9 O titer: BURNS 8c LEVINSONDUANE G. SULUVAN SEAN F. O'CONNO R ANDREW P BOTTI WILUAM J . OELLEA...
Transcript of 9 O titer: BURNS 8c LEVINSONDUANE G. SULUVAN SEAN F. O'CONNO R ANDREW P BOTTI WILUAM J . OELLEA...
9 O titer
L A W R E N C E M L E V I N S O N
T H O M A S O B U R N S
OAVIO P R O S E N B L A T T
A N N C E G A N BURNS 8c L E V I N S O N K E V I N G K E H N E A L L Y
OAVIO P S H O U V U N
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BARRY L- S O L A R
R I C H A R D TELLER
J O E L S F R E E D M A N C O U N S E L L O R S A T L A W G A R Y W S M I T H
JEFFREY R MARTIN P A U L G P INO
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J A Y S GREGORY
BEVERLY A K O G U T
S T E P H E N B B A R T O N C H A R L E S MARK F U R C O L O R A N D O L P H L SMITH
M A U R A A G R E E N E H E R M A N T B A Y L E 5 S M A R T I N 8 S H U L H I N
S T E V E N C GOODWIN
L A W R E N C E G C E T R U L O
GEORGE E C H R I S T O O O U L O
OAVIO J H A T E M
WILLIAM E M O O E R I
P E T E R J S C H N E I O E R
TRAVER C U N T O N S M I T H J R
M E L V I N A WARSHAW
P A U L E STAN2UER
R I C H A R O E K A P L A N
C H E S T E R A J A N I A K
M I C H A E L W E I N B E R G
DAVID S T R A U S S
S U S A N M BAR N A P 0
S T U A R T M V A N TINE
N A N C Y R I C H M O N D VAN T INE
G E R A L D J S U R Z K L O
OAVIO E G R O S S M A N
WILLIAM B D U F F Y J R
F R E 0 E R 1 C K S P A U L S E N
J O H N J M c G i V N E Y
E V E L Y N A H A R A L A M P U
O E N N I S J KELLY
WILLIAM B G O L O E N
R A Y M O N D E BAXTER
J O H N B SAVOCA
MARGOT A M E S C L O W E R
J E F F R E Y O S T E R N K L A R
T H O M A S G C O O P E R
M I C H A E L G TRACY
R O B E R T C R I V E S J R
W A R R E N D H U T C H I S O N
KEVIN E Y O U N G
D A N A C 8 LA KS L E E
MARK M C H R I S T O P H E R
OOROTHY A N N E H U R D
OARRELL MOOK
EL IZABETH E H O L M E S
R O B I N PATRICK C A N I E L S
J O H N E BOWCN
L A W R E N C E J M c N A L L Y J R
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DAVIO M T H O M A S H E R B E R T M W E i S S
G E O R G E N T O B I A J R
R A L P H G PtCARO
MARK C DIVINCEMZO MARK J VENTOLA ANN M DONOVAN G A I L P E T E R S K 1 N G S L E Y
A U R E L I E M M C C A R T H Y
MARIA E RECALOE L E S L I E W O L C O T T
C H E R Y L A W A T E R H O U S E
M I C H E L L E S L A S R E C O U E
D O N A L D E TESIERO II
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O E N N I S J B A N N O N
C U F F O R O R C O H E N
M A U R E E N E K A N E
H E N R Y T A M O N l Z
F R A N K C MUGGIA
K I M B E R L Y A TRASK
WALTER M F O S T E R
O E N I S E E P E D U L L A
S A N F O R D KRE1SBERG
LUIGI CEO
R O B E R T S M A L P E R N
J O N I F KATZ
V ICTORIA L_ K A R L S O N
P A T R I C E S HESTER
OLANA H W E C H S L E R
K E N N E T H M L E V I N
C L A R K E E K H O U R Y
M A U R E E N S J O N E S
D U A N E G S U L U V A N
S E A N F O C O N N O R
A N D R E W P BOTTI
W I L U A M J O E L L E A
WILL IAM H O t A O A M O
HOLLY A D I T C H F I E L D
M A U R E E N S K E L L E Y
K E N D A L L J PETRI
B A R B A R A L A U R E N
C U R T I S R Oi E D R I C H
PATRICIA B GARY
D A N I E L J O R t S C O L L
January 12 1993
Mr Edward Hathaway US Environmental Protection Agency SDMS DocID 535347 HPS-1 90 Canal Street Boston Massachusetts 02203
Re Union Chemical Site Vapor Extraction Supplemental Report
Dear Ed
Per your request you w i l l f i n d enclosed a supplemental report on the use of the vapor extraction system (VES) at the Union Chemical Site prepared by the Union Chemical Site PRP Groups consultants Balsam Environmental Consultants Inc (Balsam) As requested Balsam i s also preparing a summary comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of VES with low temperature s o i l aeration
As you w i l l note from the enclosed supplemental report the data collected during the management of migration and source c ontrol pre-design stages confirm the highly favorable results f o r VES which were presented by Balsam i n t h e i r A p r i l 1992 VES T r e a t a b i l i t y Study and Focused F e a s i b i l i t y Study We t r u s t that t h i s supplemental information w i l l cause the agency to make i t s f i n a l decision to change the s o i l remedy at the s i t e to VES
I understand that you have requested Balsam to make a f i n a l technical presentation to EPA and Maine DEP on February 2 1993 i n Portland We hope that your decision on VES w i l l follow s hortly thereafter
As you know the PRP Group has been hard at work on the VES program since August of 1991 immediately a f t e r the Consent Decree negotiations were concluded I n the l a s t quarter of 1991 and throughout 1992 we have responded to a l l of the EPAs
BURNS amp LEVINSON
Mr Edward Hathaway January 12 1993 Page 2
Maine DEPs and the local residents requests f o r reports data analysis re-analysis and questions concerning the f e a s i b i l i t y of VES at the s i t e We believe that the scope of t h i s e f f o r t has f a r exceeded what any party including EPA contemplated when the PRP Group proposed to conduct the VES p i l o t study during the summer of 1991 For example the f i e l d t e s t i n g was extended from 30 days to 90 days the mass transfer portion of the study was expanded from one t e s t area to three areas thousands of pages of data reports and analysis on the VES study were prepared and extensive data from the pre-design f o r the management of migration and source control was evaluated and incorporated int o the VES analysis The t o t a l cost f o r the VES p i l o t study now exceeds sect900000 approximately three times what the PRP Group o r i g i n a l l y projected when we began t h i s process
I n short we have done everything asked of us to reach the necessary decision point for VES We believe that we have gone the extra mile on a l l fronts to respond to a l l answerable questions regarding the efficacy of t h i s technology at the s i t e and that the substantial body of technical data now available more than adequately demonstrates the effectiveness and d e s i r a b i l i t y of vapor extraction f o r source c o n t r o l
We a l l recognize EPAs c r i t i c a l function i n evaluating a l t e r n a t i v e technologies and i n proceeding cautiously when changing a remedy component at a Superfund s i t e While we acknowledge and respect EPAs r o l e there has to be a point where the analysis the re-analysis and the paper production can safely come to an end We t r u s t t h a t we are now at that point and can expect your favorable decision shortly a f t e r the February 2 meeting
Very t r u l y yours
David P Rosenblatt
DPRld Enclosures cc Union Chemical Site Executive Committee
Mr Randy C Smith Mr John Gilbert Mr Chris Rushton Maine DEP
VAPOR EXTRACTION SYSTEM SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION
UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE
SOUTH HOPE MAINE
Prepared for
US Environmental Protection Agency
Prepared on behalf of
Union Chemical Site PRP Group
Prepared by
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC 5 Industrial Way
Salem New Hampshire 03079
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T3LS9012
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
VAPOR EXTRACTION SYSTEM SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION
UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE
SOUTH HOPE MAINE
10 INTRODUCTION
The Record of Decision issued by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
for the Union Chemical Company (UCC) Superfund site specified remedial action
to remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from site soils According to the
ROD risks associated with potential exposures to site soil were within the
acceptable range however source control remedial action was required to remove
VOCs from source area soils Without remediation VOCs may continue to migrate
into site ground water and result in ground water quality above performance
standards established for the site The use of vapor extraction (VE) to remove
VOCs from soils was proposed for the source control remedy at the UCC site by
Balsam Environmental Consultants Inc (Balsam) on behalf of the Union
Chemical Site PRP Group (Group) This proposal was initially based upon review
and analysis of site characterization data presented in the remedial investigation
and feasibility study (RIFS) reports prepared by Canonie Environmental Services
and available data regarding the application of VE to soil remediation at other
Superfund and industrial sites In late 1991 and early 1992 a VE pilot study was
performed at the UCC site to obtain site-specific data regarding the ability of VE
to extract VOCs from site soil The field pilot study was augmented by bench-scale
VE studies performed in conjunction with the pilot study and the Management of
Migration (MOM) and Source Control (SC) pre-design (PD) investigations which
were performed in the summer and fall of 1992
The results of the VE pilot study were presented in a report prepared by Balsam
entitled Vapor Extraction Treatability Study Union Chemical Company Site
South Hope Maine dated April 3 1992 A Focused Feasibility Study (FFS)
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comparing the use of VE and low temperature soil aeration (LTSA) was performed
and the results summarized in a report entitled Focused Feasibility Study Union
Chemical Site South Hope Maine dated April 3 1992 In a meeting on
June 2 1992 EPAs technical specialist on VE indicated concurrence with the
ability to achieve the necessary air flow through site soils to meet VOC source
control performance standards based upon the site characteristics observed during
the pilot and associated bench-scale studies and interpretation of the results
presented in the treatability study and FFS reports
Subsequently Balsam completed MOMPD and SCPD investigations at the site on
behalf of the Trust These investigations provided additional data regarding site
conditions that were pertinent to the application of VE to source remediation The
purpose of this document is to briefly review the findings of the VE treatability
studies in the context of more recent data from the PD investigations
January 12 1993 2Balsam Project 6437T31S9012
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
20 CONCEPTUAL S I T E MODEL
As described in the RI report and confirmed by the findings of the VE treatability
study and MOMPD and SCPD investigations the stratigraphy at the UCC site
consists mainly of three stratigraphic sequences fill t i l l and bedrock The
stratigraphy in the UCC site source area typically consists of fill overlying native
glacial t i l l which in turn overlies a schist and gneiss bedrock The fill and the
underlying native soil appear to be similar in character although the t i l l generally
tends to be denser and somewhat finer-grained than the overlying fill A
comparison of grain size percentages evaluated from sieve analyses for the fill and
t i l l is presented on Table 1 The fill consists predominately of loose to very dense
silty sands and sands with small but varying amounts of fine gravel and clay
Organic debris is present in the fill occurring mostly as partially decomposed wood
debris or wood ashes with occasional thin layers of peat and organic silt Organic
silt peat and topsoil are present in several locations at the top of the t i l l unit
The t i l l occurs as a wedge shaped deposit with the thickness varying from 80 feet
toward Quiggle Brook to less than 25 feet at the western portion of the site
Although the RI indicated the possible presence of gradational changes in the
stratigraphy data obtained from continuous soil sampling performed during the
VE Treatability Study and MOMPD investigation indicated that there is little
change in stratigraphy horizontally or vertically and that heterogeneity is
generally limited to localized variations in the silt and sand percentages These
variations were typically encountered as minor lenses and seams generally several
inches thick containing a slightly higher fraction sand and appeared to be
localized in extent Stratigraphically these reiampvvely minor variations in grain
size and localized lenses indicate the absence of significant preferential conduits
comprised of significantly coarser and therefore substantially more permeable
material Data obtained from the soil boring programs conducted during the
MOMPD VE and RI studies also do not indicate the presence of extensive
continuous lenses of clay that could behave as significant barriers to fluid flow
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Hydrologic data collected during the hydraulic testing during the MOMPD study
suggest that some sandier lenses may extend for limited distances in a north-south
orientation as local stratigraphic horizons However these potential lenses were
thought to be located to the east of the soil source area and their existence is not
confirmed by the specific stratigraphic borehole data available
Permeability of site soils to air flow was estimated based upon the results of both
pilot- and bench-scale testing performed during the VE treatability and the bench-
scale testing performed during the MOMPD studies Pilot-scale tests were
performed at four different locations in the source area at the UCC site which
were selected on the basis of stratigraphic data reported in the RI as
representative of the range of soil conditions in that area Five samples were
collected for bench-scale air permeability testing which included both saturated
and unsaturated samples from the four VE pilot test areas Three additional soil
samples were collected for bench-scale VE testing during the MOMPD
investigation from a location east of the source area adjacent to Quiggle Brook
The locations of the pilot test areas and the downgradient bench-scale sampling
locations are shown on Figure 1
Air permeability results measured during the VE treatability study
supplementary bench-scale VE tests and the MOM study are presented in Table 2
The results are grouped by VES Treatability Study test areas and Test Area 3
from the MOM Pre-Design Study Similar air permeability values were measured
during the MOMPD and VE studies with horizontal permeabilities measured in
the field typically in the 10 x 108 to 53 x 108 cm2 range Air permeability values
were also found to increase during the testing of samples obtained from both the
saturated and unsaturated soil zones This apparent increase in air permeability
over time is consistent with the expected removal of moisture from the soil pore
space during vapor extraction which reduces resistance to air flow through the
soil These results indicate that saturated soils can be effectively remediated at
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 4
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the site using in situ vapor extraction after lowering the ground water in the
vicinity of saturated soils requiring treatment
Hydraulic conductivity values estimated based on results of slug tests performed
in the overburden unit during the RI and MOMPD studies are consistent These
values range over approximately two orders of magnitude between 4 x 103
centimeter per second (cmsec) to 1 x IO5 cmsec with the majority of the values in
the 104 cmsec to 105 cmsec range Hydraulic conductivity values estimated from
the analyses of pump tests performed in the saturated overburden during the
MOMPD investigation range from 1 x 104 cmsec to 6 x 106 cmsec with the
majority of the values similarly in the 104 cmsec to 105 cmsec range These
volumes are consistent with the permeabilities observed from the MOMPD pump
tests (ie 15 x 104 cmsec x 90 x 106 cmsec)
The observed consistency between the geologic and permeability data obtained
during the RI VE Treatability Study and the MOMPD and SCPD studies is
consistent with the premises underlying the conceptual model of the site conditions
and indicates that VE will be an effective source control technology for the UCC
site
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 5
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
30 CONTAMINANT DISTRIBUTION
During the SCPD investigation shallow unsaturated soil samples were collected at
depths from 2 to 4 feet below ground surface at twenty-two sampling locations
within and surrounding the extent of the source area soils as indicated by the RI
investigation Consistent with the findings of the RI the lateral extent of the
source area is estimated based upon the newer data to be within eastern portion of
the former operations area at the site (see Figure 2) with the exception that
tetrachloroethene (PCE) was reported at a concentration exceeding the soil cleanup
standard in one shallow soil sample obtained from a boring located to the east of
the former interceptor trench The reported presence of PCE in the soil at this
location is anomalous because PCE was not detected in the shallow unsaturated
and saturated soil samples obtained immediately to the west of the former
interceptor trench and because PCE was not detected in ground water samples
obtained from monitoring wells located downgradient from this area during the
MOMPD and initial Surface Water and Ground Water Monitoring Program
sampling event
With the exception of the southern end of the former leachfield located at the
eastern edge of the former operations area the vertical extent of soils requiring
source control remediation appears to be limited to primarily soils above the water
table Ten of the twenty-two shallow borings were advanced to 2 to 4 feet below
the ground water table to evaluate the vertical extent of the significantly impacted
soils (see Figure 3) At four of these sampling locations VOCs were not detected
at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup levels in either the shallow
unsaturated soil samples or the shallow saturated soil samples In four of the five
locations where VOCs were detected at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup
standards in the unsaturated soil the concentrations of VOCs in the shallow
saturated soil were less than the soil cleanup standards indicating that the
vertical extent of soil requiring remediation is primarily limited to the unsaturated
soils Only in a boring located at the southern end of the former leachfield and
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 6
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
boring located immediately to the southeast of the leachfield were VOCs detected
in the shallow saturated soil at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standard
VOCs were not detected in the shallow unsaturated soil sample obtained from the
boring located immediately to the southeast of the former leachfield indicating
that the contaminants detected in the shallow saturated soil sample were likely
transported with the ground water to this location
As shown on Figure 4 seven borings were advanced to obtain soil samples at 8 to
10 feet below the ground water including the two borings where VOCs were
detected at concentrations exceeding the cleanup levels in the shallow saturated
soil samples As indicated on Figure 4 VOCs were detected in 3 of the 7 deeper
saturated samples at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standards
however based on the shallower soil samples obtained at 2 of the 3 locations i t
appears that the VOCs detected in these deeper soil samples are associated with
contaminants migrating with the ground water Only samples obtained from the
boring located at the southern end of the former leachfield contained VOCs at
concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standards in soil samples obtained above
and below the ground water table Based upon the results of the pump tests
performed at the site i t is anticipated that a series of closely-spaced ground water
extraction wells can adequately lower the water table to allow soil vapor extraction
wells to effectively treat currently saturated soils in the vicinity of the former
leachfield
As required by EPA and the Maine Department of Environmental Protection
(DEP) selected soil samples obtained from the unsaturated zone during the SCPD
were analyzed for NN-dimethylformamide (DMF) The results of these DMF
analyses were previously transmitted to EPA and DEP and showed that DMF was
not present in these unsaturated soil samples at concentrations greater than the
method detection limits These results are consistent with data obtained during
VE treatability study which indicated the presence of DMF in only 3 of 29
samples analyzed and at concentrations slightly above or at the detection limit
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 7
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
40 CLEANUP TIME ESTIMATES
As discussed in Section 70 of the VE Treatability Study Report the results of
bench-scale testing performed during the study were used to evaluate the number
of air pore volume exchanges required to reduce VOC concentrations to levels
below the source control performance standards for the target constituents These
results were consistent with VE performance at other sites and indicated that
exchange of 3000 to 4000 pore volumes of soil gas would be necessary to achieve
the source control performance standards in most of the source area Data for a
sample collected from one area of the site (Area C in at the southern end of the
former leach field east of the still building) suggested that up to 120000 pore
volume exchanges would be required to attain the performance standards because
of elevated VOC concentrations in the soil in that area I t should be noted that
the air flow rates in this sample were accelerated because of the time constraints
placed upon completion of the VE Treatability Study Because of equilibrium
dynamics i t is likely that the increased air flow rates decreased the efficiency of
VOC transfer from the soil to the air resulting in an increased number of required
pore volume exchanges to attain the performance standards Accordingly i t is
possible that the number of required pore volume exchanges estimated for this
area of the site was overestimated
The results of the field pilot-scale testing at the site were generally consistent with
the bench-scale data and indicated that exchange of 4000 to 6000 pore volumes
will be required to attain the performance standards in most of the source area
The pilot-scale test data indicated removal of relatively large masses
(approximately 100 pounds) of target VOCs from each of the highly impacted test
areas during the relatively limited test period (less than 90 days) The expected
pattern of greater VOC removal from the outer margins of the test area than in
the inner portions was observed in both soil vapor and soil analytical data As
expected conclusive demonstration of the ability to achieve performance standards
in the field was constrained by winter conditions (initial equipment malfunction)
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 8
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the limited time period available for completion of the test the limitations of a
pilot-scale test performed in a contaminated area primarily leakage of air flow at
the margins of the cap and transport of VOCs from soil volumes outside the test
area and constraints of the Contract Laboratory Program analytical methods that
were required particularly with respect to constituent concentration reporting
limits
As reported in the VE Treatability Study Report based upon the air flow rates
attained in the field (see Appendix K of the VE Treatability Study Report) it was
estimated that sufficient pore volume exchanges to attain source control
performance standards could be achieved in unsaturated soils in most of the
source control area within approximately 1 year of operation Attainment of the
performance standards in the balance of the unsaturated soil source area would be
achieved within approximately 23 years of operation Data obtained during the
MOMPD and SCPD studies are consistent with data obtained during the RI and
VE treatability study and do not indicate that revision of these cleanup time
estimates of 1 to 23 years of operation is warranted
Data from the SCPD study indicated that saturated soil in the vicinity of the
southern end of the leach field contained VOC concentrations above the soil
performance standards Treatment of this soil by VE will require dewatering to
facilitate air transfer through the soils It is estimated that the dewatering and
drying of the soil could require 6 months Because this area is in the portion of
the site where the higher end of the soil cleanup time range was estimated it is
possible that cleanup of this localized area of saturated soil will require 28 years
of operation to complete
The cleanup time estimates were based upon operations after system startup In
evaluating actual cleanup at least 4 weeks per year of VE system down time could
be expected particularly as a result of wintertime conditions Accordingly cleanup
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time estimates for the site are expected to range from approximately 12 to
31 years the 6 weeks estimated for completion of construction in the FFS report
It should also be noted that as discussed in the VE Treatability Study Report the
exponential decline in VOC levels in discharged soil gas observed during the pilot-
and bench-scale studies indicate that significant reduction in the VOC mass in
source soils will be achieved within the first 6 months of VE system operation
The data obtained during the treatability study were used to address several
important design considerations discussed in Section 80 of the VE Treatability
Study These considerations indicated the ability to design the VE system to
maximize its operational effectiveness and its flexibility in adjusting to variable
operating conditions For example the design will include vertical extraction wells
in areas of greater depths to ground water and horizontal extraction wells in areas
of shallower depths to ground water or where higher pore volume exchange rates
are required The design will also include an interactive monitoring program
during operations that will allow frequent adjustment of the operational
configuration to include increased air flow rates and use of induction wells as
warranted to address localized heterogeneities in soil characteristics and VOC
concentrations Application of these design considerations will facilitate
attainment of the source control performance standards within the estimated
cleanup times
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 10
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50 SUMMARY
In summary the findings of the RI the VE pilot-scale and bench-scale studies and
the MOM PD and SCPD investigations are consistent with the conceptual site
model The site stratigraphy in the source area consists of fill overlying t i l l which
overlies bedrock Source area soils (ie soils containing VOCs at concentrations
greater than soil cleanup standards) are located within the eastern portion of the
former site operations area The vertical extent of source area soils that exceed
the soil cleanup standards is primarily limited to soils lying above the ground
water table with the exception of soils in a localized area at the southern end of
the former leachfield DMF is not present at significant concentrations in the
unsaturated soil The characteristics of the fill and t i l l are similar and large-scale
heterogeneities are not present within the soil Air permeabilities of the fill and
t i l l are such that vapor extraction can be used to effectively remove VOCs from the
soil Permeabilities of the overburden are such that a dewatering system can be
designed to lower the ground water table at the southern end of the former
leachfield so that currently saturated soils in this area can be effectively treated
using vapor extraction
The effectiveness of VE was demonstrated during the pilot-scale study with
approximately 100 pounds of target VOCs recovered from the two more highly
impacted test areas in less than 90 days of vapor recovery The objective of the
source area remediation is to control the migration of contaminants from the
source area soils to the ground water Although vapor extraction may take
slightly longer to achieve the soil cleanup standards when compared to LTSA
control over the migration of VOCs to the ground water can be achieved earlier in
the remedial program Capping the site will limit the vertical migration of
contaminants to the ground water and vapor extraction is expected to
substantially reduce the mass of the contaminants from the soil within 90 to 180
days after the start of pumping The VE system can also be designed installed
and operating more quickly than the LTSA system because of the extensive bench-
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 11
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and pilot-scale data available for the site experience gained in using VE at other
sites and the availability of VE system components A list of sites where VE has
been or currently is in use was recently published in a May 1992 document
entitled An Evaluation of Vapor Extraction of Vadose Zone Contamination
published by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Martin Marietta Energy
Systems Inc for the US Department of Energy The document presents
information on 13 sites with varying types and concentrations of VOCs and soil
conditions and concludes that in situ vapor extraction is very effective in removing
organic contaminants from the pore space of the soil matrix According to The
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program Technology Profiles
(EPA5405-90006) VES now comprises 18 percent of the selected remedies at
Superfund sites and the number continues to grow
To briefly summarize in addition to gaining control over the migration of VOCs
from the source area soils to the ground water more quickly VE also offers the
advantages of (1) better short-term protection of public health because there is no
uncontrolled release of VOCs and dust to the ambient air (2) less operational
noise than the noise associated with LTSA operations (3) less disturbance to the
environment at the site and to the surrounding community especially in terms of
site clearing and (4) a high degree of operational flexibility to expand the system
to treat a larger volume of soil to extend the treatment time to achieve better
removal and to focus the remediation on the most impacted soils Based upon the
currently available data the comparison of VE and LTSA discussed in Section 50
remains unchanged Comparison of these two source control alternatives indicated
that VE would be more protective of human health and the environment during
implementation and that the two alternatives would be equally effective and
protective in the long term
January 12 1993 12 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012
TABLE 1
SUMMARY OF GEOTECHNICAL DATA V E TOEATABLHJTY STUDY MANAGEMENT OF MIGRATION PRE-DESIGN
UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SITE SOUTH HOPE MAINE
flBoring ID
Stratishygraphy
Sample I D
Depth From
Depth To
Gravel Total Sand
Coarse Sand
Medium Sand
Fine Sand
Coarse Fraction
Silt Clay Fine Fraction 9
SB-2-04 FU1 S-7 130 148 312 301 45 55 201 613 301 86 387
jsB-4-lS BSB-4-4S
Fill Fill
ST-1 S-5
60 120
75 140
63 44
575 474
70 45
115 105
390 324
638 518
310 386
51 96
361 482
IsB-A-10 Fill UCC-SB-A-101-03 40 60 110 506 218 237 545 616 267 116 383
SB-B-30 Fill UCC-SB-B-030A-01 00 20 219 361 97 294 609 580 286 133 419
SB-C-01 FU1 UCC-SB-C-010-06 100 120 292 321 140 234 626 613 274 112 386
SB-3-4L Topsoil ST-1 80 100 42 422 55 100 267 464 386 150 536
SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1lt
bull03 bull03 bull03 -03 bullID ID ID 1M1 bullIS
Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till
S-8 S-12 S-13 S-15
S-13A S-17 S-25 ST-1 ST-1
320 400 420 460 225 305 460 300 50
340 420 440 480 240 325 470 320 70
00 00 00 175 44 39 29 51 I 4
707 328 284 331 595 409 290 466 392
00 00 00 40 25 50 35 45 I 0
97 63 59 75 30 90 70 90 55
610 265 225 216 540 269 185 331 327
707 328 284 506 639 448 319 517 406
177 466 402 293 267 347 466 343 594
115 205 313 200 93
204 214 140 00
292 671 715 493 360 551 680 483 594
SB-2-04 Till ST-1 200 220 55 370 45 80 245 425 377 197 574
SB-2-04 Till S-10 220 240 161 450 105 115 230 611 284 104 38
SB-2-04 Till S-14 300 320 I I 5 424 60 95 269 539 265 195 460
SB-2-04 Till ST-2 400 420 17 407 55 85 267 424 386 189 575
SB-2-04 Till S-20 440 460 130 558 100 140 318 688 219 93 312
SB-2-2D Till ST-1 140 160 36 608 65 160 383 644 318 38 356
SB-2-3S Till S-5 110 130 42 362 30 80 252 404 473 122 595
SB-3-07 Till S-12 400 420 00 351 00 111 240 351 421 227 648
SB-3-07 Till S-15 460 478 26 443 50 120 273 469 371 159 530
SB-3-07 Till S-16 480 500 00 316 00 86 230 316 436 247 683
SB-3-1D Till S-32 620 640 51 322 60 75 187 373 368 258 626
SB-3-1L Till ST-1 460 475 20 367 50 85 232 387 375 237 612
SB-3-1S SB-3-2M SB-3-3M SB-3-3S SB-3-4S SB-3-4S
Till Till Till Till Till Till
S-4 S-5 S-7
ST-1 UT-1 S-8
150 200 265 35 05 160
170 218 285 55 15 170
25 50 98 26 34 164
373 420 405 504 745 478
30 30 40 40 45
I I 5
90 100 115 80 275 105
253 290 250 384 425 258
398 470 503 530 779 642
432 378 338 388 175 296
169 151 158 81 46 62
601 529 496 469 221 358
SB-4-07 Till S- l l 205 225 97 366 46 85 236 463 377 159 536
SB-4-07 Till S-17 310 318 16 850 110 430 310 866 134 00 134
SB-4-1S Till S-3 130 150 74 393 50 95 248 467 379 153 532
SB-4-2D Till S-8 140 160 22 413 45 90 278 435 384 180 564
SB-4-3S Till S-7 120 140 28 372 45 85 242 400 407 192 599
Average Fill jAverage Till
173 51
423 441
103 44
173 107
449 290
596 492
304 354
99 153
403 507
Revision 0 122292 Pagel Balaam Project 6530T2MOMVE 1 XLS
Table 2
Intrinsic A i r Permeability Values VES Treatability Study
Union Chemical Company South Hope Maine
Date of Teat Start
Slraligraphy Sa tura tedUnsta lura tod Trait Type Tost Identification
Test Area
Sample Depth Calculated Permeability (sq cm) Kr Kc
2-Ocl-91 13-Nov-91 4-Nov-9l
Fill Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test IWA-03 UCC-SB-A-100-05
EW-A-01
A A A
4 to 19 85 to 96 26 to 76
240E-06 264E-07 764 E-09
2 60E-08 NA
216E-08
NA NA
903E-09 13Dec-91 Fill Unsaturated Mass Transfer EW-A-01 A 25 to 76 366E-07 879E-09
Geometric Mean 205E-07
3-Ocl-91 30-Ocl-9I
Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test EW-B-01 EW-B-01
B B
2 to 6 2 to 5
300E-08 209E-08
25-E-08 I02E-08
NA 247E-09
2l-Nov-9l Fill Unsaturated EW-B-01 B 2 to 5 167E07 343E-08 367E-09 14May-92 Till Sa tura ted Bench-Scale UCC-SB-B-500-01 B 58 to 83 262E-09 to 134E-08 NA NA
Geometric Mean 344E-08
3-Oct-91 5- Nov-91
25-Nov-91 7-Nov-91
Fill Fill Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test Bench-Scale
Field Test
IW-C-05 UCC-SB-C-OI0-030 UCC-SB-C-020-03
EW-C-01
C C C C
3 to 8 4 to 46 4 to 56
25 to 76
640E-08 113E-09 to532E-08 884 E-09 to8 81E-08
300E-07
530E-08 NA NA
300E-08
NA NA NA
300E-09 6- Nov9| Fill Unsaturated IW-C-05 C 3 to 8 305E-07 389E-08 108E-08
Geometric Mean 122E-07
29-Oct-9l Fill Unsaturated Field Test EW-n-01 D 3 5 to 85 822E-08 489E-09 992E-09 14 Mav-92 Natural Orpnnic Silt Saturated Bench Scale UCC-vSB-D 112-01 D 58 lo 88 920E-10to 150E-08 NA NA
21-Jul-92 Till Saturated Bench-Scale UCC-SB-3-05-1 0 to 87 503E-07 to 564E-07 NA NA 21-Jul 92 Fill Saturated UCC-SB-3-3SA-3 0 lo 15 527E-08 to 653E-07 NA NA 21-)ul-92 Till Saturated UCC-SB-3-2SA-1 10 to 124 683E-08 lo I20E-07 NA NA
NOTES 1 NA = not applicable 2 Kz rcfora In air |gterincabilily in vertical direction 3 Kr refers to air permeability in horizontal direction 4 Kc refers lo air permeability in a soil lo atmosphere conductance 5 ft-BGS = feet below ground surface
A1RPERMXLS
RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES
bull C L Z P Q CP
ACCESS GATE
FORMER INCINERATOR
CONCRETE SLAB
H CHAIN LINK FENCE
FORMER INCINERATOR STRUCTURES
APPROXIMATE VAPOR EXTRACTION
o PILOT TEST AREA LOCATION
APPROXIMATE LEACH FIELD AREA LOCATION o SOURCE APPROXIMATE TANK LOCATION FIGURE 2 OF REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION FEASIBILITY STUDY
40 80 160
APPROXIMATE SCALE (FEET)
c u m | UNION CHEMICAL I
ADMINISTRATIVE FUND BALSAM macca
OMMNUEXTM OMSULTHnitR B WDUSUUL VAX SMfU Ml 030TO VES PILOT STUDY
PILOT AND BENCH SCALE STUDY AREAS
UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE PJK DNW JMO JAG laquo APPROXIMATE VE SOIL SAMPLE PREPARED BY CANONIE ENVIRONMENTAL JUNE 1990 SB-3-3SA LOCATION FUWgt Q
r=80 010493 6437228 6437 T5
0
SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED 1 OONSTTTUENT CONCENTRATIONS bull lt
SOU SAMPLE COLLECTED AT BORING SB-D-03 AND SB-D-02 WAS SATURATED DUE TO SHALLOW WATER
UCC-SB-S-07-SI-1092
l t -DCE BDl82) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN TABLE AT 18 FEET BELOW GRADE SURFACE PARTS PER BILLION (PPB) -lt
11
11-DCE BDL56) TCE BDL58J PCE BDL(56) TXYL
IFEFMD
SB-S-05 ^ SOURCE CONTROL PREmdashDESIGN SOL BORING LOCATION
UCC-SB-S-OO-SJA-1092 SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS
11-DCE BOU5B) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN PARTS PER BULON (PPB)
BURNS amp LEVINSON
Mr Edward Hathaway January 12 1993 Page 2
Maine DEPs and the local residents requests f o r reports data analysis re-analysis and questions concerning the f e a s i b i l i t y of VES at the s i t e We believe that the scope of t h i s e f f o r t has f a r exceeded what any party including EPA contemplated when the PRP Group proposed to conduct the VES p i l o t study during the summer of 1991 For example the f i e l d t e s t i n g was extended from 30 days to 90 days the mass transfer portion of the study was expanded from one t e s t area to three areas thousands of pages of data reports and analysis on the VES study were prepared and extensive data from the pre-design f o r the management of migration and source control was evaluated and incorporated int o the VES analysis The t o t a l cost f o r the VES p i l o t study now exceeds sect900000 approximately three times what the PRP Group o r i g i n a l l y projected when we began t h i s process
I n short we have done everything asked of us to reach the necessary decision point for VES We believe that we have gone the extra mile on a l l fronts to respond to a l l answerable questions regarding the efficacy of t h i s technology at the s i t e and that the substantial body of technical data now available more than adequately demonstrates the effectiveness and d e s i r a b i l i t y of vapor extraction f o r source c o n t r o l
We a l l recognize EPAs c r i t i c a l function i n evaluating a l t e r n a t i v e technologies and i n proceeding cautiously when changing a remedy component at a Superfund s i t e While we acknowledge and respect EPAs r o l e there has to be a point where the analysis the re-analysis and the paper production can safely come to an end We t r u s t t h a t we are now at that point and can expect your favorable decision shortly a f t e r the February 2 meeting
Very t r u l y yours
David P Rosenblatt
DPRld Enclosures cc Union Chemical Site Executive Committee
Mr Randy C Smith Mr John Gilbert Mr Chris Rushton Maine DEP
VAPOR EXTRACTION SYSTEM SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION
UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE
SOUTH HOPE MAINE
Prepared for
US Environmental Protection Agency
Prepared on behalf of
Union Chemical Site PRP Group
Prepared by
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC 5 Industrial Way
Salem New Hampshire 03079
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T3LS9012
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
VAPOR EXTRACTION SYSTEM SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION
UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE
SOUTH HOPE MAINE
10 INTRODUCTION
The Record of Decision issued by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
for the Union Chemical Company (UCC) Superfund site specified remedial action
to remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from site soils According to the
ROD risks associated with potential exposures to site soil were within the
acceptable range however source control remedial action was required to remove
VOCs from source area soils Without remediation VOCs may continue to migrate
into site ground water and result in ground water quality above performance
standards established for the site The use of vapor extraction (VE) to remove
VOCs from soils was proposed for the source control remedy at the UCC site by
Balsam Environmental Consultants Inc (Balsam) on behalf of the Union
Chemical Site PRP Group (Group) This proposal was initially based upon review
and analysis of site characterization data presented in the remedial investigation
and feasibility study (RIFS) reports prepared by Canonie Environmental Services
and available data regarding the application of VE to soil remediation at other
Superfund and industrial sites In late 1991 and early 1992 a VE pilot study was
performed at the UCC site to obtain site-specific data regarding the ability of VE
to extract VOCs from site soil The field pilot study was augmented by bench-scale
VE studies performed in conjunction with the pilot study and the Management of
Migration (MOM) and Source Control (SC) pre-design (PD) investigations which
were performed in the summer and fall of 1992
The results of the VE pilot study were presented in a report prepared by Balsam
entitled Vapor Extraction Treatability Study Union Chemical Company Site
South Hope Maine dated April 3 1992 A Focused Feasibility Study (FFS)
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 1
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
comparing the use of VE and low temperature soil aeration (LTSA) was performed
and the results summarized in a report entitled Focused Feasibility Study Union
Chemical Site South Hope Maine dated April 3 1992 In a meeting on
June 2 1992 EPAs technical specialist on VE indicated concurrence with the
ability to achieve the necessary air flow through site soils to meet VOC source
control performance standards based upon the site characteristics observed during
the pilot and associated bench-scale studies and interpretation of the results
presented in the treatability study and FFS reports
Subsequently Balsam completed MOMPD and SCPD investigations at the site on
behalf of the Trust These investigations provided additional data regarding site
conditions that were pertinent to the application of VE to source remediation The
purpose of this document is to briefly review the findings of the VE treatability
studies in the context of more recent data from the PD investigations
January 12 1993 2Balsam Project 6437T31S9012
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
20 CONCEPTUAL S I T E MODEL
As described in the RI report and confirmed by the findings of the VE treatability
study and MOMPD and SCPD investigations the stratigraphy at the UCC site
consists mainly of three stratigraphic sequences fill t i l l and bedrock The
stratigraphy in the UCC site source area typically consists of fill overlying native
glacial t i l l which in turn overlies a schist and gneiss bedrock The fill and the
underlying native soil appear to be similar in character although the t i l l generally
tends to be denser and somewhat finer-grained than the overlying fill A
