keep our relationship on a positive path, as foreseen by Presidents

Obama and Hu, the United States and China have to be honest about our differences and address them firmlyand forthrightly. At the same time,we are working together to expand the areas where we cooperate and narrow theareas where we diverge. Andwe are building up a lot more understanding and trust. So we discussed everything, andwhether it was something that was sensitive to us or sensitive to them, all the difficult issues, including human rights. And we both have made our concerns

very clear to the other.We had candid discussions on some of our most persistent challenges, from addressing North Korea andIran to rebalancing the global economy.We agreed on the importance ofcooperating in Afghanistan to advance common goalsof political stability and economic renewal.We established a new U.S.-China consultation on the Asia-Pacific region,where weshare a wide range of common interests and challenges .And for the first time in these dialogues, senior militaryand defense leaders from both sides sat down face to face in an effort to further our understanding, to developtrust, and avoid misunderstandings that can lead to dangerous miscalculations. This new strategic securitydialogue is a very important step forward, and we thinkit will add immeasurably to our bilateral relationship.

S & ED is the best way to approach bilateral cooperationWang Qishan, Chinese Vice Premier , 5/10/2011, http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2011/05/162969.htmVICE PREMIER WANG: (Via interpreter) Dear friends from the press, under the guidance of President Hu Jintao and President Obama and thanks to the

joint endeavor of the both sides, the third round of China-U.S. Strategic and Economic Dialogues has been a great success.The essential missionof our economic dialogue is to implement the important agreement reached between the two presidents duringPresident Hu Jintaos recent state visit to the United States this past Januaryand to implement the building ofChina-U.S. comprehensive and mutually beneficial economic partnership.We had in-depth discussions of ouroverarching strategic and long-term issues in bilateral economic cooperation, and arranged a host of win-winoutcomes. Particularly, Secretary Geithner and I signed a China-U.S. comprehensive framework promoting strong,sustainable, and balanced economic growth and economic cooperation. Under the framework, the twocountries will carry out an expanded, closer, and a more extensive economic cooperation. We agree that in todaysextremely complex economic environment, our two nations should further step up macroeconomic policy coordination andcommunication, and contribute to steady and sound economic growth in both countries.

The S & ED provides an effective forum for bilateral negotiations and cooperationU.S. Department of the Treasury, 5/11/2011, U.S. - China Strategic and Economic Dialogue,http://www.treasury.gov/initiatives/Pages/china.aspx

The U.S.-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue was established by President Obama and Chinese PresidentHu in April 2009 and represents the highest-level bilateral forum to discuss a broad range of issues betweenthe two nations. The Dialogue is an essential step in advancing a positive, constructive, and comprehensiverelationship between the two countries. Treasury Secretary Tim Geithner and Secretary of State HillaryRodham Clinton, as special representatives of President Obama, and Vice Premier Wang Qishan and StateCouncilor Dai Bingguo, as special representatives of President Hu, co-chair the Dialogue, which includesStrategic and Economic tracks and takes place annually in alternating capitals.


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***Say Yes


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generic 1ncChina looking for cooperation over space policy- US should take the opportunityDr. James ClayMoltz, Naval Postgraduate School, 5/11/2011, Chinas Space Technology: International Dynamics and Implications for the UnitedStates, For the hearing of theU.S.China Economic and Security Review Commission on: The Implications of Chinas Military and Civil Space Programs,U.S. Capitol Building, http://www.uscc.gov/hearings/2011hearings/written_testimonies/11_05_11_wrt/11_05_11_moltz_testimony.pdf KC

As secondgeneration space actors,Asian space programs have also differed in their development from the superpowersspace programs in the much larger degree of international cooperation involved in their formation : includingpurchases of technology and joint activities with outside partners. U.S.Soviet space technological developments, by contrast, took place much more

autonomously. Space cooperation by Asian countries with other programs has been extensive and consistent, asstates have reached out to foreign partners and have attempted to carry out typical latedeveloping import substitution strategies seen inother industrial fields (such as shipbuilding, electronics, and automobiles). Unlike during the Cold War, space technology is now widely available on theinternational market due to forces of globalization and the presence of advanced producers (Russia, France, Britain, Italy, Israel, and others) willing to sell.

On the other side of the equation, China is now exporting space technology and serving as a trainer for developingcountries interested in space. In fact, China has set up specific organizations to facilitate its cooperation withother space programs both within Asia and beyond. China wants to be perceived as a space leader and to build lastingrelationships with developing countries. For these reasons, viewing Chinas space program solely from theperspective of its military activities is misleading. While China is active in the military sector and is seeking to check current U.S.advantages in this area, Chinas challenge to the United States in space may eventually be equally significant in the civil space sector, where Chinasexpanding infrastructure, growing cadre of space scientists and engineers, and active international outreach puts it in a favorable position for longtermcompetition. But China still lags behind the United States and suffers from some serious, structural weaknesses in regard to space: bureaucratic overhang, alack of capable space allies, and tepid receptivity to its efforts at international leadership. Unfortunately, the United States has failed to exercise itsadvantages in some of these fields. The international space environment is changing, yet Washington has too often fallen back into Cold War patterns,which are ineffectual in the todays expanded space marketplace. The new National Space Policy and National Security Space Strategy have outlined

important new directions, but specific steps are now needed to implement them in regard to China and, as importantly, with U.S. allies and friends in theregion. Such combined policies would assist in the development of U.S. markets and increase U.S. space security.My testimony examines howChina reached to its current position in space, how it is currently organized for space technologycooperation, and howsmarter U.S. policies ofboth competition and cooperation could better serve U.S. interests.


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human exploration

China wants to cooperate on space policy particularly human explorationSmith 10 (Marcia is the President of Space and Technology Policy Group. She was Director of the Space Studies Board and of the Aeronautics andSpace Engineering Board at the U.S. National Research Council. Before that she was a specialist in aerospace and telecommunications policy at theCongressional Research Service Global Economic Woes Mean More International Space Cooperation, Should Include China, Say International Space RepsOctober 16 http://www.spacepolicyonline.com/pages/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1174:global-economic-woes-mean-more-international-space-cooperation-should-include-china-say-international-space-reps&catid=91:news&Itemid=84) AKInternational cooperation will be essential to realizing future plans, they said, especiallyin human exploration. Mr. di

