121 ‡H$aUMm°W{ gmR>m{Œmar amR>rH$mXß]arMmodMma...

$: 121 ‡H$aUMm°W{ gmR>m{Œmar amR>rH$mXß]arMmodMma …shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/4318/11/11_chapter 4.pdf · 121 ‡H$aUMm°W{ gmR>m{Œmar amR>rH$mXß]arMmodMma (1960V{1980)$
121

‡H$aU Mm°W

gmR>mŒmar _amR>r H$mXß]arMm odMma

(1960 V 1980)

gmR>mŒmar _amR>r H$mXß]arMm odMma 1960 V 1980 [ ™V `m ‡H$aUmV H$ccm Amh. `m

H$mcIßS>mVrc cjUr` H$mXß]Ë`mßMm gm_moOH$ ]mßoYcH$s¿`m d°oeÓQ>Ámß¿`m AßJmZ odMma _mßS>ccm

Amh. `mV "YJ' - C’d eiH$ (1960), "_mPm Jmd'- aUoOV XgmB© (1960), "e]ar' -

od^mdar oeÈaH$a (1962), "H$mgcm' - ^mcMß– Z_mS> (1963), "_mUyg' - _Zmha VÎhma

(1963), "AmdS>r' - AUm^mD$ gmR> (1963), "Q>ma\w$cm' - eßH$a [mQ>rc (1965), "BßYZ' -

h_rX XcdmB© (1965), "oeXmar' - d. h. o[Q>H$ (1969), "gyS>'- ]m]yamd ]mJyc (1969),

"EH$m Ò[•Ì`mMr S>m`ar' - gXm H$ËhmS> (1971), "JmVmdim' - AmZßX mXd (1971), "[mMmim'

- am. aß. ]mamS> (1971), "oH$S>' - AZßV H$X_ (1971), "hoH$H$V AmoU OQ>m y' - H$ed

_lm_ (1972), "o]T>ma' - ^mcMß– Z_mS> (1975), "am]m' - XrZmZmW _Zmha (1976),

"Oarcm' - ^mcMß– Z_mS> (1977), "Pyc' - ^mcMß– Z_mS> (1979) d "oZÓ[U© d•jmda ^a

Xw[mar' - h. _m. _amR (1980) `m H$mXß]Ë`mßMm g_mde H$ccm Amh. À`mßMm AmVm

H´$_mZ odMma H$aU ‡ÒVwV Amh.

C’d eiH$ mßMr "YJ' (1960) hr H$mXß]ar ÂhUO odX^m©Vrc Jm_rU OrdZmM ‡^mdr

oMÃU H$aUmar, H$cmÀ_H$VM Zd oeIa JmR>Umar d _amR>r H$mXß]arVrc _°cmMm XJS> R>aUmar EH$

CÀH•$ÓQ> H$cmH•$Vr Amh. dËhmS>H$S>rc EH$m IS>ÁmVrc gm_m›` Am wÓ` OJUmË`m, H$m]mS>H$ÓQ>

H$aUmË`m, _mO_Owar H$aUmË`m EH$m Hw$Qw>ß]mMr odefV: H$m°oVH$¿`m OrdZmMr hr H$Wm Amh.

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OJ`mgmR>r H$cÎ`m YS>[S>rMr hr H$Wm AgyZ oVM H$m°Qw>ßo]H$ OrdZ BVH$ Xw:ImßZr Ï`m[c Amh H$s

AIa[ ™V oVMr À`mVyZ gwQ>H$m hmV Zmhr. CcQ> AmcÎ`m gßH$Q>mcm gm_Zm XV-XV Vr Am[Î`m

gßgmamMm odMma H$aV. EH$mH$s OrdZ OJVmZm AZH$ ‡gßJmßZm gm_mar OmV. H$m°oVH$¿`m dmQ>Ámcm

BVH$s gßH$Q> VmV H$s, H$m°oVH$ OrdßV amhV H$er, hm ‡ÌZ [S>Vm. hr H$Wm odX^m©Vrc qhJUKmQ,>

ViJmd, _mPar gmaª`m JmdmVrc Amh. Am[Î`m mD$^mdO`mß¿`m AmYmamZ amhUmË`m H$m°oVH$cm

KamVrc H$Q>H$Q>r_wi _mhaMm Aml` gmS>mdm cmJVm. Am[Î`m ‡[ßMmMr dmVmhV Wmß]od`mgmR>r

122

´_ßVr H$amdr cmJV. ÒdV:¿`m [mQ>mVrc ]mimMr [dm© Z H$aVm Vr gVV H$ÓQ> H$aV. ^r_m-Zm_m-

_hmXd `mßZm O_c VdT> H$m_mcm cmdV. _hmXd Amier Agcm Var À`m¿`mer OwidyZ KV.

Jmd gmS>Î`mda ZdË`mcm Yra XV. "Vw_r JdV H$m[mcm V_c [|S>r ]mßYmMr H$m` Mr ea_ AgV.'

([•.10) _hmXd qe[r H$m_ gmSy>Z eVmV H$m_mcm OmVm. H$m°oVH$ hr gßgmamcm hmV^ma cmdV.

Am[Î`m ZdË`mZ gßgmamMr O]m]Xmar PQ>H$cr Var Vr Km]aV Zmhr. oVMm ZdË`mda Ord Amh.

H$maU _hmXd oVMm [Vr Amh, Hwß$H$dmMm YZr Amh. [U Vm gßgmamcm Hß$Q>miyZ dmQ> oXgc oVH$S>

Om`mMr ^mfm H$aVm. À`m_wi H$m°oVH$ _hmXd Ka gmS>Uma Zmhr `mMr H$miOr KV. Vr Am[cm

gßgma _mParcm hcdV. ZdË`mcm H$[S> odH$`mMm YßXm H$am`cm ^mJ [mS>V. [aßVw EH$ oXdg

H$[S> odH$m`cm Jccm _hmXd MmamßH$Sy>Z cw]mS>cm OmVm. AZ≤ Vm oZame hmdyZ A_amdVrcm

oZKyZ OmV. Var H$m°oVH$ ZdË`mcm emYyZ H$mT>V. gßgmamV À`mM _Z naPdV. [U `mÃcm Jccm

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ÂhUOM H$m°oVH$¿`m OrdZmV AZßV AS>MUr VmV. CXm. [mM $È[`m¿`m ZmQ>gmR>r XwH$mZXmamer

gßKf©, Mmar H$aUmË`m r_mMr g_OwV, gmgË`mer dmX, Zm_mcm oeH$od`mMr B¿N>m, dmImS>Ám¿`m

Omd`mer dmX, gmgË`mM AßÀ`gßÒH$ma, Hw$ÓR>amJr _hmXdMr qMVm BÀ`mXr AZH$ ‡ÌZ oV¿`m g_ma

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M H$WmZH$ Amh.

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H$a`mEdOr gH©$g¿`m ZmXmZ, hm∞Q>c_‹ H$m_ H$a`m¿`m CX≤XemZ JmdmJmdr o\$aV AgVm. H$Yr

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AmdS> AgyZhr emim gmS>mdr cmJV. H$m°oVH$¿`m gmßJ`mZwgma _ZmodÈ’ efamdH$S> _erZ

odH$mdr cmJV. H$m°oVH$ amO eVmV H$m_ H$Í$Z gßgma gmß miV. [U Jna]r¿`m gßgmamcm H$ÓQ>miy

H$m°oVH$ hV]c hmV. OrdZgßKfm©Mr Ï`m[H$Vm d Ï`mo_lVm hm gm_moOH$ ]mßoYcH$sMm Om _hŒdmMm

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gmYUmar, [Vr¿`m CXmogZVer cT>Umar H$m°oVH$ hr Ï`∑Vr AmoU Ï`∑Vrg_mO `mß¿`m ZmÀ`mVrc

M°V›`M ‡H$Q> H$aV. OrdZgßKfm©V _mhaMr _XV Z KUmar, gmgË`mßer oOdßV[Ur [Q>c ZgVmZmhr

`mß¿`m _•À`yZßVa gwZM ZmV O[Umar, _XV H$aUmË`mßer, AS>dUyH$ H$aUmË`mßer, \$gdUyH$

123

H$aUmË`mßer H$Yr H•$VkVZ, H$Yr gßVm[mZ Va H$Yr X°dmcm ]mc cmdUmar H$m°oVH$ Am[Î`m oZVi

Òd^mdmM Xe©Z KS>dV-KS>dV OrdZgßKfm©V H$g cT>md `mMm AmXe©hr ghO[U _mßS>V.

a. ]m. _ßMaH$amß¿`m _V, "YJ' `m H$mXß]arV, ""gm_m›` _mUgm¿`m Am wÓ`mVrc YJ

\w$cod`mM AdKS> AmÏhmZ [wÓH$iM gm_œ`m©Z W KVc Amh. Am[Î`m gm‹`mgw‹`m B¿N>m

KdyZhr _mUyg OJy [mhV AmhV. [U Am wÓ` _mÃ oZX© H$R>maVZ À`mßZm ZH$ma XV. `m _mUgmßMr

oO‘ AmoU OrdZH$chmMr Aghm` H$Í$Z Q>mH$Umar AV∑ © JVr mßMm gßKf©, W X°ZßoXZ OrdZm¿`m

ghOmodÓH$mamVyZ CKS>[U Ao^Ï`∑V hmVm AIa `m gm‹`m B¿N>mhr _waJiÎ`m OmVmV. AmoU h

Hw$Qw>ß] XwX£dm¿`m Xhm dmQ>mßZr [mßJV. EH$ Imc emH$mpÀ_H$m À`mVyZ AmH$ma KV. gd©ÒdmZrer PJSy>Z

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H$aUma [U AZwŒmarV amhUma ‡ÌZ C H$a`mV m H$mXß]arVrc emH$mÀ_-OmoUdMr _hŒmm Amh.''1

"YJ' _Yrc H$m°oVH$ ‡_i, _m`miˇ, ‡mßOi AmoU [am[H$mar Amh. oV¿`mH$S> g_Vm

AmoU ]ßYw md Amh. Vr ÒdV:er ‡m_moUH$ Amh. H$cmcm¿`m XwH$mZmV OmdyZ _erZM 10/- È.

XVmZm ÂhUV H$s, ""ø`m ]mfl[m ]m[yOr Vw_Mß arZ, H$am`c _mi ß ⁄m _mhr o_gZ !'' ([•.228)

BVH$s H$m°oVH$ Am[Î`m OrdZmer ‡m_moUH$ Amh. ^r_m Mmar H$Î`m]‘c _hmXdMm _ma ImVm.

[U H$m°oVH$ _mÃ r_mcm Ody KmcyZ À`m¿`m dimda A\y$ hiXrM o_lU cmdV. hm oVMm ‡_i[Um

Amh. _hmXdgmaª`m ZdË`mcm Vr g_OyZ KV. qe[r H$m_ H$aUmË`m ZdË`mcm eVmVrc H$m_

H$aU H$R>rU hmB©c, h cjmV AmÎ`mda À`mcm JmdmJmd¿`m ]mOmamV H$[S> odH$`mgmR>r ‡d•Œm

H$aV. ]mOmamVyZ _hmXd cdH$a Amcm Zmhr H$s oVMm Ord H$mgmdrg hmVm. ZdË`mMm AmYma

hdmgm dmQ>Vm. ÂhUyZ Vr A_amdVrcm AgUmË`m ZdË`mcm emYyZ H$mT>V AZ≤ Am[Î`m Kar AmUV.

H$m°oVH$ [am[H$mar Amh, XwgË`m¿`m gßH$Q>mcm YmdyZ OmV. Vr ÒÃr_ZmM Xw:I O[Umar

Amh. eVmV A[ma H$ÓQ> H$Í$Z AmÎ`mdahr Vr grVm¿`m ]mißV[UmgmR>r OmV. amÃâ OmJr amhˇZ

_XV H$aV. AZ≤ [aV H$m_mcm OmV. Am[Î`m hmVyZ MyH$ KS>cr Va Vr _m›` H$a`mMr oVMr V`mar

Amh. CXm. H$m_ H$aVmZm èmXm Ãmg XV. ÂhUyZ Zh_r[jm OmÒV A\y$ XV AZ≤ ÒdV:da gßH$Q>

AmT>dyZ KV.

""H$m` _c XwÒ_mZrZc XdmZß ]w‘r XÎcr AgZ≤ _Zmd≤-H$m W [m≈>r _mhr dàrZ hmVr JÎ`m

OÎ_mMr!'' ([•. 72)

124

èmXmMr AdÒWm [mhZ H$m°oVH$ ÒdV:cm Xmf XV. AZ≤ AmH$memV hmV OmSy>Z eaUmJVr¿`m

gwamV ÂhUV, ""Xdm emXc]wdm _m¯m S>r ]mßJS>r¿`m hmVmZß H$mB© MyH$- yc Pmcr AgZ V _c

CMcyZ Z E∑H$m amVrVyZ, [U _m ß \$` Agß H$¿Mß VmSy>Z ZmH$m ZD$ .... cmJZ V _r Vw m ZmdmZß

[mM ]ÒVadma H$arZ, [wS>¿Mm ]ÒVadma [mgyZ .....'' ([•. 72) qH$dm ]mImS>Ám¿`m KaOmd`mZ

^r_mcm eVmV Jwa Jcr ÂhUyZ _mac Va r_mMr H$S> KdyZ H$m°oVH$ mßS>`mgmR>r OmV VÏhm r_mMm

o_Ã qPΩ`m VW Vm d ÂhUVm, ""^r_m ]mImS>Ám¿`m Omd`mcm _c, H$m cmßJ Vw m ]m[mMr Ïhm

H$m ? Var ]g Pmcß H$s gmgË`mMmM _mc Ïhm .'' ([•. 47) H$m°oVH$ EH$X_ [cQ>cr Vr ^r_mda

XmV AmR> ImV, MmdV, hmV CS>drV ÂhUmcr, ""h, h ohVâ [m≈>ß ]mIS>Ámc Agß ]mÎcß ?''

([•.47) `m oV¿`m ‡ÌZmVM Am[U ]mImS>Ám¿`m Omd`mcm ]mccm h MwH$cM Amh, Agm

‡mßOi[Um oV¿`mH$S> Amh.

H$m°oVH$ _wcm]mimMm, ZdË`mMm odMma H$aUmar g_ßOg ‡d•ŒmrMr ÒÃr Amh. oV¿`m_‹

Jmß r © Amh. ‡oVkm Amh. ‡oVkm ÂhUO OrdZodf`H$ OmUrdmßZm g_mOgm[jVm ]hmc H$aUmar

EH$ odMma ‡oH´$`m Amh. W H$m°oVH$ Am[c d Am[Î`m Hw$Qw>ß]mM g_mOmer O gß]ßY AmhV V gVV

g_mOgm[jV¿`m gßX^m©V OmIV Amh. Am[Î`m Xw:ImZ Vr OÈ$a Xw:Ir Amh. [U À`mcm d° p∑VH$

ÒdmWm©M Í$[ Vr dy XV Zmhr. r_m ]mImS>Ám¿`m Omd`m¿`m gßX^m©V O dmJcm À`m]m]V r_m¿`m

dV©UwH$sda [mßKÍ$U KmcV Zmhr. `m_wi ‡oVkm ÒdrH$mam`mMm oVMm ^md Ò[ÓQ> hmVm. Am[Î`mda

hmUmË`m A›`m`mMm ‡oVH$ma H$a`mMm oVMm Òd^md Amh. CXm. gmgË`mZ JhmU [S>cc Ka

qH$dm XwH$mZXmamer [mM È[`mßgmR>r H$ccm gßKf© BÀ`mXr _YyZ oV¿`m H$amar Òd^mdmM Xe©Z KS>V.

CXmhaUmW©, oXdmirgmR>r IaXr H$cÎ`m [m`crâ JÏhmgmR>r _hmXdZ XwH$mZXmamcm [mM È[`mMr

ZmQ> oXcr. ]amMdi dmQ> [mhˇZ XwH$mZXma Cacc [°g [aV XB©Zm, VÏhm _hmXd À`mcm ÂhUmcm,

""Am_M [°g ⁄m dm[g cm°H$a.'' XwH$mZXmamZ [°g X`mV oXaßJmB© H$cr VÏhm H$m°oVH$ ÂhUmcr,

""_mB© ZmQ> H$mB© ham_mMr ZdVr oZS>B©¿`m Km_mZß H$_mdcr hmVr.'' Ag ÂhUyZ Vr XwH$mZXmamer

gm_mar Pmcr AmoU ÂhUmcr H$s, ""_ma J]a Jm H$gm _maVß V ?'' ([•. 32) Ag ÂhUyZ H$m°oVH$Z

S>m∑`mdaMß Q>m[cß Zm_m¿`m ÒdmYrZ H$cß. [aX ImMyZ ZdË`m¿`m _XVrcm Ymdcr. À`m¿`m N>mVrda

]gcÎ`m XwH$mZXmamcm cmWm]w∑∑`mßZr AmoU oeÏ`mem[mßZr ]S>dy cmJcr. H$m°oVH$Z Am[Î`m

A›`m`mcm dmMm \$mS>cr. [U `m ‡gßJr H$mem¿`m ]ßJmcr eQ>© KmVcÎ`m gXadmÎ`mZ gm_moOH$

]mßoYcH$s¿`m ZmÀ`mZ Am[Î`m oIemVrc EH$ [mMMr ZmQ> H$mTy>Z oXcr.