comparison of grain size percentages evaluated from sieve analyses for the fill and
t i l l is presented on Table 1 The fill consists predominately of loose to very dense
silty sands and sands with small but varying amounts of fine gravel and clay
Organic debris is present in the fill occurring mostly as partially decomposed wood
debris or wood ashes with occasional thin layers of peat and organic silt Organic
silt peat and topsoil are present in several locations at the top of the t i l l unit
The t i l l occurs as a wedge shaped deposit with the thickness varying from 80 feet
toward Quiggle Brook to less than 25 feet at the western portion of the site
Although the RI indicated the possible presence of gradational changes in the
stratigraphy data obtained from continuous soil sampling performed during the
VE Treatability Study and MOMPD investigation indicated that there is little
change in stratigraphy horizontally or vertically and that heterogeneity is
generally limited to localized variations in the silt and sand percentages These
variations were typically encountered as minor lenses and seams generally several
inches thick containing a slightly higher fraction sand and appeared to be
localized in extent Stratigraphically these reiampvvely minor variations in grain
size and localized lenses indicate the absence of significant preferential conduits
comprised of significantly coarser and therefore substantially more permeable
material Data obtained from the soil boring programs conducted during the
MOMPD VE and RI studies also do not indicate the presence of extensive
continuous lenses of clay that could behave as significant barriers to fluid flow
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 3
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
Hydrologic data collected during the hydraulic testing during the MOMPD study
suggest that some sandier lenses may extend for limited distances in a north-south
orientation as local stratigraphic horizons However these potential lenses were
thought to be located to the east of the soil source area and their existence is not
confirmed by the specific stratigraphic borehole data available
Permeability of site soils to air flow was estimated based upon the results of both
pilot- and bench-scale testing performed during the VE treatability and the bench-
scale testing performed during the MOMPD studies Pilot-scale tests were
performed at four different locations in the source area at the UCC site which
were selected on the basis of stratigraphic data reported in the RI as
representative of the range of soil conditions in that area Five samples were
collected for bench-scale air permeability testing which included both saturated
and unsaturated samples from the four VE pilot test areas Three additional soil
samples were collected for bench-scale VE testing during the MOMPD
investigation from a location east of the source area adjacent to Quiggle Brook
The locations of the pilot test areas and the downgradient bench-scale sampling
locations are shown on Figure 1
Air permeability results measured during the VE treatability study
supplementary bench-scale VE tests and the MOM study are presented in Table 2
The results are grouped by VES Treatability Study test areas and Test Area 3
from the MOM Pre-Design Study Similar air permeability values were measured
during the MOMPD and VE studies with horizontal permeabilities measured in
the field typically in the 10 x 108 to 53 x 108 cm2 range Air permeability values
were also found to increase during the testing of samples obtained from both the
saturated and unsaturated soil zones This apparent increase in air permeability
over time is consistent with the expected removal of moisture from the soil pore
space during vapor extraction which reduces resistance to air flow through the
soil These results indicate that saturated soils can be effectively remediated at
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 4
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
the site using in situ vapor extraction after lowering the ground water in the
vicinity of saturated soils requiring treatment
Hydraulic conductivity values estimated based on results of slug tests performed
in the overburden unit during the RI and MOMPD studies are consistent These
values range over approximately two orders of magnitude between 4 x 103
centimeter per second (cmsec) to 1 x IO5 cmsec with the majority of the values in
the 104 cmsec to 105 cmsec range Hydraulic conductivity values estimated from
the analyses of pump tests performed in the saturated overburden during the
MOMPD investigation range from 1 x 104 cmsec to 6 x 106 cmsec with the
majority of the values similarly in the 104 cmsec to 105 cmsec range These
volumes are consistent with the permeabilities observed from the MOMPD pump
tests (ie 15 x 104 cmsec x 90 x 106 cmsec)
The observed consistency between the geologic and permeability data obtained
during the RI VE Treatability Study and the MOMPD and SCPD studies is
consistent with the premises underlying the conceptual model of the site conditions
and indicates that VE will be an effective source control technology for the UCC
site
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 5
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
30 CONTAMINANT DISTRIBUTION
During the SCPD investigation shallow unsaturated soil samples were collected at
depths from 2 to 4 feet below ground surface at twenty-two sampling locations
within and surrounding the extent of the source area soils as indicated by the RI
investigation Consistent with the findings of the RI the lateral extent of the
source area is estimated based upon the newer data to be within eastern portion of
the former operations area at the site (see Figure 2) with the exception that
tetrachloroethene (PCE) was reported at a concentration exceeding the soil cleanup
standard in one shallow soil sample obtained from a boring located to the east of
the former interceptor trench The reported presence of PCE in the soil at this
location is anomalous because PCE was not detected in the shallow unsaturated
and saturated soil samples obtained immediately to the west of the former
interceptor trench and because PCE was not detected in ground water samples
obtained from monitoring wells located downgradient from this area during the
MOMPD and initial Surface Water and Ground Water Monitoring Program
sampling event
With the exception of the southern end of the former leachfield located at the
eastern edge of the former operations area the vertical extent of soils requiring
source control remediation appears to be limited to primarily soils above the water
table Ten of the twenty-two shallow borings were advanced to 2 to 4 feet below
the ground water table to evaluate the vertical extent of the significantly impacted
soils (see Figure 3) At four of these sampling locations VOCs were not detected
at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup levels in either the shallow
unsaturated soil samples or the shallow saturated soil samples In four of the five
locations where VOCs were detected at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup
standards in the unsaturated soil the concentrations of VOCs in the shallow
saturated soil were less than the soil cleanup standards indicating that the
vertical extent of soil requiring remediation is primarily limited to the unsaturated
soils Only in a boring located at the southern end of the former leachfield and
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 6
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
boring located immediately to the southeast of the leachfield were VOCs detected
in the shallow saturated soil at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standard
VOCs were not detected in the shallow unsaturated soil sample obtained from the
boring located immediately to the southeast of the former leachfield indicating
that the contaminants detected in the shallow saturated soil sample were likely
transported with the ground water to this location
As shown on Figure 4 seven borings were advanced to obtain soil samples at 8 to
10 feet below the ground water including the two borings where VOCs were
detected at concentrations exceeding the cleanup levels in the shallow saturated
soil samples As indicated on Figure 4 VOCs were detected in 3 of the 7 deeper
saturated samples at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standards
however based on the shallower soil samples obtained at 2 of the 3 locations i t
appears that the VOCs detected in these deeper soil samples are associated with
contaminants migrating with the ground water Only samples obtained from the
boring located at the southern end of the former leachfield contained VOCs at
concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standards in soil samples obtained above
and below the ground water table Based upon the results of the pump tests
performed at the site i t is anticipated that a series of closely-spaced ground water
extraction wells can adequately lower the water table to allow soil vapor extraction
wells to effectively treat currently saturated soils in the vicinity of the former
leachfield
As required by EPA and the Maine Department of Environmental Protection
(DEP) selected soil samples obtained from the unsaturated zone during the SCPD
were analyzed for NN-dimethylformamide (DMF) The results of these DMF
analyses were previously transmitted to EPA and DEP and showed that DMF was
not present in these unsaturated soil samples at concentrations greater than the
method detection limits These results are consistent with data obtained during
VE treatability study which indicated the presence of DMF in only 3 of 29
samples analyzed and at concentrations slightly above or at the detection limit
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 7
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
40 CLEANUP TIME ESTIMATES
As discussed in Section 70 of the VE Treatability Study Report the results of
bench-scale testing performed during the study were used to evaluate the number
of air pore volume exchanges required to reduce VOC concentrations to levels
below the source control performance standards for the target constituents These
results were consistent with VE performance at other sites and indicated that
exchange of 3000 to 4000 pore volumes of soil gas would be necessary to achieve
the source control performance standards in most of the source area Data for a
sample collected from one area of the site (Area C in at the southern end of the
former leach field east of the still building) suggested that up to 120000 pore
volume exchanges would be required to attain the performance standards because
of elevated VOC concentrations in the soil in that area I t should be noted that
the air flow rates in this sample were accelerated because of the time constraints
placed upon completion of the VE Treatability Study Because of equilibrium
dynamics i t is likely that the increased air flow rates decreased the efficiency of
VOC transfer from the soil to the air resulting in an increased number of required
pore volume exchanges to attain the performance standards Accordingly i t is
possible that the number of required pore volume exchanges estimated for this
area of the site was overestimated
The results of the field pilot-scale testing at the site were generally consistent with
the bench-scale data and indicated that exchange of 4000 to 6000 pore volumes
will be required to attain the performance standards in most of the source area
The pilot-scale test data indicated removal of relatively large masses
(approximately 100 pounds) of target VOCs from each of the highly impacted test
areas during the relatively limited test period (less than 90 days) The expected
pattern of greater VOC removal from the outer margins of the test area than in
the inner portions was observed in both soil vapor and soil analytical data As
expected conclusive demonstration of the ability to achieve performance standards
in the field was constrained by winter conditions (initial equipment malfunction)
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 8
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
the limited time period available for completion of the test the limitations of a
pilot-scale test performed in a contaminated area primarily leakage of air flow at
the margins of the cap and transport of VOCs from soil volumes outside the test
area and constraints of the Contract Laboratory Program analytical methods that
were required particularly with respect to constituent concentration reporting
limits
As reported in the VE Treatability Study Report based upon the air flow rates
attained in the field (see Appendix K of the VE Treatability Study Report) it was
estimated that sufficient pore volume exchanges to attain source control
performance standards could be achieved in unsaturated soils in most of the
source control area within approximately 1 year of operation Attainment of the
performance standards in the balance of the unsaturated soil source area would be
achieved within approximately 23 years of operation Data obtained during the
MOMPD and SCPD studies are consistent with data obtained during the RI and
VE treatability study and do not indicate that revision of these cleanup time
estimates of 1 to 23 years of operation is warranted
Data from the SCPD study indicated that saturated soil in the vicinity of the
southern end of the leach field contained VOC concentrations above the soil
performance standards Treatment of this soil by VE will require dewatering to
facilitate air transfer through the soils It is estimated that the dewatering and
drying of the soil could require 6 months Because this area is in the portion of
the site where the higher end of the soil cleanup time range was estimated it is
possible that cleanup of this localized area of saturated soil will require 28 years
of operation to complete
The cleanup time estimates were based upon operations after system startup In
evaluating actual cleanup at least 4 weeks per year of VE system down time could
be expected particularly as a result of wintertime conditions Accordingly cleanup
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 9
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
time estimates for the site are expected to range from approximately 12 to
31 years the 6 weeks estimated for completion of construction in the FFS report
It should also be noted that as discussed in the VE Treatability Study Report the
exponential decline in VOC levels in discharged soil gas observed during the pilot-
and bench-scale studies indicate that significant reduction in the VOC mass in
source soils will be achieved within the first 6 months of VE system operation
The data obtained during the treatability study were used to address several
important design considerations discussed in Section 80 of the VE Treatability
Study These considerations indicated the ability to design the VE system to
maximize its operational effectiveness and its flexibility in adjusting to variable
operating conditions For example the design will include vertical extraction wells
in areas of greater depths to ground water and horizontal extraction wells in areas
of shallower depths to ground water or where higher pore volume exchange rates
are required The design will also include an interactive monitoring program
during operations that will allow frequent adjustment of the operational
configuration to include increased air flow rates and use of induction wells as
warranted to address localized heterogeneities in soil characteristics and VOC
concentrations Application of these design considerations will facilitate
attainment of the source control performance standards within the estimated
cleanup times
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 10
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
50 SUMMARY
In summary the findings of the RI the VE pilot-scale and bench-scale studies and
the MOM PD and SCPD investigations are consistent with the conceptual site
model The site stratigraphy in the source area consists of fill overlying t i l l which
overlies bedrock Source area soils (ie soils containing VOCs at concentrations
greater than soil cleanup standards) are located within the eastern portion of the
former site operations area The vertical extent of source area soils that exceed
the soil cleanup standards is primarily limited to soils lying above the ground
water table with the exception of soils in a localized area at the southern end of
the former leachfield DMF is not present at significant concentrations in the
unsaturated soil The characteristics of the fill and t i l l are similar and large-scale
heterogeneities are not present within the soil Air permeabilities of the fill and
t i l l are such that vapor extraction can be used to effectively remove VOCs from the
soil Permeabilities of the overburden are such that a dewatering system can be
designed to lower the ground water table at the southern end of the former
leachfield so that currently saturated soils in this area can be effectively treated
using vapor extraction
The effectiveness of VE was demonstrated during the pilot-scale study with
approximately 100 pounds of target VOCs recovered from the two more highly
impacted test areas in less than 90 days of vapor recovery The objective of the
source area remediation is to control the migration of contaminants from the
source area soils to the ground water Although vapor extraction may take
slightly longer to achieve the soil cleanup standards when compared to LTSA
control over the migration of VOCs to the ground water can be achieved earlier in
the remedial program Capping the site will limit the vertical migration of
contaminants to the ground water and vapor extraction is expected to
substantially reduce the mass of the contaminants from the soil within 90 to 180
days after the start of pumping The VE system can also be designed installed
and operating more quickly than the LTSA system because of the extensive bench-
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 11
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
and pilot-scale data available for the site experience gained in using VE at other
sites and the availability of VE system components A list of sites where VE has
been or currently is in use was recently published in a May 1992 document
entitled An Evaluation of Vapor Extraction of Vadose Zone Contamination
published by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Martin Marietta Energy
Systems Inc for the US Department of Energy The document presents
information on 13 sites with varying types and concentrations of VOCs and soil
conditions and concludes that in situ vapor extraction is very effective in removing
organic contaminants from the pore space of the soil matrix According to The
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program Technology Profiles
(EPA5405-90006) VES now comprises 18 percent of the selected remedies at
Superfund sites and the number continues to grow
To briefly summarize in addition to gaining control over the migration of VOCs
from the source area soils to the ground water more quickly VE also offers the
advantages of (1) better short-term protection of public health because there is no
uncontrolled release of VOCs and dust to the ambient air (2) less operational
noise than the noise associated with LTSA operations (3) less disturbance to the
environment at the site and to the surrounding community especially in terms of
site clearing and (4) a high degree of operational flexibility to expand the system
to treat a larger volume of soil to extend the treatment time to achieve better
removal and to focus the remediation on the most impacted soils Based upon the
currently available data the comparison of VE and LTSA discussed in Section 50
remains unchanged Comparison of these two source control alternatives indicated
that VE would be more protective of human health and the environment during
implementation and that the two alternatives would be equally effective and
protective in the long term
January 12 1993 12 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012
TABLE 1
SUMMARY OF GEOTECHNICAL DATA V E TOEATABLHJTY STUDY MANAGEMENT OF MIGRATION PRE-DESIGN
UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SITE SOUTH HOPE MAINE
flBoring ID
Stratishygraphy
Sample I D
Depth From
Depth To
Gravel Total Sand
Coarse Sand
Medium Sand
Fine Sand
Coarse Fraction
Silt Clay Fine Fraction 9
SB-2-04 FU1 S-7 130 148 312 301 45 55 201 613 301 86 387
jsB-4-lS BSB-4-4S
Fill Fill
ST-1 S-5
60 120
75 140
63 44
575 474
70 45
115 105
390 324
638 518
310 386
51 96
361 482
IsB-A-10 Fill UCC-SB-A-101-03 40 60 110 506 218 237 545 616 267 116 383
SB-B-30 Fill UCC-SB-B-030A-01 00 20 219 361 97 294 609 580 286 133 419
SB-C-01 FU1 UCC-SB-C-010-06 100 120 292 321 140 234 626 613 274 112 386
SB-3-4L Topsoil ST-1 80 100 42 422 55 100 267 464 386 150 536
SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1lt
bull03 bull03 bull03 -03 bullID ID ID 1M1 bullIS
Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till
S-8 S-12 S-13 S-15
S-13A S-17 S-25 ST-1 ST-1
320 400 420 460 225 305 460 300 50
340 420 440 480 240 325 470 320 70
00 00 00 175 44 39 29 51 I 4
707 328 284 331 595 409 290 466 392
00 00 00 40 25 50 35 45 I 0
97 63 59 75 30 90 70 90 55
610 265 225 216 540 269 185 331 327
707 328 284 506 639 448 319 517 406
177 466 402 293 267 347 466 343 594
115 205 313 200 93
204 214 140 00
292 671 715 493 360 551 680 483 594
SB-2-04 Till ST-1 200 220 55 370 45 80 245 425 377 197 574
SB-2-04 Till S-10 220 240 161 450 105 115 230 611 284 104 38
SB-2-04 Till S-14 300 320 I I 5 424 60 95 269 539 265 195 460
SB-2-04 Till ST-2 400 420 17 407 55 85 267 424 386 189 575
SB-2-04 Till S-20 440 460 130 558 100 140 318 688 219 93 312
SB-2-2D Till ST-1 140 160 36 608 65 160 383 644 318 38 356
SB-2-3S Till S-5 110 130 42 362 30 80 252 404 473 122 595
SB-3-07 Till S-12 400 420 00 351 00 111 240 351 421 227 648
SB-3-07 Till S-15 460 478 26 443 50 120 273 469 371 159 530
SB-3-07 Till S-16 480 500 00 316 00 86 230 316 436 247 683
SB-3-1D Till S-32 620 640 51 322 60 75 187 373 368 258 626
SB-3-1L Till ST-1 460 475 20 367 50 85 232 387 375 237 612
SB-3-1S SB-3-2M SB-3-3M SB-3-3S SB-3-4S SB-3-4S
Till Till Till Till Till Till
S-4 S-5 S-7
ST-1 UT-1 S-8
150 200 265 35 05 160
170 218 285 55 15 170
25 50 98 26 34 164
373 420 405 504 745 478
30 30 40 40 45
I I 5
90 100 115 80 275 105
253 290 250 384 425 258
398 470 503 530 779 642
432 378 338 388 175 296
169 151 158 81 46 62
601 529 496 469 221 358
SB-4-07 Till S- l l 205 225 97 366 46 85 236 463 377 159 536
SB-4-07 Till S-17 310 318 16 850 110 430 310 866 134 00 134
SB-4-1S Till S-3 130 150 74 393 50 95 248 467 379 153 532
SB-4-2D Till S-8 140 160 22 413 45 90 278 435 384 180 564
SB-4-3S Till S-7 120 140 28 372 45 85 242 400 407 192 599
Average Fill jAverage Till
173 51
423 441
103 44
173 107
449 290
596 492
304 354
99 153
403 507
Revision 0 122292 Pagel Balaam Project 6530T2MOMVE 1 XLS
Table 2
Intrinsic A i r Permeability Values VES Treatability Study
Union Chemical Company South Hope Maine
Date of Teat Start
Slraligraphy Sa tura tedUnsta lura tod Trait Type Tost Identification
Test Area
Sample Depth Calculated Permeability (sq cm) Kr Kc
2-Ocl-91 13-Nov-91 4-Nov-9l
Fill Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test IWA-03 UCC-SB-A-100-05
EW-A-01
A A A
4 to 19 85 to 96 26 to 76
240E-06 264E-07 764 E-09
2 60E-08 NA
216E-08
NA NA
903E-09 13Dec-91 Fill Unsaturated Mass Transfer EW-A-01 A 25 to 76 366E-07 879E-09
Geometric Mean 205E-07
3-Ocl-91 30-Ocl-9I
Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test EW-B-01 EW-B-01
B B
2 to 6 2 to 5
300E-08 209E-08
25-E-08 I02E-08
NA 247E-09
2l-Nov-9l Fill Unsaturated EW-B-01 B 2 to 5 167E07 343E-08 367E-09 14May-92 Till Sa tura ted Bench-Scale UCC-SB-B-500-01 B 58 to 83 262E-09 to 134E-08 NA NA
Geometric Mean 344E-08
3-Oct-91 5- Nov-91
25-Nov-91 7-Nov-91
Fill Fill Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test Bench-Scale
Field Test
IW-C-05 UCC-SB-C-OI0-030 UCC-SB-C-020-03
EW-C-01
C C C C
3 to 8 4 to 46 4 to 56
25 to 76
640E-08 113E-09 to532E-08 884 E-09 to8 81E-08
300E-07
530E-08 NA NA
300E-08
NA NA NA
300E-09 6- Nov9| Fill Unsaturated IW-C-05 C 3 to 8 305E-07 389E-08 108E-08
Geometric Mean 122E-07
29-Oct-9l Fill Unsaturated Field Test EW-n-01 D 3 5 to 85 822E-08 489E-09 992E-09 14 Mav-92 Natural Orpnnic Silt Saturated Bench Scale UCC-vSB-D 112-01 D 58 lo 88 920E-10to 150E-08 NA NA
21-Jul-92 Till Saturated Bench-Scale UCC-SB-3-05-1 0 to 87 503E-07 to 564E-07 NA NA 21-Jul 92 Fill Saturated UCC-SB-3-3SA-3 0 lo 15 527E-08 to 653E-07 NA NA 21-)ul-92 Till Saturated UCC-SB-3-2SA-1 10 to 124 683E-08 lo I20E-07 NA NA
NOTES 1 NA = not applicable 2 Kz rcfora In air |gterincabilily in vertical direction 3 Kr refers to air permeability in horizontal direction 4 Kc refers lo air permeability in a soil lo atmosphere conductance 5 ft-BGS = feet below ground surface
A1RPERMXLS
RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES
bull C L Z P Q CP
ACCESS GATE
FORMER INCINERATOR
CONCRETE SLAB
H CHAIN LINK FENCE
FORMER INCINERATOR STRUCTURES
APPROXIMATE VAPOR EXTRACTION
o PILOT TEST AREA LOCATION
APPROXIMATE LEACH FIELD AREA LOCATION o SOURCE APPROXIMATE TANK LOCATION FIGURE 2 OF REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION FEASIBILITY STUDY
40 80 160
APPROXIMATE SCALE (FEET)
c u m | UNION CHEMICAL I
ADMINISTRATIVE FUND BALSAM macca
OMMNUEXTM OMSULTHnitR B WDUSUUL VAX SMfU Ml 030TO VES PILOT STUDY
PILOT AND BENCH SCALE STUDY AREAS
UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE PJK DNW JMO JAG laquo APPROXIMATE VE SOIL SAMPLE PREPARED BY CANONIE ENVIRONMENTAL JUNE 1990 SB-3-3SA LOCATION FUWgt Q
r=80 010493 6437228 6437 T5
0
SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED 1 OONSTTTUENT CONCENTRATIONS bull lt
SOU SAMPLE COLLECTED AT BORING SB-D-03 AND SB-D-02 WAS SATURATED DUE TO SHALLOW WATER
UCC-SB-S-07-SI-1092
l t -DCE BDl82) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN TABLE AT 18 FEET BELOW GRADE SURFACE PARTS PER BILLION (PPB) -lt
11
11-DCE BDL56) TCE BDL58J PCE BDL(56) TXYL
IFEFMD
SB-S-05 ^ SOURCE CONTROL PREmdashDESIGN SOL BORING LOCATION
UCC-SB-S-OO-SJA-1092 SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS
11-DCE BOU5B) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN PARTS PER BULON (PPB)
VAPOR EXTRACTION SYSTEM SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION
UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE
SOUTH HOPE MAINE
Prepared for
US Environmental Protection Agency
Prepared on behalf of
Union Chemical Site PRP Group
Prepared by
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC 5 Industrial Way
Salem New Hampshire 03079
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T3LS9012
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
VAPOR EXTRACTION SYSTEM SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION
UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE
SOUTH HOPE MAINE
10 INTRODUCTION
The Record of Decision issued by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
for the Union Chemical Company (UCC) Superfund site specified remedial action
to remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from site soils According to the
ROD risks associated with potential exposures to site soil were within the
acceptable range however source control remedial action was required to remove
VOCs from source area soils Without remediation VOCs may continue to migrate
into site ground water and result in ground water quality above performance
standards established for the site The use of vapor extraction (VE) to remove
VOCs from soils was proposed for the source control remedy at the UCC site by
Balsam Environmental Consultants Inc (Balsam) on behalf of the Union
Chemical Site PRP Group (Group) This proposal was initially based upon review
and analysis of site characterization data presented in the remedial investigation
and feasibility study (RIFS) reports prepared by Canonie Environmental Services
and available data regarding the application of VE to soil remediation at other
Superfund and industrial sites In late 1991 and early 1992 a VE pilot study was
performed at the UCC site to obtain site-specific data regarding the ability of VE
to extract VOCs from site soil The field pilot study was augmented by bench-scale
VE studies performed in conjunction with the pilot study and the Management of
Migration (MOM) and Source Control (SC) pre-design (PD) investigations which
were performed in the summer and fall of 1992
The results of the VE pilot study were presented in a report prepared by Balsam
entitled Vapor Extraction Treatability Study Union Chemical Company Site
South Hope Maine dated April 3 1992 A Focused Feasibility Study (FFS)
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 1
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comparing the use of VE and low temperature soil aeration (LTSA) was performed
and the results summarized in a report entitled Focused Feasibility Study Union
Chemical Site South Hope Maine dated April 3 1992 In a meeting on
June 2 1992 EPAs technical specialist on VE indicated concurrence with the
ability to achieve the necessary air flow through site soils to meet VOC source
control performance standards based upon the site characteristics observed during
the pilot and associated bench-scale studies and interpretation of the results
presented in the treatability study and FFS reports
Subsequently Balsam completed MOMPD and SCPD investigations at the site on
behalf of the Trust These investigations provided additional data regarding site
conditions that were pertinent to the application of VE to source remediation The
purpose of this document is to briefly review the findings of the VE treatability
studies in the context of more recent data from the PD investigations
January 12 1993 2Balsam Project 6437T31S9012
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20 CONCEPTUAL S I T E MODEL
As described in the RI report and confirmed by the findings of the VE treatability
study and MOMPD and SCPD investigations the stratigraphy at the UCC site
consists mainly of three stratigraphic sequences fill t i l l and bedrock The
stratigraphy in the UCC site source area typically consists of fill overlying native
glacial t i l l which in turn overlies a schist and gneiss bedrock The fill and the
underlying native soil appear to be similar in character although the t i l l generally
tends to be denser and somewhat finer-grained than the overlying fill A
comparison of grain size percentages evaluated from sieve analyses for the fill and
t i l l is presented on Table 1 The fill consists predominately of loose to very dense
silty sands and sands with small but varying amounts of fine gravel and clay
Organic debris is present in the fill occurring mostly as partially decomposed wood
debris or wood ashes with occasional thin layers of peat and organic silt Organic
silt peat and topsoil are present in several locations at the top of the t i l l unit
The t i l l occurs as a wedge shaped deposit with the thickness varying from 80 feet
toward Quiggle Brook to less than 25 feet at the western portion of the site
Although the RI indicated the possible presence of gradational changes in the
stratigraphy data obtained from continuous soil sampling performed during the
VE Treatability Study and MOMPD investigation indicated that there is little
change in stratigraphy horizontally or vertically and that heterogeneity is
generally limited to localized variations in the silt and sand percentages These
variations were typically encountered as minor lenses and seams generally several
inches thick containing a slightly higher fraction sand and appeared to be
localized in extent Stratigraphically these reiampvvely minor variations in grain
size and localized lenses indicate the absence of significant preferential conduits
comprised of significantly coarser and therefore substantially more permeable
material Data obtained from the soil boring programs conducted during the
MOMPD VE and RI studies also do not indicate the presence of extensive
continuous lenses of clay that could behave as significant barriers to fluid flow
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 3
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Hydrologic data collected during the hydraulic testing during the MOMPD study
suggest that some sandier lenses may extend for limited distances in a north-south
orientation as local stratigraphic horizons However these potential lenses were
thought to be located to the east of the soil source area and their existence is not
confirmed by the specific stratigraphic borehole data available
Permeability of site soils to air flow was estimated based upon the results of both
pilot- and bench-scale testing performed during the VE treatability and the bench-
scale testing performed during the MOMPD studies Pilot-scale tests were
performed at four different locations in the source area at the UCC site which
were selected on the basis of stratigraphic data reported in the RI as
representative of the range of soil conditions in that area Five samples were
collected for bench-scale air permeability testing which included both saturated
and unsaturated samples from the four VE pilot test areas Three additional soil
samples were collected for bench-scale VE testing during the MOMPD
investigation from a location east of the source area adjacent to Quiggle Brook
The locations of the pilot test areas and the downgradient bench-scale sampling
locations are shown on Figure 1
Air permeability results measured during the VE treatability study
supplementary bench-scale VE tests and the MOM study are presented in Table 2
The results are grouped by VES Treatability Study test areas and Test Area 3
from the MOM Pre-Design Study Similar air permeability values were measured
during the MOMPD and VE studies with horizontal permeabilities measured in
the field typically in the 10 x 108 to 53 x 108 cm2 range Air permeability values
were also found to increase during the testing of samples obtained from both the
saturated and unsaturated soil zones This apparent increase in air permeability
over time is consistent with the expected removal of moisture from the soil pore
space during vapor extraction which reduces resistance to air flow through the
soil These results indicate that saturated soils can be effectively remediated at
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 4
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
the site using in situ vapor extraction after lowering the ground water in the
vicinity of saturated soils requiring treatment
Hydraulic conductivity values estimated based on results of slug tests performed
in the overburden unit during the RI and MOMPD studies are consistent These
values range over approximately two orders of magnitude between 4 x 103
centimeter per second (cmsec) to 1 x IO5 cmsec with the majority of the values in
the 104 cmsec to 105 cmsec range Hydraulic conductivity values estimated from
the analyses of pump tests performed in the saturated overburden during the
MOMPD investigation range from 1 x 104 cmsec to 6 x 106 cmsec with the
majority of the values similarly in the 104 cmsec to 105 cmsec range These
volumes are consistent with the permeabilities observed from the MOMPD pump
tests (ie 15 x 104 cmsec x 90 x 106 cmsec)
The observed consistency between the geologic and permeability data obtained
during the RI VE Treatability Study and the MOMPD and SCPD studies is
consistent with the premises underlying the conceptual model of the site conditions
and indicates that VE will be an effective source control technology for the UCC
site
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 5
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30 CONTAMINANT DISTRIBUTION
During the SCPD investigation shallow unsaturated soil samples were collected at
depths from 2 to 4 feet below ground surface at twenty-two sampling locations
within and surrounding the extent of the source area soils as indicated by the RI
investigation Consistent with the findings of the RI the lateral extent of the
source area is estimated based upon the newer data to be within eastern portion of
the former operations area at the site (see Figure 2) with the exception that
tetrachloroethene (PCE) was reported at a concentration exceeding the soil cleanup
standard in one shallow soil sample obtained from a boring located to the east of
the former interceptor trench The reported presence of PCE in the soil at this
location is anomalous because PCE was not detected in the shallow unsaturated
and saturated soil samples obtained immediately to the west of the former
interceptor trench and because PCE was not detected in ground water samples
obtained from monitoring wells located downgradient from this area during the
MOMPD and initial Surface Water and Ground Water Monitoring Program
sampling event
With the exception of the southern end of the former leachfield located at the
eastern edge of the former operations area the vertical extent of soils requiring
source control remediation appears to be limited to primarily soils above the water
table Ten of the twenty-two shallow borings were advanced to 2 to 4 feet below
the ground water table to evaluate the vertical extent of the significantly impacted
soils (see Figure 3) At four of these sampling locations VOCs were not detected
at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup levels in either the shallow
unsaturated soil samples or the shallow saturated soil samples In four of the five
locations where VOCs were detected at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup
standards in the unsaturated soil the concentrations of VOCs in the shallow
saturated soil were less than the soil cleanup standards indicating that the
vertical extent of soil requiring remediation is primarily limited to the unsaturated
soils Only in a boring located at the southern end of the former leachfield and
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 6
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
boring located immediately to the southeast of the leachfield were VOCs detected
in the shallow saturated soil at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standard
VOCs were not detected in the shallow unsaturated soil sample obtained from the
boring located immediately to the southeast of the former leachfield indicating
that the contaminants detected in the shallow saturated soil sample were likely
transported with the ground water to this location
As shown on Figure 4 seven borings were advanced to obtain soil samples at 8 to
10 feet below the ground water including the two borings where VOCs were
detected at concentrations exceeding the cleanup levels in the shallow saturated
soil samples As indicated on Figure 4 VOCs were detected in 3 of the 7 deeper
saturated samples at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standards
however based on the shallower soil samples obtained at 2 of the 3 locations i t
appears that the VOCs detected in these deeper soil samples are associated with
contaminants migrating with the ground water Only samples obtained from the
boring located at the southern end of the former leachfield contained VOCs at
concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standards in soil samples obtained above
and below the ground water table Based upon the results of the pump tests
performed at the site i t is anticipated that a series of closely-spaced ground water
extraction wells can adequately lower the water table to allow soil vapor extraction
wells to effectively treat currently saturated soils in the vicinity of the former
leachfield
As required by EPA and the Maine Department of Environmental Protection
(DEP) selected soil samples obtained from the unsaturated zone during the SCPD
were analyzed for NN-dimethylformamide (DMF) The results of these DMF
analyses were previously transmitted to EPA and DEP and showed that DMF was
not present in these unsaturated soil samples at concentrations greater than the
method detection limits These results are consistent with data obtained during
VE treatability study which indicated the presence of DMF in only 3 of 29
samples analyzed and at concentrations slightly above or at the detection limit
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 7
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
40 CLEANUP TIME ESTIMATES
As discussed in Section 70 of the VE Treatability Study Report the results of
bench-scale testing performed during the study were used to evaluate the number
of air pore volume exchanges required to reduce VOC concentrations to levels
below the source control performance standards for the target constituents These
results were consistent with VE performance at other sites and indicated that
exchange of 3000 to 4000 pore volumes of soil gas would be necessary to achieve
the source control performance standards in most of the source area Data for a
sample collected from one area of the site (Area C in at the southern end of the
former leach field east of the still building) suggested that up to 120000 pore
volume exchanges would be required to attain the performance standards because
of elevated VOC concentrations in the soil in that area I t should be noted that
the air flow rates in this sample were accelerated because of the time constraints
placed upon completion of the VE Treatability Study Because of equilibrium
dynamics i t is likely that the increased air flow rates decreased the efficiency of
VOC transfer from the soil to the air resulting in an increased number of required
pore volume exchanges to attain the performance standards Accordingly i t is
possible that the number of required pore volume exchanges estimated for this
area of the site was overestimated
The results of the field pilot-scale testing at the site were generally consistent with
the bench-scale data and indicated that exchange of 4000 to 6000 pore volumes
will be required to attain the performance standards in most of the source area
The pilot-scale test data indicated removal of relatively large masses
(approximately 100 pounds) of target VOCs from each of the highly impacted test
areas during the relatively limited test period (less than 90 days) The expected
pattern of greater VOC removal from the outer margins of the test area than in
the inner portions was observed in both soil vapor and soil analytical data As
expected conclusive demonstration of the ability to achieve performance standards
in the field was constrained by winter conditions (initial equipment malfunction)
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 8
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
the limited time period available for completion of the test the limitations of a
pilot-scale test performed in a contaminated area primarily leakage of air flow at
the margins of the cap and transport of VOCs from soil volumes outside the test
area and constraints of the Contract Laboratory Program analytical methods that
were required particularly with respect to constituent concentration reporting
limits
As reported in the VE Treatability Study Report based upon the air flow rates
attained in the field (see Appendix K of the VE Treatability Study Report) it was
