9 O titer: BURNS 8c LEVINSONDUANE G. SULUVAN SEAN F. O'CONNO R ANDREW P BOTTI WILUAM J . OELLEA...

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9 O titer: LAWRENCE M. LEVINSON THOMAS O. BURNS OAVIO P ROSENBLATT A N N C EGAN BURNS 8c LEVINSON KEVIN G KEHNEALLY OAVIO P SHOUVUN ft PAMELA G. SMITH S-J" HOGAN—«—- ROBERT W WEINSTEIN ELLIOT M SHERMAN ELIZABETH J. MAJLLETT STEVEN E. LAKE WILLIAM M. CLANCY BARRY L- SOLAR RICHARD TELLER JOELS FREEDMAN COUNSELLORS A T L A W GAR Y W S M I T H JEFFREY R. MARTIN PAUL G. PINO RANOY J . KAPLAN HOWARO O. MEOWED BARRY E. GOLD MICHAEL P. GlUNTA JEFFREY L- AUTZ SAMUEL P. SEARS. JR. BARBARA S. HAMELBURG 123 S U M M E R STREET MICHELLE F. ROSENBERG CATHLEEN S. DINSMORE JOHN A. DONOVAN. JR. NORMAN C. SPECTOR OAVIO R. SULLIVAN MICHAEL R. GOTTFRIED BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS 02110-1624 RICHARO L. WULSIN JAY S. GREGORY BEVERLY A. KOGUT STEPHEN B. BARTON CHARLES MARK FURCOLO RANDOLPH L. SMITH MAURA A. GREENE HERMAN T. BAYLE5S MARTIN 8. SHULHIN STEVEN C. GOODWIN LAWRENCE G. CETRULO GEORGE E. CHRISTOOOULO OAVIO J. HATEM WILLIAM E. MOOERI PETER J.SCHNEIOER TRAVER CUNTON SMITH, JR MELVIN A. WARSHAW PAUL E. STAN2UER RICHARO E. KAPLAN CHESTER A. JANIAK MICHAEL WEINBERG DAVID STRAUSS SUSAN M. BAR NAP 0 STUART M. VAN TINE NANCY RICHMOND VAN TINE GERALD J . SURZKLO OAVIO E. GROSSMAN WILLIAM B. DUFFY, JR. FRE0ER1CK S. PAULSEN JOHN J . McGiVNEY EVELYN A. HARALAMPU OENNIS J. KELLY WILLIAM B. GOLOEN RAYMOND E. BAXTER JOHN B. SAVOCA MARGOT AMES CLOWER JEFFREY O. STERNKLAR THOMAS G. COOPER MICHAEL G. TRACY ROBERT C. RIVES. JR. WARREN D. HUTCHISON KEVIN E. YOUNG DANA C. 8 LA KS LEE MARK M. CHRISTOPHER OOROTHY ANNE HURD OARRELL MOOK ELIZABETH E. HOLMES ROBIN PATRICK CAN I ELS JOHN E. BOWCN LAWRENCE J. McNALLY, JR. STEVEN L. CHARUP (017) 340-3000 FACSIMTLE (617) 340-3S8Q SOUTH SHOHJE OFFICE: iOOl HTXGHAM STHEET HOCKT-ANTJ, M A SSACH U bH/rih 02370 (OIT) 082-41OO OF COUNSEL KARL GREENMAN EDMUNO J . O'BRIEN WARREN E. TOLMAN DAVIO M. THOMAS HERBERT M. WEiSS GEORGE N. TOBIA. JR. RALPH G. PtCARO* MARK C. DIVINCEMZO MARK J. VENTOLA ANN M. DONOVAN G A I L PETER S K 1 N G S L E Y A U R E L I E M. MCCARTH Y MARIA E. RECALOE LESLIE WOLCOTT CHERYL A. WATERHOUSE MICHELLE S. L A S R E C O U E DONALD E. TESIERO. II NICOLE LACCETT1 RrVES OENNIS J . BAN NON CUFFORO R. COHEN MAUREEN E. KANE HENRY T. A. MONlZ FRANK C. MUGGIA KIMBERLY A. TRASK WALTER M. FOSTER OENISE E. PEDULLA SAN FORD KRE1SBERG LUIGI CEO ROBERT S. MALPERN JONI F. KATZ VICTORIA L_ KARLSON PATRICE S. HESTER OLANA H. WECHSLER KENNETH M. LEVIN CLARKE E. KHOURY MAUREEN S. JONES DUANE G. SULUVAN SEAN F. O'CONNOR ANDREW P. BOTTI WILUAM J . OELLEA WILLIAM H. OtAOAMO HOLLY A. DITCH FIELD MAUREEN S. KELLEY KENDALL J . PETRI BARBARA LAUREN CURTIS R. Oi ED RICH PATRICIA B. GARY DANIEL J . ORtSCOLL January 12, 1993 Mr. Edward Hathaway U.S. Environmental Protection Agency SDMS DocID 535347 HPS-1 90 Canal Street Boston, Massachusetts 02203 Re: Union Chemical Site: Vapor Extraction Supplemental Report Dear Ed: Per your request, you will find enclosed a supplemental report on the use of the vapor extraction system ("VES") at the Union Chemical Site prepared by the Union Chemical Site PRP Group's consultants, Balsam Environmental Consultants, Inc. ("Balsam"). As requested, Balsam is also preparing a summary comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of VES with low temperature soil aeration. As you will note from the enclosed supplemental report, the data collected during the management of migration and source control pre-design stages confirm the highly favorable results for VES which were presented by Balsam in their April, 1992 VES Treatability Study and Focused Feasibility Study. We trust that this supplemental information will cause the agency to make its final decision to change the soil remedy at the site to VES. I understand that you have requested Balsam to make a final technical presentation to EPA and Maine DEP on February 2, 1993, in Portland. We hope that your decision on VES will follow shortly thereafter. As you know, the PRP Group has been hard at work on the VES program since August of 1991, immediately after the Consent Decree negotiations were concluded. In the last quarter of 1991 and throughout 1992, we have responded to all of the EPA's,

Transcript of 9 O titer: BURNS 8c LEVINSONDUANE G. SULUVAN SEAN F. O'CONNO R ANDREW P BOTTI WILUAM J . OELLEA...

Page 1: 9 O titer: BURNS 8c LEVINSONDUANE G. SULUVAN SEAN F. O'CONNO R ANDREW P BOTTI WILUAM J . OELLEA WILLIAM H. OtAOAMO HOLLY A. DITCH FIELD MAUREEN S. KELLEY KENDALL J …

9 O titer

L A W R E N C E M L E V I N S O N

T H O M A S O B U R N S

OAVIO P R O S E N B L A T T

A N N C E G A N BURNS 8c L E V I N S O N K E V I N G K E H N E A L L Y

OAVIO P S H O U V U N

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BARRY L- S O L A R

R I C H A R D TELLER

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S T E P H E N B B A R T O N C H A R L E S MARK F U R C O L O R A N D O L P H L SMITH

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S T E V E N C GOODWIN

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WILLIAM E M O O E R I

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WILLIAM B G O L O E N

R A Y M O N D E BAXTER

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J E F F R E Y O S T E R N K L A R

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KEVIN E Y O U N G

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MARK M C H R I S T O P H E R

OOROTHY A N N E H U R D

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C L A R K E E K H O U R Y

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D A N I E L J O R t S C O L L

January 12 1993

Mr Edward Hathaway US Environmental Protection Agency SDMS DocID 535347 HPS-1 90 Canal Street Boston Massachusetts 02203

Re Union Chemical Site Vapor Extraction Supplemental Report

Dear Ed

Per your request you w i l l f i n d enclosed a supplemental report on the use of the vapor extraction system (VES) at the Union Chemical Site prepared by the Union Chemical Site PRP Groups consultants Balsam Environmental Consultants Inc (Balsam) As requested Balsam i s also preparing a summary comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of VES with low temperature s o i l aeration

As you w i l l note from the enclosed supplemental report the data collected during the management of migration and source c ontrol pre-design stages confirm the highly favorable results f o r VES which were presented by Balsam i n t h e i r A p r i l 1992 VES T r e a t a b i l i t y Study and Focused F e a s i b i l i t y Study We t r u s t that t h i s supplemental information w i l l cause the agency to make i t s f i n a l decision to change the s o i l remedy at the s i t e to VES

I understand that you have requested Balsam to make a f i n a l technical presentation to EPA and Maine DEP on February 2 1993 i n Portland We hope that your decision on VES w i l l follow s hortly thereafter

As you know the PRP Group has been hard at work on the VES program since August of 1991 immediately a f t e r the Consent Decree negotiations were concluded I n the l a s t quarter of 1991 and throughout 1992 we have responded to a l l of the EPAs

BURNS amp LEVINSON

Mr Edward Hathaway January 12 1993 Page 2

Maine DEPs and the local residents requests f o r reports data analysis re-analysis and questions concerning the f e a s i b i l i t y of VES at the s i t e We believe that the scope of t h i s e f f o r t has f a r exceeded what any party including EPA contemplated when the PRP Group proposed to conduct the VES p i l o t study during the summer of 1991 For example the f i e l d t e s t i n g was extended from 30 days to 90 days the mass transfer portion of the study was expanded from one t e s t area to three areas thousands of pages of data reports and analysis on the VES study were prepared and extensive data from the pre-design f o r the management of migration and source control was evaluated and incorporated int o the VES analysis The t o t a l cost f o r the VES p i l o t study now exceeds sect900000 approximately three times what the PRP Group o r i g i n a l l y projected when we began t h i s process

I n short we have done everything asked of us to reach the necessary decision point for VES We believe that we have gone the extra mile on a l l fronts to respond to a l l answerable questions regarding the efficacy of t h i s technology at the s i t e and that the substantial body of technical data now available more than adequately demonstrates the effectiveness and d e s i r a b i l i t y of vapor extraction f o r source c o n t r o l

We a l l recognize EPAs c r i t i c a l function i n evaluating a l t e r n a t i v e technologies and i n proceeding cautiously when changing a remedy component at a Superfund s i t e While we acknowledge and respect EPAs r o l e there has to be a point where the analysis the re-analysis and the paper production can safely come to an end We t r u s t t h a t we are now at that point and can expect your favorable decision shortly a f t e r the February 2 meeting

Very t r u l y yours

David P Rosenblatt

DPRld Enclosures cc Union Chemical Site Executive Committee

Mr Randy C Smith Mr John Gilbert Mr Chris Rushton Maine DEP

VAPOR EXTRACTION SYSTEM SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION

UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE

SOUTH HOPE MAINE

Prepared for

US Environmental Protection Agency

Prepared on behalf of

Union Chemical Site PRP Group

Prepared by

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC 5 Industrial Way

Salem New Hampshire 03079

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T3LS9012

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

VAPOR EXTRACTION SYSTEM SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION

UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE

SOUTH HOPE MAINE

10 INTRODUCTION

The Record of Decision issued by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

for the Union Chemical Company (UCC) Superfund site specified remedial action

to remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from site soils According to the

ROD risks associated with potential exposures to site soil were within the

acceptable range however source control remedial action was required to remove

VOCs from source area soils Without remediation VOCs may continue to migrate

into site ground water and result in ground water quality above performance

standards established for the site The use of vapor extraction (VE) to remove

VOCs from soils was proposed for the source control remedy at the UCC site by

Balsam Environmental Consultants Inc (Balsam) on behalf of the Union

Chemical Site PRP Group (Group) This proposal was initially based upon review

and analysis of site characterization data presented in the remedial investigation

and feasibility study (RIFS) reports prepared by Canonie Environmental Services

and available data regarding the application of VE to soil remediation at other

Superfund and industrial sites In late 1991 and early 1992 a VE pilot study was

performed at the UCC site to obtain site-specific data regarding the ability of VE

to extract VOCs from site soil The field pilot study was augmented by bench-scale

VE studies performed in conjunction with the pilot study and the Management of

Migration (MOM) and Source Control (SC) pre-design (PD) investigations which

were performed in the summer and fall of 1992

The results of the VE pilot study were presented in a report prepared by Balsam

entitled Vapor Extraction Treatability Study Union Chemical Company Site

South Hope Maine dated April 3 1992 A Focused Feasibility Study (FFS)

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 1

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

comparing the use of VE and low temperature soil aeration (LTSA) was performed

and the results summarized in a report entitled Focused Feasibility Study Union

Chemical Site South Hope Maine dated April 3 1992 In a meeting on

June 2 1992 EPAs technical specialist on VE indicated concurrence with the

ability to achieve the necessary air flow through site soils to meet VOC source

control performance standards based upon the site characteristics observed during

the pilot and associated bench-scale studies and interpretation of the results

presented in the treatability study and FFS reports

Subsequently Balsam completed MOMPD and SCPD investigations at the site on

behalf of the Trust These investigations provided additional data regarding site

conditions that were pertinent to the application of VE to source remediation The

purpose of this document is to briefly review the findings of the VE treatability

studies in the context of more recent data from the PD investigations

January 12 1993 2Balsam Project 6437T31S9012

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

20 CONCEPTUAL S I T E MODEL

As described in the RI report and confirmed by the findings of the VE treatability

study and MOMPD and SCPD investigations the stratigraphy at the UCC site

consists mainly of three stratigraphic sequences fill t i l l and bedrock The

stratigraphy in the UCC site source area typically consists of fill overlying native

glacial t i l l which in turn overlies a schist and gneiss bedrock The fill and the

underlying native soil appear to be similar in character although the t i l l generally

tends to be denser and somewhat finer-grained than the overlying fill A

comparison of grain size percentages evaluated from sieve analyses for the fill and

t i l l is presented on Table 1 The fill consists predominately of loose to very dense

silty sands and sands with small but varying amounts of fine gravel and clay

Organic debris is present in the fill occurring mostly as partially decomposed wood

debris or wood ashes with occasional thin layers of peat and organic silt Organic

silt peat and topsoil are present in several locations at the top of the t i l l unit

The t i l l occurs as a wedge shaped deposit with the thickness varying from 80 feet

toward Quiggle Brook to less than 25 feet at the western portion of the site

Although the RI indicated the possible presence of gradational changes in the

stratigraphy data obtained from continuous soil sampling performed during the

VE Treatability Study and MOMPD investigation indicated that there is little

change in stratigraphy horizontally or vertically and that heterogeneity is

generally limited to localized variations in the silt and sand percentages These

variations were typically encountered as minor lenses and seams generally several

inches thick containing a slightly higher fraction sand and appeared to be

localized in extent Stratigraphically these reiampvvely minor variations in grain

size and localized lenses indicate the absence of significant preferential conduits

comprised of significantly coarser and therefore substantially more permeable

material Data obtained from the soil boring programs conducted during the

MOMPD VE and RI studies also do not indicate the presence of extensive

continuous lenses of clay that could behave as significant barriers to fluid flow

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 3

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

Hydrologic data collected during the hydraulic testing during the MOMPD study

suggest that some sandier lenses may extend for limited distances in a north-south

orientation as local stratigraphic horizons However these potential lenses were

thought to be located to the east of the soil source area and their existence is not

confirmed by the specific stratigraphic borehole data available

Permeability of site soils to air flow was estimated based upon the results of both

pilot- and bench-scale testing performed during the VE treatability and the bench-

scale testing performed during the MOMPD studies Pilot-scale tests were

performed at four different locations in the source area at the UCC site which

were selected on the basis of stratigraphic data reported in the RI as

representative of the range of soil conditions in that area Five samples were

collected for bench-scale air permeability testing which included both saturated

and unsaturated samples from the four VE pilot test areas Three additional soil

samples were collected for bench-scale VE testing during the MOMPD

investigation from a location east of the source area adjacent to Quiggle Brook

The locations of the pilot test areas and the downgradient bench-scale sampling

locations are shown on Figure 1

Air permeability results measured during the VE treatability study

supplementary bench-scale VE tests and the MOM study are presented in Table 2

The results are grouped by VES Treatability Study test areas and Test Area 3

from the MOM Pre-Design Study Similar air permeability values were measured

during the MOMPD and VE studies with horizontal permeabilities measured in

the field typically in the 10 x 108 to 53 x 108 cm2 range Air permeability values

were also found to increase during the testing of samples obtained from both the

saturated and unsaturated soil zones This apparent increase in air permeability

over time is consistent with the expected removal of moisture from the soil pore

space during vapor extraction which reduces resistance to air flow through the

soil These results indicate that saturated soils can be effectively remediated at

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 4

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

the site using in situ vapor extraction after lowering the ground water in the

vicinity of saturated soils requiring treatment

Hydraulic conductivity values estimated based on results of slug tests performed

in the overburden unit during the RI and MOMPD studies are consistent These

values range over approximately two orders of magnitude between 4 x 103

centimeter per second (cmsec) to 1 x IO5 cmsec with the majority of the values in

the 104 cmsec to 105 cmsec range Hydraulic conductivity values estimated from

the analyses of pump tests performed in the saturated overburden during the

MOMPD investigation range from 1 x 104 cmsec to 6 x 106 cmsec with the

majority of the values similarly in the 104 cmsec to 105 cmsec range These

volumes are consistent with the permeabilities observed from the MOMPD pump

tests (ie 15 x 104 cmsec x 90 x 106 cmsec)

The observed consistency between the geologic and permeability data obtained

during the RI VE Treatability Study and the MOMPD and SCPD studies is

consistent with the premises underlying the conceptual model of the site conditions

and indicates that VE will be an effective source control technology for the UCC

site

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 5

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

30 CONTAMINANT DISTRIBUTION

During the SCPD investigation shallow unsaturated soil samples were collected at

depths from 2 to 4 feet below ground surface at twenty-two sampling locations

within and surrounding the extent of the source area soils as indicated by the RI

investigation Consistent with the findings of the RI the lateral extent of the

source area is estimated based upon the newer data to be within eastern portion of

the former operations area at the site (see Figure 2) with the exception that

tetrachloroethene (PCE) was reported at a concentration exceeding the soil cleanup

standard in one shallow soil sample obtained from a boring located to the east of

the former interceptor trench The reported presence of PCE in the soil at this

location is anomalous because PCE was not detected in the shallow unsaturated

and saturated soil samples obtained immediately to the west of the former

interceptor trench and because PCE was not detected in ground water samples

obtained from monitoring wells located downgradient from this area during the

MOMPD and initial Surface Water and Ground Water Monitoring Program

sampling event

With the exception of the southern end of the former leachfield located at the

eastern edge of the former operations area the vertical extent of soils requiring

source control remediation appears to be limited to primarily soils above the water

table Ten of the twenty-two shallow borings were advanced to 2 to 4 feet below

the ground water table to evaluate the vertical extent of the significantly impacted

soils (see Figure 3) At four of these sampling locations VOCs were not detected

at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup levels in either the shallow

unsaturated soil samples or the shallow saturated soil samples In four of the five

locations where VOCs were detected at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup

standards in the unsaturated soil the concentrations of VOCs in the shallow

saturated soil were less than the soil cleanup standards indicating that the

vertical extent of soil requiring remediation is primarily limited to the unsaturated

soils Only in a boring located at the southern end of the former leachfield and

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 6

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

boring located immediately to the southeast of the leachfield were VOCs detected

in the shallow saturated soil at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standard

VOCs were not detected in the shallow unsaturated soil sample obtained from the

boring located immediately to the southeast of the former leachfield indicating

that the contaminants detected in the shallow saturated soil sample were likely

transported with the ground water to this location

As shown on Figure 4 seven borings were advanced to obtain soil samples at 8 to

10 feet below the ground water including the two borings where VOCs were

detected at concentrations exceeding the cleanup levels in the shallow saturated

soil samples As indicated on Figure 4 VOCs were detected in 3 of the 7 deeper

saturated samples at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standards

however based on the shallower soil samples obtained at 2 of the 3 locations i t

appears that the VOCs detected in these deeper soil samples are associated with

contaminants migrating with the ground water Only samples obtained from the

boring located at the southern end of the former leachfield contained VOCs at

concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standards in soil samples obtained above

and below the ground water table Based upon the results of the pump tests

performed at the site i t is anticipated that a series of closely-spaced ground water

extraction wells can adequately lower the water table to allow soil vapor extraction

wells to effectively treat currently saturated soils in the vicinity of the former

leachfield

As required by EPA and the Maine Department of Environmental Protection

(DEP) selected soil samples obtained from the unsaturated zone during the SCPD

were analyzed for NN-dimethylformamide (DMF) The results of these DMF

analyses were previously transmitted to EPA and DEP and showed that DMF was

not present in these unsaturated soil samples at concentrations greater than the

method detection limits These results are consistent with data obtained during

VE treatability study which indicated the presence of DMF in only 3 of 29

samples analyzed and at concentrations slightly above or at the detection limit

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 7

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

40 CLEANUP TIME ESTIMATES

As discussed in Section 70 of the VE Treatability Study Report the results of

bench-scale testing performed during the study were used to evaluate the number

of air pore volume exchanges required to reduce VOC concentrations to levels

below the source control performance standards for the target constituents These

results were consistent with VE performance at other sites and indicated that

exchange of 3000 to 4000 pore volumes of soil gas would be necessary to achieve

the source control performance standards in most of the source area Data for a

sample collected from one area of the site (Area C in at the southern end of the

former leach field east of the still building) suggested that up to 120000 pore

volume exchanges would be required to attain the performance standards because

of elevated VOC concentrations in the soil in that area I t should be noted that

the air flow rates in this sample were accelerated because of the time constraints

placed upon completion of the VE Treatability Study Because of equilibrium

dynamics i t is likely that the increased air flow rates decreased the efficiency of

VOC transfer from the soil to the air resulting in an increased number of required

pore volume exchanges to attain the performance standards Accordingly i t is

possible that the number of required pore volume exchanges estimated for this

area of the site was overestimated

The results of the field pilot-scale testing at the site were generally consistent with

the bench-scale data and indicated that exchange of 4000 to 6000 pore volumes

will be required to attain the performance standards in most of the source area

The pilot-scale test data indicated removal of relatively large masses

(approximately 100 pounds) of target VOCs from each of the highly impacted test

areas during the relatively limited test period (less than 90 days) The expected

pattern of greater VOC removal from the outer margins of the test area than in

the inner portions was observed in both soil vapor and soil analytical data As

expected conclusive demonstration of the ability to achieve performance standards

in the field was constrained by winter conditions (initial equipment malfunction)

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 8

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

the limited time period available for completion of the test the limitations of a

pilot-scale test performed in a contaminated area primarily leakage of air flow at

the margins of the cap and transport of VOCs from soil volumes outside the test

area and constraints of the Contract Laboratory Program analytical methods that

were required particularly with respect to constituent concentration reporting

limits

As reported in the VE Treatability Study Report based upon the air flow rates

attained in the field (see Appendix K of the VE Treatability Study Report) it was

estimated that sufficient pore volume exchanges to attain source control

performance standards could be achieved in unsaturated soils in most of the

source control area within approximately 1 year of operation Attainment of the

performance standards in the balance of the unsaturated soil source area would be

achieved within approximately 23 years of operation Data obtained during the

MOMPD and SCPD studies are consistent with data obtained during the RI and

VE treatability study and do not indicate that revision of these cleanup time

estimates of 1 to 23 years of operation is warranted

Data from the SCPD study indicated that saturated soil in the vicinity of the

southern end of the leach field contained VOC concentrations above the soil

performance standards Treatment of this soil by VE will require dewatering to

facilitate air transfer through the soils It is estimated that the dewatering and

drying of the soil could require 6 months Because this area is in the portion of

the site where the higher end of the soil cleanup time range was estimated it is

possible that cleanup of this localized area of saturated soil will require 28 years

of operation to complete

The cleanup time estimates were based upon operations after system startup In

evaluating actual cleanup at least 4 weeks per year of VE system down time could

be expected particularly as a result of wintertime conditions Accordingly cleanup

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 9

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

time estimates for the site are expected to range from approximately 12 to

31 years the 6 weeks estimated for completion of construction in the FFS report

It should also be noted that as discussed in the VE Treatability Study Report the

exponential decline in VOC levels in discharged soil gas observed during the pilot-

and bench-scale studies indicate that significant reduction in the VOC mass in

source soils will be achieved within the first 6 months of VE system operation

The data obtained during the treatability study were used to address several

important design considerations discussed in Section 80 of the VE Treatability

Study These considerations indicated the ability to design the VE system to

maximize its operational effectiveness and its flexibility in adjusting to variable

operating conditions For example the design will include vertical extraction wells

in areas of greater depths to ground water and horizontal extraction wells in areas

of shallower depths to ground water or where higher pore volume exchange rates

are required The design will also include an interactive monitoring program

during operations that will allow frequent adjustment of the operational

configuration to include increased air flow rates and use of induction wells as

warranted to address localized heterogeneities in soil characteristics and VOC

concentrations Application of these design considerations will facilitate

attainment of the source control performance standards within the estimated

cleanup times

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 10

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

50 SUMMARY

In summary the findings of the RI the VE pilot-scale and bench-scale studies and

the MOM PD and SCPD investigations are consistent with the conceptual site

model The site stratigraphy in the source area consists of fill overlying t i l l which

overlies bedrock Source area soils (ie soils containing VOCs at concentrations

greater than soil cleanup standards) are located within the eastern portion of the

former site operations area The vertical extent of source area soils that exceed

the soil cleanup standards is primarily limited to soils lying above the ground

water table with the exception of soils in a localized area at the southern end of

the former leachfield DMF is not present at significant concentrations in the

unsaturated soil The characteristics of the fill and t i l l are similar and large-scale

heterogeneities are not present within the soil Air permeabilities of the fill and

t i l l are such that vapor extraction can be used to effectively remove VOCs from the

soil Permeabilities of the overburden are such that a dewatering system can be

designed to lower the ground water table at the southern end of the former

leachfield so that currently saturated soils in this area can be effectively treated

using vapor extraction

The effectiveness of VE was demonstrated during the pilot-scale study with

approximately 100 pounds of target VOCs recovered from the two more highly

impacted test areas in less than 90 days of vapor recovery The objective of the

source area remediation is to control the migration of contaminants from the

source area soils to the ground water Although vapor extraction may take

slightly longer to achieve the soil cleanup standards when compared to LTSA

control over the migration of VOCs to the ground water can be achieved earlier in

the remedial program Capping the site will limit the vertical migration of

contaminants to the ground water and vapor extraction is expected to

substantially reduce the mass of the contaminants from the soil within 90 to 180

days after the start of pumping The VE system can also be designed installed

and operating more quickly than the LTSA system because of the extensive bench-

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 11

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

and pilot-scale data available for the site experience gained in using VE at other

sites and the availability of VE system components A list of sites where VE has

been or currently is in use was recently published in a May 1992 document

entitled An Evaluation of Vapor Extraction of Vadose Zone Contamination

published by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Martin Marietta Energy

Systems Inc for the US Department of Energy The document presents

information on 13 sites with varying types and concentrations of VOCs and soil

conditions and concludes that in situ vapor extraction is very effective in removing

organic contaminants from the pore space of the soil matrix According to The

Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program Technology Profiles

(EPA5405-90006) VES now comprises 18 percent of the selected remedies at

Superfund sites and the number continues to grow

To briefly summarize in addition to gaining control over the migration of VOCs

from the source area soils to the ground water more quickly VE also offers the

advantages of (1) better short-term protection of public health because there is no

uncontrolled release of VOCs and dust to the ambient air (2) less operational

noise than the noise associated with LTSA operations (3) less disturbance to the

environment at the site and to the surrounding community especially in terms of

site clearing and (4) a high degree of operational flexibility to expand the system

to treat a larger volume of soil to extend the treatment time to achieve better

removal and to focus the remediation on the most impacted soils Based upon the

currently available data the comparison of VE and LTSA discussed in Section 50

remains unchanged Comparison of these two source control alternatives indicated

that VE would be more protective of human health and the environment during

implementation and that the two alternatives would be equally effective and

protective in the long term

January 12 1993 12 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012

TABLE 1

SUMMARY OF GEOTECHNICAL DATA V E TOEATABLHJTY STUDY MANAGEMENT OF MIGRATION PRE-DESIGN

UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SITE SOUTH HOPE MAINE

flBoring ID

Stratishygraphy

Sample I D

Depth From

Depth To

Gravel Total Sand

Coarse Sand

Medium Sand

Fine Sand

Coarse Fraction

Silt Clay Fine Fraction 9

SB-2-04 FU1 S-7 130 148 312 301 45 55 201 613 301 86 387

jsB-4-lS BSB-4-4S

Fill Fill

ST-1 S-5

60 120

75 140

63 44

575 474

70 45

115 105

390 324

638 518

310 386

51 96

361 482

IsB-A-10 Fill UCC-SB-A-101-03 40 60 110 506 218 237 545 616 267 116 383

SB-B-30 Fill UCC-SB-B-030A-01 00 20 219 361 97 294 609 580 286 133 419

SB-C-01 FU1 UCC-SB-C-010-06 100 120 292 321 140 234 626 613 274 112 386

SB-3-4L Topsoil ST-1 80 100 42 422 55 100 267 464 386 150 536

SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1lt

bull03 bull03 bull03 -03 bullID ID ID 1M1 bullIS

Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till

S-8 S-12 S-13 S-15

S-13A S-17 S-25 ST-1 ST-1

320 400 420 460 225 305 460 300 50

340 420 440 480 240 325 470 320 70

00 00 00 175 44 39 29 51 I 4

707 328 284 331 595 409 290 466 392

00 00 00 40 25 50 35 45 I 0

97 63 59 75 30 90 70 90 55

610 265 225 216 540 269 185 331 327

707 328 284 506 639 448 319 517 406

177 466 402 293 267 347 466 343 594

115 205 313 200 93

204 214 140 00

292 671 715 493 360 551 680 483 594

SB-2-04 Till ST-1 200 220 55 370 45 80 245 425 377 197 574

SB-2-04 Till S-10 220 240 161 450 105 115 230 611 284 104 38

SB-2-04 Till S-14 300 320 I I 5 424 60 95 269 539 265 195 460

SB-2-04 Till ST-2 400 420 17 407 55 85 267 424 386 189 575

SB-2-04 Till S-20 440 460 130 558 100 140 318 688 219 93 312

SB-2-2D Till ST-1 140 160 36 608 65 160 383 644 318 38 356

SB-2-3S Till S-5 110 130 42 362 30 80 252 404 473 122 595

SB-3-07 Till S-12 400 420 00 351 00 111 240 351 421 227 648

SB-3-07 Till S-15 460 478 26 443 50 120 273 469 371 159 530

SB-3-07 Till S-16 480 500 00 316 00 86 230 316 436 247 683

SB-3-1D Till S-32 620 640 51 322 60 75 187 373 368 258 626

SB-3-1L Till ST-1 460 475 20 367 50 85 232 387 375 237 612

SB-3-1S SB-3-2M SB-3-3M SB-3-3S SB-3-4S SB-3-4S

Till Till Till Till Till Till

S-4 S-5 S-7

ST-1 UT-1 S-8

150 200 265 35 05 160

170 218 285 55 15 170

25 50 98 26 34 164

373 420 405 504 745 478

30 30 40 40 45

I I 5

90 100 115 80 275 105

253 290 250 384 425 258

398 470 503 530 779 642

432 378 338 388 175 296

169 151 158 81 46 62

601 529 496 469 221 358

SB-4-07 Till S- l l 205 225 97 366 46 85 236 463 377 159 536

SB-4-07 Till S-17 310 318 16 850 110 430 310 866 134 00 134

SB-4-1S Till S-3 130 150 74 393 50 95 248 467 379 153 532

SB-4-2D Till S-8 140 160 22 413 45 90 278 435 384 180 564

SB-4-3S Till S-7 120 140 28 372 45 85 242 400 407 192 599

Average Fill jAverage Till

173 51

423 441

103 44

173 107

449 290

596 492

304 354

99 153

403 507

Revision 0 122292 Pagel Balaam Project 6530T2MOMVE 1 XLS

Table 2

Intrinsic A i r Permeability Values VES Treatability Study

Union Chemical Company South Hope Maine

Date of Teat Start

Slraligraphy Sa tura tedUnsta lura tod Trait Type Tost Identification

Test Area

Sample Depth Calculated Permeability (sq cm) Kr Kc

2-Ocl-91 13-Nov-91 4-Nov-9l

Fill Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test IWA-03 UCC-SB-A-100-05

EW-A-01

A A A

4 to 19 85 to 96 26 to 76

240E-06 264E-07 764 E-09

2 60E-08 NA

216E-08

NA NA

903E-09 13Dec-91 Fill Unsaturated Mass Transfer EW-A-01 A 25 to 76 366E-07 879E-09

Geometric Mean 205E-07

3-Ocl-91 30-Ocl-9I

Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test EW-B-01 EW-B-01

B B

2 to 6 2 to 5

300E-08 209E-08

25-E-08 I02E-08

NA 247E-09

2l-Nov-9l Fill Unsaturated EW-B-01 B 2 to 5 167E07 343E-08 367E-09 14May-92 Till Sa tura ted Bench-Scale UCC-SB-B-500-01 B 58 to 83 262E-09 to 134E-08 NA NA

Geometric Mean 344E-08

3-Oct-91 5- Nov-91

25-Nov-91 7-Nov-91

Fill Fill Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test Bench-Scale

Field Test

IW-C-05 UCC-SB-C-OI0-030 UCC-SB-C-020-03

EW-C-01

C C C C

3 to 8 4 to 46 4 to 56

25 to 76

640E-08 113E-09 to532E-08 884 E-09 to8 81E-08

300E-07

530E-08 NA NA

300E-08

NA NA NA

300E-09 6- Nov9| Fill Unsaturated IW-C-05 C 3 to 8 305E-07 389E-08 108E-08

Geometric Mean 122E-07

29-Oct-9l Fill Unsaturated Field Test EW-n-01 D 3 5 to 85 822E-08 489E-09 992E-09 14 Mav-92 Natural Orpnnic Silt Saturated Bench Scale UCC-vSB-D 112-01 D 58 lo 88 920E-10to 150E-08 NA NA

21-Jul-92 Till Saturated Bench-Scale UCC-SB-3-05-1 0 to 87 503E-07 to 564E-07 NA NA 21-Jul 92 Fill Saturated UCC-SB-3-3SA-3 0 lo 15 527E-08 to 653E-07 NA NA 21-)ul-92 Till Saturated UCC-SB-3-2SA-1 10 to 124 683E-08 lo I20E-07 NA NA

NOTES 1 NA = not applicable 2 Kz rcfora In air |gterincabilily in vertical direction 3 Kr refers to air permeability in horizontal direction 4 Kc refers lo air permeability in a soil lo atmosphere conductance 5 ft-BGS = feet below ground surface

A1RPERMXLS

RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES

bull C L Z P Q CP

ACCESS GATE

FORMER INCINERATOR

CONCRETE SLAB

H CHAIN LINK FENCE

FORMER INCINERATOR STRUCTURES

APPROXIMATE VAPOR EXTRACTION

o PILOT TEST AREA LOCATION

APPROXIMATE LEACH FIELD AREA LOCATION o SOURCE APPROXIMATE TANK LOCATION FIGURE 2 OF REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION FEASIBILITY STUDY

40 80 160

APPROXIMATE SCALE (FEET)

c u m | UNION CHEMICAL I

ADMINISTRATIVE FUND BALSAM macca

OMMNUEXTM OMSULTHnitR B WDUSUUL VAX SMfU Ml 030TO VES PILOT STUDY

PILOT AND BENCH SCALE STUDY AREAS

UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE PJK DNW JMO JAG laquo APPROXIMATE VE SOIL SAMPLE PREPARED BY CANONIE ENVIRONMENTAL JUNE 1990 SB-3-3SA LOCATION FUWgt Q

r=80 010493 6437228 6437 T5

0

SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED 1 OONSTTTUENT CONCENTRATIONS bull lt

SOU SAMPLE COLLECTED AT BORING SB-D-03 AND SB-D-02 WAS SATURATED DUE TO SHALLOW WATER

UCC-SB-S-07-SI-1092

l t -DCE BDl82) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN TABLE AT 18 FEET BELOW GRADE SURFACE PARTS PER BILLION (PPB) -lt

11

11-DCE BDL56) TCE BDL58J PCE BDL(56) TXYL

IFEFMD

SB-S-05 ^ SOURCE CONTROL PREmdashDESIGN SOL BORING LOCATION

UCC-SB-S-OO-SJA-1092 SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS

11-DCE BOU5B) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN PARTS PER BULON (PPB)

Page 2: 9 O titer: BURNS 8c LEVINSONDUANE G. SULUVAN SEAN F. O'CONNO R ANDREW P BOTTI WILUAM J . OELLEA WILLIAM H. OtAOAMO HOLLY A. DITCH FIELD MAUREEN S. KELLEY KENDALL J …

BURNS amp LEVINSON

Mr Edward Hathaway January 12 1993 Page 2

Maine DEPs and the local residents requests f o r reports data analysis re-analysis and questions concerning the f e a s i b i l i t y of VES at the s i t e We believe that the scope of t h i s e f f o r t has f a r exceeded what any party including EPA contemplated when the PRP Group proposed to conduct the VES p i l o t study during the summer of 1991 For example the f i e l d t e s t i n g was extended from 30 days to 90 days the mass transfer portion of the study was expanded from one t e s t area to three areas thousands of pages of data reports and analysis on the VES study were prepared and extensive data from the pre-design f o r the management of migration and source control was evaluated and incorporated int o the VES analysis The t o t a l cost f o r the VES p i l o t study now exceeds sect900000 approximately three times what the PRP Group o r i g i n a l l y projected when we began t h i s process

I n short we have done everything asked of us to reach the necessary decision point for VES We believe that we have gone the extra mile on a l l fronts to respond to a l l answerable questions regarding the efficacy of t h i s technology at the s i t e and that the substantial body of technical data now available more than adequately demonstrates the effectiveness and d e s i r a b i l i t y of vapor extraction f o r source c o n t r o l

We a l l recognize EPAs c r i t i c a l function i n evaluating a l t e r n a t i v e technologies and i n proceeding cautiously when changing a remedy component at a Superfund s i t e While we acknowledge and respect EPAs r o l e there has to be a point where the analysis the re-analysis and the paper production can safely come to an end We t r u s t t h a t we are now at that point and can expect your favorable decision shortly a f t e r the February 2 meeting

Very t r u l y yours

David P Rosenblatt

DPRld Enclosures cc Union Chemical Site Executive Committee

Mr Randy C Smith Mr John Gilbert Mr Chris Rushton Maine DEP

VAPOR EXTRACTION SYSTEM SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION

UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE

SOUTH HOPE MAINE

Prepared for

US Environmental Protection Agency

Prepared on behalf of

Union Chemical Site PRP Group

Prepared by

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC 5 Industrial Way

Salem New Hampshire 03079

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T3LS9012

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

VAPOR EXTRACTION SYSTEM SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION

UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE

SOUTH HOPE MAINE

10 INTRODUCTION

The Record of Decision issued by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

for the Union Chemical Company (UCC) Superfund site specified remedial action

to remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from site soils According to the

ROD risks associated with potential exposures to site soil were within the

acceptable range however source control remedial action was required to remove

VOCs from source area soils Without remediation VOCs may continue to migrate

into site ground water and result in ground water quality above performance

standards established for the site The use of vapor extraction (VE) to remove

VOCs from soils was proposed for the source control remedy at the UCC site by

Balsam Environmental Consultants Inc (Balsam) on behalf of the Union

Chemical Site PRP Group (Group) This proposal was initially based upon review

and analysis of site characterization data presented in the remedial investigation

and feasibility study (RIFS) reports prepared by Canonie Environmental Services

and available data regarding the application of VE to soil remediation at other

Superfund and industrial sites In late 1991 and early 1992 a VE pilot study was

performed at the UCC site to obtain site-specific data regarding the ability of VE

to extract VOCs from site soil The field pilot study was augmented by bench-scale

VE studies performed in conjunction with the pilot study and the Management of

Migration (MOM) and Source Control (SC) pre-design (PD) investigations which

were performed in the summer and fall of 1992

The results of the VE pilot study were presented in a report prepared by Balsam

entitled Vapor Extraction Treatability Study Union Chemical Company Site

South Hope Maine dated April 3 1992 A Focused Feasibility Study (FFS)

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 1

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

comparing the use of VE and low temperature soil aeration (LTSA) was performed

and the results summarized in a report entitled Focused Feasibility Study Union

Chemical Site South Hope Maine dated April 3 1992 In a meeting on

June 2 1992 EPAs technical specialist on VE indicated concurrence with the

ability to achieve the necessary air flow through site soils to meet VOC source

control performance standards based upon the site characteristics observed during

the pilot and associated bench-scale studies and interpretation of the results

presented in the treatability study and FFS reports

Subsequently Balsam completed MOMPD and SCPD investigations at the site on

behalf of the Trust These investigations provided additional data regarding site

conditions that were pertinent to the application of VE to source remediation The

purpose of this document is to briefly review the findings of the VE treatability

studies in the context of more recent data from the PD investigations

January 12 1993 2Balsam Project 6437T31S9012

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

20 CONCEPTUAL S I T E MODEL

As described in the RI report and confirmed by the findings of the VE treatability

study and MOMPD and SCPD investigations the stratigraphy at the UCC site

consists mainly of three stratigraphic sequences fill t i l l and bedrock The

stratigraphy in the UCC site source area typically consists of fill overlying native

glacial t i l l which in turn overlies a schist and gneiss bedrock The fill and the

underlying native soil appear to be similar in character although the t i l l generally

tends to be denser and somewhat finer-grained than the overlying fill A

comparison of grain size percentages evaluated from sieve analyses for the fill and

t i l l is presented on Table 1 The fill consists predominately of loose to very dense

silty sands and sands with small but varying amounts of fine gravel and clay

Organic debris is present in the fill occurring mostly as partially decomposed wood

debris or wood ashes with occasional thin layers of peat and organic silt Organic

silt peat and topsoil are present in several locations at the top of the t i l l unit