125

gmgË`m¿`m JhmU [S>cÎ`m KamgmR>r H$m°oVH$Z ]mImS>Ám¿`m KaOmd`mer gßKf© H$cm.

Am[Î`m gmgË`mMm (aKwZmW qe[r) AßÀ`gßÒH$ma CaHy$Z [aV OmVmZm oVZ Kamcm Am[c Hw$cy[

cmdc. [U [aV OmVmZm oVZ [mohc Va ]mImS>Ám¿`m Omd`mZ Am[Î`m Kamcm Hw$cy[ cmdyZ

KamV H$m[yg âcm. VÏhm À`m¿`mer Vr ^mßS>UVßQ>m H$aV. Cß]Ë`mda Am[c _ZJQ> Am[Qy>Z ]mßJS>Ám

\$mS>V. XmV AmR> ImV. ÂhUy cmJV H$s, ""VwÂhm ImZm Iam]m hmAm a _Ò›`m. AmZ≤ Vwhm gÀ`mZmg

hmAm. ¡`m ]mImS>Ám¿`m KamV Vy KaOmdB© _yZ Amcm, À`m¿`m gmaImMß Vw mB© naR>mda oXdm cmdc

_mZyg ZmB© amAm.'' ([•. 227, 228) Am[Î`mda A›`m` H$aUmË`mcm Vr odoeÓQ> _`m©X[ ™V

‡oVH$ma H$aV. AZ≤ _mKma KV.

"YJ' _Yrc H$m°oVH$ Ymo_©H$ d•ŒmrMr Amh. [maß[naH$ _yÎ`^md O[Umar Amh. OrdZ ‡aUm

o_imcr ÂhUyZ Xdmcm gmH$S> KmcUmar Amh. CXmhaUmW©, _mha_¿`m oXder Zm_mZ _mJyZ

AmUcÎ`m PmirVrc Jhˇ, VmßXyi, Om|Yim BÀ`mXrßM o_lU H$Í$Z emXc]wdmcm Z°d⁄ XV. Va

H$Yr JmdR>mUmdaMm [mim \w$Q>Î`mda XmamV AmcÎ`m ]°cOmS>ÁmßMr [yOm H$Í$Z, [waUm¿`m MmßX∑`mßMm

Z°d⁄ MmarV Ag. [m`m [Sy>Z H$S>mgarM ZmU H$mTy>Z ]°cmßM H$mga YaUmË`mcm V XV Ag. BVH$s Vr

l’miy hmVr.

H$m°oVH$¿`m ‡m[ßoMH$ OrdZm¿`m Amem _mÃ Zm_m¿`m oejUmZ ÂhUO Zm_m¿`m [arjV

[ohÎ`m Zß]a¿`m ]mV_rZ [ÎcdrV hmVmV. Zm_mcm BßJÓr emiV Om`M `m odMmamZ Zm_mM

^mdodÌd \w$cyZ V. [U hm AmZßX \$ma H$mi oQ>H$V Zmhr. Zm_mcm oejUmEdOr efamdmH$S>

oedUH$m_ oeH$`mgmR>r Omd cmJV. AmoU Am[Î`m _hmXdcm Hw$ÓR>amJ Pmcm h Xw:I H$m°oVH$cm

ghZ hmV Zmhr. Vr ó_ÓQ> hmdyZ ]S>]S>V amhV. [U Zm_m Am[Î`m AmB©Mr, èmXmMr H$miOr

KVm. _m_m¿`m [ÃmMr dmQ> [mhˇZ _XVrMr Amem H$aVm.

"‡oVÓR>mZ' H$mXß]ar g_rjm odefmßH$mVyZ "YJ' `m H$mXß]ar¿`m gßX^m©V _. gw. [mQ>rc

ÂhUVmV H$s, ""hr H$hmUr aßJdVmZm cIH$ ¡`m KQ>Zm-‡gßJmßMr H$Î[H$VZ oZo_©Vr H$aVm, V ‡gßJ

dada [mhVm BVH$ gmYgwY AmoU oZÀ` [naM`mM AgVmV H$s, V H$pÎ[cc AmhV Ag H$mUmcm

dmQy> Z . [U `m gm‹`mgw‹`m ‡gßJmßZm odoeÓQ>Àd X`mM H$g] À`m¿`m gßdXZercVZ BVH$ ghO

gmYc Amh H$s, À`m gmY[UmVhr cjUr`Vm AdVaV, oZÀ` [naoMVVVhr A[naoMVVm OmUdy

cmJV. À`m_wi dmÒVdgw’m H$pÎ[VmM Í$[ YmaU H$aV. m AZw dodÌdmM oMÃU H$aUmam cIH$mMm

126

X•pÓQ>H$mU Am⁄ßVr dmÒVd Amh. Vm H$mUÀ`m H$maUmZ H$mR> e]c Pmccm oXgV Zmhr. À`mcm H$mR>

VS>OmS> H$amÏ`m cmJV ZmhrV. [mÃ, dmVmdaU, ^mfm, oZdXZ `m À`m¿`m AZw^dodÌdm¿`m

AßJm[mßJmßM dJdJi ^mZ R>dm`Mr JaO À`mcm ^mgccr oXgV Zmhr. gma AZw dodÌd À`m¿`m

H$Î[ZmMßjyß[wT> gcJ ÒdÍ$[mV CcJS>V JÎ`mMm ^mg Ïhmdm, BVH$s Òdm^modH$ EH$mÀ_Vm À`mV

AdVaccr oXgV.''2

"YJ' m H$mXß]arM _yÎ`_m[Z H$c Va m H$mXß]arMr mfme°cr AÀ ßV d°oeÓQ>Á[yU© Amh.

H$mXß]arcm Img dËhmS>r ]mcrMm, ÂhUtMm Ò[e© Pmccm Amh. CXm.

"Jmd H$aZ≤ W amd ZmB© H$aV' ([•. 129), "ImZ Ver _mVr, AZ Jhˇ Ver am Q>r.'

([•. 199), "¡`mMß ZmB© H$mZr AmZ≤ Wm [S>cm dZr....' ([•. 199) `m ÂhUt¿`m AmYma Vm Vm

^mdmZw md Ò[ÓQ> Pmccm Amh.

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OmUdV amhV.

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H$mXß]ar oVMr Zmo`H$m H$m°oVH$ ohZ X°d, [napÒWVr AZ≤ _mZdr Òd^md `mß¿`mer Om cT>m oXcm,

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odf` Amh. hr Oar EH$m Ï`∑VrMr H$Wm m H$mXß]arVyZ Amcr Agcr Var JmdJmS>ÁmVrc oOÏhmim

d [_i[Um g_mZ AmoW©H$ ÒVamdarc qhXy _wpÒc_ E∑`, odf_Vm, OmVr X, d°Xû` _mUgmMm

oXcXma[Um d `m AZwfßJmZ Uma cmH$OrdZ `mVyZ Amc Amh. `m H$mXß]arV qhJUKmQ>, ViJmßd

R>mHy$a, _mPar, MmßXya, ViUr, g|XyaOU, oVdgm, qeXmi, H$m°S>`[ya AmoU gmc]S>u `m IS>ÁmMßr

[mÌd© y_r cm^cr Amh.''4

127

gmamße, m H$mXß]arVyZ Jmß r ©, ‡oVkm, AmXe©dmX, AmÀ_[arjU h gm_moOH$ ]mßoYcH$sM

KQ>H$ AmT>iVmV.

C’d eiH$ `mß¿`m "YJ' `m H$mXß]arZßVa aUoOV XgmB© `mß¿`m "_mPm Jmd' (1960)

`m H$mXß]arMm odMma ‡ÒVwV Amh.

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Jm_rU OrdZmM ÂhUOM ÒdmVßÕ`[yd© H$mimVrc OrdZmM ‡moVoZoYH$ oMÃU H$aUmar H$mXß]ar Amh.

`m H$mXß]arVyZ aUoOV XgmB© `mßZr Am[Î`m ]mc[UmVrc Mm°Xm-[ßYam dfm©Vrc ÒdmZw d

gmßJyZ J´m_OrdZmM `WmW© oMÃU H$cc Amh. J´m_rU ^mJmVrc gm_moOH$, AmoW©H$, gmßÒH•$oVH$

OrdZ, [aß[am, MmcrarVr, gUg_maß , Ymo_©H$ AmMmaodMma, l’m-AßYl’m AmoU ÒÃrOrdZ

`m JmÓQ>tM oMÃU W H$cc AmT>iV.

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H$mÎhm[yacm oZKmcm Amh. [U À`m¿`m _ZmV dS>rc, VmÀ`m, H$mH$s AmoU C_m dohZr `mß¿`m

AmR>dUr XmQy>Z AmcÎ`m AmhV. AmB©gmaIr _m`m H$aUmË`m C_m dohZrcm gmSy>Z OmU O`dßVmcm

[Q>V Zmhr. À`m_wi JVH$mimVrc AZßV AmR>dUr À`mcm _mJ IM`mMm ‡`ÀZ H$aVmV. Ow›`m

o[T>rVrc VOÒdr ]´m˜U AmoU ImZXmZr BZm_Xma KamU mßM [aÒ[a gß]ßY, ]´m˜ VOmMm Ao^_mZ

]miJUmË`m VmÀ`m BZm_XmamßZr H$ccm A[_mZ ghZ H$Í$Z À`mß¿`m Kam`mMr A]y dmMod`mgmR>r

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Afl[mgmh] BZm_Xma [Q>H$s¿`m amJamB©V, XwÓH$mim¿`m N>m`V Jmdm¿`m Vm|S>mV A›ZmMm Kmg

KmcVmV. Jmdmda XamS>m KmcUmË`m am_mer cmH$mß¿`m Jm `m N>mVrda PcyZ JmdmgmR>r _aU

[ÀH$aVmV. `m gd© KQ>Zm-‡gßJmßMm O`dßVm gmjrXma Amh. ÂhUyZ À`mcm Jmd gmSy>Z Omdg dmQ>V

Zmhr. AmoU Am[Î`m C_mdohZrer Agcc oOÏhm˘`mM ZmVhr Vm VmSy> eH$V Zmhr. `m gd©

JmÓQ>tMr À`mcm OmUrd Amh. ÂhUyZ Vm H$mXß]ar¿`m edQ>r ÂhUVm, ""Ord AmT>Vm, Vm EH$mM

_mUgmgmR>r. Vr _mÃ AmVm EH$Q>r Amh. [U oVcm _mhrV Amh H$s, Hw$R>ßhr Agcm Var oV¿`mgmR>r

AgZ oVWyZ YmdyZ B©Z.'' ([•. 303) Aem _mVg_mZ AgUmË` C_mdohZtodf`r¿`m ‡_^∑VrMr

^mdZm O`dßVm Ï`∑V H$aVm.

128

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oZÓR>m, Jmdmcm ÒdV:M A[À` _mZyZ Jmdm¿`m ajUmgmR>r OrdmM ]ocXmZ H$aUma Afl[mgmh],

À`mßMm ]ßS>Ima _wcJm amd]m, AmB©odZm [maH$m Pmccm O`dßVm, gd© JmdmV _m Mr gmdcr XUmar,

O`dßVmMm _wcmgmaIm gmß mi H$aUmar ‡_i, gßÒH$maerc C_m, ]´m˜Uo_Ã d`ÒH$a VmÀ`m, À`mßMr

H$miOr KUmam JwßSy>, BZm_Xmam¿`m e„Xmcm OmJUma eVH$ar, XamS>m KmcUma am_mer, hm°em-

amd]m ‡_‡H$aU, ]Om]m¿`m _wcmMm (odRy>Mm) IyZ, O`dßVm AmoU R>mH$amMm _mg [H$S>`mMm

N>ßX, JmdmVrc _wcmßgmR>r emim AmoU H$mÎhm[yacm oejUmgmR>r OmUmam O`dßV BÀ`mXr AZH$

JmÓQ>tVyZ g_yhOrdZmM Xe©Z KS>V.

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_mUgm¿`m dmÒVyMr XIc K`mgmR>r JmdmV AmcÎ`m VmÀ`m¿`m AmJ_ZmZ hmV. Va JmdmVrc

AZH$ KS>m_mS>rZßVa O`dßVm Jmd gmSy>Z OmVm. `m oR>H$mUr H$mXß]arMm edQ> hmVm.

`m H$mXß]arVyZ aUoOV XgmB™Zr ÒdmVßÕ`[yd© H$mimVrc IS> C H$a`mMm ‡`ÀZ H$ccm

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aMZVrc _mUyg H$gm hmVm, H$gm OJV hmVm, ÒdV:cm g_mOmer H$gm dmhˇZ KV hmVm. h

XmIod`mgmR>r _r hr H$mXß]ar ocohcr Amh. AmO gJiß J´m_OrdZM ]XcV Mmccß Amh. g_mO

]Xcc Amh. gßÒH$mahr ]XcV AmhV, [U hadcÎ`m OrdZmMr ÈIÈI _mÃ _ZmV Ka H$Í$Z

hmVr. Vr dmT>VM hmVr, Vr ÈIÈI hrM `m H$mXß]ar cIZm_mJMr _yi ‡aUm Amh.''5

"_mPm Jmd' `m H$mXß]arM AdcmH$Z H$c Va Afl[mgmh] BZm_Xma h ‡_wI [mÃ Amh.

À`mßM Jmdmda oZVmßV ‡_ Amh. AmoU g_mOF$U \$S>`mMr Òdm^modH$ d•Œmr À`mß¿`mOdi Amh.

CXmhaUmW©, XwÓH$mi [S>cm VÏhm À`mßZr Am[Î`m KamVrc Ym›`mM H$mR>ma JmdmVrc cmH$mßgmR>r

naH$m_ H$c. ‡gßJr MmßXrMm XÏhmam JhmU R>dyZ Jmdmcm Vmac. [mdgm˘`m¿`m oXdgmV eVH$Ë`mßMr

o[H$ JÎ`mZ [aV [aUr H$a`mgmR>r ^mV X`mMr Ï`dÒWm H$cr. Jmd gwYma`mgmR>r, JmdmVrc

_wc oeH$`mgmR>r JmdmV emim H$mT>cr. À`mgmR>r H$mÎhm[yahˇZ oejH$ AmUc AmoU Jna]mß¿`m

_wcmß¿`m oejUmMr gm H$cr. hm À`mßMm AmXe©dmXr X•ÓQ>rH$mZ hmVm. Amfl[mgmh] BZm_Xma Jmdm¿`m

AZßV g_Ò`m gmS>od`mMm gVV ‡`ÀZ H$arV AgV. CXmhaUmW© JmdmV [Q>H$sMr gmW Amcr

129

VÏhm V ÒdV: KamKar OmdyZ cmH$mßZm Yra XVmV. Jmdm¿`m ^Î`mgmR>r am_mcm gmH$S> KmcVmV.

"Xdm, Am_¿`mda gßH$Q> Amcß Vy ]KVmgM, JmdMr X•ÓQ> cmJ`mgmaIr VaUr [maß, ]m`H$m, JwUmZß,

_mZmZß OJccr _mUgß S>m `mßXIV OmVmV. mcm H$m` ÂhUmdß ? Vw¬`m XmamV m`Mß, V gßH$Q>m¿`m

dir ! Am_Mß MwH$cß Agc. Am_¿`m hmVyZ H$mhr [m[ KS>cß Agc, Va V Vy [mQ>mV ø`m`cm

[mohOg ! Vy oH$Vr H$cß, Var Xd. AmÂhr _mUgß Vr _mUgß. AmÂhr H$cÎ`m MwH$m Vy [mQ>mV ø`m`¿`m

Zmhrg, Va Hw$Ur ø`m`¿`m ? AmVm amJ gmS> AmoU ¯m gßH$Q>mVZß [ma H$a, Zmhr Va Vw¬`m XdimV

oXdm cmdm`mcm XIrc H$mUr CaUma Zmhr!'' ([•. 187) [mdgm¿`m oXdgmV eVH$Ë`mßMr o[H$

Jcr. VÏhm V JmqdXmcm ÂhUVmV, ""[Ë`mgmR>r OdT>ß ^mV cmJc, VdT>ß gmË`mßZm ⁄m. Ogß Vw_Mß

[rH$ Jcß, Vgß _mPßhr Jcß. AmVm ]gy ZH$m. Hß$]a H$gm.'' ([•. 195) ÂhUO [aV [aUr H$a`mgmR>r

eVH$Ë`mßZm ^mV XdyZ À`mßZm oXcmgm XVmV. Jmdmdarc am_memßMm XamS>m [aVmdyZ cmd`mgmR>r

ÒdV: hmVr ]ßXyH$ KdyZ JmdmgmR>r gßKf© H$aVmV. XamS>Ám¿`m dir VmÀ`m Jmd gmSy>Z Om`mg gmßJVmV.