estimated that sufficient pore volume exchanges to attain source control
performance standards could be achieved in unsaturated soils in most of the
source control area within approximately 1 year of operation Attainment of the
performance standards in the balance of the unsaturated soil source area would be
achieved within approximately 23 years of operation Data obtained during the
MOMPD and SCPD studies are consistent with data obtained during the RI and
VE treatability study and do not indicate that revision of these cleanup time
estimates of 1 to 23 years of operation is warranted
Data from the SCPD study indicated that saturated soil in the vicinity of the
southern end of the leach field contained VOC concentrations above the soil
performance standards Treatment of this soil by VE will require dewatering to
facilitate air transfer through the soils It is estimated that the dewatering and
drying of the soil could require 6 months Because this area is in the portion of
the site where the higher end of the soil cleanup time range was estimated it is
possible that cleanup of this localized area of saturated soil will require 28 years
of operation to complete
The cleanup time estimates were based upon operations after system startup In
evaluating actual cleanup at least 4 weeks per year of VE system down time could
be expected particularly as a result of wintertime conditions Accordingly cleanup
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 9
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
time estimates for the site are expected to range from approximately 12 to
31 years the 6 weeks estimated for completion of construction in the FFS report
It should also be noted that as discussed in the VE Treatability Study Report the
exponential decline in VOC levels in discharged soil gas observed during the pilot-
and bench-scale studies indicate that significant reduction in the VOC mass in
source soils will be achieved within the first 6 months of VE system operation
The data obtained during the treatability study were used to address several
important design considerations discussed in Section 80 of the VE Treatability
Study These considerations indicated the ability to design the VE system to
maximize its operational effectiveness and its flexibility in adjusting to variable
operating conditions For example the design will include vertical extraction wells
in areas of greater depths to ground water and horizontal extraction wells in areas
of shallower depths to ground water or where higher pore volume exchange rates
are required The design will also include an interactive monitoring program
during operations that will allow frequent adjustment of the operational
configuration to include increased air flow rates and use of induction wells as
warranted to address localized heterogeneities in soil characteristics and VOC
concentrations Application of these design considerations will facilitate
attainment of the source control performance standards within the estimated
cleanup times
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 10
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50 SUMMARY
In summary the findings of the RI the VE pilot-scale and bench-scale studies and
the MOM PD and SCPD investigations are consistent with the conceptual site
model The site stratigraphy in the source area consists of fill overlying t i l l which
overlies bedrock Source area soils (ie soils containing VOCs at concentrations
greater than soil cleanup standards) are located within the eastern portion of the
former site operations area The vertical extent of source area soils that exceed
the soil cleanup standards is primarily limited to soils lying above the ground
water table with the exception of soils in a localized area at the southern end of
the former leachfield DMF is not present at significant concentrations in the
unsaturated soil The characteristics of the fill and t i l l are similar and large-scale
heterogeneities are not present within the soil Air permeabilities of the fill and
t i l l are such that vapor extraction can be used to effectively remove VOCs from the
soil Permeabilities of the overburden are such that a dewatering system can be
designed to lower the ground water table at the southern end of the former
leachfield so that currently saturated soils in this area can be effectively treated
using vapor extraction
The effectiveness of VE was demonstrated during the pilot-scale study with
approximately 100 pounds of target VOCs recovered from the two more highly
impacted test areas in less than 90 days of vapor recovery The objective of the
source area remediation is to control the migration of contaminants from the
source area soils to the ground water Although vapor extraction may take
slightly longer to achieve the soil cleanup standards when compared to LTSA
control over the migration of VOCs to the ground water can be achieved earlier in
the remedial program Capping the site will limit the vertical migration of
contaminants to the ground water and vapor extraction is expected to
substantially reduce the mass of the contaminants from the soil within 90 to 180
days after the start of pumping The VE system can also be designed installed
and operating more quickly than the LTSA system because of the extensive bench-
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 11
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
and pilot-scale data available for the site experience gained in using VE at other
sites and the availability of VE system components A list of sites where VE has
been or currently is in use was recently published in a May 1992 document
entitled An Evaluation of Vapor Extraction of Vadose Zone Contamination
published by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Martin Marietta Energy
Systems Inc for the US Department of Energy The document presents
information on 13 sites with varying types and concentrations of VOCs and soil
conditions and concludes that in situ vapor extraction is very effective in removing
organic contaminants from the pore space of the soil matrix According to The
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program Technology Profiles
(EPA5405-90006) VES now comprises 18 percent of the selected remedies at
Superfund sites and the number continues to grow
To briefly summarize in addition to gaining control over the migration of VOCs
from the source area soils to the ground water more quickly VE also offers the
advantages of (1) better short-term protection of public health because there is no
uncontrolled release of VOCs and dust to the ambient air (2) less operational
noise than the noise associated with LTSA operations (3) less disturbance to the
environment at the site and to the surrounding community especially in terms of
site clearing and (4) a high degree of operational flexibility to expand the system
to treat a larger volume of soil to extend the treatment time to achieve better
removal and to focus the remediation on the most impacted soils Based upon the
currently available data the comparison of VE and LTSA discussed in Section 50
remains unchanged Comparison of these two source control alternatives indicated
that VE would be more protective of human health and the environment during
implementation and that the two alternatives would be equally effective and
protective in the long term
January 12 1993 12 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012
TABLE 1
SUMMARY OF GEOTECHNICAL DATA V E TOEATABLHJTY STUDY MANAGEMENT OF MIGRATION PRE-DESIGN
UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SITE SOUTH HOPE MAINE
flBoring ID
Stratishygraphy
Sample I D
Depth From
Depth To
Gravel Total Sand
Coarse Sand
Medium Sand
Fine Sand
Coarse Fraction
Silt Clay Fine Fraction 9
SB-2-04 FU1 S-7 130 148 312 301 45 55 201 613 301 86 387
jsB-4-lS BSB-4-4S
Fill Fill
ST-1 S-5
60 120
75 140
63 44
575 474
70 45
115 105
390 324
638 518
310 386
51 96
361 482
IsB-A-10 Fill UCC-SB-A-101-03 40 60 110 506 218 237 545 616 267 116 383
SB-B-30 Fill UCC-SB-B-030A-01 00 20 219 361 97 294 609 580 286 133 419
SB-C-01 FU1 UCC-SB-C-010-06 100 120 292 321 140 234 626 613 274 112 386
SB-3-4L Topsoil ST-1 80 100 42 422 55 100 267 464 386 150 536
SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1lt
bull03 bull03 bull03 -03 bullID ID ID 1M1 bullIS
Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till
S-8 S-12 S-13 S-15
S-13A S-17 S-25 ST-1 ST-1
320 400 420 460 225 305 460 300 50
340 420 440 480 240 325 470 320 70
00 00 00 175 44 39 29 51 I 4
707 328 284 331 595 409 290 466 392
00 00 00 40 25 50 35 45 I 0
97 63 59 75 30 90 70 90 55
610 265 225 216 540 269 185 331 327
707 328 284 506 639 448 319 517 406
177 466 402 293 267 347 466 343 594
115 205 313 200 93
204 214 140 00
292 671 715 493 360 551 680 483 594
SB-2-04 Till ST-1 200 220 55 370 45 80 245 425 377 197 574
SB-2-04 Till S-10 220 240 161 450 105 115 230 611 284 104 38
SB-2-04 Till S-14 300 320 I I 5 424 60 95 269 539 265 195 460
SB-2-04 Till ST-2 400 420 17 407 55 85 267 424 386 189 575
SB-2-04 Till S-20 440 460 130 558 100 140 318 688 219 93 312
SB-2-2D Till ST-1 140 160 36 608 65 160 383 644 318 38 356
SB-2-3S Till S-5 110 130 42 362 30 80 252 404 473 122 595
SB-3-07 Till S-12 400 420 00 351 00 111 240 351 421 227 648
SB-3-07 Till S-15 460 478 26 443 50 120 273 469 371 159 530
SB-3-07 Till S-16 480 500 00 316 00 86 230 316 436 247 683
SB-3-1D Till S-32 620 640 51 322 60 75 187 373 368 258 626
SB-3-1L Till ST-1 460 475 20 367 50 85 232 387 375 237 612
SB-3-1S SB-3-2M SB-3-3M SB-3-3S SB-3-4S SB-3-4S
Till Till Till Till Till Till
S-4 S-5 S-7
ST-1 UT-1 S-8
150 200 265 35 05 160
170 218 285 55 15 170
25 50 98 26 34 164
373 420 405 504 745 478
30 30 40 40 45
I I 5
90 100 115 80 275 105
253 290 250 384 425 258
398 470 503 530 779 642
432 378 338 388 175 296
169 151 158 81 46 62
601 529 496 469 221 358
SB-4-07 Till S- l l 205 225 97 366 46 85 236 463 377 159 536
SB-4-07 Till S-17 310 318 16 850 110 430 310 866 134 00 134
SB-4-1S Till S-3 130 150 74 393 50 95 248 467 379 153 532
SB-4-2D Till S-8 140 160 22 413 45 90 278 435 384 180 564
SB-4-3S Till S-7 120 140 28 372 45 85 242 400 407 192 599
Average Fill jAverage Till
173 51
423 441
103 44
173 107
449 290
596 492
304 354
99 153
403 507
Revision 0 122292 Pagel Balaam Project 6530T2MOMVE 1 XLS
Table 2
Intrinsic A i r Permeability Values VES Treatability Study
Union Chemical Company South Hope Maine
Date of Teat Start
Slraligraphy Sa tura tedUnsta lura tod Trait Type Tost Identification
Test Area
Sample Depth Calculated Permeability (sq cm) Kr Kc
2-Ocl-91 13-Nov-91 4-Nov-9l
Fill Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test IWA-03 UCC-SB-A-100-05
EW-A-01
A A A
4 to 19 85 to 96 26 to 76
240E-06 264E-07 764 E-09
2 60E-08 NA
216E-08
NA NA
903E-09 13Dec-91 Fill Unsaturated Mass Transfer EW-A-01 A 25 to 76 366E-07 879E-09
Geometric Mean 205E-07
3-Ocl-91 30-Ocl-9I
Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test EW-B-01 EW-B-01
B B
2 to 6 2 to 5
300E-08 209E-08
25-E-08 I02E-08
NA 247E-09
2l-Nov-9l Fill Unsaturated EW-B-01 B 2 to 5 167E07 343E-08 367E-09 14May-92 Till Sa tura ted Bench-Scale UCC-SB-B-500-01 B 58 to 83 262E-09 to 134E-08 NA NA
Geometric Mean 344E-08
3-Oct-91 5- Nov-91
25-Nov-91 7-Nov-91
Fill Fill Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test Bench-Scale
Field Test
IW-C-05 UCC-SB-C-OI0-030 UCC-SB-C-020-03
EW-C-01
C C C C
3 to 8 4 to 46 4 to 56
25 to 76
640E-08 113E-09 to532E-08 884 E-09 to8 81E-08
300E-07
530E-08 NA NA
300E-08
NA NA NA
300E-09 6- Nov9| Fill Unsaturated IW-C-05 C 3 to 8 305E-07 389E-08 108E-08
Geometric Mean 122E-07
29-Oct-9l Fill Unsaturated Field Test EW-n-01 D 3 5 to 85 822E-08 489E-09 992E-09 14 Mav-92 Natural Orpnnic Silt Saturated Bench Scale UCC-vSB-D 112-01 D 58 lo 88 920E-10to 150E-08 NA NA
21-Jul-92 Till Saturated Bench-Scale UCC-SB-3-05-1 0 to 87 503E-07 to 564E-07 NA NA 21-Jul 92 Fill Saturated UCC-SB-3-3SA-3 0 lo 15 527E-08 to 653E-07 NA NA 21-)ul-92 Till Saturated UCC-SB-3-2SA-1 10 to 124 683E-08 lo I20E-07 NA NA
NOTES 1 NA = not applicable 2 Kz rcfora In air |gterincabilily in vertical direction 3 Kr refers to air permeability in horizontal direction 4 Kc refers lo air permeability in a soil lo atmosphere conductance 5 ft-BGS = feet below ground surface
A1RPERMXLS
RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES
bull C L Z P Q CP
ACCESS GATE
FORMER INCINERATOR
CONCRETE SLAB
H CHAIN LINK FENCE
FORMER INCINERATOR STRUCTURES
APPROXIMATE VAPOR EXTRACTION
o PILOT TEST AREA LOCATION
APPROXIMATE LEACH FIELD AREA LOCATION o SOURCE APPROXIMATE TANK LOCATION FIGURE 2 OF REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION FEASIBILITY STUDY
40 80 160
APPROXIMATE SCALE (FEET)
c u m | UNION CHEMICAL I
ADMINISTRATIVE FUND BALSAM macca
OMMNUEXTM OMSULTHnitR B WDUSUUL VAX SMfU Ml 030TO VES PILOT STUDY
PILOT AND BENCH SCALE STUDY AREAS
UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE PJK DNW JMO JAG laquo APPROXIMATE VE SOIL SAMPLE PREPARED BY CANONIE ENVIRONMENTAL JUNE 1990 SB-3-3SA LOCATION FUWgt Q
r=80 010493 6437228 6437 T5
0
SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED 1 OONSTTTUENT CONCENTRATIONS bull lt
SOU SAMPLE COLLECTED AT BORING SB-D-03 AND SB-D-02 WAS SATURATED DUE TO SHALLOW WATER
UCC-SB-S-07-SI-1092
l t -DCE BDl82) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN TABLE AT 18 FEET BELOW GRADE SURFACE PARTS PER BILLION (PPB) -lt
11
11-DCE BDL56) TCE BDL58J PCE BDL(56) TXYL
IFEFMD
SB-S-05 ^ SOURCE CONTROL PREmdashDESIGN SOL BORING LOCATION
UCC-SB-S-OO-SJA-1092 SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS
11-DCE BOU5B) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN PARTS PER BULON (PPB)
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
VAPOR EXTRACTION SYSTEM SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION
UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE
SOUTH HOPE MAINE
10 INTRODUCTION
The Record of Decision issued by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
for the Union Chemical Company (UCC) Superfund site specified remedial action
to remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from site soils According to the
ROD risks associated with potential exposures to site soil were within the
acceptable range however source control remedial action was required to remove
VOCs from source area soils Without remediation VOCs may continue to migrate
into site ground water and result in ground water quality above performance
standards established for the site The use of vapor extraction (VE) to remove
VOCs from soils was proposed for the source control remedy at the UCC site by
Balsam Environmental Consultants Inc (Balsam) on behalf of the Union
Chemical Site PRP Group (Group) This proposal was initially based upon review
and analysis of site characterization data presented in the remedial investigation
and feasibility study (RIFS) reports prepared by Canonie Environmental Services
and available data regarding the application of VE to soil remediation at other
Superfund and industrial sites In late 1991 and early 1992 a VE pilot study was
performed at the UCC site to obtain site-specific data regarding the ability of VE
to extract VOCs from site soil The field pilot study was augmented by bench-scale
VE studies performed in conjunction with the pilot study and the Management of
Migration (MOM) and Source Control (SC) pre-design (PD) investigations which
were performed in the summer and fall of 1992
The results of the VE pilot study were presented in a report prepared by Balsam
entitled Vapor Extraction Treatability Study Union Chemical Company Site
South Hope Maine dated April 3 1992 A Focused Feasibility Study (FFS)
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 1
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comparing the use of VE and low temperature soil aeration (LTSA) was performed
and the results summarized in a report entitled Focused Feasibility Study Union
Chemical Site South Hope Maine dated April 3 1992 In a meeting on
June 2 1992 EPAs technical specialist on VE indicated concurrence with the
ability to achieve the necessary air flow through site soils to meet VOC source
control performance standards based upon the site characteristics observed during
the pilot and associated bench-scale studies and interpretation of the results
presented in the treatability study and FFS reports
Subsequently Balsam completed MOMPD and SCPD investigations at the site on
behalf of the Trust These investigations provided additional data regarding site
conditions that were pertinent to the application of VE to source remediation The
purpose of this document is to briefly review the findings of the VE treatability
studies in the context of more recent data from the PD investigations
January 12 1993 2Balsam Project 6437T31S9012
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
20 CONCEPTUAL S I T E MODEL
As described in the RI report and confirmed by the findings of the VE treatability
study and MOMPD and SCPD investigations the stratigraphy at the UCC site
consists mainly of three stratigraphic sequences fill t i l l and bedrock The
stratigraphy in the UCC site source area typically consists of fill overlying native
glacial t i l l which in turn overlies a schist and gneiss bedrock The fill and the
underlying native soil appear to be similar in character although the t i l l generally
tends to be denser and somewhat finer-grained than the overlying fill A
comparison of grain size percentages evaluated from sieve analyses for the fill and
t i l l is presented on Table 1 The fill consists predominately of loose to very dense
silty sands and sands with small but varying amounts of fine gravel and clay
Organic debris is present in the fill occurring mostly as partially decomposed wood
debris or wood ashes with occasional thin layers of peat and organic silt Organic
silt peat and topsoil are present in several locations at the top of the t i l l unit
The t i l l occurs as a wedge shaped deposit with the thickness varying from 80 feet
toward Quiggle Brook to less than 25 feet at the western portion of the site
Although the RI indicated the possible presence of gradational changes in the
stratigraphy data obtained from continuous soil sampling performed during the
VE Treatability Study and MOMPD investigation indicated that there is little
change in stratigraphy horizontally or vertically and that heterogeneity is
generally limited to localized variations in the silt and sand percentages These
variations were typically encountered as minor lenses and seams generally several
inches thick containing a slightly higher fraction sand and appeared to be
localized in extent Stratigraphically these reiampvvely minor variations in grain
size and localized lenses indicate the absence of significant preferential conduits
comprised of significantly coarser and therefore substantially more permeable
material Data obtained from the soil boring programs conducted during the
MOMPD VE and RI studies also do not indicate the presence of extensive
continuous lenses of clay that could behave as significant barriers to fluid flow
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 3
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Hydrologic data collected during the hydraulic testing during the MOMPD study
suggest that some sandier lenses may extend for limited distances in a north-south
orientation as local stratigraphic horizons However these potential lenses were
thought to be located to the east of the soil source area and their existence is not
confirmed by the specific stratigraphic borehole data available
Permeability of site soils to air flow was estimated based upon the results of both
pilot- and bench-scale testing performed during the VE treatability and the bench-
scale testing performed during the MOMPD studies Pilot-scale tests were
performed at four different locations in the source area at the UCC site which
were selected on the basis of stratigraphic data reported in the RI as
representative of the range of soil conditions in that area Five samples were
collected for bench-scale air permeability testing which included both saturated
and unsaturated samples from the four VE pilot test areas Three additional soil
samples were collected for bench-scale VE testing during the MOMPD
investigation from a location east of the source area adjacent to Quiggle Brook
The locations of the pilot test areas and the downgradient bench-scale sampling
locations are shown on Figure 1
Air permeability results measured during the VE treatability study
supplementary bench-scale VE tests and the MOM study are presented in Table 2
The results are grouped by VES Treatability Study test areas and Test Area 3
from the MOM Pre-Design Study Similar air permeability values were measured
during the MOMPD and VE studies with horizontal permeabilities measured in
the field typically in the 10 x 108 to 53 x 108 cm2 range Air permeability values
were also found to increase during the testing of samples obtained from both the
saturated and unsaturated soil zones This apparent increase in air permeability
over time is consistent with the expected removal of moisture from the soil pore
space during vapor extraction which reduces resistance to air flow through the
soil These results indicate that saturated soils can be effectively remediated at
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 4
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
the site using in situ vapor extraction after lowering the ground water in the
vicinity of saturated soils requiring treatment
Hydraulic conductivity values estimated based on results of slug tests performed
in the overburden unit during the RI and MOMPD studies are consistent These
values range over approximately two orders of magnitude between 4 x 103
centimeter per second (cmsec) to 1 x IO5 cmsec with the majority of the values in
the 104 cmsec to 105 cmsec range Hydraulic conductivity values estimated from
the analyses of pump tests performed in the saturated overburden during the
MOMPD investigation range from 1 x 104 cmsec to 6 x 106 cmsec with the
majority of the values similarly in the 104 cmsec to 105 cmsec range These
volumes are consistent with the permeabilities observed from the MOMPD pump
tests (ie 15 x 104 cmsec x 90 x 106 cmsec)
The observed consistency between the geologic and permeability data obtained
during the RI VE Treatability Study and the MOMPD and SCPD studies is
consistent with the premises underlying the conceptual model of the site conditions
and indicates that VE will be an effective source control technology for the UCC
site
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 5
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30 CONTAMINANT DISTRIBUTION
During the SCPD investigation shallow unsaturated soil samples were collected at
depths from 2 to 4 feet below ground surface at twenty-two sampling locations
within and surrounding the extent of the source area soils as indicated by the RI
investigation Consistent with the findings of the RI the lateral extent of the
source area is estimated based upon the newer data to be within eastern portion of
the former operations area at the site (see Figure 2) with the exception that
tetrachloroethene (PCE) was reported at a concentration exceeding the soil cleanup
standard in one shallow soil sample obtained from a boring located to the east of
the former interceptor trench The reported presence of PCE in the soil at this
location is anomalous because PCE was not detected in the shallow unsaturated
and saturated soil samples obtained immediately to the west of the former
interceptor trench and because PCE was not detected in ground water samples
obtained from monitoring wells located downgradient from this area during the
MOMPD and initial Surface Water and Ground Water Monitoring Program
sampling event
With the exception of the southern end of the former leachfield located at the
eastern edge of the former operations area the vertical extent of soils requiring
source control remediation appears to be limited to primarily soils above the water
table Ten of the twenty-two shallow borings were advanced to 2 to 4 feet below
the ground water table to evaluate the vertical extent of the significantly impacted
soils (see Figure 3) At four of these sampling locations VOCs were not detected
at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup levels in either the shallow
unsaturated soil samples or the shallow saturated soil samples In four of the five
locations where VOCs were detected at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup
standards in the unsaturated soil the concentrations of VOCs in the shallow
saturated soil were less than the soil cleanup standards indicating that the
vertical extent of soil requiring remediation is primarily limited to the unsaturated
soils Only in a boring located at the southern end of the former leachfield and
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 6
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
boring located immediately to the southeast of the leachfield were VOCs detected
in the shallow saturated soil at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standard
VOCs were not detected in the shallow unsaturated soil sample obtained from the
boring located immediately to the southeast of the former leachfield indicating
that the contaminants detected in the shallow saturated soil sample were likely
transported with the ground water to this location
As shown on Figure 4 seven borings were advanced to obtain soil samples at 8 to
10 feet below the ground water including the two borings where VOCs were
detected at concentrations exceeding the cleanup levels in the shallow saturated
soil samples As indicated on Figure 4 VOCs were detected in 3 of the 7 deeper
saturated samples at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standards
however based on the shallower soil samples obtained at 2 of the 3 locations i t
appears that the VOCs detected in these deeper soil samples are associated with
contaminants migrating with the ground water Only samples obtained from the
boring located at the southern end of the former leachfield contained VOCs at
concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standards in soil samples obtained above
and below the ground water table Based upon the results of the pump tests
performed at the site i t is anticipated that a series of closely-spaced ground water
extraction wells can adequately lower the water table to allow soil vapor extraction
wells to effectively treat currently saturated soils in the vicinity of the former
leachfield
As required by EPA and the Maine Department of Environmental Protection
(DEP) selected soil samples obtained from the unsaturated zone during the SCPD
were analyzed for NN-dimethylformamide (DMF) The results of these DMF
analyses were previously transmitted to EPA and DEP and showed that DMF was
not present in these unsaturated soil samples at concentrations greater than the
method detection limits These results are consistent with data obtained during
VE treatability study which indicated the presence of DMF in only 3 of 29
samples analyzed and at concentrations slightly above or at the detection limit
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 7
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40 CLEANUP TIME ESTIMATES
As discussed in Section 70 of the VE Treatability Study Report the results of
bench-scale testing performed during the study were used to evaluate the number
of air pore volume exchanges required to reduce VOC concentrations to levels
below the source control performance standards for the target constituents These
results were consistent with VE performance at other sites and indicated that
exchange of 3000 to 4000 pore volumes of soil gas would be necessary to achieve
the source control performance standards in most of the source area Data for a
sample collected from one area of the site (Area C in at the southern end of the
former leach field east of the still building) suggested that up to 120000 pore
volume exchanges would be required to attain the performance standards because
of elevated VOC concentrations in the soil in that area I t should be noted that
the air flow rates in this sample were accelerated because of the time constraints
placed upon completion of the VE Treatability Study Because of equilibrium
dynamics i t is likely that the increased air flow rates decreased the efficiency of
VOC transfer from the soil to the air resulting in an increased number of required
pore volume exchanges to attain the performance standards Accordingly i t is
possible that the number of required pore volume exchanges estimated for this
area of the site was overestimated
The results of the field pilot-scale testing at the site were generally consistent with
the bench-scale data and indicated that exchange of 4000 to 6000 pore volumes
will be required to attain the performance standards in most of the source area
The pilot-scale test data indicated removal of relatively large masses
(approximately 100 pounds) of target VOCs from each of the highly impacted test
areas during the relatively limited test period (less than 90 days) The expected
pattern of greater VOC removal from the outer margins of the test area than in
the inner portions was observed in both soil vapor and soil analytical data As
expected conclusive demonstration of the ability to achieve performance standards
in the field was constrained by winter conditions (initial equipment malfunction)
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 8
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
the limited time period available for completion of the test the limitations of a
pilot-scale test performed in a contaminated area primarily leakage of air flow at
the margins of the cap and transport of VOCs from soil volumes outside the test
area and constraints of the Contract Laboratory Program analytical methods that
were required particularly with respect to constituent concentration reporting
limits
As reported in the VE Treatability Study Report based upon the air flow rates
attained in the field (see Appendix K of the VE Treatability Study Report) it was
estimated that sufficient pore volume exchanges to attain source control
performance standards could be achieved in unsaturated soils in most of the
source control area within approximately 1 year of operation Attainment of the
performance standards in the balance of the unsaturated soil source area would be
achieved within approximately 23 years of operation Data obtained during the
MOMPD and SCPD studies are consistent with data obtained during the RI and
VE treatability study and do not indicate that revision of these cleanup time
estimates of 1 to 23 years of operation is warranted
Data from the SCPD study indicated that saturated soil in the vicinity of the
southern end of the leach field contained VOC concentrations above the soil
performance standards Treatment of this soil by VE will require dewatering to
facilitate air transfer through the soils It is estimated that the dewatering and
drying of the soil could require 6 months Because this area is in the portion of
the site where the higher end of the soil cleanup time range was estimated it is
possible that cleanup of this localized area of saturated soil will require 28 years
of operation to complete
The cleanup time estimates were based upon operations after system startup In
evaluating actual cleanup at least 4 weeks per year of VE system down time could
be expected particularly as a result of wintertime conditions Accordingly cleanup
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 9
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
time estimates for the site are expected to range from approximately 12 to
31 years the 6 weeks estimated for completion of construction in the FFS report
It should also be noted that as discussed in the VE Treatability Study Report the
exponential decline in VOC levels in discharged soil gas observed during the pilot-
and bench-scale studies indicate that significant reduction in the VOC mass in
source soils will be achieved within the first 6 months of VE system operation
The data obtained during the treatability study were used to address several
important design considerations discussed in Section 80 of the VE Treatability
Study These considerations indicated the ability to design the VE system to
maximize its operational effectiveness and its flexibility in adjusting to variable
operating conditions For example the design will include vertical extraction wells
in areas of greater depths to ground water and horizontal extraction wells in areas
of shallower depths to ground water or where higher pore volume exchange rates
are required The design will also include an interactive monitoring program
during operations that will allow frequent adjustment of the operational
configuration to include increased air flow rates and use of induction wells as
warranted to address localized heterogeneities in soil characteristics and VOC
concentrations Application of these design considerations will facilitate
attainment of the source control performance standards within the estimated
cleanup times
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 10
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50 SUMMARY
In summary the findings of the RI the VE pilot-scale and bench-scale studies and
the MOM PD and SCPD investigations are consistent with the conceptual site
model The site stratigraphy in the source area consists of fill overlying t i l l which
overlies bedrock Source area soils (ie soils containing VOCs at concentrations
greater than soil cleanup standards) are located within the eastern portion of the
former site operations area The vertical extent of source area soils that exceed
the soil cleanup standards is primarily limited to soils lying above the ground
water table with the exception of soils in a localized area at the southern end of
the former leachfield DMF is not present at significant concentrations in the
unsaturated soil The characteristics of the fill and t i l l are similar and large-scale
heterogeneities are not present within the soil Air permeabilities of the fill and
t i l l are such that vapor extraction can be used to effectively remove VOCs from the
soil Permeabilities of the overburden are such that a dewatering system can be
designed to lower the ground water table at the southern end of the former
leachfield so that currently saturated soils in this area can be effectively treated
using vapor extraction
The effectiveness of VE was demonstrated during the pilot-scale study with
approximately 100 pounds of target VOCs recovered from the two more highly
impacted test areas in less than 90 days of vapor recovery The objective of the
source area remediation is to control the migration of contaminants from the
source area soils to the ground water Although vapor extraction may take
slightly longer to achieve the soil cleanup standards when compared to LTSA
control over the migration of VOCs to the ground water can be achieved earlier in
the remedial program Capping the site will limit the vertical migration of
contaminants to the ground water and vapor extraction is expected to
substantially reduce the mass of the contaminants from the soil within 90 to 180
days after the start of pumping The VE system can also be designed installed
and operating more quickly than the LTSA system because of the extensive bench-
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 11
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
and pilot-scale data available for the site experience gained in using VE at other
sites and the availability of VE system components A list of sites where VE has
been or currently is in use was recently published in a May 1992 document
entitled An Evaluation of Vapor Extraction of Vadose Zone Contamination
published by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Martin Marietta Energy
Systems Inc for the US Department of Energy The document presents
information on 13 sites with varying types and concentrations of VOCs and soil
conditions and concludes that in situ vapor extraction is very effective in removing
organic contaminants from the pore space of the soil matrix According to The
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program Technology Profiles
(EPA5405-90006) VES now comprises 18 percent of the selected remedies at
Superfund sites and the number continues to grow
To briefly summarize in addition to gaining control over the migration of VOCs
from the source area soils to the ground water more quickly VE also offers the
advantages of (1) better short-term protection of public health because there is no
uncontrolled release of VOCs and dust to the ambient air (2) less operational
noise than the noise associated with LTSA operations (3) less disturbance to the
environment at the site and to the surrounding community especially in terms of
site clearing and (4) a high degree of operational flexibility to expand the system
to treat a larger volume of soil to extend the treatment time to achieve better
removal and to focus the remediation on the most impacted soils Based upon the
currently available data the comparison of VE and LTSA discussed in Section 50
remains unchanged Comparison of these two source control alternatives indicated
that VE would be more protective of human health and the environment during
implementation and that the two alternatives would be equally effective and
protective in the long term
January 12 1993 12 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012
TABLE 1
SUMMARY OF GEOTECHNICAL DATA V E TOEATABLHJTY STUDY MANAGEMENT OF MIGRATION PRE-DESIGN
UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SITE SOUTH HOPE MAINE
flBoring ID
Stratishygraphy
Sample I D
Depth From
Depth To
Gravel Total Sand
Coarse Sand
Medium Sand
Fine Sand
Coarse Fraction
Silt Clay Fine Fraction 9
SB-2-04 FU1 S-7 130 148 312 301 45 55 201 613 301 86 387
jsB-4-lS BSB-4-4S
Fill Fill
ST-1 S-5
60 120
75 140
63 44
575 474
70 45
115 105
390 324
638 518
310 386
51 96
361 482
IsB-A-10 Fill UCC-SB-A-101-03 40 60 110 506 218 237 545 616 267 116 383
SB-B-30 Fill UCC-SB-B-030A-01 00 20 219 361 97 294 609 580 286 133 419
SB-C-01 FU1 UCC-SB-C-010-06 100 120 292 321 140 234 626 613 274 112 386
SB-3-4L Topsoil ST-1 80 100 42 422 55 100 267 464 386 150 536
SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1lt
bull03 bull03 bull03 -03 bullID ID ID 1M1 bullIS
Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till
S-8 S-12 S-13 S-15
S-13A S-17 S-25 ST-1 ST-1
320 400 420 460 225 305 460 300 50
340 420 440 480 240 325 470 320 70
00 00 00 175 44 39 29 51 I 4
707 328 284 331 595 409 290 466 392
00 00 00 40 25 50 35 45 I 0
97 63 59 75 30 90 70 90 55
610 265 225 216 540 269 185 331 327
707 328 284 506 639 448 319 517 406
177 466 402 293 267 347 466 343 594
115 205 313 200 93
204 214 140 00
292 671 715 493 360 551 680 483 594
SB-2-04 Till ST-1 200 220 55 370 45 80 245 425 377 197 574
SB-2-04 Till S-10 220 240 161 450 105 115 230 611 284 104 38
SB-2-04 Till S-14 300 320 I I 5 424 60 95 269 539 265 195 460
SB-2-04 Till ST-2 400 420 17 407 55 85 267 424 386 189 575
SB-2-04 Till S-20 440 460 130 558 100 140 318 688 219 93 312
SB-2-2D Till ST-1 140 160 36 608 65 160 383 644 318 38 356
SB-2-3S Till S-5 110 130 42 362 30 80 252 404 473 122 595
SB-3-07 Till S-12 400 420 00 351 00 111 240 351 421 227 648
SB-3-07 Till S-15 460 478 26 443 50 120 273 469 371 159 530
SB-3-07 Till S-16 480 500 00 316 00 86 230 316 436 247 683
SB-3-1D Till S-32 620 640 51 322 60 75 187 373 368 258 626
SB-3-1L Till ST-1 460 475 20 367 50 85 232 387 375 237 612
SB-3-1S SB-3-2M SB-3-3M SB-3-3S SB-3-4S SB-3-4S
Till Till Till Till Till Till
S-4 S-5 S-7
ST-1 UT-1 S-8
150 200 265 35 05 160
170 218 285 55 15 170
25 50 98 26 34 164
373 420 405 504 745 478
30 30 40 40 45
I I 5
90 100 115 80 275 105
253 290 250 384 425 258
398 470 503 530 779 642
432 378 338 388 175 296
169 151 158 81 46 62
601 529 496 469 221 358
SB-4-07 Till S- l l 205 225 97 366 46 85 236 463 377 159 536
SB-4-07 Till S-17 310 318 16 850 110 430 310 866 134 00 134
SB-4-1S Till S-3 130 150 74 393 50 95 248 467 379 153 532
SB-4-2D Till S-8 140 160 22 413 45 90 278 435 384 180 564
SB-4-3S Till S-7 120 140 28 372 45 85 242 400 407 192 599
Average Fill jAverage Till
173 51
423 441
103 44
173 107
449 290
596 492
304 354
99 153
403 507
Revision 0 122292 Pagel Balaam Project 6530T2MOMVE 1 XLS
Table 2
Intrinsic A i r Permeability Values VES Treatability Study
Union Chemical Company South Hope Maine
Date of Teat Start
Slraligraphy Sa tura tedUnsta lura tod Trait Type Tost Identification
Test Area
Sample Depth Calculated Permeability (sq cm) Kr Kc
2-Ocl-91 13-Nov-91 4-Nov-9l
Fill Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test IWA-03 UCC-SB-A-100-05
EW-A-01
A A A
4 to 19 85 to 96 26 to 76
240E-06 264E-07 764 E-09
2 60E-08 NA
216E-08
NA NA
903E-09 13Dec-91 Fill Unsaturated Mass Transfer EW-A-01 A 25 to 76 366E-07 879E-09
Geometric Mean 205E-07
3-Ocl-91 30-Ocl-9I
Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test EW-B-01 EW-B-01
B B
2 to 6 2 to 5
300E-08 209E-08
25-E-08 I02E-08
NA 247E-09
2l-Nov-9l Fill Unsaturated EW-B-01 B 2 to 5 167E07 343E-08 367E-09 14May-92 Till Sa tura ted Bench-Scale UCC-SB-B-500-01 B 58 to 83 262E-09 to 134E-08 NA NA
Geometric Mean 344E-08
3-Oct-91 5- Nov-91
25-Nov-91 7-Nov-91
Fill Fill Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test Bench-Scale
Field Test
IW-C-05 UCC-SB-C-OI0-030 UCC-SB-C-020-03
EW-C-01
C C C C
3 to 8 4 to 46 4 to 56
25 to 76
640E-08 113E-09 to532E-08 884 E-09 to8 81E-08
300E-07
530E-08 NA NA
300E-08
NA NA NA
300E-09 6- Nov9| Fill Unsaturated IW-C-05 C 3 to 8 305E-07 389E-08 108E-08
Geometric Mean 122E-07
29-Oct-9l Fill Unsaturated Field Test EW-n-01 D 3 5 to 85 822E-08 489E-09 992E-09 14 Mav-92 Natural Orpnnic Silt Saturated Bench Scale UCC-vSB-D 112-01 D 58 lo 88 920E-10to 150E-08 NA NA
21-Jul-92 Till Saturated Bench-Scale UCC-SB-3-05-1 0 to 87 503E-07 to 564E-07 NA NA 21-Jul 92 Fill Saturated UCC-SB-3-3SA-3 0 lo 15 527E-08 to 653E-07 NA NA 21-)ul-92 Till Saturated UCC-SB-3-2SA-1 10 to 124 683E-08 lo I20E-07 NA NA
NOTES 1 NA = not applicable 2 Kz rcfora In air |gterincabilily in vertical direction 3 Kr refers to air permeability in horizontal direction 4 Kc refers lo air permeability in a soil lo atmosphere conductance 5 ft-BGS = feet below ground surface
A1RPERMXLS
RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES
bull C L Z P Q CP
ACCESS GATE
FORMER INCINERATOR
CONCRETE SLAB
H CHAIN LINK FENCE
FORMER INCINERATOR STRUCTURES
APPROXIMATE VAPOR EXTRACTION
o PILOT TEST AREA LOCATION
APPROXIMATE LEACH FIELD AREA LOCATION o SOURCE APPROXIMATE TANK LOCATION FIGURE 2 OF REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION FEASIBILITY STUDY
40 80 160
APPROXIMATE SCALE (FEET)
c u m | UNION CHEMICAL I
ADMINISTRATIVE FUND BALSAM macca
OMMNUEXTM OMSULTHnitR B WDUSUUL VAX SMfU Ml 030TO VES PILOT STUDY
PILOT AND BENCH SCALE STUDY AREAS
UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE PJK DNW JMO JAG laquo APPROXIMATE VE SOIL SAMPLE PREPARED BY CANONIE ENVIRONMENTAL JUNE 1990 SB-3-3SA LOCATION FUWgt Q
r=80 010493 6437228 6437 T5
0
SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED 1 OONSTTTUENT CONCENTRATIONS bull lt