Lipkowski said that "None of us question the need for American leadership in space." In response to a question about China's role in future internationalspace activities, all four endorsed the idea. Mr. Kamimori pointed out that China is Japan's neighbor and they already haveestablished a cooperative relationship, especially through the Asia Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum (APRSAF), created in 1993 after the1992 International Space Year. Mr. Diekmann added that ESA has had cooperative programs with China in space science andthat China participates in the International Space Exploration Coordination (ISEC) working group of countries discussing futurehuman space exploration. Mr. Drescher said that NASA Administrator Charlie Bolden's ongoing trip to China is an "important cornerstone tokeep stability and understand where we are." Mr. di Lipkowski added that China, with its population and economy, cannot beignored and "we have to bring them into the tent to see how we do things." The four were members of a panel organized by CSIS's Ashley Bander todiscuss "The Year Ahead in Space." All four praised the International Space Station (ISS), but emphasized that it is essential that the facility be put to gooduse now that so much has been spent on building it. Mr. Drescher and Mr. di Lipkowski warned that potential users may be lost because they do not want todeal with the layers of bureaucracy or lengthy time frames for getting an experiment on orbit. "We have to prove that this laboratory can deliver and not be awhite elephant," Mr. di Lipkowski asserted. Mr. Drescher added that "we have to rewrite" the book of "how to access ISS and give it to the scientists." Mr.Diekmann, however, said he would not "paint such a dark picture" of ISS utilization given that assembly has just been completed and a full crewcomplement only recently became available to conduct science experiments. ESA, he said, has a strong utilization plan and user community for ISS. As to

whether ISS is a good model for future international space projects, Mr. di Lipkowski noted that the ISS cooperative framework was developed during theCold War and a new model will be needed for the current era of international relationships. Offering an impassioned defense of human spaceflight activities

he stressed that "We are living in terrible economic times. We can't do what Apollo did. My message is that we haveto cooperate." Ruing the fact that younger people today are not very interested in space activities even though it is one of the few sources of "positive"news, he emphasized that what is needed is new governance and export control models and a vision "or we will go nowhere." "We have to sell us, the spacecommunity, to the political community and not think that everything we do is marvelous and brilliant." He added that people need to understand that spaceis not expensive in the overall scheme of things, that in the United States, for example, NASA is only 0.6 percent of the federal budget. Mr. Diekmann saidthat space applications are the top priority in Europe exactly because the benefits are more visible to the public


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lunar miningChina interested in lunar mining- bilateral cooperation key to US leadershipLou Friedman, 2/14/2011, American Leadership, http://www.thespacereview.com/article/1778/1American leadership in space is much more desired that resentedexcept when it gets used unilaterally, as in thepast Administrations call for dominance in cislunar space. Asian countries (China, Japan, India) are especially interested in lunarlandings; Western countries, including the US, much less so. However, cooperating with Asian countries in lunar science andutilization would be both a sign of American leadership and of practical benefit to US national interests. Apollo 11astronaut Buzz Aldrin has been a leader advocating such cooperation. At the same time American leadership can be extended byleading spacefaring nations into the solar system with robotic and human expeditions to other worlds

China wants to engage in lunar mining for resources-will agree to cooperate to benefit humanityAFP 02 (May 19, China plans base on moon to mine resources: report, http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/685721/posts) BRChina, which is pushing ahead with a fledgling space program, plans to establish a base on the moon in order to exploit itsmineral resources, state media reported Sunday. "Our long-term goal is to set up a base on the moon and mine its richesfor the benefit of humanity," the Beijing Morning Post said, citing Ouyang Ziyuan, an official with the Chinese space program. The paper saidChina has adopted a three-step plan that will eventually make it possible to fly to the moon. China first wants toput an astronaut in space, then establish a space laboratory, and eventually set up a space station , the paper said. Thepaper quoted Wang Zhuangyin, a leading space-program engineer, as saying China would probably be able to achieve manned space flight by 2005. This ismore pessimistic than reports in the Chinese media earlier this year which suggested it would be possible within the next two years. Wang told the paperthat China currently has 12 trained astronauts "awaiting orders." If successful, China will become the third country after the former Soviet Union and the

United States to put a human into space. China earlier this year launched its third successful unmanned test flight. The Shenzhou III, or "Divine Vessel III,"traveled 108 times around the earth on a flight that ended April 1. Western diplomats in Beijing say China's space efforts are mainlysymbolic and aimed at raising awareness of science and technology among its 1.3 billion citizens, whileinvoking nationalistic pride. But the program also offers significant scientific and technological advances toChinese scientists. In addition, it provides the military -- the main administrator of the space program -- with arange of space-based applications, they said.

China wants to mine the moon without creating a space race with the U.SSPACE POLITICS 05 (September 27, Waving the Red Flag,http://www.spacepolitics.com/2005/09/27/waving-the-red-flag/) BRCongressman Ken Calvert (R-CA), chair of the space subcommittee ofthe House Science Committee, is unsatisfied with onecomponent of the new NASA lunar exploration plan: he thinks a manned landing on 2018 will be too late. Toolate for what? He tells Aerospace Daily that he believes that China will land humans on the Moon before then: Ive been talking to a

number of people that are much more knowledgeable about that than I am, [about] some things that maybe are still classified, but they believe that theChinese are probably on the mark to get there sooner , he told the publication. Obviously,were not privy to the possibly-classified information that Calvert has apparentlyseen, but what is known suggests that while China may be interested inmanned lunar missions, their schedule is not that aggressive. After all, next months Shenzhou 6 missiona five-day, two-manflightcomes two years, almost to the day, after Shenzhou 5: hardly the sign of a program racing to the Moon . At last weeksInternational Lunar Conference in Toronto, Chinese representatives said their unmanned Change lunar exploration program remained on its relativelyslow schedule: a lunar orbiter to launch in 2007, a lander around 2012, and a sample return mission by around the end of the next decade. Calvertscomments sound something like what former Congressman Robert Walker said a couple years ago, when a Japanese parliamentariana European in

another version of the storyclaimed that China would land men on the Moon in three to four years. Ooops. Moreover, as I haveargued in the past, a space race between the US and China (or anyone else, for that matter), is hardly a recipe for anaffordable, sustainable space exploration effort.
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/685721/postshttp://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/685721/postshttp://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/685721/postshttp://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/685721/posts


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2011 Michigan Debate Institutes LiuChina loves lunar miningHayes 7-10 (Jeffrey, Chinese Space Program, 2011, Text Sources: New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, Times of London, NationalGeographic, The New Yorker, Time, Newsweek, Reuters, AP, Lonely Planet Guides, Comptons Encyclopedia and various books and other publications,http://factsanddetails.com/china.php?itemid=385&catid=10&subcatid=67#3351 ) BR

Chinese Lunar Projects: Chinese have long has a fascination with the moon. When the United States gave Beijing a one gram lunarrock in 1978 half of it was given to scientists who broke it up further and carefully studied it, producing 40 scientific papers. In October 2007, Chinalaunched its first probe to the moon. Named Change I after a legendary Chinese goddess who flew to the moon, the probe orbited 200 kilometers above thelunar surface, scanning its surface with advanced cameras and x-ray spectrometers and sending pictures back to earth for a year. Its mission was study themoons surface and scout out landing sites, before it crashed to the lunar surface in 2009. In October 2010, China launched its second lunar probeChang2. The plan was for it to fly as close as 15 kilometers to the lunar surface and was seen a crucial step in Chinas goal for an unmanned lunar landing in 2013.