VÏhm V ÂhUVmV, ""VmÀ`m, _aU Hw$Umcm MwH$V Zmhr. JmdmgmR>r Ord Jcm Va \$ma MmßJcß _aU

B©c V.'' ([•. 272) AZ≤ VgM hmV.

Jmd¿`m ajUmgmR>r Amfl[mgmh]mßZr ÒdV:M ]ocXmZ oXc. AIa¿`m jUr ‡mU gmS>VmZm

Jmd¿`m cmH$mßZm hmV OmSy>Z ÂhUVmV, ""_ßS>ir Vm ..... H$mhr MwH$cß Agcß, Va odgÍ$Z Om.''

([•. 272) Agm gdm™Mm oZam[ KVmV. hr À`mßMr g_mOF$UmVyZ _w∑V hm`mMr Iar ‡oVkm Amh.

Amfl[mgmh] Am[Î`m OrdZodf`H$ OmUrdm Am[U d Am[c Hw$Qw>ß]r` `mß¿`m[waÀ`m _`m©oXV R>drV

ZmhrV. Va Jmdm¿`m ajUmgmR>r gd© JmdH$Ë`mßMr _m\$s _mJyZ V ]ocXmZ [ÀH$aVmV. ‡oVkMm dgm

O[`mMr À`mßMr hr arV H$mUmcmhr AßV_w©I H$aUmar Amh.

"_mPm Jmd' _Yrc Amfl[mgmh]mß¿`m AßJr _mZdVm, _mUwgH$s AmoU ‡mUr_mÃmß]‘c ‡_

hmV. CXm. EH$Xm am`]mZ oMVimMr oeH$ma H$aVmZm ZamEdOr _mXrMr oeH$ma H$cr. VÏhm V

am`]mcm ÂhUVmV, ""ImQ>rH$ Amhg ]K ZwgVm ! hOmaXm Vwcm ]Omdcß hmVß, H$s _mXrda ]ma Q>mHy$

ZH$m.'' ([•. 10) qH$dm VmÀ`mcm JmqdXm_m\©$V VmßXyi, S>mi, o_aMr, H$mqW]ra BÀ`mXr gmohÀ`

XVmV. H$mH$sMr H$miOr H$a`mgmR>r O`dßVmcm [mR>dyZ XVmV. H$mH$scm JmdmH$Sy>Z AmU`mgmR>r

JmS>r oXcr. qH$dm ^mJUmZ Mma dfm©V gaH$macm IßS>, \$mim oXcm Zmhr ÂhUyZ À`mZ gmdH$mamH$S>

Am[cr ]°cOmS>r JhmU R>dyZ [°g H$mT>c AmoU V [°g X`mgmR>r Vm Afl[mgmh]mß¿`m dmS>Ámda

130

Jcm. [U ^mJUmMm hm ‡H$ma Afl[mgmh]mßZm g_OÎ`mZ V amJmdc. À`mM [°g K`mEdOr

gmdH$mamH$Sy>Z ]°cOmS>r gmS>od`mgmR>r drg È[`mMr À`mcm _XV H$cr. Aer oH$Vr Var CXmhaU

Amfl[mgmh] BZm_Xmamß¿`m oXcXma[UmMr H$mXß]arV AmT>iVmV.

"_mPm Jmd' _Yrc C_mM Ï`p∑V_Œd _mR> ]mcH$ dmQ>V. C_m hr Amfl[mgmh] BZm_XmamßMr

gyZ AgyZ Òd^mdmZ ‡_i, _m`miy, ‡mßOi, gmoeH$ Amh. H$mÎhm[yagmaª`m ehar dmVmdaUmV

amohccr C_m amd]mMr [ÀZr ÂhUˇZ EH$m N>mQ>Ámem IS>ÁmV gm›`m¿`m [mdcmZ Amcr AmoU

BZm_Xmam¿`m KaMr c˙_r ]ZyZ amohcr. oVM Am[Î`m ZdË`mda _Zm[mgyZ ‡_ Amh. Am[Î`m

ZdË`mZ hm°em]mB©gmaIr aIcr R>dcr Var Vr Am[Î`m ^mdZmßZm VS>m Omdy XV Zmhr. ÒdV:er

‡m_moUH$ amhV. gdm™er MmßJcr dmJV. dmS>ÁmVrc _mUgmßZm _m Mr gmdcr XV; Va VmÀ`mßZm Vr

o[À`mg_mZ _mZV. `m gd© JmÓQ>tMm Vr Jmßo^`m™Z odMma H$aV.

C_mMm Òd^md ‡_i hmVm. AmB©odZm [ma∑`m PmcÎ`m O`dßVmMm gmß mi H$Í$Z oVZ

À`mcm AmB©Mr _m`m oXcr. À`mM h≈> [waodc. Im`mo[`mH$S> cj oXc. H$m°VwH$ H$c, [U O`dßVmcm

AmB©Mr AmR>dU hmdy oXcr Zmhr. [ohÎ`m oXderM gmgË`mM gmßoJVc,

""_wcr, h AmB©odZm [maHß$ [ma, Vw¬`m hmVmV XVm Amh, Vy chmZ Amhg, [U hr O]m]Xmar

Vy CMccr [mohOg. ¯mcm cim cmdcmg, Va ¯mcm [maH$[UmMß Xw:I OmUdUma Zmhr.''

([•.296) C_mZ Ajae: hr O]m]Xmar CMcyZ ‡À`j AmB©cm H$aVm Uma Zmhr, VdT> oVZ H$c.

`mdÍ$Z Ag dmQ>V H$s, Xra AmoU ^mdO` `mßM ZmV oH$Vr gwaI Agy eH$V `mMm ‡À`` W Vm.

À`mß¿`mVrc oZamJg ‡_mMr d _mV•ÀdmMr H$Î[Zm V. `m ‡gßJmVyZ oVMm AmXe©dmX Ò[ÓQ> hmVm.

O`dßV hm C_Mm Xra, oV¿`m _m`m[memV chmZmMm _mR>m Pmcm. Am[Î`m dohZrda À`mMr

oZVmßV ^∑Vr hmVr. oV¿`m C[H$mamMr \$S> H$a`mgmR>r Vm ‡`ÀZerc amhr. CXmhaUmW©, C_mZ

IH$S Im`mMr B¿N>m Ï`∑V H$aVmM O`dßVm og‘m]am]a OmdyZ IH$S>ÁmßMr oeH$ma H$aVm. ÂhUO

Vm dohZr¿`m e„Xmcm OmJUmam hmVm. oV¿`m]‘c À`mcm AmXa^md hmVm.

"_mPm Jmd' _Yrc VmÀ`m¿`m AßJr CÀH$Q> gm_moOH$ OmUrd hmVr. VmÀ`m ]´m˜U AgyZhr

_hmam_mßJmß¿`m Kar OmdyZ Am°fY[mUr H$arV AgV. À`mß¿`m C[H$mamMr \$S> ÂhUyZ Hw$Ur ^mOr,

Ym›` AmUyZ XV Ag. BZm_XmamßZm AS>MUr¿`m dir _XV H$aVmV. o_ÃÀdmMm gÎcm XVmV. hm°em-

amd]m ‡H$aU o_Q>od`mgmR>r ÒdV:Mm Ord Ym∑`mV KmcVmV. H$mH$s]am]a amd]mcm _`mVyZ

131

]iJmdcm [mR>odVmV. _Um Jmdm¿`m [mUdR>Ámda VmM am_, ]Om]m _`mMr Mm°H$er H$aVmV.

VÏhm VmÀ`m ÂhUVmV, "Xdme[W Iaß gmßJVm H$s, _`mV \$∑V _mPr [ÀZr Amh. Xwgaß H$mUr Zmhr.'

([•. 121)

Amfl[mgmh] BZm_Xma VmÀ`mß¿`m C[H$mamMß AmPß H$_r H$a`mgmR>r hOmamßMm VmS>m XVmV.

[U VmÀ`m KV ZmhrV. CcQ> V ÂhUVmV, "Amfl[mgmh] ! R>dm h [°g. _mPm Òd^md dmQ>Vm Vgm

o^S>ÒV Zmhr; h VwÂhmcm g_Om`cm hdß hmVß. ]´m˜Um¿`m OmVrcm o^S>ÒV[Um _mZdVM Zmhr. ¯m

VmÀ`mda Vgm H$mhr ‡gßJ AmcmM, Va hOma H$m`, [U cmI È[ cmJcß, Var Vw_¿`mH$S> B©Z _r.

H$maU _cm Xwgar OmJm Zmhr. _J À`mdir _mPr ZS> ^mJod`mgmR>r VwÂhmßcm Vw_Mß KaXma odH$mdß

cmJcß, Var ¯m VmÀ`mM S>mi Amc hmUma ZmhrV. R>dm V [°g. AOyZ [wÓH$i oXdg Om`MV. gmaß

gß[cß, Agß g_Oy ZH$m.'' ([•. 143, 144) BVH$s VmÀ`mß¿`m AßJr _mUwgH$s hmVr d BZm_Xmamodf`r

AmXa^md hmVm.

a. ]m. _ßMaH$amß¿`m _V, "" " _mPm Jmd' ÂhUO Ow›`m o[T>rVrc VOÒdr ]´m˜U AmoU EH$

ImZXmZr _amR>m BZm_Xma KamU `mßM oMÃ R>mg [’VrZ aImQ>V. ^S>H$[Um, [naUm_ gmY`mH$S>

cj XdyZ H$ccr odamYr ]mßYUr AmoU H$WmaMZM gmßÒH•$oVH$ H$g] `mßZr Vr S>mJmicr Agcr

Var oV¿`mVrc ZmQ>Á [H$S> KUma Amh.''6

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e„XmßMm dm[a H$Î`mZ À`modoeÓQ> ‡XemM Xe©Z KS>V. odefV: H$mdmS> [nagamVrc J´m_rU _amR>r,

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T>dgdmaß (Jma Jma dmaß), oH$adr (IH$S>r), JßOmZ (amZJdV), a|Xm (oMIc), AmaJmZ (XJS>),

]|XU (H$m[U), Mrc ([mV) BÀ`mXr e„XmßMr JXu Amh. ]mcr^mfMm dm[a H$Í$Z aUoOV XgmB™Zr

À`mßMm Jmd dmMH$mßg_ma Amh Agm C^m H$cm Amh. À`mMr ]mcr, oVWcr _mUgß md^mdZmgohV

C^r H$cr AmhV. CXmhaUmW©,

Amfl[mgmh] BZm_Xma JmdmgmR>r O_rZ odH$Uma AmhV h g_OVmM gd© Jmd dmS>ÁmVrc

Mm°H$mV EH$Ã Vm AmoU À`mVrc EH$ eVH$ar ÂhUVm, "YZr, AmÂhm[m`r dmS>m cwQ>cmgm Vw_r,

VdT>ÁmZß ^mJcß ›hm`r ÂhUyZ XZß H$cm AmUZr Jmd dmMdcmgm ! Aem d∑Vmcm AmÂhr H$m` ]KV

]gmdß Ïh` ! AmÂhr O_rZ OmD$ XUma ›hm`r. Ord oR>D$Z ZS> ^mJdy [Z gmdH$mam¿`m KemV hr

132

O_rZ OmD$ XZma ›hm`r. OJ WwßH$c Am_¿`m Vm|S>mda Vgß Pmcß Va ! ]Ky H$mUVm _mHw$cdßV O_rZ

ø`m` Vm m À`m ! YZr Jmd AmZr Vw_hr Jiß ›hmB©gm. AmVm]r, OmD$ ZJm !' ([•. 207, 208)

H•$VkVm hm gm_moOH$ ]mßoYcH$sMm EH$ aÂ` AmodÓH$ma Amh. YZr - MmH$a h ZmV h gVV EH$mZ

⁄md`mM d XwgË`mZ ø`m`M Ag Zmhr. [napÒWVr‡_mU À`mV AXcm]Xchr hmV. h `mdÍ$Z Ò[ÓQ>

hmV. À`mVrc gm[jVm AYmaoIV hmV d hr m ZmÀ`mcm EH$m C¿M [mVirda ZV. mVyZ g_mOmM

Ia ‡oVq]] C_Q>cc oXgyZ V.

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YZr', "YmH$cß YZr' Agm JmdH$ar AmXa[yd©H$ CÎcI H$aVmV. BZm_Xmam¿`m Kam`mVrc pÒÃ`mßZm

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cmQ>m CR>V hmÀ`m. H$m[Urcm AmcÎ`m ^mVmMm K_K_mQ> XadiV hmVm. WmS>gß CßMmdQ>Ámda Amcß

AmoU ZOa Q>mH$cr H$s ^mVm¿`m CßMrV gma ]mßY c[Î`mZß ZOa [mhmM[ ™V o[di Y_H$ JmocM

AßWaÎ`mgmaI oedma oXg. oedmamV ∑doMV oXgUmar H$m˘`m oOaΩ`mMr eVr cmd`dVr ÒÃr¿`m

JmË`m Jmcmda EImXm Vri CRy>Z oXgmdm Ver ^mgV hmVr.'' ([•. 2, 3) qH$dm

""oOH$S>ß oOH$S>ß [mhmdß, oVH$S> eVmV Hw$Ë`m o\$aVmZm oXgy cmJÎ`m. _mUgß Hw$arMm [wT>Mm

XmßS>m N>mVrcm cmdyZ hmVm¿`m ]imZß Hw$ar AmT>V hmVr. O_rZ JmiV Hw$arMr Q>mHß$ Oo_ZrV XmU

Q>mH$sV OmV hmVr. Hw$ar AmTy>Z hmVmßV Jmi Vß, AmoU N>mVrcm aJ cmJV hmVr. [mR>r_mJyZ ]mB©

Hw$arV ^mV gmS>rV hmVr. ^mVmZß ^accr AmQ>r Oo_ZrV OmV hmVr.'' ([•. 192)

`m dU©ZmVyZ oMÃÒ[euÀd h ^mfme°crM d°oeÓQÁ Ò[ÓQ> hmV.

"_mPm Jmd' _Yrc ÂhUtM C[`mOZ Vm Vm ^mdmZw^d gImc AZ≤ AW©[yU© H$aV.

CXmhaUmW©, Vm_´[Uu ZXrcm AmcÎ`m _hm[wamZ JmdmVrc cmH$mßM hmc Pmc. JmdmVrc cmH$

H$miOrV [S>c. [wam¿`m [m`mM H$m°VwH$ H$a`mEdOr H$miOr H$Í$ cmJc. VÏhm Afl[mgmh]

BZm_Xma ÂhUVmV, "H$m` H$am`Mß ? amOmZß _macß AmoU [mdgmZß PmS>cß, Hw$Umcm gmßJm`Mß ?' ([•.

194) qH$dm amd]m d hm°ercm c˙_rXdr¿`m _ßoXamV [mhˇZ VmÀ`mMm amJ AZmda hmVm. Xdim¿`m

_`m©Xm amIÎ`m ZmhrVa KamU Ywircm o_ic, h cjmV R>dm. h EHy$Z BZm_Xma VmÀ`mcm ÂhUVmV,

133

VmÀ`m ZH$m À`m CR>mR>dr H$Í$ ZH$m. [mhˇZ KB©Z _r. VwÂhmcm Odi H$c V _mP MwH$c. ÂhUVmV Zm,

"^Q>mcm oXcr ..........' ([•. 68) qH$dm "ImXrcm H$hma AmoU YaUrcm ^ma.' ([•. 36) Aem

oH$VrVar ÂhUr `m H$mXß]arV AmT>iVmV d À`m Vm Vm ^mdmZw d g_•’ H$aVmV.