The t i l l occurs as a wedge shaped deposit with the thickness varying from 80 feet

toward Quiggle Brook to less than 25 feet at the western portion of the site

Although the RI indicated the possible presence of gradational changes in the

stratigraphy data obtained from continuous soil sampling performed during the

VE Treatability Study and MOMPD investigation indicated that there is little

change in stratigraphy horizontally or vertically and that heterogeneity is

generally limited to localized variations in the silt and sand percentages These

variations were typically encountered as minor lenses and seams generally several

inches thick containing a slightly higher fraction sand and appeared to be

localized in extent Stratigraphically these reiampvvely minor variations in grain

size and localized lenses indicate the absence of significant preferential conduits

comprised of significantly coarser and therefore substantially more permeable

material Data obtained from the soil boring programs conducted during the

MOMPD VE and RI studies also do not indicate the presence of extensive

continuous lenses of clay that could behave as significant barriers to fluid flow

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 3

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

Hydrologic data collected during the hydraulic testing during the MOMPD study

suggest that some sandier lenses may extend for limited distances in a north-south

orientation as local stratigraphic horizons However these potential lenses were

thought to be located to the east of the soil source area and their existence is not

confirmed by the specific stratigraphic borehole data available

Permeability of site soils to air flow was estimated based upon the results of both

pilot- and bench-scale testing performed during the VE treatability and the bench-

scale testing performed during the MOMPD studies Pilot-scale tests were

performed at four different locations in the source area at the UCC site which

were selected on the basis of stratigraphic data reported in the RI as

representative of the range of soil conditions in that area Five samples were

collected for bench-scale air permeability testing which included both saturated

and unsaturated samples from the four VE pilot test areas Three additional soil

samples were collected for bench-scale VE testing during the MOMPD

investigation from a location east of the source area adjacent to Quiggle Brook

The locations of the pilot test areas and the downgradient bench-scale sampling

locations are shown on Figure 1

Air permeability results measured during the VE treatability study

supplementary bench-scale VE tests and the MOM study are presented in Table 2

The results are grouped by VES Treatability Study test areas and Test Area 3

from the MOM Pre-Design Study Similar air permeability values were measured

during the MOMPD and VE studies with horizontal permeabilities measured in

the field typically in the 10 x 108 to 53 x 108 cm2 range Air permeability values

were also found to increase during the testing of samples obtained from both the

saturated and unsaturated soil zones This apparent increase in air permeability

over time is consistent with the expected removal of moisture from the soil pore

space during vapor extraction which reduces resistance to air flow through the

soil These results indicate that saturated soils can be effectively remediated at

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 4

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

the site using in situ vapor extraction after lowering the ground water in the

vicinity of saturated soils requiring treatment

Hydraulic conductivity values estimated based on results of slug tests performed

in the overburden unit during the RI and MOMPD studies are consistent These

values range over approximately two orders of magnitude between 4 x 103

centimeter per second (cmsec) to 1 x IO5 cmsec with the majority of the values in

the 104 cmsec to 105 cmsec range Hydraulic conductivity values estimated from

the analyses of pump tests performed in the saturated overburden during the

MOMPD investigation range from 1 x 104 cmsec to 6 x 106 cmsec with the

majority of the values similarly in the 104 cmsec to 105 cmsec range These

volumes are consistent with the permeabilities observed from the MOMPD pump

tests (ie 15 x 104 cmsec x 90 x 106 cmsec)

The observed consistency between the geologic and permeability data obtained

during the RI VE Treatability Study and the MOMPD and SCPD studies is

consistent with the premises underlying the conceptual model of the site conditions

and indicates that VE will be an effective source control technology for the UCC

site

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 5

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

30 CONTAMINANT DISTRIBUTION

During the SCPD investigation shallow unsaturated soil samples were collected at

depths from 2 to 4 feet below ground surface at twenty-two sampling locations

within and surrounding the extent of the source area soils as indicated by the RI

investigation Consistent with the findings of the RI the lateral extent of the

source area is estimated based upon the newer data to be within eastern portion of

the former operations area at the site (see Figure 2) with the exception that

tetrachloroethene (PCE) was reported at a concentration exceeding the soil cleanup

standard in one shallow soil sample obtained from a boring located to the east of

the former interceptor trench The reported presence of PCE in the soil at this

location is anomalous because PCE was not detected in the shallow unsaturated

and saturated soil samples obtained immediately to the west of the former

interceptor trench and because PCE was not detected in ground water samples

obtained from monitoring wells located downgradient from this area during the

MOMPD and initial Surface Water and Ground Water Monitoring Program

sampling event

With the exception of the southern end of the former leachfield located at the

eastern edge of the former operations area the vertical extent of soils requiring

source control remediation appears to be limited to primarily soils above the water

table Ten of the twenty-two shallow borings were advanced to 2 to 4 feet below

the ground water table to evaluate the vertical extent of the significantly impacted

soils (see Figure 3) At four of these sampling locations VOCs were not detected

at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup levels in either the shallow

unsaturated soil samples or the shallow saturated soil samples In four of the five

locations where VOCs were detected at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup

standards in the unsaturated soil the concentrations of VOCs in the shallow

saturated soil were less than the soil cleanup standards indicating that the

vertical extent of soil requiring remediation is primarily limited to the unsaturated

soils Only in a boring located at the southern end of the former leachfield and

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 6

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

boring located immediately to the southeast of the leachfield were VOCs detected

in the shallow saturated soil at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standard

VOCs were not detected in the shallow unsaturated soil sample obtained from the

boring located immediately to the southeast of the former leachfield indicating

that the contaminants detected in the shallow saturated soil sample were likely

transported with the ground water to this location

As shown on Figure 4 seven borings were advanced to obtain soil samples at 8 to

10 feet below the ground water including the two borings where VOCs were

detected at concentrations exceeding the cleanup levels in the shallow saturated

soil samples As indicated on Figure 4 VOCs were detected in 3 of the 7 deeper

saturated samples at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standards

however based on the shallower soil samples obtained at 2 of the 3 locations i t

appears that the VOCs detected in these deeper soil samples are associated with

contaminants migrating with the ground water Only samples obtained from the

boring located at the southern end of the former leachfield contained VOCs at

concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standards in soil samples obtained above

and below the ground water table Based upon the results of the pump tests

performed at the site i t is anticipated that a series of closely-spaced ground water

extraction wells can adequately lower the water table to allow soil vapor extraction

wells to effectively treat currently saturated soils in the vicinity of the former

leachfield

As required by EPA and the Maine Department of Environmental Protection

(DEP) selected soil samples obtained from the unsaturated zone during the SCPD

were analyzed for NN-dimethylformamide (DMF) The results of these DMF

analyses were previously transmitted to EPA and DEP and showed that DMF was

not present in these unsaturated soil samples at concentrations greater than the

method detection limits These results are consistent with data obtained during

VE treatability study which indicated the presence of DMF in only 3 of 29

samples analyzed and at concentrations slightly above or at the detection limit

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 7

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

40 CLEANUP TIME ESTIMATES

As discussed in Section 70 of the VE Treatability Study Report the results of

bench-scale testing performed during the study were used to evaluate the number

of air pore volume exchanges required to reduce VOC concentrations to levels

below the source control performance standards for the target constituents These

results were consistent with VE performance at other sites and indicated that

exchange of 3000 to 4000 pore volumes of soil gas would be necessary to achieve

the source control performance standards in most of the source area Data for a

sample collected from one area of the site (Area C in at the southern end of the

former leach field east of the still building) suggested that up to 120000 pore

volume exchanges would be required to attain the performance standards because

of elevated VOC concentrations in the soil in that area I t should be noted that

the air flow rates in this sample were accelerated because of the time constraints

placed upon completion of the VE Treatability Study Because of equilibrium

dynamics i t is likely that the increased air flow rates decreased the efficiency of

VOC transfer from the soil to the air resulting in an increased number of required

pore volume exchanges to attain the performance standards Accordingly i t is

possible that the number of required pore volume exchanges estimated for this

area of the site was overestimated

The results of the field pilot-scale testing at the site were generally consistent with

the bench-scale data and indicated that exchange of 4000 to 6000 pore volumes

will be required to attain the performance standards in most of the source area

The pilot-scale test data indicated removal of relatively large masses

(approximately 100 pounds) of target VOCs from each of the highly impacted test

areas during the relatively limited test period (less than 90 days) The expected

pattern of greater VOC removal from the outer margins of the test area than in

the inner portions was observed in both soil vapor and soil analytical data As

expected conclusive demonstration of the ability to achieve performance standards

in the field was constrained by winter conditions (initial equipment malfunction)

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 8

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

the limited time period available for completion of the test the limitations of a

pilot-scale test performed in a contaminated area primarily leakage of air flow at

the margins of the cap and transport of VOCs from soil volumes outside the test

area and constraints of the Contract Laboratory Program analytical methods that

were required particularly with respect to constituent concentration reporting

limits

As reported in the VE Treatability Study Report based upon the air flow rates

attained in the field (see Appendix K of the VE Treatability Study Report) it was

estimated that sufficient pore volume exchanges to attain source control

performance standards could be achieved in unsaturated soils in most of the

source control area within approximately 1 year of operation Attainment of the

performance standards in the balance of the unsaturated soil source area would be

achieved within approximately 23 years of operation Data obtained during the

MOMPD and SCPD studies are consistent with data obtained during the RI and

VE treatability study and do not indicate that revision of these cleanup time

estimates of 1 to 23 years of operation is warranted

Data from the SCPD study indicated that saturated soil in the vicinity of the

southern end of the leach field contained VOC concentrations above the soil

performance standards Treatment of this soil by VE will require dewatering to

facilitate air transfer through the soils It is estimated that the dewatering and

drying of the soil could require 6 months Because this area is in the portion of

the site where the higher end of the soil cleanup time range was estimated it is

possible that cleanup of this localized area of saturated soil will require 28 years

of operation to complete

The cleanup time estimates were based upon operations after system startup In

evaluating actual cleanup at least 4 weeks per year of VE system down time could

be expected particularly as a result of wintertime conditions Accordingly cleanup

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 9

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

time estimates for the site are expected to range from approximately 12 to

31 years the 6 weeks estimated for completion of construction in the FFS report

It should also be noted that as discussed in the VE Treatability Study Report the

exponential decline in VOC levels in discharged soil gas observed during the pilot-

and bench-scale studies indicate that significant reduction in the VOC mass in

source soils will be achieved within the first 6 months of VE system operation

The data obtained during the treatability study were used to address several

important design considerations discussed in Section 80 of the VE Treatability

Study These considerations indicated the ability to design the VE system to

maximize its operational effectiveness and its flexibility in adjusting to variable

operating conditions For example the design will include vertical extraction wells

in areas of greater depths to ground water and horizontal extraction wells in areas

of shallower depths to ground water or where higher pore volume exchange rates

are required The design will also include an interactive monitoring program

during operations that will allow frequent adjustment of the operational

configuration to include increased air flow rates and use of induction wells as

warranted to address localized heterogeneities in soil characteristics and VOC

concentrations Application of these design considerations will facilitate

attainment of the source control performance standards within the estimated

cleanup times

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 10

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

50 SUMMARY

In summary the findings of the RI the VE pilot-scale and bench-scale studies and

the MOM PD and SCPD investigations are consistent with the conceptual site

model The site stratigraphy in the source area consists of fill overlying t i l l which

overlies bedrock Source area soils (ie soils containing VOCs at concentrations

greater than soil cleanup standards) are located within the eastern portion of the

former site operations area The vertical extent of source area soils that exceed

the soil cleanup standards is primarily limited to soils lying above the ground

water table with the exception of soils in a localized area at the southern end of

the former leachfield DMF is not present at significant concentrations in the

unsaturated soil The characteristics of the fill and t i l l are similar and large-scale

heterogeneities are not present within the soil Air permeabilities of the fill and

t i l l are such that vapor extraction can be used to effectively remove VOCs from the

soil Permeabilities of the overburden are such that a dewatering system can be

designed to lower the ground water table at the southern end of the former

leachfield so that currently saturated soils in this area can be effectively treated

using vapor extraction

The effectiveness of VE was demonstrated during the pilot-scale study with

approximately 100 pounds of target VOCs recovered from the two more highly

impacted test areas in less than 90 days of vapor recovery The objective of the

source area remediation is to control the migration of contaminants from the

source area soils to the ground water Although vapor extraction may take

slightly longer to achieve the soil cleanup standards when compared to LTSA

control over the migration of VOCs to the ground water can be achieved earlier in

the remedial program Capping the site will limit the vertical migration of

contaminants to the ground water and vapor extraction is expected to

substantially reduce the mass of the contaminants from the soil within 90 to 180

days after the start of pumping The VE system can also be designed installed

and operating more quickly than the LTSA system because of the extensive bench-

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 11

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

and pilot-scale data available for the site experience gained in using VE at other

sites and the availability of VE system components A list of sites where VE has

been or currently is in use was recently published in a May 1992 document

entitled An Evaluation of Vapor Extraction of Vadose Zone Contamination

published by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Martin Marietta Energy

Systems Inc for the US Department of Energy The document presents

information on 13 sites with varying types and concentrations of VOCs and soil

conditions and concludes that in situ vapor extraction is very effective in removing

organic contaminants from the pore space of the soil matrix According to The

Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program Technology Profiles

(EPA5405-90006) VES now comprises 18 percent of the selected remedies at

Superfund sites and the number continues to grow

To briefly summarize in addition to gaining control over the migration of VOCs

from the source area soils to the ground water more quickly VE also offers the

advantages of (1) better short-term protection of public health because there is no

uncontrolled release of VOCs and dust to the ambient air (2) less operational

noise than the noise associated with LTSA operations (3) less disturbance to the

environment at the site and to the surrounding community especially in terms of

site clearing and (4) a high degree of operational flexibility to expand the system

to treat a larger volume of soil to extend the treatment time to achieve better

removal and to focus the remediation on the most impacted soils Based upon the

currently available data the comparison of VE and LTSA discussed in Section 50

remains unchanged Comparison of these two source control alternatives indicated

that VE would be more protective of human health and the environment during

implementation and that the two alternatives would be equally effective and

protective in the long term

January 12 1993 12 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012

TABLE 1

SUMMARY OF GEOTECHNICAL DATA V E TOEATABLHJTY STUDY MANAGEMENT OF MIGRATION PRE-DESIGN

UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SITE SOUTH HOPE MAINE

flBoring ID

Stratishygraphy

Sample I D

Depth From

Depth To

Gravel Total Sand

Coarse Sand

Medium Sand

Fine Sand

Coarse Fraction

Silt Clay Fine Fraction 9

SB-2-04 FU1 S-7 130 148 312 301 45 55 201 613 301 86 387

jsB-4-lS BSB-4-4S

Fill Fill

ST-1 S-5

60 120

75 140

63 44

575 474

70 45

115 105

390 324

638 518

310 386

51 96

361 482

IsB-A-10 Fill UCC-SB-A-101-03 40 60 110 506 218 237 545 616 267 116 383

SB-B-30 Fill UCC-SB-B-030A-01 00 20 219 361 97 294 609 580 286 133 419

SB-C-01 FU1 UCC-SB-C-010-06 100 120 292 321 140 234 626 613 274 112 386

SB-3-4L Topsoil ST-1 80 100 42 422 55 100 267 464 386 150 536

SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1lt

bull03 bull03 bull03 -03 bullID ID ID 1M1 bullIS

Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till

S-8 S-12 S-13 S-15

S-13A S-17 S-25 ST-1 ST-1

320 400 420 460 225 305 460 300 50

340 420 440 480 240 325 470 320 70

00 00 00 175 44 39 29 51 I 4

707 328 284 331 595 409 290 466 392

00 00 00 40 25 50 35 45 I 0

97 63 59 75 30 90 70 90 55

610 265 225 216 540 269 185 331 327

707 328 284 506 639 448 319 517 406

177 466 402 293 267 347 466 343 594

115 205 313 200 93

204 214 140 00

292 671 715 493 360 551 680 483 594

SB-2-04 Till ST-1 200 220 55 370 45 80 245 425 377 197 574

SB-2-04 Till S-10 220 240 161 450 105 115 230 611 284 104 38

SB-2-04 Till S-14 300 320 I I 5 424 60 95 269 539 265 195 460

SB-2-04 Till ST-2 400 420 17 407 55 85 267 424 386 189 575

SB-2-04 Till S-20 440 460 130 558 100 140 318 688 219 93 312

SB-2-2D Till ST-1 140 160 36 608 65 160 383 644 318 38 356

SB-2-3S Till S-5 110 130 42 362 30 80 252 404 473 122 595

SB-3-07 Till S-12 400 420 00 351 00 111 240 351 421 227 648

SB-3-07 Till S-15 460 478 26 443 50 120 273 469 371 159 530

SB-3-07 Till S-16 480 500 00 316 00 86 230 316 436 247 683

SB-3-1D Till S-32 620 640 51 322 60 75 187 373 368 258 626

SB-3-1L Till ST-1 460 475 20 367 50 85 232 387 375 237 612

SB-3-1S SB-3-2M SB-3-3M SB-3-3S SB-3-4S SB-3-4S

Till Till Till Till Till Till

S-4 S-5 S-7

ST-1 UT-1 S-8

150 200 265 35 05 160

170 218 285 55 15 170

25 50 98 26 34 164

373 420 405 504 745 478

30 30 40 40 45

I I 5

90 100 115 80 275 105

253 290 250 384 425 258

398 470 503 530 779 642

432 378 338 388 175 296

169 151 158 81 46 62

601 529 496 469 221 358

SB-4-07 Till S- l l 205 225 97 366 46 85 236 463 377 159 536

SB-4-07 Till S-17 310 318 16 850 110 430 310 866 134 00 134

SB-4-1S Till S-3 130 150 74 393 50 95 248 467 379 153 532

SB-4-2D Till S-8 140 160 22 413 45 90 278 435 384 180 564

SB-4-3S Till S-7 120 140 28 372 45 85 242 400 407 192 599

Average Fill jAverage Till

173 51

423 441

103 44

173 107

449 290

596 492

304 354

99 153

403 507

Revision 0 122292 Pagel Balaam Project 6530T2MOMVE 1 XLS

Table 2

Intrinsic A i r Permeability Values VES Treatability Study

Union Chemical Company South Hope Maine

Date of Teat Start

Slraligraphy Sa tura tedUnsta lura tod Trait Type Tost Identification

Test Area

Sample Depth Calculated Permeability (sq cm) Kr Kc

2-Ocl-91 13-Nov-91 4-Nov-9l

Fill Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test IWA-03 UCC-SB-A-100-05

EW-A-01

A A A

4 to 19 85 to 96 26 to 76

240E-06 264E-07 764 E-09

2 60E-08 NA

216E-08

NA NA

903E-09 13Dec-91 Fill Unsaturated Mass Transfer EW-A-01 A 25 to 76 366E-07 879E-09

Geometric Mean 205E-07

3-Ocl-91 30-Ocl-9I

Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test EW-B-01 EW-B-01

B B

2 to 6 2 to 5

300E-08 209E-08

25-E-08 I02E-08

NA 247E-09

2l-Nov-9l Fill Unsaturated EW-B-01 B 2 to 5 167E07 343E-08 367E-09 14May-92 Till Sa tura ted Bench-Scale UCC-SB-B-500-01 B 58 to 83 262E-09 to 134E-08 NA NA

Geometric Mean 344E-08

3-Oct-91 5- Nov-91

25-Nov-91 7-Nov-91

Fill Fill Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test Bench-Scale

Field Test

IW-C-05 UCC-SB-C-OI0-030 UCC-SB-C-020-03

EW-C-01

C C C C

3 to 8 4 to 46 4 to 56

25 to 76

640E-08 113E-09 to532E-08 884 E-09 to8 81E-08

300E-07

530E-08 NA NA

300E-08

NA NA NA

300E-09 6- Nov9| Fill Unsaturated IW-C-05 C 3 to 8 305E-07 389E-08 108E-08

Geometric Mean 122E-07

29-Oct-9l Fill Unsaturated Field Test EW-n-01 D 3 5 to 85 822E-08 489E-09 992E-09 14 Mav-92 Natural Orpnnic Silt Saturated Bench Scale UCC-vSB-D 112-01 D 58 lo 88 920E-10to 150E-08 NA NA

21-Jul-92 Till Saturated Bench-Scale UCC-SB-3-05-1 0 to 87 503E-07 to 564E-07 NA NA 21-Jul 92 Fill Saturated UCC-SB-3-3SA-3 0 lo 15 527E-08 to 653E-07 NA NA 21-)ul-92 Till Saturated UCC-SB-3-2SA-1 10 to 124 683E-08 lo I20E-07 NA NA

NOTES 1 NA = not applicable 2 Kz rcfora In air |gterincabilily in vertical direction 3 Kr refers to air permeability in horizontal direction 4 Kc refers lo air permeability in a soil lo atmosphere conductance 5 ft-BGS = feet below ground surface

A1RPERMXLS

RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES

bull C L Z P Q CP

ACCESS GATE

FORMER INCINERATOR

CONCRETE SLAB

H CHAIN LINK FENCE

FORMER INCINERATOR STRUCTURES

APPROXIMATE VAPOR EXTRACTION

o PILOT TEST AREA LOCATION

APPROXIMATE LEACH FIELD AREA LOCATION o SOURCE APPROXIMATE TANK LOCATION FIGURE 2 OF REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION FEASIBILITY STUDY

40 80 160

APPROXIMATE SCALE (FEET)

c u m | UNION CHEMICAL I

ADMINISTRATIVE FUND BALSAM macca

OMMNUEXTM OMSULTHnitR B WDUSUUL VAX SMfU Ml 030TO VES PILOT STUDY

PILOT AND BENCH SCALE STUDY AREAS

UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE PJK DNW JMO JAG laquo APPROXIMATE VE SOIL SAMPLE PREPARED BY CANONIE ENVIRONMENTAL JUNE 1990 SB-3-3SA LOCATION FUWgt Q

r=80 010493 6437228 6437 T5

0

SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED 1 OONSTTTUENT CONCENTRATIONS bull lt

SOU SAMPLE COLLECTED AT BORING SB-D-03 AND SB-D-02 WAS SATURATED DUE TO SHALLOW WATER

UCC-SB-S-07-SI-1092

l t -DCE BDl82) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN TABLE AT 18 FEET BELOW GRADE SURFACE PARTS PER BILLION (PPB) -lt

11

11-DCE BDL56) TCE BDL58J PCE BDL(56) TXYL

IFEFMD

SB-S-05 ^ SOURCE CONTROL PREmdashDESIGN SOL BORING LOCATION

UCC-SB-S-OO-SJA-1092 SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS

11-DCE BOU5B) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN PARTS PER BULON (PPB)

Page 3: 9 O titer: BURNS 8c LEVINSONDUANE G. SULUVAN SEAN F. O'CONNO R ANDREW P BOTTI WILUAM J . OELLEA WILLIAM H. OtAOAMO HOLLY A. DITCH FIELD MAUREEN S. KELLEY KENDALL J …

VAPOR EXTRACTION SYSTEM SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION

UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE

SOUTH HOPE MAINE

Prepared for

US Environmental Protection Agency

Prepared on behalf of

Union Chemical Site PRP Group

Prepared by

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC 5 Industrial Way

Salem New Hampshire 03079

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T3LS9012

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

VAPOR EXTRACTION SYSTEM SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION

UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE

SOUTH HOPE MAINE

10 INTRODUCTION

The Record of Decision issued by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

for the Union Chemical Company (UCC) Superfund site specified remedial action

to remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from site soils According to the

ROD risks associated with potential exposures to site soil were within the

acceptable range however source control remedial action was required to remove

VOCs from source area soils Without remediation VOCs may continue to migrate

into site ground water and result in ground water quality above performance

standards established for the site The use of vapor extraction (VE) to remove

VOCs from soils was proposed for the source control remedy at the UCC site by

Balsam Environmental Consultants Inc (Balsam) on behalf of the Union

Chemical Site PRP Group (Group) This proposal was initially based upon review

and analysis of site characterization data presented in the remedial investigation

and feasibility study (RIFS) reports prepared by Canonie Environmental Services

and available data regarding the application of VE to soil remediation at other

Superfund and industrial sites In late 1991 and early 1992 a VE pilot study was

performed at the UCC site to obtain site-specific data regarding the ability of VE

to extract VOCs from site soil The field pilot study was augmented by bench-scale

VE studies performed in conjunction with the pilot study and the Management of

Migration (MOM) and Source Control (SC) pre-design (PD) investigations which

were performed in the summer and fall of 1992

The results of the VE pilot study were presented in a report prepared by Balsam

entitled Vapor Extraction Treatability Study Union Chemical Company Site

South Hope Maine dated April 3 1992 A Focused Feasibility Study (FFS)

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 1

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

comparing the use of VE and low temperature soil aeration (LTSA) was performed

and the results summarized in a report entitled Focused Feasibility Study Union

Chemical Site South Hope Maine dated April 3 1992 In a meeting on

June 2 1992 EPAs technical specialist on VE indicated concurrence with the

ability to achieve the necessary air flow through site soils to meet VOC source

control performance standards based upon the site characteristics observed during

the pilot and associated bench-scale studies and interpretation of the results

presented in the treatability study and FFS reports

Subsequently Balsam completed MOMPD and SCPD investigations at the site on

behalf of the Trust These investigations provided additional data regarding site

conditions that were pertinent to the application of VE to source remediation The

purpose of this document is to briefly review the findings of the VE treatability

studies in the context of more recent data from the PD investigations

January 12 1993 2Balsam Project 6437T31S9012

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

20 CONCEPTUAL S I T E MODEL

As described in the RI report and confirmed by the findings of the VE treatability

study and MOMPD and SCPD investigations the stratigraphy at the UCC site

consists mainly of three stratigraphic sequences fill t i l l and bedrock The

stratigraphy in the UCC site source area typically consists of fill overlying native

glacial t i l l which in turn overlies a schist and gneiss bedrock The fill and the

underlying native soil appear to be similar in character although the t i l l generally

tends to be denser and somewhat finer-grained than the overlying fill A

comparison of grain size percentages evaluated from sieve analyses for the fill and

t i l l is presented on Table 1 The fill consists predominately of loose to very dense

silty sands and sands with small but varying amounts of fine gravel and clay

Organic debris is present in the fill occurring mostly as partially decomposed wood

debris or wood ashes with occasional thin layers of peat and organic silt Organic

silt peat and topsoil are present in several locations at the top of the t i l l unit

The t i l l occurs as a wedge shaped deposit with the thickness varying from 80 feet

toward Quiggle Brook to less than 25 feet at the western portion of the site

Although the RI indicated the possible presence of gradational changes in the

stratigraphy data obtained from continuous soil sampling performed during the

VE Treatability Study and MOMPD investigation indicated that there is little

change in stratigraphy horizontally or vertically and that heterogeneity is

generally limited to localized variations in the silt and sand percentages These

variations were typically encountered as minor lenses and seams generally several

inches thick containing a slightly higher fraction sand and appeared to be

localized in extent Stratigraphically these reiampvvely minor variations in grain

size and localized lenses indicate the absence of significant preferential conduits

comprised of significantly coarser and therefore substantially more permeable

material Data obtained from the soil boring programs conducted during the

MOMPD VE and RI studies also do not indicate the presence of extensive

continuous lenses of clay that could behave as significant barriers to fluid flow

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 3

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

Hydrologic data collected during the hydraulic testing during the MOMPD study

suggest that some sandier lenses may extend for limited distances in a north-south

orientation as local stratigraphic horizons However these potential lenses were

thought to be located to the east of the soil source area and their existence is not

confirmed by the specific stratigraphic borehole data available

Permeability of site soils to air flow was estimated based upon the results of both

pilot- and bench-scale testing performed during the VE treatability and the bench-

scale testing performed during the MOMPD studies Pilot-scale tests were

performed at four different locations in the source area at the UCC site which

were selected on the basis of stratigraphic data reported in the RI as

representative of the range of soil conditions in that area Five samples were

collected for bench-scale air permeability testing which included both saturated

and unsaturated samples from the four VE pilot test areas Three additional soil

samples were collected for bench-scale VE testing during the MOMPD

investigation from a location east of the source area adjacent to Quiggle Brook

The locations of the pilot test areas and the downgradient bench-scale sampling

locations are shown on Figure 1

Air permeability results measured during the VE treatability study

supplementary bench-scale VE tests and the MOM study are presented in Table 2

The results are grouped by VES Treatability Study test areas and Test Area 3

from the MOM Pre-Design Study Similar air permeability values were measured

during the MOMPD and VE studies with horizontal permeabilities measured in

the field typically in the 10 x 108 to 53 x 108 cm2 range Air permeability values

were also found to increase during the testing of samples obtained from both the

saturated and unsaturated soil zones This apparent increase in air permeability

over time is consistent with the expected removal of moisture from the soil pore

space during vapor extraction which reduces resistance to air flow through the

soil These results indicate that saturated soils can be effectively remediated at

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 4

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

the site using in situ vapor extraction after lowering the ground water in the

vicinity of saturated soils requiring treatment

Hydraulic conductivity values estimated based on results of slug tests performed

in the overburden unit during the RI and MOMPD studies are consistent These

values range over approximately two orders of magnitude between 4 x 103

centimeter per second (cmsec) to 1 x IO5 cmsec with the majority of the values in

the 104 cmsec to 105 cmsec range Hydraulic conductivity values estimated from

the analyses of pump tests performed in the saturated overburden during the

MOMPD investigation range from 1 x 104 cmsec to 6 x 106 cmsec with the

majority of the values similarly in the 104 cmsec to 105 cmsec range These

volumes are consistent with the permeabilities observed from the MOMPD pump

tests (ie 15 x 104 cmsec x 90 x 106 cmsec)

The observed consistency between the geologic and permeability data obtained

during the RI VE Treatability Study and the MOMPD and SCPD studies is

consistent with the premises underlying the conceptual model of the site conditions

and indicates that VE will be an effective source control technology for the UCC

site

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 5

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

30 CONTAMINANT DISTRIBUTION

During the SCPD investigation shallow unsaturated soil samples were collected at

depths from 2 to 4 feet below ground surface at twenty-two sampling locations

within and surrounding the extent of the source area soils as indicated by the RI

investigation Consistent with the findings of the RI the lateral extent of the

source area is estimated based upon the newer data to be within eastern portion of

the former operations area at the site (see Figure 2) with the exception that

tetrachloroethene (PCE) was reported at a concentration exceeding the soil cleanup

standard in one shallow soil sample obtained from a boring located to the east of

the former interceptor trench The reported presence of PCE in the soil at this

location is anomalous because PCE was not detected in the shallow unsaturated

and saturated soil samples obtained immediately to the west of the former

interceptor trench and because PCE was not detected in ground water samples

obtained from monitoring wells located downgradient from this area during the

MOMPD and initial Surface Water and Ground Water Monitoring Program

sampling event

With the exception of the southern end of the former leachfield located at the

eastern edge of the former operations area the vertical extent of soils requiring

source control remediation appears to be limited to primarily soils above the water

table Ten of the twenty-two shallow borings were advanced to 2 to 4 feet below

the ground water table to evaluate the vertical extent of the significantly impacted

soils (see Figure 3) At four of these sampling locations VOCs were not detected

at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup levels in either the shallow

unsaturated soil samples or the shallow saturated soil samples In four of the five

locations where VOCs were detected at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup

standards in the unsaturated soil the concentrations of VOCs in the shallow

saturated soil were less than the soil cleanup standards indicating that the

vertical extent of soil requiring remediation is primarily limited to the unsaturated

soils Only in a boring located at the southern end of the former leachfield and

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 6

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

boring located immediately to the southeast of the leachfield were VOCs detected

in the shallow saturated soil at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standard

VOCs were not detected in the shallow unsaturated soil sample obtained from the

boring located immediately to the southeast of the former leachfield indicating

that the contaminants detected in the shallow saturated soil sample were likely

transported with the ground water to this location

As shown on Figure 4 seven borings were advanced to obtain soil samples at 8 to

10 feet below the ground water including the two borings where VOCs were

detected at concentrations exceeding the cleanup levels in the shallow saturated

soil samples As indicated on Figure 4 VOCs were detected in 3 of the 7 deeper

saturated samples at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standards

however based on the shallower soil samples obtained at 2 of the 3 locations i t

appears that the VOCs detected in these deeper soil samples are associated with

contaminants migrating with the ground water Only samples obtained from the

boring located at the southern end of the former leachfield contained VOCs at

concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standards in soil samples obtained above

and below the ground water table Based upon the results of the pump tests

performed at the site i t is anticipated that a series of closely-spaced ground water

extraction wells can adequately lower the water table to allow soil vapor extraction

wells to effectively treat currently saturated soils in the vicinity of the former

leachfield

As required by EPA and the Maine Department of Environmental Protection

(DEP) selected soil samples obtained from the unsaturated zone during the SCPD

were analyzed for NN-dimethylformamide (DMF) The results of these DMF

analyses were previously transmitted to EPA and DEP and showed that DMF was

not present in these unsaturated soil samples at concentrations greater than the

method detection limits These results are consistent with data obtained during

VE treatability study which indicated the presence of DMF in only 3 of 29

samples analyzed and at concentrations slightly above or at the detection limit

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 7

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

40 CLEANUP TIME ESTIMATES

As discussed in Section 70 of the VE Treatability Study Report the results of

bench-scale testing performed during the study were used to evaluate the number

of air pore volume exchanges required to reduce VOC concentrations to levels

below the source control performance standards for the target constituents These

results were consistent with VE performance at other sites and indicated that

exchange of 3000 to 4000 pore volumes of soil gas would be necessary to achieve

the source control performance standards in most of the source area Data for a

sample collected from one area of the site (Area C in at the southern end of the

former leach field east of the still building) suggested that up to 120000 pore

volume exchanges would be required to attain the performance standards because

of elevated VOC concentrations in the soil in that area I t should be noted that

the air flow rates in this sample were accelerated because of the time constraints

placed upon completion of the VE Treatability Study Because of equilibrium

dynamics i t is likely that the increased air flow rates decreased the efficiency of

VOC transfer from the soil to the air resulting in an increased number of required

pore volume exchanges to attain the performance standards Accordingly i t is

possible that the number of required pore volume exchanges estimated for this

area of the site was overestimated

The results of the field pilot-scale testing at the site were generally consistent with

the bench-scale data and indicated that exchange of 4000 to 6000 pore volumes

will be required to attain the performance standards in most of the source area

The pilot-scale test data indicated removal of relatively large masses

(approximately 100 pounds) of target VOCs from each of the highly impacted test

areas during the relatively limited test period (less than 90 days) The expected

pattern of greater VOC removal from the outer margins of the test area than in

the inner portions was observed in both soil vapor and soil analytical data As

expected conclusive demonstration of the ability to achieve performance standards

in the field was constrained by winter conditions (initial equipment malfunction)

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 8

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

the limited time period available for completion of the test the limitations of a

pilot-scale test performed in a contaminated area primarily leakage of air flow at

the margins of the cap and transport of VOCs from soil volumes outside the test

area and constraints of the Contract Laboratory Program analytical methods that

were required particularly with respect to constituent concentration reporting

limits

As reported in the VE Treatability Study Report based upon the air flow rates

attained in the field (see Appendix K of the VE Treatability Study Report) it was

estimated that sufficient pore volume exchanges to attain source control

performance standards could be achieved in unsaturated soils in most of the

source control area within approximately 1 year of operation Attainment of the

performance standards in the balance of the unsaturated soil source area would be

achieved within approximately 23 years of operation Data obtained during the

MOMPD and SCPD studies are consistent with data obtained during the RI and

VE treatability study and do not indicate that revision of these cleanup time

estimates of 1 to 23 years of operation is warranted

Data from the SCPD study indicated that saturated soil in the vicinity of the

southern end of the leach field contained VOC concentrations above the soil

performance standards Treatment of this soil by VE will require dewatering to

facilitate air transfer through the soils It is estimated that the dewatering and

drying of the soil could require 6 months Because this area is in the portion of

the site where the higher end of the soil cleanup time range was estimated it is

possible that cleanup of this localized area of saturated soil will require 28 years

of operation to complete

The cleanup time estimates were based upon operations after system startup In

evaluating actual cleanup at least 4 weeks per year of VE system down time could

be expected particularly as a result of wintertime conditions Accordingly cleanup

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 9

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

time estimates for the site are expected to range from approximately 12 to

31 years the 6 weeks estimated for completion of construction in the FFS report

It should also be noted that as discussed in the VE Treatability Study Report the

exponential decline in VOC levels in discharged soil gas observed during the pilot-

and bench-scale studies indicate that significant reduction in the VOC mass in

source soils will be achieved within the first 6 months of VE system operation

The data obtained during the treatability study were used to address several

important design considerations discussed in Section 80 of the VE Treatability

Study These considerations indicated the ability to design the VE system to

maximize its operational effectiveness and its flexibility in adjusting to variable

operating conditions For example the design will include vertical extraction wells

in areas of greater depths to ground water and horizontal extraction wells in areas

of shallower depths to ground water or where higher pore volume exchange rates

are required The design will also include an interactive monitoring program

during operations that will allow frequent adjustment of the operational

configuration to include increased air flow rates and use of induction wells as

warranted to address localized heterogeneities in soil characteristics and VOC

concentrations Application of these design considerations will facilitate

attainment of the source control performance standards within the estimated

cleanup times

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 10

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

50 SUMMARY

In summary the findings of the RI the VE pilot-scale and bench-scale studies and

the MOM PD and SCPD investigations are consistent with the conceptual site

model The site stratigraphy in the source area consists of fill overlying t i l l which

overlies bedrock Source area soils (ie soils containing VOCs at concentrations

greater than soil cleanup standards) are located within the eastern portion of the

former site operations area The vertical extent of source area soils that exceed

the soil cleanup standards is primarily limited to soils lying above the ground

water table with the exception of soils in a localized area at the southern end of

the former leachfield DMF is not present at significant concentrations in the

unsaturated soil The characteristics of the fill and t i l l are similar and large-scale

heterogeneities are not present within the soil Air permeabilities of the fill and

t i l l are such that vapor extraction can be used to effectively remove VOCs from the

soil Permeabilities of the overburden are such that a dewatering system can be

designed to lower the ground water table at the southern end of the former

leachfield so that currently saturated soils in this area can be effectively treated

using vapor extraction

The effectiveness of VE was demonstrated during the pilot-scale study with

approximately 100 pounds of target VOCs recovered from the two more highly

impacted test areas in less than 90 days of vapor recovery The objective of the

source area remediation is to control the migration of contaminants from the

source area soils to the ground water Although vapor extraction may take

slightly longer to achieve the soil cleanup standards when compared to LTSA

control over the migration of VOCs to the ground water can be achieved earlier in

the remedial program Capping the site will limit the vertical migration of

contaminants to the ground water and vapor extraction is expected to

substantially reduce the mass of the contaminants from the soil within 90 to 180

days after the start of pumping The VE system can also be designed installed

and operating more quickly than the LTSA system because of the extensive bench-

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 11

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

and pilot-scale data available for the site experience gained in using VE at other

sites and the availability of VE system components A list of sites where VE has

been or currently is in use was recently published in a May 1992 document

entitled An Evaluation of Vapor Extraction of Vadose Zone Contamination

published by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Martin Marietta Energy