It has more sophisticated instruments than Chang 1. The Chinese were inspired U.S. President Kennedys goal to send a manto the moon and are well versed with the Apollo program. The launch of the moon probe came a month after Japan launched its ownlunar probe and was seen as escalation of Asias undeclared space race which also includes India which plans to launch a lunar probe in April 2008. China

opened a lunar exploration center in 2005. It has a plan of launching three unmanned missions to the moon: a lunarorbiter, launched in 2007, a lunar probe on the surface of the moon and rover that can collect samples and

bring them back to earth. The rover mission is slated for 2012. A devise designed to bring back soil samplesback to earth is scheduled for 2017. A moon walk is scheduled in 2024. On the plan to build a moon base andextract lunar minerals one official said. Our long-term goal is to set up a base on the moon and mine its richesfor the benefit of humanity.One of the aims of Chinas lunar missions is to explore the possibility of mininghelium 3, a nonradioactive isotope that could be used to produce abundant energy through nuclear fusion. Lunar soil contains over 1 million tons ofhelium 3, which is emitted by the sun in solar wind and is deflected from the earth by its magnetic field but is absorbed by the lunar surface because themoon has no magnetic field. By one estimate 40 tons of helium 3 would be enough to meet the electrical needs of the United States for one year. Thetechnology for such a practical fusion and lunar mining are still decades away.
http://factsanddetails.com/china.php?itemid=385&catid=10&subcatid=67#3351http://factsanddetails.com/china.php?itemid=385&catid=10&subcatid=67#3351


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spsChina will say yes- it lacks the capabilities to develop SPS and only SPS can prevent an energycrisis that collapses Chinas economyDinerman 07(Taylor Dinerman is an author and journalist based in New York City. China, the US, and space solar power The Space ReviewOctober 22 http://www.thespacereview.com/article/985/1)AK

Now that the National Security Space Offices (NSSO) space solar power study has been released and shows that the technologyis well withinAmericas grasp, a set of decisions have to be made concerning how the US government should proceed. The idea that the government should fund aseries of demonstration projects, as the study recommends, is a good place to start. Another aspect should be to study the impact that this technology will

have on the political and economic future of the world. The biggest factor in world affairs in the next twenty or so years is the rise of China totrue great power status. Leaving aside the political vulnerabilities inherent in any communist regime, the greatest danger to Chinas futureprosperity is its huge need for energy, especially electricity. According to an International Energy Agency estimate, demand for electricity inChina will grow at an average annual rate of 4.8% from 2003 and 2025. China is already experiencing shortages. The Yangtze Delta region,which includes Shanghai and the provinces of Jiangsu and Zhijiang and contributes almost 20% of Chinas GDP, faced capacity shortages of four to five

gigawatts during peak summer demand in 2003. In spite of a furious effort to develop new power sources, including dambuilding and new coal-fired power plants, Chinas economic growth is outstripping its capacity to generate theterawatts needed to keep it going. While China may turn to widespread use of nuclear power plants, the Communist Party leadership iscertainly aware of the role that glasnostand the Chernobyl disaster played in the downfall of another Communist superpower. Thus, China may bereluctant to relyheavilyon nuclear power plants, at least not without strong safety measures, thus making them more expensive and moretime consuming to build.Wind power and terrestrial solar power will not be able to contribute much to meetingChinas demand and certainly not without government subsidies which a relatively poor nation such as China will be reluctant to provide.At somepoint within the next twenty or thirty years China will face an energy crisis for which it will be almost certainly unprepared.The crisis may come sooner if, due to a combination of internal and external pressures, the Chinese are forced to limit the use of coal and similar fuels.Atthat point their economic growth would stall and they would face a massive recession. Only a new source ofelectrical energy will insure that such a nightmare never happens . The global repercussions would be disastrous. In the near termthe only new source of electric powerthat can hope to generate enough clean energy to satisfy China s mid- to long-term needs isspace based solar power. The capital costs for such systems are gigantic, but when compared with both future power demands andconsidering the less-than-peaceful alternative scenarios, space solar power looks like a bargain. For the US this means that in the future, sayaround 2025, the ability of private US or multinational firms to offer China a reliable supply ofbeamed electricityat a competitivepricewould allow China to continue its economic growth and emergence as part of a peaceful world power structure. China would haveto build the receiver antennas (rectennas) and connect them to its national grid, but this would be fairly easy for them, especially when compared to what asimilar project would take in the US or Europe when the NIMBY (Not In My Back Yard) factor adds to the time and expense of almost any new project.Experiments have demonstrated, at least on a small scale, that such receivers are safe and that cows and crops can coexist with them. However, there arepersistent doubts and it would be wise to plan for a world in which rectenna placement on land will be as politically hard as putting up a new wind farm oreven a nuclear power plant. China, like its neighbors Japan and Korea, has a land shortage problem. This may seem odd when one looks at a map, but the

highly productive industrial regions of China are confined to a limited coastal area. These areas also overlap with some of the nations most fertileagricultural lands. Conflicts caused by hard choices between land use for factories and housing and for food production are now common. Building therectennas at sea would help alleviate some of these disputes. China and its neighbors could compete to see who could build the most robust and cost-effective sea-based rectennas. They would also be able to export these large systems: a system that can survive the typhoons in the South China Sea can also

handle the monsoons of the Bay of Bengal or the hurricanes of the Caribbean. In spite ofthe major advances that China has made indeveloping its own space technology, it will be many years before they can realistically contemplate building theoff-Earth elements ofasolar power satellite, let alone a lunar-based system. Even if NASA administrator Mike Griffin is right and they do manageto land on the Moon before the US gets back there in 2020, building a permanent base and a solar panel manufacturing facility up there is beyond what canreasonably be anticipated.
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space key**US-China space cooperation imperativeAlanna Krolikowski, Visiting scholar, Space Policy Institute, The George Washington University PhD candidate, University of Toronto, 5/11/2011,Chinas Civil and Commercial Space Activities and their Implications, http://www.gwu.edu/~spi/assets/docs/11_05_11_krolikowski_testimony.