X. Vm. mgc|¿`m _V, "" "_mPm Jmd' m H$mXß]arVrc ‡À H$ [mÃ oOdßV Amh. Òdm^modH$

dmQ>Uma Amh. J´m_rU OrdZm¿`m arVr^mVr OmUUma Amh. cIH$mZ oZgJm©Mm, gUgmh˘`mßMm,

gßH$VmßMm, Jm_rU _ZmVrc gßÒH$mamßMm, JmdmVÎ`m dUu` AmoU dJu` ÒVamßMm Òdm^modH$ AmodÓH$ma

H$ccm Amh. Jm_rU OrdZmMm EH$mßJr AmodÓH$ma H$a`mMr H$mUVrhr yo_H$m m H$mXß]arV cIH$mZ

H$ccr Zmhr. IS>ÁmVcm [mQ>rc AmoU Hw$cH$Uu EH$Ã AmÎ`mda Jmdm¿`m C’mamgmR>r,

JmaJna]mßgmR>r ]aM H$mhr KSy> eH$V. ZÏh _mJ¿`m o[T>rV V KS>V hmV. `mMm [naM` H$Í$Z XUmar

hr EH$ MmßJcr H$mXß]ar Amh AgM dmMH$mcm OmUdV amhV.''7

`m H$mXß]arVyZ CÀH$Q> gm_moOH$ OmUrd, g_mO F$U \$S>`mMr Òdm^modH$ d•Œmr,

AmXe©dmX, ‡oVkm, Jmß r ©, AmÀ_[arjU h gm_moOH$ ]mßoYcH$sM Ï`∑V hmVmV.

aUoOV XgmB© `mß¿`m "_mPm Jmd' `m H$mXß]arZßVa od^mdar oeÈaH$amß¿`m "e]ar'

(1962) `m H$mXß]arMm odMma ‡ÒVwV Amh.

gmR>mŒmar _amR>r H$mXß]arVrc ÒÃrOrdZ H|$–ÒWmZr AgUmar H$mXß]ar ÂhUO e]ar hm . `m

H$mXß]arVyZ e]ar AmoU Aoâm_ `mß¿`m gßgmamMr Pmccr dmVmhV AmoU [mßT>a[er ÒÃr¿`m

Am wÓ`mV UmË`m AZßV AS>MUr `mßM oMÃU Amcc Amh. H$mXß]arMr Zmo`H$m e]ar AmoU

Aoâm_ `mßMr AmiI hmV. JoUV KdyZ ]r. E. Pmccr e]ar cæm[ydu ZmH$ar H$arV AgV. VÏhm

EH$_H$mß¿`m Q>rJmR>rVyZ, [aÒ[a AmH$f©UmVyZ XmKhr cæ H$aVmV. ÒdmVßÕ`mŒma H$mimV g^mdVmcMr

[napÒWVr ]XcV. Aoâm_ [°g H$_md`m¿`m _mJ cmJVm AmoU OrdZ_wÎ`mßMr Ï`dhmamer

ZmIwerZ VS>OmS> H$aVmZm Xw ßJcm OmVm. ]w’r, H$V•©Àd m]m]VrV À`m¿`m[jm H$_r ZgyZhr e]arcm

[wÈfr AhßH$mamM gßÒH$ma H$m`_ R>dUmË`m Aoâm_H$Sy>Z gVV A[_mZ ghZ H$amdm cmJVm. À`m_wi

À`mß¿`m gwIrgßgmamV gßKf© oZ_m©U hmVm. oVMr _wc hr ÒdV:¿`m AmB©Mr (e]arMr) C[jm H$aVmV.

À`m_wi _ZmZ IMccr, Xw:Ir Pmccr e]ar Ka gmS>`m¿`m odMmamZ hna¤ma¿`m `mÃcm oZKyZ

OmV. [aßVw gdm™Mr [m[ [mQ>mV KUmË`m JßJcm [mhZ Vr Z_ÒH$ma H$aV. Am[Î`m KamgmR>r, H$V©Ï`mgmR>r

AmoU _wcmß¿`m ‡_m[mQ>r Vr Kar [aV V. Ag `m H$mXß]arM H$WmZH$ Amh.

134

"e]ar' m H$mXß]arMm odMma H$cm Va ÒdmVßÕ`mŒma H$mimV gwoeojV, AmYwoZH$, gßdXZj_

AmoU _yÎ`mßda l’m R>dyZ OrdZ OJUmË`m ÒÃr_ZmM Xw:I, ‡_oddmhm¿`m A[èmMr e∑`Vm,

[Vr-[ÀZr-_wc `mß¿`mVrc g_ßO[UmMm A^md AmoU ÒÃrcm Z_H$ H$m` hd AgV, `m ‡ÌZmßMr

MMm© `m H$mXß]arVyZ V. À`m X•ÓQ>rZ `m H$mXß]arMm odMma H$aU CoMV R>ac.

"e]ar' `m H$mXß]arMr Zmo`H$m [XdrYa AgyZ [napÒWVrMr OmUrd R>dUmar Amh.

AmOy]mOycm oeH$cÎ`m _wcr ZmH$ar H$aVmV h [mhˇZ di KmcodU AmoU [°g o_idyZ KamVrc

AmT>mVmU H$_r H$a`mgmR>r hmV^ma cmdU `m hVyZ Vr ZmH$ar ÒdrH$maV. ZmH$ar H$aVmZm AZH$

gßH$Q>mßZm Vr gm_mar OmV. CXmhaUmW©, aÎd ‡dmgmV JXuV Ãmg hmVm, [U [wÈfmer dmJVmZm

oV¿`mH$Sy>Z _`m©XMm ßJ hmV Zmhr. CcQ> ¡`m _wcr Am[Î`m ÒÃrÀdmMm C[`mJ H$Í$Z [°g o_idVmV,

À`mß¿`modf`r oVcm oVaÒH$ma dmQ>Vm. emocZr AmJmgH$a `mMm CŒm_ Z_wZm Amh. Vr e]arMr

_°ÃrU AgyZ hr Xna–r KamVrc \$mQ>H$ ZgUmar [U oV¿`m dmJ`mV ]Xc Pmcm. oV¿`m H$_a mdVr

EH$m JmË`m oe[m`mZ hmV c[Qy>Z MmcU, `mM e]arcm Zdc dmQ>V. `m JmÓQ>rMm Vr Jmßo^`m©Zß

odMma H$aV H$s, M°Zrcm MQ>mdcÎ`m _wcr¿`m _ZmVhr h gd© H$aVmZm MwH$Î`mMr OmUrd Agmdr.

H$maU emocZrZ e]arcm AmiI XmIodcr Zmhr. À`m_wi ZmH$ar H$Í$Z ÒdV:¿`m [m`mda C‰`m

AgcÎ`m e]arZ cÓH$ar oe[m`mV dmdaUmË`m ZmH$arda _mÃ Zm[gßVrMm H$m`_Mm oe∑H$m _macm

Amh.

e]ar hr AmYwoZH$ odMmamMr Agcr Var oV¿`m _ZmMm Jm^m AÒgc ^maVr` ÒÃr_ZmMm

Amh. ‡À H$ JmÓQ>rMm Vr AßV_w©I hmdyZ odMma H$aV. Aoâm_ oMVi `mMr cæmgmR>r XmZ df

Wmß]`mMr H$Î[Zm oV¿`m _Zmcm [Q>V Zmhr. Vr YmH$m [ÀH$a`mg V`ma ZgV. H$maU Aoâm_

H$mUÀ`m Var A›` ÒÃr¿`m Om˘`mV gm[S>c Aer ÒÃrgwc^ ^mdZm oV¿`m _ZmV OmJr hmV. qH$dm

EH$Xm lr_ßV _wcr]am]a Aoâm_cm [mohÎ`mda oVcm eßH$m V AmoU Am[Î`m H$_r[Um¿`m

OmoUdZ Vr AÒdÒW hmV. [aßVw Vr _mPr _mdg ]hrU hmVr, Agm Aoâm_Z Iwcmgm H$Î`mda

oVM _Z g_mYmZr hmV.

aIm BZm_Xma-gmZ mß¿`m _V, ""H$WmZH$mMr ÒÃr g_Ò mdVr H$ccr Jwß\$U od^mJdar¿`m

"OmB©' (1952), "e]ar' (1962), "C_m' (1966) d H$mhr Aßer `mZßVa Odi[mg [ßYam

dfm™Zr ocohcÎ`m "Ia _mÒVa' (1993) _‹ Amh. [aßVw `m H$mXß]Ë`mßM - odefV: "e]ar'M

135

ÒdÍ$[ - H$di g_Ò`m‡YmZ Ag amhV Zmhr. H$maU H$mXß]ar¿`m H$mUÀ`mhr KQ>H$mH$S> coIH$M

Xwc©j hmV Zmhr. H$mXß]arV AZH$ amOH$s`-gm_moOH$ gßX © VmV. _hm w’mM [naUm_, S>H$ccr

_hmJmB©, dmT>ccr ]H$mar, 1942 gmcM "Mc Omd' AmßXmcZ, JmßYrdY `m KQ>Zm H$di

oZdXZmÀ_H$ [mVirda amhV ZmhrV. H$WmZH$mer À`m AmßVnaH$ gß]ßY OmS>VmV. hm gß]ßY AW©[yU©

d A[nahm © Amh Ag dmMH$mcm dmQ>V. Aoâm_Mm AmoW©H$ CÀH$f©, Z°oVH$ AY:[VZ d e]ar¿`m

_ZmVrc _yÎ`gß ´_ coIH$Z ‡gßJmVyZ JS>X H$cm Amh. MmßJÎ`m AWm©Z ˆX`Ò[eu ‡gßJoZo_©Vr

H$aU coIH$cm gmYV À`m_wi À`mß¿`m H$mXß]Ë`m AoO]mV Hß$Q>midm`m hmV ZmhrV. gd©gm_m›`

dmMH$mßZmhr À`m Odi¿`m dmQ>VmV. Ï`dhmam¿`m MH´$mV mdßSy>Z oJaoJaV OmUmË`m [mÃmßer dmMH$

VmXmÀÂ` [mdVm. e]ar hr JoUV KD$Z ]r. E. [mg Pmccr, gß‹`mH$mir o\$am`cm OmUmar, o_idVr

d odMmar _wcJr Agcr Var Vr Agm_m›` Zmhr. Aoâm_¿`m [°emMm, JmS>rMm, KamMm oVcmhr

_mh [S>Vm.( "[°gm ÒdV:cm IaßM ZH$m Amh H$m?' ([•.139) Ag ‡ÌZ Vr ÒdV:cm odMmaV

AmoU À`mM oZo¸V CŒma XVm Z AmÎ`mZ oZÈŒma hmV.) À`mM AIßS> Hw$pÀgV ]mcU ("VwÂhr oeH$cÎ`m

]m`H$m' h Aoâm_M [mcw[X Amh.) oVcm EH$dV Zmhr. oOdmMm gßVm[ hmVm. _wc XwamdVmV

Varhr KamMm, Hw$Qw>ß]mMm À`mJ H$aVm V Zmhr. "XmfmßgH$Q> _mUgmßda ‡_ H$amdß cmJVß. À`m ‡_mZM

Xmf odaVmV. À`m¿`m Xmfmßda gmaI _ZmZ Kmd KmcyZ À`mßZm a∑VmhˇZ MmcV Zmhr .... XmfmßH$S>

cj Z XVm ‡_ H$a. ÒdV:Mß ^mZ Z R>dVm.' ([•. 187), _mUgmVcm Xd OmJm H$a`m¿`m `m

OmoUdZ Vr Am[Î`m KamH$S> [aV V. e]ar d Aoâm_ `m XmKmßodf`r dmMH$mcm ghmZw yVr

dmQ>V. h `m H$mXß]arM _mR> è Amh.''8

"e]ar' `m H$mXß]arM AdcmH$Z H$c Va e]ar hr Zmo`H$m AmXe© [Vrd´Vm Amh. [Vr

hmM [a_Ìda _mZUmar, [Vrer EH$Í$[ hmUmar Amh. Aoâm_]‘c oV¿`m _ZmV odcjU ‡_

Amh. Vr ÂhUV, "`m KamV hm Xd Agcm Zm BW H$s _mPß XdKa Pmcß h Aoâm_.' ([•.56)

e]arMm Xdmda, OrdZ_yÎ`mßda odúmg Amh. [U H$_©H$mßS>m¿`m ]m]VrV Vr ]ßS>Ima Amh.

_yoV©[yOda oVMm odÌdmg Zmhr. `m]‘c oVcm Aoâm_mMr ]mcUr Imdr cmJVmV. Vr ‡_i,

_m`miy, _wÎ`mßda oZVmßV ‡_ H$aUmar, g_ßOg J•ohUr Amh. Am[Î`m _wcmßZm dmMm`cm, ododY

C[H´$_mV ^mJ K`mgmR>r am_mÙ-_hm^maVmVrc JmÓQ>r gmßJUmar, _wcmßda MmßJc gßÒH$ma H$aUmar

_mVm Amh. oV¿`m_V, "Am_¿`m _wcmßZm OdU Zgcß Var Mmcc. [U [wÒVH$ hdß, [wÒVH$ oXgcß

136

H$s H$mhr gwMV Zmhr.' ([•. 127) Va H$Yr Am[Î`m _wcmßZr oeÒVrZ dmJmd, IiU, ImD$odf`r

AYmer[Um H$Í$ Z . ÂhUyZ Vr À`mßZm O[V. _wcmßMr H$miOr KV. `mVyZ oV¿`m AmXe©dmXmMm odMma

Ò[ÓQ> hmVm.

e]ar emßV, gß _r Òd^mdmMr VÈUr AgyZ Am[Î`m Kamodf`r, [Vrodf`r oV¿`m _ZmV

AZH$ H$Î[Zm AgÎ`m Var Aoâm_er oVM [Q>V Zmhr. e]ar¿`m _‹`_dJu` ]´m˜Ur gd`r,

(CXmhaUmW©, cdH$a CR>U, AmßKmi H$aU, OdU CaH$U BÀ`mXr) [mÌMmÀ`, oX_mIXma MmcrarVr-

odf`rM oVM AkmZ, amOH$maUmMr MMm©, Aoâm_¿`m o_Ãmg_dV Jfl[m _maU BÀ`mXrMm

Aoâm_cm amJ Vm, VÏhm e]ar À`m¿`mer dmX KmcV. `mcm IaM oeH$ccr ]m`H$m hdr hmVr

H$m ? H$s oeHy$Zhr oeH$U odgaccr hdr hmVr ? `m gd© JmÓQ>rM Vr AßV_w©I hmdyZ AmÀ_[arjU

H$aV. Aoâm_cm _haMßX, YrÈ^mB©, aVZXmg `mß¿`m]am]a [Œm IiU, _haMßX ]am]a [mQ>ucm

OmU, XmÍ$ o[U, _Z _mZc Vg dmJU MmcV; [U "Am[U ZwgV ]gm`M Va Iicm ÂhUyZ H$m`

haH$V Amh.' ([•.113) Ag e]arcm dmQ>V. Vr ÂhUV, "gwoeojV ]m`H$m H$Ïhm [Q>H$Z Am[cm

[mUCVmam H$arc `mMm Z_ Zmhr.. ]m`H$m hr EH$Umar hdr. Ka gmß miUmar hdr. gwoeojV ÒÃr

ÂhUO gmaIr ]am]ar H$arc....ÒÃr hr Aghm` Amh. ÒÃr hr A]cm Amh. "`Ã Zm ©ÒVw [y¡`›V

a_›V VÃ XdVm:' ([•.40) "`m AmOda EH$cÎ`m Jm°admMr À`mßMr _Z MÓQ>m H$arV hmVr.' ([•. 40)

`mVyZ gm_moOH$ Ao^gaUmMm ‡À`` Vm.

"e]ar' `m H$mXß]arVrc Aoâm_ hm gwoeojV, ^maVr` [wÈfdJm©M ‡oVoZYrÀd H$aUmam

Zm`H$ Amh. À`mMm Òd^md _ycV: amJrQ>, h≈>r, Òdmo^_mZr, ]ßS>Ima d•ŒmrMm hmVm. Am[Î`m gwIr

gßgmamM ÒdflZ [yU© H$a`mgmR>r, ÒdV:¿`m _mcH$sM Ka C H$a`mgmR>r Vm XmZ df cæmMm odMma

H$arV Zmhr. e]ar Oar AmdS>V Agcr Var oV¿`m ZmH$ar H$a`m¿`m H$Î[Zm À`mcm AmdS>V

ZmhrV. ]m`H$m o_idVr Agcr H$s [wÈf cmMma hmVm. ]m`H$m gwoeojV Agmdr Ag À`mM ÒdflZ

hmV. [U oVZ Am[Î`m oejUmMm dm[a [°g o_iod`mgmR>r H$aU, [°em¿`m Ï`dhmamV cj KmcU,

amOH$maUmda Jfl[m _maU h À`mcm [gßV Zmhr. `m gdm™Mr OmUrd Vm e]arcm H$Í$Z XVm. oVZ

Am[Î`m oejUmcm AmoU Òdmo^_mZmcm odgÍ$Z \$∑V J•ohUr (]m`H$m) ÂhUyZ OJmd Aer

Aoâm_Mr A[jm Amh. Am[Î`mda EH$oZÓR>[UmZ ‡_ H$aUmË`m [ÀZrda Vm amJmdVm. "Vy Jfl[

]g.' "Vy ]mcy ZH$mg.' "Vy _wcmM dmB©Q> H$aVg.' ([•. 167) e]ar À`m¿`m dmJ`m_wi oVgË`m

137

_wcm¿`m dir J ©[mV H$am`cm OmV, VÏhm Aoâm_ Xw:Ir hmVm. oVcm Am[Î`m ]mh˛[memV KdyZ

"I want this child.' ([•.144) Aer odZßVr H$aVm. [aßVw _cm AmO XdmIm›`mV Om`Mß Amh.