Systems Inc for the US Department of Energy The document presents

information on 13 sites with varying types and concentrations of VOCs and soil

conditions and concludes that in situ vapor extraction is very effective in removing

organic contaminants from the pore space of the soil matrix According to The

Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program Technology Profiles

(EPA5405-90006) VES now comprises 18 percent of the selected remedies at

Superfund sites and the number continues to grow

To briefly summarize in addition to gaining control over the migration of VOCs

from the source area soils to the ground water more quickly VE also offers the

advantages of (1) better short-term protection of public health because there is no

uncontrolled release of VOCs and dust to the ambient air (2) less operational

noise than the noise associated with LTSA operations (3) less disturbance to the

environment at the site and to the surrounding community especially in terms of

site clearing and (4) a high degree of operational flexibility to expand the system

to treat a larger volume of soil to extend the treatment time to achieve better

removal and to focus the remediation on the most impacted soils Based upon the

currently available data the comparison of VE and LTSA discussed in Section 50

remains unchanged Comparison of these two source control alternatives indicated

that VE would be more protective of human health and the environment during

implementation and that the two alternatives would be equally effective and

protective in the long term

January 12 1993 12 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012

TABLE 1

SUMMARY OF GEOTECHNICAL DATA V E TOEATABLHJTY STUDY MANAGEMENT OF MIGRATION PRE-DESIGN

UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SITE SOUTH HOPE MAINE

flBoring ID

Stratishygraphy

Sample I D

Depth From

Depth To

Gravel Total Sand

Coarse Sand

Medium Sand

Fine Sand

Coarse Fraction

Silt Clay Fine Fraction 9

SB-2-04 FU1 S-7 130 148 312 301 45 55 201 613 301 86 387

jsB-4-lS BSB-4-4S

Fill Fill

ST-1 S-5

60 120

75 140

63 44

575 474

70 45

115 105

390 324

638 518

310 386

51 96

361 482

IsB-A-10 Fill UCC-SB-A-101-03 40 60 110 506 218 237 545 616 267 116 383

SB-B-30 Fill UCC-SB-B-030A-01 00 20 219 361 97 294 609 580 286 133 419

SB-C-01 FU1 UCC-SB-C-010-06 100 120 292 321 140 234 626 613 274 112 386

SB-3-4L Topsoil ST-1 80 100 42 422 55 100 267 464 386 150 536

SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1lt

bull03 bull03 bull03 -03 bullID ID ID 1M1 bullIS

Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till

S-8 S-12 S-13 S-15

S-13A S-17 S-25 ST-1 ST-1

320 400 420 460 225 305 460 300 50

340 420 440 480 240 325 470 320 70

00 00 00 175 44 39 29 51 I 4

707 328 284 331 595 409 290 466 392

00 00 00 40 25 50 35 45 I 0

97 63 59 75 30 90 70 90 55

610 265 225 216 540 269 185 331 327

707 328 284 506 639 448 319 517 406

177 466 402 293 267 347 466 343 594

115 205 313 200 93

204 214 140 00

292 671 715 493 360 551 680 483 594

SB-2-04 Till ST-1 200 220 55 370 45 80 245 425 377 197 574

SB-2-04 Till S-10 220 240 161 450 105 115 230 611 284 104 38

SB-2-04 Till S-14 300 320 I I 5 424 60 95 269 539 265 195 460

SB-2-04 Till ST-2 400 420 17 407 55 85 267 424 386 189 575

SB-2-04 Till S-20 440 460 130 558 100 140 318 688 219 93 312

SB-2-2D Till ST-1 140 160 36 608 65 160 383 644 318 38 356

SB-2-3S Till S-5 110 130 42 362 30 80 252 404 473 122 595

SB-3-07 Till S-12 400 420 00 351 00 111 240 351 421 227 648

SB-3-07 Till S-15 460 478 26 443 50 120 273 469 371 159 530

SB-3-07 Till S-16 480 500 00 316 00 86 230 316 436 247 683

SB-3-1D Till S-32 620 640 51 322 60 75 187 373 368 258 626

SB-3-1L Till ST-1 460 475 20 367 50 85 232 387 375 237 612

SB-3-1S SB-3-2M SB-3-3M SB-3-3S SB-3-4S SB-3-4S

Till Till Till Till Till Till

S-4 S-5 S-7

ST-1 UT-1 S-8

150 200 265 35 05 160

170 218 285 55 15 170

25 50 98 26 34 164

373 420 405 504 745 478

30 30 40 40 45

I I 5

90 100 115 80 275 105

253 290 250 384 425 258

398 470 503 530 779 642

432 378 338 388 175 296

169 151 158 81 46 62

601 529 496 469 221 358

SB-4-07 Till S- l l 205 225 97 366 46 85 236 463 377 159 536

SB-4-07 Till S-17 310 318 16 850 110 430 310 866 134 00 134

SB-4-1S Till S-3 130 150 74 393 50 95 248 467 379 153 532

SB-4-2D Till S-8 140 160 22 413 45 90 278 435 384 180 564

SB-4-3S Till S-7 120 140 28 372 45 85 242 400 407 192 599

Average Fill jAverage Till

173 51

423 441

103 44

173 107

449 290

596 492

304 354

99 153

403 507

Revision 0 122292 Pagel Balaam Project 6530T2MOMVE 1 XLS

Table 2

Intrinsic A i r Permeability Values VES Treatability Study

Union Chemical Company South Hope Maine

Date of Teat Start

Slraligraphy Sa tura tedUnsta lura tod Trait Type Tost Identification

Test Area

Sample Depth Calculated Permeability (sq cm) Kr Kc

2-Ocl-91 13-Nov-91 4-Nov-9l

Fill Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test IWA-03 UCC-SB-A-100-05

EW-A-01

A A A

4 to 19 85 to 96 26 to 76

240E-06 264E-07 764 E-09

2 60E-08 NA

216E-08

NA NA

903E-09 13Dec-91 Fill Unsaturated Mass Transfer EW-A-01 A 25 to 76 366E-07 879E-09

Geometric Mean 205E-07

3-Ocl-91 30-Ocl-9I

Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test EW-B-01 EW-B-01

B B

2 to 6 2 to 5

300E-08 209E-08

25-E-08 I02E-08

NA 247E-09

2l-Nov-9l Fill Unsaturated EW-B-01 B 2 to 5 167E07 343E-08 367E-09 14May-92 Till Sa tura ted Bench-Scale UCC-SB-B-500-01 B 58 to 83 262E-09 to 134E-08 NA NA

Geometric Mean 344E-08

3-Oct-91 5- Nov-91

25-Nov-91 7-Nov-91

Fill Fill Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test Bench-Scale

Field Test

IW-C-05 UCC-SB-C-OI0-030 UCC-SB-C-020-03

EW-C-01

C C C C

3 to 8 4 to 46 4 to 56

25 to 76

640E-08 113E-09 to532E-08 884 E-09 to8 81E-08

300E-07

530E-08 NA NA

300E-08

NA NA NA

300E-09 6- Nov9| Fill Unsaturated IW-C-05 C 3 to 8 305E-07 389E-08 108E-08

Geometric Mean 122E-07

29-Oct-9l Fill Unsaturated Field Test EW-n-01 D 3 5 to 85 822E-08 489E-09 992E-09 14 Mav-92 Natural Orpnnic Silt Saturated Bench Scale UCC-vSB-D 112-01 D 58 lo 88 920E-10to 150E-08 NA NA

21-Jul-92 Till Saturated Bench-Scale UCC-SB-3-05-1 0 to 87 503E-07 to 564E-07 NA NA 21-Jul 92 Fill Saturated UCC-SB-3-3SA-3 0 lo 15 527E-08 to 653E-07 NA NA 21-)ul-92 Till Saturated UCC-SB-3-2SA-1 10 to 124 683E-08 lo I20E-07 NA NA

NOTES 1 NA = not applicable 2 Kz rcfora In air |gterincabilily in vertical direction 3 Kr refers to air permeability in horizontal direction 4 Kc refers lo air permeability in a soil lo atmosphere conductance 5 ft-BGS = feet below ground surface

A1RPERMXLS

RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES

bull C L Z P Q CP

ACCESS GATE

FORMER INCINERATOR

CONCRETE SLAB

H CHAIN LINK FENCE

FORMER INCINERATOR STRUCTURES

APPROXIMATE VAPOR EXTRACTION

o PILOT TEST AREA LOCATION

APPROXIMATE LEACH FIELD AREA LOCATION o SOURCE APPROXIMATE TANK LOCATION FIGURE 2 OF REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION FEASIBILITY STUDY

40 80 160

APPROXIMATE SCALE (FEET)

c u m | UNION CHEMICAL I

ADMINISTRATIVE FUND BALSAM macca

OMMNUEXTM OMSULTHnitR B WDUSUUL VAX SMfU Ml 030TO VES PILOT STUDY

PILOT AND BENCH SCALE STUDY AREAS

UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE PJK DNW JMO JAG laquo APPROXIMATE VE SOIL SAMPLE PREPARED BY CANONIE ENVIRONMENTAL JUNE 1990 SB-3-3SA LOCATION FUWgt Q

r=80 010493 6437228 6437 T5

0

SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED 1 OONSTTTUENT CONCENTRATIONS bull lt

SOU SAMPLE COLLECTED AT BORING SB-D-03 AND SB-D-02 WAS SATURATED DUE TO SHALLOW WATER

UCC-SB-S-07-SI-1092

l t -DCE BDl82) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN TABLE AT 18 FEET BELOW GRADE SURFACE PARTS PER BILLION (PPB) -lt

11

11-DCE BDL56) TCE BDL58J PCE BDL(56) TXYL

IFEFMD

SB-S-05 ^ SOURCE CONTROL PREmdashDESIGN SOL BORING LOCATION

UCC-SB-S-OO-SJA-1092 SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS

11-DCE BOU5B) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN PARTS PER BULON (PPB)

Page 4: 9 O titer: BURNS 8c LEVINSONDUANE G. SULUVAN SEAN F. O'CONNO R ANDREW P BOTTI WILUAM J . OELLEA WILLIAM H. OtAOAMO HOLLY A. DITCH FIELD MAUREEN S. KELLEY KENDALL J …

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

VAPOR EXTRACTION SYSTEM SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION

UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE

SOUTH HOPE MAINE

10 INTRODUCTION

The Record of Decision issued by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

for the Union Chemical Company (UCC) Superfund site specified remedial action

to remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from site soils According to the

ROD risks associated with potential exposures to site soil were within the

acceptable range however source control remedial action was required to remove

VOCs from source area soils Without remediation VOCs may continue to migrate

into site ground water and result in ground water quality above performance

standards established for the site The use of vapor extraction (VE) to remove

VOCs from soils was proposed for the source control remedy at the UCC site by

Balsam Environmental Consultants Inc (Balsam) on behalf of the Union

Chemical Site PRP Group (Group) This proposal was initially based upon review

and analysis of site characterization data presented in the remedial investigation

and feasibility study (RIFS) reports prepared by Canonie Environmental Services

and available data regarding the application of VE to soil remediation at other

Superfund and industrial sites In late 1991 and early 1992 a VE pilot study was

performed at the UCC site to obtain site-specific data regarding the ability of VE

to extract VOCs from site soil The field pilot study was augmented by bench-scale

VE studies performed in conjunction with the pilot study and the Management of

Migration (MOM) and Source Control (SC) pre-design (PD) investigations which

were performed in the summer and fall of 1992

The results of the VE pilot study were presented in a report prepared by Balsam

entitled Vapor Extraction Treatability Study Union Chemical Company Site

South Hope Maine dated April 3 1992 A Focused Feasibility Study (FFS)

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 1

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

comparing the use of VE and low temperature soil aeration (LTSA) was performed

and the results summarized in a report entitled Focused Feasibility Study Union

Chemical Site South Hope Maine dated April 3 1992 In a meeting on

June 2 1992 EPAs technical specialist on VE indicated concurrence with the

ability to achieve the necessary air flow through site soils to meet VOC source

control performance standards based upon the site characteristics observed during

the pilot and associated bench-scale studies and interpretation of the results

presented in the treatability study and FFS reports

Subsequently Balsam completed MOMPD and SCPD investigations at the site on

behalf of the Trust These investigations provided additional data regarding site

conditions that were pertinent to the application of VE to source remediation The

purpose of this document is to briefly review the findings of the VE treatability

studies in the context of more recent data from the PD investigations

January 12 1993 2Balsam Project 6437T31S9012

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

20 CONCEPTUAL S I T E MODEL

As described in the RI report and confirmed by the findings of the VE treatability

study and MOMPD and SCPD investigations the stratigraphy at the UCC site

consists mainly of three stratigraphic sequences fill t i l l and bedrock The

stratigraphy in the UCC site source area typically consists of fill overlying native

glacial t i l l which in turn overlies a schist and gneiss bedrock The fill and the

underlying native soil appear to be similar in character although the t i l l generally

tends to be denser and somewhat finer-grained than the overlying fill A

comparison of grain size percentages evaluated from sieve analyses for the fill and

t i l l is presented on Table 1 The fill consists predominately of loose to very dense

silty sands and sands with small but varying amounts of fine gravel and clay

Organic debris is present in the fill occurring mostly as partially decomposed wood

debris or wood ashes with occasional thin layers of peat and organic silt Organic

silt peat and topsoil are present in several locations at the top of the t i l l unit

The t i l l occurs as a wedge shaped deposit with the thickness varying from 80 feet

toward Quiggle Brook to less than 25 feet at the western portion of the site

Although the RI indicated the possible presence of gradational changes in the

stratigraphy data obtained from continuous soil sampling performed during the

VE Treatability Study and MOMPD investigation indicated that there is little

change in stratigraphy horizontally or vertically and that heterogeneity is

generally limited to localized variations in the silt and sand percentages These

variations were typically encountered as minor lenses and seams generally several

inches thick containing a slightly higher fraction sand and appeared to be

localized in extent Stratigraphically these reiampvvely minor variations in grain

size and localized lenses indicate the absence of significant preferential conduits

comprised of significantly coarser and therefore substantially more permeable

material Data obtained from the soil boring programs conducted during the

MOMPD VE and RI studies also do not indicate the presence of extensive

continuous lenses of clay that could behave as significant barriers to fluid flow

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 3

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

Hydrologic data collected during the hydraulic testing during the MOMPD study

suggest that some sandier lenses may extend for limited distances in a north-south

orientation as local stratigraphic horizons However these potential lenses were

thought to be located to the east of the soil source area and their existence is not

confirmed by the specific stratigraphic borehole data available

Permeability of site soils to air flow was estimated based upon the results of both

pilot- and bench-scale testing performed during the VE treatability and the bench-

scale testing performed during the MOMPD studies Pilot-scale tests were

performed at four different locations in the source area at the UCC site which

were selected on the basis of stratigraphic data reported in the RI as

representative of the range of soil conditions in that area Five samples were

collected for bench-scale air permeability testing which included both saturated

and unsaturated samples from the four VE pilot test areas Three additional soil

samples were collected for bench-scale VE testing during the MOMPD

investigation from a location east of the source area adjacent to Quiggle Brook

The locations of the pilot test areas and the downgradient bench-scale sampling

locations are shown on Figure 1

Air permeability results measured during the VE treatability study

supplementary bench-scale VE tests and the MOM study are presented in Table 2

The results are grouped by VES Treatability Study test areas and Test Area 3

from the MOM Pre-Design Study Similar air permeability values were measured

during the MOMPD and VE studies with horizontal permeabilities measured in

the field typically in the 10 x 108 to 53 x 108 cm2 range Air permeability values

were also found to increase during the testing of samples obtained from both the

saturated and unsaturated soil zones This apparent increase in air permeability

over time is consistent with the expected removal of moisture from the soil pore

space during vapor extraction which reduces resistance to air flow through the

soil These results indicate that saturated soils can be effectively remediated at

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 4

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

the site using in situ vapor extraction after lowering the ground water in the

vicinity of saturated soils requiring treatment

Hydraulic conductivity values estimated based on results of slug tests performed

in the overburden unit during the RI and MOMPD studies are consistent These

values range over approximately two orders of magnitude between 4 x 103

centimeter per second (cmsec) to 1 x IO5 cmsec with the majority of the values in

the 104 cmsec to 105 cmsec range Hydraulic conductivity values estimated from

the analyses of pump tests performed in the saturated overburden during the

MOMPD investigation range from 1 x 104 cmsec to 6 x 106 cmsec with the

majority of the values similarly in the 104 cmsec to 105 cmsec range These

volumes are consistent with the permeabilities observed from the MOMPD pump

tests (ie 15 x 104 cmsec x 90 x 106 cmsec)

The observed consistency between the geologic and permeability data obtained

during the RI VE Treatability Study and the MOMPD and SCPD studies is

consistent with the premises underlying the conceptual model of the site conditions

and indicates that VE will be an effective source control technology for the UCC

site

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 5

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

30 CONTAMINANT DISTRIBUTION

During the SCPD investigation shallow unsaturated soil samples were collected at

depths from 2 to 4 feet below ground surface at twenty-two sampling locations

within and surrounding the extent of the source area soils as indicated by the RI

investigation Consistent with the findings of the RI the lateral extent of the

source area is estimated based upon the newer data to be within eastern portion of

the former operations area at the site (see Figure 2) with the exception that

tetrachloroethene (PCE) was reported at a concentration exceeding the soil cleanup

standard in one shallow soil sample obtained from a boring located to the east of

the former interceptor trench The reported presence of PCE in the soil at this

location is anomalous because PCE was not detected in the shallow unsaturated

and saturated soil samples obtained immediately to the west of the former

interceptor trench and because PCE was not detected in ground water samples

obtained from monitoring wells located downgradient from this area during the

MOMPD and initial Surface Water and Ground Water Monitoring Program

sampling event

With the exception of the southern end of the former leachfield located at the

eastern edge of the former operations area the vertical extent of soils requiring

source control remediation appears to be limited to primarily soils above the water

table Ten of the twenty-two shallow borings were advanced to 2 to 4 feet below

the ground water table to evaluate the vertical extent of the significantly impacted

soils (see Figure 3) At four of these sampling locations VOCs were not detected

at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup levels in either the shallow

unsaturated soil samples or the shallow saturated soil samples In four of the five

locations where VOCs were detected at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup

standards in the unsaturated soil the concentrations of VOCs in the shallow

saturated soil were less than the soil cleanup standards indicating that the

vertical extent of soil requiring remediation is primarily limited to the unsaturated

soils Only in a boring located at the southern end of the former leachfield and

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 6

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

boring located immediately to the southeast of the leachfield were VOCs detected

in the shallow saturated soil at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standard

VOCs were not detected in the shallow unsaturated soil sample obtained from the

boring located immediately to the southeast of the former leachfield indicating

that the contaminants detected in the shallow saturated soil sample were likely

transported with the ground water to this location

As shown on Figure 4 seven borings were advanced to obtain soil samples at 8 to

10 feet below the ground water including the two borings where VOCs were

detected at concentrations exceeding the cleanup levels in the shallow saturated

soil samples As indicated on Figure 4 VOCs were detected in 3 of the 7 deeper

saturated samples at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standards

however based on the shallower soil samples obtained at 2 of the 3 locations i t

appears that the VOCs detected in these deeper soil samples are associated with

contaminants migrating with the ground water Only samples obtained from the

boring located at the southern end of the former leachfield contained VOCs at

concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standards in soil samples obtained above

and below the ground water table Based upon the results of the pump tests

performed at the site i t is anticipated that a series of closely-spaced ground water

extraction wells can adequately lower the water table to allow soil vapor extraction

wells to effectively treat currently saturated soils in the vicinity of the former

leachfield

As required by EPA and the Maine Department of Environmental Protection

(DEP) selected soil samples obtained from the unsaturated zone during the SCPD

were analyzed for NN-dimethylformamide (DMF) The results of these DMF

analyses were previously transmitted to EPA and DEP and showed that DMF was

not present in these unsaturated soil samples at concentrations greater than the

method detection limits These results are consistent with data obtained during

VE treatability study which indicated the presence of DMF in only 3 of 29

samples analyzed and at concentrations slightly above or at the detection limit

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 7

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

40 CLEANUP TIME ESTIMATES

As discussed in Section 70 of the VE Treatability Study Report the results of

bench-scale testing performed during the study were used to evaluate the number

of air pore volume exchanges required to reduce VOC concentrations to levels

below the source control performance standards for the target constituents These

results were consistent with VE performance at other sites and indicated that

exchange of 3000 to 4000 pore volumes of soil gas would be necessary to achieve

the source control performance standards in most of the source area Data for a

sample collected from one area of the site (Area C in at the southern end of the

former leach field east of the still building) suggested that up to 120000 pore

volume exchanges would be required to attain the performance standards because

of elevated VOC concentrations in the soil in that area I t should be noted that

the air flow rates in this sample were accelerated because of the time constraints

placed upon completion of the VE Treatability Study Because of equilibrium

dynamics i t is likely that the increased air flow rates decreased the efficiency of

VOC transfer from the soil to the air resulting in an increased number of required

pore volume exchanges to attain the performance standards Accordingly i t is

possible that the number of required pore volume exchanges estimated for this

area of the site was overestimated

The results of the field pilot-scale testing at the site were generally consistent with

the bench-scale data and indicated that exchange of 4000 to 6000 pore volumes

will be required to attain the performance standards in most of the source area

The pilot-scale test data indicated removal of relatively large masses

(approximately 100 pounds) of target VOCs from each of the highly impacted test

areas during the relatively limited test period (less than 90 days) The expected

pattern of greater VOC removal from the outer margins of the test area than in

the inner portions was observed in both soil vapor and soil analytical data As

expected conclusive demonstration of the ability to achieve performance standards

in the field was constrained by winter conditions (initial equipment malfunction)

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 8

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

the limited time period available for completion of the test the limitations of a

pilot-scale test performed in a contaminated area primarily leakage of air flow at

the margins of the cap and transport of VOCs from soil volumes outside the test

area and constraints of the Contract Laboratory Program analytical methods that

were required particularly with respect to constituent concentration reporting

limits

As reported in the VE Treatability Study Report based upon the air flow rates

attained in the field (see Appendix K of the VE Treatability Study Report) it was

estimated that sufficient pore volume exchanges to attain source control

performance standards could be achieved in unsaturated soils in most of the

source control area within approximately 1 year of operation Attainment of the

performance standards in the balance of the unsaturated soil source area would be

achieved within approximately 23 years of operation Data obtained during the

MOMPD and SCPD studies are consistent with data obtained during the RI and

VE treatability study and do not indicate that revision of these cleanup time

estimates of 1 to 23 years of operation is warranted

Data from the SCPD study indicated that saturated soil in the vicinity of the

southern end of the leach field contained VOC concentrations above the soil

performance standards Treatment of this soil by VE will require dewatering to

facilitate air transfer through the soils It is estimated that the dewatering and

drying of the soil could require 6 months Because this area is in the portion of

the site where the higher end of the soil cleanup time range was estimated it is

possible that cleanup of this localized area of saturated soil will require 28 years

of operation to complete

The cleanup time estimates were based upon operations after system startup In

evaluating actual cleanup at least 4 weeks per year of VE system down time could

be expected particularly as a result of wintertime conditions Accordingly cleanup

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 9

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

time estimates for the site are expected to range from approximately 12 to

31 years the 6 weeks estimated for completion of construction in the FFS report

It should also be noted that as discussed in the VE Treatability Study Report the

exponential decline in VOC levels in discharged soil gas observed during the pilot-

and bench-scale studies indicate that significant reduction in the VOC mass in

source soils will be achieved within the first 6 months of VE system operation

The data obtained during the treatability study were used to address several

important design considerations discussed in Section 80 of the VE Treatability

Study These considerations indicated the ability to design the VE system to

maximize its operational effectiveness and its flexibility in adjusting to variable

operating conditions For example the design will include vertical extraction wells

in areas of greater depths to ground water and horizontal extraction wells in areas

of shallower depths to ground water or where higher pore volume exchange rates

are required The design will also include an interactive monitoring program

during operations that will allow frequent adjustment of the operational

configuration to include increased air flow rates and use of induction wells as

warranted to address localized heterogeneities in soil characteristics and VOC

concentrations Application of these design considerations will facilitate

attainment of the source control performance standards within the estimated

cleanup times

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 10

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

50 SUMMARY

In summary the findings of the RI the VE pilot-scale and bench-scale studies and

the MOM PD and SCPD investigations are consistent with the conceptual site

model The site stratigraphy in the source area consists of fill overlying t i l l which

overlies bedrock Source area soils (ie soils containing VOCs at concentrations

greater than soil cleanup standards) are located within the eastern portion of the

former site operations area The vertical extent of source area soils that exceed

the soil cleanup standards is primarily limited to soils lying above the ground

water table with the exception of soils in a localized area at the southern end of

the former leachfield DMF is not present at significant concentrations in the

unsaturated soil The characteristics of the fill and t i l l are similar and large-scale

heterogeneities are not present within the soil Air permeabilities of the fill and

t i l l are such that vapor extraction can be used to effectively remove VOCs from the

soil Permeabilities of the overburden are such that a dewatering system can be

designed to lower the ground water table at the southern end of the former

leachfield so that currently saturated soils in this area can be effectively treated

using vapor extraction

The effectiveness of VE was demonstrated during the pilot-scale study with

approximately 100 pounds of target VOCs recovered from the two more highly

impacted test areas in less than 90 days of vapor recovery The objective of the

source area remediation is to control the migration of contaminants from the

source area soils to the ground water Although vapor extraction may take

slightly longer to achieve the soil cleanup standards when compared to LTSA

control over the migration of VOCs to the ground water can be achieved earlier in

the remedial program Capping the site will limit the vertical migration of

contaminants to the ground water and vapor extraction is expected to

substantially reduce the mass of the contaminants from the soil within 90 to 180

days after the start of pumping The VE system can also be designed installed

and operating more quickly than the LTSA system because of the extensive bench-

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 11

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

and pilot-scale data available for the site experience gained in using VE at other

sites and the availability of VE system components A list of sites where VE has

been or currently is in use was recently published in a May 1992 document

entitled An Evaluation of Vapor Extraction of Vadose Zone Contamination

published by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Martin Marietta Energy

Systems Inc for the US Department of Energy The document presents

information on 13 sites with varying types and concentrations of VOCs and soil

conditions and concludes that in situ vapor extraction is very effective in removing

organic contaminants from the pore space of the soil matrix According to The

Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program Technology Profiles

(EPA5405-90006) VES now comprises 18 percent of the selected remedies at

Superfund sites and the number continues to grow

To briefly summarize in addition to gaining control over the migration of VOCs

from the source area soils to the ground water more quickly VE also offers the

advantages of (1) better short-term protection of public health because there is no

uncontrolled release of VOCs and dust to the ambient air (2) less operational

noise than the noise associated with LTSA operations (3) less disturbance to the

environment at the site and to the surrounding community especially in terms of

site clearing and (4) a high degree of operational flexibility to expand the system

to treat a larger volume of soil to extend the treatment time to achieve better

removal and to focus the remediation on the most impacted soils Based upon the

currently available data the comparison of VE and LTSA discussed in Section 50

remains unchanged Comparison of these two source control alternatives indicated

that VE would be more protective of human health and the environment during

implementation and that the two alternatives would be equally effective and

protective in the long term

January 12 1993 12 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012

TABLE 1

SUMMARY OF GEOTECHNICAL DATA V E TOEATABLHJTY STUDY MANAGEMENT OF MIGRATION PRE-DESIGN

UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SITE SOUTH HOPE MAINE

flBoring ID

Stratishygraphy

Sample I D

Depth From

Depth To

Gravel Total Sand

Coarse Sand

Medium Sand

Fine Sand

Coarse Fraction

Silt Clay Fine Fraction 9

SB-2-04 FU1 S-7 130 148 312 301 45 55 201 613 301 86 387

jsB-4-lS BSB-4-4S

Fill Fill

ST-1 S-5

60 120

75 140

63 44

575 474

70 45

115 105

390 324

638 518

310 386

51 96

361 482

IsB-A-10 Fill UCC-SB-A-101-03 40 60 110 506 218 237 545 616 267 116 383

SB-B-30 Fill UCC-SB-B-030A-01 00 20 219 361 97 294 609 580 286 133 419

SB-C-01 FU1 UCC-SB-C-010-06 100 120 292 321 140 234 626 613 274 112 386

SB-3-4L Topsoil ST-1 80 100 42 422 55 100 267 464 386 150 536

SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1lt

bull03 bull03 bull03 -03 bullID ID ID 1M1 bullIS

Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till

S-8 S-12 S-13 S-15

S-13A S-17 S-25 ST-1 ST-1

320 400 420 460 225 305 460 300 50

340 420 440 480 240 325 470 320 70

00 00 00 175 44 39 29 51 I 4

707 328 284 331 595 409 290 466 392

00 00 00 40 25 50 35 45 I 0

97 63 59 75 30 90 70 90 55

610 265 225 216 540 269 185 331 327

707 328 284 506 639 448 319 517 406

177 466 402 293 267 347 466 343 594

115 205 313 200 93

204 214 140 00

292 671 715 493 360 551 680 483 594

SB-2-04 Till ST-1 200 220 55 370 45 80 245 425 377 197 574

SB-2-04 Till S-10 220 240 161 450 105 115 230 611 284 104 38

SB-2-04 Till S-14 300 320 I I 5 424 60 95 269 539 265 195 460

SB-2-04 Till ST-2 400 420 17 407 55 85 267 424 386 189 575

SB-2-04 Till S-20 440 460 130 558 100 140 318 688 219 93 312

SB-2-2D Till ST-1 140 160 36 608 65 160 383 644 318 38 356

SB-2-3S Till S-5 110 130 42 362 30 80 252 404 473 122 595

SB-3-07 Till S-12 400 420 00 351 00 111 240 351 421 227 648

SB-3-07 Till S-15 460 478 26 443 50 120 273 469 371 159 530

SB-3-07 Till S-16 480 500 00 316 00 86 230 316 436 247 683

SB-3-1D Till S-32 620 640 51 322 60 75 187 373 368 258 626

SB-3-1L Till ST-1 460 475 20 367 50 85 232 387 375 237 612

SB-3-1S SB-3-2M SB-3-3M SB-3-3S SB-3-4S SB-3-4S

Till Till Till Till Till Till

S-4 S-5 S-7

ST-1 UT-1 S-8

150 200 265 35 05 160

170 218 285 55 15 170

25 50 98 26 34 164

373 420 405 504 745 478

30 30 40 40 45

I I 5

90 100 115 80 275 105

253 290 250 384 425 258

398 470 503 530 779 642

432 378 338 388 175 296

169 151 158 81 46 62

601 529 496 469 221 358

SB-4-07 Till S- l l 205 225 97 366 46 85 236 463 377 159 536

SB-4-07 Till S-17 310 318 16 850 110 430 310 866 134 00 134

SB-4-1S Till S-3 130 150 74 393 50 95 248 467 379 153 532

SB-4-2D Till S-8 140 160 22 413 45 90 278 435 384 180 564

SB-4-3S Till S-7 120 140 28 372 45 85 242 400 407 192 599

Average Fill jAverage Till

173 51

423 441

103 44

173 107

449 290

596 492

304 354

99 153

403 507

Revision 0 122292 Pagel Balaam Project 6530T2MOMVE 1 XLS

Table 2

Intrinsic A i r Permeability Values VES Treatability Study

Union Chemical Company South Hope Maine

Date of Teat Start

Slraligraphy Sa tura tedUnsta lura tod Trait Type Tost Identification

Test Area

Sample Depth Calculated Permeability (sq cm) Kr Kc

2-Ocl-91 13-Nov-91 4-Nov-9l

Fill Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test IWA-03 UCC-SB-A-100-05

EW-A-01

A A A

4 to 19 85 to 96 26 to 76

240E-06 264E-07 764 E-09

2 60E-08 NA

216E-08

NA NA

903E-09 13Dec-91 Fill Unsaturated Mass Transfer EW-A-01 A 25 to 76 366E-07 879E-09

Geometric Mean 205E-07

3-Ocl-91 30-Ocl-9I

Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test EW-B-01 EW-B-01

B B

2 to 6 2 to 5

300E-08 209E-08

25-E-08 I02E-08

NA 247E-09

2l-Nov-9l Fill Unsaturated EW-B-01 B 2 to 5 167E07 343E-08 367E-09 14May-92 Till Sa tura ted Bench-Scale UCC-SB-B-500-01 B 58 to 83 262E-09 to 134E-08 NA NA

Geometric Mean 344E-08

3-Oct-91 5- Nov-91

25-Nov-91 7-Nov-91

Fill Fill Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test Bench-Scale

Field Test

IW-C-05 UCC-SB-C-OI0-030 UCC-SB-C-020-03

EW-C-01

C C C C

3 to 8 4 to 46 4 to 56

25 to 76

640E-08 113E-09 to532E-08 884 E-09 to8 81E-08

300E-07

530E-08 NA NA

300E-08

NA NA NA

300E-09 6- Nov9| Fill Unsaturated IW-C-05 C 3 to 8 305E-07 389E-08 108E-08

Geometric Mean 122E-07

29-Oct-9l Fill Unsaturated Field Test EW-n-01 D 3 5 to 85 822E-08 489E-09 992E-09 14 Mav-92 Natural Orpnnic Silt Saturated Bench Scale UCC-vSB-D 112-01 D 58 lo 88 920E-10to 150E-08 NA NA

21-Jul-92 Till Saturated Bench-Scale UCC-SB-3-05-1 0 to 87 503E-07 to 564E-07 NA NA 21-Jul 92 Fill Saturated UCC-SB-3-3SA-3 0 lo 15 527E-08 to 653E-07 NA NA 21-)ul-92 Till Saturated UCC-SB-3-2SA-1 10 to 124 683E-08 lo I20E-07 NA NA

NOTES 1 NA = not applicable 2 Kz rcfora In air |gterincabilily in vertical direction 3 Kr refers to air permeability in horizontal direction 4 Kc refers lo air permeability in a soil lo atmosphere conductance 5 ft-BGS = feet below ground surface

A1RPERMXLS

RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES

bull C L Z P Q CP

ACCESS GATE

FORMER INCINERATOR

CONCRETE SLAB

H CHAIN LINK FENCE

FORMER INCINERATOR STRUCTURES

APPROXIMATE VAPOR EXTRACTION

o PILOT TEST AREA LOCATION

APPROXIMATE LEACH FIELD AREA LOCATION o SOURCE APPROXIMATE TANK LOCATION FIGURE 2 OF REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION FEASIBILITY STUDY

40 80 160

APPROXIMATE SCALE (FEET)

c u m | UNION CHEMICAL I

ADMINISTRATIVE FUND BALSAM macca

OMMNUEXTM OMSULTHnitR B WDUSUUL VAX SMfU Ml 030TO VES PILOT STUDY

PILOT AND BENCH SCALE STUDY AREAS

UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE PJK DNW JMO JAG laquo APPROXIMATE VE SOIL SAMPLE PREPARED BY CANONIE ENVIRONMENTAL JUNE 1990 SB-3-3SA LOCATION FUWgt Q

r=80 010493 6437228 6437 T5

0

SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED 1 OONSTTTUENT CONCENTRATIONS bull lt

SOU SAMPLE COLLECTED AT BORING SB-D-03 AND SB-D-02 WAS SATURATED DUE TO SHALLOW WATER

UCC-SB-S-07-SI-1092

l t -DCE BDl82) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN TABLE AT 18 FEET BELOW GRADE SURFACE PARTS PER BILLION (PPB) -lt

11

11-DCE BDL56) TCE BDL58J PCE BDL(56) TXYL

IFEFMD

SB-S-05 ^ SOURCE CONTROL PREmdashDESIGN SOL BORING LOCATION

UCC-SB-S-OO-SJA-1092 SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS

11-DCE BOU5B) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN PARTS PER BULON (PPB)

Page 5: 9 O titer: BURNS 8c LEVINSONDUANE G. SULUVAN SEAN F. O'CONNO R ANDREW P BOTTI WILUAM J . OELLEA WILLIAM H. OtAOAMO HOLLY A. DITCH FIELD MAUREEN S. KELLEY KENDALL J …

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

comparing the use of VE and low temperature soil aeration (LTSA) was performed

and the results summarized in a report entitled Focused Feasibility Study Union

Chemical Site South Hope Maine dated April 3 1992 In a meeting on

June 2 1992 EPAs technical specialist on VE indicated concurrence with the

ability to achieve the necessary air flow through site soils to meet VOC source

control performance standards based upon the site characteristics observed during

the pilot and associated bench-scale studies and interpretation of the results

presented in the treatability study and FFS reports

Subsequently Balsam completed MOMPD and SCPD investigations at the site on

behalf of the Trust These investigations provided additional data regarding site

conditions that were pertinent to the application of VE to source remediation The

purpose of this document is to briefly review the findings of the VE treatability

studies in the context of more recent data from the PD investigations

January 12 1993 2Balsam Project 6437T31S9012

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

20 CONCEPTUAL S I T E MODEL

As described in the RI report and confirmed by the findings of the VE treatability

study and MOMPD and SCPD investigations the stratigraphy at the UCC site

consists mainly of three stratigraphic sequences fill t i l l and bedrock The

stratigraphy in the UCC site source area typically consists of fill overlying native

glacial t i l l which in turn overlies a schist and gneiss bedrock The fill and the

underlying native soil appear to be similar in character although the t i l l generally

tends to be denser and somewhat finer-grained than the overlying fill A

comparison of grain size percentages evaluated from sieve analyses for the fill and

t i l l is presented on Table 1 The fill consists predominately of loose to very dense

silty sands and sands with small but varying amounts of fine gravel and clay

Organic debris is present in the fill occurring mostly as partially decomposed wood

debris or wood ashes with occasional thin layers of peat and organic silt Organic

silt peat and topsoil are present in several locations at the top of the t i l l unit

The t i l l occurs as a wedge shaped deposit with the thickness varying from 80 feet

toward Quiggle Brook to less than 25 feet at the western portion of the site

Although the RI indicated the possible presence of gradational changes in the

stratigraphy data obtained from continuous soil sampling performed during the

VE Treatability Study and MOMPD investigation indicated that there is little

change in stratigraphy horizontally or vertically and that heterogeneity is

generally limited to localized variations in the silt and sand percentages These

variations were typically encountered as minor lenses and seams generally several

inches thick containing a slightly higher fraction sand and appeared to be

localized in extent Stratigraphically these reiampvvely minor variations in grain

size and localized lenses indicate the absence of significant preferential conduits

comprised of significantly coarser and therefore substantially more permeable

material Data obtained from the soil boring programs conducted during the

MOMPD VE and RI studies also do not indicate the presence of extensive

continuous lenses of clay that could behave as significant barriers to fluid flow

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 3

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

Hydrologic data collected during the hydraulic testing during the MOMPD study

suggest that some sandier lenses may extend for limited distances in a north-south

orientation as local stratigraphic horizons However these potential lenses were

thought to be located to the east of the soil source area and their existence is not

confirmed by the specific stratigraphic borehole data available

Permeability of site soils to air flow was estimated based upon the results of both

pilot- and bench-scale testing performed during the VE treatability and the bench-

scale testing performed during the MOMPD studies Pilot-scale tests were

performed at four different locations in the source area at the UCC site which

were selected on the basis of stratigraphic data reported in the RI as

representative of the range of soil conditions in that area Five samples were

collected for bench-scale air permeability testing which included both saturated

and unsaturated samples from the four VE pilot test areas Three additional soil

samples were collected for bench-scale VE testing during the MOMPD

investigation from a location east of the source area adjacent to Quiggle Brook

The locations of the pilot test areas and the downgradient bench-scale sampling

locations are shown on Figure 1

Air permeability results measured during the VE treatability study

supplementary bench-scale VE tests and the MOM study are presented in Table 2

The results are grouped by VES Treatability Study test areas and Test Area 3

from the MOM Pre-Design Study Similar air permeability values were measured

during the MOMPD and VE studies with horizontal permeabilities measured in

the field typically in the 10 x 108 to 53 x 108 cm2 range Air permeability values

were also found to increase during the testing of samples obtained from both the

saturated and unsaturated soil zones This apparent increase in air permeability

over time is consistent with the expected removal of moisture from the soil pore

space during vapor extraction which reduces resistance to air flow through the

soil These results indicate that saturated soils can be effectively remediated at

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 4

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

the site using in situ vapor extraction after lowering the ground water in the

vicinity of saturated soils requiring treatment

Hydraulic conductivity values estimated based on results of slug tests performed

in the overburden unit during the RI and MOMPD studies are consistent These

values range over approximately two orders of magnitude between 4 x 103

centimeter per second (cmsec) to 1 x IO5 cmsec with the majority of the values in

the 104 cmsec to 105 cmsec range Hydraulic conductivity values estimated from

the analyses of pump tests performed in the saturated overburden during the

MOMPD investigation range from 1 x 104 cmsec to 6 x 106 cmsec with the

majority of the values similarly in the 104 cmsec to 105 cmsec range These

volumes are consistent with the permeabilities observed from the MOMPD pump

tests (ie 15 x 104 cmsec x 90 x 106 cmsec)