China is one of very few countries where space budgets are stable and might grow. That makes it an importantpotential partner for large future missions and, possibly, a costly one to exclude. The Chinese market forspace-related products is also large and growing, and may develop in a way that excludes U.S. participantsmore effectively than it would if the bilateral relationship were more robust on space issues. Cooperation,

especially on technical projects, creates an opportunity to engage Chinas emerging space policy community ata pivotal time. Space is a highly technical policymaking area in which leaders are likely to rely on the input ofspecialists, especially scientific and technical personnel who work in the sector. There is growing awareness within Chinathat a more systematic and institutionalized process for channelling space expert advice to decision makers is needed. A community of space experts able toplay this policy role is coalescing. So far, however, this community remains nationally focused with relatively little exposure to international ideas andperspectives and with an uncertain grasp of evolving U.S. space policy and interests and of trends in the space environment. At the same time, the Chinesespace program is entering a phase during which the demand for this communitys expertise will grow, as major space policy decisions present themselves.For example, political leaders will have before them a choice about whether and how China should send taikonauts to the Moon, and whether it should do so

alone. The impact of the space policy community on policy outcomes is likely to grow as such questions arise.Engaging this nascent community in dialogue and introducing it to more international perspectives and newideas could serve U.S. interests. Developing long-term relationships with these space professionals could alsoprovide the United States with additional points of contact and channels of communication into the Chinesespace system, both of which could prove valuable in a crisis.

***Solvency


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cooperation = importantU.S. must cooperate with China if it wants to keep its eye on spaceBrown 10 (Peter J., Aasia Times, Obama doesnt hand China the moon http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/LB12Ad02.html, 2-12-2010 [NT])China has its space partners too, but most of these countries are leaving their doors open and remaining quitefriendly to other space-faring nations for obvious reasons. US conservatives seem eager to portray the situationin a dark light as if China as about to stage a space coup with a compliant Russia in its corner. This attitude,and the notion that Obama's decision undermines national security and that long established safety measuresare about to be compromised need to be put aside. "The Chinese certainly are working on a full spectrum ofspace capabilities. The US has chosen in the past to focus on the military aspects of space rather thanexploration, and on competition rather than cooperation," said Johnson-Freese. "TheObama administration has realistically tried to deal with goals and the budget - developing a strategy wherethose are aligned - and where cooperation has a role as well as competition. The US can still 'lead' in space. Itsspace budget still exceeds those of other countries. The US simply has faced the realities of the budget, and of aglobalized world where countries have little choice other than to work together, or be excluded."


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genericChina-US cooperation mutually beneficial solves the affHuihua Liu, Doctor of the Institute of the International Relations, visiting scholar of Fairbank East Asia Institute of Harvard University, 12/3/2006,China-US Cooperationin a Transitional World, http://www.siis.org.cn/Sh_Yj_Cms/Mgz/200504/2008724233213458B.PDF

China alsobenefited a lot from the improvement of relations with US . The most important was to open up its diplomatic prospectcomprehensively,building a veryfavorable international environment for Chinas reform and opening up since the year of 1979and making strategy of development possible that China participated in the globalization of the world economy in all dimensions. In the past 25 years, the

annual average increase of Chinas GDP is 9.4%, China has become the 6 th economic entity in the world and the 3 rd trade power. The high-speeddevelopment of Chinas economy not only injected energy into the world economy, but also offer manycountries opportunities and benefits, US especially benefited a lot from it. Greenspan stressed it on many occasions in hisspeech and testimony at the Congress. China purchased Americas government bond with 70% of its 670 billion US$ foreign exchange reserve, popping upthe prosperity of US real estate market. The huge amount of capital flowing back from China helped US economy softly land in 2000 when it was in drasticrecession. Chinas commodities of inexpensive but of fine quality also contributed a lot to Americas maintenance of a fine economic environment with low

inflation.The history of 15 years after the Cold War witnessed that China-US cooperation could not only ensurevictory from victory at the battlefields, but also ensure the mutual benefits, win-win and common prosperity inthe economic development.


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arms raceUS-China cooperation in space key to protect space assets and prevent an arms raceHui Zhang, 3/2008, Russian and Chinese Responses to U.S. Military Plans in Space, Chapter 2 Chinese Perspectives on Space Weapons,http://www.amacad.org/hui3.pdfA number of U.S. analysts have suggested that it would be safer for the United States to maintain outer space as a sanctuary free of strike weapons. 147

Chinas opposition to the deployment of weapons in space has been detailed above. If the United States wants toreduce the potential vulnerability of its space assets, there are a number of ways to do so. However,

weaponizing space can only worsen space security.As Chinese Ambassador Hu emphasized recently, for ensuring

security in outer space, political and legal approaches can still be effective, while resorting to force and thedevelopment of space weapons will only be counter-productive. 148 In this section, I examine a number of measures that wouldprotect the broad range of scientific, commercial, and military activities in space, and begin to satisfy both Chinas concerns and those of the United States.

What rules of the road might help to prevent misunderstandings and the inadvertent escalation of conflict in space?How might existing treaties governing the use of space be amended? What kinds of comprehensive agreements are

worth discussing? In the context of a comprehensive agreement, what missile defense and space deployments would need to beprohibited?


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costs/trustCooperation with China prevents mistrust and lowers costs benefits outweighs competitionJeffreyLogan, Specialist in Energy Policy- Resources, Science, and Industry Division, CRS Report for Congress, Chinas Space Program: Options forU.S.-China Cooperation, 9/29/2008, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS22777.pdfBenefits of Cooperating with China. The potentialbenefits of expanded cooperation and dialogue with China include: !Improved transparency. Regular meetings could help the two nations understand each others intentionsmore clearly. Currently, there is mutual uncertainty and mistrust over space goals, resulting in the need for

worst-case planning. ! Offsetting the need for Chinas unilateral development. Collaborating with China instead ofisolating it may keep the country dependent on U.S. technology rather than forcing it to develop technologiesalone. This can give the United States leverage in other areas of the relationship. ! Cost savings. China now hasthe economic standing to support joint space cooperation. Cost-sharing of joint projects could help NASAachieve its challenging work load in the near future. Some have argued that U.S. space commerce has sufferedfrom the attempt to isolate China while doing little to keep sensitive technology out of China.


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space securityUS-China cooperation in space is the best way to maintain leadership and securityDr. James ClayMoltz, Naval Postgraduate School, 5/11/2011, Chinas Space Technology: International Dynamics and Implications for the UnitedStates, For the hearing of the U.S.China Economic and Security Review Commission on: The Implications of Chinas Military and Civil Space Programs,U.S. Capitol Building, http://www.uscc.gov/hearings/2011hearings/written_testimonies/11_05_11_wrt/11_05_11_moltz_testimony.pdf KC

Supporters of the current freeze in U.S. Chinese space relations argue that Washington is sending a signal toBeijing about its deplorable human rights record and is also limiting Chinas ability to develop advanced space systems.Unfortunately, while wellintended, current U.S. policy is ineffective sends a weak and off target signal. Unless the