SOU SAMPLE COLLECTED AT BORING SB-D-03 AND SB-D-02 WAS SATURATED DUE TO SHALLOW WATER
UCC-SB-S-07-SI-1092
l t -DCE BDl82) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN TABLE AT 18 FEET BELOW GRADE SURFACE PARTS PER BILLION (PPB) -lt
11
11-DCE BDL56) TCE BDL58J PCE BDL(56) TXYL
IFEFMD
SB-S-05 ^ SOURCE CONTROL PREmdashDESIGN SOL BORING LOCATION
UCC-SB-S-OO-SJA-1092 SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS
11-DCE BOU5B) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN PARTS PER BULON (PPB)
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
comparing the use of VE and low temperature soil aeration (LTSA) was performed
and the results summarized in a report entitled Focused Feasibility Study Union
Chemical Site South Hope Maine dated April 3 1992 In a meeting on
June 2 1992 EPAs technical specialist on VE indicated concurrence with the
ability to achieve the necessary air flow through site soils to meet VOC source
control performance standards based upon the site characteristics observed during
the pilot and associated bench-scale studies and interpretation of the results
presented in the treatability study and FFS reports
Subsequently Balsam completed MOMPD and SCPD investigations at the site on
behalf of the Trust These investigations provided additional data regarding site
conditions that were pertinent to the application of VE to source remediation The
purpose of this document is to briefly review the findings of the VE treatability
studies in the context of more recent data from the PD investigations
January 12 1993 2Balsam Project 6437T31S9012
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
20 CONCEPTUAL S I T E MODEL
As described in the RI report and confirmed by the findings of the VE treatability
study and MOMPD and SCPD investigations the stratigraphy at the UCC site
consists mainly of three stratigraphic sequences fill t i l l and bedrock The
stratigraphy in the UCC site source area typically consists of fill overlying native
glacial t i l l which in turn overlies a schist and gneiss bedrock The fill and the
underlying native soil appear to be similar in character although the t i l l generally
tends to be denser and somewhat finer-grained than the overlying fill A
comparison of grain size percentages evaluated from sieve analyses for the fill and
t i l l is presented on Table 1 The fill consists predominately of loose to very dense
silty sands and sands with small but varying amounts of fine gravel and clay
Organic debris is present in the fill occurring mostly as partially decomposed wood
debris or wood ashes with occasional thin layers of peat and organic silt Organic
silt peat and topsoil are present in several locations at the top of the t i l l unit
The t i l l occurs as a wedge shaped deposit with the thickness varying from 80 feet
toward Quiggle Brook to less than 25 feet at the western portion of the site
Although the RI indicated the possible presence of gradational changes in the
stratigraphy data obtained from continuous soil sampling performed during the
VE Treatability Study and MOMPD investigation indicated that there is little
change in stratigraphy horizontally or vertically and that heterogeneity is
generally limited to localized variations in the silt and sand percentages These
variations were typically encountered as minor lenses and seams generally several
inches thick containing a slightly higher fraction sand and appeared to be
localized in extent Stratigraphically these reiampvvely minor variations in grain
size and localized lenses indicate the absence of significant preferential conduits
comprised of significantly coarser and therefore substantially more permeable
material Data obtained from the soil boring programs conducted during the
MOMPD VE and RI studies also do not indicate the presence of extensive
continuous lenses of clay that could behave as significant barriers to fluid flow
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 3
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
Hydrologic data collected during the hydraulic testing during the MOMPD study
suggest that some sandier lenses may extend for limited distances in a north-south
orientation as local stratigraphic horizons However these potential lenses were
thought to be located to the east of the soil source area and their existence is not
confirmed by the specific stratigraphic borehole data available
Permeability of site soils to air flow was estimated based upon the results of both
pilot- and bench-scale testing performed during the VE treatability and the bench-
scale testing performed during the MOMPD studies Pilot-scale tests were
performed at four different locations in the source area at the UCC site which
were selected on the basis of stratigraphic data reported in the RI as
representative of the range of soil conditions in that area Five samples were
collected for bench-scale air permeability testing which included both saturated
and unsaturated samples from the four VE pilot test areas Three additional soil
samples were collected for bench-scale VE testing during the MOMPD
investigation from a location east of the source area adjacent to Quiggle Brook
The locations of the pilot test areas and the downgradient bench-scale sampling
locations are shown on Figure 1
Air permeability results measured during the VE treatability study
supplementary bench-scale VE tests and the MOM study are presented in Table 2
The results are grouped by VES Treatability Study test areas and Test Area 3
from the MOM Pre-Design Study Similar air permeability values were measured
during the MOMPD and VE studies with horizontal permeabilities measured in
the field typically in the 10 x 108 to 53 x 108 cm2 range Air permeability values
were also found to increase during the testing of samples obtained from both the
saturated and unsaturated soil zones This apparent increase in air permeability
over time is consistent with the expected removal of moisture from the soil pore
space during vapor extraction which reduces resistance to air flow through the
soil These results indicate that saturated soils can be effectively remediated at
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 4
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
the site using in situ vapor extraction after lowering the ground water in the
vicinity of saturated soils requiring treatment
Hydraulic conductivity values estimated based on results of slug tests performed
in the overburden unit during the RI and MOMPD studies are consistent These
values range over approximately two orders of magnitude between 4 x 103
centimeter per second (cmsec) to 1 x IO5 cmsec with the majority of the values in
the 104 cmsec to 105 cmsec range Hydraulic conductivity values estimated from
the analyses of pump tests performed in the saturated overburden during the
MOMPD investigation range from 1 x 104 cmsec to 6 x 106 cmsec with the
majority of the values similarly in the 104 cmsec to 105 cmsec range These
volumes are consistent with the permeabilities observed from the MOMPD pump
tests (ie 15 x 104 cmsec x 90 x 106 cmsec)
The observed consistency between the geologic and permeability data obtained
during the RI VE Treatability Study and the MOMPD and SCPD studies is
consistent with the premises underlying the conceptual model of the site conditions
and indicates that VE will be an effective source control technology for the UCC
site
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 5
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
30 CONTAMINANT DISTRIBUTION
During the SCPD investigation shallow unsaturated soil samples were collected at
depths from 2 to 4 feet below ground surface at twenty-two sampling locations
within and surrounding the extent of the source area soils as indicated by the RI
investigation Consistent with the findings of the RI the lateral extent of the
source area is estimated based upon the newer data to be within eastern portion of
the former operations area at the site (see Figure 2) with the exception that
tetrachloroethene (PCE) was reported at a concentration exceeding the soil cleanup
standard in one shallow soil sample obtained from a boring located to the east of
the former interceptor trench The reported presence of PCE in the soil at this
location is anomalous because PCE was not detected in the shallow unsaturated
and saturated soil samples obtained immediately to the west of the former
interceptor trench and because PCE was not detected in ground water samples
obtained from monitoring wells located downgradient from this area during the
MOMPD and initial Surface Water and Ground Water Monitoring Program
sampling event
With the exception of the southern end of the former leachfield located at the
eastern edge of the former operations area the vertical extent of soils requiring
source control remediation appears to be limited to primarily soils above the water
table Ten of the twenty-two shallow borings were advanced to 2 to 4 feet below
the ground water table to evaluate the vertical extent of the significantly impacted
soils (see Figure 3) At four of these sampling locations VOCs were not detected
at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup levels in either the shallow
unsaturated soil samples or the shallow saturated soil samples In four of the five
locations where VOCs were detected at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup
standards in the unsaturated soil the concentrations of VOCs in the shallow
saturated soil were less than the soil cleanup standards indicating that the
vertical extent of soil requiring remediation is primarily limited to the unsaturated
soils Only in a boring located at the southern end of the former leachfield and
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 6
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
boring located immediately to the southeast of the leachfield were VOCs detected
in the shallow saturated soil at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standard
VOCs were not detected in the shallow unsaturated soil sample obtained from the
boring located immediately to the southeast of the former leachfield indicating
that the contaminants detected in the shallow saturated soil sample were likely
transported with the ground water to this location
As shown on Figure 4 seven borings were advanced to obtain soil samples at 8 to
10 feet below the ground water including the two borings where VOCs were
detected at concentrations exceeding the cleanup levels in the shallow saturated
soil samples As indicated on Figure 4 VOCs were detected in 3 of the 7 deeper
saturated samples at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standards
however based on the shallower soil samples obtained at 2 of the 3 locations i t
appears that the VOCs detected in these deeper soil samples are associated with
contaminants migrating with the ground water Only samples obtained from the
boring located at the southern end of the former leachfield contained VOCs at
concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standards in soil samples obtained above
and below the ground water table Based upon the results of the pump tests
performed at the site i t is anticipated that a series of closely-spaced ground water
extraction wells can adequately lower the water table to allow soil vapor extraction
wells to effectively treat currently saturated soils in the vicinity of the former
leachfield
As required by EPA and the Maine Department of Environmental Protection
(DEP) selected soil samples obtained from the unsaturated zone during the SCPD
were analyzed for NN-dimethylformamide (DMF) The results of these DMF
analyses were previously transmitted to EPA and DEP and showed that DMF was
not present in these unsaturated soil samples at concentrations greater than the
method detection limits These results are consistent with data obtained during
VE treatability study which indicated the presence of DMF in only 3 of 29
samples analyzed and at concentrations slightly above or at the detection limit
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 7
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
40 CLEANUP TIME ESTIMATES
As discussed in Section 70 of the VE Treatability Study Report the results of
bench-scale testing performed during the study were used to evaluate the number
of air pore volume exchanges required to reduce VOC concentrations to levels
below the source control performance standards for the target constituents These
results were consistent with VE performance at other sites and indicated that
exchange of 3000 to 4000 pore volumes of soil gas would be necessary to achieve
the source control performance standards in most of the source area Data for a
sample collected from one area of the site (Area C in at the southern end of the
former leach field east of the still building) suggested that up to 120000 pore
volume exchanges would be required to attain the performance standards because
of elevated VOC concentrations in the soil in that area I t should be noted that
the air flow rates in this sample were accelerated because of the time constraints
placed upon completion of the VE Treatability Study Because of equilibrium
dynamics i t is likely that the increased air flow rates decreased the efficiency of
VOC transfer from the soil to the air resulting in an increased number of required
pore volume exchanges to attain the performance standards Accordingly i t is
possible that the number of required pore volume exchanges estimated for this
area of the site was overestimated
The results of the field pilot-scale testing at the site were generally consistent with
the bench-scale data and indicated that exchange of 4000 to 6000 pore volumes
will be required to attain the performance standards in most of the source area
The pilot-scale test data indicated removal of relatively large masses
(approximately 100 pounds) of target VOCs from each of the highly impacted test
areas during the relatively limited test period (less than 90 days) The expected
pattern of greater VOC removal from the outer margins of the test area than in
the inner portions was observed in both soil vapor and soil analytical data As
expected conclusive demonstration of the ability to achieve performance standards
in the field was constrained by winter conditions (initial equipment malfunction)
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 8
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
the limited time period available for completion of the test the limitations of a
pilot-scale test performed in a contaminated area primarily leakage of air flow at
the margins of the cap and transport of VOCs from soil volumes outside the test
area and constraints of the Contract Laboratory Program analytical methods that
were required particularly with respect to constituent concentration reporting
limits
As reported in the VE Treatability Study Report based upon the air flow rates
attained in the field (see Appendix K of the VE Treatability Study Report) it was
estimated that sufficient pore volume exchanges to attain source control
performance standards could be achieved in unsaturated soils in most of the
source control area within approximately 1 year of operation Attainment of the
performance standards in the balance of the unsaturated soil source area would be
achieved within approximately 23 years of operation Data obtained during the
MOMPD and SCPD studies are consistent with data obtained during the RI and
VE treatability study and do not indicate that revision of these cleanup time
estimates of 1 to 23 years of operation is warranted
Data from the SCPD study indicated that saturated soil in the vicinity of the
southern end of the leach field contained VOC concentrations above the soil
performance standards Treatment of this soil by VE will require dewatering to
facilitate air transfer through the soils It is estimated that the dewatering and
drying of the soil could require 6 months Because this area is in the portion of
the site where the higher end of the soil cleanup time range was estimated it is
possible that cleanup of this localized area of saturated soil will require 28 years
of operation to complete
The cleanup time estimates were based upon operations after system startup In
evaluating actual cleanup at least 4 weeks per year of VE system down time could
be expected particularly as a result of wintertime conditions Accordingly cleanup
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 9
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
time estimates for the site are expected to range from approximately 12 to
31 years the 6 weeks estimated for completion of construction in the FFS report
It should also be noted that as discussed in the VE Treatability Study Report the
exponential decline in VOC levels in discharged soil gas observed during the pilot-
and bench-scale studies indicate that significant reduction in the VOC mass in
source soils will be achieved within the first 6 months of VE system operation
The data obtained during the treatability study were used to address several
important design considerations discussed in Section 80 of the VE Treatability
Study These considerations indicated the ability to design the VE system to
maximize its operational effectiveness and its flexibility in adjusting to variable
operating conditions For example the design will include vertical extraction wells
in areas of greater depths to ground water and horizontal extraction wells in areas
of shallower depths to ground water or where higher pore volume exchange rates
are required The design will also include an interactive monitoring program
during operations that will allow frequent adjustment of the operational
configuration to include increased air flow rates and use of induction wells as
warranted to address localized heterogeneities in soil characteristics and VOC
concentrations Application of these design considerations will facilitate
attainment of the source control performance standards within the estimated
cleanup times
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 10
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
50 SUMMARY
In summary the findings of the RI the VE pilot-scale and bench-scale studies and
the MOM PD and SCPD investigations are consistent with the conceptual site
model The site stratigraphy in the source area consists of fill overlying t i l l which
overlies bedrock Source area soils (ie soils containing VOCs at concentrations
greater than soil cleanup standards) are located within the eastern portion of the
former site operations area The vertical extent of source area soils that exceed
the soil cleanup standards is primarily limited to soils lying above the ground
water table with the exception of soils in a localized area at the southern end of
the former leachfield DMF is not present at significant concentrations in the
unsaturated soil The characteristics of the fill and t i l l are similar and large-scale
heterogeneities are not present within the soil Air permeabilities of the fill and
t i l l are such that vapor extraction can be used to effectively remove VOCs from the
soil Permeabilities of the overburden are such that a dewatering system can be
designed to lower the ground water table at the southern end of the former
leachfield so that currently saturated soils in this area can be effectively treated
using vapor extraction
The effectiveness of VE was demonstrated during the pilot-scale study with
approximately 100 pounds of target VOCs recovered from the two more highly
impacted test areas in less than 90 days of vapor recovery The objective of the
source area remediation is to control the migration of contaminants from the
source area soils to the ground water Although vapor extraction may take
slightly longer to achieve the soil cleanup standards when compared to LTSA
control over the migration of VOCs to the ground water can be achieved earlier in
the remedial program Capping the site will limit the vertical migration of
contaminants to the ground water and vapor extraction is expected to
substantially reduce the mass of the contaminants from the soil within 90 to 180
days after the start of pumping The VE system can also be designed installed
and operating more quickly than the LTSA system because of the extensive bench-
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 11
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
and pilot-scale data available for the site experience gained in using VE at other
sites and the availability of VE system components A list of sites where VE has
been or currently is in use was recently published in a May 1992 document
entitled An Evaluation of Vapor Extraction of Vadose Zone Contamination
published by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Martin Marietta Energy
Systems Inc for the US Department of Energy The document presents
information on 13 sites with varying types and concentrations of VOCs and soil
conditions and concludes that in situ vapor extraction is very effective in removing
organic contaminants from the pore space of the soil matrix According to The
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program Technology Profiles
(EPA5405-90006) VES now comprises 18 percent of the selected remedies at
Superfund sites and the number continues to grow
To briefly summarize in addition to gaining control over the migration of VOCs
from the source area soils to the ground water more quickly VE also offers the
advantages of (1) better short-term protection of public health because there is no
uncontrolled release of VOCs and dust to the ambient air (2) less operational
noise than the noise associated with LTSA operations (3) less disturbance to the
environment at the site and to the surrounding community especially in terms of
site clearing and (4) a high degree of operational flexibility to expand the system
to treat a larger volume of soil to extend the treatment time to achieve better
removal and to focus the remediation on the most impacted soils Based upon the
currently available data the comparison of VE and LTSA discussed in Section 50
remains unchanged Comparison of these two source control alternatives indicated
that VE would be more protective of human health and the environment during
implementation and that the two alternatives would be equally effective and
protective in the long term
January 12 1993 12 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012
TABLE 1
SUMMARY OF GEOTECHNICAL DATA V E TOEATABLHJTY STUDY MANAGEMENT OF MIGRATION PRE-DESIGN
UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SITE SOUTH HOPE MAINE
flBoring ID
Stratishygraphy
Sample I D
Depth From
Depth To
Gravel Total Sand
Coarse Sand
Medium Sand
Fine Sand
Coarse Fraction
Silt Clay Fine Fraction 9
SB-2-04 FU1 S-7 130 148 312 301 45 55 201 613 301 86 387
jsB-4-lS BSB-4-4S
Fill Fill
ST-1 S-5
60 120
75 140
63 44
575 474
70 45
115 105
390 324
638 518
310 386
51 96
361 482
IsB-A-10 Fill UCC-SB-A-101-03 40 60 110 506 218 237 545 616 267 116 383
SB-B-30 Fill UCC-SB-B-030A-01 00 20 219 361 97 294 609 580 286 133 419
SB-C-01 FU1 UCC-SB-C-010-06 100 120 292 321 140 234 626 613 274 112 386
SB-3-4L Topsoil ST-1 80 100 42 422 55 100 267 464 386 150 536
SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1lt
bull03 bull03 bull03 -03 bullID ID ID 1M1 bullIS
Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till
S-8 S-12 S-13 S-15
S-13A S-17 S-25 ST-1 ST-1
320 400 420 460 225 305 460 300 50
340 420 440 480 240 325 470 320 70
00 00 00 175 44 39 29 51 I 4
707 328 284 331 595 409 290 466 392
00 00 00 40 25 50 35 45 I 0
97 63 59 75 30 90 70 90 55
610 265 225 216 540 269 185 331 327
707 328 284 506 639 448 319 517 406
177 466 402 293 267 347 466 343 594
115 205 313 200 93
204 214 140 00
292 671 715 493 360 551 680 483 594
SB-2-04 Till ST-1 200 220 55 370 45 80 245 425 377 197 574
SB-2-04 Till S-10 220 240 161 450 105 115 230 611 284 104 38
SB-2-04 Till S-14 300 320 I I 5 424 60 95 269 539 265 195 460
SB-2-04 Till ST-2 400 420 17 407 55 85 267 424 386 189 575
SB-2-04 Till S-20 440 460 130 558 100 140 318 688 219 93 312
SB-2-2D Till ST-1 140 160 36 608 65 160 383 644 318 38 356
SB-2-3S Till S-5 110 130 42 362 30 80 252 404 473 122 595
SB-3-07 Till S-12 400 420 00 351 00 111 240 351 421 227 648
SB-3-07 Till S-15 460 478 26 443 50 120 273 469 371 159 530
SB-3-07 Till S-16 480 500 00 316 00 86 230 316 436 247 683
SB-3-1D Till S-32 620 640 51 322 60 75 187 373 368 258 626
SB-3-1L Till ST-1 460 475 20 367 50 85 232 387 375 237 612
SB-3-1S SB-3-2M SB-3-3M SB-3-3S SB-3-4S SB-3-4S
Till Till Till Till Till Till
S-4 S-5 S-7
ST-1 UT-1 S-8
150 200 265 35 05 160
170 218 285 55 15 170
25 50 98 26 34 164
373 420 405 504 745 478
30 30 40 40 45
I I 5
90 100 115 80 275 105
253 290 250 384 425 258
398 470 503 530 779 642
432 378 338 388 175 296
169 151 158 81 46 62
601 529 496 469 221 358
SB-4-07 Till S- l l 205 225 97 366 46 85 236 463 377 159 536
SB-4-07 Till S-17 310 318 16 850 110 430 310 866 134 00 134
SB-4-1S Till S-3 130 150 74 393 50 95 248 467 379 153 532
SB-4-2D Till S-8 140 160 22 413 45 90 278 435 384 180 564
SB-4-3S Till S-7 120 140 28 372 45 85 242 400 407 192 599
Average Fill jAverage Till
173 51
423 441
103 44
173 107
449 290
596 492
304 354
99 153
403 507
Revision 0 122292 Pagel Balaam Project 6530T2MOMVE 1 XLS
Table 2
Intrinsic A i r Permeability Values VES Treatability Study
Union Chemical Company South Hope Maine
Date of Teat Start
Slraligraphy Sa tura tedUnsta lura tod Trait Type Tost Identification
Test Area
Sample Depth Calculated Permeability (sq cm) Kr Kc
2-Ocl-91 13-Nov-91 4-Nov-9l
Fill Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test IWA-03 UCC-SB-A-100-05
EW-A-01
A A A
4 to 19 85 to 96 26 to 76
240E-06 264E-07 764 E-09
2 60E-08 NA
216E-08
NA NA
903E-09 13Dec-91 Fill Unsaturated Mass Transfer EW-A-01 A 25 to 76 366E-07 879E-09
Geometric Mean 205E-07
3-Ocl-91 30-Ocl-9I
Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test EW-B-01 EW-B-01
B B
2 to 6 2 to 5
300E-08 209E-08
25-E-08 I02E-08
NA 247E-09
2l-Nov-9l Fill Unsaturated EW-B-01 B 2 to 5 167E07 343E-08 367E-09 14May-92 Till Sa tura ted Bench-Scale UCC-SB-B-500-01 B 58 to 83 262E-09 to 134E-08 NA NA
Geometric Mean 344E-08
3-Oct-91 5- Nov-91
25-Nov-91 7-Nov-91
Fill Fill Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test Bench-Scale
Field Test
IW-C-05 UCC-SB-C-OI0-030 UCC-SB-C-020-03
EW-C-01
C C C C
3 to 8 4 to 46 4 to 56
25 to 76
640E-08 113E-09 to532E-08 884 E-09 to8 81E-08
300E-07
530E-08 NA NA
300E-08
NA NA NA
300E-09 6- Nov9| Fill Unsaturated IW-C-05 C 3 to 8 305E-07 389E-08 108E-08
Geometric Mean 122E-07
29-Oct-9l Fill Unsaturated Field Test EW-n-01 D 3 5 to 85 822E-08 489E-09 992E-09 14 Mav-92 Natural Orpnnic Silt Saturated Bench Scale UCC-vSB-D 112-01 D 58 lo 88 920E-10to 150E-08 NA NA
21-Jul-92 Till Saturated Bench-Scale UCC-SB-3-05-1 0 to 87 503E-07 to 564E-07 NA NA 21-Jul 92 Fill Saturated UCC-SB-3-3SA-3 0 lo 15 527E-08 to 653E-07 NA NA 21-)ul-92 Till Saturated UCC-SB-3-2SA-1 10 to 124 683E-08 lo I20E-07 NA NA
NOTES 1 NA = not applicable 2 Kz rcfora In air |gterincabilily in vertical direction 3 Kr refers to air permeability in horizontal direction 4 Kc refers lo air permeability in a soil lo atmosphere conductance 5 ft-BGS = feet below ground surface
A1RPERMXLS
RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES
bull C L Z P Q CP
ACCESS GATE
FORMER INCINERATOR
CONCRETE SLAB
H CHAIN LINK FENCE
FORMER INCINERATOR STRUCTURES
APPROXIMATE VAPOR EXTRACTION
o PILOT TEST AREA LOCATION
APPROXIMATE LEACH FIELD AREA LOCATION o SOURCE APPROXIMATE TANK LOCATION FIGURE 2 OF REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION FEASIBILITY STUDY
40 80 160
APPROXIMATE SCALE (FEET)
c u m | UNION CHEMICAL I
ADMINISTRATIVE FUND BALSAM macca
OMMNUEXTM OMSULTHnitR B WDUSUUL VAX SMfU Ml 030TO VES PILOT STUDY
PILOT AND BENCH SCALE STUDY AREAS
UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE PJK DNW JMO JAG laquo APPROXIMATE VE SOIL SAMPLE PREPARED BY CANONIE ENVIRONMENTAL JUNE 1990 SB-3-3SA LOCATION FUWgt Q
r=80 010493 6437228 6437 T5
0
SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED 1 OONSTTTUENT CONCENTRATIONS bull lt
SOU SAMPLE COLLECTED AT BORING SB-D-03 AND SB-D-02 WAS SATURATED DUE TO SHALLOW WATER
UCC-SB-S-07-SI-1092
l t -DCE BDl82) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN TABLE AT 18 FEET BELOW GRADE SURFACE PARTS PER BILLION (PPB) -lt
11
11-DCE BDL56) TCE BDL58J PCE BDL(56) TXYL
IFEFMD
SB-S-05 ^ SOURCE CONTROL PREmdashDESIGN SOL BORING LOCATION
UCC-SB-S-OO-SJA-1092 SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS
11-DCE BOU5B) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN PARTS PER BULON (PPB)
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
20 CONCEPTUAL S I T E MODEL
As described in the RI report and confirmed by the findings of the VE treatability
study and MOMPD and SCPD investigations the stratigraphy at the UCC site
consists mainly of three stratigraphic sequences fill t i l l and bedrock The
stratigraphy in the UCC site source area typically consists of fill overlying native
glacial t i l l which in turn overlies a schist and gneiss bedrock The fill and the
underlying native soil appear to be similar in character although the t i l l generally
tends to be denser and somewhat finer-grained than the overlying fill A
comparison of grain size percentages evaluated from sieve analyses for the fill and
t i l l is presented on Table 1 The fill consists predominately of loose to very dense
silty sands and sands with small but varying amounts of fine gravel and clay
Organic debris is present in the fill occurring mostly as partially decomposed wood
debris or wood ashes with occasional thin layers of peat and organic silt Organic
silt peat and topsoil are present in several locations at the top of the t i l l unit
The t i l l occurs as a wedge shaped deposit with the thickness varying from 80 feet
toward Quiggle Brook to less than 25 feet at the western portion of the site
Although the RI indicated the possible presence of gradational changes in the
stratigraphy data obtained from continuous soil sampling performed during the
VE Treatability Study and MOMPD investigation indicated that there is little
change in stratigraphy horizontally or vertically and that heterogeneity is
generally limited to localized variations in the silt and sand percentages These
variations were typically encountered as minor lenses and seams generally several
inches thick containing a slightly higher fraction sand and appeared to be
localized in extent Stratigraphically these reiampvvely minor variations in grain
size and localized lenses indicate the absence of significant preferential conduits
comprised of significantly coarser and therefore substantially more permeable
material Data obtained from the soil boring programs conducted during the
MOMPD VE and RI studies also do not indicate the presence of extensive
continuous lenses of clay that could behave as significant barriers to fluid flow
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 3
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
Hydrologic data collected during the hydraulic testing during the MOMPD study
suggest that some sandier lenses may extend for limited distances in a north-south
orientation as local stratigraphic horizons However these potential lenses were
thought to be located to the east of the soil source area and their existence is not
confirmed by the specific stratigraphic borehole data available
Permeability of site soils to air flow was estimated based upon the results of both
pilot- and bench-scale testing performed during the VE treatability and the bench-
scale testing performed during the MOMPD studies Pilot-scale tests were
performed at four different locations in the source area at the UCC site which
were selected on the basis of stratigraphic data reported in the RI as
representative of the range of soil conditions in that area Five samples were
collected for bench-scale air permeability testing which included both saturated
and unsaturated samples from the four VE pilot test areas Three additional soil
samples were collected for bench-scale VE testing during the MOMPD
investigation from a location east of the source area adjacent to Quiggle Brook
The locations of the pilot test areas and the downgradient bench-scale sampling
locations are shown on Figure 1
Air permeability results measured during the VE treatability study
supplementary bench-scale VE tests and the MOM study are presented in Table 2
The results are grouped by VES Treatability Study test areas and Test Area 3
from the MOM Pre-Design Study Similar air permeability values were measured
during the MOMPD and VE studies with horizontal permeabilities measured in
the field typically in the 10 x 108 to 53 x 108 cm2 range Air permeability values
were also found to increase during the testing of samples obtained from both the
saturated and unsaturated soil zones This apparent increase in air permeability
over time is consistent with the expected removal of moisture from the soil pore
space during vapor extraction which reduces resistance to air flow through the
soil These results indicate that saturated soils can be effectively remediated at
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 4
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
the site using in situ vapor extraction after lowering the ground water in the
vicinity of saturated soils requiring treatment
Hydraulic conductivity values estimated based on results of slug tests performed
in the overburden unit during the RI and MOMPD studies are consistent These
values range over approximately two orders of magnitude between 4 x 103
centimeter per second (cmsec) to 1 x IO5 cmsec with the majority of the values in
the 104 cmsec to 105 cmsec range Hydraulic conductivity values estimated from
the analyses of pump tests performed in the saturated overburden during the
MOMPD investigation range from 1 x 104 cmsec to 6 x 106 cmsec with the
majority of the values similarly in the 104 cmsec to 105 cmsec range These
volumes are consistent with the permeabilities observed from the MOMPD pump
tests (ie 15 x 104 cmsec x 90 x 106 cmsec)
The observed consistency between the geologic and permeability data obtained
during the RI VE Treatability Study and the MOMPD and SCPD studies is
consistent with the premises underlying the conceptual model of the site conditions
and indicates that VE will be an effective source control technology for the UCC
site
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 5
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
30 CONTAMINANT DISTRIBUTION
During the SCPD investigation shallow unsaturated soil samples were collected at
depths from 2 to 4 feet below ground surface at twenty-two sampling locations
within and surrounding the extent of the source area soils as indicated by the RI
investigation Consistent with the findings of the RI the lateral extent of the
source area is estimated based upon the newer data to be within eastern portion of
the former operations area at the site (see Figure 2) with the exception that
tetrachloroethene (PCE) was reported at a concentration exceeding the soil cleanup
standard in one shallow soil sample obtained from a boring located to the east of
the former interceptor trench The reported presence of PCE in the soil at this
location is anomalous because PCE was not detected in the shallow unsaturated
and saturated soil samples obtained immediately to the west of the former
interceptor trench and because PCE was not detected in ground water samples
obtained from monitoring wells located downgradient from this area during the
MOMPD and initial Surface Water and Ground Water Monitoring Program
sampling event
With the exception of the southern end of the former leachfield located at the
eastern edge of the former operations area the vertical extent of soils requiring
source control remediation appears to be limited to primarily soils above the water
table Ten of the twenty-two shallow borings were advanced to 2 to 4 feet below
the ground water table to evaluate the vertical extent of the significantly impacted
soils (see Figure 3) At four of these sampling locations VOCs were not detected
at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup levels in either the shallow
unsaturated soil samples or the shallow saturated soil samples In four of the five
locations where VOCs were detected at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup
standards in the unsaturated soil the concentrations of VOCs in the shallow
saturated soil were less than the soil cleanup standards indicating that the
vertical extent of soil requiring remediation is primarily limited to the unsaturated
soils Only in a boring located at the southern end of the former leachfield and
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 6
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
boring located immediately to the southeast of the leachfield were VOCs detected
in the shallow saturated soil at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standard
VOCs were not detected in the shallow unsaturated soil sample obtained from the
boring located immediately to the southeast of the former leachfield indicating
that the contaminants detected in the shallow saturated soil sample were likely
transported with the ground water to this location
As shown on Figure 4 seven borings were advanced to obtain soil samples at 8 to
10 feet below the ground water including the two borings where VOCs were
detected at concentrations exceeding the cleanup levels in the shallow saturated
soil samples As indicated on Figure 4 VOCs were detected in 3 of the 7 deeper
saturated samples at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standards
however based on the shallower soil samples obtained at 2 of the 3 locations i t
appears that the VOCs detected in these deeper soil samples are associated with
contaminants migrating with the ground water Only samples obtained from the
boring located at the southern end of the former leachfield contained VOCs at
concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standards in soil samples obtained above
and below the ground water table Based upon the results of the pump tests
performed at the site i t is anticipated that a series of closely-spaced ground water
extraction wells can adequately lower the water table to allow soil vapor extraction
wells to effectively treat currently saturated soils in the vicinity of the former
leachfield
As required by EPA and the Maine Department of Environmental Protection
(DEP) selected soil samples obtained from the unsaturated zone during the SCPD
were analyzed for NN-dimethylformamide (DMF) The results of these DMF
analyses were previously transmitted to EPA and DEP and showed that DMF was
not present in these unsaturated soil samples at concentrations greater than the
method detection limits These results are consistent with data obtained during
VE treatability study which indicated the presence of DMF in only 3 of 29
samples analyzed and at concentrations slightly above or at the detection limit
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 7
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
40 CLEANUP TIME ESTIMATES
As discussed in Section 70 of the VE Treatability Study Report the results of
bench-scale testing performed during the study were used to evaluate the number
of air pore volume exchanges required to reduce VOC concentrations to levels
below the source control performance standards for the target constituents These
results were consistent with VE performance at other sites and indicated that
exchange of 3000 to 4000 pore volumes of soil gas would be necessary to achieve
the source control performance standards in most of the source area Data for a
sample collected from one area of the site (Area C in at the southern end of the
former leach field east of the still building) suggested that up to 120000 pore
volume exchanges would be required to attain the performance standards because
of elevated VOC concentrations in the soil in that area I t should be noted that
the air flow rates in this sample were accelerated because of the time constraints
placed upon completion of the VE Treatability Study Because of equilibrium
dynamics i t is likely that the increased air flow rates decreased the efficiency of
VOC transfer from the soil to the air resulting in an increased number of required
pore volume exchanges to attain the performance standards Accordingly i t is
possible that the number of required pore volume exchanges estimated for this
area of the site was overestimated
The results of the field pilot-scale testing at the site were generally consistent with
the bench-scale data and indicated that exchange of 4000 to 6000 pore volumes
will be required to attain the performance standards in most of the source area
The pilot-scale test data indicated removal of relatively large masses
(approximately 100 pounds) of target VOCs from each of the highly impacted test
areas during the relatively limited test period (less than 90 days) The expected
pattern of greater VOC removal from the outer margins of the test area than in
the inner portions was observed in both soil vapor and soil analytical data As
expected conclusive demonstration of the ability to achieve performance standards
in the field was constrained by winter conditions (initial equipment malfunction)
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 8
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
the limited time period available for completion of the test the limitations of a
pilot-scale test performed in a contaminated area primarily leakage of air flow at
the margins of the cap and transport of VOCs from soil volumes outside the test
area and constraints of the Contract Laboratory Program analytical methods that
were required particularly with respect to constituent concentration reporting
limits
As reported in the VE Treatability Study Report based upon the air flow rates
attained in the field (see Appendix K of the VE Treatability Study Report) it was
estimated that sufficient pore volume exchanges to attain source control
performance standards could be achieved in unsaturated soils in most of the
source control area within approximately 1 year of operation Attainment of the
performance standards in the balance of the unsaturated soil source area would be
achieved within approximately 23 years of operation Data obtained during the
MOMPD and SCPD studies are consistent with data obtained during the RI and
VE treatability study and do not indicate that revision of these cleanup time
estimates of 1 to 23 years of operation is warranted
Data from the SCPD study indicated that saturated soil in the vicinity of the
southern end of the leach field contained VOC concentrations above the soil
performance standards Treatment of this soil by VE will require dewatering to
facilitate air transfer through the soils It is estimated that the dewatering and
drying of the soil could require 6 months Because this area is in the portion of
the site where the higher end of the soil cleanup time range was estimated it is
possible that cleanup of this localized area of saturated soil will require 28 years
of operation to complete
The cleanup time estimates were based upon operations after system startup In