The observed consistency between the geologic and permeability data obtained

during the RI VE Treatability Study and the MOMPD and SCPD studies is

consistent with the premises underlying the conceptual model of the site conditions

and indicates that VE will be an effective source control technology for the UCC

site

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 5

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

30 CONTAMINANT DISTRIBUTION

During the SCPD investigation shallow unsaturated soil samples were collected at

depths from 2 to 4 feet below ground surface at twenty-two sampling locations

within and surrounding the extent of the source area soils as indicated by the RI

investigation Consistent with the findings of the RI the lateral extent of the

source area is estimated based upon the newer data to be within eastern portion of

the former operations area at the site (see Figure 2) with the exception that

tetrachloroethene (PCE) was reported at a concentration exceeding the soil cleanup

standard in one shallow soil sample obtained from a boring located to the east of

the former interceptor trench The reported presence of PCE in the soil at this

location is anomalous because PCE was not detected in the shallow unsaturated

and saturated soil samples obtained immediately to the west of the former

interceptor trench and because PCE was not detected in ground water samples

obtained from monitoring wells located downgradient from this area during the

MOMPD and initial Surface Water and Ground Water Monitoring Program

sampling event

With the exception of the southern end of the former leachfield located at the

eastern edge of the former operations area the vertical extent of soils requiring

source control remediation appears to be limited to primarily soils above the water

table Ten of the twenty-two shallow borings were advanced to 2 to 4 feet below

the ground water table to evaluate the vertical extent of the significantly impacted

soils (see Figure 3) At four of these sampling locations VOCs were not detected

at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup levels in either the shallow

unsaturated soil samples or the shallow saturated soil samples In four of the five

locations where VOCs were detected at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup

standards in the unsaturated soil the concentrations of VOCs in the shallow

saturated soil were less than the soil cleanup standards indicating that the

vertical extent of soil requiring remediation is primarily limited to the unsaturated

soils Only in a boring located at the southern end of the former leachfield and

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 6

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

boring located immediately to the southeast of the leachfield were VOCs detected

in the shallow saturated soil at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standard

VOCs were not detected in the shallow unsaturated soil sample obtained from the

boring located immediately to the southeast of the former leachfield indicating

that the contaminants detected in the shallow saturated soil sample were likely

transported with the ground water to this location

As shown on Figure 4 seven borings were advanced to obtain soil samples at 8 to

10 feet below the ground water including the two borings where VOCs were

detected at concentrations exceeding the cleanup levels in the shallow saturated

soil samples As indicated on Figure 4 VOCs were detected in 3 of the 7 deeper

saturated samples at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standards

however based on the shallower soil samples obtained at 2 of the 3 locations i t

appears that the VOCs detected in these deeper soil samples are associated with

contaminants migrating with the ground water Only samples obtained from the

boring located at the southern end of the former leachfield contained VOCs at

concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standards in soil samples obtained above

and below the ground water table Based upon the results of the pump tests

performed at the site i t is anticipated that a series of closely-spaced ground water

extraction wells can adequately lower the water table to allow soil vapor extraction

wells to effectively treat currently saturated soils in the vicinity of the former

leachfield

As required by EPA and the Maine Department of Environmental Protection

(DEP) selected soil samples obtained from the unsaturated zone during the SCPD

were analyzed for NN-dimethylformamide (DMF) The results of these DMF

analyses were previously transmitted to EPA and DEP and showed that DMF was

not present in these unsaturated soil samples at concentrations greater than the

method detection limits These results are consistent with data obtained during

VE treatability study which indicated the presence of DMF in only 3 of 29

samples analyzed and at concentrations slightly above or at the detection limit

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 7

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

40 CLEANUP TIME ESTIMATES

As discussed in Section 70 of the VE Treatability Study Report the results of

bench-scale testing performed during the study were used to evaluate the number

of air pore volume exchanges required to reduce VOC concentrations to levels

below the source control performance standards for the target constituents These

results were consistent with VE performance at other sites and indicated that

exchange of 3000 to 4000 pore volumes of soil gas would be necessary to achieve

the source control performance standards in most of the source area Data for a

sample collected from one area of the site (Area C in at the southern end of the

former leach field east of the still building) suggested that up to 120000 pore

volume exchanges would be required to attain the performance standards because

of elevated VOC concentrations in the soil in that area I t should be noted that

the air flow rates in this sample were accelerated because of the time constraints

placed upon completion of the VE Treatability Study Because of equilibrium

dynamics i t is likely that the increased air flow rates decreased the efficiency of

VOC transfer from the soil to the air resulting in an increased number of required

pore volume exchanges to attain the performance standards Accordingly i t is

possible that the number of required pore volume exchanges estimated for this

area of the site was overestimated

The results of the field pilot-scale testing at the site were generally consistent with

the bench-scale data and indicated that exchange of 4000 to 6000 pore volumes

will be required to attain the performance standards in most of the source area

The pilot-scale test data indicated removal of relatively large masses

(approximately 100 pounds) of target VOCs from each of the highly impacted test

areas during the relatively limited test period (less than 90 days) The expected

pattern of greater VOC removal from the outer margins of the test area than in

the inner portions was observed in both soil vapor and soil analytical data As

expected conclusive demonstration of the ability to achieve performance standards

in the field was constrained by winter conditions (initial equipment malfunction)

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 8

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

the limited time period available for completion of the test the limitations of a

pilot-scale test performed in a contaminated area primarily leakage of air flow at

the margins of the cap and transport of VOCs from soil volumes outside the test

area and constraints of the Contract Laboratory Program analytical methods that

were required particularly with respect to constituent concentration reporting

limits

As reported in the VE Treatability Study Report based upon the air flow rates

attained in the field (see Appendix K of the VE Treatability Study Report) it was

estimated that sufficient pore volume exchanges to attain source control

performance standards could be achieved in unsaturated soils in most of the

source control area within approximately 1 year of operation Attainment of the

performance standards in the balance of the unsaturated soil source area would be

achieved within approximately 23 years of operation Data obtained during the

MOMPD and SCPD studies are consistent with data obtained during the RI and

VE treatability study and do not indicate that revision of these cleanup time

estimates of 1 to 23 years of operation is warranted

Data from the SCPD study indicated that saturated soil in the vicinity of the

southern end of the leach field contained VOC concentrations above the soil

performance standards Treatment of this soil by VE will require dewatering to

facilitate air transfer through the soils It is estimated that the dewatering and

drying of the soil could require 6 months Because this area is in the portion of

the site where the higher end of the soil cleanup time range was estimated it is

possible that cleanup of this localized area of saturated soil will require 28 years

of operation to complete

The cleanup time estimates were based upon operations after system startup In

evaluating actual cleanup at least 4 weeks per year of VE system down time could

be expected particularly as a result of wintertime conditions Accordingly cleanup

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 9

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

time estimates for the site are expected to range from approximately 12 to

31 years the 6 weeks estimated for completion of construction in the FFS report

It should also be noted that as discussed in the VE Treatability Study Report the

exponential decline in VOC levels in discharged soil gas observed during the pilot-

and bench-scale studies indicate that significant reduction in the VOC mass in

source soils will be achieved within the first 6 months of VE system operation

The data obtained during the treatability study were used to address several

important design considerations discussed in Section 80 of the VE Treatability

Study These considerations indicated the ability to design the VE system to

maximize its operational effectiveness and its flexibility in adjusting to variable

operating conditions For example the design will include vertical extraction wells

in areas of greater depths to ground water and horizontal extraction wells in areas

of shallower depths to ground water or where higher pore volume exchange rates

are required The design will also include an interactive monitoring program

during operations that will allow frequent adjustment of the operational

configuration to include increased air flow rates and use of induction wells as

warranted to address localized heterogeneities in soil characteristics and VOC

concentrations Application of these design considerations will facilitate

attainment of the source control performance standards within the estimated

cleanup times

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 10

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

50 SUMMARY

In summary the findings of the RI the VE pilot-scale and bench-scale studies and

the MOM PD and SCPD investigations are consistent with the conceptual site

model The site stratigraphy in the source area consists of fill overlying t i l l which

overlies bedrock Source area soils (ie soils containing VOCs at concentrations

greater than soil cleanup standards) are located within the eastern portion of the

former site operations area The vertical extent of source area soils that exceed

the soil cleanup standards is primarily limited to soils lying above the ground

water table with the exception of soils in a localized area at the southern end of

the former leachfield DMF is not present at significant concentrations in the

unsaturated soil The characteristics of the fill and t i l l are similar and large-scale

heterogeneities are not present within the soil Air permeabilities of the fill and

t i l l are such that vapor extraction can be used to effectively remove VOCs from the

soil Permeabilities of the overburden are such that a dewatering system can be

designed to lower the ground water table at the southern end of the former

leachfield so that currently saturated soils in this area can be effectively treated

using vapor extraction

The effectiveness of VE was demonstrated during the pilot-scale study with

approximately 100 pounds of target VOCs recovered from the two more highly

impacted test areas in less than 90 days of vapor recovery The objective of the

source area remediation is to control the migration of contaminants from the

source area soils to the ground water Although vapor extraction may take

slightly longer to achieve the soil cleanup standards when compared to LTSA

control over the migration of VOCs to the ground water can be achieved earlier in

the remedial program Capping the site will limit the vertical migration of

contaminants to the ground water and vapor extraction is expected to

substantially reduce the mass of the contaminants from the soil within 90 to 180

days after the start of pumping The VE system can also be designed installed

and operating more quickly than the LTSA system because of the extensive bench-

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 11

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

and pilot-scale data available for the site experience gained in using VE at other

sites and the availability of VE system components A list of sites where VE has

been or currently is in use was recently published in a May 1992 document

entitled An Evaluation of Vapor Extraction of Vadose Zone Contamination

published by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Martin Marietta Energy

Systems Inc for the US Department of Energy The document presents

information on 13 sites with varying types and concentrations of VOCs and soil

conditions and concludes that in situ vapor extraction is very effective in removing

organic contaminants from the pore space of the soil matrix According to The

Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program Technology Profiles

(EPA5405-90006) VES now comprises 18 percent of the selected remedies at

Superfund sites and the number continues to grow

To briefly summarize in addition to gaining control over the migration of VOCs

from the source area soils to the ground water more quickly VE also offers the

advantages of (1) better short-term protection of public health because there is no

uncontrolled release of VOCs and dust to the ambient air (2) less operational

noise than the noise associated with LTSA operations (3) less disturbance to the

environment at the site and to the surrounding community especially in terms of

site clearing and (4) a high degree of operational flexibility to expand the system

to treat a larger volume of soil to extend the treatment time to achieve better

removal and to focus the remediation on the most impacted soils Based upon the

currently available data the comparison of VE and LTSA discussed in Section 50

remains unchanged Comparison of these two source control alternatives indicated

that VE would be more protective of human health and the environment during

implementation and that the two alternatives would be equally effective and

protective in the long term

January 12 1993 12 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012

TABLE 1

SUMMARY OF GEOTECHNICAL DATA V E TOEATABLHJTY STUDY MANAGEMENT OF MIGRATION PRE-DESIGN

UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SITE SOUTH HOPE MAINE

flBoring ID

Stratishygraphy

Sample I D

Depth From

Depth To

Gravel Total Sand

Coarse Sand

Medium Sand

Fine Sand

Coarse Fraction

Silt Clay Fine Fraction 9

SB-2-04 FU1 S-7 130 148 312 301 45 55 201 613 301 86 387

jsB-4-lS BSB-4-4S

Fill Fill

ST-1 S-5

60 120

75 140

63 44

575 474

70 45

115 105

390 324

638 518

310 386

51 96

361 482

IsB-A-10 Fill UCC-SB-A-101-03 40 60 110 506 218 237 545 616 267 116 383

SB-B-30 Fill UCC-SB-B-030A-01 00 20 219 361 97 294 609 580 286 133 419

SB-C-01 FU1 UCC-SB-C-010-06 100 120 292 321 140 234 626 613 274 112 386

SB-3-4L Topsoil ST-1 80 100 42 422 55 100 267 464 386 150 536

SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1lt

bull03 bull03 bull03 -03 bullID ID ID 1M1 bullIS

Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till

S-8 S-12 S-13 S-15

S-13A S-17 S-25 ST-1 ST-1

320 400 420 460 225 305 460 300 50

340 420 440 480 240 325 470 320 70

00 00 00 175 44 39 29 51 I 4

707 328 284 331 595 409 290 466 392

00 00 00 40 25 50 35 45 I 0

97 63 59 75 30 90 70 90 55

610 265 225 216 540 269 185 331 327

707 328 284 506 639 448 319 517 406

177 466 402 293 267 347 466 343 594

115 205 313 200 93

204 214 140 00

292 671 715 493 360 551 680 483 594

SB-2-04 Till ST-1 200 220 55 370 45 80 245 425 377 197 574

SB-2-04 Till S-10 220 240 161 450 105 115 230 611 284 104 38

SB-2-04 Till S-14 300 320 I I 5 424 60 95 269 539 265 195 460

SB-2-04 Till ST-2 400 420 17 407 55 85 267 424 386 189 575

SB-2-04 Till S-20 440 460 130 558 100 140 318 688 219 93 312

SB-2-2D Till ST-1 140 160 36 608 65 160 383 644 318 38 356

SB-2-3S Till S-5 110 130 42 362 30 80 252 404 473 122 595

SB-3-07 Till S-12 400 420 00 351 00 111 240 351 421 227 648

SB-3-07 Till S-15 460 478 26 443 50 120 273 469 371 159 530

SB-3-07 Till S-16 480 500 00 316 00 86 230 316 436 247 683

SB-3-1D Till S-32 620 640 51 322 60 75 187 373 368 258 626

SB-3-1L Till ST-1 460 475 20 367 50 85 232 387 375 237 612

SB-3-1S SB-3-2M SB-3-3M SB-3-3S SB-3-4S SB-3-4S

Till Till Till Till Till Till

S-4 S-5 S-7

ST-1 UT-1 S-8

150 200 265 35 05 160

170 218 285 55 15 170

25 50 98 26 34 164

373 420 405 504 745 478

30 30 40 40 45

I I 5

90 100 115 80 275 105

253 290 250 384 425 258

398 470 503 530 779 642

432 378 338 388 175 296

169 151 158 81 46 62

601 529 496 469 221 358

SB-4-07 Till S- l l 205 225 97 366 46 85 236 463 377 159 536

SB-4-07 Till S-17 310 318 16 850 110 430 310 866 134 00 134

SB-4-1S Till S-3 130 150 74 393 50 95 248 467 379 153 532

SB-4-2D Till S-8 140 160 22 413 45 90 278 435 384 180 564

SB-4-3S Till S-7 120 140 28 372 45 85 242 400 407 192 599

Average Fill jAverage Till

173 51

423 441

103 44

173 107

449 290

596 492

304 354

99 153

403 507

Revision 0 122292 Pagel Balaam Project 6530T2MOMVE 1 XLS

Table 2

Intrinsic A i r Permeability Values VES Treatability Study

Union Chemical Company South Hope Maine

Date of Teat Start

Slraligraphy Sa tura tedUnsta lura tod Trait Type Tost Identification

Test Area

Sample Depth Calculated Permeability (sq cm) Kr Kc

2-Ocl-91 13-Nov-91 4-Nov-9l

Fill Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test IWA-03 UCC-SB-A-100-05

EW-A-01

A A A

4 to 19 85 to 96 26 to 76

240E-06 264E-07 764 E-09

2 60E-08 NA

216E-08

NA NA

903E-09 13Dec-91 Fill Unsaturated Mass Transfer EW-A-01 A 25 to 76 366E-07 879E-09

Geometric Mean 205E-07

3-Ocl-91 30-Ocl-9I

Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test EW-B-01 EW-B-01

B B

2 to 6 2 to 5

300E-08 209E-08

25-E-08 I02E-08

NA 247E-09

2l-Nov-9l Fill Unsaturated EW-B-01 B 2 to 5 167E07 343E-08 367E-09 14May-92 Till Sa tura ted Bench-Scale UCC-SB-B-500-01 B 58 to 83 262E-09 to 134E-08 NA NA

Geometric Mean 344E-08

3-Oct-91 5- Nov-91

25-Nov-91 7-Nov-91

Fill Fill Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test Bench-Scale

Field Test

IW-C-05 UCC-SB-C-OI0-030 UCC-SB-C-020-03

EW-C-01

C C C C

3 to 8 4 to 46 4 to 56

25 to 76

640E-08 113E-09 to532E-08 884 E-09 to8 81E-08

300E-07

530E-08 NA NA

300E-08

NA NA NA

300E-09 6- Nov9| Fill Unsaturated IW-C-05 C 3 to 8 305E-07 389E-08 108E-08

Geometric Mean 122E-07

29-Oct-9l Fill Unsaturated Field Test EW-n-01 D 3 5 to 85 822E-08 489E-09 992E-09 14 Mav-92 Natural Orpnnic Silt Saturated Bench Scale UCC-vSB-D 112-01 D 58 lo 88 920E-10to 150E-08 NA NA

21-Jul-92 Till Saturated Bench-Scale UCC-SB-3-05-1 0 to 87 503E-07 to 564E-07 NA NA 21-Jul 92 Fill Saturated UCC-SB-3-3SA-3 0 lo 15 527E-08 to 653E-07 NA NA 21-)ul-92 Till Saturated UCC-SB-3-2SA-1 10 to 124 683E-08 lo I20E-07 NA NA

NOTES 1 NA = not applicable 2 Kz rcfora In air |gterincabilily in vertical direction 3 Kr refers to air permeability in horizontal direction 4 Kc refers lo air permeability in a soil lo atmosphere conductance 5 ft-BGS = feet below ground surface

A1RPERMXLS

RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES

bull C L Z P Q CP

ACCESS GATE

FORMER INCINERATOR

CONCRETE SLAB

H CHAIN LINK FENCE

FORMER INCINERATOR STRUCTURES

APPROXIMATE VAPOR EXTRACTION

o PILOT TEST AREA LOCATION

APPROXIMATE LEACH FIELD AREA LOCATION o SOURCE APPROXIMATE TANK LOCATION FIGURE 2 OF REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION FEASIBILITY STUDY

40 80 160

APPROXIMATE SCALE (FEET)

c u m | UNION CHEMICAL I

ADMINISTRATIVE FUND BALSAM macca

OMMNUEXTM OMSULTHnitR B WDUSUUL VAX SMfU Ml 030TO VES PILOT STUDY

PILOT AND BENCH SCALE STUDY AREAS

UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE PJK DNW JMO JAG laquo APPROXIMATE VE SOIL SAMPLE PREPARED BY CANONIE ENVIRONMENTAL JUNE 1990 SB-3-3SA LOCATION FUWgt Q

r=80 010493 6437228 6437 T5

0

SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED 1 OONSTTTUENT CONCENTRATIONS bull lt

SOU SAMPLE COLLECTED AT BORING SB-D-03 AND SB-D-02 WAS SATURATED DUE TO SHALLOW WATER

UCC-SB-S-07-SI-1092

l t -DCE BDl82) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN TABLE AT 18 FEET BELOW GRADE SURFACE PARTS PER BILLION (PPB) -lt

11

11-DCE BDL56) TCE BDL58J PCE BDL(56) TXYL

IFEFMD

SB-S-05 ^ SOURCE CONTROL PREmdashDESIGN SOL BORING LOCATION

UCC-SB-S-OO-SJA-1092 SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS

11-DCE BOU5B) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN PARTS PER BULON (PPB)

Page 6: 9 O titer: BURNS 8c LEVINSONDUANE G. SULUVAN SEAN F. O'CONNO R ANDREW P BOTTI WILUAM J . OELLEA WILLIAM H. OtAOAMO HOLLY A. DITCH FIELD MAUREEN S. KELLEY KENDALL J …

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

20 CONCEPTUAL S I T E MODEL

As described in the RI report and confirmed by the findings of the VE treatability

study and MOMPD and SCPD investigations the stratigraphy at the UCC site

consists mainly of three stratigraphic sequences fill t i l l and bedrock The

stratigraphy in the UCC site source area typically consists of fill overlying native

glacial t i l l which in turn overlies a schist and gneiss bedrock The fill and the

underlying native soil appear to be similar in character although the t i l l generally

tends to be denser and somewhat finer-grained than the overlying fill A

comparison of grain size percentages evaluated from sieve analyses for the fill and

t i l l is presented on Table 1 The fill consists predominately of loose to very dense

silty sands and sands with small but varying amounts of fine gravel and clay

Organic debris is present in the fill occurring mostly as partially decomposed wood

debris or wood ashes with occasional thin layers of peat and organic silt Organic

silt peat and topsoil are present in several locations at the top of the t i l l unit

The t i l l occurs as a wedge shaped deposit with the thickness varying from 80 feet

toward Quiggle Brook to less than 25 feet at the western portion of the site

Although the RI indicated the possible presence of gradational changes in the

stratigraphy data obtained from continuous soil sampling performed during the

VE Treatability Study and MOMPD investigation indicated that there is little

change in stratigraphy horizontally or vertically and that heterogeneity is

generally limited to localized variations in the silt and sand percentages These

variations were typically encountered as minor lenses and seams generally several

inches thick containing a slightly higher fraction sand and appeared to be

localized in extent Stratigraphically these reiampvvely minor variations in grain

size and localized lenses indicate the absence of significant preferential conduits

comprised of significantly coarser and therefore substantially more permeable

material Data obtained from the soil boring programs conducted during the

MOMPD VE and RI studies also do not indicate the presence of extensive

continuous lenses of clay that could behave as significant barriers to fluid flow

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 3

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

Hydrologic data collected during the hydraulic testing during the MOMPD study

suggest that some sandier lenses may extend for limited distances in a north-south

orientation as local stratigraphic horizons However these potential lenses were

thought to be located to the east of the soil source area and their existence is not

confirmed by the specific stratigraphic borehole data available

Permeability of site soils to air flow was estimated based upon the results of both

pilot- and bench-scale testing performed during the VE treatability and the bench-

scale testing performed during the MOMPD studies Pilot-scale tests were

performed at four different locations in the source area at the UCC site which

were selected on the basis of stratigraphic data reported in the RI as

representative of the range of soil conditions in that area Five samples were

collected for bench-scale air permeability testing which included both saturated

and unsaturated samples from the four VE pilot test areas Three additional soil

samples were collected for bench-scale VE testing during the MOMPD

investigation from a location east of the source area adjacent to Quiggle Brook

The locations of the pilot test areas and the downgradient bench-scale sampling

locations are shown on Figure 1

Air permeability results measured during the VE treatability study

supplementary bench-scale VE tests and the MOM study are presented in Table 2

The results are grouped by VES Treatability Study test areas and Test Area 3

from the MOM Pre-Design Study Similar air permeability values were measured

during the MOMPD and VE studies with horizontal permeabilities measured in

the field typically in the 10 x 108 to 53 x 108 cm2 range Air permeability values

were also found to increase during the testing of samples obtained from both the

saturated and unsaturated soil zones This apparent increase in air permeability

over time is consistent with the expected removal of moisture from the soil pore

space during vapor extraction which reduces resistance to air flow through the

soil These results indicate that saturated soils can be effectively remediated at

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 4

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

the site using in situ vapor extraction after lowering the ground water in the

vicinity of saturated soils requiring treatment

Hydraulic conductivity values estimated based on results of slug tests performed

in the overburden unit during the RI and MOMPD studies are consistent These

values range over approximately two orders of magnitude between 4 x 103

centimeter per second (cmsec) to 1 x IO5 cmsec with the majority of the values in

the 104 cmsec to 105 cmsec range Hydraulic conductivity values estimated from

the analyses of pump tests performed in the saturated overburden during the

MOMPD investigation range from 1 x 104 cmsec to 6 x 106 cmsec with the

majority of the values similarly in the 104 cmsec to 105 cmsec range These

volumes are consistent with the permeabilities observed from the MOMPD pump

tests (ie 15 x 104 cmsec x 90 x 106 cmsec)

The observed consistency between the geologic and permeability data obtained

during the RI VE Treatability Study and the MOMPD and SCPD studies is

consistent with the premises underlying the conceptual model of the site conditions

and indicates that VE will be an effective source control technology for the UCC

site

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 5

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

30 CONTAMINANT DISTRIBUTION

During the SCPD investigation shallow unsaturated soil samples were collected at

depths from 2 to 4 feet below ground surface at twenty-two sampling locations

within and surrounding the extent of the source area soils as indicated by the RI

investigation Consistent with the findings of the RI the lateral extent of the

source area is estimated based upon the newer data to be within eastern portion of

the former operations area at the site (see Figure 2) with the exception that

tetrachloroethene (PCE) was reported at a concentration exceeding the soil cleanup

standard in one shallow soil sample obtained from a boring located to the east of

the former interceptor trench The reported presence of PCE in the soil at this

location is anomalous because PCE was not detected in the shallow unsaturated

and saturated soil samples obtained immediately to the west of the former

interceptor trench and because PCE was not detected in ground water samples

obtained from monitoring wells located downgradient from this area during the

MOMPD and initial Surface Water and Ground Water Monitoring Program

sampling event

With the exception of the southern end of the former leachfield located at the

eastern edge of the former operations area the vertical extent of soils requiring

source control remediation appears to be limited to primarily soils above the water

table Ten of the twenty-two shallow borings were advanced to 2 to 4 feet below

the ground water table to evaluate the vertical extent of the significantly impacted

soils (see Figure 3) At four of these sampling locations VOCs were not detected

at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup levels in either the shallow

unsaturated soil samples or the shallow saturated soil samples In four of the five

locations where VOCs were detected at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup

standards in the unsaturated soil the concentrations of VOCs in the shallow

saturated soil were less than the soil cleanup standards indicating that the

vertical extent of soil requiring remediation is primarily limited to the unsaturated

soils Only in a boring located at the southern end of the former leachfield and

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 6

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

boring located immediately to the southeast of the leachfield were VOCs detected

in the shallow saturated soil at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standard

VOCs were not detected in the shallow unsaturated soil sample obtained from the

boring located immediately to the southeast of the former leachfield indicating

that the contaminants detected in the shallow saturated soil sample were likely

transported with the ground water to this location

As shown on Figure 4 seven borings were advanced to obtain soil samples at 8 to

10 feet below the ground water including the two borings where VOCs were

detected at concentrations exceeding the cleanup levels in the shallow saturated

soil samples As indicated on Figure 4 VOCs were detected in 3 of the 7 deeper

saturated samples at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standards

however based on the shallower soil samples obtained at 2 of the 3 locations i t

appears that the VOCs detected in these deeper soil samples are associated with

contaminants migrating with the ground water Only samples obtained from the

boring located at the southern end of the former leachfield contained VOCs at

concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standards in soil samples obtained above

and below the ground water table Based upon the results of the pump tests

performed at the site i t is anticipated that a series of closely-spaced ground water

extraction wells can adequately lower the water table to allow soil vapor extraction

wells to effectively treat currently saturated soils in the vicinity of the former

leachfield

As required by EPA and the Maine Department of Environmental Protection

(DEP) selected soil samples obtained from the unsaturated zone during the SCPD

were analyzed for NN-dimethylformamide (DMF) The results of these DMF

analyses were previously transmitted to EPA and DEP and showed that DMF was

not present in these unsaturated soil samples at concentrations greater than the

method detection limits These results are consistent with data obtained during

VE treatability study which indicated the presence of DMF in only 3 of 29

samples analyzed and at concentrations slightly above or at the detection limit

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 7

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

40 CLEANUP TIME ESTIMATES

As discussed in Section 70 of the VE Treatability Study Report the results of

bench-scale testing performed during the study were used to evaluate the number

of air pore volume exchanges required to reduce VOC concentrations to levels

below the source control performance standards for the target constituents These

results were consistent with VE performance at other sites and indicated that

exchange of 3000 to 4000 pore volumes of soil gas would be necessary to achieve

the source control performance standards in most of the source area Data for a

sample collected from one area of the site (Area C in at the southern end of the

former leach field east of the still building) suggested that up to 120000 pore

volume exchanges would be required to attain the performance standards because

of elevated VOC concentrations in the soil in that area I t should be noted that

the air flow rates in this sample were accelerated because of the time constraints

placed upon completion of the VE Treatability Study Because of equilibrium

dynamics i t is likely that the increased air flow rates decreased the efficiency of

VOC transfer from the soil to the air resulting in an increased number of required

pore volume exchanges to attain the performance standards Accordingly i t is

possible that the number of required pore volume exchanges estimated for this

area of the site was overestimated

The results of the field pilot-scale testing at the site were generally consistent with

the bench-scale data and indicated that exchange of 4000 to 6000 pore volumes

will be required to attain the performance standards in most of the source area

The pilot-scale test data indicated removal of relatively large masses

(approximately 100 pounds) of target VOCs from each of the highly impacted test

areas during the relatively limited test period (less than 90 days) The expected

pattern of greater VOC removal from the outer margins of the test area than in

the inner portions was observed in both soil vapor and soil analytical data As

expected conclusive demonstration of the ability to achieve performance standards

in the field was constrained by winter conditions (initial equipment malfunction)

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 8

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

the limited time period available for completion of the test the limitations of a

pilot-scale test performed in a contaminated area primarily leakage of air flow at

the margins of the cap and transport of VOCs from soil volumes outside the test

area and constraints of the Contract Laboratory Program analytical methods that

were required particularly with respect to constituent concentration reporting

limits

As reported in the VE Treatability Study Report based upon the air flow rates

attained in the field (see Appendix K of the VE Treatability Study Report) it was

estimated that sufficient pore volume exchanges to attain source control

performance standards could be achieved in unsaturated soils in most of the

source control area within approximately 1 year of operation Attainment of the

performance standards in the balance of the unsaturated soil source area would be

achieved within approximately 23 years of operation Data obtained during the

MOMPD and SCPD studies are consistent with data obtained during the RI and

VE treatability study and do not indicate that revision of these cleanup time

estimates of 1 to 23 years of operation is warranted

Data from the SCPD study indicated that saturated soil in the vicinity of the

southern end of the leach field contained VOC concentrations above the soil

performance standards Treatment of this soil by VE will require dewatering to

facilitate air transfer through the soils It is estimated that the dewatering and

drying of the soil could require 6 months Because this area is in the portion of

the site where the higher end of the soil cleanup time range was estimated it is

possible that cleanup of this localized area of saturated soil will require 28 years

of operation to complete

The cleanup time estimates were based upon operations after system startup In

evaluating actual cleanup at least 4 weeks per year of VE system down time could

be expected particularly as a result of wintertime conditions Accordingly cleanup

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 9

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

time estimates for the site are expected to range from approximately 12 to

31 years the 6 weeks estimated for completion of construction in the FFS report

It should also be noted that as discussed in the VE Treatability Study Report the

exponential decline in VOC levels in discharged soil gas observed during the pilot-

and bench-scale studies indicate that significant reduction in the VOC mass in

source soils will be achieved within the first 6 months of VE system operation

The data obtained during the treatability study were used to address several

important design considerations discussed in Section 80 of the VE Treatability

Study These considerations indicated the ability to design the VE system to

maximize its operational effectiveness and its flexibility in adjusting to variable

operating conditions For example the design will include vertical extraction wells

in areas of greater depths to ground water and horizontal extraction wells in areas

of shallower depths to ground water or where higher pore volume exchange rates

are required The design will also include an interactive monitoring program

during operations that will allow frequent adjustment of the operational

configuration to include increased air flow rates and use of induction wells as

warranted to address localized heterogeneities in soil characteristics and VOC

concentrations Application of these design considerations will facilitate

attainment of the source control performance standards within the estimated

cleanup times

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 10

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

50 SUMMARY

In summary the findings of the RI the VE pilot-scale and bench-scale studies and

the MOM PD and SCPD investigations are consistent with the conceptual site

model The site stratigraphy in the source area consists of fill overlying t i l l which

overlies bedrock Source area soils (ie soils containing VOCs at concentrations

greater than soil cleanup standards) are located within the eastern portion of the

former site operations area The vertical extent of source area soils that exceed

the soil cleanup standards is primarily limited to soils lying above the ground

water table with the exception of soils in a localized area at the southern end of

the former leachfield DMF is not present at significant concentrations in the

unsaturated soil The characteristics of the fill and t i l l are similar and large-scale

heterogeneities are not present within the soil Air permeabilities of the fill and

t i l l are such that vapor extraction can be used to effectively remove VOCs from the

soil Permeabilities of the overburden are such that a dewatering system can be

designed to lower the ground water table at the southern end of the former

leachfield so that currently saturated soils in this area can be effectively treated

using vapor extraction

The effectiveness of VE was demonstrated during the pilot-scale study with

approximately 100 pounds of target VOCs recovered from the two more highly

impacted test areas in less than 90 days of vapor recovery The objective of the

source area remediation is to control the migration of contaminants from the

source area soils to the ground water Although vapor extraction may take

slightly longer to achieve the soil cleanup standards when compared to LTSA

control over the migration of VOCs to the ground water can be achieved earlier in

the remedial program Capping the site will limit the vertical migration of

contaminants to the ground water and vapor extraction is expected to

substantially reduce the mass of the contaminants from the soil within 90 to 180

days after the start of pumping The VE system can also be designed installed

and operating more quickly than the LTSA system because of the extensive bench-

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 11

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

and pilot-scale data available for the site experience gained in using VE at other

sites and the availability of VE system components A list of sites where VE has

been or currently is in use was recently published in a May 1992 document

entitled An Evaluation of Vapor Extraction of Vadose Zone Contamination

published by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Martin Marietta Energy

Systems Inc for the US Department of Energy The document presents

information on 13 sites with varying types and concentrations of VOCs and soil

conditions and concludes that in situ vapor extraction is very effective in removing

organic contaminants from the pore space of the soil matrix According to The

Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program Technology Profiles

(EPA5405-90006) VES now comprises 18 percent of the selected remedies at

Superfund sites and the number continues to grow

To briefly summarize in addition to gaining control over the migration of VOCs

from the source area soils to the ground water more quickly VE also offers the

advantages of (1) better short-term protection of public health because there is no

uncontrolled release of VOCs and dust to the ambient air (2) less operational

noise than the noise associated with LTSA operations (3) less disturbance to the

environment at the site and to the surrounding community especially in terms of

site clearing and (4) a high degree of operational flexibility to expand the system

to treat a larger volume of soil to extend the treatment time to achieve better

removal and to focus the remediation on the most impacted soils Based upon the

currently available data the comparison of VE and LTSA discussed in Section 50

remains unchanged Comparison of these two source control alternatives indicated

that VE would be more protective of human health and the environment during

implementation and that the two alternatives would be equally effective and

protective in the long term

January 12 1993 12 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012

TABLE 1

SUMMARY OF GEOTECHNICAL DATA V E TOEATABLHJTY STUDY MANAGEMENT OF MIGRATION PRE-DESIGN

UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SITE SOUTH HOPE MAINE

flBoring ID

Stratishygraphy

Sample I D

Depth From

Depth To

Gravel Total Sand

Coarse Sand

Medium Sand

Fine Sand

Coarse Fraction

Silt Clay Fine Fraction 9

SB-2-04 FU1 S-7 130 148 312 301 45 55 201 613 301 86 387

jsB-4-lS BSB-4-4S

Fill Fill

ST-1 S-5

60 120

75 140

63 44

575 474

70 45

115 105

390 324

638 518

310 386

51 96

361 482

IsB-A-10 Fill UCC-SB-A-101-03 40 60 110 506 218 237 545 616 267 116 383

SB-B-30 Fill UCC-SB-B-030A-01 00 20 219 361 97 294 609 580 286 133 419

SB-C-01 FU1 UCC-SB-C-010-06 100 120 292 321 140 234 626 613 274 112 386

SB-3-4L Topsoil ST-1 80 100 42 422 55 100 267 464 386 150 536

SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1lt

bull03 bull03 bull03 -03 bullID ID ID 1M1 bullIS

Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till

S-8 S-12 S-13 S-15

S-13A S-17 S-25 ST-1 ST-1

320 400 420 460 225 305 460 300 50

340 420 440 480 240 325 470 320 70

00 00 00 175 44 39 29 51 I 4

707 328 284 331 595 409 290 466 392

00 00 00 40 25 50 35 45 I 0

97 63 59 75 30 90 70 90 55

610 265 225 216 540 269 185 331 327

707 328 284 506 639 448 319 517 406

177 466 402 293 267 347 466 343 594

115 205 313 200 93

204 214 140 00

292 671 715 493 360 551 680 483 594

SB-2-04 Till ST-1 200 220 55 370 45 80 245 425 377 197 574

SB-2-04 Till S-10 220 240 161 450 105 115 230 611 284 104 38

SB-2-04 Till S-14 300 320 I I 5 424 60 95 269 539 265 195 460

SB-2-04 Till ST-2 400 420 17 407 55 85 267 424 386 189 575

SB-2-04 Till S-20 440 460 130 558 100 140 318 688 219 93 312

SB-2-2D Till ST-1 140 160 36 608 65 160 383 644 318 38 356

SB-2-3S Till S-5 110 130 42 362 30 80 252 404 473 122 595

SB-3-07 Till S-12 400 420 00 351 00 111 240 351 421 227 648

SB-3-07 Till S-15 460 478 26 443 50 120 273 469 371 159 530

SB-3-07 Till S-16 480 500 00 316 00 86 230 316 436 247 683

SB-3-1D Till S-32 620 640 51 322 60 75 187 373 368 258 626

SB-3-1L Till ST-1 460 475 20 367 50 85 232 387 375 237 612

SB-3-1S SB-3-2M SB-3-3M SB-3-3S SB-3-4S SB-3-4S

Till Till Till Till Till Till

S-4 S-5 S-7

ST-1 UT-1 S-8

150 200 265 35 05 160

170 218 285 55 15 170

25 50 98 26 34 164

373 420 405 504 745 478

30 30 40 40 45

I I 5

90 100 115 80 275 105

253 290 250 384 425 258

398 470 503 530 779 642

432 378 338 388 175 296

169 151 158 81 46 62

601 529 496 469 221 358

SB-4-07 Till S- l l 205 225 97 366 46 85 236 463 377 159 536

SB-4-07 Till S-17 310 318 16 850 110 430 310 866 134 00 134

SB-4-1S Till S-3 130 150 74 393 50 95 248 467 379 153 532

SB-4-2D Till S-8 140 160 22 413 45 90 278 435 384 180 564

SB-4-3S Till S-7 120 140 28 372 45 85 242 400 407 192 599

Average Fill jAverage Till

173 51

423 441

103 44

173 107

449 290

596 492

304 354

99 153

403 507

Revision 0 122292 Pagel Balaam Project 6530T2MOMVE 1 XLS

Table 2

Intrinsic A i r Permeability Values VES Treatability Study

Union Chemical Company South Hope Maine

Date of Teat Start

Slraligraphy Sa tura tedUnsta lura tod Trait Type Tost Identification

Test Area

Sample Depth Calculated Permeability (sq cm) Kr Kc

2-Ocl-91 13-Nov-91 4-Nov-9l

Fill Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test IWA-03 UCC-SB-A-100-05

EW-A-01

A A A

4 to 19 85 to 96 26 to 76

240E-06 264E-07 764 E-09

2 60E-08 NA

216E-08

NA NA

903E-09 13Dec-91 Fill Unsaturated Mass Transfer EW-A-01 A 25 to 76 366E-07 879E-09

Geometric Mean 205E-07

3-Ocl-91 30-Ocl-9I

Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test EW-B-01 EW-B-01

B B

2 to 6 2 to 5

300E-08 209E-08

25-E-08 I02E-08

NA 247E-09

2l-Nov-9l Fill Unsaturated EW-B-01 B 2 to 5 167E07 343E-08 367E-09 14May-92 Till Sa tura ted Bench-Scale UCC-SB-B-500-01 B 58 to 83 262E-09 to 134E-08 NA NA

Geometric Mean 344E-08

3-Oct-91 5- Nov-91

25-Nov-91 7-Nov-91

Fill Fill Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test Bench-Scale

Field Test

IW-C-05 UCC-SB-C-OI0-030 UCC-SB-C-020-03

EW-C-01

C C C C

3 to 8 4 to 46 4 to 56

25 to 76

640E-08 113E-09 to532E-08 884 E-09 to8 81E-08

300E-07

530E-08 NA NA

300E-08

NA NA NA

300E-09 6- Nov9| Fill Unsaturated IW-C-05 C 3 to 8 305E-07 389E-08 108E-08

Geometric Mean 122E-07

29-Oct-9l Fill Unsaturated Field Test EW-n-01 D 3 5 to 85 822E-08 489E-09 992E-09 14 Mav-92 Natural Orpnnic Silt Saturated Bench Scale UCC-vSB-D 112-01 D 58 lo 88 920E-10to 150E-08 NA NA

21-Jul-92 Till Saturated Bench-Scale UCC-SB-3-05-1 0 to 87 503E-07 to 564E-07 NA NA 21-Jul 92 Fill Saturated UCC-SB-3-3SA-3 0 lo 15 527E-08 to 653E-07 NA NA 21-)ul-92 Till Saturated UCC-SB-3-2SA-1 10 to 124 683E-08 lo I20E-07 NA NA

NOTES 1 NA = not applicable 2 Kz rcfora In air |gterincabilily in vertical direction 3 Kr refers to air permeability in horizontal direction 4 Kc refers lo air permeability in a soil lo atmosphere conductance 5 ft-BGS = feet below ground surface

A1RPERMXLS

RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES

bull C L Z P Q CP

ACCESS GATE

FORMER INCINERATOR

CONCRETE SLAB

H CHAIN LINK FENCE

FORMER INCINERATOR STRUCTURES

APPROXIMATE VAPOR EXTRACTION

o PILOT TEST AREA LOCATION

APPROXIMATE LEACH FIELD AREA LOCATION o SOURCE APPROXIMATE TANK LOCATION FIGURE 2 OF REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION FEASIBILITY STUDY