United States is also willing to halt U.S. investment in Chinese manufacturing, cut off Chinese access to theU.S. export market, and find a new client for U.S. debt, holding space cooperation hostage will have nosignificant impact on China, except pushing it to cooperate with others. In addition, it puts the United States in theodd position of promoting protectionism in space and adopting a defensive strategy, when opening marketsand reducing U.S. export barriers instead would strengthen the U.S. space industry and promote Americansecurity through greater engagement with the region. Efforts to keep China off of the International SpaceStation (ISS), for example, have only strengthened Chinas resolve to build its own space stations. Former NASA

Administrator Michael Griffin, notably, argues that failing to work with China may cause the United States to beleft behind in new international missions, particularly given the fact that current NASA funding will not sustaina unilateral return mission to the Moon, much less continue shouldering of the lions share of the ISS budget. Astep by step process to begin space science cooperation and (if successful) allow gradual Chinese participation on the ISS (first via jointresearch, then a taikonaut visit, then a possible module)would make more sense: reducing U.S. costs and increasing U.S.

knowledge about Chinese space activities. Similarly, U.S. legislation and ITAR restrictions barring U.S. space technology from beinglaunched aboard Chinese boosters have harmed U.S. satellite sales worldwide, leading to the production of ITARfree satellites and causing erstwhile clientsto turn to other suppliers to avoid U.S. red tape. The 1999 shift in U.S. policy aimed mainly at addressing national security concerns. But it was an overlyblunt instrument, taking up all space technologies rather than only those that cannot be found on the international market. China (like other countries) iscertainly interested in acquiring U.S. space technology, yet it is important to point out that the Loral and Hughes investigations in the 1990s did not involveillicit Chinese access to U.S. commercial satellites. The problem instead involved improper meetings by U.S. company officials with the Chinese. Thus, thelogical solution is not to ban all U.S. Chinese space contacts, but instead to ensure that U.S. companies observe export control regulations in their meetings.Fortunately, U.S. companies have ample incentive to protect what is actually inside their satellites, as they do with Russia and other countries. Supporters ocurrent restrictions also argue that the policy helps protect U.S. space launchers. Indeed, highly inflated costs for U.S. boosters have supported a few U.S.companies. But they have also hurt the U.S. space industry overall by reducing timely and affordable access to space. Fortunately, thanks to recentdevelopments by such U.S. companies as SpaceX (with its Falcon 1 and 9 boosters), the U.S. launch services sector is becoming competitive on theinternational marketplace without the need to fall back on protectionism. A stronger U.S. policy would focus instead on lowering global barriers to spacecompetition and reducing subsidies by European producers. As a condition for opening the American market to Chinese launchers, the United States shouldinsist that China open its domestic market to U.S. satellite producers for onorbit services. The United States fought and won this battle with Japan in thelate 1980s and should now use the World Trade Organization and other mechanisms to win this case with China, India, and other countries with closedspace markets. But enhanced U.S.Chinese space cooperation cannot occur without stabilization of the security relationship with China in regard to space. Inthis area, it is encouraging that bilateral militarytomilitary talks are likely to begin soon to discuss parameters for improved space security in the context of

the new strategic dialogue with Beijing. It as yet unclear what direction these talks will take, or what initiatives might be possible. Chinese militaryreceptivity and transparencynot seen in recent yearswill be necessary to move this dialogue forward. However, if China shows a willingness to respond,the United States should be ready with concrete ideas aimed at creating a framework for more responsible Chinesebehavior and mutually beneficial cooperation. Actions by the Nixon administration in the early 1970s established mutually beneficial normswith the Soviet Union under far more difficult circumstances.At a minimum, measures with China should include similar mutualpledges of non interference with national technical means of verification, as well as early warning satellites. Inaddition, given Chinas 2007 ASAT test, it would be beneficial to exchange joint statements rejecting debris producingevents involving orbital objects, particularly those above 150 miles in altitude. Finally, getting China to agree to regular (at leastannual) consultations on space security would improve U.S. knowledge of Chinese military programs and createthe mechanisms for the prevention of dangerous activities. All of these mechanisms are in U.S. nationalinterests.

Cooperation key to peace- empirical proofHui Zhang, 3/2008, Russian and Chinese Responses to U.S. Military Plans in Space, Chapter 2 Chinese Perspectives on Space Weapons,http://www.amacad.org/hui3.pdf

If Washington wants to reduce the potential vulnerability of its space assets, there are a number of ways toimprove space security, including satellite hardening, accepting modest rules of the road, and agreeing to more comprehensivearms control measures.Weaponizing space can only erode space security, which is in no ones interest.China

believes that the most effective way to secure space assets is to agree to an international ban on spaceweaponization. In recent years, the UN General Assembly has adopted resolutions calling for the CD to start a negotiation on PAROS by anoverwhelming majority. Washington has opposed these resolutions. If the history of nuclear weapons tells us anything, it is that

banning the testing and deployment of weapons from the outset is much more effective than attemptingdisarmament and non-proliferation after the fact. Outer space is the common property of mankind. The


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2011 Michigan Debate Institutes Liuinternational community should take action now to prevent a space arms race and to ensure the continuedpeaceful use of outer space.

US-China space cooperation key for space securityDr. James ClayMoltz, Naval Postgraduate School, 5/11/2011, Chinas Space Technology: International Dynamics and Implications for the UnitedStates, For the hearing of the U.S.China Economic and Security Review Commission on: The Implications of Chinas Military and Civil Space Programs,U.S. Capitol Building, http://www.uscc.gov/hearings/2011hearings/written_testimonies/11_05_11_wrt/11_05_11_moltz_testimony.pdf KC

Understanding Chinas space program and moving the U.S. Chinese space relationship in a more favorable

direction is critical to furthering U.S. interests in space. It is also essential for promoting the broader conditionsof safety and stability in the orbital environment that are needed for the successful development and use of U.S.scientific, commercial, and military space assets.

US-China cooperation good- mutually beneficial and ensures global peaceHuihua Liu, Doctor of the Institute of the International Relations, visiting scholar of Fairbank East Asia Institute of Harvard University, 12/3/2006,China-US Cooperation in a Transitional World, http://www.siis.org.cn/Sh_Yj_Cms/Mgz/200504/2008724233213458B.PDF

Abstract: Historical experience tells us that China and US, as big powers of the world, are both stakeholders withspecial responsibility in regard of peace and development of the world. Cooperation of the two countries means

win-win situation, and hostility of the two means nothing smooth. Chinas rise causes the unbalanced development among big powers and brings theworld certain upset and worries. China-US cooperation is going through a period of grinding in. Democracy of western style cannot ensure the world

peace. In history, there is no lack of wars among democratic countries and invasion of non-democraticcountries by countries of democracy of western style. Long before the western-style democratic countriesemerged, China had existed for thousands of years. In Chinese humane spirit, one can see the socialconsciousness of friendly with neighbors, harmonious world, opening up and tolerance and sharing peace,

which has more profound details of civilization than that of western-style democracy. Though all countries are engagedin diplomacy to promote their national interest, yet China and US, both as stakeholders and participants of the worldinstitution, should have more greater goal, i.e. cooperate hand in hand to maintain a world institution

beneficial to the long-time peace and prosperity of the world.
http://www.siis.org.cn/Sh_Yj_Cms/Mgz/200504/2008724233213458B.PDFhttp://www.siis.org.cn/Sh_Yj_Cms/Mgz/200504/2008724233213458B.PDF