JmS>r hdr Amh Ag e]arZ ÂhQ>c H$s, "Q>∞∑gr H$Í$Z Jcrg Va H$m` haH$V Amh ? JmS>r [mR>dm`Mr

Amh XwgarH$S>.' ([•. 148) BVH$m Aoâm_ ÒdmWu , T>m|Jr ‡d•ŒmrMm Amh.

darc oddMZmdÍ$Z Ag dmQ>V H$s, e]ar¿`m gwIr gßgmamcm H$di Aoâm_Mm [wÈfr

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JßJmam_ Q>Vm. À`mcm [mhˇZ oVcm Zdc dmQ>V. EH$H$mi¿`m H´$mßoVH$maH$mcm ÒdmVßÕ`‡mflVrZßVa

najm AmT>mdr cmJV, h [mhˇZ oVcm IX dmQ>Vm. Vmhr gm_moOH$ ]mßoYcH$sVyZ _XV H$aVm. e]ar

AßV_w©I hmdyZ AmÀ_[arjU H$aV. "`m _mUgmcm ZH$m Va À`m¿`m KamV A[_mZ gmerV Zmhr

amh`Mß.' ([•.181) [U "cmH$ H$m` ÂhUVrc ? ZdË`mer Z [Q>UmË`m ]mB©cm Hw$Ur MmßJcß ÂhUV

Zmhr. ZdË`mcm gmS>UmË`m ]mB©cm Hw$Ur _mZ XV Zmhr. ZdË`mZ ]mB©cm Q>mH$c Var ]mB©_YcM

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138

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139

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_hmod⁄mc`rZ od⁄mœ`m©Z AZw dcc h oMÃU Amh. ehar OrdZmVrc T>m|Jr[Um hmÒ`mÒ[X

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140

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XwgË`mcm _XV H$aU, XwgË`mM Xw:I, AS>MUr g_OyZ KU, `m JmÓQ>rV Hw$Umcm ag dmQ>V Zmhr.

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oOÏhm˘`mMm gß]ßY W cjmV VmV.

141

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Pmcr _Zr ÂhUyZ doS>cmßMr gw’m oh¿`mda oVa[r ZOa hmVr.'' ([•. 122)

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gd© cmH$mßodf`r À`m¿`m _ZmV CXmgrZVm Amh. _wß]B©cm JÎ`mda _m_tZr À`m¿`mer ]mc`mgmR>r

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cjmV V. od⁄m h _yÎ` O[`mgmR>r, kmZmMm emY K`mgmR>r, [Xdr K`mgmR>r À`mZ H$cc

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od⁄mœ`m™Zm À`m MwH$mßM Zgcc mZ m gd© JmÓQ>rßVyZ [mßSw>aßJ gßmJdrH$amMr dJir [mD$cdmQ> cjmV

V. H$maU Zm`H$ W g_mOmMm odMma H$aVm. ÂhUyZ Vm ÒdmWm©Mm oZfY H$aVm.

142

"H$mgcm' m H$mXß]arV ehar AmoU J´m_rU Aem Xm›hr dmÒVdmM oMÃU AgyZ JmdmH$S>rc

AmoU ehar _mUgmßodf`r, À`mß¿`m dmJ`m]‘c [mßSw>aßJm¿`m OrdZmodf`r¿`m gßH$Î[Zm Ï`∑V

hmVmV. [mßSw>aßJ hm J´m_rU ^mJmVrc VÈU AgÎ`mZ À`m¿`m AmMma-odMmamda, OrdZmda `m

gßÒH$mamMm ‡^md Amh. À`m_wi ehar dmVmdaUmV AmÎ`mda ehar OrdZmVrc [’Vr, `mßoÃH$Vm,

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dJi[Um (XwOm^md) odefV: OmUdVm. CXmhaUmW©, "Mhm fl`m`cm Mcm' ÂhQ>Î`mda KS>ÁmimH$S>

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dÌ`m \$maM oXgVmV.' Ag [mßSw>aßJmcm dmQ>V. JmS> ]mcyZ qH$dm ÒVwVr H$Í$Z gVV XwgË`mH$Sy>ZM

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_XV H$aVmV. À`m_wi ehar _wcmß[jm J´m_rU ^mJmVrc Jar] _wcmßMm-o_ÃmßMm _mR>[Um À`mcm

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143

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Zm`H$mMr (_YwMr) a_r ÂhUV,

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144

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145

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JQ>mßer dm g_yhmer oZJS>rV AgUmË`m `m ^mfcm Òc±J Ag ÂhQ>c OmV.'' ([•.53)

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Am[cm ‡mßOi[Um gmS>V Zmhr.

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146

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oV¿`m `emMM EH$ J_H$ _mZVm B©c.''16

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H$mXß]ar IiV.''17

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147

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148

Amh. À`mcm ‡mUr_mÃmß]‘c Am[wcH$s Amh. CXmhaUmW©, Pm[ar Hw$ÃrMm cmS> H$Í$Z oVcm hm∞Q>cmVyZ

^Or AmUyZ Imdy KmcVm. Va H$Yr oV¿`m [mQ>mda cmW _mÍ$Z amJ Ï`∑V H$aVm. [aßVw ghm o[ÎcmßZm

O›_ XUmË`m Pm[arcm "em„]mg, em„]mg, Pm[ar' ([•.145) Ag ÂhUyZ oVM H$m°VwH$ H$aVm.

Pm[ar _Î`mda oVcm _yR>_mVr XVm.

‡^mV Q>m∞H$sO Odi¿`m Mm°H$mVrc Zimda AmßKmi H$aUmË`m H$m˘`mgmd˘`m aßJm¿`m

ÒÃrH$S> [mhUmË`m J‚\$macm ÂhUVm, " ∑`m XmÒV, A[Zr _m-]ohZm| H$ Va\$ XIV Om, ›hmV g_`

Am°a H$[S> ]XcV g_` ! AßYm hm J`m?' ([•.192) "M[ ah _mXaMmX. EH$ Pm[S> _| oJam XwßJm.'

([•.193) Ag ÂhUyZ J‚\$ma [hcdmZmcm Xm›hr hmVm¿`m Omamda da CMcyZ \$Hy$Z XVm. cmWm

_maVm.

hm∞pÒ[Q>c_Yrc o_gg≤ e_m©Mr qQ>Jc H$aUmË`m, aÒÀ`mda H$ir¿`m gmcr Q>mH$UmË`m Q>maJQ>

_wcmßMm eßH$a g_mMma KVm. Va aÒÀ`m_‹ Q>cÎ`m cßJS>Ám _mUgmcm VrZ [°emMr _XV H$aVm.

JU[Vr¿`m o_adUwH$sV dmKmM H$mVS> [mßKÍ$Z cmH$mßM _ZmaßOZ H$aVm. AmoU ao\$H$gmaª`m o_Ãmcm

AmYma XdyZ gªª`m^mdmgmaI ‡_ XVm. eßH$acm A›`m` ghZ hmV Zmhr. edßVrMm odZ` ßJ

H$aUmË`m _mUgmMm À`mcm amJ Vm. Vm edßVrcm ÂhUVm, "_c XmImOß ]aß H$m›Vm _mXaMmX hm Vß

? À`m J‚\$magmaIß À`mc_≤.' ([•.410) Agm Vm gyS> ^mdZZ [Qy>Z CR>Vm AmoU AßYmamMr [dm© Z

H$aVm [mßJ˘`m AdÒWV ]mha [S>Vm. hm eßH$aMm AmXe©dmXr —pÓQ>H$mZ Amh.

"_mUyg' Mm Zm`H$ eßH$a hm XwgË`mM gwI [mhˇZ g_mYmZ Ï`∑V H$aUmam Amh. CXmhaUmW©,

Am[Î`m ao\$H$cm gmS>gmV hOma Í$[`mM ]jrg o_imÎ`mda ""dma _ a ea ]JXmX ! dma _a o_≈>r

H$ ea $& ]mcm og`m]c am_Mß– H$s @ O` @ @ @'' ([•.233) Ag ÂhUyZ AmZßX Ï`∑V H$aVm AmoU

ao\$H$M H$m°VwH$ H$aVm. [U Am[Î`m _°Ãr¿`m ZmÀ`m_‹ Xwamdm oZ_m©U hmUma Zmhr `mMr H$miOr

KVm. Am[c Zer] ao\$H$gmaI COic Va ! Aer Amem ]miJVm. ao\$H$gmaI lr_ßV Ïhmd

ÂhUyZ Vm [°gm o_iod`mMm [`m© emYVm. CXmhaUmW©, JU[Vr¿`m o_adUwH$sV dmKmM gmßJ KdyZ

ZmMU [gßV H$aVm. [U À`mM H$mhr C[`mJ hmV Zmhr. H$maU Am[Î`m Pm[cÎ`m edßVrMr Jß_V

H$amdr ÂhUyZ dmKmgmaIm AmdmO H$mTy>Z rVr XmIodVm. À`m_wi eßH$amMm AßHw$a J^m©V dmT>odUmar

edßVr ]ew’ [S>V AmoU dmT> Z PmcÎ`m _•V ]mimcm Vr O›_ XV. `mMm eßH$acm [ÌMmVm[ hmVm.

149

`m gd© JmÓQ>tM Vm AmÀ_[arjU H$aVm. `mcm gd©Òdr [°gm O]m]Xma Amh, `mMr À`mcm OmUrd hmV.

eßH$a hm mim^m]S>m, Ymo_©H$ d•ŒmrMm Zm`H$ Amh. CXmhaUmW©, ÒdV:¿`m KamVrc JOmZZ

_hmamOmß¿`m \$mQ>mcm AmoU hZw_mZOr¿`m _ßoXamcm \$ar _mÍ$Z Z_ÒH$ma H$aUmam ^∑V Amh. Varhr

eßH$agmaª`m ‡m_moUH$ _mUgm¿`m OJ`mcm AW© Zmhr. À`mcm H$ÓQ>moedm` [`m© Zmhr. `mcm

AmoW©H$ [napÒWVrM O]m]Xma Amh. AmO À`m¿`mgmaª`m AZH$ _mUgmßMr hrM AdÒWm Amh.

`m gßX^m©V mcMß– Z_mS> "Q>rH$mÒd ßda' m JßWmV ÂhUVmV, ""_Zmha VÎhmamßMr "_mUyg'

hr H$mXß]ar A_amdVr¿`m qhXy d _wgc_mZ Aem XmZ najmdmÎ`m XmÒVmß¿`m _°ÃrVyZ gß[yU©[U C^r

amhV. `mVrc gohÓUy CXma cmH$OrdZ, ÒÃr-[wÈf, C¿MdJu` - AYmdJu` - [mcrg- _dmcr -

JwßS>- hm∞Q>cdmc-]´m˜U-]´m˜UVa - qhXy - _wgc_mZ ¯m gdm™Zm ^mdZ¿`m AmcmÏ`mV JwßS>miyZ

Xer S>m°cmZ C^r amhV. ¡`mV Ï`∑Vr d g_mO Aem H$Î[Zmßhr dJdJ˘`m H$aVm V ZmhrV. Ag

h H$ÓQ>H$Ë`mßM OrdZ Zd Í$[ YmaU H$aV.''18

"_mUyg' `m H$mXß]arMr ^mfm hr AohamUr ]mcrVrc Amh. CXm. ]mfl[m, _m`, [m≈>, _c,

[ËhmQ>Ám, JS>moJS>m, [mZr, cmhrcmhr, gH$m`, c[c[ BÀ`mXr e„X H$mXß]arVyZ AmT>iVmV. H$mhr

qhXr ^mfVrc A¿N>m, IwXm hmo\$O, oXdmcoJar, AmX_r, XwÌ_Z, AÂ_m, [mJc, _mH$m, J‘ma

BÀ`mXr e„X AmT>iVmV. h gd© e„X H$mXß]arVrc gm_moOH$ dmÒVd AJXr ghO[U gmH$ma H$aVmV.

‡À``H$mar dU©Z h `m e°crM d°oeÓQ` Amh. oZgJ© AmoU _mZdr OrdZmMm AVyQ> gß]ßY

Amh. À`m—ÓQ>rZ [wT>rc dU©Z [hmd - ""aÒÀ`mda AmJ AmH$mdr Ver C›hß [S>cr hmVr. S>mß]ar aÒVm

oR>H$oR>H$mUr odVicm hmVm. AßJmVcß a∑V ^im^im dmhˇ cmJmdß Vgß aÒÀ`mda S>mß]a odVicß

hmVß. Km_m¿`m Ymam AßJmdÍ$Z, Vm|S>mdÍ$Z gmaª`m oZWiy cmJÎ`m Var eßH$aZß najm Mmcdm`Mß

Wmß]odcß Zmhr. EdT>ß C›h C›hm˘`mVhr ZÏhVß Agß À`mcm dmQ>cß.'' ([•. 207, 208) qH$dm

oXdmirM dU©Z - ""ÒQ>eZH$S> OmUmË`m aÒÀ`mdarc S>mdrH$S> AgcÎ`m B_maVr d ]ßJc [U

À`mßZr gwemo^V Pmc hmV. ododY aßJmß¿`m H$mJXmßMr VmaUß dcrgmaIr ]ßJÎ`mda gagaV hmVr.

]ßJÎ`m-]ßJÎ`mda oZi-o[di, cmc-Omß i AmH$meoXd hdZß PwcV hmV. eha amfUmB©Zß COiyZ

oZKmcß hmVß.'' ([•. 383)

H$mXß]arMr ^mfme°cr AmH$f©H$ Amh. CXm. Am[Î`m ZdË`mZ [mdgm¿`m oXdgmV Var

najm Yß⁄m¿`m _mJ Z cmJVm Amam_ H$amdm ÂhUyZ edßVr ÂhUV, ""AmVm Am^mi Iy[ ^Í$Z Amcß

150

Amh, WmS>ß Wmß]yZ Om.'' ([•. 17) [aßVw h eßH$acm [Q>V Zmhr. Vm oV¿`mda amJmdVm, ""Vwc H$m`

g_OV Yß⁄mVcß ? [mD$g[mZr Agcß Vß XmZ Mma gdmË`m ≈> Var, AZ≤ [°g ≤ ]a ≈>V≤!'' ([•.17)

`mVyZ edßVrM eßH$ada AgUma ‡_ Ò[ÓQ> hmV.

edßVrcm KamV ]g`mMm Hß$Q>mim Vm. Am[Uhr gw –m, oJaOm‡_mU eVmda H$m_mcm

Omd. gßgmamcm hmV^ma cmdmdm Ag oVcm dmQ>V. ÂhUyZ Vr eßH$acm ÂhUV, ""_c BWß EH$Q>rc

H$mZr oXdg^a H$mB© J_V ZmB© Z≤ H$mB© H$mB©. oXdg^a Vm|S>mda hmV Xm]yZ gmaIr Vw_Mr dmQ> [mhmV

]gm cmJV. _c Vß Agß dm≈> H$m oJaOr-_Zr-gw –r OmV Vgß Am[ZB© gVmda OmV Omdß. H$m`

Âh›Vm _r?'' ([•.174) À`m‡gßJr eßH$a ÂhUVm - ""H$mB© ZmB© Om cmJV H$m_moJ_mda ! eßH$a H$mB©

_cm ZmB© AmOyZ Vwdm H$m_mda Om`mgmR>r ! amO H$_mB© H$aVm _aR>mdaH≤$. H$mB© Imfl`mc H$_r [S>V

AgZß Vß gmßJV Om ≤ - AmZyZ XV OmB©Z.'' ([•.175) ÂhUOM A_amdVr [nagamVrc mfme°crMm

Img Z_wZm Amh. H$mXß]arM oZdXZ ‡_mU^mfVyZ Agc Var edßVr AmoU eßH$a `mß¿`m gßdmXmVyZ

AW©dmhr Aem J´m_rU ]mcrMm ‡À`` Vm. h dU©Z eVr¿`m Am[Î`m [´[ßMmdarc ‡_mM Og

Xe©Z KS>dV; VgM eßH$a¿`m edßVrdarc ‡_mMhr Xe©Z KS>dV.

`m H$mXß]arM erf©H$ _mo_©H$ Amh. "_mUyg' ÂhUO l_Ordr, gmYZ dßoMV, emofV dJm©M

‡VrH$ Amh. _mZdr OrdZmMm [mR>cmJ H$aUmË`m AmoW©H$, gm_moOH$ e∑Vr _mUgm¿`m _mJ hmV

YwdyZ H$em cmJcÎ`m AgVmV. `mM [naUm_H$maH$ oMÃU `m H$mXß]arVyZ Amcc Amh. À`m_wi

"_mUyg' h erf©H$ `WmW© dmQ>V.