evaluating actual cleanup at least 4 weeks per year of VE system down time could
be expected particularly as a result of wintertime conditions Accordingly cleanup
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 9
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
time estimates for the site are expected to range from approximately 12 to
31 years the 6 weeks estimated for completion of construction in the FFS report
It should also be noted that as discussed in the VE Treatability Study Report the
exponential decline in VOC levels in discharged soil gas observed during the pilot-
and bench-scale studies indicate that significant reduction in the VOC mass in
source soils will be achieved within the first 6 months of VE system operation
The data obtained during the treatability study were used to address several
important design considerations discussed in Section 80 of the VE Treatability
Study These considerations indicated the ability to design the VE system to
maximize its operational effectiveness and its flexibility in adjusting to variable
operating conditions For example the design will include vertical extraction wells
in areas of greater depths to ground water and horizontal extraction wells in areas
of shallower depths to ground water or where higher pore volume exchange rates
are required The design will also include an interactive monitoring program
during operations that will allow frequent adjustment of the operational
configuration to include increased air flow rates and use of induction wells as
warranted to address localized heterogeneities in soil characteristics and VOC
concentrations Application of these design considerations will facilitate
attainment of the source control performance standards within the estimated
cleanup times
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 10
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
50 SUMMARY
In summary the findings of the RI the VE pilot-scale and bench-scale studies and
the MOM PD and SCPD investigations are consistent with the conceptual site
model The site stratigraphy in the source area consists of fill overlying t i l l which
overlies bedrock Source area soils (ie soils containing VOCs at concentrations
greater than soil cleanup standards) are located within the eastern portion of the
former site operations area The vertical extent of source area soils that exceed
the soil cleanup standards is primarily limited to soils lying above the ground
water table with the exception of soils in a localized area at the southern end of
the former leachfield DMF is not present at significant concentrations in the
unsaturated soil The characteristics of the fill and t i l l are similar and large-scale
heterogeneities are not present within the soil Air permeabilities of the fill and
t i l l are such that vapor extraction can be used to effectively remove VOCs from the
soil Permeabilities of the overburden are such that a dewatering system can be
designed to lower the ground water table at the southern end of the former
leachfield so that currently saturated soils in this area can be effectively treated
using vapor extraction
The effectiveness of VE was demonstrated during the pilot-scale study with
approximately 100 pounds of target VOCs recovered from the two more highly
impacted test areas in less than 90 days of vapor recovery The objective of the
source area remediation is to control the migration of contaminants from the
source area soils to the ground water Although vapor extraction may take
slightly longer to achieve the soil cleanup standards when compared to LTSA
control over the migration of VOCs to the ground water can be achieved earlier in
the remedial program Capping the site will limit the vertical migration of
contaminants to the ground water and vapor extraction is expected to
substantially reduce the mass of the contaminants from the soil within 90 to 180
days after the start of pumping The VE system can also be designed installed
and operating more quickly than the LTSA system because of the extensive bench-
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 11
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
and pilot-scale data available for the site experience gained in using VE at other
sites and the availability of VE system components A list of sites where VE has
been or currently is in use was recently published in a May 1992 document
entitled An Evaluation of Vapor Extraction of Vadose Zone Contamination
published by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Martin Marietta Energy
Systems Inc for the US Department of Energy The document presents
information on 13 sites with varying types and concentrations of VOCs and soil
conditions and concludes that in situ vapor extraction is very effective in removing
organic contaminants from the pore space of the soil matrix According to The
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program Technology Profiles
(EPA5405-90006) VES now comprises 18 percent of the selected remedies at
Superfund sites and the number continues to grow
To briefly summarize in addition to gaining control over the migration of VOCs
from the source area soils to the ground water more quickly VE also offers the
advantages of (1) better short-term protection of public health because there is no
uncontrolled release of VOCs and dust to the ambient air (2) less operational
noise than the noise associated with LTSA operations (3) less disturbance to the
environment at the site and to the surrounding community especially in terms of
site clearing and (4) a high degree of operational flexibility to expand the system
to treat a larger volume of soil to extend the treatment time to achieve better
removal and to focus the remediation on the most impacted soils Based upon the
currently available data the comparison of VE and LTSA discussed in Section 50
remains unchanged Comparison of these two source control alternatives indicated
that VE would be more protective of human health and the environment during
implementation and that the two alternatives would be equally effective and
protective in the long term
January 12 1993 12 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012
TABLE 1
SUMMARY OF GEOTECHNICAL DATA V E TOEATABLHJTY STUDY MANAGEMENT OF MIGRATION PRE-DESIGN
UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SITE SOUTH HOPE MAINE
flBoring ID
Stratishygraphy
Sample I D
Depth From
Depth To
Gravel Total Sand
Coarse Sand
Medium Sand
Fine Sand
Coarse Fraction
Silt Clay Fine Fraction 9
SB-2-04 FU1 S-7 130 148 312 301 45 55 201 613 301 86 387
jsB-4-lS BSB-4-4S
Fill Fill
ST-1 S-5
60 120
75 140
63 44
575 474
70 45
115 105
390 324
638 518
310 386
51 96
361 482
IsB-A-10 Fill UCC-SB-A-101-03 40 60 110 506 218 237 545 616 267 116 383
SB-B-30 Fill UCC-SB-B-030A-01 00 20 219 361 97 294 609 580 286 133 419
SB-C-01 FU1 UCC-SB-C-010-06 100 120 292 321 140 234 626 613 274 112 386
SB-3-4L Topsoil ST-1 80 100 42 422 55 100 267 464 386 150 536
SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1lt
bull03 bull03 bull03 -03 bullID ID ID 1M1 bullIS
Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till
S-8 S-12 S-13 S-15
S-13A S-17 S-25 ST-1 ST-1
320 400 420 460 225 305 460 300 50
340 420 440 480 240 325 470 320 70
00 00 00 175 44 39 29 51 I 4
707 328 284 331 595 409 290 466 392
00 00 00 40 25 50 35 45 I 0
97 63 59 75 30 90 70 90 55
610 265 225 216 540 269 185 331 327
707 328 284 506 639 448 319 517 406
177 466 402 293 267 347 466 343 594
115 205 313 200 93
204 214 140 00
292 671 715 493 360 551 680 483 594
SB-2-04 Till ST-1 200 220 55 370 45 80 245 425 377 197 574
SB-2-04 Till S-10 220 240 161 450 105 115 230 611 284 104 38
SB-2-04 Till S-14 300 320 I I 5 424 60 95 269 539 265 195 460
SB-2-04 Till ST-2 400 420 17 407 55 85 267 424 386 189 575
SB-2-04 Till S-20 440 460 130 558 100 140 318 688 219 93 312
SB-2-2D Till ST-1 140 160 36 608 65 160 383 644 318 38 356
SB-2-3S Till S-5 110 130 42 362 30 80 252 404 473 122 595
SB-3-07 Till S-12 400 420 00 351 00 111 240 351 421 227 648
SB-3-07 Till S-15 460 478 26 443 50 120 273 469 371 159 530
SB-3-07 Till S-16 480 500 00 316 00 86 230 316 436 247 683
SB-3-1D Till S-32 620 640 51 322 60 75 187 373 368 258 626
SB-3-1L Till ST-1 460 475 20 367 50 85 232 387 375 237 612
SB-3-1S SB-3-2M SB-3-3M SB-3-3S SB-3-4S SB-3-4S
Till Till Till Till Till Till
S-4 S-5 S-7
ST-1 UT-1 S-8
150 200 265 35 05 160
170 218 285 55 15 170
25 50 98 26 34 164
373 420 405 504 745 478
30 30 40 40 45
I I 5
90 100 115 80 275 105
253 290 250 384 425 258
398 470 503 530 779 642
432 378 338 388 175 296
169 151 158 81 46 62
601 529 496 469 221 358
SB-4-07 Till S- l l 205 225 97 366 46 85 236 463 377 159 536
SB-4-07 Till S-17 310 318 16 850 110 430 310 866 134 00 134
SB-4-1S Till S-3 130 150 74 393 50 95 248 467 379 153 532
SB-4-2D Till S-8 140 160 22 413 45 90 278 435 384 180 564
SB-4-3S Till S-7 120 140 28 372 45 85 242 400 407 192 599
Average Fill jAverage Till
173 51
423 441
103 44
173 107
449 290
596 492
304 354
99 153
403 507
Revision 0 122292 Pagel Balaam Project 6530T2MOMVE 1 XLS
Table 2
Intrinsic A i r Permeability Values VES Treatability Study
Union Chemical Company South Hope Maine
Date of Teat Start
Slraligraphy Sa tura tedUnsta lura tod Trait Type Tost Identification
Test Area
Sample Depth Calculated Permeability (sq cm) Kr Kc
2-Ocl-91 13-Nov-91 4-Nov-9l
Fill Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test IWA-03 UCC-SB-A-100-05
EW-A-01
A A A
4 to 19 85 to 96 26 to 76
240E-06 264E-07 764 E-09
2 60E-08 NA
216E-08
NA NA
903E-09 13Dec-91 Fill Unsaturated Mass Transfer EW-A-01 A 25 to 76 366E-07 879E-09
Geometric Mean 205E-07
3-Ocl-91 30-Ocl-9I
Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test EW-B-01 EW-B-01
B B
2 to 6 2 to 5
300E-08 209E-08
25-E-08 I02E-08
NA 247E-09
2l-Nov-9l Fill Unsaturated EW-B-01 B 2 to 5 167E07 343E-08 367E-09 14May-92 Till Sa tura ted Bench-Scale UCC-SB-B-500-01 B 58 to 83 262E-09 to 134E-08 NA NA
Geometric Mean 344E-08
3-Oct-91 5- Nov-91
25-Nov-91 7-Nov-91
Fill Fill Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test Bench-Scale
Field Test
IW-C-05 UCC-SB-C-OI0-030 UCC-SB-C-020-03
EW-C-01
C C C C
3 to 8 4 to 46 4 to 56
25 to 76
640E-08 113E-09 to532E-08 884 E-09 to8 81E-08
300E-07
530E-08 NA NA
300E-08
NA NA NA
300E-09 6- Nov9| Fill Unsaturated IW-C-05 C 3 to 8 305E-07 389E-08 108E-08
Geometric Mean 122E-07
29-Oct-9l Fill Unsaturated Field Test EW-n-01 D 3 5 to 85 822E-08 489E-09 992E-09 14 Mav-92 Natural Orpnnic Silt Saturated Bench Scale UCC-vSB-D 112-01 D 58 lo 88 920E-10to 150E-08 NA NA
21-Jul-92 Till Saturated Bench-Scale UCC-SB-3-05-1 0 to 87 503E-07 to 564E-07 NA NA 21-Jul 92 Fill Saturated UCC-SB-3-3SA-3 0 lo 15 527E-08 to 653E-07 NA NA 21-)ul-92 Till Saturated UCC-SB-3-2SA-1 10 to 124 683E-08 lo I20E-07 NA NA
NOTES 1 NA = not applicable 2 Kz rcfora In air |gterincabilily in vertical direction 3 Kr refers to air permeability in horizontal direction 4 Kc refers lo air permeability in a soil lo atmosphere conductance 5 ft-BGS = feet below ground surface
A1RPERMXLS
RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES
bull C L Z P Q CP
ACCESS GATE
FORMER INCINERATOR
CONCRETE SLAB
H CHAIN LINK FENCE
FORMER INCINERATOR STRUCTURES
APPROXIMATE VAPOR EXTRACTION
o PILOT TEST AREA LOCATION
APPROXIMATE LEACH FIELD AREA LOCATION o SOURCE APPROXIMATE TANK LOCATION FIGURE 2 OF REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION FEASIBILITY STUDY
40 80 160
APPROXIMATE SCALE (FEET)
c u m | UNION CHEMICAL I
ADMINISTRATIVE FUND BALSAM macca
OMMNUEXTM OMSULTHnitR B WDUSUUL VAX SMfU Ml 030TO VES PILOT STUDY
PILOT AND BENCH SCALE STUDY AREAS
UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE PJK DNW JMO JAG laquo APPROXIMATE VE SOIL SAMPLE PREPARED BY CANONIE ENVIRONMENTAL JUNE 1990 SB-3-3SA LOCATION FUWgt Q
r=80 010493 6437228 6437 T5
0
SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED 1 OONSTTTUENT CONCENTRATIONS bull lt
SOU SAMPLE COLLECTED AT BORING SB-D-03 AND SB-D-02 WAS SATURATED DUE TO SHALLOW WATER
UCC-SB-S-07-SI-1092
l t -DCE BDl82) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN TABLE AT 18 FEET BELOW GRADE SURFACE PARTS PER BILLION (PPB) -lt
11
11-DCE BDL56) TCE BDL58J PCE BDL(56) TXYL
IFEFMD
SB-S-05 ^ SOURCE CONTROL PREmdashDESIGN SOL BORING LOCATION
UCC-SB-S-OO-SJA-1092 SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS
11-DCE BOU5B) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN PARTS PER BULON (PPB)
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
Hydrologic data collected during the hydraulic testing during the MOMPD study
suggest that some sandier lenses may extend for limited distances in a north-south
orientation as local stratigraphic horizons However these potential lenses were
thought to be located to the east of the soil source area and their existence is not
confirmed by the specific stratigraphic borehole data available
Permeability of site soils to air flow was estimated based upon the results of both
pilot- and bench-scale testing performed during the VE treatability and the bench-
scale testing performed during the MOMPD studies Pilot-scale tests were
performed at four different locations in the source area at the UCC site which
were selected on the basis of stratigraphic data reported in the RI as
representative of the range of soil conditions in that area Five samples were
collected for bench-scale air permeability testing which included both saturated
and unsaturated samples from the four VE pilot test areas Three additional soil
samples were collected for bench-scale VE testing during the MOMPD
investigation from a location east of the source area adjacent to Quiggle Brook
The locations of the pilot test areas and the downgradient bench-scale sampling
locations are shown on Figure 1
Air permeability results measured during the VE treatability study
supplementary bench-scale VE tests and the MOM study are presented in Table 2
The results are grouped by VES Treatability Study test areas and Test Area 3
from the MOM Pre-Design Study Similar air permeability values were measured
during the MOMPD and VE studies with horizontal permeabilities measured in
the field typically in the 10 x 108 to 53 x 108 cm2 range Air permeability values
were also found to increase during the testing of samples obtained from both the
saturated and unsaturated soil zones This apparent increase in air permeability
over time is consistent with the expected removal of moisture from the soil pore
space during vapor extraction which reduces resistance to air flow through the
soil These results indicate that saturated soils can be effectively remediated at
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 4
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
the site using in situ vapor extraction after lowering the ground water in the
vicinity of saturated soils requiring treatment
Hydraulic conductivity values estimated based on results of slug tests performed
in the overburden unit during the RI and MOMPD studies are consistent These
values range over approximately two orders of magnitude between 4 x 103
centimeter per second (cmsec) to 1 x IO5 cmsec with the majority of the values in
the 104 cmsec to 105 cmsec range Hydraulic conductivity values estimated from
the analyses of pump tests performed in the saturated overburden during the
MOMPD investigation range from 1 x 104 cmsec to 6 x 106 cmsec with the
majority of the values similarly in the 104 cmsec to 105 cmsec range These
volumes are consistent with the permeabilities observed from the MOMPD pump
tests (ie 15 x 104 cmsec x 90 x 106 cmsec)
The observed consistency between the geologic and permeability data obtained
during the RI VE Treatability Study and the MOMPD and SCPD studies is
consistent with the premises underlying the conceptual model of the site conditions
and indicates that VE will be an effective source control technology for the UCC
site
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 5
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
30 CONTAMINANT DISTRIBUTION
During the SCPD investigation shallow unsaturated soil samples were collected at
depths from 2 to 4 feet below ground surface at twenty-two sampling locations
within and surrounding the extent of the source area soils as indicated by the RI
investigation Consistent with the findings of the RI the lateral extent of the
source area is estimated based upon the newer data to be within eastern portion of
the former operations area at the site (see Figure 2) with the exception that
tetrachloroethene (PCE) was reported at a concentration exceeding the soil cleanup
standard in one shallow soil sample obtained from a boring located to the east of
the former interceptor trench The reported presence of PCE in the soil at this
location is anomalous because PCE was not detected in the shallow unsaturated
and saturated soil samples obtained immediately to the west of the former
interceptor trench and because PCE was not detected in ground water samples
obtained from monitoring wells located downgradient from this area during the
MOMPD and initial Surface Water and Ground Water Monitoring Program
sampling event
With the exception of the southern end of the former leachfield located at the
eastern edge of the former operations area the vertical extent of soils requiring
source control remediation appears to be limited to primarily soils above the water
table Ten of the twenty-two shallow borings were advanced to 2 to 4 feet below
the ground water table to evaluate the vertical extent of the significantly impacted
soils (see Figure 3) At four of these sampling locations VOCs were not detected
at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup levels in either the shallow
unsaturated soil samples or the shallow saturated soil samples In four of the five
locations where VOCs were detected at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup
standards in the unsaturated soil the concentrations of VOCs in the shallow
saturated soil were less than the soil cleanup standards indicating that the
vertical extent of soil requiring remediation is primarily limited to the unsaturated
soils Only in a boring located at the southern end of the former leachfield and
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 6
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
boring located immediately to the southeast of the leachfield were VOCs detected
in the shallow saturated soil at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standard
VOCs were not detected in the shallow unsaturated soil sample obtained from the
boring located immediately to the southeast of the former leachfield indicating
that the contaminants detected in the shallow saturated soil sample were likely
transported with the ground water to this location
As shown on Figure 4 seven borings were advanced to obtain soil samples at 8 to
10 feet below the ground water including the two borings where VOCs were
detected at concentrations exceeding the cleanup levels in the shallow saturated
soil samples As indicated on Figure 4 VOCs were detected in 3 of the 7 deeper
saturated samples at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standards
however based on the shallower soil samples obtained at 2 of the 3 locations i t
appears that the VOCs detected in these deeper soil samples are associated with
contaminants migrating with the ground water Only samples obtained from the
boring located at the southern end of the former leachfield contained VOCs at
concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standards in soil samples obtained above
and below the ground water table Based upon the results of the pump tests
performed at the site i t is anticipated that a series of closely-spaced ground water
extraction wells can adequately lower the water table to allow soil vapor extraction
wells to effectively treat currently saturated soils in the vicinity of the former
leachfield
As required by EPA and the Maine Department of Environmental Protection
(DEP) selected soil samples obtained from the unsaturated zone during the SCPD
were analyzed for NN-dimethylformamide (DMF) The results of these DMF
analyses were previously transmitted to EPA and DEP and showed that DMF was
not present in these unsaturated soil samples at concentrations greater than the
method detection limits These results are consistent with data obtained during
VE treatability study which indicated the presence of DMF in only 3 of 29
samples analyzed and at concentrations slightly above or at the detection limit
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 7
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
40 CLEANUP TIME ESTIMATES
As discussed in Section 70 of the VE Treatability Study Report the results of
bench-scale testing performed during the study were used to evaluate the number
of air pore volume exchanges required to reduce VOC concentrations to levels
below the source control performance standards for the target constituents These
results were consistent with VE performance at other sites and indicated that
exchange of 3000 to 4000 pore volumes of soil gas would be necessary to achieve
the source control performance standards in most of the source area Data for a
sample collected from one area of the site (Area C in at the southern end of the
former leach field east of the still building) suggested that up to 120000 pore
volume exchanges would be required to attain the performance standards because
of elevated VOC concentrations in the soil in that area I t should be noted that
the air flow rates in this sample were accelerated because of the time constraints
placed upon completion of the VE Treatability Study Because of equilibrium
dynamics i t is likely that the increased air flow rates decreased the efficiency of
VOC transfer from the soil to the air resulting in an increased number of required
pore volume exchanges to attain the performance standards Accordingly i t is
possible that the number of required pore volume exchanges estimated for this
area of the site was overestimated
The results of the field pilot-scale testing at the site were generally consistent with
the bench-scale data and indicated that exchange of 4000 to 6000 pore volumes
will be required to attain the performance standards in most of the source area
The pilot-scale test data indicated removal of relatively large masses
(approximately 100 pounds) of target VOCs from each of the highly impacted test
areas during the relatively limited test period (less than 90 days) The expected
pattern of greater VOC removal from the outer margins of the test area than in
the inner portions was observed in both soil vapor and soil analytical data As
expected conclusive demonstration of the ability to achieve performance standards
in the field was constrained by winter conditions (initial equipment malfunction)
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 8
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
the limited time period available for completion of the test the limitations of a
pilot-scale test performed in a contaminated area primarily leakage of air flow at
the margins of the cap and transport of VOCs from soil volumes outside the test
area and constraints of the Contract Laboratory Program analytical methods that
were required particularly with respect to constituent concentration reporting
limits
As reported in the VE Treatability Study Report based upon the air flow rates
attained in the field (see Appendix K of the VE Treatability Study Report) it was
estimated that sufficient pore volume exchanges to attain source control
performance standards could be achieved in unsaturated soils in most of the
source control area within approximately 1 year of operation Attainment of the
performance standards in the balance of the unsaturated soil source area would be
achieved within approximately 23 years of operation Data obtained during the
MOMPD and SCPD studies are consistent with data obtained during the RI and
VE treatability study and do not indicate that revision of these cleanup time
estimates of 1 to 23 years of operation is warranted
Data from the SCPD study indicated that saturated soil in the vicinity of the
southern end of the leach field contained VOC concentrations above the soil
performance standards Treatment of this soil by VE will require dewatering to
facilitate air transfer through the soils It is estimated that the dewatering and
drying of the soil could require 6 months Because this area is in the portion of
the site where the higher end of the soil cleanup time range was estimated it is
possible that cleanup of this localized area of saturated soil will require 28 years
of operation to complete
The cleanup time estimates were based upon operations after system startup In
evaluating actual cleanup at least 4 weeks per year of VE system down time could
be expected particularly as a result of wintertime conditions Accordingly cleanup
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 9
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
time estimates for the site are expected to range from approximately 12 to
31 years the 6 weeks estimated for completion of construction in the FFS report
It should also be noted that as discussed in the VE Treatability Study Report the
exponential decline in VOC levels in discharged soil gas observed during the pilot-
and bench-scale studies indicate that significant reduction in the VOC mass in
source soils will be achieved within the first 6 months of VE system operation
The data obtained during the treatability study were used to address several
important design considerations discussed in Section 80 of the VE Treatability
Study These considerations indicated the ability to design the VE system to
maximize its operational effectiveness and its flexibility in adjusting to variable
operating conditions For example the design will include vertical extraction wells
in areas of greater depths to ground water and horizontal extraction wells in areas
of shallower depths to ground water or where higher pore volume exchange rates
are required The design will also include an interactive monitoring program
during operations that will allow frequent adjustment of the operational
configuration to include increased air flow rates and use of induction wells as
warranted to address localized heterogeneities in soil characteristics and VOC
concentrations Application of these design considerations will facilitate
attainment of the source control performance standards within the estimated
cleanup times
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 10
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
50 SUMMARY
In summary the findings of the RI the VE pilot-scale and bench-scale studies and
the MOM PD and SCPD investigations are consistent with the conceptual site
model The site stratigraphy in the source area consists of fill overlying t i l l which
overlies bedrock Source area soils (ie soils containing VOCs at concentrations
greater than soil cleanup standards) are located within the eastern portion of the
former site operations area The vertical extent of source area soils that exceed
the soil cleanup standards is primarily limited to soils lying above the ground
water table with the exception of soils in a localized area at the southern end of
the former leachfield DMF is not present at significant concentrations in the
unsaturated soil The characteristics of the fill and t i l l are similar and large-scale
heterogeneities are not present within the soil Air permeabilities of the fill and
t i l l are such that vapor extraction can be used to effectively remove VOCs from the
soil Permeabilities of the overburden are such that a dewatering system can be
designed to lower the ground water table at the southern end of the former
leachfield so that currently saturated soils in this area can be effectively treated
using vapor extraction
The effectiveness of VE was demonstrated during the pilot-scale study with
approximately 100 pounds of target VOCs recovered from the two more highly
impacted test areas in less than 90 days of vapor recovery The objective of the
source area remediation is to control the migration of contaminants from the
source area soils to the ground water Although vapor extraction may take
slightly longer to achieve the soil cleanup standards when compared to LTSA
control over the migration of VOCs to the ground water can be achieved earlier in
the remedial program Capping the site will limit the vertical migration of
contaminants to the ground water and vapor extraction is expected to
substantially reduce the mass of the contaminants from the soil within 90 to 180
days after the start of pumping The VE system can also be designed installed
and operating more quickly than the LTSA system because of the extensive bench-
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 11
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
and pilot-scale data available for the site experience gained in using VE at other
sites and the availability of VE system components A list of sites where VE has
been or currently is in use was recently published in a May 1992 document
entitled An Evaluation of Vapor Extraction of Vadose Zone Contamination
published by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Martin Marietta Energy
Systems Inc for the US Department of Energy The document presents
information on 13 sites with varying types and concentrations of VOCs and soil
conditions and concludes that in situ vapor extraction is very effective in removing
organic contaminants from the pore space of the soil matrix According to The
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program Technology Profiles
(EPA5405-90006) VES now comprises 18 percent of the selected remedies at
Superfund sites and the number continues to grow
To briefly summarize in addition to gaining control over the migration of VOCs
from the source area soils to the ground water more quickly VE also offers the
advantages of (1) better short-term protection of public health because there is no
uncontrolled release of VOCs and dust to the ambient air (2) less operational
noise than the noise associated with LTSA operations (3) less disturbance to the
environment at the site and to the surrounding community especially in terms of
site clearing and (4) a high degree of operational flexibility to expand the system
to treat a larger volume of soil to extend the treatment time to achieve better
removal and to focus the remediation on the most impacted soils Based upon the
currently available data the comparison of VE and LTSA discussed in Section 50
remains unchanged Comparison of these two source control alternatives indicated
that VE would be more protective of human health and the environment during
implementation and that the two alternatives would be equally effective and
protective in the long term
January 12 1993 12 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012
TABLE 1
SUMMARY OF GEOTECHNICAL DATA V E TOEATABLHJTY STUDY MANAGEMENT OF MIGRATION PRE-DESIGN
UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SITE SOUTH HOPE MAINE
flBoring ID
Stratishygraphy
Sample I D
Depth From
Depth To
Gravel Total Sand
Coarse Sand
Medium Sand
Fine Sand
Coarse Fraction
Silt Clay Fine Fraction 9
SB-2-04 FU1 S-7 130 148 312 301 45 55 201 613 301 86 387
jsB-4-lS BSB-4-4S
Fill Fill
ST-1 S-5
60 120
75 140
63 44
575 474
70 45
115 105
390 324
638 518
310 386
51 96
361 482
IsB-A-10 Fill UCC-SB-A-101-03 40 60 110 506 218 237 545 616 267 116 383
SB-B-30 Fill UCC-SB-B-030A-01 00 20 219 361 97 294 609 580 286 133 419
SB-C-01 FU1 UCC-SB-C-010-06 100 120 292 321 140 234 626 613 274 112 386
SB-3-4L Topsoil ST-1 80 100 42 422 55 100 267 464 386 150 536
SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1lt
bull03 bull03 bull03 -03 bullID ID ID 1M1 bullIS
Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till
S-8 S-12 S-13 S-15
S-13A S-17 S-25 ST-1 ST-1
320 400 420 460 225 305 460 300 50
340 420 440 480 240 325 470 320 70
00 00 00 175 44 39 29 51 I 4
707 328 284 331 595 409 290 466 392
00 00 00 40 25 50 35 45 I 0
97 63 59 75 30 90 70 90 55
610 265 225 216 540 269 185 331 327
707 328 284 506 639 448 319 517 406
177 466 402 293 267 347 466 343 594
115 205 313 200 93
204 214 140 00
292 671 715 493 360 551 680 483 594
SB-2-04 Till ST-1 200 220 55 370 45 80 245 425 377 197 574
SB-2-04 Till S-10 220 240 161 450 105 115 230 611 284 104 38
SB-2-04 Till S-14 300 320 I I 5 424 60 95 269 539 265 195 460
SB-2-04 Till ST-2 400 420 17 407 55 85 267 424 386 189 575
SB-2-04 Till S-20 440 460 130 558 100 140 318 688 219 93 312
SB-2-2D Till ST-1 140 160 36 608 65 160 383 644 318 38 356
SB-2-3S Till S-5 110 130 42 362 30 80 252 404 473 122 595
SB-3-07 Till S-12 400 420 00 351 00 111 240 351 421 227 648
SB-3-07 Till S-15 460 478 26 443 50 120 273 469 371 159 530
SB-3-07 Till S-16 480 500 00 316 00 86 230 316 436 247 683
SB-3-1D Till S-32 620 640 51 322 60 75 187 373 368 258 626
SB-3-1L Till ST-1 460 475 20 367 50 85 232 387 375 237 612
SB-3-1S SB-3-2M SB-3-3M SB-3-3S SB-3-4S SB-3-4S
Till Till Till Till Till Till
S-4 S-5 S-7
ST-1 UT-1 S-8
150 200 265 35 05 160
170 218 285 55 15 170
25 50 98 26 34 164
373 420 405 504 745 478
30 30 40 40 45
I I 5
90 100 115 80 275 105
253 290 250 384 425 258
398 470 503 530 779 642
432 378 338 388 175 296
169 151 158 81 46 62
601 529 496 469 221 358
SB-4-07 Till S- l l 205 225 97 366 46 85 236 463 377 159 536
SB-4-07 Till S-17 310 318 16 850 110 430 310 866 134 00 134
SB-4-1S Till S-3 130 150 74 393 50 95 248 467 379 153 532
SB-4-2D Till S-8 140 160 22 413 45 90 278 435 384 180 564
SB-4-3S Till S-7 120 140 28 372 45 85 242 400 407 192 599
Average Fill jAverage Till
173 51
423 441
103 44
173 107
449 290
596 492
304 354
99 153
403 507
Revision 0 122292 Pagel Balaam Project 6530T2MOMVE 1 XLS
Table 2
Intrinsic A i r Permeability Values VES Treatability Study
Union Chemical Company South Hope Maine
Date of Teat Start
Slraligraphy Sa tura tedUnsta lura tod Trait Type Tost Identification
Test Area
Sample Depth Calculated Permeability (sq cm) Kr Kc
2-Ocl-91 13-Nov-91 4-Nov-9l
Fill Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test IWA-03 UCC-SB-A-100-05
EW-A-01
A A A
4 to 19 85 to 96 26 to 76
240E-06 264E-07 764 E-09
2 60E-08 NA
216E-08
NA NA
903E-09 13Dec-91 Fill Unsaturated Mass Transfer EW-A-01 A 25 to 76 366E-07 879E-09
Geometric Mean 205E-07
3-Ocl-91 30-Ocl-9I
Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test EW-B-01 EW-B-01
B B
2 to 6 2 to 5
300E-08 209E-08
25-E-08 I02E-08
NA 247E-09
2l-Nov-9l Fill Unsaturated EW-B-01 B 2 to 5 167E07 343E-08 367E-09 14May-92 Till Sa tura ted Bench-Scale UCC-SB-B-500-01 B 58 to 83 262E-09 to 134E-08 NA NA
Geometric Mean 344E-08
3-Oct-91 5- Nov-91
25-Nov-91 7-Nov-91
Fill Fill Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test Bench-Scale
Field Test
IW-C-05 UCC-SB-C-OI0-030 UCC-SB-C-020-03
EW-C-01
C C C C
3 to 8 4 to 46 4 to 56
25 to 76
640E-08 113E-09 to532E-08 884 E-09 to8 81E-08
300E-07
530E-08 NA NA
300E-08
NA NA NA
300E-09 6- Nov9| Fill Unsaturated IW-C-05 C 3 to 8 305E-07 389E-08 108E-08
Geometric Mean 122E-07
29-Oct-9l Fill Unsaturated Field Test EW-n-01 D 3 5 to 85 822E-08 489E-09 992E-09 14 Mav-92 Natural Orpnnic Silt Saturated Bench Scale UCC-vSB-D 112-01 D 58 lo 88 920E-10to 150E-08 NA NA
21-Jul-92 Till Saturated Bench-Scale UCC-SB-3-05-1 0 to 87 503E-07 to 564E-07 NA NA 21-Jul 92 Fill Saturated UCC-SB-3-3SA-3 0 lo 15 527E-08 to 653E-07 NA NA 21-)ul-92 Till Saturated UCC-SB-3-2SA-1 10 to 124 683E-08 lo I20E-07 NA NA
NOTES 1 NA = not applicable 2 Kz rcfora In air |gterincabilily in vertical direction 3 Kr refers to air permeability in horizontal direction 4 Kc refers lo air permeability in a soil lo atmosphere conductance 5 ft-BGS = feet below ground surface
A1RPERMXLS
RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES
bull C L Z P Q CP
ACCESS GATE
FORMER INCINERATOR
CONCRETE SLAB
H CHAIN LINK FENCE
FORMER INCINERATOR STRUCTURES
APPROXIMATE VAPOR EXTRACTION
o PILOT TEST AREA LOCATION
APPROXIMATE LEACH FIELD AREA LOCATION o SOURCE APPROXIMATE TANK LOCATION FIGURE 2 OF REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION FEASIBILITY STUDY
40 80 160
APPROXIMATE SCALE (FEET)
c u m | UNION CHEMICAL I
ADMINISTRATIVE FUND BALSAM macca
OMMNUEXTM OMSULTHnitR B WDUSUUL VAX SMfU Ml 030TO VES PILOT STUDY
PILOT AND BENCH SCALE STUDY AREAS
UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE PJK DNW JMO JAG laquo APPROXIMATE VE SOIL SAMPLE PREPARED BY CANONIE ENVIRONMENTAL JUNE 1990 SB-3-3SA LOCATION FUWgt Q
r=80 010493 6437228 6437 T5
0
SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED 1 OONSTTTUENT CONCENTRATIONS bull lt
SOU SAMPLE COLLECTED AT BORING SB-D-03 AND SB-D-02 WAS SATURATED DUE TO SHALLOW WATER
UCC-SB-S-07-SI-1092
l t -DCE BDl82) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN TABLE AT 18 FEET BELOW GRADE SURFACE PARTS PER BILLION (PPB) -lt
11
11-DCE BDL56) TCE BDL58J PCE BDL(56) TXYL
IFEFMD
SB-S-05 ^ SOURCE CONTROL PREmdashDESIGN SOL BORING LOCATION
UCC-SB-S-OO-SJA-1092 SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS
11-DCE BOU5B) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN PARTS PER BULON (PPB)
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
the site using in situ vapor extraction after lowering the ground water in the
vicinity of saturated soils requiring treatment
Hydraulic conductivity values estimated based on results of slug tests performed
in the overburden unit during the RI and MOMPD studies are consistent These
values range over approximately two orders of magnitude between 4 x 103
centimeter per second (cmsec) to 1 x IO5 cmsec with the majority of the values in
the 104 cmsec to 105 cmsec range Hydraulic conductivity values estimated from
the analyses of pump tests performed in the saturated overburden during the
MOMPD investigation range from 1 x 104 cmsec to 6 x 106 cmsec with the
majority of the values similarly in the 104 cmsec to 105 cmsec range These
volumes are consistent with the permeabilities observed from the MOMPD pump
tests (ie 15 x 104 cmsec x 90 x 106 cmsec)
The observed consistency between the geologic and permeability data obtained
during the RI VE Treatability Study and the MOMPD and SCPD studies is
consistent with the premises underlying the conceptual model of the site conditions
and indicates that VE will be an effective source control technology for the UCC
site
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 5
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
30 CONTAMINANT DISTRIBUTION
During the SCPD investigation shallow unsaturated soil samples were collected at
depths from 2 to 4 feet below ground surface at twenty-two sampling locations
within and surrounding the extent of the source area soils as indicated by the RI
investigation Consistent with the findings of the RI the lateral extent of the
source area is estimated based upon the newer data to be within eastern portion of
the former operations area at the site (see Figure 2) with the exception that
tetrachloroethene (PCE) was reported at a concentration exceeding the soil cleanup
standard in one shallow soil sample obtained from a boring located to the east of
the former interceptor trench The reported presence of PCE in the soil at this
location is anomalous because PCE was not detected in the shallow unsaturated
and saturated soil samples obtained immediately to the west of the former
interceptor trench and because PCE was not detected in ground water samples
obtained from monitoring wells located downgradient from this area during the
MOMPD and initial Surface Water and Ground Water Monitoring Program
sampling event
With the exception of the southern end of the former leachfield located at the
eastern edge of the former operations area the vertical extent of soils requiring
source control remediation appears to be limited to primarily soils above the water
table Ten of the twenty-two shallow borings were advanced to 2 to 4 feet below
the ground water table to evaluate the vertical extent of the significantly impacted
soils (see Figure 3) At four of these sampling locations VOCs were not detected
at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup levels in either the shallow
unsaturated soil samples or the shallow saturated soil samples In four of the five
locations where VOCs were detected at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup
standards in the unsaturated soil the concentrations of VOCs in the shallow
saturated soil were less than the soil cleanup standards indicating that the
vertical extent of soil requiring remediation is primarily limited to the unsaturated
soils Only in a boring located at the southern end of the former leachfield and
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 6
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
boring located immediately to the southeast of the leachfield were VOCs detected
in the shallow saturated soil at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standard
VOCs were not detected in the shallow unsaturated soil sample obtained from the
boring located immediately to the southeast of the former leachfield indicating
that the contaminants detected in the shallow saturated soil sample were likely
transported with the ground water to this location
As shown on Figure 4 seven borings were advanced to obtain soil samples at 8 to
10 feet below the ground water including the two borings where VOCs were
detected at concentrations exceeding the cleanup levels in the shallow saturated
soil samples As indicated on Figure 4 VOCs were detected in 3 of the 7 deeper
saturated samples at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standards
however based on the shallower soil samples obtained at 2 of the 3 locations i t
appears that the VOCs detected in these deeper soil samples are associated with
contaminants migrating with the ground water Only samples obtained from the
boring located at the southern end of the former leachfield contained VOCs at
concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standards in soil samples obtained above
and below the ground water table Based upon the results of the pump tests
performed at the site i t is anticipated that a series of closely-spaced ground water
extraction wells can adequately lower the water table to allow soil vapor extraction
wells to effectively treat currently saturated soils in the vicinity of the former
leachfield
As required by EPA and the Maine Department of Environmental Protection
(DEP) selected soil samples obtained from the unsaturated zone during the SCPD
were analyzed for NN-dimethylformamide (DMF) The results of these DMF
analyses were previously transmitted to EPA and DEP and showed that DMF was
not present in these unsaturated soil samples at concentrations greater than the
method detection limits These results are consistent with data obtained during
VE treatability study which indicated the presence of DMF in only 3 of 29
samples analyzed and at concentrations slightly above or at the detection limit
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 7
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
40 CLEANUP TIME ESTIMATES
As discussed in Section 70 of the VE Treatability Study Report the results of
bench-scale testing performed during the study were used to evaluate the number
of air pore volume exchanges required to reduce VOC concentrations to levels
below the source control performance standards for the target constituents These