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space leadershipUS-China cooperation better for US space leadershipJoan Johnson-Freese, Professor of National Security Affairs, the U.S. Naval War College, 6/10/2011, US-China Space Cooperation: CongressPointless Lockdown, http://www.chinausfocus.com/peace-security/us-china-space-cooperation-congress%E2%80%99-pointless-lockdown/

What is clear, however, is that other countries have no such compunction as the US about working with China indeedmany are anxious to have the opportunity to work with a country they see as more open to partnerships , ratherthan the sub-contractor status some ISS partners have felt the US afforded them. There may be little need to bar the door tocountries wanting to work with the US on space activities, as there may soon be fewer and fewer countries

knocking.Congress and the Administration working together to refocus the US space program, including realisticcooperation, would go further to maintain US space leadership than pointless isolation gestures.

Cooperation with China will allow the US to regain its prestige and leadership role in spaceJohn C. Baker and Kevin L. Pollpeter, Space News, 12/13/2004, A Future for U.S.-China Space Cooperation?,http://www.rand.org/commentary/2004/12/13/SN.html

While the United States may have apprehensions about partnering with China in space, other nations do not.China is becoming an attractive partner for Europe and Russia, which are less inhibited in selling dual-use technologies to China.European nations are already partnering with China on significant space ventures, including the Galileo satellite navigationproject. Cooperation with Russia or Europe could provide China with much of the same technologies that the U.S.hopes to prevent China from obtaining. Chinese cooperation on major space efforts without U.S. involvementcould threaten to erode the U.S. leadership position as the world's top space power. As with all areas of

international relations, the United States must decide the extent it wants to proceed on its own path or collaboratewith other countries to achieve common goals. The financial and technical challenges of returning to the moon make a compellingargument for U.S.-Chinese cooperation. But if Washington sees benefits in exploring the opportunities for collaboration

with Beijing, it must also identify ways of minimizing potential risks to U.S. national security. Beginning a dialogue that emphasizesgreater transparency in U.S.-China civil space activities would be a good start.


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cooperation lowUS China Space cooperation is low now- controversial in congressSmith, 5-11 (Marcia Smith, May 11, 2011, Rep. Wolf Reaffirms Opposition to Space Cooperation with China, Space and Technology Policy Group,http://www.spacepolicyonline.com/pages/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1563:rep-wolf-reaffirms-opposition-to-space-cooperation-with-china&catid=91:news&Itemid=84) BR

Rep. Frank Wolf (R-VA), chairman of the House appropriations subcomittee that funds NASA, restated his wellknown opposition to U.S. space cooperation with China at a hearing of the U.S.-China Economic and SecurityReview Commission today. The commissionwas created by Congress in 2000 to report on the national security implications of the trade and

economic relationships between the two countries. It held a hearing today about the implications of China's military and civilspace activities. Witnesses included DOD's Greg Schulte and Rep. Wolf as well as two panels of experts. Rep.

Wolf's statement was circulated by his staff. He began by expressing disappointment that NASA declined toparticipate in the hearing and that it was "reflective of this administration's abysmal record on Americanleadership in space."

US China cooperation in space is unpopular due to Chinese human rights abuses and arms salesto IranSmith, 5-11 (Marcia Smith, May 11, 2011, Rep. Wolf Reaffirms Opposition to Space Cooperation with China, Space and Technology Policy Group,http://www.spacepolicyonline.com/pages/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1563:rep-wolf-reaffirms-opposition-to-space-cooperation-with-china&catid=91:news&Itemid=84) BR

He went on to restate his well known views about why the United States should not cooperate with China

because of human rights abuses and Chinese arms sales to countries like Iran, for example. He asserted thatPresidential Science Adviser John Holdren told his subcommitee at a hearing last week that the Obama

Administration does not intend to comply with a provision Wolf included in the Continuing Resolution thatprohibits spending funds to work with China in any manner to plan or execute space cooperation. "I take this

blatant disregard for the law very seriously and the committee is currently reviewing its options," he said.
http://www.spacepolicyonline.com/pages/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1563:rep-wolf-reaffirms-opposition-to-space-cooperation-with-china&catid=91:news&Itemid=84http://www.spacepolicyonline.com/pages/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1563:rep-wolf-reaffirms-opposition-to-space-cooperation-with-china&catid=91:news&Itemid=84http://www.uscc.gov/http://www.spacepolicyonline.com/pages/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1563:rep-wolf-reaffirms-opposition-to-space-cooperation-with-china&catid=91:news&Itemid=84http://www.spacepolicyonline.com/pages/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1563:rep-wolf-reaffirms-opposition-to-space-cooperation-with-china&catid=91:news&Itemid=84http://www.spacepolicyonline.com/pages/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1563:rep-wolf-reaffirms-opposition-to-space-cooperation-with-china&catid=91:news&Itemid=84http://www.spacepolicyonline.com/pages/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1563:rep-wolf-reaffirms-opposition-to-space-cooperation-with-china&catid=91:news&Itemid=84http://www.uscc.gov/http://www.spacepolicyonline.com/pages/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1563:rep-wolf-reaffirms-opposition-to-space-cooperation-with-china&catid=91:news&Itemid=84http://www.spacepolicyonline.com/pages/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1563:rep-wolf-reaffirms-opposition-to-space-cooperation-with-china&catid=91:news&Itemid=84


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--AT: cooperation nowThere is no cooperation on space policy now but China wants to open space cooperationSPACEPORTS, 4-15 (SPACEPORTS, April 15, 2011, China Seeks US Space Policy Cooperation, News Source,http://spaceports.blogspot.com/2011/04/china-seeks-us-space-cooperation.html ) BR

While cooperation with the United States has been shut down, he said, China has maintained reltions with the 18-nation EuropeanSpace Agency, Brazil, France, Russia and others. Lei said he sees three areas in which U .S.-Chinese cooperation would be in bothnations interests. The first, he said, is an open commercial access of each nation to the others capabilities insatellites and launch vehicles. The second, he said, is manned spaceflight and space science, particularly in

deep space exploration. The third is in satellite applications including disaster monitoring and management.
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--AT: china no want cooperationObama and Hu seeking cooperation in spaceMichael Martina, 4/29/2011, China astronaut calls for U.S. cooperation,http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/04/29/us-china-space-idUSTRE73S4BS20110429Obama and Hu, in a statement in November 2009, called for "the initiation of a joint dialogue on humanspaceflight and space exploration, based on the principles of transparency, reciprocity and mutual benefit."