`m. dm. dS>ÒH$amß¿`m _V, "" "_mUyg' ÂhUO gm_moOH$ dmÒVdmVyZ _mUgm¿`m dmQ>Ámcm

Umar [amÀ_Vm (Alienation) AmoU À`mMr oZgJ©XŒm _mZdr`Vm mß¿`mVrc gßKfm©M H$ÈU rfU

ZmQ>Á m H$mXß]arV oMVmac Amh. _Zmha VÎhma "_mUyg' _‹ gm_moOH$, AmoW©H$ oZ`VÀddmXmM

H$cmÀ_H$ oMÃU H$aVmV. AmÀ_H$ÈUm, ^mdwH$Vm AWdm ‡MmamMr gmßH$oVH$Vm `m XmfmßZm Hw$R>hr

]ir Z [S>Vm EH$m lÓR> gm_moOH$ H$mXß]arM cIZ H$c OmV. Q>m∞cÒQ>m∞ , MH$mÏh, VwJ Zd, JmH$s©

`mß¿`m [ß∑VrV em yZ oXgmdr EdT>Ám VmcmMr hr H$mXß]ar Wma aoe`Z H$cmdßVm‡_mU VQ>ÒW[U,

AocflV[U, X`m]w’r¿`m Amhmar Z OmVm AmoU Varhr AVrd ghmZw yVrZ aßJodcc "_mUyg'

_Yrc ZmJa l_Ordr g_mOmM oMÃU Am[Î`mcm hmXÍ$Z Q>mH$V. AÒdÒW H$Í$Z Q>mH$V. Am[Î`m

H$cmÀ_H$ OmoUdmß]am]aM gm_moOH$ OmoUdmßM ojVrO _mR>Ám ‡_mUmV odÒVmac OmV.''19 À`mß¿`m

`m _Vmer H$mUrhr gh_V hmB©c Ag ÂhUmdg dmQ>V.

151

[wT> `m gßX^m©V `m. dm. dS>ÒH$a "[amÀ_Vm AmoU _mZdr`Vm `mß¿`m_Yrc emH$mÀ_ gßKf©'

`m cImV ÂhUVmV H$s, ""Hw$R>crhr lÓR> H$cmH•$Vr dmMH$mßZm AZH$ [mV˘`mßda AmdmhZ H$arV

AgV. "_mUyg' _Yrc H$mUÀ`mhr EH$H$m KQ>H$mMm odMma H$cm Var Vm dmMH$mßZm ^mamdyZ Q>mH$sc

EdT>m g_W© Amh. ao\$H$-eßH$aMr \w$cV OmUmar _°Ãr, eßH$ada H$mgiUmar gßH$Q>-[aß[am,

g^mdVrMr oOdßV g_yhoMÃ, H$oZÓR> lo_H$ dJm©[mgyZ Vm C¿M_‹`_dJm©[ ™VM gohÓUwVZ OJUma

g_mOod˚d, `m od˚dmV oZ_m©U hmUma VmU VUmd, AmoU `m gdm™_YyZ _wInaV hmUmar AÒgc

Òd^mdoMÃ h gd©M KQ>H$ H$mUÀ`mhr [mVirdarc dmMH$dJm©cm oIidyZ R>dUma AmhV.

[aßVw "_mUyg'M Ia `e h Amh H$s Vr da¿`m [mVirdarc gwOmU, oMoH$ÀgH$ d odMmar

dmMH$mßZm gw’m P[mQy>Z Q>mH$V. À`mß¿`m ^mdZmßZm AmdmhZ H$arV AgVmZmM da¿`m [mVirda Vr

À`mßZm odMmag›_wI ]ZdV. H$mXß]arVrc Xe©Zr ^mJmMm ^mdZmÀ_H$ AmÒdmX KV AgVmZmM h

dmMH$ [•ÓR>[mVirdarc KoQ>Vmcm AmH$ma XUmË`m, oZ`V H$aUmË`m d ‡aH$ R>aUmË`m AmoW©H$-

gm_moOH$ e∑VrßMhr d°MmnaH$ od˚cfU H$arV OmVmV. hhr [wag hmV Zmhr ÂhUyZ V dada gohÓUy,

emßV d gm°hmX©[yU© ^mgUmË`m `m AZw dod˚dm¿`m Vimer gVV Mmcy AgcÎ`m am°–-^rfU

ZmQ>ÁmMm dY KD$ cmJVmV. EH$m [mVirda H$mXß]ar_Yrc [mÃmß¿`m gwIXw:Imß]am]a g_ag hmV

AgVmZmM dmMH$ dJ˘`m [mV˘`mßda AocflV (detach) hmD$Z odMmar, odMjH$ d od˚cfH$

—ÓQ>rZ [m˚d©e∑VtMm AW© emYy cmJVmV. VgM Vi^mJm[`™V OmD$Z [mhmMUmË`m A—Ì`

[naUm_mßMm dY KVmV. "_mUyg' Mm ‡^md ^mdoZH$ d d°MmnaH$ Aem Xwhar ‡oH´$ _YyZ [S>V

AgÎ`m_wi oVcm AoYH$ AW©KZVm ‡mflV hmV. EH$mM dir AZH$ Am`m_ (dimensions) ‡mflV

PmÎ`m_wi oV¿`mVrc AZw dmßZm EH$ Ame`gß[›Z Ï`mo_lVm cm^V.

`m Xwhar ‡oH´$`Mm AmUIr EH$ [naUm_ hmVm. À`mM _hŒd gw’m AmJiM AgV.

A_amdVrgmaª`m chmZ ehamVrc (Town) EH$m g_mOod^mJmV KS>UmË`m KQ>ZmßM VgM _hŒd

H$di ÒWigm[j AgV. eßH$a-ao\$H$Mm AZw d Vg ÂhQ>c Va d° p∑VH$ d ÒWcoZ]’, [aßVw

[m˚d©^mJr¿`m gm_moOH$-AmoW©H$ e∑VtM ÒdÍ$[ _mÃ d°p˚dH$ [mVirdaM AgV. VgM

[•ÓR>^mJmdarc KoQ>Vmß¿`m oPa[V OmUmË`m [naUm_mßM gw’m Vimer [mhmMVmM gm_m›`rH$aU

Pmcc AgV. À`m_wi À`mßZmhr AmV d°p˚dH$VM [na_mU cm^cc AgV. Hw$R>Î`mhr odf_ g_mO-

Ï`dÒWV d Hw$R>Î`mhr H$mcIßS>mV hM AZw d Uma. À`m_wi "_mUyg' _Yrc eßH$aMm AZw d d°p˚dH$

[mVirda OmVm. \$ma WmS>Ám H$mXß]Ë`m h e gm‹` H$Í$ eH$VmV. m WmS>Ámß[°H$s "_mUyg' EH$.''20

152

`mH$mXß]arhVyZ ‡oVkm, g_mOF$U \$S>`mMr Òdm^modH$ d•Œmr, AmXe©dmX, AmÀ_[arjU,

h gm_moOH$ ]mßoYcH$sM KQ>H$ AmT>iVmV.

_Zmha VÎhmamß¿`m "_mUyg' m H$mXß]arZßVa AmUm mD$ gmR> mß¿`m "AmdS>r' (1963)


"AmdS>r' hr AmUm ^mD$ gmR> `mßMr H$mXß]ar AgyZ `m H$mXß]arVyZ ‚c∞e ]∞H$ [’VrZ EH$

IyZ H$Wm gmßoJVccr Amh. VmßXwidmS>rMm [mQ>rc AmoU am_mer mß¿`mVrc gßKfm©M oMÃU H$aUmar,

AmoU Jw›hJmamß¿`m _mZogH$VMm emY KUmar hr H$mXß]ar Amh. VmßXwidmS>rVrc VmÀ`m]m Mm°Kwcm

[mQ>cmßMr H$›`m AmdS>r cæmZßVa \$\$a Umam Zdam gmSy>Z YZmOr am_mem¿`m ‡_mV [S>V. AmoU

amOamg[U YZmOr¿`m KamV OmdyZ amhV. À`m_wi AmdS>rMm ^mD$ ZmJy Mm°Kwcm gwS>m¿`m ^mdZVyZ

amJm¿`m ^amV ]ohUr¿`m _XVrZ (gmaOm) AmdS>rMm IyZ H$aVm. À`m_wi YZmOr am_mer Am[Î`m

AmdS>rMm ]Xcm K`mgmR>r ZmJyMm IyZ H$Í$Z gyS> CJodVm. W H$mXß]ar gß[V, Ag `m H$mXß]arM

H$WmZH$ Amh.

`m H$mXß]arM AdcmH$Z H$c Va AmdS>r hr VmÀ`m]m Mm°KwÎ`mMr d`mV Amccr VaUrVmR>r

cH$ Amh. AmoU oV¿`m OrdZm¿`m gwIXw:ImMr hr H$ÈU H$hmUr Amh. `m H$mXß]arVyZ _wª`V:

AmdS>r¿`m OrdZmMr emH$mßoVH$m, \$\$a UmË`m ZdË`mH$Sy>Z oV¿`m A[jm, AmB©]m[mMr AdÒWm,

AmdS>r¿`m IyZmZßVa ZmJycm Pmccm [ÌMmVm[, ZmJy Mm°Kwcm AmoU YZmOr am_mer `mßM hmS>d°a,

cmgy ]mam[Q>m AmoU hm°erMr mZJS>, [mQ>rc-am_mÌ`mßMm gßKf© AmoU Jw›hJmamßM OrdZ m JmÓQ>tM

oMÃU Amcc Amh.

"AmdS>r' m H$mXß]arVrc VmÀ`mVm Mm°Kwcm hm VmßXwidmS>rVrc EH$ H$V©]Jma, gwIr, g¡OZ,

H$amar AmoU gV≤erc ‡d•ŒmrMm Amh. À`mcm JmdmV d gaH$maXa]mamV _mZ Amh. ZmJy-gmaOm[jm

AmdS>r hr À`mMr cmS>H$s cH$ AgyZ oV¿`mda À`mMm Ord hmVm. [aßVw AmdS>rZ Kam`mcm H$cßH$

cmdcm `mM Xw:I VmÀ`m]mcm ghZ hmV Zmhr. Var Vm AmdS>rM JwUJmZ JmVm. hm À`m¿`m _ZmMm

_mR>[Um Amh. AmdS>r ÂhUO oV¿`m aßJmcm, Í$[mcm oZ JwUmcm JmdmV OmS> Zmhr Aer hmVr.

oVM cmS>mZ AmdS>r h Zmd R>dc AZ≤ Vr gd© JmdmMr AmdS>r Pmcr. ZmH$s-S>mir IwSy>Z ø`mdr

Aer AmdS>r Mmcy cmJcr H$s, oV¿`m Q>mMImcr IS>m H$a©H$Z \w$Q>V hmVm. Vr VmÈ`mZß _mhacr

hmVr. EIm⁄m amZdcrgmaIm AmdS>rcm ]ha Amcm hmVm. oV¿`m JmË`m JmcmdaM hgy H$YrM

153

_mdiV ZÏhV. Vr KamV hgcr H$s VmÀ`mcm aÀZ CYiÎ`mMm ^mg hmB©. VÏhm VmÀ`m]m ghO[U

ÂhUVm, ""Hw$arZß [°gm [arZß, [U AmdS>rcm gmOßgmM Zdam emYrZ. oViâ CUß Agccm Zdam

_cm [adS>Uma Zmhr.'' ([•.24)

AmdS>r chmZ hmVr VÏhm Vr emim oeH$V hmVr. oeH$V oeH$V _mR>r hmV hmVr. Vr Mm°Xm

dfm©Mr Pmcr AmoU EH$ oXder VmÀ`m]m ÂhUmcm - ""AmdSy>, VwPß ocdUß [mQ>m[waVß Pmcß, VdT>ß

[waß. Am_mÒZr H$m _m_cXma h˛ mMß hm` ?'' ([•. 24)

Aem‡H$ma Am[Î`m cmS>∑`m cH$sM JmS> H$m°VwH$ H$arV oVMr emim ]ßX H$cr AmoU

]maJmd¿`m ^JdßVamd [mQ>cm¿`m XI`m _wcm]am]a (CŒm_) cæmMm ]ma CS>dyZ oXcm. AmfmT>

_oh›`mV AmdS>r _mhar Amcr AmoU AmB©¿`m J˘`mV [Sy>Z ÂhUmcr, "_cm \$gdcß, _m¬`m [Xar

_•À y ]mßYcm.' ([•. 46) Am[cr gd© hoH$H$V AmB©]m[m¿`m H$mZmda KmVcr. m ‡H$aUm_wi ]Ê`m]mB©

(AmB©) aSy> cmJcr. VmÀ`m]mcm Y∑H$m ]gcm. Am[Î`m _wcmZ ZmJyZ h H$maÒWmZ H$c mMm À`mcm

amJ Amcm. AmoU Vm cmMma hmdyZ oVcm ÂhUVm, ""]mi AmdS>, Zer]r h˛Vß, V KS>cß. AmVm aSy>Z

H$m` h˛Zma ? ^mßS> ]XcVm Vß, [U Zdam ]XcVm V ›hm` AmoU _wcrMm O›_ oZamim AgVm.

oVcm oXÎ`m Kar, ›hm` Va Ï`mÎ`m KarM _cß [mÒ. oVcm _a`mgmR>r oVgar OmJmM ZgVr.''

([•. 46, 47) Aer AmdS>rMr g_OyV H$mT>Vm. oVcm Yra XVm. `mVyZ VmÀ`m]mMm AmXe©dmX,

]m[mMr _m`m Ò[ÓQ> hmV. Am[Î`m [mR>¿`m ^mdmZ Am[cm KmV H$cm. gªIm ^mD$ d°ar Pmcm,

ÂhUyZ Vr ^mdmda oMS>V d d°VmJyZ ZmJycm ÂhUO, ""Vy Am[Î`m hmVmZß _m¬`m Am wÓ`mcm MyS>

cmdcrg ! Xd Vw¬`m Kam`mcm H$mS>r cmdrc !'' ([•. 47) hr AmdS>rMr ‡oVkm hmVr. Vr oVZ Iar H$cr.

"AmdS>r' m H$mXß]arMm odMma H$cm Va YZmOr am_mer hm EH$ Zm_mßoH$V [ohcdmZ aßJÍ$[mZ

XIUm JS>r hmVm. [U AmdS>r¿`m aßJÍ$[mcm, gm¢X`m©cm [mhˇZ Vm dS>m Pmcm hmVm. â[ya CßMr,

o[iXma eara, VmM agaerV Mham, hmVr cIcIrV Hw$ËhmS>, AgUmË`m YZmOrcm [mhˇZ AmdS>rhr

À`m¿`m ‡_mV [S>V. À`m¿`mda Ord Q>mH$V. AmoU \$\$a Umam Zdam gmSy>Z YZmOr am_mÌ`m¿`m

KamV oeaV. `m ‡H$aUm_wi am_mer-[mQ>rc Kam`mV gßKfm©Mr oR>UJr [S>V.

`m H$mXß]arVrc AmdS>r emßV, ‡mßOi AmoU AÎcS> Amh. H$maU KaßXmO Zdam gmSy>Z Vr

am_mÌ`m¿`m Kar amhmV. À`m¿`m Kar gwImZ ZmßXV. [U YZmOrMr oVcm ^rVr dmQ>V. _mham¿`m

AmR>dUrZ Xw:Ir hmV. _mhamM gwI, _m`m, __Vm `m[mgyZ Vr XwamdV. "_mPß _mha _cm AßVacß'

154

([•.63) ÂhUyZ Vr PwaV hmVr. YZmOr Odi _am`Mß, [U _mha H$gß OmS>m`Mß `mMr oVcm gmaIr

]mMUr cmJcr hmVr. AmB©]m[mMr AmR>dU Pmcr H$s \w$cmgmaIr AgUmar AmdS>r H$m_OyZ,

H$a[yZ OmB©. AmB©Mm Kmg, ]m[mM cmS>, _mhaMm JmS>dm, Vmß]S>r _mVr, _mimdarc MßXar Hw$giß,

H$m°cmÍ$ Ka, ^m[˘`mMm dc, AmT>ÁmH$mR>mdarc Omß imM PmS>, _˘`mVrc odhra `m gd© JmÓQ>r

AmdS>r¿`m S>m `mß[wT> C‰`m amhVmV. À`m_wi oVcm Iy[ dmB©Q> dmQ>. BVH$s AmdS>rcm _mham]‘c

AmÒWm hmVr. ÂhUyZ Va Vr ÂhUV -

""_r H$m` [m[ H$cß ? _mPß _mha _cm AßVacß, ZmJyZß H$[Q> H$cß, _r Hw$UmMm hmV YÍ$Z

OmB©Z, ÂhUyZ À`mZß _cm wVm¿`m [Xar ]mßYcß ? ÂhUyZ _r dmH$S>Ám _mJm©Zß Jc AmoU _cm _mPß

_mha AßVacß, Xwamdcß. Xdm, ¡`m cH$scm _mha Zmhr, Vr cH$ H$gcr, AmoU ¡`m _mhar cH$ Zmhr,

V _mha H$gcß ? _cm _mha Amh. _cm _mhar OmD$ X, AmB©cm [mhˇ X.'' ([•.63)

AmdS>rMm _mhamgmR>r Ord dS>mo[gm Pmcm hmVm. H$mUÀ`mhr ÒÃrcm _mhamMr AmT> AgV.