40 80 160

APPROXIMATE SCALE (FEET)

c u m | UNION CHEMICAL I

ADMINISTRATIVE FUND BALSAM macca

OMMNUEXTM OMSULTHnitR B WDUSUUL VAX SMfU Ml 030TO VES PILOT STUDY

PILOT AND BENCH SCALE STUDY AREAS

UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE PJK DNW JMO JAG laquo APPROXIMATE VE SOIL SAMPLE PREPARED BY CANONIE ENVIRONMENTAL JUNE 1990 SB-3-3SA LOCATION FUWgt Q

r=80 010493 6437228 6437 T5

0

SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED 1 OONSTTTUENT CONCENTRATIONS bull lt

SOU SAMPLE COLLECTED AT BORING SB-D-03 AND SB-D-02 WAS SATURATED DUE TO SHALLOW WATER

UCC-SB-S-07-SI-1092

l t -DCE BDl82) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN TABLE AT 18 FEET BELOW GRADE SURFACE PARTS PER BILLION (PPB) -lt

11

11-DCE BDL56) TCE BDL58J PCE BDL(56) TXYL

IFEFMD

SB-S-05 ^ SOURCE CONTROL PREmdashDESIGN SOL BORING LOCATION

UCC-SB-S-OO-SJA-1092 SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS

11-DCE BOU5B) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN PARTS PER BULON (PPB)

Page 7: 9 O titer: BURNS 8c LEVINSONDUANE G. SULUVAN SEAN F. O'CONNO R ANDREW P BOTTI WILUAM J . OELLEA WILLIAM H. OtAOAMO HOLLY A. DITCH FIELD MAUREEN S. KELLEY KENDALL J …

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

Hydrologic data collected during the hydraulic testing during the MOMPD study

suggest that some sandier lenses may extend for limited distances in a north-south

orientation as local stratigraphic horizons However these potential lenses were

thought to be located to the east of the soil source area and their existence is not

confirmed by the specific stratigraphic borehole data available

Permeability of site soils to air flow was estimated based upon the results of both

pilot- and bench-scale testing performed during the VE treatability and the bench-

scale testing performed during the MOMPD studies Pilot-scale tests were

performed at four different locations in the source area at the UCC site which

were selected on the basis of stratigraphic data reported in the RI as

representative of the range of soil conditions in that area Five samples were

collected for bench-scale air permeability testing which included both saturated

and unsaturated samples from the four VE pilot test areas Three additional soil

samples were collected for bench-scale VE testing during the MOMPD

investigation from a location east of the source area adjacent to Quiggle Brook

The locations of the pilot test areas and the downgradient bench-scale sampling

locations are shown on Figure 1

Air permeability results measured during the VE treatability study

supplementary bench-scale VE tests and the MOM study are presented in Table 2

The results are grouped by VES Treatability Study test areas and Test Area 3

from the MOM Pre-Design Study Similar air permeability values were measured

during the MOMPD and VE studies with horizontal permeabilities measured in

the field typically in the 10 x 108 to 53 x 108 cm2 range Air permeability values

were also found to increase during the testing of samples obtained from both the

saturated and unsaturated soil zones This apparent increase in air permeability

over time is consistent with the expected removal of moisture from the soil pore

space during vapor extraction which reduces resistance to air flow through the

soil These results indicate that saturated soils can be effectively remediated at

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 4

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

the site using in situ vapor extraction after lowering the ground water in the

vicinity of saturated soils requiring treatment

Hydraulic conductivity values estimated based on results of slug tests performed

in the overburden unit during the RI and MOMPD studies are consistent These

values range over approximately two orders of magnitude between 4 x 103

centimeter per second (cmsec) to 1 x IO5 cmsec with the majority of the values in

the 104 cmsec to 105 cmsec range Hydraulic conductivity values estimated from

the analyses of pump tests performed in the saturated overburden during the

MOMPD investigation range from 1 x 104 cmsec to 6 x 106 cmsec with the

majority of the values similarly in the 104 cmsec to 105 cmsec range These

volumes are consistent with the permeabilities observed from the MOMPD pump

tests (ie 15 x 104 cmsec x 90 x 106 cmsec)

The observed consistency between the geologic and permeability data obtained

during the RI VE Treatability Study and the MOMPD and SCPD studies is

consistent with the premises underlying the conceptual model of the site conditions

and indicates that VE will be an effective source control technology for the UCC

site

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 5

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

30 CONTAMINANT DISTRIBUTION

During the SCPD investigation shallow unsaturated soil samples were collected at

depths from 2 to 4 feet below ground surface at twenty-two sampling locations

within and surrounding the extent of the source area soils as indicated by the RI

investigation Consistent with the findings of the RI the lateral extent of the

source area is estimated based upon the newer data to be within eastern portion of

the former operations area at the site (see Figure 2) with the exception that

tetrachloroethene (PCE) was reported at a concentration exceeding the soil cleanup

standard in one shallow soil sample obtained from a boring located to the east of

the former interceptor trench The reported presence of PCE in the soil at this

location is anomalous because PCE was not detected in the shallow unsaturated

and saturated soil samples obtained immediately to the west of the former

interceptor trench and because PCE was not detected in ground water samples

obtained from monitoring wells located downgradient from this area during the

MOMPD and initial Surface Water and Ground Water Monitoring Program

sampling event

With the exception of the southern end of the former leachfield located at the

eastern edge of the former operations area the vertical extent of soils requiring

source control remediation appears to be limited to primarily soils above the water

table Ten of the twenty-two shallow borings were advanced to 2 to 4 feet below

the ground water table to evaluate the vertical extent of the significantly impacted

soils (see Figure 3) At four of these sampling locations VOCs were not detected

at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup levels in either the shallow

unsaturated soil samples or the shallow saturated soil samples In four of the five

locations where VOCs were detected at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup

standards in the unsaturated soil the concentrations of VOCs in the shallow

saturated soil were less than the soil cleanup standards indicating that the

vertical extent of soil requiring remediation is primarily limited to the unsaturated

soils Only in a boring located at the southern end of the former leachfield and

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 6

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

boring located immediately to the southeast of the leachfield were VOCs detected

in the shallow saturated soil at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standard

VOCs were not detected in the shallow unsaturated soil sample obtained from the

boring located immediately to the southeast of the former leachfield indicating

that the contaminants detected in the shallow saturated soil sample were likely

transported with the ground water to this location

As shown on Figure 4 seven borings were advanced to obtain soil samples at 8 to

10 feet below the ground water including the two borings where VOCs were

detected at concentrations exceeding the cleanup levels in the shallow saturated

soil samples As indicated on Figure 4 VOCs were detected in 3 of the 7 deeper

saturated samples at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standards

however based on the shallower soil samples obtained at 2 of the 3 locations i t

appears that the VOCs detected in these deeper soil samples are associated with

contaminants migrating with the ground water Only samples obtained from the

boring located at the southern end of the former leachfield contained VOCs at

concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standards in soil samples obtained above

and below the ground water table Based upon the results of the pump tests

performed at the site i t is anticipated that a series of closely-spaced ground water

extraction wells can adequately lower the water table to allow soil vapor extraction

wells to effectively treat currently saturated soils in the vicinity of the former

leachfield

As required by EPA and the Maine Department of Environmental Protection

(DEP) selected soil samples obtained from the unsaturated zone during the SCPD

were analyzed for NN-dimethylformamide (DMF) The results of these DMF

analyses were previously transmitted to EPA and DEP and showed that DMF was

not present in these unsaturated soil samples at concentrations greater than the

method detection limits These results are consistent with data obtained during

VE treatability study which indicated the presence of DMF in only 3 of 29

samples analyzed and at concentrations slightly above or at the detection limit

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 7

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

40 CLEANUP TIME ESTIMATES

As discussed in Section 70 of the VE Treatability Study Report the results of

bench-scale testing performed during the study were used to evaluate the number

of air pore volume exchanges required to reduce VOC concentrations to levels

below the source control performance standards for the target constituents These

results were consistent with VE performance at other sites and indicated that

exchange of 3000 to 4000 pore volumes of soil gas would be necessary to achieve

the source control performance standards in most of the source area Data for a

sample collected from one area of the site (Area C in at the southern end of the

former leach field east of the still building) suggested that up to 120000 pore

volume exchanges would be required to attain the performance standards because

of elevated VOC concentrations in the soil in that area I t should be noted that

the air flow rates in this sample were accelerated because of the time constraints

placed upon completion of the VE Treatability Study Because of equilibrium

dynamics i t is likely that the increased air flow rates decreased the efficiency of

VOC transfer from the soil to the air resulting in an increased number of required

pore volume exchanges to attain the performance standards Accordingly i t is

possible that the number of required pore volume exchanges estimated for this

area of the site was overestimated

The results of the field pilot-scale testing at the site were generally consistent with

the bench-scale data and indicated that exchange of 4000 to 6000 pore volumes

will be required to attain the performance standards in most of the source area

The pilot-scale test data indicated removal of relatively large masses

(approximately 100 pounds) of target VOCs from each of the highly impacted test

areas during the relatively limited test period (less than 90 days) The expected

pattern of greater VOC removal from the outer margins of the test area than in

the inner portions was observed in both soil vapor and soil analytical data As

expected conclusive demonstration of the ability to achieve performance standards

in the field was constrained by winter conditions (initial equipment malfunction)

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 8

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

the limited time period available for completion of the test the limitations of a

pilot-scale test performed in a contaminated area primarily leakage of air flow at

the margins of the cap and transport of VOCs from soil volumes outside the test

area and constraints of the Contract Laboratory Program analytical methods that

were required particularly with respect to constituent concentration reporting

limits

As reported in the VE Treatability Study Report based upon the air flow rates

attained in the field (see Appendix K of the VE Treatability Study Report) it was

estimated that sufficient pore volume exchanges to attain source control

performance standards could be achieved in unsaturated soils in most of the

source control area within approximately 1 year of operation Attainment of the

performance standards in the balance of the unsaturated soil source area would be

achieved within approximately 23 years of operation Data obtained during the

MOMPD and SCPD studies are consistent with data obtained during the RI and

VE treatability study and do not indicate that revision of these cleanup time

estimates of 1 to 23 years of operation is warranted

Data from the SCPD study indicated that saturated soil in the vicinity of the

southern end of the leach field contained VOC concentrations above the soil

performance standards Treatment of this soil by VE will require dewatering to

facilitate air transfer through the soils It is estimated that the dewatering and

drying of the soil could require 6 months Because this area is in the portion of

the site where the higher end of the soil cleanup time range was estimated it is

possible that cleanup of this localized area of saturated soil will require 28 years

of operation to complete

The cleanup time estimates were based upon operations after system startup In

evaluating actual cleanup at least 4 weeks per year of VE system down time could

be expected particularly as a result of wintertime conditions Accordingly cleanup

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 9

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

time estimates for the site are expected to range from approximately 12 to

31 years the 6 weeks estimated for completion of construction in the FFS report

It should also be noted that as discussed in the VE Treatability Study Report the

exponential decline in VOC levels in discharged soil gas observed during the pilot-

and bench-scale studies indicate that significant reduction in the VOC mass in

source soils will be achieved within the first 6 months of VE system operation

The data obtained during the treatability study were used to address several

important design considerations discussed in Section 80 of the VE Treatability

Study These considerations indicated the ability to design the VE system to

maximize its operational effectiveness and its flexibility in adjusting to variable

operating conditions For example the design will include vertical extraction wells

in areas of greater depths to ground water and horizontal extraction wells in areas

of shallower depths to ground water or where higher pore volume exchange rates

are required The design will also include an interactive monitoring program

during operations that will allow frequent adjustment of the operational

configuration to include increased air flow rates and use of induction wells as

warranted to address localized heterogeneities in soil characteristics and VOC

concentrations Application of these design considerations will facilitate

attainment of the source control performance standards within the estimated

cleanup times

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 10

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

50 SUMMARY

In summary the findings of the RI the VE pilot-scale and bench-scale studies and

the MOM PD and SCPD investigations are consistent with the conceptual site

model The site stratigraphy in the source area consists of fill overlying t i l l which

overlies bedrock Source area soils (ie soils containing VOCs at concentrations

greater than soil cleanup standards) are located within the eastern portion of the

former site operations area The vertical extent of source area soils that exceed

the soil cleanup standards is primarily limited to soils lying above the ground

water table with the exception of soils in a localized area at the southern end of

the former leachfield DMF is not present at significant concentrations in the

unsaturated soil The characteristics of the fill and t i l l are similar and large-scale

heterogeneities are not present within the soil Air permeabilities of the fill and

t i l l are such that vapor extraction can be used to effectively remove VOCs from the

soil Permeabilities of the overburden are such that a dewatering system can be

designed to lower the ground water table at the southern end of the former

leachfield so that currently saturated soils in this area can be effectively treated

using vapor extraction

The effectiveness of VE was demonstrated during the pilot-scale study with

approximately 100 pounds of target VOCs recovered from the two more highly

impacted test areas in less than 90 days of vapor recovery The objective of the

source area remediation is to control the migration of contaminants from the

source area soils to the ground water Although vapor extraction may take

slightly longer to achieve the soil cleanup standards when compared to LTSA

control over the migration of VOCs to the ground water can be achieved earlier in

the remedial program Capping the site will limit the vertical migration of

contaminants to the ground water and vapor extraction is expected to

substantially reduce the mass of the contaminants from the soil within 90 to 180

days after the start of pumping The VE system can also be designed installed

and operating more quickly than the LTSA system because of the extensive bench-

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 11

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

and pilot-scale data available for the site experience gained in using VE at other

sites and the availability of VE system components A list of sites where VE has

been or currently is in use was recently published in a May 1992 document

entitled An Evaluation of Vapor Extraction of Vadose Zone Contamination

published by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Martin Marietta Energy

Systems Inc for the US Department of Energy The document presents

information on 13 sites with varying types and concentrations of VOCs and soil

conditions and concludes that in situ vapor extraction is very effective in removing

organic contaminants from the pore space of the soil matrix According to The

Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program Technology Profiles

(EPA5405-90006) VES now comprises 18 percent of the selected remedies at

Superfund sites and the number continues to grow

To briefly summarize in addition to gaining control over the migration of VOCs

from the source area soils to the ground water more quickly VE also offers the

advantages of (1) better short-term protection of public health because there is no

uncontrolled release of VOCs and dust to the ambient air (2) less operational

noise than the noise associated with LTSA operations (3) less disturbance to the

environment at the site and to the surrounding community especially in terms of

site clearing and (4) a high degree of operational flexibility to expand the system

to treat a larger volume of soil to extend the treatment time to achieve better

removal and to focus the remediation on the most impacted soils Based upon the

currently available data the comparison of VE and LTSA discussed in Section 50

remains unchanged Comparison of these two source control alternatives indicated

that VE would be more protective of human health and the environment during

implementation and that the two alternatives would be equally effective and

protective in the long term

January 12 1993 12 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012

TABLE 1

SUMMARY OF GEOTECHNICAL DATA V E TOEATABLHJTY STUDY MANAGEMENT OF MIGRATION PRE-DESIGN

UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SITE SOUTH HOPE MAINE

flBoring ID

Stratishygraphy

Sample I D

Depth From

Depth To

Gravel Total Sand

Coarse Sand

Medium Sand

Fine Sand

Coarse Fraction

Silt Clay Fine Fraction 9

SB-2-04 FU1 S-7 130 148 312 301 45 55 201 613 301 86 387

jsB-4-lS BSB-4-4S

Fill Fill

ST-1 S-5

60 120

75 140

63 44

575 474

70 45

115 105

390 324

638 518

310 386

51 96

361 482

IsB-A-10 Fill UCC-SB-A-101-03 40 60 110 506 218 237 545 616 267 116 383

SB-B-30 Fill UCC-SB-B-030A-01 00 20 219 361 97 294 609 580 286 133 419

SB-C-01 FU1 UCC-SB-C-010-06 100 120 292 321 140 234 626 613 274 112 386

SB-3-4L Topsoil ST-1 80 100 42 422 55 100 267 464 386 150 536

SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1lt

bull03 bull03 bull03 -03 bullID ID ID 1M1 bullIS

Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till

S-8 S-12 S-13 S-15

S-13A S-17 S-25 ST-1 ST-1

320 400 420 460 225 305 460 300 50

340 420 440 480 240 325 470 320 70

00 00 00 175 44 39 29 51 I 4

707 328 284 331 595 409 290 466 392

00 00 00 40 25 50 35 45 I 0

97 63 59 75 30 90 70 90 55

610 265 225 216 540 269 185 331 327

707 328 284 506 639 448 319 517 406

177 466 402 293 267 347 466 343 594

115 205 313 200 93

204 214 140 00

292 671 715 493 360 551 680 483 594

SB-2-04 Till ST-1 200 220 55 370 45 80 245 425 377 197 574

SB-2-04 Till S-10 220 240 161 450 105 115 230 611 284 104 38

SB-2-04 Till S-14 300 320 I I 5 424 60 95 269 539 265 195 460

SB-2-04 Till ST-2 400 420 17 407 55 85 267 424 386 189 575

SB-2-04 Till S-20 440 460 130 558 100 140 318 688 219 93 312

SB-2-2D Till ST-1 140 160 36 608 65 160 383 644 318 38 356

SB-2-3S Till S-5 110 130 42 362 30 80 252 404 473 122 595

SB-3-07 Till S-12 400 420 00 351 00 111 240 351 421 227 648

SB-3-07 Till S-15 460 478 26 443 50 120 273 469 371 159 530

SB-3-07 Till S-16 480 500 00 316 00 86 230 316 436 247 683

SB-3-1D Till S-32 620 640 51 322 60 75 187 373 368 258 626

SB-3-1L Till ST-1 460 475 20 367 50 85 232 387 375 237 612

SB-3-1S SB-3-2M SB-3-3M SB-3-3S SB-3-4S SB-3-4S

Till Till Till Till Till Till

S-4 S-5 S-7

ST-1 UT-1 S-8

150 200 265 35 05 160

170 218 285 55 15 170

25 50 98 26 34 164

373 420 405 504 745 478

30 30 40 40 45

I I 5

90 100 115 80 275 105

253 290 250 384 425 258

398 470 503 530 779 642

432 378 338 388 175 296

169 151 158 81 46 62

601 529 496 469 221 358

SB-4-07 Till S- l l 205 225 97 366 46 85 236 463 377 159 536

SB-4-07 Till S-17 310 318 16 850 110 430 310 866 134 00 134

SB-4-1S Till S-3 130 150 74 393 50 95 248 467 379 153 532

SB-4-2D Till S-8 140 160 22 413 45 90 278 435 384 180 564

SB-4-3S Till S-7 120 140 28 372 45 85 242 400 407 192 599

Average Fill jAverage Till

173 51

423 441

103 44

173 107

449 290

596 492

304 354

99 153

403 507

Revision 0 122292 Pagel Balaam Project 6530T2MOMVE 1 XLS

Table 2

Intrinsic A i r Permeability Values VES Treatability Study

Union Chemical Company South Hope Maine

Date of Teat Start

Slraligraphy Sa tura tedUnsta lura tod Trait Type Tost Identification

Test Area

Sample Depth Calculated Permeability (sq cm) Kr Kc

2-Ocl-91 13-Nov-91 4-Nov-9l

Fill Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test IWA-03 UCC-SB-A-100-05

EW-A-01

A A A

4 to 19 85 to 96 26 to 76

240E-06 264E-07 764 E-09

2 60E-08 NA

216E-08

NA NA

903E-09 13Dec-91 Fill Unsaturated Mass Transfer EW-A-01 A 25 to 76 366E-07 879E-09

Geometric Mean 205E-07

3-Ocl-91 30-Ocl-9I

Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test EW-B-01 EW-B-01

B B

2 to 6 2 to 5

300E-08 209E-08

25-E-08 I02E-08

NA 247E-09

2l-Nov-9l Fill Unsaturated EW-B-01 B 2 to 5 167E07 343E-08 367E-09 14May-92 Till Sa tura ted Bench-Scale UCC-SB-B-500-01 B 58 to 83 262E-09 to 134E-08 NA NA

Geometric Mean 344E-08

3-Oct-91 5- Nov-91

25-Nov-91 7-Nov-91

Fill Fill Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test Bench-Scale

Field Test

IW-C-05 UCC-SB-C-OI0-030 UCC-SB-C-020-03

EW-C-01

C C C C

3 to 8 4 to 46 4 to 56

25 to 76

640E-08 113E-09 to532E-08 884 E-09 to8 81E-08

300E-07

530E-08 NA NA

300E-08

NA NA NA

300E-09 6- Nov9| Fill Unsaturated IW-C-05 C 3 to 8 305E-07 389E-08 108E-08

Geometric Mean 122E-07

29-Oct-9l Fill Unsaturated Field Test EW-n-01 D 3 5 to 85 822E-08 489E-09 992E-09 14 Mav-92 Natural Orpnnic Silt Saturated Bench Scale UCC-vSB-D 112-01 D 58 lo 88 920E-10to 150E-08 NA NA

21-Jul-92 Till Saturated Bench-Scale UCC-SB-3-05-1 0 to 87 503E-07 to 564E-07 NA NA 21-Jul 92 Fill Saturated UCC-SB-3-3SA-3 0 lo 15 527E-08 to 653E-07 NA NA 21-)ul-92 Till Saturated UCC-SB-3-2SA-1 10 to 124 683E-08 lo I20E-07 NA NA

NOTES 1 NA = not applicable 2 Kz rcfora In air |gterincabilily in vertical direction 3 Kr refers to air permeability in horizontal direction 4 Kc refers lo air permeability in a soil lo atmosphere conductance 5 ft-BGS = feet below ground surface

A1RPERMXLS

RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES

bull C L Z P Q CP

ACCESS GATE

FORMER INCINERATOR

CONCRETE SLAB

H CHAIN LINK FENCE

FORMER INCINERATOR STRUCTURES

APPROXIMATE VAPOR EXTRACTION

o PILOT TEST AREA LOCATION

APPROXIMATE LEACH FIELD AREA LOCATION o SOURCE APPROXIMATE TANK LOCATION FIGURE 2 OF REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION FEASIBILITY STUDY

40 80 160

APPROXIMATE SCALE (FEET)

c u m | UNION CHEMICAL I

ADMINISTRATIVE FUND BALSAM macca

OMMNUEXTM OMSULTHnitR B WDUSUUL VAX SMfU Ml 030TO VES PILOT STUDY

PILOT AND BENCH SCALE STUDY AREAS

UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE PJK DNW JMO JAG laquo APPROXIMATE VE SOIL SAMPLE PREPARED BY CANONIE ENVIRONMENTAL JUNE 1990 SB-3-3SA LOCATION FUWgt Q

r=80 010493 6437228 6437 T5

0

SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED 1 OONSTTTUENT CONCENTRATIONS bull lt

SOU SAMPLE COLLECTED AT BORING SB-D-03 AND SB-D-02 WAS SATURATED DUE TO SHALLOW WATER

UCC-SB-S-07-SI-1092

l t -DCE BDl82) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN TABLE AT 18 FEET BELOW GRADE SURFACE PARTS PER BILLION (PPB) -lt

11

11-DCE BDL56) TCE BDL58J PCE BDL(56) TXYL

IFEFMD

SB-S-05 ^ SOURCE CONTROL PREmdashDESIGN SOL BORING LOCATION

UCC-SB-S-OO-SJA-1092 SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS

11-DCE BOU5B) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN PARTS PER BULON (PPB)

Page 8: 9 O titer: BURNS 8c LEVINSONDUANE G. SULUVAN SEAN F. O'CONNO R ANDREW P BOTTI WILUAM J . OELLEA WILLIAM H. OtAOAMO HOLLY A. DITCH FIELD MAUREEN S. KELLEY KENDALL J …

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

the site using in situ vapor extraction after lowering the ground water in the

vicinity of saturated soils requiring treatment

Hydraulic conductivity values estimated based on results of slug tests performed

in the overburden unit during the RI and MOMPD studies are consistent These

values range over approximately two orders of magnitude between 4 x 103

centimeter per second (cmsec) to 1 x IO5 cmsec with the majority of the values in

the 104 cmsec to 105 cmsec range Hydraulic conductivity values estimated from

the analyses of pump tests performed in the saturated overburden during the

MOMPD investigation range from 1 x 104 cmsec to 6 x 106 cmsec with the

majority of the values similarly in the 104 cmsec to 105 cmsec range These

volumes are consistent with the permeabilities observed from the MOMPD pump

tests (ie 15 x 104 cmsec x 90 x 106 cmsec)

The observed consistency between the geologic and permeability data obtained

during the RI VE Treatability Study and the MOMPD and SCPD studies is

consistent with the premises underlying the conceptual model of the site conditions

and indicates that VE will be an effective source control technology for the UCC

site

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 5

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

30 CONTAMINANT DISTRIBUTION

During the SCPD investigation shallow unsaturated soil samples were collected at

depths from 2 to 4 feet below ground surface at twenty-two sampling locations

within and surrounding the extent of the source area soils as indicated by the RI

investigation Consistent with the findings of the RI the lateral extent of the

source area is estimated based upon the newer data to be within eastern portion of

the former operations area at the site (see Figure 2) with the exception that

tetrachloroethene (PCE) was reported at a concentration exceeding the soil cleanup

standard in one shallow soil sample obtained from a boring located to the east of

the former interceptor trench The reported presence of PCE in the soil at this

location is anomalous because PCE was not detected in the shallow unsaturated

and saturated soil samples obtained immediately to the west of the former

interceptor trench and because PCE was not detected in ground water samples

obtained from monitoring wells located downgradient from this area during the

MOMPD and initial Surface Water and Ground Water Monitoring Program

sampling event

With the exception of the southern end of the former leachfield located at the

eastern edge of the former operations area the vertical extent of soils requiring

source control remediation appears to be limited to primarily soils above the water

table Ten of the twenty-two shallow borings were advanced to 2 to 4 feet below

the ground water table to evaluate the vertical extent of the significantly impacted

soils (see Figure 3) At four of these sampling locations VOCs were not detected

at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup levels in either the shallow

unsaturated soil samples or the shallow saturated soil samples In four of the five

locations where VOCs were detected at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup

standards in the unsaturated soil the concentrations of VOCs in the shallow

saturated soil were less than the soil cleanup standards indicating that the

vertical extent of soil requiring remediation is primarily limited to the unsaturated

soils Only in a boring located at the southern end of the former leachfield and

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 6

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

boring located immediately to the southeast of the leachfield were VOCs detected

in the shallow saturated soil at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standard

VOCs were not detected in the shallow unsaturated soil sample obtained from the

boring located immediately to the southeast of the former leachfield indicating

that the contaminants detected in the shallow saturated soil sample were likely

transported with the ground water to this location

As shown on Figure 4 seven borings were advanced to obtain soil samples at 8 to

10 feet below the ground water including the two borings where VOCs were

detected at concentrations exceeding the cleanup levels in the shallow saturated

soil samples As indicated on Figure 4 VOCs were detected in 3 of the 7 deeper

saturated samples at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standards

however based on the shallower soil samples obtained at 2 of the 3 locations i t

appears that the VOCs detected in these deeper soil samples are associated with

contaminants migrating with the ground water Only samples obtained from the

boring located at the southern end of the former leachfield contained VOCs at

concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standards in soil samples obtained above

and below the ground water table Based upon the results of the pump tests

performed at the site i t is anticipated that a series of closely-spaced ground water

extraction wells can adequately lower the water table to allow soil vapor extraction

wells to effectively treat currently saturated soils in the vicinity of the former

leachfield

As required by EPA and the Maine Department of Environmental Protection

(DEP) selected soil samples obtained from the unsaturated zone during the SCPD

were analyzed for NN-dimethylformamide (DMF) The results of these DMF

analyses were previously transmitted to EPA and DEP and showed that DMF was

not present in these unsaturated soil samples at concentrations greater than the

method detection limits These results are consistent with data obtained during

VE treatability study which indicated the presence of DMF in only 3 of 29

samples analyzed and at concentrations slightly above or at the detection limit

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 7

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

40 CLEANUP TIME ESTIMATES

As discussed in Section 70 of the VE Treatability Study Report the results of

bench-scale testing performed during the study were used to evaluate the number

of air pore volume exchanges required to reduce VOC concentrations to levels

below the source control performance standards for the target constituents These

results were consistent with VE performance at other sites and indicated that

exchange of 3000 to 4000 pore volumes of soil gas would be necessary to achieve

the source control performance standards in most of the source area Data for a

sample collected from one area of the site (Area C in at the southern end of the

former leach field east of the still building) suggested that up to 120000 pore

volume exchanges would be required to attain the performance standards because

of elevated VOC concentrations in the soil in that area I t should be noted that

the air flow rates in this sample were accelerated because of the time constraints

placed upon completion of the VE Treatability Study Because of equilibrium

dynamics i t is likely that the increased air flow rates decreased the efficiency of

VOC transfer from the soil to the air resulting in an increased number of required

pore volume exchanges to attain the performance standards Accordingly i t is

possible that the number of required pore volume exchanges estimated for this

area of the site was overestimated

The results of the field pilot-scale testing at the site were generally consistent with

the bench-scale data and indicated that exchange of 4000 to 6000 pore volumes

will be required to attain the performance standards in most of the source area

The pilot-scale test data indicated removal of relatively large masses

(approximately 100 pounds) of target VOCs from each of the highly impacted test

areas during the relatively limited test period (less than 90 days) The expected

pattern of greater VOC removal from the outer margins of the test area than in

the inner portions was observed in both soil vapor and soil analytical data As

expected conclusive demonstration of the ability to achieve performance standards

in the field was constrained by winter conditions (initial equipment malfunction)

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 8

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

the limited time period available for completion of the test the limitations of a

pilot-scale test performed in a contaminated area primarily leakage of air flow at

the margins of the cap and transport of VOCs from soil volumes outside the test

area and constraints of the Contract Laboratory Program analytical methods that

were required particularly with respect to constituent concentration reporting

limits

As reported in the VE Treatability Study Report based upon the air flow rates

attained in the field (see Appendix K of the VE Treatability Study Report) it was

estimated that sufficient pore volume exchanges to attain source control

performance standards could be achieved in unsaturated soils in most of the

source control area within approximately 1 year of operation Attainment of the

performance standards in the balance of the unsaturated soil source area would be

achieved within approximately 23 years of operation Data obtained during the

MOMPD and SCPD studies are consistent with data obtained during the RI and

VE treatability study and do not indicate that revision of these cleanup time

estimates of 1 to 23 years of operation is warranted

Data from the SCPD study indicated that saturated soil in the vicinity of the

southern end of the leach field contained VOC concentrations above the soil

performance standards Treatment of this soil by VE will require dewatering to

facilitate air transfer through the soils It is estimated that the dewatering and

drying of the soil could require 6 months Because this area is in the portion of

the site where the higher end of the soil cleanup time range was estimated it is

possible that cleanup of this localized area of saturated soil will require 28 years

of operation to complete

The cleanup time estimates were based upon operations after system startup In

evaluating actual cleanup at least 4 weeks per year of VE system down time could

be expected particularly as a result of wintertime conditions Accordingly cleanup

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 9

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

time estimates for the site are expected to range from approximately 12 to

31 years the 6 weeks estimated for completion of construction in the FFS report

It should also be noted that as discussed in the VE Treatability Study Report the

exponential decline in VOC levels in discharged soil gas observed during the pilot-

and bench-scale studies indicate that significant reduction in the VOC mass in

source soils will be achieved within the first 6 months of VE system operation

The data obtained during the treatability study were used to address several

important design considerations discussed in Section 80 of the VE Treatability

Study These considerations indicated the ability to design the VE system to

maximize its operational effectiveness and its flexibility in adjusting to variable

operating conditions For example the design will include vertical extraction wells

in areas of greater depths to ground water and horizontal extraction wells in areas

of shallower depths to ground water or where higher pore volume exchange rates

are required The design will also include an interactive monitoring program

during operations that will allow frequent adjustment of the operational

configuration to include increased air flow rates and use of induction wells as

warranted to address localized heterogeneities in soil characteristics and VOC

concentrations Application of these design considerations will facilitate

attainment of the source control performance standards within the estimated

cleanup times

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 10

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

50 SUMMARY

In summary the findings of the RI the VE pilot-scale and bench-scale studies and

the MOM PD and SCPD investigations are consistent with the conceptual site

model The site stratigraphy in the source area consists of fill overlying t i l l which

overlies bedrock Source area soils (ie soils containing VOCs at concentrations

greater than soil cleanup standards) are located within the eastern portion of the

former site operations area The vertical extent of source area soils that exceed

the soil cleanup standards is primarily limited to soils lying above the ground

water table with the exception of soils in a localized area at the southern end of

the former leachfield DMF is not present at significant concentrations in the

unsaturated soil The characteristics of the fill and t i l l are similar and large-scale

heterogeneities are not present within the soil Air permeabilities of the fill and

t i l l are such that vapor extraction can be used to effectively remove VOCs from the

soil Permeabilities of the overburden are such that a dewatering system can be

designed to lower the ground water table at the southern end of the former

leachfield so that currently saturated soils in this area can be effectively treated

using vapor extraction

The effectiveness of VE was demonstrated during the pilot-scale study with

approximately 100 pounds of target VOCs recovered from the two more highly

impacted test areas in less than 90 days of vapor recovery The objective of the

source area remediation is to control the migration of contaminants from the

source area soils to the ground water Although vapor extraction may take

slightly longer to achieve the soil cleanup standards when compared to LTSA

control over the migration of VOCs to the ground water can be achieved earlier in

the remedial program Capping the site will limit the vertical migration of

contaminants to the ground water and vapor extraction is expected to

substantially reduce the mass of the contaminants from the soil within 90 to 180

days after the start of pumping The VE system can also be designed installed

and operating more quickly than the LTSA system because of the extensive bench-

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 11

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

and pilot-scale data available for the site experience gained in using VE at other

sites and the availability of VE system components A list of sites where VE has

been or currently is in use was recently published in a May 1992 document

entitled An Evaluation of Vapor Extraction of Vadose Zone Contamination

published by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Martin Marietta Energy

Systems Inc for the US Department of Energy The document presents

information on 13 sites with varying types and concentrations of VOCs and soil

conditions and concludes that in situ vapor extraction is very effective in removing

organic contaminants from the pore space of the soil matrix According to The

Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program Technology Profiles

(EPA5405-90006) VES now comprises 18 percent of the selected remedies at

Superfund sites and the number continues to grow

To briefly summarize in addition to gaining control over the migration of VOCs

from the source area soils to the ground water more quickly VE also offers the

advantages of (1) better short-term protection of public health because there is no

uncontrolled release of VOCs and dust to the ambient air (2) less operational

noise than the noise associated with LTSA operations (3) less disturbance to the

environment at the site and to the surrounding community especially in terms of

site clearing and (4) a high degree of operational flexibility to expand the system

to treat a larger volume of soil to extend the treatment time to achieve better

removal and to focus the remediation on the most impacted soils Based upon the

currently available data the comparison of VE and LTSA discussed in Section 50

remains unchanged Comparison of these two source control alternatives indicated

that VE would be more protective of human health and the environment during

implementation and that the two alternatives would be equally effective and

protective in the long term

January 12 1993 12 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012

TABLE 1

SUMMARY OF GEOTECHNICAL DATA V E TOEATABLHJTY STUDY MANAGEMENT OF MIGRATION PRE-DESIGN

UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SITE SOUTH HOPE MAINE

flBoring ID

Stratishygraphy

Sample I D

Depth From

Depth To

Gravel Total Sand

Coarse Sand

Medium Sand

Fine Sand

Coarse Fraction

Silt Clay Fine Fraction 9

SB-2-04 FU1 S-7 130 148 312 301 45 55 201 613 301 86 387

jsB-4-lS BSB-4-4S

Fill Fill

ST-1 S-5

60 120

75 140

63 44

575 474

70 45

115 105

390 324

638 518

310 386

51 96

361 482

IsB-A-10 Fill UCC-SB-A-101-03 40 60 110 506 218 237 545 616 267 116 383

SB-B-30 Fill UCC-SB-B-030A-01 00 20 219 361 97 294 609 580 286 133 419

SB-C-01 FU1 UCC-SB-C-010-06 100 120 292 321 140 234 626 613 274 112 386

SB-3-4L Topsoil ST-1 80 100 42 422 55 100 267 464 386 150 536

SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1lt

bull03 bull03 bull03 -03 bullID ID ID 1M1 bullIS

Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till

S-8 S-12 S-13 S-15

S-13A S-17 S-25 ST-1 ST-1

320 400 420 460 225 305 460 300 50

340 420 440 480 240 325 470 320 70

00 00 00 175 44 39 29 51 I 4

707 328 284 331 595 409 290 466 392

00 00 00 40 25 50 35 45 I 0

97 63 59 75 30 90 70 90 55

610 265 225 216 540 269 185 331 327

707 328 284 506 639 448 319 517 406

177 466 402 293 267 347 466 343 594

115 205 313 200 93

204 214 140 00

292 671 715 493 360 551 680 483 594

SB-2-04 Till ST-1 200 220 55 370 45 80 245 425 377 197 574

SB-2-04 Till S-10 220 240 161 450 105 115 230 611 284 104 38

SB-2-04 Till S-14 300 320 I I 5 424 60 95 269 539 265 195 460

SB-2-04 Till ST-2 400 420 17 407 55 85 267 424 386 189 575

SB-2-04 Till S-20 440 460 130 558 100 140 318 688 219 93 312

SB-2-2D Till ST-1 140 160 36 608 65 160 383 644 318 38 356

SB-2-3S Till S-5 110 130 42 362 30 80 252 404 473 122 595

SB-3-07 Till S-12 400 420 00 351 00 111 240 351 421 227 648

SB-3-07 Till S-15 460 478 26 443 50 120 273 469 371 159 530

SB-3-07 Till S-16 480 500 00 316 00 86 230 316 436 247 683

SB-3-1D Till S-32 620 640 51 322 60 75 187 373 368 258 626

SB-3-1L Till ST-1 460 475 20 367 50 85 232 387 375 237 612

SB-3-1S SB-3-2M SB-3-3M SB-3-3S SB-3-4S SB-3-4S

Till Till Till Till Till Till

S-4 S-5 S-7

ST-1 UT-1 S-8

150 200 265 35 05 160

170 218 285 55 15 170

25 50 98 26 34 164

373 420 405 504 745 478

30 30 40 40 45

I I 5

90 100 115 80 275 105

253 290 250 384 425 258

398 470 503 530 779 642

432 378 338 388 175 296

169 151 158 81 46 62

601 529 496 469 221 358

SB-4-07 Till S- l l 205 225 97 366 46 85 236 463 377 159 536

SB-4-07 Till S-17 310 318 16 850 110 430 310 866 134 00 134

SB-4-1S Till S-3 130 150 74 393 50 95 248 467 379 153 532

SB-4-2D Till S-8 140 160 22 413 45 90 278 435 384 180 564

SB-4-3S Till S-7 120 140 28 372 45 85 242 400 407 192 599

Average Fill jAverage Till

173 51

423 441

103 44

173 107

449 290

596 492

304 354

99 153

403 507

Revision 0 122292 Pagel Balaam Project 6530T2MOMVE 1 XLS

Table 2

Intrinsic A i r Permeability Values VES Treatability Study

Union Chemical Company South Hope Maine

Date of Teat Start

Slraligraphy Sa tura tedUnsta lura tod Trait Type Tost Identification

Test Area

Sample Depth Calculated Permeability (sq cm) Kr Kc

2-Ocl-91 13-Nov-91 4-Nov-9l

Fill Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test IWA-03 UCC-SB-A-100-05

EW-A-01

A A A

4 to 19 85 to 96 26 to 76

240E-06 264E-07 764 E-09

2 60E-08 NA

216E-08

NA NA

903E-09 13Dec-91 Fill Unsaturated Mass Transfer EW-A-01 A 25 to 76 366E-07 879E-09

Geometric Mean 205E-07

3-Ocl-91 30-Ocl-9I

Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test EW-B-01 EW-B-01

B B

2 to 6 2 to 5

300E-08 209E-08

25-E-08 I02E-08

NA 247E-09

2l-Nov-9l Fill Unsaturated EW-B-01 B 2 to 5 167E07 343E-08 367E-09 14May-92 Till Sa tura ted Bench-Scale UCC-SB-B-500-01 B 58 to 83 262E-09 to 134E-08 NA NA

Geometric Mean 344E-08

3-Oct-91 5- Nov-91

25-Nov-91 7-Nov-91

Fill Fill Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test Bench-Scale

Field Test

IW-C-05 UCC-SB-C-OI0-030 UCC-SB-C-020-03

EW-C-01

C C C C

3 to 8 4 to 46 4 to 56

25 to 76

640E-08 113E-09 to532E-08 884 E-09 to8 81E-08

300E-07

530E-08 NA NA

300E-08

NA NA NA

300E-09 6- Nov9| Fill Unsaturated IW-C-05 C 3 to 8 305E-07 389E-08 108E-08

Geometric Mean 122E-07

29-Oct-9l Fill Unsaturated Field Test EW-n-01 D 3 5 to 85 822E-08 489E-09 992E-09 14 Mav-92 Natural Orpnnic Silt Saturated Bench Scale UCC-vSB-D 112-01 D 58 lo 88 920E-10to 150E-08 NA NA