Obama and Hu want an increase in cooperation nowHu Jintao, 11/17/2009, Joint Press Statement by President Obama and President Hu of China,http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/joint-press-statement-president-obama-and-president-hu-chinaBoth President Obama and I believe that at present the international situation continues to undergo profoundand complex changes. There are growing global challenges, and countries in today's world have become moreand more interdependent. In this context, it is necessary to step up international cooperation. Against this new

backdrop, China and United States share extensive common interests and broad prospect for cooperation on aseries of major issue important to mankind's peace and stability and development.

Obama and Hu wish to increase bilateral cooperation nowHu Jintao, 11/17/2009, Joint Press Statement by President Obama and President Hu of China,http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/joint-press-statement-president-obama-and-president-hu-chinaPresident Obama and I spoke positively of the progress made in the China-U.S. relationship since the new

American administration took office. We both agreed to continue to adopt a strategic and long-termperspective, increase the dialogue exchanges and cooperation, and work together to build a positive,cooperative, and comprehensive China-U.S. relationship for the 21st century. We also agreed to take concreteactions to steadily grow a partnership between the two countries to meet our common challenges in order tocontribute to world peace, stability, and prosperity. We both believe and maintain close high-level exchangesand dialogue and consultations at various other levels are essential to the growth of China relations. The twosides agreed that the leaders of the two countries will continue to stay in close touch through mutual visits,telephone conversations, correspondence, and meetings of multilateral fora.

China is willing to cooperate- Hu statement provesHu Jintao, 11/17/2009, Joint Press Statement by President Obama and President Hu of China,http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/joint-press-statement-president-obama-and-president-hu-china

Ladies and gentlemen, the China-U.S. relationship is very important. To preserve and promote the growth ofthis relationship is a shared responsibility for both China and the United States. The Chinese side is willing to

work with the U.S. side to ensure the sustained, sound, and steady growth of this relationship to the greaterbenefits of peoples of our two countries and people throughout the world.

Obama seeking greater cooperation with ChinaBarackObama, 11/17/2009, Joint Press Statement by President Obama and President Hu of China,http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/joint-press-statement-president-obama-and-president-hu-chinaGiven that interconnection, I do not believe that one country's success must come at the expense of another.That's why the United States welcomes China as a strong, prosperous and successful member of the communityof nations. Our relationship going forward will not be without disagreement or difficulty. But because of ourcooperation, both the United States and China are more prosperous and secure. We've seen what's possible

when we build upon our mutual interests and engage on the basis of equality and mutual respect. And I verymuch look forward to deepening that engagement and understanding during this trip and in the months andyears to come.

US and China space cooperation opportunities nowMarcia Smith, 11/17/2009, UPDATE: US-China Space Cooperation Benefits from Obama-Hu Discussions,http://www.spacepolicyonline.com/pages/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=543&catid=91&Itemid=84

Amercan and Chinese media sources are reporting that increased space cooperation was one area of agreementbetween President Obama and Chinese President Hu. China's Xinhua press agency reported: "Hu said the twoleaders also agreed to deepen cooperation on the basis of mutual benefits in areas such as anti-terrorism, law


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2011 Michigan Debate Institutes Liuenforcement, science and technology, space exploration, civil aviation, high-speed railway, infrastructure,agriculture and health care."


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--AT: ban makes coop impossibleYour legally denied claims dont work- loophole in ban means US-China cooperation overresearch and cost-splitting possibleSpacepolitics.com, 5/5/2011, Whats the future of US-China cooperation in space?, http://www.spacepolitics.com/2011/05/05/whats-the-future-of-us-china-cooperation-in-space/

One of the few specific space policy provisions included in the final continuing resolution that funds the federal government through the rest offiscal year 2011 has to do with cooperation with Chinaor, rather, prohibiting cooperation with China. The CR prevents NASA and OSTP fromusing any funds to develop, design, plan, promulgate, implement, or execute a bilateral policy, program, order, or contract of any kind to participate,

collaborate, or coordinate bilaterally in any way with China or any Chinese-owned company unless specifically authorized in a future law. That alsoprevents NASA from using any funds to effectuate the hosting of official Chinese visitors at facilities belonging to or utilized by the space agency. Thatwould appear to put the brakes on any prospects for cooperation with China, at least through this fiscal year. However, in testimony before the CJS

subcommittee of the House Appropriations Committee on Wednesday, OSTP director John Holdren suggested that theadministration has found a loophole in that ban, according to ScienceNow. The White House has concluded, he said, that theprovision doesnt extend to prohibiting interactions that are part of the presidents constitutional authority toconduct negotiations. That includes, he said, a bilateral agreement on scientific cooperation between the twocountries that dates back to 1979. Holdren, Space News reported, has pragmatic reasons for seeking cooperation with China onspace exploration in particular, including a future human expedition to Mars. If China is going to be, by 2030,the biggest economy in the world it could certainly be to our benefit to share the costs of such an expensive

venture with them and with others, he said.


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1nc Arms Race

China dislikes US unilateral control of space- wants space to be open to all international bodiesHui Zhang, 3/2008, Russian and Chinese Responses to U.S. Military Plans in Space, Chapter 2 Chinese Perspectives on Space Weapons,http://www.amacad.org/hui3.pdf

The United States is pursuing a Space Control strategy. ManyChinese officials and security experts have read withgreat interest the U.S. military planning documents issued in recent years. 3 These documents explicitly envisionU.S. control of space and the achievement of global military superiority through the use of weapons in or from

space.The United States has issued a series ofofficial statements in recent years that discuss the vulnerability of U.S.space assets to attack without warning and the need to protect U.S. satellites from all possible threats. Thestatements propose that the U.S. respond with the forceful domination of space and denial of access to thosewho may intend harm. Space control would assure U.S. access to and freedom of operations in space, and would denyothers use of space. This mission includes: space surveillance, protection of U.S. space systems, prevention or negation of an adversarys abilityto use space systems and services for purposes hostile to U.S. national security interests, and direct support for battle management, command, control,communications, and intelligence. 5 The negation mission would include measures to deceive, disrupt, deny, degrade, or destroy an adversarys space

capabilities. 6A number of high-level official documents show the intention of the United States to develop,deploy, and use space weapons. In 2001, the report of a special commission on U.S. national security in space, chaired by current DefenseSecretary Donald Rumsfeld, warned of the need to avoid a space Pearl Harbor. The commissioners recommended the U.S.government vigorously pursue the capabilities called for in the National Space Policy to ensure that the president will have the option to deploy weaponsin space to deter threats to, and, if necessary, defend against attacks on U.S. interests. In its 2003 report, Transformation Flight Plan, the U.S. Air Forcelists a number of space weapon systems desirable in the event of a space war. 8 These include space-based kinetic kill vehicles, space-based lasers (SBL),hypervelocity rod bundles, space-based radio-frequency energy weapons, space maneuver vehicles, and evolutionary air-and-space global laser engagement