À`mcm AmdS>r A[dmX Zmhr. AmdS>rcm ]mimMr Mmhˇc cmJÎ`mZ AmZßX dmQ>Vm. [aßVw "_r Hw$UmMr

AmB© hmUma' `m odMmamZ oVM S>mH$ o\$aV. _m¬`m ]mimcm AmOmi Hw$R>cß ? ]mimH$S> [mhˇZ Var

_mham¿`m _mUgmßMm amJ emßV hmB©c, V _cm j_m H$aVrc. Pmcß Jcß odgÍ$Z OmVrc. m odMmamZ

oV¿`m _ZmMm [mcm[mMmim Pmcm. `m gdm™Z Vr AßV_w©I hmV. À`mVyZ oVMm ‡m_moUH$[Um, Jmß r ©

Ò[ÓQ> hmV.

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hmVr. "_cr, XwÓQ>r ! gai ZmßXcr AgVr, Va ]aß Pmcß AgVß.A]w gcm_V amohcr AgVr. AmVm

À`m am_mÌ`mMß Ka oZKyZ JamXa amohcr, À`mEdOr CŒm_Mß amhˇZ cdH$aM dmS>ÁmV ]mi Iicß

AgVß. Am[U ZmVdßS>mMß Vm|S> [mohcß AgVß.' ([•. 66) Ag oXdg^a ]S>]S>V Ag. Va H$Yr

dmS>ÁmV UmË`m _mUgmcm Mhm XdyZ _ZmVrc _i_i À`m¿`m[wT> AmH$V Ag.

^JdßVamdmMr AmdS>r¿`m dmJ`mZ Pm[M CS>mcr hmVr. AmdS>rZß Am[cr, Kam`mMr,

]A]y H$cr, AmdS>rcm _wcJm PmÎ`mMr ]mV_r g_OVmM ^JdßVamd AmoU ZmJy W`W` ZmMy

cmJc. ZmJyZ Va A›Z[mUr Q>mH$c. XmT>r amIyZ "Kam`mcm cmJccm hm H$cßH$ _r a∑VmZßM YwdyZ

H$mT>rZ, VaM Mm°KwÎ`mMr AdcmX' Ag ÂhUyZ Vm AmaS>mAmaS> H$Í$ cmJcm. oZImË`mgmaIm

155

_ZmV \w$cy cmJcm. "h A[_moZV oOUß _r OJUma Zmhr. _r dmQ>c V H$arZ. amÃr OmdyZ YZmOrMß

S>mHß$ _marZ. am_mÌ`mßMr Kaß EH$m AmirV OmirZß.' ([•.67) Agm À`mZ oZÌM` H$cm.

ZmJycm Am[Î`m ]ohUr]‘c ‡_, Am[wcH$s hmVr. Ver AmdS>r¿`m Í$[mMr À`mcm H$miOr

hmVr. YZmOr am_mer VmßXwidmS>r¿`m OÃV AmoU ]maJmd¿`m OÃV oVcm Q>Î`m[mgyZ Vm gmdY

Pmcm hmVm. ÂhUyZ Va À`mZ ]maJmd¿`m CŒm_ [mQ>cmer ÂhUOM \$\$a UmË`m _wcmer cæmMm

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am_mÌ`mß¿`m KamV amohÎ`m_wi À`mZ gmaOm ]ohUr¿`m _XVrZ AmdS>rMm IyZ H$cm. AIa À`mcm

À`mMm [ÌMmVm[ Pmcm. mM Vm AmÀ_[arjU H$aVm, ""AmdS>, _cm j_m H$a, _r MwH$cm. _r VwPm

IyZ H$cm. À`m_wi _mPm ^ ßH$a N>i Pmcm Amh. _r Mm°Xm df VwÍß$J ^mJcm. _cm AmB©-]m[mZß

oPS>H$macß, _r [m[r Amh. _cm j_m H$Í$Z [XamV K. _r hr Hw$ËhmS> Hw$Umdahr Mmcdy eH$V Zmhr.

_r Hw$UmMm IyZ H$Í$ eH$V Zmhr. AmVm _cm _w∑Vr X. _r [w›hm Agcß _hm[m[ H$aUma Zmhr...

AmdS> _cm j_m H$a. j_m H$a....' ([•.106)

ZmJy Mm°Kwcm Vgm ‡m_moUH$ hmVm. À`mZ H$Yr _`m©Xm AmcmßS>`mMm ‡`ÀZ H$cm Zmhr.

CXm. VwÍß$JmVrc AoYH$mË`mßer, H°$⁄mßer Vm MmßJcm dmJVm. cIy ]mam[Q>mer Jfl[m H$aVm. [U

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AmdS>rMm IyZ PmÎ`mda YZmOr am_mer dS>m Pmcm. Vm _ZmZ IMcm. "ZmJycm \$mer

Pmcr Zmhr, Va _r À`mcm R>ma _maUma', Ag ÂhUyZ cwJS>ß, MmirMß ]mMHß$ H$mIV KdyZ o\$aV Ag.

"_r ZmJycm _marZ. À`m¿`m a∑VmMß qe[Uß H$arZ. À`mMr _mZ VmS>rZß, VaM _m¬`m AmdS>rMm AmÀ_m

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Vm gwS>mcm [Q>cm hmVm AmoU EH$ oXdg ZmJyMm À`mZ IyZ H$cm. Vmhr Jcm; [U "AmdS>r' Aer

_maccr Amamir A_a Pmcr.

YZmOrM AmdS>rda _Zm[mgyZ ‡_ hmV, "‡_ H$amdß Va Agß, d°a H$amdß Va Agß AmoU

_amdß, Va Varhr Agß.' ([•.106) "AmdS>r _cr, [U Vr Zmd H$Í$Z _cr. Y›` Vr AmdS>r.''

([•.107)

156

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dmJÎ`mg, VgM _mUgmZ AdmÒVd AhßH$ma YaÎ`mg H$em ‡H$ma¿`m H$R>rU [napÒWVrcm gm_ma

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hmV, h À`mßZr gmßoJVc Amh. ‡À H$ H$mXß]ar ‡W_Xe©Zr aßOZ‡YmZ dmQ>V Agcr Var À`mVyZ

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H$c Amh. `mMm AZw d "AmdS>r'VyZ Vm.''21

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emY KUmar R>aV.''22

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[mh`mgmaIr AmhV.

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C‰`m Amam_ H$arV hmVr. EImXß JmT>dß _‹ M VrZ Vmc wßHy$Z JmdmMr ZrO_mS> H$arV hmVß.''

([•.17)

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([•. 32)

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157

AmS> Pmcß. oVMr A_a Amem, ]mimdaMr A[ma _m`m, YZmOrdaMr AcmQ> ‡rVr h gd© YaUr_mVZß

[mQ>mV KVcß. H$mOim¿`m dS>rgmaª`m YaUrZß ae_mgmaª`m _mVrMß À`m gwßXa AmdS>rda [mßKÈU

KmVcß AmoU À`mImcr Vr PwßOma AmdS>r H$m`_Mr oZ–m Kdy cmJcr. oMa-oZ–m Kdy cmJcr.''

([•.80, 81)

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ÂhUmcm, "VmH$mcm Om`Mß oZ _mKm XS>dm`Mm' ([•.37) h AmÂhmcm V Zmhr. qH$dm

AmdS>r YZmOr am_mÌ`m¿`m KamV oeaÎ`mZ VmßXwidmS>rMr [napÒWVr dmB©Q> Pmcr. Va

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odMma H$amdm AmoU "OimV ËhmD$Z _memer d°a H$Í$ Z .' ([•.56) Ag ^JdßVamd [mQ>rc

ÂhUVmV.

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AUm ^mD$ gmR> `mß¿`m "AmdS>r' `m H$mXß]arZßVa eßH$a [mQrc `mß¿`m "Q>ma\w$cm'

(1964) `m H$mXß]arMm odMma H$aU ‡ÒVwV Amh.

"Q>ma\w$cm' hr eßH$a [mQ>cmßMr 1964 gmcr ‡H$moeV Pmccr H$mXß]ar AgyZ Vr VrZ

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158

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Hw$aKmS>r H$aVmV. "Jm`H$dmS> Kam`mVrc XŒmH$ Pmcm [mohO, Zmhr Va Ii Pmcm ÂhUyZ g_Om.'

Ag Am]m Hw$cH$Uucm o[Ë`m gmßJVm. Am]m Òd^mdmZ Jar] AgÎ`mZ [napÒWVr ]Xcy eH$V

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Agm BMma hm`.' ([•. 12) À`m_wi m ‡H$aUmcm OmÒV \$mQ> \w$Q>VmV AmoU À`m_‹ Am]m Hw$cH$UuMm

H$Îcm]m¿`m ]ZmV IyZ hmVm. AmoU JmdmV gŒmmgßKfm©g ‡maß hmVm. W H$mXß]arMm [ohcm ^mJ

gß[Vm.

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... H$m ‰`m`Mß EdT>ß ?' ([•. 132) JmdM hS>_mÒVa hm ‡H$ma [mhˇZ Mw[Mm[ ]gVmV. AmVm H$m`

hmB©c V [hmV ]gmd. "Zdr odQ>r Zdß am¡`, Vrc Vm oXdg ]KV am¯Mß.' ([•.143) Xwga H$m` ?

_ßJidmaMr amÃ gß[cr. ]wYdmar XmXm [mQ>rc Am[Î`m gm_mZgw_mZ, JmVmd˘`mgh JmdmV hOa

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159

m `mM MmdS>rg_ma S>mi \$mS>c, amD$ZmZmMm IyZ Pmcm. ]|Xam¿`m gUmcm Hwß$^mamZ KamKar _mVrM

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165

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H$mXß]ar Amh.

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H$mH$Ur ]mcr^mfm d À`mVyZ Ï`∑V hmUma OmVr` d Ymo_©H$ d°_ZÒ` ‡H$Q> H$c Amh.''26

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gw_Vrer JmS> ]mcV. _mÃ Am[Î`m XramZ gw_Vr¿`m ZmXr cmJy Z ÂhUyZ Vr ÂhUV, ""Vw_r gmdY

Ëhm, oV¿`m Kar OmV OmD$ ZH$m, EH$Xm KamV V_mem P`cm hmVm Âhm V Amh Zm ? [w›hm Vgcm

Ïhm m ZH$m.'' ([•. 58)

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166

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gß mJm¿`m À`m jUm[mgyZ gw_Vr ]Xccr. Am[Î`m oejH$m[wT> XrZ, cmMma ]ZyZ amohcr hmVr.

Zm`H$ oV¿`modf`r Am[wcH$s Ï`∑V H$aVmV ÂhUVmV - ""gw_Vr¿`m AmÀ_oZdXZmMm _m¬`m _Zmda

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oVcm Vg gmßJmd`mM mZ _cm amohc ZÏhV....' ([•. 58)

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167

H$m` Pmcß Var ZmßXUma Zm`' Ag ÂhUUmar [U H$mÌ`m¿`m ZdË`m¿`m _mam[wT> hV]c hmUmar

c˙_r EH$ Z_wZmM Amh.

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Xe©Z KS>V.

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Img dJi[U Amh. CXmhaUmW©,

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"odlmßVr ø`m`cm ÂhUyZ JmdMr AmR>dU Pmcr H$m`.' ([•. 27)

"_r H$mQ>m©V OmB©Z, H$g H$arZ. gmÎ`mß¿`m _wg∑`m ]mßYrZ.' ([•. 47)

"Aaß, _mßg Imdm AZ≤ hmSy>H$ \$Hy$Z ⁄mdr, Vr Egm JÎ`mßV KmcyZ o\$adm`Mm H$emcm?'

([•.82)

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168

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em c Aem ^mfV AmhV. CXmhaUmW©,

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""Vy A`cmg hr IamßMß dmQ>V Zm` - JmdmV H$icmß Va cmH$ MoH$V hmVrc.''

"À`mV H$m` MH$sV hm mMmß ? À`mßZm _mPr `mX ]r Zgc.'

"dm ! Egm Hw$R>ß P`cmß ? V VwPm \$mQy> ]JVmV.' ([•. 8)

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Zm`. [U XyZ`m ]K H°$er ]Xccr hm .'

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"H$m` ÂhZVmg ?'

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Vw_¿`mhˇZ Âhma JÎ`mMmß VwÂhmcm dmQ>c ?' ([•. 28)

c˙_rMm Zdam oVcm Z`mgmR>r Vm VÏhm c˙_r AmoU oV¿`m ]m[mMm gßdmX -

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H$m OmdMm OmM hm ? H$m ? hm` Var H$m` ?'

"H$maZ Zm` oZ H$m_ Zm` ! _Zm Vw_¿`m gßJß gßgmaM H$am`M Zm`.'

"Am ? Agmß ]mcVr`mg ?' - ([•. 73)

]m[m¿`m gmjrZ KS>Umam hm H$mÌ`m-c˙_rMm gßdmX À`mß¿`mVrc odgßdmX oH$Vr Q>mH$mcm

169

Jcm Amh `mM Xe©Z KS>dVm.

VgM "BßYZ' _‹ oZgJm©Mr ododY Í$[ AmT>iVmV. CXmhaUmW©,

""oXdmir Amcr. AmH$memVrc T>JmßMr q[OU AmVm Zmhrer Pmcr. cmdUr AmQ>m[cr..

VimVrc ^mVmMr eV AmgmS> ]Zcr. doeÓQ>rM [mdgmZ JmS> Pmcc [mUr [w›hm _Myi ]Zc.

Ima Pmc.'' ([•. 11)

""EH$ oXdg \$ma ‡MßS> CYmU Amc, H$mR>mdarc ]mßYmßZm AmdaZmg Pmc, [mUr g°amd°am

eVmV Kwgc. ]mßYmdaÎ`m _mUgmßMr [im[i Pmcr. [m`m¿`m cm|T>ÁmH$S> Vr Aghm`[U [mhV

Xya C^r amohcr, AYm©AoYH$ Vi ImË`m [m`mZ ZmgdyZM [mUr AmgÍ$ cmJc.'' ([•. 24)

""gy m©Mm o\$H$Q> Jmim AÀ ßV gmdH$me [yd© ojoVOmda dyZ C^m amohcm. dada MTy>

cmJcm AmoU VflV ]Zcm. À`mZ YnaÃrcm o\$H$[U cm^c. C›hm¿`m [ÍaVMr A\y$ JwßJr AmUy

cmJcr. _J Vm da, AJXr da S>m∑`mda D$Z C^m amohcm AmoU VgmM XwgË`m oXeZ Imcr CVÍ$

cmJcm. Zh_rgmaIr YwirMr ami CS>odcr AmoU dmË`mZ CVaÀ`m C›hm¿`m [m ßS>Ámda Am[cm

h°Xmg KmVcm.'' ([•. 117)

darc VrZhr CVmË`mßVyZ _mUyg AmoU oZgJ© `mß¿`mVrc ZmV AYmaoIV Pmcc Amh.

oZgJ© hm W _mUgmcm Jar], [maH$ Aghm` ]ZdVm, hmM ^md W ‡H$Q> hmVm.

"BßYZ' Mr ^mfme°cr AÀ ßV ‡dmhr Amh. CXmhaUmW©,

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Hw$Qw>ß]mMmß ?' ([•. 10)

"Vy Z_mO [T>V Zmhrg, _J VwPm [ßW Hw$R>cm ?' ([•. 68)

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"BßYZ' `m H$mXß]arVyZ "Om H$ac Vm âc' ([•. 84) Aem H$mhr ÂhUtMm dm[a H$ccm

oXgyZ Vm.

darc gd© oddMZmdÍ$Z Ag dmQ>V H$s, cIH$mZ dmÒVddmXr g_mOmM Xe©Z KS>odc

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170

OmVr` XßJcr_wi _hmc˙_r [mcIr¿`m hÎÎ`mV AZH$ pÒÃ`mßMr cwQ>ccr A]y, _mÒVaZ Am[Î`mM

od⁄moW©Zrcm Ï`o^Mmamg ‡d•Œm H$aU, AZ°oVH$ gß]ßY R>dU BÀ`mXr KQ>Zm ‡gßJmßda gm_moOH$

]mßoYcH$s¿`m ZmÀ`mVyZ ‡H$me Q>mH$cm Amh. H$maU m gd© KQ>Zm \$∑V H$mH$UmVrc IS>ÁmV KS>VmV

Ag Zmhr; Va _hmamÓQ≠>mVrc H$mUÀ`mhr IS>ÁmV Aem KQ>Zm amOamg[U KS>VmV. AmoU `mMr

H$mUmcmhr IßV Zmhr.