21-Jul-92 Till Saturated Bench-Scale UCC-SB-3-05-1 0 to 87 503E-07 to 564E-07 NA NA 21-Jul 92 Fill Saturated UCC-SB-3-3SA-3 0 lo 15 527E-08 to 653E-07 NA NA 21-)ul-92 Till Saturated UCC-SB-3-2SA-1 10 to 124 683E-08 lo I20E-07 NA NA

NOTES 1 NA = not applicable 2 Kz rcfora In air |gterincabilily in vertical direction 3 Kr refers to air permeability in horizontal direction 4 Kc refers lo air permeability in a soil lo atmosphere conductance 5 ft-BGS = feet below ground surface

A1RPERMXLS

RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES

bull C L Z P Q CP

ACCESS GATE

FORMER INCINERATOR

CONCRETE SLAB

H CHAIN LINK FENCE

FORMER INCINERATOR STRUCTURES

APPROXIMATE VAPOR EXTRACTION

o PILOT TEST AREA LOCATION

APPROXIMATE LEACH FIELD AREA LOCATION o SOURCE APPROXIMATE TANK LOCATION FIGURE 2 OF REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION FEASIBILITY STUDY

40 80 160

APPROXIMATE SCALE (FEET)

c u m | UNION CHEMICAL I

ADMINISTRATIVE FUND BALSAM macca

OMMNUEXTM OMSULTHnitR B WDUSUUL VAX SMfU Ml 030TO VES PILOT STUDY

PILOT AND BENCH SCALE STUDY AREAS

UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE PJK DNW JMO JAG laquo APPROXIMATE VE SOIL SAMPLE PREPARED BY CANONIE ENVIRONMENTAL JUNE 1990 SB-3-3SA LOCATION FUWgt Q

r=80 010493 6437228 6437 T5

0

SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED 1 OONSTTTUENT CONCENTRATIONS bull lt

SOU SAMPLE COLLECTED AT BORING SB-D-03 AND SB-D-02 WAS SATURATED DUE TO SHALLOW WATER

UCC-SB-S-07-SI-1092

l t -DCE BDl82) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN TABLE AT 18 FEET BELOW GRADE SURFACE PARTS PER BILLION (PPB) -lt

11

11-DCE BDL56) TCE BDL58J PCE BDL(56) TXYL

IFEFMD

SB-S-05 ^ SOURCE CONTROL PREmdashDESIGN SOL BORING LOCATION

UCC-SB-S-OO-SJA-1092 SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS

11-DCE BOU5B) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN PARTS PER BULON (PPB)

Page 9: 9 O titer: BURNS 8c LEVINSONDUANE G. SULUVAN SEAN F. O'CONNO R ANDREW P BOTTI WILUAM J . OELLEA WILLIAM H. OtAOAMO HOLLY A. DITCH FIELD MAUREEN S. KELLEY KENDALL J …

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

30 CONTAMINANT DISTRIBUTION

During the SCPD investigation shallow unsaturated soil samples were collected at

depths from 2 to 4 feet below ground surface at twenty-two sampling locations

within and surrounding the extent of the source area soils as indicated by the RI

investigation Consistent with the findings of the RI the lateral extent of the

source area is estimated based upon the newer data to be within eastern portion of

the former operations area at the site (see Figure 2) with the exception that

tetrachloroethene (PCE) was reported at a concentration exceeding the soil cleanup

standard in one shallow soil sample obtained from a boring located to the east of

the former interceptor trench The reported presence of PCE in the soil at this

location is anomalous because PCE was not detected in the shallow unsaturated

and saturated soil samples obtained immediately to the west of the former

interceptor trench and because PCE was not detected in ground water samples

obtained from monitoring wells located downgradient from this area during the

MOMPD and initial Surface Water and Ground Water Monitoring Program

sampling event

With the exception of the southern end of the former leachfield located at the

eastern edge of the former operations area the vertical extent of soils requiring

source control remediation appears to be limited to primarily soils above the water

table Ten of the twenty-two shallow borings were advanced to 2 to 4 feet below

the ground water table to evaluate the vertical extent of the significantly impacted

soils (see Figure 3) At four of these sampling locations VOCs were not detected

at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup levels in either the shallow

unsaturated soil samples or the shallow saturated soil samples In four of the five

locations where VOCs were detected at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup

standards in the unsaturated soil the concentrations of VOCs in the shallow

saturated soil were less than the soil cleanup standards indicating that the

vertical extent of soil requiring remediation is primarily limited to the unsaturated

soils Only in a boring located at the southern end of the former leachfield and

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 6

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

boring located immediately to the southeast of the leachfield were VOCs detected

in the shallow saturated soil at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standard

VOCs were not detected in the shallow unsaturated soil sample obtained from the

boring located immediately to the southeast of the former leachfield indicating

that the contaminants detected in the shallow saturated soil sample were likely

transported with the ground water to this location

As shown on Figure 4 seven borings were advanced to obtain soil samples at 8 to

10 feet below the ground water including the two borings where VOCs were

detected at concentrations exceeding the cleanup levels in the shallow saturated

soil samples As indicated on Figure 4 VOCs were detected in 3 of the 7 deeper

saturated samples at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standards

however based on the shallower soil samples obtained at 2 of the 3 locations i t

appears that the VOCs detected in these deeper soil samples are associated with

contaminants migrating with the ground water Only samples obtained from the

boring located at the southern end of the former leachfield contained VOCs at

concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standards in soil samples obtained above

and below the ground water table Based upon the results of the pump tests

performed at the site i t is anticipated that a series of closely-spaced ground water

extraction wells can adequately lower the water table to allow soil vapor extraction

wells to effectively treat currently saturated soils in the vicinity of the former

leachfield

As required by EPA and the Maine Department of Environmental Protection

(DEP) selected soil samples obtained from the unsaturated zone during the SCPD

were analyzed for NN-dimethylformamide (DMF) The results of these DMF

analyses were previously transmitted to EPA and DEP and showed that DMF was

not present in these unsaturated soil samples at concentrations greater than the

method detection limits These results are consistent with data obtained during

VE treatability study which indicated the presence of DMF in only 3 of 29

samples analyzed and at concentrations slightly above or at the detection limit

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 7

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

40 CLEANUP TIME ESTIMATES

As discussed in Section 70 of the VE Treatability Study Report the results of

bench-scale testing performed during the study were used to evaluate the number

of air pore volume exchanges required to reduce VOC concentrations to levels

below the source control performance standards for the target constituents These

results were consistent with VE performance at other sites and indicated that

exchange of 3000 to 4000 pore volumes of soil gas would be necessary to achieve

the source control performance standards in most of the source area Data for a

sample collected from one area of the site (Area C in at the southern end of the

former leach field east of the still building) suggested that up to 120000 pore

volume exchanges would be required to attain the performance standards because

of elevated VOC concentrations in the soil in that area I t should be noted that

the air flow rates in this sample were accelerated because of the time constraints

placed upon completion of the VE Treatability Study Because of equilibrium

dynamics i t is likely that the increased air flow rates decreased the efficiency of

VOC transfer from the soil to the air resulting in an increased number of required

pore volume exchanges to attain the performance standards Accordingly i t is

possible that the number of required pore volume exchanges estimated for this

area of the site was overestimated

The results of the field pilot-scale testing at the site were generally consistent with

the bench-scale data and indicated that exchange of 4000 to 6000 pore volumes

will be required to attain the performance standards in most of the source area

The pilot-scale test data indicated removal of relatively large masses

(approximately 100 pounds) of target VOCs from each of the highly impacted test

areas during the relatively limited test period (less than 90 days) The expected

pattern of greater VOC removal from the outer margins of the test area than in

the inner portions was observed in both soil vapor and soil analytical data As

expected conclusive demonstration of the ability to achieve performance standards

in the field was constrained by winter conditions (initial equipment malfunction)

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 8

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

the limited time period available for completion of the test the limitations of a

pilot-scale test performed in a contaminated area primarily leakage of air flow at

the margins of the cap and transport of VOCs from soil volumes outside the test

area and constraints of the Contract Laboratory Program analytical methods that

were required particularly with respect to constituent concentration reporting

limits

As reported in the VE Treatability Study Report based upon the air flow rates

attained in the field (see Appendix K of the VE Treatability Study Report) it was

estimated that sufficient pore volume exchanges to attain source control

performance standards could be achieved in unsaturated soils in most of the

source control area within approximately 1 year of operation Attainment of the

performance standards in the balance of the unsaturated soil source area would be

achieved within approximately 23 years of operation Data obtained during the

MOMPD and SCPD studies are consistent with data obtained during the RI and

VE treatability study and do not indicate that revision of these cleanup time

estimates of 1 to 23 years of operation is warranted

Data from the SCPD study indicated that saturated soil in the vicinity of the

southern end of the leach field contained VOC concentrations above the soil

performance standards Treatment of this soil by VE will require dewatering to

facilitate air transfer through the soils It is estimated that the dewatering and

drying of the soil could require 6 months Because this area is in the portion of

the site where the higher end of the soil cleanup time range was estimated it is

possible that cleanup of this localized area of saturated soil will require 28 years

of operation to complete

The cleanup time estimates were based upon operations after system startup In

evaluating actual cleanup at least 4 weeks per year of VE system down time could

be expected particularly as a result of wintertime conditions Accordingly cleanup

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 9

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

time estimates for the site are expected to range from approximately 12 to

31 years the 6 weeks estimated for completion of construction in the FFS report

It should also be noted that as discussed in the VE Treatability Study Report the

exponential decline in VOC levels in discharged soil gas observed during the pilot-

and bench-scale studies indicate that significant reduction in the VOC mass in

source soils will be achieved within the first 6 months of VE system operation

The data obtained during the treatability study were used to address several

important design considerations discussed in Section 80 of the VE Treatability

Study These considerations indicated the ability to design the VE system to

maximize its operational effectiveness and its flexibility in adjusting to variable

operating conditions For example the design will include vertical extraction wells

in areas of greater depths to ground water and horizontal extraction wells in areas

of shallower depths to ground water or where higher pore volume exchange rates

are required The design will also include an interactive monitoring program

during operations that will allow frequent adjustment of the operational

configuration to include increased air flow rates and use of induction wells as

warranted to address localized heterogeneities in soil characteristics and VOC

concentrations Application of these design considerations will facilitate

attainment of the source control performance standards within the estimated

cleanup times

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 10

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

50 SUMMARY

In summary the findings of the RI the VE pilot-scale and bench-scale studies and

the MOM PD and SCPD investigations are consistent with the conceptual site

model The site stratigraphy in the source area consists of fill overlying t i l l which

overlies bedrock Source area soils (ie soils containing VOCs at concentrations

greater than soil cleanup standards) are located within the eastern portion of the

former site operations area The vertical extent of source area soils that exceed

the soil cleanup standards is primarily limited to soils lying above the ground

water table with the exception of soils in a localized area at the southern end of

the former leachfield DMF is not present at significant concentrations in the

unsaturated soil The characteristics of the fill and t i l l are similar and large-scale

heterogeneities are not present within the soil Air permeabilities of the fill and

t i l l are such that vapor extraction can be used to effectively remove VOCs from the

soil Permeabilities of the overburden are such that a dewatering system can be

designed to lower the ground water table at the southern end of the former

leachfield so that currently saturated soils in this area can be effectively treated

using vapor extraction

The effectiveness of VE was demonstrated during the pilot-scale study with

approximately 100 pounds of target VOCs recovered from the two more highly

impacted test areas in less than 90 days of vapor recovery The objective of the

source area remediation is to control the migration of contaminants from the

source area soils to the ground water Although vapor extraction may take

slightly longer to achieve the soil cleanup standards when compared to LTSA

control over the migration of VOCs to the ground water can be achieved earlier in

the remedial program Capping the site will limit the vertical migration of

contaminants to the ground water and vapor extraction is expected to

substantially reduce the mass of the contaminants from the soil within 90 to 180

days after the start of pumping The VE system can also be designed installed

and operating more quickly than the LTSA system because of the extensive bench-

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 11

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

and pilot-scale data available for the site experience gained in using VE at other

sites and the availability of VE system components A list of sites where VE has

been or currently is in use was recently published in a May 1992 document

entitled An Evaluation of Vapor Extraction of Vadose Zone Contamination

published by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Martin Marietta Energy

Systems Inc for the US Department of Energy The document presents

information on 13 sites with varying types and concentrations of VOCs and soil

conditions and concludes that in situ vapor extraction is very effective in removing

organic contaminants from the pore space of the soil matrix According to The

Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program Technology Profiles

(EPA5405-90006) VES now comprises 18 percent of the selected remedies at

Superfund sites and the number continues to grow

To briefly summarize in addition to gaining control over the migration of VOCs

from the source area soils to the ground water more quickly VE also offers the

advantages of (1) better short-term protection of public health because there is no

uncontrolled release of VOCs and dust to the ambient air (2) less operational

noise than the noise associated with LTSA operations (3) less disturbance to the

environment at the site and to the surrounding community especially in terms of

site clearing and (4) a high degree of operational flexibility to expand the system

to treat a larger volume of soil to extend the treatment time to achieve better

removal and to focus the remediation on the most impacted soils Based upon the

currently available data the comparison of VE and LTSA discussed in Section 50

remains unchanged Comparison of these two source control alternatives indicated

that VE would be more protective of human health and the environment during

implementation and that the two alternatives would be equally effective and

protective in the long term

January 12 1993 12 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012

TABLE 1

SUMMARY OF GEOTECHNICAL DATA V E TOEATABLHJTY STUDY MANAGEMENT OF MIGRATION PRE-DESIGN

UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SITE SOUTH HOPE MAINE

flBoring ID

Stratishygraphy

Sample I D

Depth From

Depth To

Gravel Total Sand

Coarse Sand

Medium Sand

Fine Sand

Coarse Fraction

Silt Clay Fine Fraction 9

SB-2-04 FU1 S-7 130 148 312 301 45 55 201 613 301 86 387

jsB-4-lS BSB-4-4S

Fill Fill

ST-1 S-5

60 120

75 140

63 44

575 474

70 45

115 105

390 324

638 518

310 386

51 96

361 482

IsB-A-10 Fill UCC-SB-A-101-03 40 60 110 506 218 237 545 616 267 116 383

SB-B-30 Fill UCC-SB-B-030A-01 00 20 219 361 97 294 609 580 286 133 419

SB-C-01 FU1 UCC-SB-C-010-06 100 120 292 321 140 234 626 613 274 112 386

SB-3-4L Topsoil ST-1 80 100 42 422 55 100 267 464 386 150 536

SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1lt

bull03 bull03 bull03 -03 bullID ID ID 1M1 bullIS

Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till

S-8 S-12 S-13 S-15

S-13A S-17 S-25 ST-1 ST-1

320 400 420 460 225 305 460 300 50

340 420 440 480 240 325 470 320 70

00 00 00 175 44 39 29 51 I 4

707 328 284 331 595 409 290 466 392

00 00 00 40 25 50 35 45 I 0

97 63 59 75 30 90 70 90 55

610 265 225 216 540 269 185 331 327

707 328 284 506 639 448 319 517 406

177 466 402 293 267 347 466 343 594

115 205 313 200 93

204 214 140 00

292 671 715 493 360 551 680 483 594

SB-2-04 Till ST-1 200 220 55 370 45 80 245 425 377 197 574

SB-2-04 Till S-10 220 240 161 450 105 115 230 611 284 104 38

SB-2-04 Till S-14 300 320 I I 5 424 60 95 269 539 265 195 460

SB-2-04 Till ST-2 400 420 17 407 55 85 267 424 386 189 575

SB-2-04 Till S-20 440 460 130 558 100 140 318 688 219 93 312

SB-2-2D Till ST-1 140 160 36 608 65 160 383 644 318 38 356

SB-2-3S Till S-5 110 130 42 362 30 80 252 404 473 122 595

SB-3-07 Till S-12 400 420 00 351 00 111 240 351 421 227 648

SB-3-07 Till S-15 460 478 26 443 50 120 273 469 371 159 530

SB-3-07 Till S-16 480 500 00 316 00 86 230 316 436 247 683

SB-3-1D Till S-32 620 640 51 322 60 75 187 373 368 258 626

SB-3-1L Till ST-1 460 475 20 367 50 85 232 387 375 237 612

SB-3-1S SB-3-2M SB-3-3M SB-3-3S SB-3-4S SB-3-4S

Till Till Till Till Till Till

S-4 S-5 S-7

ST-1 UT-1 S-8

150 200 265 35 05 160

170 218 285 55 15 170

25 50 98 26 34 164

373 420 405 504 745 478

30 30 40 40 45

I I 5

90 100 115 80 275 105

253 290 250 384 425 258

398 470 503 530 779 642

432 378 338 388 175 296

169 151 158 81 46 62

601 529 496 469 221 358

SB-4-07 Till S- l l 205 225 97 366 46 85 236 463 377 159 536

SB-4-07 Till S-17 310 318 16 850 110 430 310 866 134 00 134

SB-4-1S Till S-3 130 150 74 393 50 95 248 467 379 153 532

SB-4-2D Till S-8 140 160 22 413 45 90 278 435 384 180 564

SB-4-3S Till S-7 120 140 28 372 45 85 242 400 407 192 599

Average Fill jAverage Till

173 51

423 441

103 44

173 107

449 290

596 492

304 354

99 153

403 507

Revision 0 122292 Pagel Balaam Project 6530T2MOMVE 1 XLS

Table 2

Intrinsic A i r Permeability Values VES Treatability Study

Union Chemical Company South Hope Maine

Date of Teat Start

Slraligraphy Sa tura tedUnsta lura tod Trait Type Tost Identification

Test Area

Sample Depth Calculated Permeability (sq cm) Kr Kc

2-Ocl-91 13-Nov-91 4-Nov-9l

Fill Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test IWA-03 UCC-SB-A-100-05

EW-A-01

A A A

4 to 19 85 to 96 26 to 76

240E-06 264E-07 764 E-09

2 60E-08 NA

216E-08

NA NA

903E-09 13Dec-91 Fill Unsaturated Mass Transfer EW-A-01 A 25 to 76 366E-07 879E-09

Geometric Mean 205E-07

3-Ocl-91 30-Ocl-9I

Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test EW-B-01 EW-B-01

B B

2 to 6 2 to 5

300E-08 209E-08

25-E-08 I02E-08

NA 247E-09

2l-Nov-9l Fill Unsaturated EW-B-01 B 2 to 5 167E07 343E-08 367E-09 14May-92 Till Sa tura ted Bench-Scale UCC-SB-B-500-01 B 58 to 83 262E-09 to 134E-08 NA NA

Geometric Mean 344E-08

3-Oct-91 5- Nov-91

25-Nov-91 7-Nov-91

Fill Fill Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test Bench-Scale

Field Test

IW-C-05 UCC-SB-C-OI0-030 UCC-SB-C-020-03

EW-C-01

C C C C

3 to 8 4 to 46 4 to 56

25 to 76

640E-08 113E-09 to532E-08 884 E-09 to8 81E-08

300E-07

530E-08 NA NA

300E-08

NA NA NA

300E-09 6- Nov9| Fill Unsaturated IW-C-05 C 3 to 8 305E-07 389E-08 108E-08

Geometric Mean 122E-07

29-Oct-9l Fill Unsaturated Field Test EW-n-01 D 3 5 to 85 822E-08 489E-09 992E-09 14 Mav-92 Natural Orpnnic Silt Saturated Bench Scale UCC-vSB-D 112-01 D 58 lo 88 920E-10to 150E-08 NA NA

21-Jul-92 Till Saturated Bench-Scale UCC-SB-3-05-1 0 to 87 503E-07 to 564E-07 NA NA 21-Jul 92 Fill Saturated UCC-SB-3-3SA-3 0 lo 15 527E-08 to 653E-07 NA NA 21-)ul-92 Till Saturated UCC-SB-3-2SA-1 10 to 124 683E-08 lo I20E-07 NA NA

NOTES 1 NA = not applicable 2 Kz rcfora In air |gterincabilily in vertical direction 3 Kr refers to air permeability in horizontal direction 4 Kc refers lo air permeability in a soil lo atmosphere conductance 5 ft-BGS = feet below ground surface

A1RPERMXLS

RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES

bull C L Z P Q CP

ACCESS GATE

FORMER INCINERATOR

CONCRETE SLAB

H CHAIN LINK FENCE

FORMER INCINERATOR STRUCTURES

APPROXIMATE VAPOR EXTRACTION

o PILOT TEST AREA LOCATION

APPROXIMATE LEACH FIELD AREA LOCATION o SOURCE APPROXIMATE TANK LOCATION FIGURE 2 OF REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION FEASIBILITY STUDY

40 80 160

APPROXIMATE SCALE (FEET)

c u m | UNION CHEMICAL I

ADMINISTRATIVE FUND BALSAM macca

OMMNUEXTM OMSULTHnitR B WDUSUUL VAX SMfU Ml 030TO VES PILOT STUDY

PILOT AND BENCH SCALE STUDY AREAS

UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE PJK DNW JMO JAG laquo APPROXIMATE VE SOIL SAMPLE PREPARED BY CANONIE ENVIRONMENTAL JUNE 1990 SB-3-3SA LOCATION FUWgt Q

r=80 010493 6437228 6437 T5

0

SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED 1 OONSTTTUENT CONCENTRATIONS bull lt

SOU SAMPLE COLLECTED AT BORING SB-D-03 AND SB-D-02 WAS SATURATED DUE TO SHALLOW WATER

UCC-SB-S-07-SI-1092

l t -DCE BDl82) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN TABLE AT 18 FEET BELOW GRADE SURFACE PARTS PER BILLION (PPB) -lt

11

11-DCE BDL56) TCE BDL58J PCE BDL(56) TXYL

IFEFMD

SB-S-05 ^ SOURCE CONTROL PREmdashDESIGN SOL BORING LOCATION

UCC-SB-S-OO-SJA-1092 SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS

11-DCE BOU5B) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN PARTS PER BULON (PPB)

Page 10: 9 O titer: BURNS 8c LEVINSONDUANE G. SULUVAN SEAN F. O'CONNO R ANDREW P BOTTI WILUAM J . OELLEA WILLIAM H. OtAOAMO HOLLY A. DITCH FIELD MAUREEN S. KELLEY KENDALL J …

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

boring located immediately to the southeast of the leachfield were VOCs detected

in the shallow saturated soil at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standard

VOCs were not detected in the shallow unsaturated soil sample obtained from the

boring located immediately to the southeast of the former leachfield indicating

that the contaminants detected in the shallow saturated soil sample were likely

transported with the ground water to this location

As shown on Figure 4 seven borings were advanced to obtain soil samples at 8 to

10 feet below the ground water including the two borings where VOCs were

detected at concentrations exceeding the cleanup levels in the shallow saturated

soil samples As indicated on Figure 4 VOCs were detected in 3 of the 7 deeper

saturated samples at concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standards

however based on the shallower soil samples obtained at 2 of the 3 locations i t

appears that the VOCs detected in these deeper soil samples are associated with

contaminants migrating with the ground water Only samples obtained from the

boring located at the southern end of the former leachfield contained VOCs at

concentrations exceeding the soil cleanup standards in soil samples obtained above

and below the ground water table Based upon the results of the pump tests

performed at the site i t is anticipated that a series of closely-spaced ground water

extraction wells can adequately lower the water table to allow soil vapor extraction

wells to effectively treat currently saturated soils in the vicinity of the former

leachfield

As required by EPA and the Maine Department of Environmental Protection

(DEP) selected soil samples obtained from the unsaturated zone during the SCPD

were analyzed for NN-dimethylformamide (DMF) The results of these DMF

analyses were previously transmitted to EPA and DEP and showed that DMF was

not present in these unsaturated soil samples at concentrations greater than the

method detection limits These results are consistent with data obtained during

VE treatability study which indicated the presence of DMF in only 3 of 29

samples analyzed and at concentrations slightly above or at the detection limit

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 7

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

40 CLEANUP TIME ESTIMATES

As discussed in Section 70 of the VE Treatability Study Report the results of

bench-scale testing performed during the study were used to evaluate the number

of air pore volume exchanges required to reduce VOC concentrations to levels

below the source control performance standards for the target constituents These

results were consistent with VE performance at other sites and indicated that

exchange of 3000 to 4000 pore volumes of soil gas would be necessary to achieve

the source control performance standards in most of the source area Data for a

sample collected from one area of the site (Area C in at the southern end of the

former leach field east of the still building) suggested that up to 120000 pore

volume exchanges would be required to attain the performance standards because

of elevated VOC concentrations in the soil in that area I t should be noted that

the air flow rates in this sample were accelerated because of the time constraints

placed upon completion of the VE Treatability Study Because of equilibrium

dynamics i t is likely that the increased air flow rates decreased the efficiency of

VOC transfer from the soil to the air resulting in an increased number of required

pore volume exchanges to attain the performance standards Accordingly i t is

possible that the number of required pore volume exchanges estimated for this

area of the site was overestimated

The results of the field pilot-scale testing at the site were generally consistent with

the bench-scale data and indicated that exchange of 4000 to 6000 pore volumes

will be required to attain the performance standards in most of the source area

The pilot-scale test data indicated removal of relatively large masses

(approximately 100 pounds) of target VOCs from each of the highly impacted test

areas during the relatively limited test period (less than 90 days) The expected

pattern of greater VOC removal from the outer margins of the test area than in

the inner portions was observed in both soil vapor and soil analytical data As

expected conclusive demonstration of the ability to achieve performance standards

in the field was constrained by winter conditions (initial equipment malfunction)

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 8

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

the limited time period available for completion of the test the limitations of a

pilot-scale test performed in a contaminated area primarily leakage of air flow at

the margins of the cap and transport of VOCs from soil volumes outside the test

area and constraints of the Contract Laboratory Program analytical methods that

were required particularly with respect to constituent concentration reporting

limits

As reported in the VE Treatability Study Report based upon the air flow rates

attained in the field (see Appendix K of the VE Treatability Study Report) it was

estimated that sufficient pore volume exchanges to attain source control

performance standards could be achieved in unsaturated soils in most of the

source control area within approximately 1 year of operation Attainment of the

performance standards in the balance of the unsaturated soil source area would be

achieved within approximately 23 years of operation Data obtained during the

MOMPD and SCPD studies are consistent with data obtained during the RI and

VE treatability study and do not indicate that revision of these cleanup time

estimates of 1 to 23 years of operation is warranted

Data from the SCPD study indicated that saturated soil in the vicinity of the

southern end of the leach field contained VOC concentrations above the soil

performance standards Treatment of this soil by VE will require dewatering to

facilitate air transfer through the soils It is estimated that the dewatering and

drying of the soil could require 6 months Because this area is in the portion of

the site where the higher end of the soil cleanup time range was estimated it is

possible that cleanup of this localized area of saturated soil will require 28 years

of operation to complete

The cleanup time estimates were based upon operations after system startup In

evaluating actual cleanup at least 4 weeks per year of VE system down time could

be expected particularly as a result of wintertime conditions Accordingly cleanup

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 9

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

time estimates for the site are expected to range from approximately 12 to

31 years the 6 weeks estimated for completion of construction in the FFS report

It should also be noted that as discussed in the VE Treatability Study Report the

exponential decline in VOC levels in discharged soil gas observed during the pilot-

and bench-scale studies indicate that significant reduction in the VOC mass in

source soils will be achieved within the first 6 months of VE system operation

The data obtained during the treatability study were used to address several

important design considerations discussed in Section 80 of the VE Treatability

Study These considerations indicated the ability to design the VE system to

maximize its operational effectiveness and its flexibility in adjusting to variable

operating conditions For example the design will include vertical extraction wells

in areas of greater depths to ground water and horizontal extraction wells in areas

of shallower depths to ground water or where higher pore volume exchange rates

are required The design will also include an interactive monitoring program

during operations that will allow frequent adjustment of the operational

configuration to include increased air flow rates and use of induction wells as

warranted to address localized heterogeneities in soil characteristics and VOC

concentrations Application of these design considerations will facilitate

attainment of the source control performance standards within the estimated

cleanup times

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 10

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

50 SUMMARY

In summary the findings of the RI the VE pilot-scale and bench-scale studies and

the MOM PD and SCPD investigations are consistent with the conceptual site

model The site stratigraphy in the source area consists of fill overlying t i l l which

overlies bedrock Source area soils (ie soils containing VOCs at concentrations

greater than soil cleanup standards) are located within the eastern portion of the

former site operations area The vertical extent of source area soils that exceed

the soil cleanup standards is primarily limited to soils lying above the ground

water table with the exception of soils in a localized area at the southern end of

the former leachfield DMF is not present at significant concentrations in the

unsaturated soil The characteristics of the fill and t i l l are similar and large-scale

heterogeneities are not present within the soil Air permeabilities of the fill and

t i l l are such that vapor extraction can be used to effectively remove VOCs from the

soil Permeabilities of the overburden are such that a dewatering system can be

designed to lower the ground water table at the southern end of the former

leachfield so that currently saturated soils in this area can be effectively treated

using vapor extraction

The effectiveness of VE was demonstrated during the pilot-scale study with

approximately 100 pounds of target VOCs recovered from the two more highly

impacted test areas in less than 90 days of vapor recovery The objective of the

source area remediation is to control the migration of contaminants from the

source area soils to the ground water Although vapor extraction may take

slightly longer to achieve the soil cleanup standards when compared to LTSA

control over the migration of VOCs to the ground water can be achieved earlier in

the remedial program Capping the site will limit the vertical migration of

contaminants to the ground water and vapor extraction is expected to

substantially reduce the mass of the contaminants from the soil within 90 to 180

days after the start of pumping The VE system can also be designed installed

and operating more quickly than the LTSA system because of the extensive bench-

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 11

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

and pilot-scale data available for the site experience gained in using VE at other

sites and the availability of VE system components A list of sites where VE has

been or currently is in use was recently published in a May 1992 document

entitled An Evaluation of Vapor Extraction of Vadose Zone Contamination

published by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Martin Marietta Energy

Systems Inc for the US Department of Energy The document presents

information on 13 sites with varying types and concentrations of VOCs and soil

conditions and concludes that in situ vapor extraction is very effective in removing

organic contaminants from the pore space of the soil matrix According to The

Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program Technology Profiles

(EPA5405-90006) VES now comprises 18 percent of the selected remedies at

Superfund sites and the number continues to grow

To briefly summarize in addition to gaining control over the migration of VOCs

from the source area soils to the ground water more quickly VE also offers the

advantages of (1) better short-term protection of public health because there is no

uncontrolled release of VOCs and dust to the ambient air (2) less operational

noise than the noise associated with LTSA operations (3) less disturbance to the

environment at the site and to the surrounding community especially in terms of

site clearing and (4) a high degree of operational flexibility to expand the system

to treat a larger volume of soil to extend the treatment time to achieve better

removal and to focus the remediation on the most impacted soils Based upon the

currently available data the comparison of VE and LTSA discussed in Section 50

remains unchanged Comparison of these two source control alternatives indicated

that VE would be more protective of human health and the environment during

implementation and that the two alternatives would be equally effective and

protective in the long term

January 12 1993 12 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012

TABLE 1

SUMMARY OF GEOTECHNICAL DATA V E TOEATABLHJTY STUDY MANAGEMENT OF MIGRATION PRE-DESIGN

UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SITE SOUTH HOPE MAINE

flBoring ID

Stratishygraphy

Sample I D

Depth From

Depth To

Gravel Total Sand

Coarse Sand

Medium Sand

Fine Sand

Coarse Fraction

Silt Clay Fine Fraction 9

SB-2-04 FU1 S-7 130 148 312 301 45 55 201 613 301 86 387

jsB-4-lS BSB-4-4S

Fill Fill

ST-1 S-5

60 120

75 140

63 44

575 474

70 45

115 105

390 324

638 518

310 386

51 96

361 482

IsB-A-10 Fill UCC-SB-A-101-03 40 60 110 506 218 237 545 616 267 116 383

SB-B-30 Fill UCC-SB-B-030A-01 00 20 219 361 97 294 609 580 286 133 419

SB-C-01 FU1 UCC-SB-C-010-06 100 120 292 321 140 234 626 613 274 112 386

SB-3-4L Topsoil ST-1 80 100 42 422 55 100 267 464 386 150 536

SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1lt

bull03 bull03 bull03 -03 bullID ID ID 1M1 bullIS

Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till

S-8 S-12 S-13 S-15

S-13A S-17 S-25 ST-1 ST-1

320 400 420 460 225 305 460 300 50

340 420 440 480 240 325 470 320 70

00 00 00 175 44 39 29 51 I 4

707 328 284 331 595 409 290 466 392

00 00 00 40 25 50 35 45 I 0

97 63 59 75 30 90 70 90 55

610 265 225 216 540 269 185 331 327

707 328 284 506 639 448 319 517 406

177 466 402 293 267 347 466 343 594

115 205 313 200 93

204 214 140 00

292 671 715 493 360 551 680 483 594

SB-2-04 Till ST-1 200 220 55 370 45 80 245 425 377 197 574

SB-2-04 Till S-10 220 240 161 450 105 115 230 611 284 104 38

SB-2-04 Till S-14 300 320 I I 5 424 60 95 269 539 265 195 460

SB-2-04 Till ST-2 400 420 17 407 55 85 267 424 386 189 575

SB-2-04 Till S-20 440 460 130 558 100 140 318 688 219 93 312

SB-2-2D Till ST-1 140 160 36 608 65 160 383 644 318 38 356

SB-2-3S Till S-5 110 130 42 362 30 80 252 404 473 122 595

SB-3-07 Till S-12 400 420 00 351 00 111 240 351 421 227 648

SB-3-07 Till S-15 460 478 26 443 50 120 273 469 371 159 530

SB-3-07 Till S-16 480 500 00 316 00 86 230 316 436 247 683

SB-3-1D Till S-32 620 640 51 322 60 75 187 373 368 258 626

SB-3-1L Till ST-1 460 475 20 367 50 85 232 387 375 237 612

SB-3-1S SB-3-2M SB-3-3M SB-3-3S SB-3-4S SB-3-4S

Till Till Till Till Till Till

S-4 S-5 S-7

ST-1 UT-1 S-8

150 200 265 35 05 160

170 218 285 55 15 170

25 50 98 26 34 164

373 420 405 504 745 478

30 30 40 40 45

I I 5

90 100 115 80 275 105

253 290 250 384 425 258

398 470 503 530 779 642

432 378 338 388 175 296

169 151 158 81 46 62

601 529 496 469 221 358

SB-4-07 Till S- l l 205 225 97 366 46 85 236 463 377 159 536

SB-4-07 Till S-17 310 318 16 850 110 430 310 866 134 00 134

SB-4-1S Till S-3 130 150 74 393 50 95 248 467 379 153 532

SB-4-2D Till S-8 140 160 22 413 45 90 278 435 384 180 564

SB-4-3S Till S-7 120 140 28 372 45 85 242 400 407 192 599

Average Fill jAverage Till

173 51

423 441

103 44

173 107

449 290

596 492

304 354

99 153

403 507

Revision 0 122292 Pagel Balaam Project 6530T2MOMVE 1 XLS

Table 2

Intrinsic A i r Permeability Values VES Treatability Study

Union Chemical Company South Hope Maine

Date of Teat Start

Slraligraphy Sa tura tedUnsta lura tod Trait Type Tost Identification

Test Area

Sample Depth Calculated Permeability (sq cm) Kr Kc

2-Ocl-91 13-Nov-91 4-Nov-9l

Fill Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test IWA-03 UCC-SB-A-100-05

EW-A-01

A A A

4 to 19 85 to 96 26 to 76

240E-06 264E-07 764 E-09

2 60E-08 NA

216E-08

NA NA

903E-09 13Dec-91 Fill Unsaturated Mass Transfer EW-A-01 A 25 to 76 366E-07 879E-09

Geometric Mean 205E-07

3-Ocl-91 30-Ocl-9I

Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test EW-B-01 EW-B-01

B B

2 to 6 2 to 5

300E-08 209E-08

25-E-08 I02E-08

NA 247E-09

2l-Nov-9l Fill Unsaturated EW-B-01 B 2 to 5 167E07 343E-08 367E-09 14May-92 Till Sa tura ted Bench-Scale UCC-SB-B-500-01 B 58 to 83 262E-09 to 134E-08 NA NA

Geometric Mean 344E-08

3-Oct-91 5- Nov-91

25-Nov-91 7-Nov-91

Fill Fill Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test Bench-Scale

Field Test

IW-C-05 UCC-SB-C-OI0-030 UCC-SB-C-020-03

EW-C-01

C C C C

3 to 8 4 to 46 4 to 56

25 to 76

640E-08 113E-09 to532E-08 884 E-09 to8 81E-08

300E-07

530E-08 NA NA

300E-08

NA NA NA

300E-09 6- Nov9| Fill Unsaturated IW-C-05 C 3 to 8 305E-07 389E-08 108E-08

Geometric Mean 122E-07

29-Oct-9l Fill Unsaturated Field Test EW-n-01 D 3 5 to 85 822E-08 489E-09 992E-09 14 Mav-92 Natural Orpnnic Silt Saturated Bench Scale UCC-vSB-D 112-01 D 58 lo 88 920E-10to 150E-08 NA NA

21-Jul-92 Till Saturated Bench-Scale UCC-SB-3-05-1 0 to 87 503E-07 to 564E-07 NA NA 21-Jul 92 Fill Saturated UCC-SB-3-3SA-3 0 lo 15 527E-08 to 653E-07 NA NA 21-)ul-92 Till Saturated UCC-SB-3-2SA-1 10 to 124 683E-08 lo I20E-07 NA NA

NOTES 1 NA = not applicable 2 Kz rcfora In air |gterincabilily in vertical direction 3 Kr refers to air permeability in horizontal direction 4 Kc refers lo air permeability in a soil lo atmosphere conductance 5 ft-BGS = feet below ground surface

A1RPERMXLS

RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES

bull C L Z P Q CP

ACCESS GATE

FORMER INCINERATOR

CONCRETE SLAB

H CHAIN LINK FENCE

FORMER INCINERATOR STRUCTURES

APPROXIMATE VAPOR EXTRACTION

o PILOT TEST AREA LOCATION

APPROXIMATE LEACH FIELD AREA LOCATION o SOURCE APPROXIMATE TANK LOCATION FIGURE 2 OF REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION FEASIBILITY STUDY

40 80 160

APPROXIMATE SCALE (FEET)

c u m | UNION CHEMICAL I

ADMINISTRATIVE FUND BALSAM macca

OMMNUEXTM OMSULTHnitR B WDUSUUL VAX SMfU Ml 030TO VES PILOT STUDY

PILOT AND BENCH SCALE STUDY AREAS

UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE PJK DNW JMO JAG laquo APPROXIMATE VE SOIL SAMPLE PREPARED BY CANONIE ENVIRONMENTAL JUNE 1990 SB-3-3SA LOCATION FUWgt Q

r=80 010493 6437228 6437 T5

0

SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED 1 OONSTTTUENT CONCENTRATIONS bull lt

SOU SAMPLE COLLECTED AT BORING SB-D-03 AND SB-D-02 WAS SATURATED DUE TO SHALLOW WATER

UCC-SB-S-07-SI-1092

l t -DCE BDl82) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN TABLE AT 18 FEET BELOW GRADE SURFACE PARTS PER BILLION (PPB) -lt

11

11-DCE BDL56) TCE BDL58J PCE BDL(56) TXYL

IFEFMD

SB-S-05 ^ SOURCE CONTROL PREmdashDESIGN SOL BORING LOCATION

UCC-SB-S-OO-SJA-1092 SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS

11-DCE BOU5B) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN PARTS PER BULON (PPB)

Page 11: 9 O titer: BURNS 8c LEVINSONDUANE G. SULUVAN SEAN F. O'CONNO R ANDREW P BOTTI WILUAM J . OELLEA WILLIAM H. OtAOAMO HOLLY A. DITCH FIELD MAUREEN S. KELLEY KENDALL J …

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

40 CLEANUP TIME ESTIMATES

As discussed in Section 70 of the VE Treatability Study Report the results of

bench-scale testing performed during the study were used to evaluate the number

of air pore volume exchanges required to reduce VOC concentrations to levels

below the source control performance standards for the target constituents These

results were consistent with VE performance at other sites and indicated that

exchange of 3000 to 4000 pore volumes of soil gas would be necessary to achieve

the source control performance standards in most of the source area Data for a

sample collected from one area of the site (Area C in at the southern end of the

former leach field east of the still building) suggested that up to 120000 pore

volume exchanges would be required to attain the performance standards because

of elevated VOC concentrations in the soil in that area I t should be noted that

the air flow rates in this sample were accelerated because of the time constraints

placed upon completion of the VE Treatability Study Because of equilibrium

dynamics i t is likely that the increased air flow rates decreased the efficiency of