results were consistent with VE performance at other sites and indicated that
exchange of 3000 to 4000 pore volumes of soil gas would be necessary to achieve
the source control performance standards in most of the source area Data for a
sample collected from one area of the site (Area C in at the southern end of the
former leach field east of the still building) suggested that up to 120000 pore
volume exchanges would be required to attain the performance standards because
of elevated VOC concentrations in the soil in that area I t should be noted that
the air flow rates in this sample were accelerated because of the time constraints
placed upon completion of the VE Treatability Study Because of equilibrium
dynamics i t is likely that the increased air flow rates decreased the efficiency of
VOC transfer from the soil to the air resulting in an increased number of required
pore volume exchanges to attain the performance standards Accordingly i t is
possible that the number of required pore volume exchanges estimated for this
area of the site was overestimated
The results of the field pilot-scale testing at the site were generally consistent with
the bench-scale data and indicated that exchange of 4000 to 6000 pore volumes
will be required to attain the performance standards in most of the source area
The pilot-scale test data indicated removal of relatively large masses
(approximately 100 pounds) of target VOCs from each of the highly impacted test
areas during the relatively limited test period (less than 90 days) The expected
pattern of greater VOC removal from the outer margins of the test area than in
the inner portions was observed in both soil vapor and soil analytical data As
expected conclusive demonstration of the ability to achieve performance standards
in the field was constrained by winter conditions (initial equipment malfunction)
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 8
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
the limited time period available for completion of the test the limitations of a
pilot-scale test performed in a contaminated area primarily leakage of air flow at
the margins of the cap and transport of VOCs from soil volumes outside the test
area and constraints of the Contract Laboratory Program analytical methods that
were required particularly with respect to constituent concentration reporting
limits
As reported in the VE Treatability Study Report based upon the air flow rates
attained in the field (see Appendix K of the VE Treatability Study Report) it was
estimated that sufficient pore volume exchanges to attain source control
performance standards could be achieved in unsaturated soils in most of the
source control area within approximately 1 year of operation Attainment of the
performance standards in the balance of the unsaturated soil source area would be
achieved within approximately 23 years of operation Data obtained during the
MOMPD and SCPD studies are consistent with data obtained during the RI and
VE treatability study and do not indicate that revision of these cleanup time
estimates of 1 to 23 years of operation is warranted
Data from the SCPD study indicated that saturated soil in the vicinity of the
southern end of the leach field contained VOC concentrations above the soil
performance standards Treatment of this soil by VE will require dewatering to
facilitate air transfer through the soils It is estimated that the dewatering and
drying of the soil could require 6 months Because this area is in the portion of
the site where the higher end of the soil cleanup time range was estimated it is
possible that cleanup of this localized area of saturated soil will require 28 years
of operation to complete
The cleanup time estimates were based upon operations after system startup In
evaluating actual cleanup at least 4 weeks per year of VE system down time could
be expected particularly as a result of wintertime conditions Accordingly cleanup
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 9
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
time estimates for the site are expected to range from approximately 12 to
31 years the 6 weeks estimated for completion of construction in the FFS report
It should also be noted that as discussed in the VE Treatability Study Report the
exponential decline in VOC levels in discharged soil gas observed during the pilot-
and bench-scale studies indicate that significant reduction in the VOC mass in
source soils will be achieved within the first 6 months of VE system operation
The data obtained during the treatability study were used to address several
important design considerations discussed in Section 80 of the VE Treatability
Study These considerations indicated the ability to design the VE system to
maximize its operational effectiveness and its flexibility in adjusting to variable
operating conditions For example the design will include vertical extraction wells
in areas of greater depths to ground water and horizontal extraction wells in areas
of shallower depths to ground water or where higher pore volume exchange rates
are required The design will also include an interactive monitoring program
during operations that will allow frequent adjustment of the operational
configuration to include increased air flow rates and use of induction wells as
warranted to address localized heterogeneities in soil characteristics and VOC
concentrations Application of these design considerations will facilitate
attainment of the source control performance standards within the estimated
cleanup times
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 10
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
50 SUMMARY
In summary the findings of the RI the VE pilot-scale and bench-scale studies and
the MOM PD and SCPD investigations are consistent with the conceptual site
model The site stratigraphy in the source area consists of fill overlying t i l l which
overlies bedrock Source area soils (ie soils containing VOCs at concentrations
greater than soil cleanup standards) are located within the eastern portion of the
former site operations area The vertical extent of source area soils that exceed
the soil cleanup standards is primarily limited to soils lying above the ground
water table with the exception of soils in a localized area at the southern end of
the former leachfield DMF is not present at significant concentrations in the
unsaturated soil The characteristics of the fill and t i l l are similar and large-scale
heterogeneities are not present within the soil Air permeabilities of the fill and
t i l l are such that vapor extraction can be used to effectively remove VOCs from the
soil Permeabilities of the overburden are such that a dewatering system can be
designed to lower the ground water table at the southern end of the former
leachfield so that currently saturated soils in this area can be effectively treated
using vapor extraction
The effectiveness of VE was demonstrated during the pilot-scale study with
approximately 100 pounds of target VOCs recovered from the two more highly
impacted test areas in less than 90 days of vapor recovery The objective of the
source area remediation is to control the migration of contaminants from the
source area soils to the ground water Although vapor extraction may take
slightly longer to achieve the soil cleanup standards when compared to LTSA
control over the migration of VOCs to the ground water can be achieved earlier in
the remedial program Capping the site will limit the vertical migration of
contaminants to the ground water and vapor extraction is expected to
substantially reduce the mass of the contaminants from the soil within 90 to 180
days after the start of pumping The VE system can also be designed installed
and operating more quickly than the LTSA system because of the extensive bench-
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 11
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
and pilot-scale data available for the site experience gained in using VE at other
sites and the availability of VE system components A list of sites where VE has
been or currently is in use was recently published in a May 1992 document
entitled An Evaluation of Vapor Extraction of Vadose Zone Contamination
published by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Martin Marietta Energy
Systems Inc for the US Department of Energy The document presents
information on 13 sites with varying types and concentrations of VOCs and soil
conditions and concludes that in situ vapor extraction is very effective in removing
organic contaminants from the pore space of the soil matrix According to The
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program Technology Profiles
(EPA5405-90006) VES now comprises 18 percent of the selected remedies at
Superfund sites and the number continues to grow
To briefly summarize in addition to gaining control over the migration of VOCs
from the source area soils to the ground water more quickly VE also offers the
advantages of (1) better short-term protection of public health because there is no
uncontrolled release of VOCs and dust to the ambient air (2) less operational
noise than the noise associated with LTSA operations (3) less disturbance to the
environment at the site and to the surrounding community especially in terms of
site clearing and (4) a high degree of operational flexibility to expand the system
to treat a larger volume of soil to extend the treatment time to achieve better
removal and to focus the remediation on the most impacted soils Based upon the
currently available data the comparison of VE and LTSA discussed in Section 50
remains unchanged Comparison of these two source control alternatives indicated
that VE would be more protective of human health and the environment during
implementation and that the two alternatives would be equally effective and
protective in the long term
January 12 1993 12 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012
TABLE 1
SUMMARY OF GEOTECHNICAL DATA V E TOEATABLHJTY STUDY MANAGEMENT OF MIGRATION PRE-DESIGN
UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SITE SOUTH HOPE MAINE
flBoring ID
Stratishygraphy
Sample I D
Depth From
Depth To
Gravel Total Sand
Coarse Sand
Medium Sand
Fine Sand
Coarse Fraction
Silt Clay Fine Fraction 9
SB-2-04 FU1 S-7 130 148 312 301 45 55 201 613 301 86 387
jsB-4-lS BSB-4-4S
Fill Fill
ST-1 S-5
60 120
75 140
63 44
575 474
70 45
115 105
390 324
638 518
310 386
51 96
361 482
IsB-A-10 Fill UCC-SB-A-101-03 40 60 110 506 218 237 545 616 267 116 383
SB-B-30 Fill UCC-SB-B-030A-01 00 20 219 361 97 294 609 580 286 133 419
SB-C-01 FU1 UCC-SB-C-010-06 100 120 292 321 140 234 626 613 274 112 386
SB-3-4L Topsoil ST-1 80 100 42 422 55 100 267 464 386 150 536
SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1lt
bull03 bull03 bull03 -03 bullID ID ID 1M1 bullIS
Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till
S-8 S-12 S-13 S-15
S-13A S-17 S-25 ST-1 ST-1
320 400 420 460 225 305 460 300 50
340 420 440 480 240 325 470 320 70
00 00 00 175 44 39 29 51 I 4
707 328 284 331 595 409 290 466 392
00 00 00 40 25 50 35 45 I 0
97 63 59 75 30 90 70 90 55
610 265 225 216 540 269 185 331 327
707 328 284 506 639 448 319 517 406
177 466 402 293 267 347 466 343 594
115 205 313 200 93
204 214 140 00
292 671 715 493 360 551 680 483 594
SB-2-04 Till ST-1 200 220 55 370 45 80 245 425 377 197 574
SB-2-04 Till S-10 220 240 161 450 105 115 230 611 284 104 38
SB-2-04 Till S-14 300 320 I I 5 424 60 95 269 539 265 195 460
SB-2-04 Till ST-2 400 420 17 407 55 85 267 424 386 189 575
SB-2-04 Till S-20 440 460 130 558 100 140 318 688 219 93 312
SB-2-2D Till ST-1 140 160 36 608 65 160 383 644 318 38 356
SB-2-3S Till S-5 110 130 42 362 30 80 252 404 473 122 595
SB-3-07 Till S-12 400 420 00 351 00 111 240 351 421 227 648
SB-3-07 Till S-15 460 478 26 443 50 120 273 469 371 159 530
SB-3-07 Till S-16 480 500 00 316 00 86 230 316 436 247 683
SB-3-1D Till S-32 620 640 51 322 60 75 187 373 368 258 626
SB-3-1L Till ST-1 460 475 20 367 50 85 232 387 375 237 612
SB-3-1S SB-3-2M SB-3-3M SB-3-3S SB-3-4S SB-3-4S
Till Till Till Till Till Till
S-4 S-5 S-7
ST-1 UT-1 S-8
150 200 265 35 05 160
170 218 285 55 15 170
25 50 98 26 34 164
373 420 405 504 745 478
30 30 40 40 45
I I 5
90 100 115 80 275 105
253 290 250 384 425 258
398 470 503 530 779 642
432 378 338 388 175 296
169 151 158 81 46 62
601 529 496 469 221 358
SB-4-07 Till S- l l 205 225 97 366 46 85 236 463 377 159 536
SB-4-07 Till S-17 310 318 16 850 110 430 310 866 134 00 134
SB-4-1S Till S-3 130 150 74 393 50 95 248 467 379 153 532
SB-4-2D Till S-8 140 160 22 413 45 90 278 435 384 180 564
SB-4-3S Till S-7 120 140 28 372 45 85 242 400 407 192 599
Average Fill jAverage Till
173 51
423 441
103 44
173 107
449 290
596 492
304 354
99 153
403 507
Revision 0 122292 Pagel Balaam Project 6530T2MOMVE 1 XLS
Table 2
Intrinsic A i r Permeability Values VES Treatability Study
Union Chemical Company South Hope Maine
Date of Teat Start
Slraligraphy Sa tura tedUnsta lura tod Trait Type Tost Identification
Test Area
Sample Depth Calculated Permeability (sq cm) Kr Kc
2-Ocl-91 13-Nov-91 4-Nov-9l
Fill Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test IWA-03 UCC-SB-A-100-05
EW-A-01
A A A
4 to 19 85 to 96 26 to 76
240E-06 264E-07 764 E-09
2 60E-08 NA
216E-08
NA NA
903E-09 13Dec-91 Fill Unsaturated Mass Transfer EW-A-01 A 25 to 76 366E-07 879E-09
Geometric Mean 205E-07
3-Ocl-91 30-Ocl-9I
Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test EW-B-01 EW-B-01
B B
2 to 6 2 to 5
300E-08 209E-08
25-E-08 I02E-08
NA 247E-09
2l-Nov-9l Fill Unsaturated EW-B-01 B 2 to 5 167E07 343E-08 367E-09 14May-92 Till Sa tura ted Bench-Scale UCC-SB-B-500-01 B 58 to 83 262E-09 to 134E-08 NA NA
Geometric Mean 344E-08
3-Oct-91 5- Nov-91
25-Nov-91 7-Nov-91
Fill Fill Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test Bench-Scale
Field Test
IW-C-05 UCC-SB-C-OI0-030 UCC-SB-C-020-03
EW-C-01
C C C C
3 to 8 4 to 46 4 to 56
25 to 76
640E-08 113E-09 to532E-08 884 E-09 to8 81E-08
300E-07
530E-08 NA NA
300E-08
NA NA NA
300E-09 6- Nov9| Fill Unsaturated IW-C-05 C 3 to 8 305E-07 389E-08 108E-08
Geometric Mean 122E-07
29-Oct-9l Fill Unsaturated Field Test EW-n-01 D 3 5 to 85 822E-08 489E-09 992E-09 14 Mav-92 Natural Orpnnic Silt Saturated Bench Scale UCC-vSB-D 112-01 D 58 lo 88 920E-10to 150E-08 NA NA
21-Jul-92 Till Saturated Bench-Scale UCC-SB-3-05-1 0 to 87 503E-07 to 564E-07 NA NA 21-Jul 92 Fill Saturated UCC-SB-3-3SA-3 0 lo 15 527E-08 to 653E-07 NA NA 21-)ul-92 Till Saturated UCC-SB-3-2SA-1 10 to 124 683E-08 lo I20E-07 NA NA
NOTES 1 NA = not applicable 2 Kz rcfora In air |gterincabilily in vertical direction 3 Kr refers to air permeability in horizontal direction 4 Kc refers lo air permeability in a soil lo atmosphere conductance 5 ft-BGS = feet below ground surface
A1RPERMXLS
RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES
bull C L Z P Q CP
ACCESS GATE
FORMER INCINERATOR
CONCRETE SLAB
H CHAIN LINK FENCE
FORMER INCINERATOR STRUCTURES
APPROXIMATE VAPOR EXTRACTION
o PILOT TEST AREA LOCATION
APPROXIMATE LEACH FIELD AREA LOCATION o SOURCE APPROXIMATE TANK LOCATION FIGURE 2 OF REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION FEASIBILITY STUDY
40 80 160
APPROXIMATE SCALE (FEET)
c u m | UNION CHEMICAL I
ADMINISTRATIVE FUND BALSAM macca
OMMNUEXTM OMSULTHnitR B WDUSUUL VAX SMfU Ml 030TO VES PILOT STUDY
PILOT AND BENCH SCALE STUDY AREAS
UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE PJK DNW JMO JAG laquo APPROXIMATE VE SOIL SAMPLE PREPARED BY CANONIE ENVIRONMENTAL JUNE 1990 SB-3-3SA LOCATION FUWgt Q
r=80 010493 6437228 6437 T5
0
SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED 1 OONSTTTUENT CONCENTRATIONS bull lt
SOU SAMPLE COLLECTED AT BORING SB-D-03 AND SB-D-02 WAS SATURATED DUE TO SHALLOW WATER
UCC-SB-S-07-SI-1092
l t -DCE BDl82) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN TABLE AT 18 FEET BELOW GRADE SURFACE PARTS PER BILLION (PPB) -lt
11
11-DCE BDL56) TCE BDL58J PCE BDL(56) TXYL
IFEFMD
SB-S-05 ^ SOURCE CONTROL PREmdashDESIGN SOL BORING LOCATION
UCC-SB-S-OO-SJA-1092 SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS
11-DCE BOU5B) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN PARTS PER BULON (PPB)
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
30 CONTAMINANT DISTRIBUTION
During the SCPD investigation shallow unsaturated soil samples were collected at
depths from 2 to 4 feet below ground surface at twenty-two sampling locations
within and surrounding the extent of the source area soils as indicated by the RI
investigation Consistent with the findings of the RI the lateral extent of the
source area is estimated based upon the newer data to be within eastern portion of
the former operations area at the site (see Figure 2) with the exception that
tetrachloroethene (PCE) was reported at a concentration exceeding the soil cleanup
standard in one shallow soil sample obtained from a boring located to the east of
the former interceptor trench The reported presence of PCE in the soil at this
location is anomalous because PCE was not detected in the shallow unsaturated
and saturated soil samples obtained immediately to the west of the former
interceptor trench and because PCE was not detected in ground water samples
obtained from monitoring wells located downgradient from this area during the
MOMPD and initial Surface Water and Ground Water Monitoring Program
sampling event
With the exception of the southern end of the former leachfield located at the
eastern edge of the former operations area the vertical extent of soils requiring
source control remediation appears to be limited to primarily soils above the water
table Ten of the twenty-two shallow borings were advanced to 2 to 4 feet below
the ground water table to evaluate the vertical extent of the significantly impacted
soils (see Figure 3) At four of these sampling locations VOCs were not detected
at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup levels in either the shallow
unsaturated soil samples or the shallow saturated soil samples In four of the five
locations where VOCs were detected at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup
standards in the unsaturated soil the concentrations of VOCs in the shallow
saturated soil were less than the soil cleanup standards indicating that the
vertical extent of soil requiring remediation is primarily limited to the unsaturated
soils Only in a boring located at the southern end of the former leachfield and
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 6
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
boring located immediately to the southeast of the leachfield were VOCs detected
in the shallow saturated soil at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standard
VOCs were not detected in the shallow unsaturated soil sample obtained from the
boring located immediately to the southeast of the former leachfield indicating
that the contaminants detected in the shallow saturated soil sample were likely
transported with the ground water to this location
As shown on Figure 4 seven borings were advanced to obtain soil samples at 8 to
10 feet below the ground water including the two borings where VOCs were
detected at concentrations exceeding the cleanup levels in the shallow saturated
soil samples As indicated on Figure 4 VOCs were detected in 3 of the 7 deeper
saturated samples at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standards
however based on the shallower soil samples obtained at 2 of the 3 locations i t
appears that the VOCs detected in these deeper soil samples are associated with
contaminants migrating with the ground water Only samples obtained from the
boring located at the southern end of the former leachfield contained VOCs at
concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standards in soil samples obtained above
and below the ground water table Based upon the results of the pump tests
performed at the site i t is anticipated that a series of closely-spaced ground water
extraction wells can adequately lower the water table to allow soil vapor extraction
wells to effectively treat currently saturated soils in the vicinity of the former
leachfield
As required by EPA and the Maine Department of Environmental Protection
(DEP) selected soil samples obtained from the unsaturated zone during the SCPD
were analyzed for NN-dimethylformamide (DMF) The results of these DMF
analyses were previously transmitted to EPA and DEP and showed that DMF was
not present in these unsaturated soil samples at concentrations greater than the
method detection limits These results are consistent with data obtained during
VE treatability study which indicated the presence of DMF in only 3 of 29
samples analyzed and at concentrations slightly above or at the detection limit
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 7
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
40 CLEANUP TIME ESTIMATES
As discussed in Section 70 of the VE Treatability Study Report the results of
bench-scale testing performed during the study were used to evaluate the number
of air pore volume exchanges required to reduce VOC concentrations to levels
below the source control performance standards for the target constituents These
results were consistent with VE performance at other sites and indicated that
exchange of 3000 to 4000 pore volumes of soil gas would be necessary to achieve
the source control performance standards in most of the source area Data for a
sample collected from one area of the site (Area C in at the southern end of the
former leach field east of the still building) suggested that up to 120000 pore
volume exchanges would be required to attain the performance standards because
of elevated VOC concentrations in the soil in that area I t should be noted that
the air flow rates in this sample were accelerated because of the time constraints
placed upon completion of the VE Treatability Study Because of equilibrium
dynamics i t is likely that the increased air flow rates decreased the efficiency of
VOC transfer from the soil to the air resulting in an increased number of required
pore volume exchanges to attain the performance standards Accordingly i t is
possible that the number of required pore volume exchanges estimated for this
area of the site was overestimated
The results of the field pilot-scale testing at the site were generally consistent with
the bench-scale data and indicated that exchange of 4000 to 6000 pore volumes
will be required to attain the performance standards in most of the source area
The pilot-scale test data indicated removal of relatively large masses
(approximately 100 pounds) of target VOCs from each of the highly impacted test
areas during the relatively limited test period (less than 90 days) The expected
pattern of greater VOC removal from the outer margins of the test area than in
the inner portions was observed in both soil vapor and soil analytical data As
expected conclusive demonstration of the ability to achieve performance standards
in the field was constrained by winter conditions (initial equipment malfunction)
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 8
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
the limited time period available for completion of the test the limitations of a
pilot-scale test performed in a contaminated area primarily leakage of air flow at
the margins of the cap and transport of VOCs from soil volumes outside the test
area and constraints of the Contract Laboratory Program analytical methods that
were required particularly with respect to constituent concentration reporting
limits
As reported in the VE Treatability Study Report based upon the air flow rates
attained in the field (see Appendix K of the VE Treatability Study Report) it was
estimated that sufficient pore volume exchanges to attain source control
performance standards could be achieved in unsaturated soils in most of the
source control area within approximately 1 year of operation Attainment of the
performance standards in the balance of the unsaturated soil source area would be
achieved within approximately 23 years of operation Data obtained during the
MOMPD and SCPD studies are consistent with data obtained during the RI and
VE treatability study and do not indicate that revision of these cleanup time
estimates of 1 to 23 years of operation is warranted
Data from the SCPD study indicated that saturated soil in the vicinity of the
southern end of the leach field contained VOC concentrations above the soil
performance standards Treatment of this soil by VE will require dewatering to
facilitate air transfer through the soils It is estimated that the dewatering and
drying of the soil could require 6 months Because this area is in the portion of
the site where the higher end of the soil cleanup time range was estimated it is
possible that cleanup of this localized area of saturated soil will require 28 years
of operation to complete
The cleanup time estimates were based upon operations after system startup In
evaluating actual cleanup at least 4 weeks per year of VE system down time could
be expected particularly as a result of wintertime conditions Accordingly cleanup
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 9
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
time estimates for the site are expected to range from approximately 12 to
31 years the 6 weeks estimated for completion of construction in the FFS report
It should also be noted that as discussed in the VE Treatability Study Report the
exponential decline in VOC levels in discharged soil gas observed during the pilot-
and bench-scale studies indicate that significant reduction in the VOC mass in
source soils will be achieved within the first 6 months of VE system operation
The data obtained during the treatability study were used to address several
important design considerations discussed in Section 80 of the VE Treatability
Study These considerations indicated the ability to design the VE system to
maximize its operational effectiveness and its flexibility in adjusting to variable
operating conditions For example the design will include vertical extraction wells
in areas of greater depths to ground water and horizontal extraction wells in areas
of shallower depths to ground water or where higher pore volume exchange rates
are required The design will also include an interactive monitoring program
during operations that will allow frequent adjustment of the operational
configuration to include increased air flow rates and use of induction wells as
warranted to address localized heterogeneities in soil characteristics and VOC
concentrations Application of these design considerations will facilitate
attainment of the source control performance standards within the estimated
cleanup times
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 10
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
50 SUMMARY
In summary the findings of the RI the VE pilot-scale and bench-scale studies and
the MOM PD and SCPD investigations are consistent with the conceptual site
model The site stratigraphy in the source area consists of fill overlying t i l l which
overlies bedrock Source area soils (ie soils containing VOCs at concentrations
greater than soil cleanup standards) are located within the eastern portion of the
former site operations area The vertical extent of source area soils that exceed
the soil cleanup standards is primarily limited to soils lying above the ground
water table with the exception of soils in a localized area at the southern end of
the former leachfield DMF is not present at significant concentrations in the
unsaturated soil The characteristics of the fill and t i l l are similar and large-scale
heterogeneities are not present within the soil Air permeabilities of the fill and
t i l l are such that vapor extraction can be used to effectively remove VOCs from the
soil Permeabilities of the overburden are such that a dewatering system can be
designed to lower the ground water table at the southern end of the former
leachfield so that currently saturated soils in this area can be effectively treated
using vapor extraction
The effectiveness of VE was demonstrated during the pilot-scale study with
approximately 100 pounds of target VOCs recovered from the two more highly
impacted test areas in less than 90 days of vapor recovery The objective of the
source area remediation is to control the migration of contaminants from the
source area soils to the ground water Although vapor extraction may take
slightly longer to achieve the soil cleanup standards when compared to LTSA
control over the migration of VOCs to the ground water can be achieved earlier in
the remedial program Capping the site will limit the vertical migration of
contaminants to the ground water and vapor extraction is expected to
substantially reduce the mass of the contaminants from the soil within 90 to 180
days after the start of pumping The VE system can also be designed installed
and operating more quickly than the LTSA system because of the extensive bench-
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 11
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
and pilot-scale data available for the site experience gained in using VE at other
sites and the availability of VE system components A list of sites where VE has
been or currently is in use was recently published in a May 1992 document
entitled An Evaluation of Vapor Extraction of Vadose Zone Contamination
published by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Martin Marietta Energy
Systems Inc for the US Department of Energy The document presents
information on 13 sites with varying types and concentrations of VOCs and soil
conditions and concludes that in situ vapor extraction is very effective in removing
organic contaminants from the pore space of the soil matrix According to The
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program Technology Profiles
(EPA5405-90006) VES now comprises 18 percent of the selected remedies at
Superfund sites and the number continues to grow
To briefly summarize in addition to gaining control over the migration of VOCs
from the source area soils to the ground water more quickly VE also offers the
advantages of (1) better short-term protection of public health because there is no
uncontrolled release of VOCs and dust to the ambient air (2) less operational
noise than the noise associated with LTSA operations (3) less disturbance to the
environment at the site and to the surrounding community especially in terms of
site clearing and (4) a high degree of operational flexibility to expand the system
to treat a larger volume of soil to extend the treatment time to achieve better
removal and to focus the remediation on the most impacted soils Based upon the
currently available data the comparison of VE and LTSA discussed in Section 50
remains unchanged Comparison of these two source control alternatives indicated
that VE would be more protective of human health and the environment during
implementation and that the two alternatives would be equally effective and
protective in the long term
January 12 1993 12 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012
TABLE 1
SUMMARY OF GEOTECHNICAL DATA V E TOEATABLHJTY STUDY MANAGEMENT OF MIGRATION PRE-DESIGN
UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SITE SOUTH HOPE MAINE
flBoring ID
Stratishygraphy
Sample I D
Depth From
Depth To
Gravel Total Sand
Coarse Sand
Medium Sand
Fine Sand
Coarse Fraction
Silt Clay Fine Fraction 9
SB-2-04 FU1 S-7 130 148 312 301 45 55 201 613 301 86 387
jsB-4-lS BSB-4-4S
Fill Fill
ST-1 S-5
60 120
75 140
63 44
575 474
70 45
115 105
390 324
638 518
310 386
51 96
361 482
IsB-A-10 Fill UCC-SB-A-101-03 40 60 110 506 218 237 545 616 267 116 383
SB-B-30 Fill UCC-SB-B-030A-01 00 20 219 361 97 294 609 580 286 133 419
SB-C-01 FU1 UCC-SB-C-010-06 100 120 292 321 140 234 626 613 274 112 386
SB-3-4L Topsoil ST-1 80 100 42 422 55 100 267 464 386 150 536
SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1lt
bull03 bull03 bull03 -03 bullID ID ID 1M1 bullIS
Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till
S-8 S-12 S-13 S-15
S-13A S-17 S-25 ST-1 ST-1
320 400 420 460 225 305 460 300 50
340 420 440 480 240 325 470 320 70
00 00 00 175 44 39 29 51 I 4
707 328 284 331 595 409 290 466 392
00 00 00 40 25 50 35 45 I 0
97 63 59 75 30 90 70 90 55
610 265 225 216 540 269 185 331 327
707 328 284 506 639 448 319 517 406
177 466 402 293 267 347 466 343 594
115 205 313 200 93
204 214 140 00
292 671 715 493 360 551 680 483 594
SB-2-04 Till ST-1 200 220 55 370 45 80 245 425 377 197 574
SB-2-04 Till S-10 220 240 161 450 105 115 230 611 284 104 38
SB-2-04 Till S-14 300 320 I I 5 424 60 95 269 539 265 195 460
SB-2-04 Till ST-2 400 420 17 407 55 85 267 424 386 189 575
SB-2-04 Till S-20 440 460 130 558 100 140 318 688 219 93 312
SB-2-2D Till ST-1 140 160 36 608 65 160 383 644 318 38 356
SB-2-3S Till S-5 110 130 42 362 30 80 252 404 473 122 595
SB-3-07 Till S-12 400 420 00 351 00 111 240 351 421 227 648
SB-3-07 Till S-15 460 478 26 443 50 120 273 469 371 159 530
SB-3-07 Till S-16 480 500 00 316 00 86 230 316 436 247 683
SB-3-1D Till S-32 620 640 51 322 60 75 187 373 368 258 626
SB-3-1L Till ST-1 460 475 20 367 50 85 232 387 375 237 612
SB-3-1S SB-3-2M SB-3-3M SB-3-3S SB-3-4S SB-3-4S
Till Till Till Till Till Till
S-4 S-5 S-7
ST-1 UT-1 S-8
150 200 265 35 05 160
170 218 285 55 15 170
25 50 98 26 34 164
373 420 405 504 745 478
30 30 40 40 45
I I 5
90 100 115 80 275 105
253 290 250 384 425 258
398 470 503 530 779 642
432 378 338 388 175 296
169 151 158 81 46 62
601 529 496 469 221 358
SB-4-07 Till S- l l 205 225 97 366 46 85 236 463 377 159 536
SB-4-07 Till S-17 310 318 16 850 110 430 310 866 134 00 134
SB-4-1S Till S-3 130 150 74 393 50 95 248 467 379 153 532
SB-4-2D Till S-8 140 160 22 413 45 90 278 435 384 180 564
SB-4-3S Till S-7 120 140 28 372 45 85 242 400 407 192 599
Average Fill jAverage Till
173 51
423 441
103 44
173 107
449 290
596 492
304 354
99 153
403 507
Revision 0 122292 Pagel Balaam Project 6530T2MOMVE 1 XLS
Table 2
Intrinsic A i r Permeability Values VES Treatability Study
Union Chemical Company South Hope Maine
Date of Teat Start
Slraligraphy Sa tura tedUnsta lura tod Trait Type Tost Identification
Test Area
Sample Depth Calculated Permeability (sq cm) Kr Kc
2-Ocl-91 13-Nov-91 4-Nov-9l
Fill Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test IWA-03 UCC-SB-A-100-05
EW-A-01
A A A
4 to 19 85 to 96 26 to 76
240E-06 264E-07 764 E-09
2 60E-08 NA
216E-08
NA NA
903E-09 13Dec-91 Fill Unsaturated Mass Transfer EW-A-01 A 25 to 76 366E-07 879E-09
Geometric Mean 205E-07
3-Ocl-91 30-Ocl-9I
Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test EW-B-01 EW-B-01
B B
2 to 6 2 to 5
300E-08 209E-08
25-E-08 I02E-08
NA 247E-09
2l-Nov-9l Fill Unsaturated EW-B-01 B 2 to 5 167E07 343E-08 367E-09 14May-92 Till Sa tura ted Bench-Scale UCC-SB-B-500-01 B 58 to 83 262E-09 to 134E-08 NA NA
Geometric Mean 344E-08
3-Oct-91 5- Nov-91
25-Nov-91 7-Nov-91
Fill Fill Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test Bench-Scale
Field Test
IW-C-05 UCC-SB-C-OI0-030 UCC-SB-C-020-03
EW-C-01
C C C C
3 to 8 4 to 46 4 to 56
25 to 76
640E-08 113E-09 to532E-08 884 E-09 to8 81E-08
300E-07
530E-08 NA NA
300E-08
NA NA NA
300E-09 6- Nov9| Fill Unsaturated IW-C-05 C 3 to 8 305E-07 389E-08 108E-08
Geometric Mean 122E-07
29-Oct-9l Fill Unsaturated Field Test EW-n-01 D 3 5 to 85 822E-08 489E-09 992E-09 14 Mav-92 Natural Orpnnic Silt Saturated Bench Scale UCC-vSB-D 112-01 D 58 lo 88 920E-10to 150E-08 NA NA
21-Jul-92 Till Saturated Bench-Scale UCC-SB-3-05-1 0 to 87 503E-07 to 564E-07 NA NA 21-Jul 92 Fill Saturated UCC-SB-3-3SA-3 0 lo 15 527E-08 to 653E-07 NA NA 21-)ul-92 Till Saturated UCC-SB-3-2SA-1 10 to 124 683E-08 lo I20E-07 NA NA
NOTES 1 NA = not applicable 2 Kz rcfora In air |gterincabilily in vertical direction 3 Kr refers to air permeability in horizontal direction 4 Kc refers lo air permeability in a soil lo atmosphere conductance 5 ft-BGS = feet below ground surface
A1RPERMXLS
RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES
bull C L Z P Q CP
ACCESS GATE
FORMER INCINERATOR
CONCRETE SLAB
H CHAIN LINK FENCE
FORMER INCINERATOR STRUCTURES
APPROXIMATE VAPOR EXTRACTION
o PILOT TEST AREA LOCATION
APPROXIMATE LEACH FIELD AREA LOCATION o SOURCE APPROXIMATE TANK LOCATION FIGURE 2 OF REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION FEASIBILITY STUDY
40 80 160
APPROXIMATE SCALE (FEET)
c u m | UNION CHEMICAL I
ADMINISTRATIVE FUND BALSAM macca
OMMNUEXTM OMSULTHnitR B WDUSUUL VAX SMfU Ml 030TO VES PILOT STUDY
PILOT AND BENCH SCALE STUDY AREAS
UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE PJK DNW JMO JAG laquo APPROXIMATE VE SOIL SAMPLE PREPARED BY CANONIE ENVIRONMENTAL JUNE 1990 SB-3-3SA LOCATION FUWgt Q
r=80 010493 6437228 6437 T5
0
SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED 1 OONSTTTUENT CONCENTRATIONS bull lt
SOU SAMPLE COLLECTED AT BORING SB-D-03 AND SB-D-02 WAS SATURATED DUE TO SHALLOW WATER
UCC-SB-S-07-SI-1092
l t -DCE BDl82) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN TABLE AT 18 FEET BELOW GRADE SURFACE PARTS PER BILLION (PPB) -lt
11
11-DCE BDL56) TCE BDL58J PCE BDL(56) TXYL
IFEFMD
SB-S-05 ^ SOURCE CONTROL PREmdashDESIGN SOL BORING LOCATION
UCC-SB-S-OO-SJA-1092 SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS
11-DCE BOU5B) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN PARTS PER BULON (PPB)
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
boring located immediately to the southeast of the leachfield were VOCs detected
in the shallow saturated soil at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standard
VOCs were not detected in the shallow unsaturated soil sample obtained from the
boring located immediately to the southeast of the former leachfield indicating
that the contaminants detected in the shallow saturated soil sample were likely
transported with the ground water to this location
As shown on Figure 4 seven borings were advanced to obtain soil samples at 8 to
10 feet below the ground water including the two borings where VOCs were
detected at concentrations exceeding the cleanup levels in the shallow saturated
soil samples As indicated on Figure 4 VOCs were detected in 3 of the 7 deeper
saturated samples at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standards
however based on the shallower soil samples obtained at 2 of the 3 locations i t
appears that the VOCs detected in these deeper soil samples are associated with
contaminants migrating with the ground water Only samples obtained from the
boring located at the southern end of the former leachfield contained VOCs at
concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standards in soil samples obtained above
and below the ground water table Based upon the results of the pump tests
performed at the site i t is anticipated that a series of closely-spaced ground water
extraction wells can adequately lower the water table to allow soil vapor extraction
wells to effectively treat currently saturated soils in the vicinity of the former
leachfield
As required by EPA and the Maine Department of Environmental Protection
(DEP) selected soil samples obtained from the unsaturated zone during the SCPD
were analyzed for NN-dimethylformamide (DMF) The results of these DMF
analyses were previously transmitted to EPA and DEP and showed that DMF was
not present in these unsaturated soil samples at concentrations greater than the
method detection limits These results are consistent with data obtained during
VE treatability study which indicated the presence of DMF in only 3 of 29
samples analyzed and at concentrations slightly above or at the detection limit
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 7
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
40 CLEANUP TIME ESTIMATES
As discussed in Section 70 of the VE Treatability Study Report the results of
bench-scale testing performed during the study were used to evaluate the number
of air pore volume exchanges required to reduce VOC concentrations to levels
below the source control performance standards for the target constituents These
results were consistent with VE performance at other sites and indicated that
exchange of 3000 to 4000 pore volumes of soil gas would be necessary to achieve
the source control performance standards in most of the source area Data for a
sample collected from one area of the site (Area C in at the southern end of the
former leach field east of the still building) suggested that up to 120000 pore
volume exchanges would be required to attain the performance standards because
of elevated VOC concentrations in the soil in that area I t should be noted that
the air flow rates in this sample were accelerated because of the time constraints
placed upon completion of the VE Treatability Study Because of equilibrium
dynamics i t is likely that the increased air flow rates decreased the efficiency of
VOC transfer from the soil to the air resulting in an increased number of required
pore volume exchanges to attain the performance standards Accordingly i t is
possible that the number of required pore volume exchanges estimated for this
area of the site was overestimated
The results of the field pilot-scale testing at the site were generally consistent with
the bench-scale data and indicated that exchange of 4000 to 6000 pore volumes
will be required to attain the performance standards in most of the source area
The pilot-scale test data indicated removal of relatively large masses
(approximately 100 pounds) of target VOCs from each of the highly impacted test
areas during the relatively limited test period (less than 90 days) The expected
pattern of greater VOC removal from the outer margins of the test area than in
the inner portions was observed in both soil vapor and soil analytical data As
expected conclusive demonstration of the ability to achieve performance standards
in the field was constrained by winter conditions (initial equipment malfunction)
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 8
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
the limited time period available for completion of the test the limitations of a
pilot-scale test performed in a contaminated area primarily leakage of air flow at
the margins of the cap and transport of VOCs from soil volumes outside the test
area and constraints of the Contract Laboratory Program analytical methods that
were required particularly with respect to constituent concentration reporting
limits
As reported in the VE Treatability Study Report based upon the air flow rates
attained in the field (see Appendix K of the VE Treatability Study Report) it was
estimated that sufficient pore volume exchanges to attain source control
performance standards could be achieved in unsaturated soils in most of the
source control area within approximately 1 year of operation Attainment of the
performance standards in the balance of the unsaturated soil source area would be
achieved within approximately 23 years of operation Data obtained during the
MOMPD and SCPD studies are consistent with data obtained during the RI and
VE treatability study and do not indicate that revision of these cleanup time
estimates of 1 to 23 years of operation is warranted
Data from the SCPD study indicated that saturated soil in the vicinity of the