In August 2004, the Air Force released the doctrine document Counterspace Operations, which defines space superiority as the freedom to attack as well asthe freedom from attack in space. 9 Counterspace operations include offensive and defensive counterspace measures. To preclude an adversary fromexploiting space to its advantage, offensive counterspace operations would attack, possibly preemptively, an adversarys space capability, including:satellites, space stations, or other spacecraft; communication links; ground stations; launch facilities; command, control, communication, computer,intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance systems; and space systems operated by third party providers. As the document indicates, these offensiveoperations would be conducted using a number of space weapon systems, such as anti-satellite weapons (ASATs) that include direct ascent and co-orbitalsystems that employ various mechanisms to affect or destroy an on-orbit spacecraft, 10 and directed energy weapons (DEWs), such as land-, sea-, air-, or

space-based lasers. Although there has been no formal public change in U.S. space policy, many Chinese are convinced by officialstatements and visible activity that U.S. policy is driving toward space weaponizationthe development of weapons ableto destroy targets in or from space. These weapons would presumably provide the United States with control over accessto space and activity in space. Professor Du Xiangwan, vice president of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, said that the2003 Transformation Flight Plan indicated that many types of space based weapons will be developed andthat the tendency of space weaponization is obvious and serious. He further pointed out that achievingmilitary supremacy on Earth is not enough, as the U.S. also seeks to dominate space. 11 Ambassador Li

Daoyu, President of the China Arms Control and Disarmament Association, recently stated, As we cheer forevery success of peaceful exploration and use of outer space, we also hear the approaching bugling of war. Thespace military technology is advancing rapidly. New military and combat concepts and theories like control ofspace and occupation of space are emerging. Research and development programs of space weapons are inimplementation. The danger of the weaponization of and an arms race in outer space is ever more imminent.

***Arms race remember to use the 7 week seniors WHAM file


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--XT: Arms RaceUnilateral policies spark an arms race with China fears of space weaponizationHui Zhang, 3/2008, Russian and Chinese Responses to U.S. Military Plans in Space, Chapter 2 Chinese Perspectives on Space Weapons,http://www.amacad.org/hui3.pdf

Chinese officials have expressed a growing concern that U.S. missile defense and space control plans, particularly thedevelopment of space weapons, will stimulate a costly and destabilizing arms race. In April of 2002,Vice ForeignMinister Qiao Zonghuai summarized the official Chinese view of U.S. plans: Considerable progress has been madein outer space-related weapons research and military technology. It will not take long before drawings of space

weapons and weapon systems [are] turned into lethal combat instruments in outer space. Meanwhile, militarydoctrines and [concepts] such as control of space and ensuring space superiority have been unveiledsuccessively, and space operation [command] headquarters and combatant troops are in the making. If weshould remain indifferent to the above-mentioned developments, an arms race would very likely emerge inouter space in the foreseeable future. Outer space would eventually become the fourth battlefield besides land,sea and air. If such a scenario should become reality it would be virtually impossible for mankind to continuetheir anticipated exploration, development and utilization of outer space, and all economic, cultural and socialactivities in connection with the utilization of outer space would be severely interrupted. 1 Although those in the Chinesescientific community have more nuanced perceptions than many officials, particularly regarding the feasibility and ultimate result of U.S. space plans, they

share in thewidespread concern over U.S. ambitions. The prevailing view in China is that U.S. spaceweaponization plans will have disastrous consequences for international security and the peaceful use of outerspace.

Unilateral space policies spark an arms race perceived as disrupting outer space peaceHui Zhang, 3/2008, Russian and Chinese Responses to U.S. Military Plans in Space, Chapter 2 Chinese Perspectives on Space Weapons,http://www.amacad.org/hui3.pdf

Washingtons missile defense plans and ambitions to dominate the use of space would very likelyspark competitivemilitary dynamics in space.As Chinas proposal on PAROS at the CD states, Outer space is the common heritageof mankind and plays an ever-increasing role in its future development. China fears that the U.S. space

weaponization plans will have disastrous effects on the peaceful use of outer space. 40 U.S. plans will alsohave harmful consequences for Chinas political, military-strategic, commercial, and international security interests. Of particular concern isthe effect of U.S. actions on Chinas modest deterrent capabilities, its capacity to pursue unification withTaiwan, its commercial stake in space development, and its broader interest in a stable security environment.

China worried about US unilateralism in space

Hui Zhang, 3/2008, Russian and Chinese Responses to U.S. Military Plans in Space, Chapter 2 Chinese Perspectives on Space Weapons,http://www.amacad.org/hui3.pdfAs many experts point out, space-based weapons cannot protect satellites, as these weapons are vulnerable to the same types of attack as the objects they

are meant to protect. 37 Chinese officials believe the real purpose of U.S. space plans is not to protect U.S. assets but rather tofurther enhance U.S. military dominance.As one official pointed out, Space domination is a hegemonicconcept. Its essence is monopoly of space and denial of others access to it. It is also aiming at using outer spacefor achieving strategic objectives on the ground. 38Ambassador Hu Xiaodi warned, It is rather the attempttowards the domination of outer space, which is expected to serve in turn the absolute security and perpetual superiority(many people call this hegemony) of one country on earth. The unilateralism and exceptionalism that are on the risein recent months also mutually reinforce this.

China dislikes US unilateralism in space- causes arms race- empirical proofHui Zhang, 3/2008, Russian and Chinese Responses to U.S. Military Plans in Space, Chapter 2 Chinese Perspectives on Space Weapons,http://www.amacad.org/hui3.pdf

China fears that U.S. space weaponization plans, if acted on,will inevitablylead to an arms race in outer space and riskturning space into a battlefield. Richard Garwin, among others, speculates that if there are weapons in space, then there will

be extensive development and deployment of ASAT, in order to negate those weapons. 42 Chinese Ambassador HuXiaodi expressed Chinas concerns about an arms competition in space: The country that takes the lead in deploying weapons inspace will enjoy an advantage for a period, but it will not be able to monopolize space weapons. Other states,

when they find it affordable economically, scientifically and technically, will follow suit at a different pace andscale. This many not generate a space arms race in its strict sense (because other states are not really competing with the leading power), but the spaceweapon arsenal will inevitably develop and increase both qualitatively and quantitatively.As soon as the weapons are deployed in outerspace, the international community will have to change its efforts from preventive ones to the aim of spacedisarmament. Soon afterwards, as a few other countries (major powers) also have put their weapons in the arena of outer space, there will be anattempt towards space weapon non-proliferationthat is, let the haves continue their

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