VOC transfer from the soil to the air resulting in an increased number of required

pore volume exchanges to attain the performance standards Accordingly i t is

possible that the number of required pore volume exchanges estimated for this

area of the site was overestimated

The results of the field pilot-scale testing at the site were generally consistent with

the bench-scale data and indicated that exchange of 4000 to 6000 pore volumes

will be required to attain the performance standards in most of the source area

The pilot-scale test data indicated removal of relatively large masses

(approximately 100 pounds) of target VOCs from each of the highly impacted test

areas during the relatively limited test period (less than 90 days) The expected

pattern of greater VOC removal from the outer margins of the test area than in

the inner portions was observed in both soil vapor and soil analytical data As

expected conclusive demonstration of the ability to achieve performance standards

in the field was constrained by winter conditions (initial equipment malfunction)

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 8

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

the limited time period available for completion of the test the limitations of a

pilot-scale test performed in a contaminated area primarily leakage of air flow at

the margins of the cap and transport of VOCs from soil volumes outside the test

area and constraints of the Contract Laboratory Program analytical methods that

were required particularly with respect to constituent concentration reporting

limits

As reported in the VE Treatability Study Report based upon the air flow rates

attained in the field (see Appendix K of the VE Treatability Study Report) it was

estimated that sufficient pore volume exchanges to attain source control

performance standards could be achieved in unsaturated soils in most of the

source control area within approximately 1 year of operation Attainment of the

performance standards in the balance of the unsaturated soil source area would be

achieved within approximately 23 years of operation Data obtained during the

MOMPD and SCPD studies are consistent with data obtained during the RI and

VE treatability study and do not indicate that revision of these cleanup time

estimates of 1 to 23 years of operation is warranted

Data from the SCPD study indicated that saturated soil in the vicinity of the

southern end of the leach field contained VOC concentrations above the soil

performance standards Treatment of this soil by VE will require dewatering to

facilitate air transfer through the soils It is estimated that the dewatering and

drying of the soil could require 6 months Because this area is in the portion of

the site where the higher end of the soil cleanup time range was estimated it is

possible that cleanup of this localized area of saturated soil will require 28 years

of operation to complete

The cleanup time estimates were based upon operations after system startup In

evaluating actual cleanup at least 4 weeks per year of VE system down time could

be expected particularly as a result of wintertime conditions Accordingly cleanup

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 9

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

time estimates for the site are expected to range from approximately 12 to

31 years the 6 weeks estimated for completion of construction in the FFS report

It should also be noted that as discussed in the VE Treatability Study Report the

exponential decline in VOC levels in discharged soil gas observed during the pilot-

and bench-scale studies indicate that significant reduction in the VOC mass in

source soils will be achieved within the first 6 months of VE system operation

The data obtained during the treatability study were used to address several

important design considerations discussed in Section 80 of the VE Treatability

Study These considerations indicated the ability to design the VE system to

maximize its operational effectiveness and its flexibility in adjusting to variable

operating conditions For example the design will include vertical extraction wells

in areas of greater depths to ground water and horizontal extraction wells in areas

of shallower depths to ground water or where higher pore volume exchange rates

are required The design will also include an interactive monitoring program

during operations that will allow frequent adjustment of the operational

configuration to include increased air flow rates and use of induction wells as

warranted to address localized heterogeneities in soil characteristics and VOC

concentrations Application of these design considerations will facilitate

attainment of the source control performance standards within the estimated

cleanup times

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 10

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

50 SUMMARY

In summary the findings of the RI the VE pilot-scale and bench-scale studies and

the MOM PD and SCPD investigations are consistent with the conceptual site

model The site stratigraphy in the source area consists of fill overlying t i l l which

overlies bedrock Source area soils (ie soils containing VOCs at concentrations

greater than soil cleanup standards) are located within the eastern portion of the

former site operations area The vertical extent of source area soils that exceed

the soil cleanup standards is primarily limited to soils lying above the ground

water table with the exception of soils in a localized area at the southern end of

the former leachfield DMF is not present at significant concentrations in the

unsaturated soil The characteristics of the fill and t i l l are similar and large-scale

heterogeneities are not present within the soil Air permeabilities of the fill and

t i l l are such that vapor extraction can be used to effectively remove VOCs from the

soil Permeabilities of the overburden are such that a dewatering system can be

designed to lower the ground water table at the southern end of the former

leachfield so that currently saturated soils in this area can be effectively treated

using vapor extraction

The effectiveness of VE was demonstrated during the pilot-scale study with

approximately 100 pounds of target VOCs recovered from the two more highly

impacted test areas in less than 90 days of vapor recovery The objective of the

source area remediation is to control the migration of contaminants from the

source area soils to the ground water Although vapor extraction may take

slightly longer to achieve the soil cleanup standards when compared to LTSA

control over the migration of VOCs to the ground water can be achieved earlier in

the remedial program Capping the site will limit the vertical migration of

contaminants to the ground water and vapor extraction is expected to

substantially reduce the mass of the contaminants from the soil within 90 to 180

days after the start of pumping The VE system can also be designed installed

and operating more quickly than the LTSA system because of the extensive bench-

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 11

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

and pilot-scale data available for the site experience gained in using VE at other

sites and the availability of VE system components A list of sites where VE has

been or currently is in use was recently published in a May 1992 document

entitled An Evaluation of Vapor Extraction of Vadose Zone Contamination

published by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Martin Marietta Energy

Systems Inc for the US Department of Energy The document presents

information on 13 sites with varying types and concentrations of VOCs and soil

conditions and concludes that in situ vapor extraction is very effective in removing

organic contaminants from the pore space of the soil matrix According to The

Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program Technology Profiles

(EPA5405-90006) VES now comprises 18 percent of the selected remedies at

Superfund sites and the number continues to grow

To briefly summarize in addition to gaining control over the migration of VOCs

from the source area soils to the ground water more quickly VE also offers the

advantages of (1) better short-term protection of public health because there is no

uncontrolled release of VOCs and dust to the ambient air (2) less operational

noise than the noise associated with LTSA operations (3) less disturbance to the

environment at the site and to the surrounding community especially in terms of

site clearing and (4) a high degree of operational flexibility to expand the system

to treat a larger volume of soil to extend the treatment time to achieve better

removal and to focus the remediation on the most impacted soils Based upon the

currently available data the comparison of VE and LTSA discussed in Section 50

remains unchanged Comparison of these two source control alternatives indicated

that VE would be more protective of human health and the environment during

implementation and that the two alternatives would be equally effective and

protective in the long term

January 12 1993 12 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012

TABLE 1

SUMMARY OF GEOTECHNICAL DATA V E TOEATABLHJTY STUDY MANAGEMENT OF MIGRATION PRE-DESIGN

UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SITE SOUTH HOPE MAINE

flBoring ID

Stratishygraphy

Sample I D

Depth From

Depth To

Gravel Total Sand

Coarse Sand

Medium Sand

Fine Sand

Coarse Fraction

Silt Clay Fine Fraction 9

SB-2-04 FU1 S-7 130 148 312 301 45 55 201 613 301 86 387

jsB-4-lS BSB-4-4S

Fill Fill

ST-1 S-5

60 120

75 140

63 44

575 474

70 45

115 105

390 324

638 518

310 386

51 96

361 482

IsB-A-10 Fill UCC-SB-A-101-03 40 60 110 506 218 237 545 616 267 116 383

SB-B-30 Fill UCC-SB-B-030A-01 00 20 219 361 97 294 609 580 286 133 419

SB-C-01 FU1 UCC-SB-C-010-06 100 120 292 321 140 234 626 613 274 112 386

SB-3-4L Topsoil ST-1 80 100 42 422 55 100 267 464 386 150 536

SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1lt

bull03 bull03 bull03 -03 bullID ID ID 1M1 bullIS

Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till

S-8 S-12 S-13 S-15

S-13A S-17 S-25 ST-1 ST-1

320 400 420 460 225 305 460 300 50

340 420 440 480 240 325 470 320 70

00 00 00 175 44 39 29 51 I 4

707 328 284 331 595 409 290 466 392

00 00 00 40 25 50 35 45 I 0

97 63 59 75 30 90 70 90 55

610 265 225 216 540 269 185 331 327

707 328 284 506 639 448 319 517 406

177 466 402 293 267 347 466 343 594

115 205 313 200 93

204 214 140 00

292 671 715 493 360 551 680 483 594

SB-2-04 Till ST-1 200 220 55 370 45 80 245 425 377 197 574

SB-2-04 Till S-10 220 240 161 450 105 115 230 611 284 104 38

SB-2-04 Till S-14 300 320 I I 5 424 60 95 269 539 265 195 460

SB-2-04 Till ST-2 400 420 17 407 55 85 267 424 386 189 575

SB-2-04 Till S-20 440 460 130 558 100 140 318 688 219 93 312

SB-2-2D Till ST-1 140 160 36 608 65 160 383 644 318 38 356

SB-2-3S Till S-5 110 130 42 362 30 80 252 404 473 122 595

SB-3-07 Till S-12 400 420 00 351 00 111 240 351 421 227 648

SB-3-07 Till S-15 460 478 26 443 50 120 273 469 371 159 530

SB-3-07 Till S-16 480 500 00 316 00 86 230 316 436 247 683

SB-3-1D Till S-32 620 640 51 322 60 75 187 373 368 258 626

SB-3-1L Till ST-1 460 475 20 367 50 85 232 387 375 237 612

SB-3-1S SB-3-2M SB-3-3M SB-3-3S SB-3-4S SB-3-4S

Till Till Till Till Till Till

S-4 S-5 S-7

ST-1 UT-1 S-8

150 200 265 35 05 160

170 218 285 55 15 170

25 50 98 26 34 164

373 420 405 504 745 478

30 30 40 40 45

I I 5

90 100 115 80 275 105

253 290 250 384 425 258

398 470 503 530 779 642

432 378 338 388 175 296

169 151 158 81 46 62

601 529 496 469 221 358

SB-4-07 Till S- l l 205 225 97 366 46 85 236 463 377 159 536

SB-4-07 Till S-17 310 318 16 850 110 430 310 866 134 00 134

SB-4-1S Till S-3 130 150 74 393 50 95 248 467 379 153 532

SB-4-2D Till S-8 140 160 22 413 45 90 278 435 384 180 564

SB-4-3S Till S-7 120 140 28 372 45 85 242 400 407 192 599

Average Fill jAverage Till

173 51

423 441

103 44

173 107

449 290

596 492

304 354

99 153

403 507

Revision 0 122292 Pagel Balaam Project 6530T2MOMVE 1 XLS

Table 2

Intrinsic A i r Permeability Values VES Treatability Study

Union Chemical Company South Hope Maine

Date of Teat Start

Slraligraphy Sa tura tedUnsta lura tod Trait Type Tost Identification

Test Area

Sample Depth Calculated Permeability (sq cm) Kr Kc

2-Ocl-91 13-Nov-91 4-Nov-9l

Fill Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test IWA-03 UCC-SB-A-100-05

EW-A-01

A A A

4 to 19 85 to 96 26 to 76

240E-06 264E-07 764 E-09

2 60E-08 NA

216E-08

NA NA

903E-09 13Dec-91 Fill Unsaturated Mass Transfer EW-A-01 A 25 to 76 366E-07 879E-09

Geometric Mean 205E-07

3-Ocl-91 30-Ocl-9I

Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test EW-B-01 EW-B-01

B B

2 to 6 2 to 5

300E-08 209E-08

25-E-08 I02E-08

NA 247E-09

2l-Nov-9l Fill Unsaturated EW-B-01 B 2 to 5 167E07 343E-08 367E-09 14May-92 Till Sa tura ted Bench-Scale UCC-SB-B-500-01 B 58 to 83 262E-09 to 134E-08 NA NA

Geometric Mean 344E-08

3-Oct-91 5- Nov-91

25-Nov-91 7-Nov-91

Fill Fill Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test Bench-Scale

Field Test

IW-C-05 UCC-SB-C-OI0-030 UCC-SB-C-020-03

EW-C-01

C C C C

3 to 8 4 to 46 4 to 56

25 to 76

640E-08 113E-09 to532E-08 884 E-09 to8 81E-08

300E-07

530E-08 NA NA

300E-08

NA NA NA

300E-09 6- Nov9| Fill Unsaturated IW-C-05 C 3 to 8 305E-07 389E-08 108E-08

Geometric Mean 122E-07

29-Oct-9l Fill Unsaturated Field Test EW-n-01 D 3 5 to 85 822E-08 489E-09 992E-09 14 Mav-92 Natural Orpnnic Silt Saturated Bench Scale UCC-vSB-D 112-01 D 58 lo 88 920E-10to 150E-08 NA NA

21-Jul-92 Till Saturated Bench-Scale UCC-SB-3-05-1 0 to 87 503E-07 to 564E-07 NA NA 21-Jul 92 Fill Saturated UCC-SB-3-3SA-3 0 lo 15 527E-08 to 653E-07 NA NA 21-)ul-92 Till Saturated UCC-SB-3-2SA-1 10 to 124 683E-08 lo I20E-07 NA NA

NOTES 1 NA = not applicable 2 Kz rcfora In air |gterincabilily in vertical direction 3 Kr refers to air permeability in horizontal direction 4 Kc refers lo air permeability in a soil lo atmosphere conductance 5 ft-BGS = feet below ground surface

A1RPERMXLS

RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES

bull C L Z P Q CP

ACCESS GATE

FORMER INCINERATOR

CONCRETE SLAB

H CHAIN LINK FENCE

FORMER INCINERATOR STRUCTURES

APPROXIMATE VAPOR EXTRACTION

o PILOT TEST AREA LOCATION

APPROXIMATE LEACH FIELD AREA LOCATION o SOURCE APPROXIMATE TANK LOCATION FIGURE 2 OF REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION FEASIBILITY STUDY

40 80 160

APPROXIMATE SCALE (FEET)

c u m | UNION CHEMICAL I

ADMINISTRATIVE FUND BALSAM macca

OMMNUEXTM OMSULTHnitR B WDUSUUL VAX SMfU Ml 030TO VES PILOT STUDY

PILOT AND BENCH SCALE STUDY AREAS

UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE PJK DNW JMO JAG laquo APPROXIMATE VE SOIL SAMPLE PREPARED BY CANONIE ENVIRONMENTAL JUNE 1990 SB-3-3SA LOCATION FUWgt Q

r=80 010493 6437228 6437 T5

0

SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED 1 OONSTTTUENT CONCENTRATIONS bull lt

SOU SAMPLE COLLECTED AT BORING SB-D-03 AND SB-D-02 WAS SATURATED DUE TO SHALLOW WATER

UCC-SB-S-07-SI-1092

l t -DCE BDl82) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN TABLE AT 18 FEET BELOW GRADE SURFACE PARTS PER BILLION (PPB) -lt

11

11-DCE BDL56) TCE BDL58J PCE BDL(56) TXYL

IFEFMD

SB-S-05 ^ SOURCE CONTROL PREmdashDESIGN SOL BORING LOCATION

UCC-SB-S-OO-SJA-1092 SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS

11-DCE BOU5B) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN PARTS PER BULON (PPB)

Page 12: 9 O titer: BURNS 8c LEVINSONDUANE G. SULUVAN SEAN F. O'CONNO R ANDREW P BOTTI WILUAM J . OELLEA WILLIAM H. OtAOAMO HOLLY A. DITCH FIELD MAUREEN S. KELLEY KENDALL J …

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

the limited time period available for completion of the test the limitations of a

pilot-scale test performed in a contaminated area primarily leakage of air flow at

the margins of the cap and transport of VOCs from soil volumes outside the test

area and constraints of the Contract Laboratory Program analytical methods that

were required particularly with respect to constituent concentration reporting

limits

As reported in the VE Treatability Study Report based upon the air flow rates

attained in the field (see Appendix K of the VE Treatability Study Report) it was

estimated that sufficient pore volume exchanges to attain source control

performance standards could be achieved in unsaturated soils in most of the

source control area within approximately 1 year of operation Attainment of the

performance standards in the balance of the unsaturated soil source area would be

achieved within approximately 23 years of operation Data obtained during the

MOMPD and SCPD studies are consistent with data obtained during the RI and

VE treatability study and do not indicate that revision of these cleanup time

estimates of 1 to 23 years of operation is warranted

Data from the SCPD study indicated that saturated soil in the vicinity of the

southern end of the leach field contained VOC concentrations above the soil

performance standards Treatment of this soil by VE will require dewatering to

facilitate air transfer through the soils It is estimated that the dewatering and

drying of the soil could require 6 months Because this area is in the portion of

the site where the higher end of the soil cleanup time range was estimated it is

possible that cleanup of this localized area of saturated soil will require 28 years

of operation to complete

The cleanup time estimates were based upon operations after system startup In

evaluating actual cleanup at least 4 weeks per year of VE system down time could

be expected particularly as a result of wintertime conditions Accordingly cleanup

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 9

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

time estimates for the site are expected to range from approximately 12 to

31 years the 6 weeks estimated for completion of construction in the FFS report

It should also be noted that as discussed in the VE Treatability Study Report the

exponential decline in VOC levels in discharged soil gas observed during the pilot-

and bench-scale studies indicate that significant reduction in the VOC mass in

source soils will be achieved within the first 6 months of VE system operation

The data obtained during the treatability study were used to address several

important design considerations discussed in Section 80 of the VE Treatability

Study These considerations indicated the ability to design the VE system to

maximize its operational effectiveness and its flexibility in adjusting to variable

operating conditions For example the design will include vertical extraction wells

in areas of greater depths to ground water and horizontal extraction wells in areas

of shallower depths to ground water or where higher pore volume exchange rates

are required The design will also include an interactive monitoring program

during operations that will allow frequent adjustment of the operational

configuration to include increased air flow rates and use of induction wells as

warranted to address localized heterogeneities in soil characteristics and VOC

concentrations Application of these design considerations will facilitate

attainment of the source control performance standards within the estimated

cleanup times

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 10

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

50 SUMMARY

In summary the findings of the RI the VE pilot-scale and bench-scale studies and

the MOM PD and SCPD investigations are consistent with the conceptual site

model The site stratigraphy in the source area consists of fill overlying t i l l which

overlies bedrock Source area soils (ie soils containing VOCs at concentrations

greater than soil cleanup standards) are located within the eastern portion of the

former site operations area The vertical extent of source area soils that exceed

the soil cleanup standards is primarily limited to soils lying above the ground

water table with the exception of soils in a localized area at the southern end of

the former leachfield DMF is not present at significant concentrations in the

unsaturated soil The characteristics of the fill and t i l l are similar and large-scale

heterogeneities are not present within the soil Air permeabilities of the fill and

t i l l are such that vapor extraction can be used to effectively remove VOCs from the

soil Permeabilities of the overburden are such that a dewatering system can be

designed to lower the ground water table at the southern end of the former

leachfield so that currently saturated soils in this area can be effectively treated

using vapor extraction

The effectiveness of VE was demonstrated during the pilot-scale study with

approximately 100 pounds of target VOCs recovered from the two more highly

impacted test areas in less than 90 days of vapor recovery The objective of the

source area remediation is to control the migration of contaminants from the

source area soils to the ground water Although vapor extraction may take

slightly longer to achieve the soil cleanup standards when compared to LTSA

control over the migration of VOCs to the ground water can be achieved earlier in

the remedial program Capping the site will limit the vertical migration of

contaminants to the ground water and vapor extraction is expected to

substantially reduce the mass of the contaminants from the soil within 90 to 180

days after the start of pumping The VE system can also be designed installed

and operating more quickly than the LTSA system because of the extensive bench-

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 11

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

and pilot-scale data available for the site experience gained in using VE at other

sites and the availability of VE system components A list of sites where VE has

been or currently is in use was recently published in a May 1992 document

entitled An Evaluation of Vapor Extraction of Vadose Zone Contamination

published by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Martin Marietta Energy

Systems Inc for the US Department of Energy The document presents

information on 13 sites with varying types and concentrations of VOCs and soil

conditions and concludes that in situ vapor extraction is very effective in removing

organic contaminants from the pore space of the soil matrix According to The

Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program Technology Profiles

(EPA5405-90006) VES now comprises 18 percent of the selected remedies at

Superfund sites and the number continues to grow

To briefly summarize in addition to gaining control over the migration of VOCs

from the source area soils to the ground water more quickly VE also offers the

advantages of (1) better short-term protection of public health because there is no

uncontrolled release of VOCs and dust to the ambient air (2) less operational

noise than the noise associated with LTSA operations (3) less disturbance to the

environment at the site and to the surrounding community especially in terms of

site clearing and (4) a high degree of operational flexibility to expand the system

to treat a larger volume of soil to extend the treatment time to achieve better

removal and to focus the remediation on the most impacted soils Based upon the

currently available data the comparison of VE and LTSA discussed in Section 50

remains unchanged Comparison of these two source control alternatives indicated

that VE would be more protective of human health and the environment during

implementation and that the two alternatives would be equally effective and

protective in the long term

January 12 1993 12 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012

TABLE 1

SUMMARY OF GEOTECHNICAL DATA V E TOEATABLHJTY STUDY MANAGEMENT OF MIGRATION PRE-DESIGN

UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SITE SOUTH HOPE MAINE

flBoring ID

Stratishygraphy

Sample I D

Depth From

Depth To

Gravel Total Sand

Coarse Sand

Medium Sand

Fine Sand

Coarse Fraction

Silt Clay Fine Fraction 9

SB-2-04 FU1 S-7 130 148 312 301 45 55 201 613 301 86 387

jsB-4-lS BSB-4-4S

Fill Fill

ST-1 S-5

60 120

75 140

63 44

575 474

70 45

115 105

390 324

638 518

310 386

51 96

361 482

IsB-A-10 Fill UCC-SB-A-101-03 40 60 110 506 218 237 545 616 267 116 383

SB-B-30 Fill UCC-SB-B-030A-01 00 20 219 361 97 294 609 580 286 133 419

SB-C-01 FU1 UCC-SB-C-010-06 100 120 292 321 140 234 626 613 274 112 386

SB-3-4L Topsoil ST-1 80 100 42 422 55 100 267 464 386 150 536

SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1lt

bull03 bull03 bull03 -03 bullID ID ID 1M1 bullIS

Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till

S-8 S-12 S-13 S-15

S-13A S-17 S-25 ST-1 ST-1

320 400 420 460 225 305 460 300 50

340 420 440 480 240 325 470 320 70

00 00 00 175 44 39 29 51 I 4

707 328 284 331 595 409 290 466 392

00 00 00 40 25 50 35 45 I 0

97 63 59 75 30 90 70 90 55

610 265 225 216 540 269 185 331 327

707 328 284 506 639 448 319 517 406

177 466 402 293 267 347 466 343 594

115 205 313 200 93

204 214 140 00

292 671 715 493 360 551 680 483 594

SB-2-04 Till ST-1 200 220 55 370 45 80 245 425 377 197 574

SB-2-04 Till S-10 220 240 161 450 105 115 230 611 284 104 38

SB-2-04 Till S-14 300 320 I I 5 424 60 95 269 539 265 195 460

SB-2-04 Till ST-2 400 420 17 407 55 85 267 424 386 189 575

SB-2-04 Till S-20 440 460 130 558 100 140 318 688 219 93 312

SB-2-2D Till ST-1 140 160 36 608 65 160 383 644 318 38 356

SB-2-3S Till S-5 110 130 42 362 30 80 252 404 473 122 595

SB-3-07 Till S-12 400 420 00 351 00 111 240 351 421 227 648

SB-3-07 Till S-15 460 478 26 443 50 120 273 469 371 159 530

SB-3-07 Till S-16 480 500 00 316 00 86 230 316 436 247 683

SB-3-1D Till S-32 620 640 51 322 60 75 187 373 368 258 626

SB-3-1L Till ST-1 460 475 20 367 50 85 232 387 375 237 612

SB-3-1S SB-3-2M SB-3-3M SB-3-3S SB-3-4S SB-3-4S

Till Till Till Till Till Till

S-4 S-5 S-7

ST-1 UT-1 S-8

150 200 265 35 05 160

170 218 285 55 15 170

25 50 98 26 34 164

373 420 405 504 745 478

30 30 40 40 45

I I 5

90 100 115 80 275 105

253 290 250 384 425 258

398 470 503 530 779 642

432 378 338 388 175 296

169 151 158 81 46 62

601 529 496 469 221 358

SB-4-07 Till S- l l 205 225 97 366 46 85 236 463 377 159 536

SB-4-07 Till S-17 310 318 16 850 110 430 310 866 134 00 134

SB-4-1S Till S-3 130 150 74 393 50 95 248 467 379 153 532

SB-4-2D Till S-8 140 160 22 413 45 90 278 435 384 180 564

SB-4-3S Till S-7 120 140 28 372 45 85 242 400 407 192 599

Average Fill jAverage Till

173 51

423 441

103 44

173 107

449 290

596 492

304 354

99 153

403 507

Revision 0 122292 Pagel Balaam Project 6530T2MOMVE 1 XLS

Table 2

Intrinsic A i r Permeability Values VES Treatability Study

Union Chemical Company South Hope Maine

Date of Teat Start

Slraligraphy Sa tura tedUnsta lura tod Trait Type Tost Identification

Test Area

Sample Depth Calculated Permeability (sq cm) Kr Kc

2-Ocl-91 13-Nov-91 4-Nov-9l

Fill Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test IWA-03 UCC-SB-A-100-05

EW-A-01

A A A

4 to 19 85 to 96 26 to 76

240E-06 264E-07 764 E-09

2 60E-08 NA

216E-08

NA NA

903E-09 13Dec-91 Fill Unsaturated Mass Transfer EW-A-01 A 25 to 76 366E-07 879E-09

Geometric Mean 205E-07

3-Ocl-91 30-Ocl-9I

Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test EW-B-01 EW-B-01

B B

2 to 6 2 to 5

300E-08 209E-08

25-E-08 I02E-08

NA 247E-09

2l-Nov-9l Fill Unsaturated EW-B-01 B 2 to 5 167E07 343E-08 367E-09 14May-92 Till Sa tura ted Bench-Scale UCC-SB-B-500-01 B 58 to 83 262E-09 to 134E-08 NA NA

Geometric Mean 344E-08

3-Oct-91 5- Nov-91

25-Nov-91 7-Nov-91

Fill Fill Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test Bench-Scale

Field Test

IW-C-05 UCC-SB-C-OI0-030 UCC-SB-C-020-03

EW-C-01

C C C C

3 to 8 4 to 46 4 to 56

25 to 76

640E-08 113E-09 to532E-08 884 E-09 to8 81E-08

300E-07

530E-08 NA NA

300E-08

NA NA NA

300E-09 6- Nov9| Fill Unsaturated IW-C-05 C 3 to 8 305E-07 389E-08 108E-08

Geometric Mean 122E-07

29-Oct-9l Fill Unsaturated Field Test EW-n-01 D 3 5 to 85 822E-08 489E-09 992E-09 14 Mav-92 Natural Orpnnic Silt Saturated Bench Scale UCC-vSB-D 112-01 D 58 lo 88 920E-10to 150E-08 NA NA

21-Jul-92 Till Saturated Bench-Scale UCC-SB-3-05-1 0 to 87 503E-07 to 564E-07 NA NA 21-Jul 92 Fill Saturated UCC-SB-3-3SA-3 0 lo 15 527E-08 to 653E-07 NA NA 21-)ul-92 Till Saturated UCC-SB-3-2SA-1 10 to 124 683E-08 lo I20E-07 NA NA

NOTES 1 NA = not applicable 2 Kz rcfora In air |gterincabilily in vertical direction 3 Kr refers to air permeability in horizontal direction 4 Kc refers lo air permeability in a soil lo atmosphere conductance 5 ft-BGS = feet below ground surface

A1RPERMXLS

RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES

bull C L Z P Q CP

ACCESS GATE

FORMER INCINERATOR

CONCRETE SLAB

H CHAIN LINK FENCE

FORMER INCINERATOR STRUCTURES

APPROXIMATE VAPOR EXTRACTION

o PILOT TEST AREA LOCATION

APPROXIMATE LEACH FIELD AREA LOCATION o SOURCE APPROXIMATE TANK LOCATION FIGURE 2 OF REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION FEASIBILITY STUDY

40 80 160

APPROXIMATE SCALE (FEET)

c u m | UNION CHEMICAL I

ADMINISTRATIVE FUND BALSAM macca

OMMNUEXTM OMSULTHnitR B WDUSUUL VAX SMfU Ml 030TO VES PILOT STUDY

PILOT AND BENCH SCALE STUDY AREAS

UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE PJK DNW JMO JAG laquo APPROXIMATE VE SOIL SAMPLE PREPARED BY CANONIE ENVIRONMENTAL JUNE 1990 SB-3-3SA LOCATION FUWgt Q

r=80 010493 6437228 6437 T5

0

SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED 1 OONSTTTUENT CONCENTRATIONS bull lt

SOU SAMPLE COLLECTED AT BORING SB-D-03 AND SB-D-02 WAS SATURATED DUE TO SHALLOW WATER

UCC-SB-S-07-SI-1092

l t -DCE BDl82) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN TABLE AT 18 FEET BELOW GRADE SURFACE PARTS PER BILLION (PPB) -lt

11

11-DCE BDL56) TCE BDL58J PCE BDL(56) TXYL

IFEFMD

SB-S-05 ^ SOURCE CONTROL PREmdashDESIGN SOL BORING LOCATION

UCC-SB-S-OO-SJA-1092 SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS

11-DCE BOU5B) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN PARTS PER BULON (PPB)

Page 13: 9 O titer: BURNS 8c LEVINSONDUANE G. SULUVAN SEAN F. O'CONNO R ANDREW P BOTTI WILUAM J . OELLEA WILLIAM H. OtAOAMO HOLLY A. DITCH FIELD MAUREEN S. KELLEY KENDALL J …

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

time estimates for the site are expected to range from approximately 12 to

31 years the 6 weeks estimated for completion of construction in the FFS report

It should also be noted that as discussed in the VE Treatability Study Report the

exponential decline in VOC levels in discharged soil gas observed during the pilot-

and bench-scale studies indicate that significant reduction in the VOC mass in

source soils will be achieved within the first 6 months of VE system operation

The data obtained during the treatability study were used to address several

important design considerations discussed in Section 80 of the VE Treatability

Study These considerations indicated the ability to design the VE system to

maximize its operational effectiveness and its flexibility in adjusting to variable

operating conditions For example the design will include vertical extraction wells

in areas of greater depths to ground water and horizontal extraction wells in areas

of shallower depths to ground water or where higher pore volume exchange rates

are required The design will also include an interactive monitoring program

during operations that will allow frequent adjustment of the operational

configuration to include increased air flow rates and use of induction wells as

warranted to address localized heterogeneities in soil characteristics and VOC

concentrations Application of these design considerations will facilitate

attainment of the source control performance standards within the estimated

cleanup times

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 10

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

50 SUMMARY

In summary the findings of the RI the VE pilot-scale and bench-scale studies and

the MOM PD and SCPD investigations are consistent with the conceptual site

model The site stratigraphy in the source area consists of fill overlying t i l l which

overlies bedrock Source area soils (ie soils containing VOCs at concentrations

greater than soil cleanup standards) are located within the eastern portion of the

former site operations area The vertical extent of source area soils that exceed

the soil cleanup standards is primarily limited to soils lying above the ground

water table with the exception of soils in a localized area at the southern end of

the former leachfield DMF is not present at significant concentrations in the

unsaturated soil The characteristics of the fill and t i l l are similar and large-scale

heterogeneities are not present within the soil Air permeabilities of the fill and

t i l l are such that vapor extraction can be used to effectively remove VOCs from the

soil Permeabilities of the overburden are such that a dewatering system can be

designed to lower the ground water table at the southern end of the former

leachfield so that currently saturated soils in this area can be effectively treated

using vapor extraction

The effectiveness of VE was demonstrated during the pilot-scale study with

approximately 100 pounds of target VOCs recovered from the two more highly

impacted test areas in less than 90 days of vapor recovery The objective of the

source area remediation is to control the migration of contaminants from the

source area soils to the ground water Although vapor extraction may take

slightly longer to achieve the soil cleanup standards when compared to LTSA

control over the migration of VOCs to the ground water can be achieved earlier in

the remedial program Capping the site will limit the vertical migration of

contaminants to the ground water and vapor extraction is expected to

substantially reduce the mass of the contaminants from the soil within 90 to 180

days after the start of pumping The VE system can also be designed installed

and operating more quickly than the LTSA system because of the extensive bench-

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 11

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

and pilot-scale data available for the site experience gained in using VE at other

sites and the availability of VE system components A list of sites where VE has

been or currently is in use was recently published in a May 1992 document

entitled An Evaluation of Vapor Extraction of Vadose Zone Contamination

published by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Martin Marietta Energy

Systems Inc for the US Department of Energy The document presents

information on 13 sites with varying types and concentrations of VOCs and soil

conditions and concludes that in situ vapor extraction is very effective in removing

organic contaminants from the pore space of the soil matrix According to The

Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program Technology Profiles

(EPA5405-90006) VES now comprises 18 percent of the selected remedies at

Superfund sites and the number continues to grow

To briefly summarize in addition to gaining control over the migration of VOCs

from the source area soils to the ground water more quickly VE also offers the

advantages of (1) better short-term protection of public health because there is no

uncontrolled release of VOCs and dust to the ambient air (2) less operational

noise than the noise associated with LTSA operations (3) less disturbance to the

environment at the site and to the surrounding community especially in terms of

site clearing and (4) a high degree of operational flexibility to expand the system

to treat a larger volume of soil to extend the treatment time to achieve better

removal and to focus the remediation on the most impacted soils Based upon the

currently available data the comparison of VE and LTSA discussed in Section 50

remains unchanged Comparison of these two source control alternatives indicated

that VE would be more protective of human health and the environment during

implementation and that the two alternatives would be equally effective and

protective in the long term

January 12 1993 12 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012

TABLE 1

SUMMARY OF GEOTECHNICAL DATA V E TOEATABLHJTY STUDY MANAGEMENT OF MIGRATION PRE-DESIGN

UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SITE SOUTH HOPE MAINE

flBoring ID

Stratishygraphy

Sample I D

Depth From

Depth To

Gravel Total Sand

Coarse Sand

Medium Sand

Fine Sand

Coarse Fraction

Silt Clay Fine Fraction 9

SB-2-04 FU1 S-7 130 148 312 301 45 55 201 613 301 86 387

jsB-4-lS BSB-4-4S

Fill Fill

ST-1 S-5

60 120

75 140

63 44

575 474

70 45

115 105

390 324

638 518

310 386

51 96

361 482

IsB-A-10 Fill UCC-SB-A-101-03 40 60 110 506 218 237 545 616 267 116 383

SB-B-30 Fill UCC-SB-B-030A-01 00 20 219 361 97 294 609 580 286 133 419

SB-C-01 FU1 UCC-SB-C-010-06 100 120 292 321 140 234 626 613 274 112 386

SB-3-4L Topsoil ST-1 80 100 42 422 55 100 267 464 386 150 536

SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1lt

bull03 bull03 bull03 -03 bullID ID ID 1M1 bullIS

Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till

S-8 S-12 S-13 S-15

S-13A S-17 S-25 ST-1 ST-1

320 400 420 460 225 305 460 300 50

340 420 440 480 240 325 470 320 70

00 00 00 175 44 39 29 51 I 4

707 328 284 331 595 409 290 466 392

00 00 00 40 25 50 35 45 I 0

97 63 59 75 30 90 70 90 55

610 265 225 216 540 269 185 331 327

707 328 284 506 639 448 319 517 406

177 466 402 293 267 347 466 343 594

115 205 313 200 93

204 214 140 00

292 671 715 493 360 551 680 483 594

SB-2-04 Till ST-1 200 220 55 370 45 80 245 425 377 197 574

SB-2-04 Till S-10 220 240 161 450 105 115 230 611 284 104 38

SB-2-04 Till S-14 300 320 I I 5 424 60 95 269 539 265 195 460

SB-2-04 Till ST-2 400 420 17 407 55 85 267 424 386 189 575

SB-2-04 Till S-20 440 460 130 558 100 140 318 688 219 93 312

SB-2-2D Till ST-1 140 160 36 608 65 160 383 644 318 38 356

SB-2-3S Till S-5 110 130 42 362 30 80 252 404 473 122 595

SB-3-07 Till S-12 400 420 00 351 00 111 240 351 421 227 648

SB-3-07 Till S-15 460 478 26 443 50 120 273 469 371 159 530

SB-3-07 Till S-16 480 500 00 316 00 86 230 316 436 247 683

SB-3-1D Till S-32 620 640 51 322 60 75 187 373 368 258 626

SB-3-1L Till ST-1 460 475 20 367 50 85 232 387 375 237 612

SB-3-1S SB-3-2M SB-3-3M SB-3-3S SB-3-4S SB-3-4S

Till Till Till Till Till Till

S-4 S-5 S-7

ST-1 UT-1 S-8

150 200 265 35 05 160

170 218 285 55 15 170

25 50 98 26 34 164

373 420 405 504 745 478

30 30 40 40 45

I I 5

90 100 115 80 275 105

253 290 250 384 425 258

398 470 503 530 779 642

432 378 338 388 175 296

169 151 158 81 46 62

601 529 496 469 221 358

SB-4-07 Till S- l l 205 225 97 366 46 85 236 463 377 159 536

SB-4-07 Till S-17 310 318 16 850 110 430 310 866 134 00 134

SB-4-1S Till S-3 130 150 74 393 50 95 248 467 379 153 532

SB-4-2D Till S-8 140 160 22 413 45 90 278 435 384 180 564

SB-4-3S Till S-7 120 140 28 372 45 85 242 400 407 192 599

Average Fill jAverage Till

173 51

423 441

103 44

173 107

449 290

596 492

304 354

99 153

403 507

Revision 0 122292 Pagel Balaam Project 6530T2MOMVE 1 XLS

Table 2

Intrinsic A i r Permeability Values VES Treatability Study

Union Chemical Company South Hope Maine

Date of Teat Start

Slraligraphy Sa tura tedUnsta lura tod Trait Type Tost Identification

Test Area

Sample Depth Calculated Permeability (sq cm) Kr Kc

2-Ocl-91 13-Nov-91 4-Nov-9l

Fill Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test IWA-03 UCC-SB-A-100-05

EW-A-01

A A A

4 to 19 85 to 96 26 to 76

240E-06 264E-07 764 E-09

2 60E-08 NA

216E-08

NA NA

903E-09 13Dec-91 Fill Unsaturated Mass Transfer EW-A-01 A 25 to 76 366E-07 879E-09

Geometric Mean 205E-07

3-Ocl-91 30-Ocl-9I

Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test EW-B-01 EW-B-01

B B

2 to 6 2 to 5

300E-08 209E-08

25-E-08 I02E-08

NA 247E-09

2l-Nov-9l Fill Unsaturated EW-B-01 B 2 to 5 167E07 343E-08 367E-09 14May-92 Till Sa tura ted Bench-Scale UCC-SB-B-500-01 B 58 to 83 262E-09 to 134E-08 NA NA

Geometric Mean 344E-08

3-Oct-91 5- Nov-91

25-Nov-91 7-Nov-91

Fill Fill Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test Bench-Scale

Field Test

IW-C-05 UCC-SB-C-OI0-030 UCC-SB-C-020-03

EW-C-01

C C C C

3 to 8 4 to 46 4 to 56

25 to 76

640E-08 113E-09 to532E-08 884 E-09 to8 81E-08

300E-07

530E-08 NA NA

300E-08

NA NA NA

300E-09 6- Nov9| Fill Unsaturated IW-C-05 C 3 to 8 305E-07 389E-08 108E-08

Geometric Mean 122E-07

29-Oct-9l Fill Unsaturated Field Test EW-n-01 D 3 5 to 85 822E-08 489E-09 992E-09 14 Mav-92 Natural Orpnnic Silt Saturated Bench Scale UCC-vSB-D 112-01 D 58 lo 88 920E-10to 150E-08 NA NA

21-Jul-92 Till Saturated Bench-Scale UCC-SB-3-05-1 0 to 87 503E-07 to 564E-07 NA NA 21-Jul 92 Fill Saturated UCC-SB-3-3SA-3 0 lo 15 527E-08 to 653E-07 NA NA 21-)ul-92 Till Saturated UCC-SB-3-2SA-1 10 to 124 683E-08 lo I20E-07 NA NA

NOTES 1 NA = not applicable 2 Kz rcfora In air |gterincabilily in vertical direction 3 Kr refers to air permeability in horizontal direction 4 Kc refers lo air permeability in a soil lo atmosphere conductance 5 ft-BGS = feet below ground surface

A1RPERMXLS

RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES

bull C L Z P Q CP

ACCESS GATE

FORMER INCINERATOR

CONCRETE SLAB

H CHAIN LINK FENCE

FORMER INCINERATOR STRUCTURES

APPROXIMATE VAPOR EXTRACTION

o PILOT TEST AREA LOCATION

APPROXIMATE LEACH FIELD AREA LOCATION o SOURCE APPROXIMATE TANK LOCATION FIGURE 2 OF REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION FEASIBILITY STUDY