southern end of the leach field contained VOC concentrations above the soil
performance standards Treatment of this soil by VE will require dewatering to
facilitate air transfer through the soils It is estimated that the dewatering and
drying of the soil could require 6 months Because this area is in the portion of
the site where the higher end of the soil cleanup time range was estimated it is
possible that cleanup of this localized area of saturated soil will require 28 years
of operation to complete
The cleanup time estimates were based upon operations after system startup In
evaluating actual cleanup at least 4 weeks per year of VE system down time could
be expected particularly as a result of wintertime conditions Accordingly cleanup
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 9
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
time estimates for the site are expected to range from approximately 12 to
31 years the 6 weeks estimated for completion of construction in the FFS report
It should also be noted that as discussed in the VE Treatability Study Report the
exponential decline in VOC levels in discharged soil gas observed during the pilot-
and bench-scale studies indicate that significant reduction in the VOC mass in
source soils will be achieved within the first 6 months of VE system operation
The data obtained during the treatability study were used to address several
important design considerations discussed in Section 80 of the VE Treatability
Study These considerations indicated the ability to design the VE system to
maximize its operational effectiveness and its flexibility in adjusting to variable
operating conditions For example the design will include vertical extraction wells
in areas of greater depths to ground water and horizontal extraction wells in areas
of shallower depths to ground water or where higher pore volume exchange rates
are required The design will also include an interactive monitoring program
during operations that will allow frequent adjustment of the operational
configuration to include increased air flow rates and use of induction wells as
warranted to address localized heterogeneities in soil characteristics and VOC
concentrations Application of these design considerations will facilitate
attainment of the source control performance standards within the estimated
cleanup times
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 10
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
50 SUMMARY
In summary the findings of the RI the VE pilot-scale and bench-scale studies and
the MOM PD and SCPD investigations are consistent with the conceptual site
model The site stratigraphy in the source area consists of fill overlying t i l l which
overlies bedrock Source area soils (ie soils containing VOCs at concentrations
greater than soil cleanup standards) are located within the eastern portion of the
former site operations area The vertical extent of source area soils that exceed
the soil cleanup standards is primarily limited to soils lying above the ground
water table with the exception of soils in a localized area at the southern end of
the former leachfield DMF is not present at significant concentrations in the
unsaturated soil The characteristics of the fill and t i l l are similar and large-scale
heterogeneities are not present within the soil Air permeabilities of the fill and
t i l l are such that vapor extraction can be used to effectively remove VOCs from the
soil Permeabilities of the overburden are such that a dewatering system can be
designed to lower the ground water table at the southern end of the former
leachfield so that currently saturated soils in this area can be effectively treated
using vapor extraction
The effectiveness of VE was demonstrated during the pilot-scale study with
approximately 100 pounds of target VOCs recovered from the two more highly
impacted test areas in less than 90 days of vapor recovery The objective of the
source area remediation is to control the migration of contaminants from the
source area soils to the ground water Although vapor extraction may take
slightly longer to achieve the soil cleanup standards when compared to LTSA
control over the migration of VOCs to the ground water can be achieved earlier in
the remedial program Capping the site will limit the vertical migration of
contaminants to the ground water and vapor extraction is expected to
substantially reduce the mass of the contaminants from the soil within 90 to 180
days after the start of pumping The VE system can also be designed installed
and operating more quickly than the LTSA system because of the extensive bench-
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 11
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
and pilot-scale data available for the site experience gained in using VE at other
sites and the availability of VE system components A list of sites where VE has
been or currently is in use was recently published in a May 1992 document
entitled An Evaluation of Vapor Extraction of Vadose Zone Contamination
published by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Martin Marietta Energy
Systems Inc for the US Department of Energy The document presents
information on 13 sites with varying types and concentrations of VOCs and soil
conditions and concludes that in situ vapor extraction is very effective in removing
organic contaminants from the pore space of the soil matrix According to The
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program Technology Profiles
(EPA5405-90006) VES now comprises 18 percent of the selected remedies at
Superfund sites and the number continues to grow
To briefly summarize in addition to gaining control over the migration of VOCs
from the source area soils to the ground water more quickly VE also offers the
advantages of (1) better short-term protection of public health because there is no
uncontrolled release of VOCs and dust to the ambient air (2) less operational
noise than the noise associated with LTSA operations (3) less disturbance to the
environment at the site and to the surrounding community especially in terms of
site clearing and (4) a high degree of operational flexibility to expand the system
to treat a larger volume of soil to extend the treatment time to achieve better
removal and to focus the remediation on the most impacted soils Based upon the
currently available data the comparison of VE and LTSA discussed in Section 50
remains unchanged Comparison of these two source control alternatives indicated
that VE would be more protective of human health and the environment during
implementation and that the two alternatives would be equally effective and
protective in the long term
January 12 1993 12 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012
TABLE 1
SUMMARY OF GEOTECHNICAL DATA V E TOEATABLHJTY STUDY MANAGEMENT OF MIGRATION PRE-DESIGN
UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SITE SOUTH HOPE MAINE
flBoring ID
Stratishygraphy
Sample I D
Depth From
Depth To
Gravel Total Sand
Coarse Sand
Medium Sand
Fine Sand
Coarse Fraction
Silt Clay Fine Fraction 9
SB-2-04 FU1 S-7 130 148 312 301 45 55 201 613 301 86 387
jsB-4-lS BSB-4-4S
Fill Fill
ST-1 S-5
60 120
75 140
63 44
575 474
70 45
115 105
390 324
638 518
310 386
51 96
361 482
IsB-A-10 Fill UCC-SB-A-101-03 40 60 110 506 218 237 545 616 267 116 383
SB-B-30 Fill UCC-SB-B-030A-01 00 20 219 361 97 294 609 580 286 133 419
SB-C-01 FU1 UCC-SB-C-010-06 100 120 292 321 140 234 626 613 274 112 386
SB-3-4L Topsoil ST-1 80 100 42 422 55 100 267 464 386 150 536
SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1lt
bull03 bull03 bull03 -03 bullID ID ID 1M1 bullIS
Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till
S-8 S-12 S-13 S-15
S-13A S-17 S-25 ST-1 ST-1
320 400 420 460 225 305 460 300 50
340 420 440 480 240 325 470 320 70
00 00 00 175 44 39 29 51 I 4
707 328 284 331 595 409 290 466 392
00 00 00 40 25 50 35 45 I 0
97 63 59 75 30 90 70 90 55
610 265 225 216 540 269 185 331 327
707 328 284 506 639 448 319 517 406
177 466 402 293 267 347 466 343 594
115 205 313 200 93
204 214 140 00
292 671 715 493 360 551 680 483 594
SB-2-04 Till ST-1 200 220 55 370 45 80 245 425 377 197 574
SB-2-04 Till S-10 220 240 161 450 105 115 230 611 284 104 38
SB-2-04 Till S-14 300 320 I I 5 424 60 95 269 539 265 195 460
SB-2-04 Till ST-2 400 420 17 407 55 85 267 424 386 189 575
SB-2-04 Till S-20 440 460 130 558 100 140 318 688 219 93 312
SB-2-2D Till ST-1 140 160 36 608 65 160 383 644 318 38 356
SB-2-3S Till S-5 110 130 42 362 30 80 252 404 473 122 595
SB-3-07 Till S-12 400 420 00 351 00 111 240 351 421 227 648
SB-3-07 Till S-15 460 478 26 443 50 120 273 469 371 159 530
SB-3-07 Till S-16 480 500 00 316 00 86 230 316 436 247 683
SB-3-1D Till S-32 620 640 51 322 60 75 187 373 368 258 626
SB-3-1L Till ST-1 460 475 20 367 50 85 232 387 375 237 612
SB-3-1S SB-3-2M SB-3-3M SB-3-3S SB-3-4S SB-3-4S
Till Till Till Till Till Till
S-4 S-5 S-7
ST-1 UT-1 S-8
150 200 265 35 05 160
170 218 285 55 15 170
25 50 98 26 34 164
373 420 405 504 745 478
30 30 40 40 45
I I 5
90 100 115 80 275 105
253 290 250 384 425 258
398 470 503 530 779 642
432 378 338 388 175 296
169 151 158 81 46 62
601 529 496 469 221 358
SB-4-07 Till S- l l 205 225 97 366 46 85 236 463 377 159 536
SB-4-07 Till S-17 310 318 16 850 110 430 310 866 134 00 134
SB-4-1S Till S-3 130 150 74 393 50 95 248 467 379 153 532
SB-4-2D Till S-8 140 160 22 413 45 90 278 435 384 180 564
SB-4-3S Till S-7 120 140 28 372 45 85 242 400 407 192 599
Average Fill jAverage Till
173 51
423 441
103 44
173 107
449 290
596 492
304 354
99 153
403 507
Revision 0 122292 Pagel Balaam Project 6530T2MOMVE 1 XLS
Table 2
Intrinsic A i r Permeability Values VES Treatability Study
Union Chemical Company South Hope Maine
Date of Teat Start
Slraligraphy Sa tura tedUnsta lura tod Trait Type Tost Identification
Test Area
Sample Depth Calculated Permeability (sq cm) Kr Kc
2-Ocl-91 13-Nov-91 4-Nov-9l
Fill Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test IWA-03 UCC-SB-A-100-05
EW-A-01
A A A
4 to 19 85 to 96 26 to 76
240E-06 264E-07 764 E-09
2 60E-08 NA
216E-08
NA NA
903E-09 13Dec-91 Fill Unsaturated Mass Transfer EW-A-01 A 25 to 76 366E-07 879E-09
Geometric Mean 205E-07
3-Ocl-91 30-Ocl-9I
Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test EW-B-01 EW-B-01
B B
2 to 6 2 to 5
300E-08 209E-08
25-E-08 I02E-08
NA 247E-09
2l-Nov-9l Fill Unsaturated EW-B-01 B 2 to 5 167E07 343E-08 367E-09 14May-92 Till Sa tura ted Bench-Scale UCC-SB-B-500-01 B 58 to 83 262E-09 to 134E-08 NA NA
Geometric Mean 344E-08
3-Oct-91 5- Nov-91
25-Nov-91 7-Nov-91
Fill Fill Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test Bench-Scale
Field Test
IW-C-05 UCC-SB-C-OI0-030 UCC-SB-C-020-03
EW-C-01
C C C C
3 to 8 4 to 46 4 to 56
25 to 76
640E-08 113E-09 to532E-08 884 E-09 to8 81E-08
300E-07
530E-08 NA NA
300E-08
NA NA NA
300E-09 6- Nov9| Fill Unsaturated IW-C-05 C 3 to 8 305E-07 389E-08 108E-08
Geometric Mean 122E-07
29-Oct-9l Fill Unsaturated Field Test EW-n-01 D 3 5 to 85 822E-08 489E-09 992E-09 14 Mav-92 Natural Orpnnic Silt Saturated Bench Scale UCC-vSB-D 112-01 D 58 lo 88 920E-10to 150E-08 NA NA
21-Jul-92 Till Saturated Bench-Scale UCC-SB-3-05-1 0 to 87 503E-07 to 564E-07 NA NA 21-Jul 92 Fill Saturated UCC-SB-3-3SA-3 0 lo 15 527E-08 to 653E-07 NA NA 21-)ul-92 Till Saturated UCC-SB-3-2SA-1 10 to 124 683E-08 lo I20E-07 NA NA
NOTES 1 NA = not applicable 2 Kz rcfora In air |gterincabilily in vertical direction 3 Kr refers to air permeability in horizontal direction 4 Kc refers lo air permeability in a soil lo atmosphere conductance 5 ft-BGS = feet below ground surface
A1RPERMXLS
RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES
bull C L Z P Q CP
ACCESS GATE
FORMER INCINERATOR
CONCRETE SLAB
H CHAIN LINK FENCE
FORMER INCINERATOR STRUCTURES
APPROXIMATE VAPOR EXTRACTION
o PILOT TEST AREA LOCATION
APPROXIMATE LEACH FIELD AREA LOCATION o SOURCE APPROXIMATE TANK LOCATION FIGURE 2 OF REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION FEASIBILITY STUDY
40 80 160
APPROXIMATE SCALE (FEET)
c u m | UNION CHEMICAL I
ADMINISTRATIVE FUND BALSAM macca
OMMNUEXTM OMSULTHnitR B WDUSUUL VAX SMfU Ml 030TO VES PILOT STUDY
PILOT AND BENCH SCALE STUDY AREAS
UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE PJK DNW JMO JAG laquo APPROXIMATE VE SOIL SAMPLE PREPARED BY CANONIE ENVIRONMENTAL JUNE 1990 SB-3-3SA LOCATION FUWgt Q
r=80 010493 6437228 6437 T5
0
SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED 1 OONSTTTUENT CONCENTRATIONS bull lt
SOU SAMPLE COLLECTED AT BORING SB-D-03 AND SB-D-02 WAS SATURATED DUE TO SHALLOW WATER
UCC-SB-S-07-SI-1092
l t -DCE BDl82) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN TABLE AT 18 FEET BELOW GRADE SURFACE PARTS PER BILLION (PPB) -lt
11
11-DCE BDL56) TCE BDL58J PCE BDL(56) TXYL
IFEFMD
SB-S-05 ^ SOURCE CONTROL PREmdashDESIGN SOL BORING LOCATION
UCC-SB-S-OO-SJA-1092 SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS
11-DCE BOU5B) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN PARTS PER BULON (PPB)
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
40 CLEANUP TIME ESTIMATES
As discussed in Section 70 of the VE Treatability Study Report the results of
bench-scale testing performed during the study were used to evaluate the number
of air pore volume exchanges required to reduce VOC concentrations to levels
below the source control performance standards for the target constituents These
results were consistent with VE performance at other sites and indicated that
exchange of 3000 to 4000 pore volumes of soil gas would be necessary to achieve
the source control performance standards in most of the source area Data for a
sample collected from one area of the site (Area C in at the southern end of the
former leach field east of the still building) suggested that up to 120000 pore
volume exchanges would be required to attain the performance standards because
of elevated VOC concentrations in the soil in that area I t should be noted that
the air flow rates in this sample were accelerated because of the time constraints
placed upon completion of the VE Treatability Study Because of equilibrium
dynamics i t is likely that the increased air flow rates decreased the efficiency of
VOC transfer from the soil to the air resulting in an increased number of required
pore volume exchanges to attain the performance standards Accordingly i t is
possible that the number of required pore volume exchanges estimated for this
area of the site was overestimated
The results of the field pilot-scale testing at the site were generally consistent with
the bench-scale data and indicated that exchange of 4000 to 6000 pore volumes
will be required to attain the performance standards in most of the source area
The pilot-scale test data indicated removal of relatively large masses
(approximately 100 pounds) of target VOCs from each of the highly impacted test
areas during the relatively limited test period (less than 90 days) The expected
pattern of greater VOC removal from the outer margins of the test area than in
the inner portions was observed in both soil vapor and soil analytical data As
expected conclusive demonstration of the ability to achieve performance standards
in the field was constrained by winter conditions (initial equipment malfunction)
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 8
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
the limited time period available for completion of the test the limitations of a
pilot-scale test performed in a contaminated area primarily leakage of air flow at
the margins of the cap and transport of VOCs from soil volumes outside the test
area and constraints of the Contract Laboratory Program analytical methods that
were required particularly with respect to constituent concentration reporting
limits
As reported in the VE Treatability Study Report based upon the air flow rates
attained in the field (see Appendix K of the VE Treatability Study Report) it was
estimated that sufficient pore volume exchanges to attain source control
performance standards could be achieved in unsaturated soils in most of the
source control area within approximately 1 year of operation Attainment of the
performance standards in the balance of the unsaturated soil source area would be
achieved within approximately 23 years of operation Data obtained during the
MOMPD and SCPD studies are consistent with data obtained during the RI and
VE treatability study and do not indicate that revision of these cleanup time
estimates of 1 to 23 years of operation is warranted
Data from the SCPD study indicated that saturated soil in the vicinity of the
southern end of the leach field contained VOC concentrations above the soil
performance standards Treatment of this soil by VE will require dewatering to
facilitate air transfer through the soils It is estimated that the dewatering and
drying of the soil could require 6 months Because this area is in the portion of
the site where the higher end of the soil cleanup time range was estimated it is
possible that cleanup of this localized area of saturated soil will require 28 years
of operation to complete
The cleanup time estimates were based upon operations after system startup In
evaluating actual cleanup at least 4 weeks per year of VE system down time could
be expected particularly as a result of wintertime conditions Accordingly cleanup
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 9
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
time estimates for the site are expected to range from approximately 12 to
31 years the 6 weeks estimated for completion of construction in the FFS report
It should also be noted that as discussed in the VE Treatability Study Report the
exponential decline in VOC levels in discharged soil gas observed during the pilot-
and bench-scale studies indicate that significant reduction in the VOC mass in
source soils will be achieved within the first 6 months of VE system operation
The data obtained during the treatability study were used to address several
important design considerations discussed in Section 80 of the VE Treatability
Study These considerations indicated the ability to design the VE system to
maximize its operational effectiveness and its flexibility in adjusting to variable
operating conditions For example the design will include vertical extraction wells
in areas of greater depths to ground water and horizontal extraction wells in areas
of shallower depths to ground water or where higher pore volume exchange rates
are required The design will also include an interactive monitoring program
during operations that will allow frequent adjustment of the operational
configuration to include increased air flow rates and use of induction wells as
warranted to address localized heterogeneities in soil characteristics and VOC
concentrations Application of these design considerations will facilitate
attainment of the source control performance standards within the estimated
cleanup times
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 10
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
50 SUMMARY
In summary the findings of the RI the VE pilot-scale and bench-scale studies and
the MOM PD and SCPD investigations are consistent with the conceptual site
model The site stratigraphy in the source area consists of fill overlying t i l l which
overlies bedrock Source area soils (ie soils containing VOCs at concentrations
greater than soil cleanup standards) are located within the eastern portion of the
former site operations area The vertical extent of source area soils that exceed
the soil cleanup standards is primarily limited to soils lying above the ground
water table with the exception of soils in a localized area at the southern end of
the former leachfield DMF is not present at significant concentrations in the
unsaturated soil The characteristics of the fill and t i l l are similar and large-scale
heterogeneities are not present within the soil Air permeabilities of the fill and
t i l l are such that vapor extraction can be used to effectively remove VOCs from the
soil Permeabilities of the overburden are such that a dewatering system can be
designed to lower the ground water table at the southern end of the former
leachfield so that currently saturated soils in this area can be effectively treated
using vapor extraction
The effectiveness of VE was demonstrated during the pilot-scale study with
approximately 100 pounds of target VOCs recovered from the two more highly
impacted test areas in less than 90 days of vapor recovery The objective of the
source area remediation is to control the migration of contaminants from the
source area soils to the ground water Although vapor extraction may take
slightly longer to achieve the soil cleanup standards when compared to LTSA
control over the migration of VOCs to the ground water can be achieved earlier in
the remedial program Capping the site will limit the vertical migration of
contaminants to the ground water and vapor extraction is expected to
substantially reduce the mass of the contaminants from the soil within 90 to 180
days after the start of pumping The VE system can also be designed installed
and operating more quickly than the LTSA system because of the extensive bench-
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 11
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
and pilot-scale data available for the site experience gained in using VE at other
sites and the availability of VE system components A list of sites where VE has
been or currently is in use was recently published in a May 1992 document
entitled An Evaluation of Vapor Extraction of Vadose Zone Contamination
published by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Martin Marietta Energy
Systems Inc for the US Department of Energy The document presents
information on 13 sites with varying types and concentrations of VOCs and soil
conditions and concludes that in situ vapor extraction is very effective in removing
organic contaminants from the pore space of the soil matrix According to The
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program Technology Profiles
(EPA5405-90006) VES now comprises 18 percent of the selected remedies at
Superfund sites and the number continues to grow
To briefly summarize in addition to gaining control over the migration of VOCs
from the source area soils to the ground water more quickly VE also offers the
advantages of (1) better short-term protection of public health because there is no
uncontrolled release of VOCs and dust to the ambient air (2) less operational
noise than the noise associated with LTSA operations (3) less disturbance to the
environment at the site and to the surrounding community especially in terms of
site clearing and (4) a high degree of operational flexibility to expand the system
to treat a larger volume of soil to extend the treatment time to achieve better
removal and to focus the remediation on the most impacted soils Based upon the
currently available data the comparison of VE and LTSA discussed in Section 50
remains unchanged Comparison of these two source control alternatives indicated
that VE would be more protective of human health and the environment during
implementation and that the two alternatives would be equally effective and
protective in the long term
January 12 1993 12 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012
TABLE 1
SUMMARY OF GEOTECHNICAL DATA V E TOEATABLHJTY STUDY MANAGEMENT OF MIGRATION PRE-DESIGN
UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SITE SOUTH HOPE MAINE
flBoring ID
Stratishygraphy
Sample I D
Depth From
Depth To
Gravel Total Sand
Coarse Sand
Medium Sand
Fine Sand
Coarse Fraction
Silt Clay Fine Fraction 9
SB-2-04 FU1 S-7 130 148 312 301 45 55 201 613 301 86 387
jsB-4-lS BSB-4-4S
Fill Fill
ST-1 S-5
60 120
75 140
63 44
575 474
70 45
115 105
390 324
638 518
310 386
51 96
361 482
IsB-A-10 Fill UCC-SB-A-101-03 40 60 110 506 218 237 545 616 267 116 383
SB-B-30 Fill UCC-SB-B-030A-01 00 20 219 361 97 294 609 580 286 133 419
SB-C-01 FU1 UCC-SB-C-010-06 100 120 292 321 140 234 626 613 274 112 386
SB-3-4L Topsoil ST-1 80 100 42 422 55 100 267 464 386 150 536
SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1lt
bull03 bull03 bull03 -03 bullID ID ID 1M1 bullIS
Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till
S-8 S-12 S-13 S-15
S-13A S-17 S-25 ST-1 ST-1
320 400 420 460 225 305 460 300 50
340 420 440 480 240 325 470 320 70
00 00 00 175 44 39 29 51 I 4
707 328 284 331 595 409 290 466 392
00 00 00 40 25 50 35 45 I 0
97 63 59 75 30 90 70 90 55
610 265 225 216 540 269 185 331 327
707 328 284 506 639 448 319 517 406
177 466 402 293 267 347 466 343 594
115 205 313 200 93
204 214 140 00
292 671 715 493 360 551 680 483 594
SB-2-04 Till ST-1 200 220 55 370 45 80 245 425 377 197 574
SB-2-04 Till S-10 220 240 161 450 105 115 230 611 284 104 38
SB-2-04 Till S-14 300 320 I I 5 424 60 95 269 539 265 195 460
SB-2-04 Till ST-2 400 420 17 407 55 85 267 424 386 189 575
SB-2-04 Till S-20 440 460 130 558 100 140 318 688 219 93 312
SB-2-2D Till ST-1 140 160 36 608 65 160 383 644 318 38 356
SB-2-3S Till S-5 110 130 42 362 30 80 252 404 473 122 595
SB-3-07 Till S-12 400 420 00 351 00 111 240 351 421 227 648
SB-3-07 Till S-15 460 478 26 443 50 120 273 469 371 159 530
SB-3-07 Till S-16 480 500 00 316 00 86 230 316 436 247 683
SB-3-1D Till S-32 620 640 51 322 60 75 187 373 368 258 626
SB-3-1L Till ST-1 460 475 20 367 50 85 232 387 375 237 612
SB-3-1S SB-3-2M SB-3-3M SB-3-3S SB-3-4S SB-3-4S
Till Till Till Till Till Till
S-4 S-5 S-7
ST-1 UT-1 S-8
150 200 265 35 05 160
170 218 285 55 15 170
25 50 98 26 34 164
373 420 405 504 745 478
30 30 40 40 45
I I 5
90 100 115 80 275 105
253 290 250 384 425 258
398 470 503 530 779 642
432 378 338 388 175 296
169 151 158 81 46 62
601 529 496 469 221 358
SB-4-07 Till S- l l 205 225 97 366 46 85 236 463 377 159 536
SB-4-07 Till S-17 310 318 16 850 110 430 310 866 134 00 134
SB-4-1S Till S-3 130 150 74 393 50 95 248 467 379 153 532
SB-4-2D Till S-8 140 160 22 413 45 90 278 435 384 180 564
SB-4-3S Till S-7 120 140 28 372 45 85 242 400 407 192 599
Average Fill jAverage Till
173 51
423 441
103 44
173 107
449 290
596 492
304 354
99 153
403 507
Revision 0 122292 Pagel Balaam Project 6530T2MOMVE 1 XLS
Table 2
Intrinsic A i r Permeability Values VES Treatability Study
Union Chemical Company South Hope Maine
Date of Teat Start
Slraligraphy Sa tura tedUnsta lura tod Trait Type Tost Identification
Test Area
Sample Depth Calculated Permeability (sq cm) Kr Kc
2-Ocl-91 13-Nov-91 4-Nov-9l
Fill Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test IWA-03 UCC-SB-A-100-05
EW-A-01
A A A
4 to 19 85 to 96 26 to 76
240E-06 264E-07 764 E-09
2 60E-08 NA
216E-08
NA NA
903E-09 13Dec-91 Fill Unsaturated Mass Transfer EW-A-01 A 25 to 76 366E-07 879E-09
Geometric Mean 205E-07
3-Ocl-91 30-Ocl-9I
Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test EW-B-01 EW-B-01
B B
2 to 6 2 to 5
300E-08 209E-08
25-E-08 I02E-08
NA 247E-09
2l-Nov-9l Fill Unsaturated EW-B-01 B 2 to 5 167E07 343E-08 367E-09 14May-92 Till Sa tura ted Bench-Scale UCC-SB-B-500-01 B 58 to 83 262E-09 to 134E-08 NA NA
Geometric Mean 344E-08
3-Oct-91 5- Nov-91
25-Nov-91 7-Nov-91
Fill Fill Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test Bench-Scale
Field Test
IW-C-05 UCC-SB-C-OI0-030 UCC-SB-C-020-03
EW-C-01
C C C C
3 to 8 4 to 46 4 to 56
25 to 76
640E-08 113E-09 to532E-08 884 E-09 to8 81E-08
300E-07
530E-08 NA NA
300E-08
NA NA NA
300E-09 6- Nov9| Fill Unsaturated IW-C-05 C 3 to 8 305E-07 389E-08 108E-08
Geometric Mean 122E-07
29-Oct-9l Fill Unsaturated Field Test EW-n-01 D 3 5 to 85 822E-08 489E-09 992E-09 14 Mav-92 Natural Orpnnic Silt Saturated Bench Scale UCC-vSB-D 112-01 D 58 lo 88 920E-10to 150E-08 NA NA
21-Jul-92 Till Saturated Bench-Scale UCC-SB-3-05-1 0 to 87 503E-07 to 564E-07 NA NA 21-Jul 92 Fill Saturated UCC-SB-3-3SA-3 0 lo 15 527E-08 to 653E-07 NA NA 21-)ul-92 Till Saturated UCC-SB-3-2SA-1 10 to 124 683E-08 lo I20E-07 NA NA
NOTES 1 NA = not applicable 2 Kz rcfora In air |gterincabilily in vertical direction 3 Kr refers to air permeability in horizontal direction 4 Kc refers lo air permeability in a soil lo atmosphere conductance 5 ft-BGS = feet below ground surface
A1RPERMXLS
RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES
bull C L Z P Q CP
ACCESS GATE
FORMER INCINERATOR
CONCRETE SLAB
H CHAIN LINK FENCE
FORMER INCINERATOR STRUCTURES
APPROXIMATE VAPOR EXTRACTION
o PILOT TEST AREA LOCATION
APPROXIMATE LEACH FIELD AREA LOCATION o SOURCE APPROXIMATE TANK LOCATION FIGURE 2 OF REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION FEASIBILITY STUDY
40 80 160
APPROXIMATE SCALE (FEET)
c u m | UNION CHEMICAL I
ADMINISTRATIVE FUND BALSAM macca
OMMNUEXTM OMSULTHnitR B WDUSUUL VAX SMfU Ml 030TO VES PILOT STUDY
PILOT AND BENCH SCALE STUDY AREAS
UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE PJK DNW JMO JAG laquo APPROXIMATE VE SOIL SAMPLE PREPARED BY CANONIE ENVIRONMENTAL JUNE 1990 SB-3-3SA LOCATION FUWgt Q
r=80 010493 6437228 6437 T5
0
SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED 1 OONSTTTUENT CONCENTRATIONS bull lt
SOU SAMPLE COLLECTED AT BORING SB-D-03 AND SB-D-02 WAS SATURATED DUE TO SHALLOW WATER
UCC-SB-S-07-SI-1092
l t -DCE BDl82) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN TABLE AT 18 FEET BELOW GRADE SURFACE PARTS PER BILLION (PPB) -lt
11
11-DCE BDL56) TCE BDL58J PCE BDL(56) TXYL
IFEFMD
SB-S-05 ^ SOURCE CONTROL PREmdashDESIGN SOL BORING LOCATION
UCC-SB-S-OO-SJA-1092 SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS
11-DCE BOU5B) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN PARTS PER BULON (PPB)
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
the limited time period available for completion of the test the limitations of a
pilot-scale test performed in a contaminated area primarily leakage of air flow at
the margins of the cap and transport of VOCs from soil volumes outside the test
area and constraints of the Contract Laboratory Program analytical methods that
were required particularly with respect to constituent concentration reporting
limits
As reported in the VE Treatability Study Report based upon the air flow rates
attained in the field (see Appendix K of the VE Treatability Study Report) it was
estimated that sufficient pore volume exchanges to attain source control
performance standards could be achieved in unsaturated soils in most of the
source control area within approximately 1 year of operation Attainment of the
performance standards in the balance of the unsaturated soil source area would be
achieved within approximately 23 years of operation Data obtained during the
MOMPD and SCPD studies are consistent with data obtained during the RI and
VE treatability study and do not indicate that revision of these cleanup time
estimates of 1 to 23 years of operation is warranted
Data from the SCPD study indicated that saturated soil in the vicinity of the
southern end of the leach field contained VOC concentrations above the soil
performance standards Treatment of this soil by VE will require dewatering to
facilitate air transfer through the soils It is estimated that the dewatering and
drying of the soil could require 6 months Because this area is in the portion of
the site where the higher end of the soil cleanup time range was estimated it is
possible that cleanup of this localized area of saturated soil will require 28 years
of operation to complete
The cleanup time estimates were based upon operations after system startup In
evaluating actual cleanup at least 4 weeks per year of VE system down time could
be expected particularly as a result of wintertime conditions Accordingly cleanup
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 9
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
time estimates for the site are expected to range from approximately 12 to
31 years the 6 weeks estimated for completion of construction in the FFS report
It should also be noted that as discussed in the VE Treatability Study Report the
exponential decline in VOC levels in discharged soil gas observed during the pilot-
and bench-scale studies indicate that significant reduction in the VOC mass in
source soils will be achieved within the first 6 months of VE system operation
The data obtained during the treatability study were used to address several
important design considerations discussed in Section 80 of the VE Treatability
Study These considerations indicated the ability to design the VE system to
maximize its operational effectiveness and its flexibility in adjusting to variable
operating conditions For example the design will include vertical extraction wells
in areas of greater depths to ground water and horizontal extraction wells in areas
of shallower depths to ground water or where higher pore volume exchange rates
are required The design will also include an interactive monitoring program
during operations that will allow frequent adjustment of the operational
configuration to include increased air flow rates and use of induction wells as
warranted to address localized heterogeneities in soil characteristics and VOC
concentrations Application of these design considerations will facilitate
attainment of the source control performance standards within the estimated
cleanup times
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 10
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
50 SUMMARY
In summary the findings of the RI the VE pilot-scale and bench-scale studies and
the MOM PD and SCPD investigations are consistent with the conceptual site
model The site stratigraphy in the source area consists of fill overlying t i l l which
overlies bedrock Source area soils (ie soils containing VOCs at concentrations
greater than soil cleanup standards) are located within the eastern portion of the
former site operations area The vertical extent of source area soils that exceed
the soil cleanup standards is primarily limited to soils lying above the ground
water table with the exception of soils in a localized area at the southern end of
the former leachfield DMF is not present at significant concentrations in the
unsaturated soil The characteristics of the fill and t i l l are similar and large-scale
heterogeneities are not present within the soil Air permeabilities of the fill and
t i l l are such that vapor extraction can be used to effectively remove VOCs from the
soil Permeabilities of the overburden are such that a dewatering system can be
designed to lower the ground water table at the southern end of the former
leachfield so that currently saturated soils in this area can be effectively treated
using vapor extraction
The effectiveness of VE was demonstrated during the pilot-scale study with
approximately 100 pounds of target VOCs recovered from the two more highly
impacted test areas in less than 90 days of vapor recovery The objective of the
source area remediation is to control the migration of contaminants from the
source area soils to the ground water Although vapor extraction may take
slightly longer to achieve the soil cleanup standards when compared to LTSA
control over the migration of VOCs to the ground water can be achieved earlier in
the remedial program Capping the site will limit the vertical migration of
contaminants to the ground water and vapor extraction is expected to
substantially reduce the mass of the contaminants from the soil within 90 to 180
days after the start of pumping The VE system can also be designed installed
and operating more quickly than the LTSA system because of the extensive bench-
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 11
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
and pilot-scale data available for the site experience gained in using VE at other
sites and the availability of VE system components A list of sites where VE has
been or currently is in use was recently published in a May 1992 document
entitled An Evaluation of Vapor Extraction of Vadose Zone Contamination
published by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Martin Marietta Energy
Systems Inc for the US Department of Energy The document presents
information on 13 sites with varying types and concentrations of VOCs and soil
conditions and concludes that in situ vapor extraction is very effective in removing
organic contaminants from the pore space of the soil matrix According to The
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program Technology Profiles
(EPA5405-90006) VES now comprises 18 percent of the selected remedies at
Superfund sites and the number continues to grow
To briefly summarize in addition to gaining control over the migration of VOCs
from the source area soils to the ground water more quickly VE also offers the
advantages of (1) better short-term protection of public health because there is no
uncontrolled release of VOCs and dust to the ambient air (2) less operational
noise than the noise associated with LTSA operations (3) less disturbance to the
environment at the site and to the surrounding community especially in terms of
site clearing and (4) a high degree of operational flexibility to expand the system
to treat a larger volume of soil to extend the treatment time to achieve better
removal and to focus the remediation on the most impacted soils Based upon the
currently available data the comparison of VE and LTSA discussed in Section 50
remains unchanged Comparison of these two source control alternatives indicated
that VE would be more protective of human health and the environment during
implementation and that the two alternatives would be equally effective and
protective in the long term
January 12 1993 12 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012
TABLE 1
SUMMARY OF GEOTECHNICAL DATA V E TOEATABLHJTY STUDY MANAGEMENT OF MIGRATION PRE-DESIGN
UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SITE SOUTH HOPE MAINE
flBoring ID
Stratishygraphy
Sample I D
Depth From
Depth To
Gravel Total Sand
Coarse Sand
Medium Sand
Fine Sand
Coarse Fraction
Silt Clay Fine Fraction 9
SB-2-04 FU1 S-7 130 148 312 301 45 55 201 613 301 86 387
jsB-4-lS BSB-4-4S
Fill Fill
ST-1 S-5
60 120
75 140
63 44
575 474
70 45
115 105
390 324
638 518
310 386
51 96
361 482
IsB-A-10 Fill UCC-SB-A-101-03 40 60 110 506 218 237 545 616 267 116 383
SB-B-30 Fill UCC-SB-B-030A-01 00 20 219 361 97 294 609 580 286 133 419
SB-C-01 FU1 UCC-SB-C-010-06 100 120 292 321 140 234 626 613 274 112 386
SB-3-4L Topsoil ST-1 80 100 42 422 55 100 267 464 386 150 536
SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1lt
bull03 bull03 bull03 -03 bullID ID ID 1M1 bullIS
Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till
S-8 S-12 S-13 S-15
S-13A S-17 S-25 ST-1 ST-1
320 400 420 460 225 305 460 300 50
340 420 440 480 240 325 470 320 70
00 00 00 175 44 39 29 51 I 4
707 328 284 331 595 409 290 466 392
00 00 00 40 25 50 35 45 I 0
97 63 59 75 30 90 70 90 55
610 265 225 216 540 269 185 331 327
707 328 284 506 639 448 319 517 406
177 466 402 293 267 347 466 343 594
115 205 313 200 93
204 214 140 00
292 671 715 493 360 551 680 483 594
SB-2-04 Till ST-1 200 220 55 370 45 80 245 425 377 197 574
SB-2-04 Till S-10 220 240 161 450 105 115 230 611 284 104 38
SB-2-04 Till S-14 300 320 I I 5 424 60 95 269 539 265 195 460
SB-2-04 Till ST-2 400 420 17 407 55 85 267 424 386 189 575
SB-2-04 Till S-20 440 460 130 558 100 140 318 688 219 93 312
SB-2-2D Till ST-1 140 160 36 608 65 160 383 644 318 38 356
SB-2-3S Till S-5 110 130 42 362 30 80 252 404 473 122 595
SB-3-07 Till S-12 400 420 00 351 00 111 240 351 421 227 648
SB-3-07 Till S-15 460 478 26 443 50 120 273 469 371 159 530
SB-3-07 Till S-16 480 500 00 316 00 86 230 316 436 247 683
SB-3-1D Till S-32 620 640 51 322 60 75 187 373 368 258 626
SB-3-1L Till ST-1 460 475 20 367 50 85 232 387 375 237 612
SB-3-1S SB-3-2M SB-3-3M SB-3-3S SB-3-4S SB-3-4S
Till Till Till Till Till Till
S-4 S-5 S-7
ST-1 UT-1 S-8
150 200 265 35 05 160
170 218 285 55 15 170
25 50 98 26 34 164
373 420 405 504 745 478
30 30 40 40 45
I I 5
90 100 115 80 275 105
253 290 250 384 425 258
398 470 503 530 779 642
432 378 338 388 175 296
169 151 158 81 46 62
601 529 496 469 221 358
SB-4-07 Till S- l l 205 225 97 366 46 85 236 463 377 159 536
SB-4-07 Till S-17 310 318 16 850 110 430 310 866 134 00 134
SB-4-1S Till S-3 130 150 74 393 50 95 248 467 379 153 532
SB-4-2D Till S-8 140 160 22 413 45 90 278 435 384 180 564
SB-4-3S Till S-7 120 140 28 372 45 85 242 400 407 192 599
Average Fill jAverage Till
173 51
423 441
103 44
173 107
449 290
596 492
304 354
99 153
403 507
Revision 0 122292 Pagel Balaam Project 6530T2MOMVE 1 XLS
Table 2
Intrinsic A i r Permeability Values VES Treatability Study
Union Chemical Company South Hope Maine
Date of Teat Start
Slraligraphy Sa tura tedUnsta lura tod Trait Type Tost Identification
Test Area
Sample Depth Calculated Permeability (sq cm) Kr Kc
2-Ocl-91 13-Nov-91 4-Nov-9l
Fill Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test IWA-03 UCC-SB-A-100-05
EW-A-01
A A A
4 to 19 85 to 96 26 to 76
240E-06 264E-07 764 E-09
2 60E-08 NA
216E-08
NA NA
903E-09 13Dec-91 Fill Unsaturated Mass Transfer EW-A-01 A 25 to 76 366E-07 879E-09
Geometric Mean 205E-07
3-Ocl-91 30-Ocl-9I
Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test EW-B-01 EW-B-01
B B
2 to 6 2 to 5
300E-08 209E-08
25-E-08 I02E-08
NA 247E-09
2l-Nov-9l Fill Unsaturated EW-B-01 B 2 to 5 167E07 343E-08 367E-09 14May-92 Till Sa tura ted Bench-Scale UCC-SB-B-500-01 B 58 to 83 262E-09 to 134E-08 NA NA
Geometric Mean 344E-08
3-Oct-91 5- Nov-91
25-Nov-91 7-Nov-91
Fill Fill Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test Bench-Scale
Field Test
IW-C-05 UCC-SB-C-OI0-030 UCC-SB-C-020-03
EW-C-01
C C C C
3 to 8 4 to 46 4 to 56
25 to 76
640E-08 113E-09 to532E-08 884 E-09 to8 81E-08
300E-07
530E-08 NA NA
300E-08
NA NA NA
300E-09 6- Nov9| Fill Unsaturated IW-C-05 C 3 to 8 305E-07 389E-08 108E-08
Geometric Mean 122E-07
29-Oct-9l Fill Unsaturated Field Test EW-n-01 D 3 5 to 85 822E-08 489E-09 992E-09 14 Mav-92 Natural Orpnnic Silt Saturated Bench Scale UCC-vSB-D 112-01 D 58 lo 88 920E-10to 150E-08 NA NA
21-Jul-92 Till Saturated Bench-Scale UCC-SB-3-05-1 0 to 87 503E-07 to 564E-07 NA NA 21-Jul 92 Fill Saturated UCC-SB-3-3SA-3 0 lo 15 527E-08 to 653E-07 NA NA 21-)ul-92 Till Saturated UCC-SB-3-2SA-1 10 to 124 683E-08 lo I20E-07 NA NA
NOTES 1 NA = not applicable 2 Kz rcfora In air |gterincabilily in vertical direction 3 Kr refers to air permeability in horizontal direction 4 Kc refers lo air permeability in a soil lo atmosphere conductance 5 ft-BGS = feet below ground surface
A1RPERMXLS
RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES
bull C L Z P Q CP
ACCESS GATE
FORMER INCINERATOR
CONCRETE SLAB
H CHAIN LINK FENCE
FORMER INCINERATOR STRUCTURES
APPROXIMATE VAPOR EXTRACTION
o PILOT TEST AREA LOCATION
APPROXIMATE LEACH FIELD AREA LOCATION o SOURCE APPROXIMATE TANK LOCATION FIGURE 2 OF REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION FEASIBILITY STUDY
40 80 160
APPROXIMATE SCALE (FEET)
c u m | UNION CHEMICAL I
ADMINISTRATIVE FUND BALSAM macca
OMMNUEXTM OMSULTHnitR B WDUSUUL VAX SMfU Ml 030TO VES PILOT STUDY
PILOT AND BENCH SCALE STUDY AREAS
UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE PJK DNW JMO JAG laquo APPROXIMATE VE SOIL SAMPLE PREPARED BY CANONIE ENVIRONMENTAL JUNE 1990 SB-3-3SA LOCATION FUWgt Q
r=80 010493 6437228 6437 T5
0
SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED 1 OONSTTTUENT CONCENTRATIONS bull lt
SOU SAMPLE COLLECTED AT BORING SB-D-03 AND SB-D-02 WAS SATURATED DUE TO SHALLOW WATER
UCC-SB-S-07-SI-1092
l t -DCE BDl82) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN TABLE AT 18 FEET BELOW GRADE SURFACE PARTS PER BILLION (PPB) -lt
11
11-DCE BDL56) TCE BDL58J PCE BDL(56) TXYL
IFEFMD
SB-S-05 ^ SOURCE CONTROL PREmdashDESIGN SOL BORING LOCATION
UCC-SB-S-OO-SJA-1092 SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS
11-DCE BOU5B) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN PARTS PER BULON (PPB)
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
time estimates for the site are expected to range from approximately 12 to
31 years the 6 weeks estimated for completion of construction in the FFS report
It should also be noted that as discussed in the VE Treatability Study Report the
exponential decline in VOC levels in discharged soil gas observed during the pilot-
and bench-scale studies indicate that significant reduction in the VOC mass in
source soils will be achieved within the first 6 months of VE system operation
The data obtained during the treatability study were used to address several
important design considerations discussed in Section 80 of the VE Treatability
Study These considerations indicated the ability to design the VE system to
maximize its operational effectiveness and its flexibility in adjusting to variable
operating conditions For example the design will include vertical extraction wells
in areas of greater depths to ground water and horizontal extraction wells in areas
of shallower depths to ground water or where higher pore volume exchange rates
are required The design will also include an interactive monitoring program
during operations that will allow frequent adjustment of the operational
configuration to include increased air flow rates and use of induction wells as
warranted to address localized heterogeneities in soil characteristics and VOC
concentrations Application of these design considerations will facilitate
attainment of the source control performance standards within the estimated
cleanup times
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 10
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
50 SUMMARY
In summary the findings of the RI the VE pilot-scale and bench-scale studies and
the MOM PD and SCPD investigations are consistent with the conceptual site
model The site stratigraphy in the source area consists of fill overlying t i l l which
overlies bedrock Source area soils (ie soils containing VOCs at concentrations
greater than soil cleanup standards) are located within the eastern portion of the
former site operations area The vertical extent of source area soils that exceed
the soil cleanup standards is primarily limited to soils lying above the ground
water table with the exception of soils in a localized area at the southern end of
the former leachfield DMF is not present at significant concentrations in the
unsaturated soil The characteristics of the fill and t i l l are similar and large-scale
heterogeneities are not present within the soil Air permeabilities of the fill and
t i l l are such that vapor extraction can be used to effectively remove VOCs from the
soil Permeabilities of the overburden are such that a dewatering system can be
designed to lower the ground water table at the southern end of the former
leachfield so that currently saturated soils in this area can be effectively treated
using vapor extraction
The effectiveness of VE was demonstrated during the pilot-scale study with
approximately 100 pounds of target VOCs recovered from the two more highly
impacted test areas in less than 90 days of vapor recovery The objective of the
source area remediation is to control the migration of contaminants from the
source area soils to the ground water Although vapor extraction may take
slightly longer to achieve the soil cleanup standards when compared to LTSA
control over the migration of VOCs to the ground water can be achieved earlier in
the remedial program Capping the site will limit the vertical migration of
contaminants to the ground water and vapor extraction is expected to
substantially reduce the mass of the contaminants from the soil within 90 to 180
days after the start of pumping The VE system can also be designed installed
and operating more quickly than the LTSA system because of the extensive bench-
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 11
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
and pilot-scale data available for the site experience gained in using VE at other
sites and the availability of VE system components A list of sites where VE has
been or currently is in use was recently published in a May 1992 document
entitled An Evaluation of Vapor Extraction of Vadose Zone Contamination
published by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Martin Marietta Energy
Systems Inc for the US Department of Energy The document presents
information on 13 sites with varying types and concentrations of VOCs and soil
conditions and concludes that in situ vapor extraction is very effective in removing
organic contaminants from the pore space of the soil matrix According to The
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program Technology Profiles
(EPA5405-90006) VES now comprises 18 percent of the selected remedies at
Superfund sites and the number continues to grow
To briefly summarize in addition to gaining control over the migration of VOCs
from the source area soils to the ground water more quickly VE also offers the
advantages of (1) better short-term protection of public health because there is no
uncontrolled release of VOCs and dust to the ambient air (2) less operational
noise than the noise associated with LTSA operations (3) less disturbance to the
environment at the site and to the surrounding community especially in terms of
site clearing and (4) a high degree of operational flexibility to expand the system
to treat a larger volume of soil to extend the treatment time to achieve better
removal and to focus the remediation on the most impacted soils Based upon the
currently available data the comparison of VE and LTSA discussed in Section 50
remains unchanged Comparison of these two source control alternatives indicated
that VE would be more protective of human health and the environment during
implementation and that the two alternatives would be equally effective and
protective in the long term
January 12 1993 12 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012
TABLE 1
SUMMARY OF GEOTECHNICAL DATA V E TOEATABLHJTY STUDY MANAGEMENT OF MIGRATION PRE-DESIGN
UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SITE SOUTH HOPE MAINE
flBoring ID
Stratishygraphy
Sample I D
Depth From
Depth To
Gravel Total Sand
Coarse Sand
Medium Sand
Fine Sand
Coarse Fraction
Silt Clay Fine Fraction 9
SB-2-04 FU1 S-7 130 148 312 301 45 55 201 613 301 86 387
jsB-4-lS BSB-4-4S
Fill Fill
ST-1 S-5
60 120
75 140
63 44
575 474
70 45
115 105
390 324
638 518
310 386
51 96
361 482
IsB-A-10 Fill UCC-SB-A-101-03 40 60 110 506 218 237 545 616 267 116 383
SB-B-30 Fill UCC-SB-B-030A-01 00 20 219 361 97 294 609 580 286 133 419
SB-C-01 FU1 UCC-SB-C-010-06 100 120 292 321 140 234 626 613 274 112 386
SB-3-4L Topsoil ST-1 80 100 42 422 55 100 267 464 386 150 536
SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1lt
bull03 bull03 bull03 -03 bullID ID ID 1M1 bullIS
Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till
S-8 S-12 S-13 S-15
S-13A S-17 S-25 ST-1 ST-1
320 400 420 460 225 305 460 300 50
340 420 440 480 240 325 470 320 70
00 00 00 175 44 39 29 51 I 4
707 328 284 331 595 409 290 466 392
00 00 00 40 25 50 35 45 I 0
97 63 59 75 30 90 70 90 55
610 265 225 216 540 269 185 331 327
707 328 284 506 639 448 319 517 406
177 466 402 293 267 347 466 343 594
115 205 313 200 93
204 214 140 00
292 671 715 493 360 551 680 483 594
SB-2-04 Till ST-1 200 220 55 370 45 80 245 425 377 197 574
SB-2-04 Till S-10 220 240 161 450 105 115 230 611 284 104 38
SB-2-04 Till S-14 300 320 I I 5 424 60 95 269 539 265 195 460
SB-2-04 Till ST-2 400 420 17 407 55 85 267 424 386 189 575
SB-2-04 Till S-20 440 460 130 558 100 140 318 688 219 93 312
SB-2-2D Till ST-1 140 160 36 608 65 160 383 644 318 38 356
SB-2-3S Till S-5 110 130 42 362 30 80 252 404 473 122 595
SB-3-07 Till S-12 400 420 00 351 00 111 240 351 421 227 648
SB-3-07 Till S-15 460 478 26 443 50 120 273 469 371 159 530
SB-3-07 Till S-16 480 500 00 316 00 86 230 316 436 247 683
SB-3-1D Till S-32 620 640 51 322 60 75 187 373 368 258 626
SB-3-1L Till ST-1 460 475 20 367 50 85 232 387 375 237 612
SB-3-1S SB-3-2M SB-3-3M SB-3-3S SB-3-4S SB-3-4S
Till Till Till Till Till Till
S-4 S-5 S-7
ST-1 UT-1 S-8
150 200 265 35 05 160
170 218 285 55 15 170
25 50 98 26 34 164
373 420 405 504 745 478
30 30 40 40 45
I I 5
90 100 115 80 275 105
253 290 250 384 425 258
398 470 503 530 779 642
432 378 338 388 175 296
169 151 158 81 46 62
601 529 496 469 221 358
SB-4-07 Till S- l l 205 225 97 366 46 85 236 463 377 159 536
SB-4-07 Till S-17 310 318 16 850 110 430 310 866 134 00 134
SB-4-1S Till S-3 130 150 74 393 50 95 248 467 379 153 532
SB-4-2D Till S-8 140 160 22 413 45 90 278 435 384 180 564
SB-4-3S Till S-7 120 140 28 372 45 85 242 400 407 192 599
Average Fill jAverage Till
173 51
423 441
103 44
173 107
449 290
596 492
304 354
99 153
403 507
Revision 0 122292 Pagel Balaam Project 6530T2MOMVE 1 XLS
Table 2
Intrinsic A i r Permeability Values VES Treatability Study
Union Chemical Company South Hope Maine
Date of Teat Start
Slraligraphy Sa tura tedUnsta lura tod Trait Type Tost Identification
Test Area
Sample Depth Calculated Permeability (sq cm) Kr Kc
2-Ocl-91 13-Nov-91 4-Nov-9l
Fill Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test IWA-03 UCC-SB-A-100-05
EW-A-01
A A A
4 to 19 85 to 96 26 to 76
240E-06 264E-07 764 E-09
2 60E-08 NA
216E-08
NA NA
903E-09 13Dec-91 Fill Unsaturated Mass Transfer EW-A-01 A 25 to 76 366E-07 879E-09
Geometric Mean 205E-07
3-Ocl-91 30-Ocl-9I
Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test EW-B-01 EW-B-01
B B
2 to 6 2 to 5
300E-08 209E-08
25-E-08 I02E-08
NA 247E-09
2l-Nov-9l Fill Unsaturated EW-B-01 B 2 to 5 167E07 343E-08 367E-09 14May-92 Till Sa tura ted Bench-Scale UCC-SB-B-500-01 B 58 to 83 262E-09 to 134E-08 NA NA
Geometric Mean 344E-08
3-Oct-91 5- Nov-91
25-Nov-91 7-Nov-91
Fill Fill Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test Bench-Scale
Field Test
IW-C-05 UCC-SB-C-OI0-030 UCC-SB-C-020-03
EW-C-01
C C C C
3 to 8 4 to 46 4 to 56
25 to 76
640E-08 113E-09 to532E-08 884 E-09 to8 81E-08
300E-07
530E-08 NA NA
300E-08
NA NA NA
300E-09 6- Nov9| Fill Unsaturated IW-C-05 C 3 to 8 305E-07 389E-08 108E-08
Geometric Mean 122E-07
29-Oct-9l Fill Unsaturated Field Test EW-n-01 D 3 5 to 85 822E-08 489E-09 992E-09 14 Mav-92 Natural Orpnnic Silt Saturated Bench Scale UCC-vSB-D 112-01 D 58 lo 88 920E-10to 150E-08 NA NA
21-Jul-92 Till Saturated Bench-Scale UCC-SB-3-05-1 0 to 87 503E-07 to 564E-07 NA NA 21-Jul 92 Fill Saturated UCC-SB-3-3SA-3 0 lo 15 527E-08 to 653E-07 NA NA 21-)ul-92 Till Saturated UCC-SB-3-2SA-1 10 to 124 683E-08 lo I20E-07 NA NA
NOTES 1 NA = not applicable 2 Kz rcfora In air |gterincabilily in vertical direction 3 Kr refers to air permeability in horizontal direction 4 Kc refers lo air permeability in a soil lo atmosphere conductance 5 ft-BGS = feet below ground surface
A1RPERMXLS
RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES
bull C L Z P Q CP
ACCESS GATE
FORMER INCINERATOR
CONCRETE SLAB
H CHAIN LINK FENCE
FORMER INCINERATOR STRUCTURES
APPROXIMATE VAPOR EXTRACTION
o PILOT TEST AREA LOCATION
APPROXIMATE LEACH FIELD AREA LOCATION o SOURCE APPROXIMATE TANK LOCATION FIGURE 2 OF REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION FEASIBILITY STUDY
40 80 160
APPROXIMATE SCALE (FEET)
c u m | UNION CHEMICAL I
ADMINISTRATIVE FUND BALSAM macca
OMMNUEXTM OMSULTHnitR B WDUSUUL VAX SMfU Ml 030TO VES PILOT STUDY
PILOT AND BENCH SCALE STUDY AREAS
UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE PJK DNW JMO JAG laquo APPROXIMATE VE SOIL SAMPLE PREPARED BY CANONIE ENVIRONMENTAL JUNE 1990 SB-3-3SA LOCATION FUWgt Q
r=80 010493 6437228 6437 T5
0
SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED 1 OONSTTTUENT CONCENTRATIONS bull lt
SOU SAMPLE COLLECTED AT BORING SB-D-03 AND SB-D-02 WAS SATURATED DUE TO SHALLOW WATER
UCC-SB-S-07-SI-1092
l t -DCE BDl82) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN TABLE AT 18 FEET BELOW GRADE SURFACE PARTS PER BILLION (PPB) -lt
11
11-DCE BDL56) TCE BDL58J PCE BDL(56) TXYL
IFEFMD
SB-S-05 ^ SOURCE CONTROL PREmdashDESIGN SOL BORING LOCATION
UCC-SB-S-OO-SJA-1092 SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS
11-DCE BOU5B) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN PARTS PER BULON (PPB)
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
50 SUMMARY
In summary the findings of the RI the VE pilot-scale and bench-scale studies and
the MOM PD and SCPD investigations are consistent with the conceptual site
model The site stratigraphy in the source area consists of fill overlying t i l l which
overlies bedrock Source area soils (ie soils containing VOCs at concentrations
greater than soil cleanup standards) are located within the eastern portion of the
former site operations area The vertical extent of source area soils that exceed
the soil cleanup standards is primarily limited to soils lying above the ground
water table with the exception of soils in a localized area at the southern end of
the former leachfield DMF is not present at significant concentrations in the
unsaturated soil The characteristics of the fill and t i l l are similar and large-scale
heterogeneities are not present within the soil Air permeabilities of the fill and
t i l l are such that vapor extraction can be used to effectively remove VOCs from the
soil Permeabilities of the overburden are such that a dewatering system can be
designed to lower the ground water table at the southern end of the former
leachfield so that currently saturated soils in this area can be effectively treated
using vapor extraction
The effectiveness of VE was demonstrated during the pilot-scale study with
approximately 100 pounds of target VOCs recovered from the two more highly
impacted test areas in less than 90 days of vapor recovery The objective of the
source area remediation is to control the migration of contaminants from the
source area soils to the ground water Although vapor extraction may take
slightly longer to achieve the soil cleanup standards when compared to LTSA
control over the migration of VOCs to the ground water can be achieved earlier in
the remedial program Capping the site will limit the vertical migration of
contaminants to the ground water and vapor extraction is expected to
substantially reduce the mass of the contaminants from the soil within 90 to 180
days after the start of pumping The VE system can also be designed installed
and operating more quickly than the LTSA system because of the extensive bench-
January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 11
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
and pilot-scale data available for the site experience gained in using VE at other
sites and the availability of VE system components A list of sites where VE has
been or currently is in use was recently published in a May 1992 document
entitled An Evaluation of Vapor Extraction of Vadose Zone Contamination
published by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Martin Marietta Energy
Systems Inc for the US Department of Energy The document presents
information on 13 sites with varying types and concentrations of VOCs and soil
conditions and concludes that in situ vapor extraction is very effective in removing
organic contaminants from the pore space of the soil matrix According to The
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program Technology Profiles
(EPA5405-90006) VES now comprises 18 percent of the selected remedies at
Superfund sites and the number continues to grow
To briefly summarize in addition to gaining control over the migration of VOCs
from the source area soils to the ground water more quickly VE also offers the
advantages of (1) better short-term protection of public health because there is no
uncontrolled release of VOCs and dust to the ambient air (2) less operational
noise than the noise associated with LTSA operations (3) less disturbance to the
environment at the site and to the surrounding community especially in terms of
site clearing and (4) a high degree of operational flexibility to expand the system
to treat a larger volume of soil to extend the treatment time to achieve better
removal and to focus the remediation on the most impacted soils Based upon the
currently available data the comparison of VE and LTSA discussed in Section 50
remains unchanged Comparison of these two source control alternatives indicated
that VE would be more protective of human health and the environment during
implementation and that the two alternatives would be equally effective and
protective in the long term
January 12 1993 12 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012
TABLE 1
SUMMARY OF GEOTECHNICAL DATA V E TOEATABLHJTY STUDY MANAGEMENT OF MIGRATION PRE-DESIGN
UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SITE SOUTH HOPE MAINE
flBoring ID
Stratishygraphy
Sample I D
Depth From
Depth To
Gravel Total Sand
Coarse Sand
Medium Sand
Fine Sand
Coarse Fraction
Silt Clay Fine Fraction 9
SB-2-04 FU1 S-7 130 148 312 301 45 55 201 613 301 86 387
jsB-4-lS BSB-4-4S
Fill Fill
ST-1 S-5
60 120
75 140
63 44
575 474
70 45
115 105
390 324
638 518
310 386
51 96
361 482
IsB-A-10 Fill UCC-SB-A-101-03 40 60 110 506 218 237 545 616 267 116 383
SB-B-30 Fill UCC-SB-B-030A-01 00 20 219 361 97 294 609 580 286 133 419
SB-C-01 FU1 UCC-SB-C-010-06 100 120 292 321 140 234 626 613 274 112 386
SB-3-4L Topsoil ST-1 80 100 42 422 55 100 267 464 386 150 536
SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1lt
bull03 bull03 bull03 -03 bullID ID ID 1M1 bullIS
Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till
S-8 S-12 S-13 S-15
S-13A S-17 S-25 ST-1 ST-1
320 400 420 460 225 305 460 300 50
340 420 440 480 240 325 470 320 70
00 00 00 175 44 39 29 51 I 4
707 328 284 331 595 409 290 466 392
00 00 00 40 25 50 35 45 I 0
97 63 59 75 30 90 70 90 55
610 265 225 216 540 269 185 331 327
707 328 284 506 639 448 319 517 406
177 466 402 293 267 347 466 343 594
115 205 313 200 93
204 214 140 00
292 671 715 493 360 551 680 483 594
SB-2-04 Till ST-1 200 220 55 370 45 80 245 425 377 197 574
SB-2-04 Till S-10 220 240 161 450 105 115 230 611 284 104 38
SB-2-04 Till S-14 300 320 I I 5 424 60 95 269 539 265 195 460
SB-2-04 Till ST-2 400 420 17 407 55 85 267 424 386 189 575
SB-2-04 Till S-20 440 460 130 558 100 140 318 688 219 93 312
SB-2-2D Till ST-1 140 160 36 608 65 160 383 644 318 38 356
SB-2-3S Till S-5 110 130 42 362 30 80 252 404 473 122 595
SB-3-07 Till S-12 400 420 00 351 00 111 240 351 421 227 648
SB-3-07 Till S-15 460 478 26 443 50 120 273 469 371 159 530
SB-3-07 Till S-16 480 500 00 316 00 86 230 316 436 247 683
SB-3-1D Till S-32 620 640 51 322 60 75 187 373 368 258 626
SB-3-1L Till ST-1 460 475 20 367 50 85 232 387 375 237 612
SB-3-1S SB-3-2M SB-3-3M SB-3-3S SB-3-4S SB-3-4S
Till Till Till Till Till Till
S-4 S-5 S-7
ST-1 UT-1 S-8
150 200 265 35 05 160
170 218 285 55 15 170
25 50 98 26 34 164
373 420 405 504 745 478
30 30 40 40 45
I I 5
90 100 115 80 275 105
253 290 250 384 425 258
398 470 503 530 779 642
432 378 338 388 175 296
169 151 158 81 46 62
601 529 496 469 221 358
SB-4-07 Till S- l l 205 225 97 366 46 85 236 463 377 159 536
SB-4-07 Till S-17 310 318 16 850 110 430 310 866 134 00 134
SB-4-1S Till S-3 130 150 74 393 50 95 248 467 379 153 532
SB-4-2D Till S-8 140 160 22 413 45 90 278 435 384 180 564
SB-4-3S Till S-7 120 140 28 372 45 85 242 400 407 192 599
Average Fill jAverage Till
173 51
423 441
103 44
173 107
449 290
596 492
304 354
99 153
403 507
Revision 0 122292 Pagel Balaam Project 6530T2MOMVE 1 XLS
Table 2
Intrinsic A i r Permeability Values VES Treatability Study
Union Chemical Company South Hope Maine
Date of Teat Start
Slraligraphy Sa tura tedUnsta lura tod Trait Type Tost Identification
Test Area
Sample Depth Calculated Permeability (sq cm) Kr Kc
2-Ocl-91 13-Nov-91 4-Nov-9l
Fill Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test IWA-03 UCC-SB-A-100-05
EW-A-01
A A A
4 to 19 85 to 96 26 to 76
240E-06 264E-07 764 E-09
2 60E-08 NA
216E-08
NA NA
903E-09 13Dec-91 Fill Unsaturated Mass Transfer EW-A-01 A 25 to 76 366E-07 879E-09
Geometric Mean 205E-07
3-Ocl-91 30-Ocl-9I
Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test EW-B-01 EW-B-01
B B
2 to 6 2 to 5
300E-08 209E-08
25-E-08 I02E-08
NA 247E-09
2l-Nov-9l Fill Unsaturated EW-B-01 B 2 to 5 167E07 343E-08 367E-09 14May-92 Till Sa tura ted Bench-Scale UCC-SB-B-500-01 B 58 to 83 262E-09 to 134E-08 NA NA
Geometric Mean 344E-08
3-Oct-91 5- Nov-91
25-Nov-91 7-Nov-91
Fill Fill Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test Bench-Scale
Field Test
IW-C-05 UCC-SB-C-OI0-030 UCC-SB-C-020-03
EW-C-01
C C C C
3 to 8 4 to 46 4 to 56
25 to 76
640E-08 113E-09 to532E-08 884 E-09 to8 81E-08
300E-07
530E-08 NA NA
300E-08
NA NA NA
300E-09 6- Nov9| Fill Unsaturated IW-C-05 C 3 to 8 305E-07 389E-08 108E-08
Geometric Mean 122E-07
29-Oct-9l Fill Unsaturated Field Test EW-n-01 D 3 5 to 85 822E-08 489E-09 992E-09 14 Mav-92 Natural Orpnnic Silt Saturated Bench Scale UCC-vSB-D 112-01 D 58 lo 88 920E-10to 150E-08 NA NA
21-Jul-92 Till Saturated Bench-Scale UCC-SB-3-05-1 0 to 87 503E-07 to 564E-07 NA NA 21-Jul 92 Fill Saturated UCC-SB-3-3SA-3 0 lo 15 527E-08 to 653E-07 NA NA 21-)ul-92 Till Saturated UCC-SB-3-2SA-1 10 to 124 683E-08 lo I20E-07 NA NA
NOTES 1 NA = not applicable 2 Kz rcfora In air |gterincabilily in vertical direction 3 Kr refers to air permeability in horizontal direction 4 Kc refers lo air permeability in a soil lo atmosphere conductance 5 ft-BGS = feet below ground surface
A1RPERMXLS
RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES
bull C L Z P Q CP
ACCESS GATE
FORMER INCINERATOR
CONCRETE SLAB
H CHAIN LINK FENCE
FORMER INCINERATOR STRUCTURES
APPROXIMATE VAPOR EXTRACTION
o PILOT TEST AREA LOCATION
APPROXIMATE LEACH FIELD AREA LOCATION o SOURCE APPROXIMATE TANK LOCATION FIGURE 2 OF REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION FEASIBILITY STUDY
40 80 160
APPROXIMATE SCALE (FEET)
c u m | UNION CHEMICAL I
ADMINISTRATIVE FUND BALSAM macca
OMMNUEXTM OMSULTHnitR B WDUSUUL VAX SMfU Ml 030TO VES PILOT STUDY
PILOT AND BENCH SCALE STUDY AREAS
UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE PJK DNW JMO JAG laquo APPROXIMATE VE SOIL SAMPLE PREPARED BY CANONIE ENVIRONMENTAL JUNE 1990 SB-3-3SA LOCATION FUWgt Q
r=80 010493 6437228 6437 T5
0
SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED 1 OONSTTTUENT CONCENTRATIONS bull lt
SOU SAMPLE COLLECTED AT BORING SB-D-03 AND SB-D-02 WAS SATURATED DUE TO SHALLOW WATER
UCC-SB-S-07-SI-1092
l t -DCE BDl82) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN TABLE AT 18 FEET BELOW GRADE SURFACE PARTS PER BILLION (PPB) -lt
11
11-DCE BDL56) TCE BDL58J PCE BDL(56) TXYL
IFEFMD
SB-S-05 ^ SOURCE CONTROL PREmdashDESIGN SOL BORING LOCATION
UCC-SB-S-OO-SJA-1092 SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS
11-DCE BOU5B) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN PARTS PER BULON (PPB)
BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC
and pilot-scale data available for the site experience gained in using VE at other
sites and the availability of VE system components A list of sites where VE has
been or currently is in use was recently published in a May 1992 document
entitled An Evaluation of Vapor Extraction of Vadose Zone Contamination
published by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Martin Marietta Energy
Systems Inc for the US Department of Energy The document presents
information on 13 sites with varying types and concentrations of VOCs and soil
conditions and concludes that in situ vapor extraction is very effective in removing
organic contaminants from the pore space of the soil matrix According to The
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program Technology Profiles
(EPA5405-90006) VES now comprises 18 percent of the selected remedies at
Superfund sites and the number continues to grow
To briefly summarize in addition to gaining control over the migration of VOCs
from the source area soils to the ground water more quickly VE also offers the
advantages of (1) better short-term protection of public health because there is no
uncontrolled release of VOCs and dust to the ambient air (2) less operational
noise than the noise associated with LTSA operations (3) less disturbance to the
environment at the site and to the surrounding community especially in terms of
site clearing and (4) a high degree of operational flexibility to expand the system
to treat a larger volume of soil to extend the treatment time to achieve better
removal and to focus the remediation on the most impacted soils Based upon the
currently available data the comparison of VE and LTSA discussed in Section 50
remains unchanged Comparison of these two source control alternatives indicated
that VE would be more protective of human health and the environment during
implementation and that the two alternatives would be equally effective and
protective in the long term
January 12 1993 12 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012
TABLE 1
SUMMARY OF GEOTECHNICAL DATA V E TOEATABLHJTY STUDY MANAGEMENT OF MIGRATION PRE-DESIGN
UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SITE SOUTH HOPE MAINE
flBoring ID
Stratishygraphy
Sample I D
Depth From
Depth To
Gravel Total Sand
Coarse Sand
Medium Sand
Fine Sand
Coarse Fraction
Silt Clay Fine Fraction 9
SB-2-04 FU1 S-7 130 148 312 301 45 55 201 613 301 86 387
jsB-4-lS BSB-4-4S
Fill Fill
ST-1 S-5
60 120
75 140
63 44
575 474
70 45
115 105
390 324
638 518
310 386
51 96
361 482
IsB-A-10 Fill UCC-SB-A-101-03 40 60 110 506 218 237 545 616 267 116 383
SB-B-30 Fill UCC-SB-B-030A-01 00 20 219 361 97 294 609 580 286 133 419
SB-C-01 FU1 UCC-SB-C-010-06 100 120 292 321 140 234 626 613 274 112 386
SB-3-4L Topsoil ST-1 80 100 42 422 55 100 267 464 386 150 536
SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1lt
bull03 bull03 bull03 -03 bullID ID ID 1M1 bullIS
Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till
S-8 S-12 S-13 S-15
S-13A S-17 S-25 ST-1 ST-1
320 400 420 460 225 305 460 300 50
340 420 440 480 240 325 470 320 70
00 00 00 175 44 39 29 51 I 4
707 328 284 331 595 409 290 466 392
00 00 00 40 25 50 35 45 I 0
97 63 59 75 30 90 70 90 55
610 265 225 216 540 269 185 331 327
707 328 284 506 639 448 319 517 406
177 466 402 293 267 347 466 343 594
115 205 313 200 93
204 214 140 00
292 671 715 493 360 551 680 483 594
SB-2-04 Till ST-1 200 220 55 370 45 80 245 425 377 197 574
SB-2-04 Till S-10 220 240 161 450 105 115 230 611 284 104 38
SB-2-04 Till S-14 300 320 I I 5 424 60 95 269 539 265 195 460
SB-2-04 Till ST-2 400 420 17 407 55 85 267 424 386 189 575
SB-2-04 Till S-20 440 460 130 558 100 140 318 688 219 93 312
SB-2-2D Till ST-1 140 160 36 608 65 160 383 644 318 38 356
SB-2-3S Till S-5 110 130 42 362 30 80 252 404 473 122 595
SB-3-07 Till S-12 400 420 00 351 00 111 240 351 421 227 648
SB-3-07 Till S-15 460 478 26 443 50 120 273 469 371 159 530
SB-3-07 Till S-16 480 500 00 316 00 86 230 316 436 247 683
SB-3-1D Till S-32 620 640 51 322 60 75 187 373 368 258 626
SB-3-1L Till ST-1 460 475 20 367 50 85 232 387 375 237 612
SB-3-1S SB-3-2M SB-3-3M SB-3-3S SB-3-4S SB-3-4S
Till Till Till Till Till Till
S-4 S-5 S-7
ST-1 UT-1 S-8
150 200 265 35 05 160
170 218 285 55 15 170
25 50 98 26 34 164
373 420 405 504 745 478
30 30 40 40 45
I I 5
90 100 115 80 275 105
253 290 250 384 425 258
398 470 503 530 779 642
432 378 338 388 175 296
169 151 158 81 46 62
601 529 496 469 221 358
SB-4-07 Till S- l l 205 225 97 366 46 85 236 463 377 159 536
SB-4-07 Till S-17 310 318 16 850 110 430 310 866 134 00 134
SB-4-1S Till S-3 130 150 74 393 50 95 248 467 379 153 532
SB-4-2D Till S-8 140 160 22 413 45 90 278 435 384 180 564
SB-4-3S Till S-7 120 140 28 372 45 85 242 400 407 192 599
Average Fill jAverage Till
173 51
423 441
103 44
173 107
449 290
596 492
304 354
99 153
403 507
Revision 0 122292 Pagel Balaam Project 6530T2MOMVE 1 XLS
Table 2
Intrinsic A i r Permeability Values VES Treatability Study
Union Chemical Company South Hope Maine
Date of Teat Start
Slraligraphy Sa tura tedUnsta lura tod Trait Type Tost Identification
Test Area
Sample Depth Calculated Permeability (sq cm) Kr Kc
2-Ocl-91 13-Nov-91 4-Nov-9l
Fill Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test IWA-03 UCC-SB-A-100-05
EW-A-01
A A A
4 to 19 85 to 96 26 to 76
240E-06 264E-07 764 E-09
2 60E-08 NA
216E-08
NA NA
903E-09 13Dec-91 Fill Unsaturated Mass Transfer EW-A-01 A 25 to 76 366E-07 879E-09
Geometric Mean 205E-07
3-Ocl-91 30-Ocl-9I
Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test EW-B-01 EW-B-01
B B
2 to 6 2 to 5
300E-08 209E-08
25-E-08 I02E-08
NA 247E-09
2l-Nov-9l Fill Unsaturated EW-B-01 B 2 to 5 167E07 343E-08 367E-09 14May-92 Till Sa tura ted Bench-Scale UCC-SB-B-500-01 B 58 to 83 262E-09 to 134E-08 NA NA
Geometric Mean 344E-08
3-Oct-91 5- Nov-91
25-Nov-91 7-Nov-91
Fill Fill Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test Bench-Scale
Field Test
IW-C-05 UCC-SB-C-OI0-030 UCC-SB-C-020-03
EW-C-01
C C C C
3 to 8 4 to 46 4 to 56
25 to 76
640E-08 113E-09 to532E-08 884 E-09 to8 81E-08
300E-07
530E-08 NA NA
300E-08
NA NA NA
300E-09 6- Nov9| Fill Unsaturated IW-C-05 C 3 to 8 305E-07 389E-08 108E-08
Geometric Mean 122E-07
29-Oct-9l Fill Unsaturated Field Test EW-n-01 D 3 5 to 85 822E-08 489E-09 992E-09 14 Mav-92 Natural Orpnnic Silt Saturated Bench Scale UCC-vSB-D 112-01 D 58 lo 88 920E-10to 150E-08 NA NA
21-Jul-92 Till Saturated Bench-Scale UCC-SB-3-05-1 0 to 87 503E-07 to 564E-07 NA NA 21-Jul 92 Fill Saturated UCC-SB-3-3SA-3 0 lo 15 527E-08 to 653E-07 NA NA 21-)ul-92 Till Saturated UCC-SB-3-2SA-1 10 to 124 683E-08 lo I20E-07 NA NA
NOTES 1 NA = not applicable 2 Kz rcfora In air |gterincabilily in vertical direction 3 Kr refers to air permeability in horizontal direction 4 Kc refers lo air permeability in a soil lo atmosphere conductance 5 ft-BGS = feet below ground surface
A1RPERMXLS
RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES
bull C L Z P Q CP
ACCESS GATE
FORMER INCINERATOR
CONCRETE SLAB
H CHAIN LINK FENCE
FORMER INCINERATOR STRUCTURES
APPROXIMATE VAPOR EXTRACTION
o PILOT TEST AREA LOCATION
APPROXIMATE LEACH FIELD AREA LOCATION o SOURCE APPROXIMATE TANK LOCATION FIGURE 2 OF REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION FEASIBILITY STUDY
40 80 160
APPROXIMATE SCALE (FEET)
c u m | UNION CHEMICAL I
ADMINISTRATIVE FUND BALSAM macca
OMMNUEXTM OMSULTHnitR B WDUSUUL VAX SMfU Ml 030TO VES PILOT STUDY
PILOT AND BENCH SCALE STUDY AREAS
UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE PJK DNW JMO JAG laquo APPROXIMATE VE SOIL SAMPLE PREPARED BY CANONIE ENVIRONMENTAL JUNE 1990 SB-3-3SA LOCATION FUWgt Q
r=80 010493 6437228 6437 T5
0
SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED 1 OONSTTTUENT CONCENTRATIONS bull lt
SOU SAMPLE COLLECTED AT BORING SB-D-03 AND SB-D-02 WAS SATURATED DUE TO SHALLOW WATER
UCC-SB-S-07-SI-1092
l t -DCE BDl82) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN TABLE AT 18 FEET BELOW GRADE SURFACE PARTS PER BILLION (PPB) -lt
11
11-DCE BDL56) TCE BDL58J PCE BDL(56) TXYL
IFEFMD
SB-S-05 ^ SOURCE CONTROL PREmdashDESIGN SOL BORING LOCATION
UCC-SB-S-OO-SJA-1092 SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS
11-DCE BOU5B) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN PARTS PER BULON (PPB)
TABLE 1
SUMMARY OF GEOTECHNICAL DATA V E TOEATABLHJTY STUDY MANAGEMENT OF MIGRATION PRE-DESIGN
UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SITE SOUTH HOPE MAINE
flBoring ID
Stratishygraphy
Sample I D
Depth From
Depth To
Gravel Total Sand
Coarse Sand
Medium Sand
Fine Sand
Coarse Fraction
Silt Clay Fine Fraction 9
SB-2-04 FU1 S-7 130 148 312 301 45 55 201 613 301 86 387
jsB-4-lS BSB-4-4S
Fill Fill
ST-1 S-5
60 120
75 140
63 44
575 474
70 45
115 105
390 324
638 518
310 386
51 96
361 482
IsB-A-10 Fill UCC-SB-A-101-03 40 60 110 506 218 237 545 616 267 116 383
SB-B-30 Fill UCC-SB-B-030A-01 00 20 219 361 97 294 609 580 286 133 419
SB-C-01 FU1 UCC-SB-C-010-06 100 120 292 321 140 234 626 613 274 112 386
SB-3-4L Topsoil ST-1 80 100 42 422 55 100 267 464 386 150 536
SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1lt
bull03 bull03 bull03 -03 bullID ID ID 1M1 bullIS
Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till
S-8 S-12 S-13 S-15
S-13A S-17 S-25 ST-1 ST-1
320 400 420 460 225 305 460 300 50
340 420 440 480 240 325 470 320 70
00 00 00 175 44 39 29 51 I 4
707 328 284 331 595 409 290 466 392
00 00 00 40 25 50 35 45 I 0
97 63 59 75 30 90 70 90 55
610 265 225 216 540 269 185 331 327
707 328 284 506 639 448 319 517 406
177 466 402 293 267 347 466 343 594
115 205 313 200 93
204 214 140 00
292 671 715 493 360 551 680 483 594
SB-2-04 Till ST-1 200 220 55 370 45 80 245 425 377 197 574
SB-2-04 Till S-10 220 240 161 450 105 115 230 611 284 104 38
SB-2-04 Till S-14 300 320 I I 5 424 60 95 269 539 265 195 460
SB-2-04 Till ST-2 400 420 17 407 55 85 267 424 386 189 575
SB-2-04 Till S-20 440 460 130 558 100 140 318 688 219 93 312
SB-2-2D Till ST-1 140 160 36 608 65 160 383 644 318 38 356
SB-2-3S Till S-5 110 130 42 362 30 80 252 404 473 122 595
SB-3-07 Till S-12 400 420 00 351 00 111 240 351 421 227 648
SB-3-07 Till S-15 460 478 26 443 50 120 273 469 371 159 530
SB-3-07 Till S-16 480 500 00 316 00 86 230 316 436 247 683
SB-3-1D Till S-32 620 640 51 322 60 75 187 373 368 258 626
SB-3-1L Till ST-1 460 475 20 367 50 85 232 387 375 237 612
SB-3-1S SB-3-2M SB-3-3M SB-3-3S SB-3-4S SB-3-4S
Till Till Till Till Till Till
S-4 S-5 S-7
ST-1 UT-1 S-8
150 200 265 35 05 160
170 218 285 55 15 170
25 50 98 26 34 164
373 420 405 504 745 478
30 30 40 40 45
I I 5
90 100 115 80 275 105
253 290 250 384 425 258
398 470 503 530 779 642
432 378 338 388 175 296
169 151 158 81 46 62
601 529 496 469 221 358
SB-4-07 Till S- l l 205 225 97 366 46 85 236 463 377 159 536
SB-4-07 Till S-17 310 318 16 850 110 430 310 866 134 00 134
SB-4-1S Till S-3 130 150 74 393 50 95 248 467 379 153 532
SB-4-2D Till S-8 140 160 22 413 45 90 278 435 384 180 564
SB-4-3S Till S-7 120 140 28 372 45 85 242 400 407 192 599
Average Fill jAverage Till
173 51
423 441
103 44
173 107
449 290
596 492
304 354
99 153
403 507
Revision 0 122292 Pagel Balaam Project 6530T2MOMVE 1 XLS
Table 2
Intrinsic A i r Permeability Values VES Treatability Study
Union Chemical Company South Hope Maine
Date of Teat Start
Slraligraphy Sa tura tedUnsta lura tod Trait Type Tost Identification
Test Area
Sample Depth Calculated Permeability (sq cm) Kr Kc
2-Ocl-91 13-Nov-91 4-Nov-9l
Fill Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test IWA-03 UCC-SB-A-100-05
EW-A-01
A A A
4 to 19 85 to 96 26 to 76
240E-06 264E-07 764 E-09
2 60E-08 NA
216E-08
NA NA
903E-09 13Dec-91 Fill Unsaturated Mass Transfer EW-A-01 A 25 to 76 366E-07 879E-09
Geometric Mean 205E-07
3-Ocl-91 30-Ocl-9I
Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test EW-B-01 EW-B-01
B B
2 to 6 2 to 5
300E-08 209E-08
25-E-08 I02E-08
NA 247E-09
2l-Nov-9l Fill Unsaturated EW-B-01 B 2 to 5 167E07 343E-08 367E-09 14May-92 Till Sa tura ted Bench-Scale UCC-SB-B-500-01 B 58 to 83 262E-09 to 134E-08 NA NA
Geometric Mean 344E-08
3-Oct-91 5- Nov-91
25-Nov-91 7-Nov-91
Fill Fill Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test Bench-Scale
Field Test
IW-C-05 UCC-SB-C-OI0-030 UCC-SB-C-020-03
EW-C-01
C C C C
3 to 8 4 to 46 4 to 56
25 to 76
640E-08 113E-09 to532E-08 884 E-09 to8 81E-08
300E-07
530E-08 NA NA
300E-08
NA NA NA
300E-09 6- Nov9| Fill Unsaturated IW-C-05 C 3 to 8 305E-07 389E-08 108E-08
Geometric Mean 122E-07
29-Oct-9l Fill Unsaturated Field Test EW-n-01 D 3 5 to 85 822E-08 489E-09 992E-09 14 Mav-92 Natural Orpnnic Silt Saturated Bench Scale UCC-vSB-D 112-01 D 58 lo 88 920E-10to 150E-08 NA NA
21-Jul-92 Till Saturated Bench-Scale UCC-SB-3-05-1 0 to 87 503E-07 to 564E-07 NA NA 21-Jul 92 Fill Saturated UCC-SB-3-3SA-3 0 lo 15 527E-08 to 653E-07 NA NA 21-)ul-92 Till Saturated UCC-SB-3-2SA-1 10 to 124 683E-08 lo I20E-07 NA NA
NOTES 1 NA = not applicable 2 Kz rcfora In air |gterincabilily in vertical direction 3 Kr refers to air permeability in horizontal direction 4 Kc refers lo air permeability in a soil lo atmosphere conductance 5 ft-BGS = feet below ground surface
A1RPERMXLS
RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES
bull C L Z P Q CP
ACCESS GATE
FORMER INCINERATOR
CONCRETE SLAB
H CHAIN LINK FENCE
FORMER INCINERATOR STRUCTURES
APPROXIMATE VAPOR EXTRACTION
o PILOT TEST AREA LOCATION
APPROXIMATE LEACH FIELD AREA LOCATION o SOURCE APPROXIMATE TANK LOCATION FIGURE 2 OF REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION FEASIBILITY STUDY
40 80 160
APPROXIMATE SCALE (FEET)
c u m | UNION CHEMICAL I
ADMINISTRATIVE FUND BALSAM macca
OMMNUEXTM OMSULTHnitR B WDUSUUL VAX SMfU Ml 030TO VES PILOT STUDY
PILOT AND BENCH SCALE STUDY AREAS
UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE PJK DNW JMO JAG laquo APPROXIMATE VE SOIL SAMPLE PREPARED BY CANONIE ENVIRONMENTAL JUNE 1990 SB-3-3SA LOCATION FUWgt Q
r=80 010493 6437228 6437 T5
0
SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED 1 OONSTTTUENT CONCENTRATIONS bull lt
SOU SAMPLE COLLECTED AT BORING SB-D-03 AND SB-D-02 WAS SATURATED DUE TO SHALLOW WATER
UCC-SB-S-07-SI-1092
l t -DCE BDl82) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN TABLE AT 18 FEET BELOW GRADE SURFACE PARTS PER BILLION (PPB) -lt
11
11-DCE BDL56) TCE BDL58J PCE BDL(56) TXYL
IFEFMD
SB-S-05 ^ SOURCE CONTROL PREmdashDESIGN SOL BORING LOCATION
UCC-SB-S-OO-SJA-1092 SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS
11-DCE BOU5B) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN PARTS PER BULON (PPB)
Table 2
Intrinsic A i r Permeability Values VES Treatability Study
Union Chemical Company South Hope Maine
Date of Teat Start
Slraligraphy Sa tura tedUnsta lura tod Trait Type Tost Identification
Test Area
Sample Depth Calculated Permeability (sq cm) Kr Kc
2-Ocl-91 13-Nov-91 4-Nov-9l
Fill Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test IWA-03 UCC-SB-A-100-05
EW-A-01
A A A
4 to 19 85 to 96 26 to 76
240E-06 264E-07 764 E-09
2 60E-08 NA
216E-08
NA NA
903E-09 13Dec-91 Fill Unsaturated Mass Transfer EW-A-01 A 25 to 76 366E-07 879E-09
Geometric Mean 205E-07
3-Ocl-91 30-Ocl-9I
Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test EW-B-01 EW-B-01
B B
2 to 6 2 to 5
300E-08 209E-08
25-E-08 I02E-08
NA 247E-09
2l-Nov-9l Fill Unsaturated EW-B-01 B 2 to 5 167E07 343E-08 367E-09 14May-92 Till Sa tura ted Bench-Scale UCC-SB-B-500-01 B 58 to 83 262E-09 to 134E-08 NA NA
Geometric Mean 344E-08
3-Oct-91 5- Nov-91
25-Nov-91 7-Nov-91
Fill Fill Fill Fill
Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated
Field Test Bench-Scale
Field Test
IW-C-05 UCC-SB-C-OI0-030 UCC-SB-C-020-03
EW-C-01
C C C C
3 to 8 4 to 46 4 to 56
25 to 76
640E-08 113E-09 to532E-08 884 E-09 to8 81E-08
300E-07
530E-08 NA NA
300E-08
NA NA NA
300E-09 6- Nov9| Fill Unsaturated IW-C-05 C 3 to 8 305E-07 389E-08 108E-08
Geometric Mean 122E-07
29-Oct-9l Fill Unsaturated Field Test EW-n-01 D 3 5 to 85 822E-08 489E-09 992E-09 14 Mav-92 Natural Orpnnic Silt Saturated Bench Scale UCC-vSB-D 112-01 D 58 lo 88 920E-10to 150E-08 NA NA
21-Jul-92 Till Saturated Bench-Scale UCC-SB-3-05-1 0 to 87 503E-07 to 564E-07 NA NA 21-Jul 92 Fill Saturated UCC-SB-3-3SA-3 0 lo 15 527E-08 to 653E-07 NA NA 21-)ul-92 Till Saturated UCC-SB-3-2SA-1 10 to 124 683E-08 lo I20E-07 NA NA
NOTES 1 NA = not applicable 2 Kz rcfora In air |gterincabilily in vertical direction 3 Kr refers to air permeability in horizontal direction 4 Kc refers lo air permeability in a soil lo atmosphere conductance 5 ft-BGS = feet below ground surface
A1RPERMXLS
RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES
bull C L Z P Q CP
ACCESS GATE
FORMER INCINERATOR
CONCRETE SLAB
H CHAIN LINK FENCE
FORMER INCINERATOR STRUCTURES
APPROXIMATE VAPOR EXTRACTION
o PILOT TEST AREA LOCATION
APPROXIMATE LEACH FIELD AREA LOCATION o SOURCE APPROXIMATE TANK LOCATION FIGURE 2 OF REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION FEASIBILITY STUDY
40 80 160
APPROXIMATE SCALE (FEET)
c u m | UNION CHEMICAL I
ADMINISTRATIVE FUND BALSAM macca
OMMNUEXTM OMSULTHnitR B WDUSUUL VAX SMfU Ml 030TO VES PILOT STUDY
PILOT AND BENCH SCALE STUDY AREAS
UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE PJK DNW JMO JAG laquo APPROXIMATE VE SOIL SAMPLE PREPARED BY CANONIE ENVIRONMENTAL JUNE 1990 SB-3-3SA LOCATION FUWgt Q
r=80 010493 6437228 6437 T5
0
SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED 1 OONSTTTUENT CONCENTRATIONS bull lt
SOU SAMPLE COLLECTED AT BORING SB-D-03 AND SB-D-02 WAS SATURATED DUE TO SHALLOW WATER
UCC-SB-S-07-SI-1092
l t -DCE BDl82) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN TABLE AT 18 FEET BELOW GRADE SURFACE PARTS PER BILLION (PPB) -lt
11
11-DCE BDL56) TCE BDL58J PCE BDL(56) TXYL
IFEFMD
SB-S-05 ^ SOURCE CONTROL PREmdashDESIGN SOL BORING LOCATION
UCC-SB-S-OO-SJA-1092 SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS
11-DCE BOU5B) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN PARTS PER BULON (PPB)
RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES
bull C L Z P Q CP
ACCESS GATE
FORMER INCINERATOR
CONCRETE SLAB
H CHAIN LINK FENCE
FORMER INCINERATOR STRUCTURES
APPROXIMATE VAPOR EXTRACTION
o PILOT TEST AREA LOCATION
APPROXIMATE LEACH FIELD AREA LOCATION o SOURCE APPROXIMATE TANK LOCATION FIGURE 2 OF REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION FEASIBILITY STUDY
40 80 160
APPROXIMATE SCALE (FEET)
c u m | UNION CHEMICAL I
ADMINISTRATIVE FUND BALSAM macca
OMMNUEXTM OMSULTHnitR B WDUSUUL VAX SMfU Ml 030TO VES PILOT STUDY
PILOT AND BENCH SCALE STUDY AREAS
UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE PJK DNW JMO JAG laquo APPROXIMATE VE SOIL SAMPLE PREPARED BY CANONIE ENVIRONMENTAL JUNE 1990 SB-3-3SA LOCATION FUWgt Q
r=80 010493 6437228 6437 T5
0
SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED 1 OONSTTTUENT CONCENTRATIONS bull lt
SOU SAMPLE COLLECTED AT BORING SB-D-03 AND SB-D-02 WAS SATURATED DUE TO SHALLOW WATER
UCC-SB-S-07-SI-1092
l t -DCE BDl82) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN TABLE AT 18 FEET BELOW GRADE SURFACE PARTS PER BILLION (PPB) -lt
11
11-DCE BDL56) TCE BDL58J PCE BDL(56) TXYL
IFEFMD
SB-S-05 ^ SOURCE CONTROL PREmdashDESIGN SOL BORING LOCATION
UCC-SB-S-OO-SJA-1092 SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS
11-DCE BOU5B) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN PARTS PER BULON (PPB)
SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED 1 OONSTTTUENT CONCENTRATIONS bull lt
SOU SAMPLE COLLECTED AT BORING SB-D-03 AND SB-D-02 WAS SATURATED DUE TO SHALLOW WATER
UCC-SB-S-07-SI-1092
l t -DCE BDl82) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN TABLE AT 18 FEET BELOW GRADE SURFACE PARTS PER BILLION (PPB) -lt
11
11-DCE BDL56) TCE BDL58J PCE BDL(56) TXYL
IFEFMD
SB-S-05 ^ SOURCE CONTROL PREmdashDESIGN SOL BORING LOCATION
UCC-SB-S-OO-SJA-1092 SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS
11-DCE BOU5B) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN PARTS PER BULON (PPB)
11
11-DCE BDL56) TCE BDL58J PCE BDL(56) TXYL
IFEFMD
SB-S-05 ^ SOURCE CONTROL PREmdashDESIGN SOL BORING LOCATION
UCC-SB-S-OO-SJA-1092 SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS
11-DCE BOU5B) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN PARTS PER BULON (PPB)