40 80 160

APPROXIMATE SCALE (FEET)

c u m | UNION CHEMICAL I

ADMINISTRATIVE FUND BALSAM macca

OMMNUEXTM OMSULTHnitR B WDUSUUL VAX SMfU Ml 030TO VES PILOT STUDY

PILOT AND BENCH SCALE STUDY AREAS

UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE PJK DNW JMO JAG laquo APPROXIMATE VE SOIL SAMPLE PREPARED BY CANONIE ENVIRONMENTAL JUNE 1990 SB-3-3SA LOCATION FUWgt Q

r=80 010493 6437228 6437 T5

0

SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED 1 OONSTTTUENT CONCENTRATIONS bull lt

SOU SAMPLE COLLECTED AT BORING SB-D-03 AND SB-D-02 WAS SATURATED DUE TO SHALLOW WATER

UCC-SB-S-07-SI-1092

l t -DCE BDl82) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN TABLE AT 18 FEET BELOW GRADE SURFACE PARTS PER BILLION (PPB) -lt

11

11-DCE BDL56) TCE BDL58J PCE BDL(56) TXYL

IFEFMD

SB-S-05 ^ SOURCE CONTROL PREmdashDESIGN SOL BORING LOCATION

UCC-SB-S-OO-SJA-1092 SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS

11-DCE BOU5B) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN PARTS PER BULON (PPB)

Page 14: 9 O titer: BURNS 8c LEVINSONDUANE G. SULUVAN SEAN F. O'CONNO R ANDREW P BOTTI WILUAM J . OELLEA WILLIAM H. OtAOAMO HOLLY A. DITCH FIELD MAUREEN S. KELLEY KENDALL J …

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

50 SUMMARY

In summary the findings of the RI the VE pilot-scale and bench-scale studies and

the MOM PD and SCPD investigations are consistent with the conceptual site

model The site stratigraphy in the source area consists of fill overlying t i l l which

overlies bedrock Source area soils (ie soils containing VOCs at concentrations

greater than soil cleanup standards) are located within the eastern portion of the

former site operations area The vertical extent of source area soils that exceed

the soil cleanup standards is primarily limited to soils lying above the ground

water table with the exception of soils in a localized area at the southern end of

the former leachfield DMF is not present at significant concentrations in the

unsaturated soil The characteristics of the fill and t i l l are similar and large-scale

heterogeneities are not present within the soil Air permeabilities of the fill and

t i l l are such that vapor extraction can be used to effectively remove VOCs from the

soil Permeabilities of the overburden are such that a dewatering system can be

designed to lower the ground water table at the southern end of the former

leachfield so that currently saturated soils in this area can be effectively treated

using vapor extraction

The effectiveness of VE was demonstrated during the pilot-scale study with

approximately 100 pounds of target VOCs recovered from the two more highly

impacted test areas in less than 90 days of vapor recovery The objective of the

source area remediation is to control the migration of contaminants from the

source area soils to the ground water Although vapor extraction may take

slightly longer to achieve the soil cleanup standards when compared to LTSA

control over the migration of VOCs to the ground water can be achieved earlier in

the remedial program Capping the site will limit the vertical migration of

contaminants to the ground water and vapor extraction is expected to

substantially reduce the mass of the contaminants from the soil within 90 to 180

days after the start of pumping The VE system can also be designed installed

and operating more quickly than the LTSA system because of the extensive bench-

January 12 1993 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012 11

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

and pilot-scale data available for the site experience gained in using VE at other

sites and the availability of VE system components A list of sites where VE has

been or currently is in use was recently published in a May 1992 document

entitled An Evaluation of Vapor Extraction of Vadose Zone Contamination

published by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Martin Marietta Energy

Systems Inc for the US Department of Energy The document presents

information on 13 sites with varying types and concentrations of VOCs and soil

conditions and concludes that in situ vapor extraction is very effective in removing

organic contaminants from the pore space of the soil matrix According to The

Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program Technology Profiles

(EPA5405-90006) VES now comprises 18 percent of the selected remedies at

Superfund sites and the number continues to grow

To briefly summarize in addition to gaining control over the migration of VOCs

from the source area soils to the ground water more quickly VE also offers the

advantages of (1) better short-term protection of public health because there is no

uncontrolled release of VOCs and dust to the ambient air (2) less operational

noise than the noise associated with LTSA operations (3) less disturbance to the

environment at the site and to the surrounding community especially in terms of

site clearing and (4) a high degree of operational flexibility to expand the system

to treat a larger volume of soil to extend the treatment time to achieve better

removal and to focus the remediation on the most impacted soils Based upon the

currently available data the comparison of VE and LTSA discussed in Section 50

remains unchanged Comparison of these two source control alternatives indicated

that VE would be more protective of human health and the environment during

implementation and that the two alternatives would be equally effective and

protective in the long term

January 12 1993 12 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012

TABLE 1

SUMMARY OF GEOTECHNICAL DATA V E TOEATABLHJTY STUDY MANAGEMENT OF MIGRATION PRE-DESIGN

UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SITE SOUTH HOPE MAINE

flBoring ID

Stratishygraphy

Sample I D

Depth From

Depth To

Gravel Total Sand

Coarse Sand

Medium Sand

Fine Sand

Coarse Fraction

Silt Clay Fine Fraction 9

SB-2-04 FU1 S-7 130 148 312 301 45 55 201 613 301 86 387

jsB-4-lS BSB-4-4S

Fill Fill

ST-1 S-5

60 120

75 140

63 44

575 474

70 45

115 105

390 324

638 518

310 386

51 96

361 482

IsB-A-10 Fill UCC-SB-A-101-03 40 60 110 506 218 237 545 616 267 116 383

SB-B-30 Fill UCC-SB-B-030A-01 00 20 219 361 97 294 609 580 286 133 419

SB-C-01 FU1 UCC-SB-C-010-06 100 120 292 321 140 234 626 613 274 112 386

SB-3-4L Topsoil ST-1 80 100 42 422 55 100 267 464 386 150 536

SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1lt

bull03 bull03 bull03 -03 bullID ID ID 1M1 bullIS

Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till

S-8 S-12 S-13 S-15

S-13A S-17 S-25 ST-1 ST-1

320 400 420 460 225 305 460 300 50

340 420 440 480 240 325 470 320 70

00 00 00 175 44 39 29 51 I 4

707 328 284 331 595 409 290 466 392

00 00 00 40 25 50 35 45 I 0

97 63 59 75 30 90 70 90 55

610 265 225 216 540 269 185 331 327

707 328 284 506 639 448 319 517 406

177 466 402 293 267 347 466 343 594

115 205 313 200 93

204 214 140 00

292 671 715 493 360 551 680 483 594

SB-2-04 Till ST-1 200 220 55 370 45 80 245 425 377 197 574

SB-2-04 Till S-10 220 240 161 450 105 115 230 611 284 104 38

SB-2-04 Till S-14 300 320 I I 5 424 60 95 269 539 265 195 460

SB-2-04 Till ST-2 400 420 17 407 55 85 267 424 386 189 575

SB-2-04 Till S-20 440 460 130 558 100 140 318 688 219 93 312

SB-2-2D Till ST-1 140 160 36 608 65 160 383 644 318 38 356

SB-2-3S Till S-5 110 130 42 362 30 80 252 404 473 122 595

SB-3-07 Till S-12 400 420 00 351 00 111 240 351 421 227 648

SB-3-07 Till S-15 460 478 26 443 50 120 273 469 371 159 530

SB-3-07 Till S-16 480 500 00 316 00 86 230 316 436 247 683

SB-3-1D Till S-32 620 640 51 322 60 75 187 373 368 258 626

SB-3-1L Till ST-1 460 475 20 367 50 85 232 387 375 237 612

SB-3-1S SB-3-2M SB-3-3M SB-3-3S SB-3-4S SB-3-4S

Till Till Till Till Till Till

S-4 S-5 S-7

ST-1 UT-1 S-8

150 200 265 35 05 160

170 218 285 55 15 170

25 50 98 26 34 164

373 420 405 504 745 478

30 30 40 40 45

I I 5

90 100 115 80 275 105

253 290 250 384 425 258

398 470 503 530 779 642

432 378 338 388 175 296

169 151 158 81 46 62

601 529 496 469 221 358

SB-4-07 Till S- l l 205 225 97 366 46 85 236 463 377 159 536

SB-4-07 Till S-17 310 318 16 850 110 430 310 866 134 00 134

SB-4-1S Till S-3 130 150 74 393 50 95 248 467 379 153 532

SB-4-2D Till S-8 140 160 22 413 45 90 278 435 384 180 564

SB-4-3S Till S-7 120 140 28 372 45 85 242 400 407 192 599

Average Fill jAverage Till

173 51

423 441

103 44

173 107

449 290

596 492

304 354

99 153

403 507

Revision 0 122292 Pagel Balaam Project 6530T2MOMVE 1 XLS

Table 2

Intrinsic A i r Permeability Values VES Treatability Study

Union Chemical Company South Hope Maine

Date of Teat Start

Slraligraphy Sa tura tedUnsta lura tod Trait Type Tost Identification

Test Area

Sample Depth Calculated Permeability (sq cm) Kr Kc

2-Ocl-91 13-Nov-91 4-Nov-9l

Fill Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test IWA-03 UCC-SB-A-100-05

EW-A-01

A A A

4 to 19 85 to 96 26 to 76

240E-06 264E-07 764 E-09

2 60E-08 NA

216E-08

NA NA

903E-09 13Dec-91 Fill Unsaturated Mass Transfer EW-A-01 A 25 to 76 366E-07 879E-09

Geometric Mean 205E-07

3-Ocl-91 30-Ocl-9I

Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test EW-B-01 EW-B-01

B B

2 to 6 2 to 5

300E-08 209E-08

25-E-08 I02E-08

NA 247E-09

2l-Nov-9l Fill Unsaturated EW-B-01 B 2 to 5 167E07 343E-08 367E-09 14May-92 Till Sa tura ted Bench-Scale UCC-SB-B-500-01 B 58 to 83 262E-09 to 134E-08 NA NA

Geometric Mean 344E-08

3-Oct-91 5- Nov-91

25-Nov-91 7-Nov-91

Fill Fill Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test Bench-Scale

Field Test

IW-C-05 UCC-SB-C-OI0-030 UCC-SB-C-020-03

EW-C-01

C C C C

3 to 8 4 to 46 4 to 56

25 to 76

640E-08 113E-09 to532E-08 884 E-09 to8 81E-08

300E-07

530E-08 NA NA

300E-08

NA NA NA

300E-09 6- Nov9| Fill Unsaturated IW-C-05 C 3 to 8 305E-07 389E-08 108E-08

Geometric Mean 122E-07

29-Oct-9l Fill Unsaturated Field Test EW-n-01 D 3 5 to 85 822E-08 489E-09 992E-09 14 Mav-92 Natural Orpnnic Silt Saturated Bench Scale UCC-vSB-D 112-01 D 58 lo 88 920E-10to 150E-08 NA NA

21-Jul-92 Till Saturated Bench-Scale UCC-SB-3-05-1 0 to 87 503E-07 to 564E-07 NA NA 21-Jul 92 Fill Saturated UCC-SB-3-3SA-3 0 lo 15 527E-08 to 653E-07 NA NA 21-)ul-92 Till Saturated UCC-SB-3-2SA-1 10 to 124 683E-08 lo I20E-07 NA NA

NOTES 1 NA = not applicable 2 Kz rcfora In air |gterincabilily in vertical direction 3 Kr refers to air permeability in horizontal direction 4 Kc refers lo air permeability in a soil lo atmosphere conductance 5 ft-BGS = feet below ground surface

A1RPERMXLS

RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES

bull C L Z P Q CP

ACCESS GATE

FORMER INCINERATOR

CONCRETE SLAB

H CHAIN LINK FENCE

FORMER INCINERATOR STRUCTURES

APPROXIMATE VAPOR EXTRACTION

o PILOT TEST AREA LOCATION

APPROXIMATE LEACH FIELD AREA LOCATION o SOURCE APPROXIMATE TANK LOCATION FIGURE 2 OF REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION FEASIBILITY STUDY

40 80 160

APPROXIMATE SCALE (FEET)

c u m | UNION CHEMICAL I

ADMINISTRATIVE FUND BALSAM macca

OMMNUEXTM OMSULTHnitR B WDUSUUL VAX SMfU Ml 030TO VES PILOT STUDY

PILOT AND BENCH SCALE STUDY AREAS

UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE PJK DNW JMO JAG laquo APPROXIMATE VE SOIL SAMPLE PREPARED BY CANONIE ENVIRONMENTAL JUNE 1990 SB-3-3SA LOCATION FUWgt Q

r=80 010493 6437228 6437 T5

0

SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED 1 OONSTTTUENT CONCENTRATIONS bull lt

SOU SAMPLE COLLECTED AT BORING SB-D-03 AND SB-D-02 WAS SATURATED DUE TO SHALLOW WATER

UCC-SB-S-07-SI-1092

l t -DCE BDl82) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN TABLE AT 18 FEET BELOW GRADE SURFACE PARTS PER BILLION (PPB) -lt

11

11-DCE BDL56) TCE BDL58J PCE BDL(56) TXYL

IFEFMD

SB-S-05 ^ SOURCE CONTROL PREmdashDESIGN SOL BORING LOCATION

UCC-SB-S-OO-SJA-1092 SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS

11-DCE BOU5B) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN PARTS PER BULON (PPB)

Page 15: 9 O titer: BURNS 8c LEVINSONDUANE G. SULUVAN SEAN F. O'CONNO R ANDREW P BOTTI WILUAM J . OELLEA WILLIAM H. OtAOAMO HOLLY A. DITCH FIELD MAUREEN S. KELLEY KENDALL J …

BALSAM ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS INC

and pilot-scale data available for the site experience gained in using VE at other

sites and the availability of VE system components A list of sites where VE has

been or currently is in use was recently published in a May 1992 document

entitled An Evaluation of Vapor Extraction of Vadose Zone Contamination

published by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Martin Marietta Energy

Systems Inc for the US Department of Energy The document presents

information on 13 sites with varying types and concentrations of VOCs and soil

conditions and concludes that in situ vapor extraction is very effective in removing

organic contaminants from the pore space of the soil matrix According to The

Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program Technology Profiles

(EPA5405-90006) VES now comprises 18 percent of the selected remedies at

Superfund sites and the number continues to grow

To briefly summarize in addition to gaining control over the migration of VOCs

from the source area soils to the ground water more quickly VE also offers the

advantages of (1) better short-term protection of public health because there is no

uncontrolled release of VOCs and dust to the ambient air (2) less operational

noise than the noise associated with LTSA operations (3) less disturbance to the

environment at the site and to the surrounding community especially in terms of

site clearing and (4) a high degree of operational flexibility to expand the system

to treat a larger volume of soil to extend the treatment time to achieve better

removal and to focus the remediation on the most impacted soils Based upon the

currently available data the comparison of VE and LTSA discussed in Section 50

remains unchanged Comparison of these two source control alternatives indicated

that VE would be more protective of human health and the environment during

implementation and that the two alternatives would be equally effective and

protective in the long term

January 12 1993 12 Balsam Project 6437T31S9012

TABLE 1

SUMMARY OF GEOTECHNICAL DATA V E TOEATABLHJTY STUDY MANAGEMENT OF MIGRATION PRE-DESIGN

UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SITE SOUTH HOPE MAINE

flBoring ID

Stratishygraphy

Sample I D

Depth From

Depth To

Gravel Total Sand

Coarse Sand

Medium Sand

Fine Sand

Coarse Fraction

Silt Clay Fine Fraction 9

SB-2-04 FU1 S-7 130 148 312 301 45 55 201 613 301 86 387

jsB-4-lS BSB-4-4S

Fill Fill

ST-1 S-5

60 120

75 140

63 44

575 474

70 45

115 105

390 324

638 518

310 386

51 96

361 482

IsB-A-10 Fill UCC-SB-A-101-03 40 60 110 506 218 237 545 616 267 116 383

SB-B-30 Fill UCC-SB-B-030A-01 00 20 219 361 97 294 609 580 286 133 419

SB-C-01 FU1 UCC-SB-C-010-06 100 120 292 321 140 234 626 613 274 112 386

SB-3-4L Topsoil ST-1 80 100 42 422 55 100 267 464 386 150 536

SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1lt

bull03 bull03 bull03 -03 bullID ID ID 1M1 bullIS

Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till

S-8 S-12 S-13 S-15

S-13A S-17 S-25 ST-1 ST-1

320 400 420 460 225 305 460 300 50

340 420 440 480 240 325 470 320 70

00 00 00 175 44 39 29 51 I 4

707 328 284 331 595 409 290 466 392

00 00 00 40 25 50 35 45 I 0

97 63 59 75 30 90 70 90 55

610 265 225 216 540 269 185 331 327

707 328 284 506 639 448 319 517 406

177 466 402 293 267 347 466 343 594

115 205 313 200 93

204 214 140 00

292 671 715 493 360 551 680 483 594

SB-2-04 Till ST-1 200 220 55 370 45 80 245 425 377 197 574

SB-2-04 Till S-10 220 240 161 450 105 115 230 611 284 104 38

SB-2-04 Till S-14 300 320 I I 5 424 60 95 269 539 265 195 460

SB-2-04 Till ST-2 400 420 17 407 55 85 267 424 386 189 575

SB-2-04 Till S-20 440 460 130 558 100 140 318 688 219 93 312

SB-2-2D Till ST-1 140 160 36 608 65 160 383 644 318 38 356

SB-2-3S Till S-5 110 130 42 362 30 80 252 404 473 122 595

SB-3-07 Till S-12 400 420 00 351 00 111 240 351 421 227 648

SB-3-07 Till S-15 460 478 26 443 50 120 273 469 371 159 530

SB-3-07 Till S-16 480 500 00 316 00 86 230 316 436 247 683

SB-3-1D Till S-32 620 640 51 322 60 75 187 373 368 258 626

SB-3-1L Till ST-1 460 475 20 367 50 85 232 387 375 237 612

SB-3-1S SB-3-2M SB-3-3M SB-3-3S SB-3-4S SB-3-4S

Till Till Till Till Till Till

S-4 S-5 S-7

ST-1 UT-1 S-8

150 200 265 35 05 160

170 218 285 55 15 170

25 50 98 26 34 164

373 420 405 504 745 478

30 30 40 40 45

I I 5

90 100 115 80 275 105

253 290 250 384 425 258

398 470 503 530 779 642

432 378 338 388 175 296

169 151 158 81 46 62

601 529 496 469 221 358

SB-4-07 Till S- l l 205 225 97 366 46 85 236 463 377 159 536

SB-4-07 Till S-17 310 318 16 850 110 430 310 866 134 00 134

SB-4-1S Till S-3 130 150 74 393 50 95 248 467 379 153 532

SB-4-2D Till S-8 140 160 22 413 45 90 278 435 384 180 564

SB-4-3S Till S-7 120 140 28 372 45 85 242 400 407 192 599

Average Fill jAverage Till

173 51

423 441

103 44

173 107

449 290

596 492

304 354

99 153

403 507

Revision 0 122292 Pagel Balaam Project 6530T2MOMVE 1 XLS

Table 2

Intrinsic A i r Permeability Values VES Treatability Study

Union Chemical Company South Hope Maine

Date of Teat Start

Slraligraphy Sa tura tedUnsta lura tod Trait Type Tost Identification

Test Area

Sample Depth Calculated Permeability (sq cm) Kr Kc

2-Ocl-91 13-Nov-91 4-Nov-9l

Fill Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test IWA-03 UCC-SB-A-100-05

EW-A-01

A A A

4 to 19 85 to 96 26 to 76

240E-06 264E-07 764 E-09

2 60E-08 NA

216E-08

NA NA

903E-09 13Dec-91 Fill Unsaturated Mass Transfer EW-A-01 A 25 to 76 366E-07 879E-09

Geometric Mean 205E-07

3-Ocl-91 30-Ocl-9I

Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test EW-B-01 EW-B-01

B B

2 to 6 2 to 5

300E-08 209E-08

25-E-08 I02E-08

NA 247E-09

2l-Nov-9l Fill Unsaturated EW-B-01 B 2 to 5 167E07 343E-08 367E-09 14May-92 Till Sa tura ted Bench-Scale UCC-SB-B-500-01 B 58 to 83 262E-09 to 134E-08 NA NA

Geometric Mean 344E-08

3-Oct-91 5- Nov-91

25-Nov-91 7-Nov-91

Fill Fill Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test Bench-Scale

Field Test

IW-C-05 UCC-SB-C-OI0-030 UCC-SB-C-020-03

EW-C-01

C C C C

3 to 8 4 to 46 4 to 56

25 to 76

640E-08 113E-09 to532E-08 884 E-09 to8 81E-08

300E-07

530E-08 NA NA

300E-08

NA NA NA

300E-09 6- Nov9| Fill Unsaturated IW-C-05 C 3 to 8 305E-07 389E-08 108E-08

Geometric Mean 122E-07

29-Oct-9l Fill Unsaturated Field Test EW-n-01 D 3 5 to 85 822E-08 489E-09 992E-09 14 Mav-92 Natural Orpnnic Silt Saturated Bench Scale UCC-vSB-D 112-01 D 58 lo 88 920E-10to 150E-08 NA NA

21-Jul-92 Till Saturated Bench-Scale UCC-SB-3-05-1 0 to 87 503E-07 to 564E-07 NA NA 21-Jul 92 Fill Saturated UCC-SB-3-3SA-3 0 lo 15 527E-08 to 653E-07 NA NA 21-)ul-92 Till Saturated UCC-SB-3-2SA-1 10 to 124 683E-08 lo I20E-07 NA NA

NOTES 1 NA = not applicable 2 Kz rcfora In air |gterincabilily in vertical direction 3 Kr refers to air permeability in horizontal direction 4 Kc refers lo air permeability in a soil lo atmosphere conductance 5 ft-BGS = feet below ground surface

A1RPERMXLS

RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES

bull C L Z P Q CP

ACCESS GATE

FORMER INCINERATOR

CONCRETE SLAB

H CHAIN LINK FENCE

FORMER INCINERATOR STRUCTURES

APPROXIMATE VAPOR EXTRACTION

o PILOT TEST AREA LOCATION

APPROXIMATE LEACH FIELD AREA LOCATION o SOURCE APPROXIMATE TANK LOCATION FIGURE 2 OF REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION FEASIBILITY STUDY

40 80 160

APPROXIMATE SCALE (FEET)

c u m | UNION CHEMICAL I

ADMINISTRATIVE FUND BALSAM macca

OMMNUEXTM OMSULTHnitR B WDUSUUL VAX SMfU Ml 030TO VES PILOT STUDY

PILOT AND BENCH SCALE STUDY AREAS

UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE PJK DNW JMO JAG laquo APPROXIMATE VE SOIL SAMPLE PREPARED BY CANONIE ENVIRONMENTAL JUNE 1990 SB-3-3SA LOCATION FUWgt Q

r=80 010493 6437228 6437 T5

0

SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED 1 OONSTTTUENT CONCENTRATIONS bull lt

SOU SAMPLE COLLECTED AT BORING SB-D-03 AND SB-D-02 WAS SATURATED DUE TO SHALLOW WATER

UCC-SB-S-07-SI-1092

l t -DCE BDl82) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN TABLE AT 18 FEET BELOW GRADE SURFACE PARTS PER BILLION (PPB) -lt

11

11-DCE BDL56) TCE BDL58J PCE BDL(56) TXYL

IFEFMD

SB-S-05 ^ SOURCE CONTROL PREmdashDESIGN SOL BORING LOCATION

UCC-SB-S-OO-SJA-1092 SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS

11-DCE BOU5B) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN PARTS PER BULON (PPB)

Page 16: 9 O titer: BURNS 8c LEVINSONDUANE G. SULUVAN SEAN F. O'CONNO R ANDREW P BOTTI WILUAM J . OELLEA WILLIAM H. OtAOAMO HOLLY A. DITCH FIELD MAUREEN S. KELLEY KENDALL J …

TABLE 1

SUMMARY OF GEOTECHNICAL DATA V E TOEATABLHJTY STUDY MANAGEMENT OF MIGRATION PRE-DESIGN

UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SITE SOUTH HOPE MAINE

flBoring ID

Stratishygraphy

Sample I D

Depth From

Depth To

Gravel Total Sand

Coarse Sand

Medium Sand

Fine Sand

Coarse Fraction

Silt Clay Fine Fraction 9

SB-2-04 FU1 S-7 130 148 312 301 45 55 201 613 301 86 387

jsB-4-lS BSB-4-4S

Fill Fill

ST-1 S-5

60 120

75 140

63 44

575 474

70 45

115 105

390 324

638 518

310 386

51 96

361 482

IsB-A-10 Fill UCC-SB-A-101-03 40 60 110 506 218 237 545 616 267 116 383

SB-B-30 Fill UCC-SB-B-030A-01 00 20 219 361 97 294 609 580 286 133 419

SB-C-01 FU1 UCC-SB-C-010-06 100 120 292 321 140 234 626 613 274 112 386

SB-3-4L Topsoil ST-1 80 100 42 422 55 100 267 464 386 150 536

SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1 SB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1shySB-1lt

bull03 bull03 bull03 -03 bullID ID ID 1M1 bullIS

Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till Till

S-8 S-12 S-13 S-15

S-13A S-17 S-25 ST-1 ST-1

320 400 420 460 225 305 460 300 50

340 420 440 480 240 325 470 320 70

00 00 00 175 44 39 29 51 I 4

707 328 284 331 595 409 290 466 392

00 00 00 40 25 50 35 45 I 0

97 63 59 75 30 90 70 90 55

610 265 225 216 540 269 185 331 327

707 328 284 506 639 448 319 517 406

177 466 402 293 267 347 466 343 594

115 205 313 200 93

204 214 140 00

292 671 715 493 360 551 680 483 594

SB-2-04 Till ST-1 200 220 55 370 45 80 245 425 377 197 574

SB-2-04 Till S-10 220 240 161 450 105 115 230 611 284 104 38

SB-2-04 Till S-14 300 320 I I 5 424 60 95 269 539 265 195 460

SB-2-04 Till ST-2 400 420 17 407 55 85 267 424 386 189 575

SB-2-04 Till S-20 440 460 130 558 100 140 318 688 219 93 312

SB-2-2D Till ST-1 140 160 36 608 65 160 383 644 318 38 356

SB-2-3S Till S-5 110 130 42 362 30 80 252 404 473 122 595

SB-3-07 Till S-12 400 420 00 351 00 111 240 351 421 227 648

SB-3-07 Till S-15 460 478 26 443 50 120 273 469 371 159 530

SB-3-07 Till S-16 480 500 00 316 00 86 230 316 436 247 683

SB-3-1D Till S-32 620 640 51 322 60 75 187 373 368 258 626

SB-3-1L Till ST-1 460 475 20 367 50 85 232 387 375 237 612

SB-3-1S SB-3-2M SB-3-3M SB-3-3S SB-3-4S SB-3-4S

Till Till Till Till Till Till

S-4 S-5 S-7

ST-1 UT-1 S-8

150 200 265 35 05 160

170 218 285 55 15 170

25 50 98 26 34 164

373 420 405 504 745 478

30 30 40 40 45

I I 5

90 100 115 80 275 105

253 290 250 384 425 258

398 470 503 530 779 642

432 378 338 388 175 296

169 151 158 81 46 62

601 529 496 469 221 358

SB-4-07 Till S- l l 205 225 97 366 46 85 236 463 377 159 536

SB-4-07 Till S-17 310 318 16 850 110 430 310 866 134 00 134

SB-4-1S Till S-3 130 150 74 393 50 95 248 467 379 153 532

SB-4-2D Till S-8 140 160 22 413 45 90 278 435 384 180 564

SB-4-3S Till S-7 120 140 28 372 45 85 242 400 407 192 599

Average Fill jAverage Till

173 51

423 441

103 44

173 107

449 290

596 492

304 354

99 153

403 507

Revision 0 122292 Pagel Balaam Project 6530T2MOMVE 1 XLS

Table 2

Intrinsic A i r Permeability Values VES Treatability Study

Union Chemical Company South Hope Maine

Date of Teat Start

Slraligraphy Sa tura tedUnsta lura tod Trait Type Tost Identification

Test Area

Sample Depth Calculated Permeability (sq cm) Kr Kc

2-Ocl-91 13-Nov-91 4-Nov-9l

Fill Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test IWA-03 UCC-SB-A-100-05

EW-A-01

A A A

4 to 19 85 to 96 26 to 76

240E-06 264E-07 764 E-09

2 60E-08 NA

216E-08

NA NA

903E-09 13Dec-91 Fill Unsaturated Mass Transfer EW-A-01 A 25 to 76 366E-07 879E-09

Geometric Mean 205E-07

3-Ocl-91 30-Ocl-9I

Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test EW-B-01 EW-B-01

B B

2 to 6 2 to 5

300E-08 209E-08

25-E-08 I02E-08

NA 247E-09

2l-Nov-9l Fill Unsaturated EW-B-01 B 2 to 5 167E07 343E-08 367E-09 14May-92 Till Sa tura ted Bench-Scale UCC-SB-B-500-01 B 58 to 83 262E-09 to 134E-08 NA NA

Geometric Mean 344E-08

3-Oct-91 5- Nov-91

25-Nov-91 7-Nov-91

Fill Fill Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test Bench-Scale

Field Test

IW-C-05 UCC-SB-C-OI0-030 UCC-SB-C-020-03

EW-C-01

C C C C

3 to 8 4 to 46 4 to 56

25 to 76

640E-08 113E-09 to532E-08 884 E-09 to8 81E-08

300E-07

530E-08 NA NA

300E-08

NA NA NA

300E-09 6- Nov9| Fill Unsaturated IW-C-05 C 3 to 8 305E-07 389E-08 108E-08

Geometric Mean 122E-07

29-Oct-9l Fill Unsaturated Field Test EW-n-01 D 3 5 to 85 822E-08 489E-09 992E-09 14 Mav-92 Natural Orpnnic Silt Saturated Bench Scale UCC-vSB-D 112-01 D 58 lo 88 920E-10to 150E-08 NA NA

21-Jul-92 Till Saturated Bench-Scale UCC-SB-3-05-1 0 to 87 503E-07 to 564E-07 NA NA 21-Jul 92 Fill Saturated UCC-SB-3-3SA-3 0 lo 15 527E-08 to 653E-07 NA NA 21-)ul-92 Till Saturated UCC-SB-3-2SA-1 10 to 124 683E-08 lo I20E-07 NA NA

NOTES 1 NA = not applicable 2 Kz rcfora In air |gterincabilily in vertical direction 3 Kr refers to air permeability in horizontal direction 4 Kc refers lo air permeability in a soil lo atmosphere conductance 5 ft-BGS = feet below ground surface

A1RPERMXLS

RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES

bull C L Z P Q CP

ACCESS GATE

FORMER INCINERATOR

CONCRETE SLAB

H CHAIN LINK FENCE

FORMER INCINERATOR STRUCTURES

APPROXIMATE VAPOR EXTRACTION

o PILOT TEST AREA LOCATION

APPROXIMATE LEACH FIELD AREA LOCATION o SOURCE APPROXIMATE TANK LOCATION FIGURE 2 OF REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION FEASIBILITY STUDY

40 80 160

APPROXIMATE SCALE (FEET)

c u m | UNION CHEMICAL I

ADMINISTRATIVE FUND BALSAM macca

OMMNUEXTM OMSULTHnitR B WDUSUUL VAX SMfU Ml 030TO VES PILOT STUDY

PILOT AND BENCH SCALE STUDY AREAS

UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE PJK DNW JMO JAG laquo APPROXIMATE VE SOIL SAMPLE PREPARED BY CANONIE ENVIRONMENTAL JUNE 1990 SB-3-3SA LOCATION FUWgt Q

r=80 010493 6437228 6437 T5

0

SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED 1 OONSTTTUENT CONCENTRATIONS bull lt

SOU SAMPLE COLLECTED AT BORING SB-D-03 AND SB-D-02 WAS SATURATED DUE TO SHALLOW WATER

UCC-SB-S-07-SI-1092

l t -DCE BDl82) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN TABLE AT 18 FEET BELOW GRADE SURFACE PARTS PER BILLION (PPB) -lt

11

11-DCE BDL56) TCE BDL58J PCE BDL(56) TXYL

IFEFMD

SB-S-05 ^ SOURCE CONTROL PREmdashDESIGN SOL BORING LOCATION

UCC-SB-S-OO-SJA-1092 SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS

11-DCE BOU5B) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN PARTS PER BULON (PPB)

Page 17: 9 O titer: BURNS 8c LEVINSONDUANE G. SULUVAN SEAN F. O'CONNO R ANDREW P BOTTI WILUAM J . OELLEA WILLIAM H. OtAOAMO HOLLY A. DITCH FIELD MAUREEN S. KELLEY KENDALL J …

Table 2

Intrinsic A i r Permeability Values VES Treatability Study

Union Chemical Company South Hope Maine

Date of Teat Start

Slraligraphy Sa tura tedUnsta lura tod Trait Type Tost Identification

Test Area

Sample Depth Calculated Permeability (sq cm) Kr Kc

2-Ocl-91 13-Nov-91 4-Nov-9l

Fill Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test IWA-03 UCC-SB-A-100-05

EW-A-01

A A A

4 to 19 85 to 96 26 to 76

240E-06 264E-07 764 E-09

2 60E-08 NA

216E-08

NA NA

903E-09 13Dec-91 Fill Unsaturated Mass Transfer EW-A-01 A 25 to 76 366E-07 879E-09

Geometric Mean 205E-07

3-Ocl-91 30-Ocl-9I

Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test EW-B-01 EW-B-01

B B

2 to 6 2 to 5

300E-08 209E-08

25-E-08 I02E-08

NA 247E-09

2l-Nov-9l Fill Unsaturated EW-B-01 B 2 to 5 167E07 343E-08 367E-09 14May-92 Till Sa tura ted Bench-Scale UCC-SB-B-500-01 B 58 to 83 262E-09 to 134E-08 NA NA

Geometric Mean 344E-08

3-Oct-91 5- Nov-91

25-Nov-91 7-Nov-91

Fill Fill Fill Fill

Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated Unsaturated

Field Test Bench-Scale

Field Test

IW-C-05 UCC-SB-C-OI0-030 UCC-SB-C-020-03

EW-C-01

C C C C

3 to 8 4 to 46 4 to 56

25 to 76

640E-08 113E-09 to532E-08 884 E-09 to8 81E-08

300E-07

530E-08 NA NA

300E-08

NA NA NA

300E-09 6- Nov9| Fill Unsaturated IW-C-05 C 3 to 8 305E-07 389E-08 108E-08

Geometric Mean 122E-07

29-Oct-9l Fill Unsaturated Field Test EW-n-01 D 3 5 to 85 822E-08 489E-09 992E-09 14 Mav-92 Natural Orpnnic Silt Saturated Bench Scale UCC-vSB-D 112-01 D 58 lo 88 920E-10to 150E-08 NA NA

21-Jul-92 Till Saturated Bench-Scale UCC-SB-3-05-1 0 to 87 503E-07 to 564E-07 NA NA 21-Jul 92 Fill Saturated UCC-SB-3-3SA-3 0 lo 15 527E-08 to 653E-07 NA NA 21-)ul-92 Till Saturated UCC-SB-3-2SA-1 10 to 124 683E-08 lo I20E-07 NA NA

NOTES 1 NA = not applicable 2 Kz rcfora In air |gterincabilily in vertical direction 3 Kr refers to air permeability in horizontal direction 4 Kc refers lo air permeability in a soil lo atmosphere conductance 5 ft-BGS = feet below ground surface

A1RPERMXLS

RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES

bull C L Z P Q CP

ACCESS GATE

FORMER INCINERATOR

CONCRETE SLAB

H CHAIN LINK FENCE

FORMER INCINERATOR STRUCTURES

APPROXIMATE VAPOR EXTRACTION

o PILOT TEST AREA LOCATION

APPROXIMATE LEACH FIELD AREA LOCATION o SOURCE APPROXIMATE TANK LOCATION FIGURE 2 OF REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION FEASIBILITY STUDY

40 80 160

APPROXIMATE SCALE (FEET)

c u m | UNION CHEMICAL I

ADMINISTRATIVE FUND BALSAM macca

OMMNUEXTM OMSULTHnitR B WDUSUUL VAX SMfU Ml 030TO VES PILOT STUDY

PILOT AND BENCH SCALE STUDY AREAS

UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE PJK DNW JMO JAG laquo APPROXIMATE VE SOIL SAMPLE PREPARED BY CANONIE ENVIRONMENTAL JUNE 1990 SB-3-3SA LOCATION FUWgt Q

r=80 010493 6437228 6437 T5

0

SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED 1 OONSTTTUENT CONCENTRATIONS bull lt

SOU SAMPLE COLLECTED AT BORING SB-D-03 AND SB-D-02 WAS SATURATED DUE TO SHALLOW WATER

UCC-SB-S-07-SI-1092

l t -DCE BDl82) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN TABLE AT 18 FEET BELOW GRADE SURFACE PARTS PER BILLION (PPB) -lt

11

11-DCE BDL56) TCE BDL58J PCE BDL(56) TXYL

IFEFMD

SB-S-05 ^ SOURCE CONTROL PREmdashDESIGN SOL BORING LOCATION

UCC-SB-S-OO-SJA-1092 SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS

11-DCE BOU5B) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN PARTS PER BULON (PPB)

Page 18: 9 O titer: BURNS 8c LEVINSONDUANE G. SULUVAN SEAN F. O'CONNO R ANDREW P BOTTI WILUAM J . OELLEA WILLIAM H. OtAOAMO HOLLY A. DITCH FIELD MAUREEN S. KELLEY KENDALL J …

RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES

bull C L Z P Q CP

ACCESS GATE

FORMER INCINERATOR

CONCRETE SLAB

H CHAIN LINK FENCE

FORMER INCINERATOR STRUCTURES

APPROXIMATE VAPOR EXTRACTION

o PILOT TEST AREA LOCATION

APPROXIMATE LEACH FIELD AREA LOCATION o SOURCE APPROXIMATE TANK LOCATION FIGURE 2 OF REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION FEASIBILITY STUDY

40 80 160

APPROXIMATE SCALE (FEET)

c u m | UNION CHEMICAL I

ADMINISTRATIVE FUND BALSAM macca

OMMNUEXTM OMSULTHnitR B WDUSUUL VAX SMfU Ml 030TO VES PILOT STUDY

PILOT AND BENCH SCALE STUDY AREAS

UNION CHEMICAL COMPANY SUPERFUND SITE PJK DNW JMO JAG laquo APPROXIMATE VE SOIL SAMPLE PREPARED BY CANONIE ENVIRONMENTAL JUNE 1990 SB-3-3SA LOCATION FUWgt Q

r=80 010493 6437228 6437 T5

0

SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED 1 OONSTTTUENT CONCENTRATIONS bull lt

SOU SAMPLE COLLECTED AT BORING SB-D-03 AND SB-D-02 WAS SATURATED DUE TO SHALLOW WATER

UCC-SB-S-07-SI-1092

l t -DCE BDl82) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN TABLE AT 18 FEET BELOW GRADE SURFACE PARTS PER BILLION (PPB) -lt

11

11-DCE BDL56) TCE BDL58J PCE BDL(56) TXYL

IFEFMD

SB-S-05 ^ SOURCE CONTROL PREmdashDESIGN SOL BORING LOCATION

UCC-SB-S-OO-SJA-1092 SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS

11-DCE BOU5B) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN PARTS PER BULON (PPB)

Page 19: 9 O titer: BURNS 8c LEVINSONDUANE G. SULUVAN SEAN F. O'CONNO R ANDREW P BOTTI WILUAM J . OELLEA WILLIAM H. OtAOAMO HOLLY A. DITCH FIELD MAUREEN S. KELLEY KENDALL J …

SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED 1 OONSTTTUENT CONCENTRATIONS bull lt

SOU SAMPLE COLLECTED AT BORING SB-D-03 AND SB-D-02 WAS SATURATED DUE TO SHALLOW WATER

UCC-SB-S-07-SI-1092

l t -DCE BDl82) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN TABLE AT 18 FEET BELOW GRADE SURFACE PARTS PER BILLION (PPB) -lt

11

11-DCE BDL56) TCE BDL58J PCE BDL(56) TXYL

IFEFMD

SB-S-05 ^ SOURCE CONTROL PREmdashDESIGN SOL BORING LOCATION

UCC-SB-S-OO-SJA-1092 SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS

11-DCE BOU5B) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN PARTS PER BULON (PPB)

Page 20: 9 O titer: BURNS 8c LEVINSONDUANE G. SULUVAN SEAN F. O'CONNO R ANDREW P BOTTI WILUAM J . OELLEA WILLIAM H. OtAOAMO HOLLY A. DITCH FIELD MAUREEN S. KELLEY KENDALL J …

11

11-DCE BDL56) TCE BDL58J PCE BDL(56) TXYL

IFEFMD

SB-S-05 ^ SOURCE CONTROL PREmdashDESIGN SOL BORING LOCATION

UCC-SB-S-OO-SJA-1092 SAMPLE LOCATION WITH SELECTED CONSTITUENT CONCENTRATIONS

11-DCE BOU5B) CONCENTRATIONS REPORTED IN PARTS PER BULON (PPB)