`m gßX^m©V mcMß– Z_mS> "Q>rH$m Òd ßda' m JßWmV ÂhUVmV, ""BßYZ hr EH$ CÀH•$ÓQ> H$mXß]ar

Amh. [mQ>g_yh AmoU [mQ>gßÒH•$Vr ¯mß¿`m_YÎ`m gr_mafm Am[Î`m g_mOmV oH$Vr JS>X AmhV.

h Aem \$ma WmS>Ám H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ Ò[ÓQ> H$c Amh.''27

gmamße, `m H$mXß]arVyZ g_mOOrdZmM gy _ oZarjU, H$m°Qw>ßo]H$ ZmÀ`mVrc ododY [XamßM

H$cmÀ_H$ Xe©Z, emofVmß¿`m Xw:ImgßX^m©Vrc Òdm^modH$ oOÏhmim, Jmß r © h gm_moOH$ ]mßoYcH$sM

KQ>H$ Ò[ÓQ> hmVmV.

h_rX XcdmB© mß¿`m "BßYZ' m H$mXß]arZßVa d. h. o[Q>H$ mß¿`m "oeXmar' (1969) `m


"oeXmar' hr d. h. o[Q>H$ `mßMr 1969 gmcr ‡H$moeV Pmccr H$mXß]ar Amh.

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Amh. `m H$mXß]arMm Zm`H$ dmgy ‡ wU gmVmam oOÎ¯mVrc EH$m IS>ÁmVrc ]´m˜U Hw$Qw>ß]mVrc

_wcJm Amh. Vm ]mc[Um[mgyZM h˛ema Amh. _∞oQ≠>H$¿`m [arjV MmßJc _m∑g© [S>Î`mZ H$m∞cO

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171

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cmdcm.' ([•.6) Var dmgwZ BVamß‡_mU (qeÃ, Hw$cH$Uu, [mZga BÀ`mXr) H$m_mV Q>mimQ>mi H$cr

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172

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Q>mH$m. À`mgmR>r hdr Va _ohZm^a aOm ⁄m`cm gmßJVm ]Ï`m™Zm.'' ([•. 157)

[aßVw dmgwcm em m ‡H$aUmMm AmKmV ghZ hmV Zmhr. À`m_wi XmXmgmh]mßMm gÎcm Vm

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173

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dmQ>Vß.' ([•. 90)

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([•.146)

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Eg. S>r. BZm_Xmamß¿`m _V, ""d. h. o[Q>H$ `mßMr "oeXmar' hr EH$ AoVe` gmYr d gai

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gm[Sy>Z Vr gmS>U, Aem AmoX-AßVm¿`m AmH$mamV g]ßY H$mXß]ar C^r Amh.''30

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g_mOF$U \$S>`mMr d•Œmr `m gm_moOH$ ]mßoYcH$s¿`m KQ>H$mßMm ‡À`` Vm.

d. h. o[Q>H|$¿`m "oeXmar' `m H$mXß]arZßVa ]m]wamd ]mJyc `mß¿`m "gyS>' (1979) `m


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175

AÀ`mMmamcm ]ir [S>Î`m_wi [wÈfOmVr]‘c oV¿`m _ZmV MrS> oZ_m©U hmV, H$s Am[U ÒÃr

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Amh. AmoU h gß]ßY H$g Agm`cm hdV, H$g hmdy eH$Vrc h oMoÃV H$c Amh.''31

"gyS>' `m H$mXß]arM AdcmH$Z H$c Va OmZH$s hr JßJy _wairMr cH$ AgyZ _wair¿`m

[marcm H$gcr A]y. _wairM ZH$m Agcc OrdZ, oV¿`mda OJmZ oZX© [U cmXc AgyZ JßJw¿`m

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]H$ar odH$mdr Ver ZmòH$Urcm odH$cr.' ([•. 14)

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176

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Ord XB©Z._cm oh_mc`mV KdyZ Mcm.'' ([•.23)

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`m gm_moOH$ ]mßoYcH$s¿`m KQ>H$mßMm ‡À`` Vm.

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177

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Aer XmZdmgmaIr H$m dmJVmV ?'' 32

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Pmcr Amh.''33

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H$hmUr ÂhUO "gyS>' hr H$mXß]ar ! XocV OrdZmVrc ^`mdh OrdKU dmÒVd ]mJwcmßZr Am[Î`m

H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ ‡H$Q> H$c Amh.''34

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178

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À`m—ÓQ>rZ "gyS>' _hŒdmMr dmQ>V.''35

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H$cr Agc.''37

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Jc. doS>cmßZm ]´m˜U AgÎ`mMm Ao^_mZ Va Zm`H$mcm ]mc[Um[mgyZ X^mdm]‘c oVQ>H$mam

179

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À`mcm ZH$m AmhV. "_r H$mU' hm ‡ÌZ À`mcm gVmdVm. ‡oVpÓR>V AmoU gwgß[›Z hmdyZhr Vm ]M°Z

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VŒdkmZ gmßJyZ OmVmV. Ag `m H$mXß]arM Ame`gyÃ Amh.

`m H$mXß]arVyZ _wª`V: OrdZodf`H$ —pÓQ>H$mZ, emc OrdZmVrc AmR>dUr, OmoV XmMr

H$Î[Zm, (]´m˜U, _amR>m, oºÌMZ, JwOamWr AmoU BVa OmVr) `mß¿`mVrc ]´m˜U OmVrM Xw:I,

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JmÓQ>tM oMÃU Amcc Amh.

"EH$m Ò[•Ì`mMr S>m`ar' `m H$mXß]arMm Zm`H$ hm ]´m˜U g_mOmVrc Agcm Var Vm

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YwD$Z am_ajm ÂhUm`Mr.' ([•.36) hm oZÀ`mMm [na[mR> AgÎ`mZ JUy oZ_yQ>[U oZKyZ OmB©. OÏhm

EH$ oXdg doS>cmßZm Zm`H$mZ ÂhQ>c, "]m]m, JUycm hr oeH$dm Zm @ am_ajm, À`mcm H$m Zmhr ÂhUy

XV am_ajm ?' ([•. 37) `m ‡gßJr doS>cmßZr MmßJcm g_mMma KVcm AmoU ÂhUmc, "H$mQ>Ám©@,

]´m˜Um¿`m KamV O›_cmg, AZ≤ gßJV H$aVmg _m˘`m-Hwß$^mamMr. JYS>Ám @, Om _J C⁄m[mgyZ

JmT>dmMr crX Jmim H$am`cm.' ([•. 37) qH$dm Am_¿`m Kar AmcÎ`m AmOr]mB©Z odMmac,

"]miß, Vy H$mU ?' VÏhm _r VmË`mZß gmßoJVc, "ZÏ`m _ZwVrc ZÏ`m X_mMm eya oe[mB© _r Amh.'

([•.2) AmOr]mB© oZKyZ JÎ`mda doS>cmßZr _mPm H$mZ YÍ$Z "ham_Ima ! Vwcm oe[mB©oJar H$am`Mr

Va ]´m˜Um¿`m KamV H$emcm O›_cmg ?', "_yI© cH$mMm.' ([•.3) Ag ÂhUyZ XmZ Vm|S>mV oXÎ`m.

XgË`m¿`m gUmcm OarMr Q>m[r, Zdr M»>r, Zdm gXam AmoU ZÏ`m ]wQ>mMr _mJUr H$cr

180

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H$aVmg? ...^mßMmX ..' ([•. 3) qH$dm

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]mcV. JUycm ÂhUVmV, "R>m|„`m- Vy H$m` H$aUma Amhg oeHy$Z ? edQ>r _mQ>¿`m ZmS>ÁmdaM

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H$mZm-_mÃm VmS>Vmg.' ([•. 39) BVH$s OmoV^XmMr ^mdZm H$S>H$ hmVr. ]´m˜Um¿`m _wcmZ

]´m˜UmgmaIM dmJc [mohO. À`m_wi Zm`H$mcm OmoV Xm¿`m Mm°H$Q>rV OrdZ OJU Ag¯ hmB©.

`m gdm™Mm Vm Jmß r`m©Z odMma H$aVm ,OJ`m _hmamgmaª`m _°cHw$crZ ]´m˜Um¿`m XmamVrc cmH$S>

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Jfl[m JmÓQ>r H$Î`m Va V ]´m˜U g_mOmcm [Q>V Zmhr. ÂhUyZ Va JUy ]´m˜U OmVrodf`r Zm`H$mcm

ÂhUVm, "Vw¬`m ]m[mcm Am_¿`m _˘`mVcr VmOr dmßJr MmcVmV.' "VwPm _m_m amVMm Hw$R>ß OmVm,

Mmß maUrH$S> ?' ([•. 37) Aem‡H$ma JUy]am]a BVa _wchr Ãmg XV. À`m_wi emiVhr EH$cH$m|S>Ám

OrdZmMm oVQ>H$mam dmQ>. AmoU Am[Î`mM ^aÎ`m KamV [a∑`mgmaI amhmd cmJ. Mmhm]mOwßZr

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H$s, ]´m˜UmMm [ma ]mQ>cm Va À`mcm Jm_wÃmMr AmßKmi KmcVmV. h À`mß¿`m AmMma-Y_m©M gyÃ

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g_mZ AmhV, ‡ wMr cH$a AmhV hm odMmaM Am[Î`m _Zmda R>gdV.

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181

H$aVmZm H$m_JmamßM OrdZ À`mZ OdiˇZ [mohc Amh. Vm ÂhUVm, "H$[S>m ImÀ`mV _r EH$Q>mM

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H$s H$m_Jma _m¬`mer ]mcV... dÒVrVÎ`m ^mZJS>r, ^mßS>UVßQ> _cm gmßJm`M... MmirMmitM

dU©Z EH$dm`M.' ([•. 74, 75) H$m_Jmamß¿`m ‡_m[mQ>r Mhm, [md, ]Q>mQ>dS>m o_iy cmJcm.

À`m_wi À`mß¿`m ^mdZcm H$Yr VS>m Omdy oXcm Zmhr. OmV AmoU Y_© AmZßXm¿`m AmS> V Zmhr.

AmZßX _mUgmZ C[^mJm`Mm AgVm. _mUgmer _mUyg ÂhUyZ ZmV OmS>c [mohO. Agm Zm`H$mMm

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cIH$ "Zmhr a' Mr ]mOy CMcyZ YaUmam Amh, h Ò[ÓQ> H$aUmar Amh.

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oOÏhm˘`m¿`m ZmVgß]ßYmVyZ H$m_Jma]ßYy ÂhUy cmJc,

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ZgVß oejU ... VwÂhr ho[ga Ïhm`cm [mohO ... VwÂhr oeH$m`cm hdß _mÒVa ... Iy[ oeH$m`cm

hdß.' ([•. 92, 93)

BVH$ H$m_JmamßM AZßV C[H$ma AmhV. Zmhr Va _r oeHy$ Z Aer ]m[mMr B¿N>m hmVr.

eOmar-[mOmar AgUmË`m ]´m˜UmßZr gm‹`m e„XmßZr H$Yr odMma[yg H$cr Zmhr. gmh]mßgmaIm

Xd_mUyg, H$m_JmamßM ]ßYygmaI ‡_ hm À`mß¿`m _ZmMm oH$Vr _mR>[Um Amh. `m gd© JmÓQ>tVrc

Jmß r © Zm`H$mcm OmUdV.

182

"EH$m Ò[•Ì`mMr S>màr'Vrc Zm`H$m¿`m AßJr g_mOF$U \$S>`mMr Òdm^modH$ d•Œmr Amh.

CXmhaUmW©, H$m[S>ImÀ`mVrc EH$m _mcdUr H$Q>cyH$amMm jàmJmZ _•À y Pmcm. VÏhm À`m¿`m

‡Vmcm Zm`H$mZ ImßXm oXcm. [w`H$_© ÂhUyZ Am[Î`m Jmdr OmUmË`m _mUgm]am]a Mma [mdcß

Om`cm [mohO, Ag Zm`H$mM _V hmV.

Jm. _. Hw$cH$Uu `mß¿`m _V, ""gXm H$ËhmS> `mß¿`m "EH$m Ò[•Ì`mMr S>màr' `m cIZmcm

Vg ‡À`j S>màrM Í$[ cm^cc Zgc Var "S>màr'VyZ _mUyg Og Am[c AßVaßJ _mH$i[UmZ

Ï`∑V H$aVm, Aer gmYmaU A[jm AgV, Vg _mH$i[UmZ H$cc h AmR>dUrdOm oZdXZ Amh.

[aßVw erf©H$mVrc "Ò[•Ì`mMr' ¯m e„XmZ _Z eßH$mHw$c hmV. Ò[•Ì`mÒ[•Ì`mß¿`m gßX^m©Vrc EIm⁄m

_V‡Umcr¿`m ohararZ Va h cIZ ‡naV Pmcc Zmhr Zm ?''38 V [wT> ÂhUVmV, ""S>màr¿`m

A[èmMm EH$ ^mJ ÂhUO Vr ‡VrH$mÀ_H$ dmQ>V. g‹`m XocV g_mO Am[Î`mda hmUmË`m

A›`m`mMr JmËhmUr oR>H$oR>H$mUr _mßS>VmZm oXgVm. À`mßZm OUy CŒma ÂhUyZ, ]´m˜U AgyZhr

Xmna–`m_wi Am[Î`mda H$g Am wÓ`â A›`m` hmV Amc `mMr "S>màr' ÂhUO EH$ H°$o\$`VM

Pmcr Amh. "S>màr'Mr hr d°MmnaH$ yo_H$m ghO [Q>`mOmJr Amh Iar. [U oVZ "S>màr'VÎ`m

cIZmcm AZw^dÍ$[ Kdy oXc Zmhr. H$maU cIH$mM cj "A›`m`mMm CJ_ Xmna– AgyZ

OmoVÏ`dÒWm Zmhr', h og’ H$a`mda H|$o–V Pmcc Amh. gma KQ>Zm-‡gßJhr À`m¿`m hmVr C[H$aU

Pmcr AmhV.''39

Ag Agc Var `m H$mXß]arVyZ Jmß r ©, CÀH$Q> gm_moOH$ OmUrd, AmXe©dmX, Òdl mMm

emY AmoU BVamßM ha[c l ‡mflV H$a`mMr d•Œmr, g_OmF$U \$S>`mMr Òdm^modH$ d•Œmr,

‡oV]’Vm, ‡oVkm h gm_moOH$ ]mßoYcH$sM KQ>H$ AmT>iVmV.

gXm H$ËhmS> mß¿`m "EH$m Ò[•Ì`mMr S>màr' m H$mXß]arZßVa AmZßX mXd mß¿`m "JmVmdim'


JmVmdim ÂhUO AmYwoZH$ ßÃ[’Vr dy KmVÎ`mda hOmam dfm©[mgyZ MmcV AmgcÎ`m

H•$frgßÒH•$VrVrc Am[wcH$s, oOÏhmim, [ew[jr AmoU _mZdr OrdZ H$g c`mcm OmV `mM CÀH•$ÓQ>

oMÃU H$aUmar H$mXß]ar Amh. `m H$mXß]arVyZ AmZßX `mXdmßZr eVmV H$m_ H$aUmË`m gmcJS>ÁmMr

ÂhUO Zma]m¿`m OrdZmMr AmÀ_H$Wm Ò[ÓQ> H$cr Amh. Zma]mgmaª`m _Owamcm KaXma, AmB©-

]m[ Zmhr. [maH$m Pmccm Zma]m am_y gmZmdS>¿`m _˘`mV H$m_mgmR>r gmcJS>r ÂhUyZ amhˇ cmJVm.

183

À`m_wi _˘`mV AgUmar JwaT>ma, AmßYim KmS>m, ]°c, Jm`, ZmÂ`m, dmø`m, gm›`m, Mm`m, [mßS>Ám,

Mß[r Hw$Ãr, Xdmcm gmS>ccm H$m|]S>m, XmZ aS> `moedm` oH$S>, _wßΩ`m, Imar, IH$S>, H$mgd, Kmar,

oJYmS>, dmZa, H$mÎhm BÀ`mXr JmVmd˘`mMr Vm gd© H$m_ H$arV Ag. eVmVrc OZmdamß]am]a Vmhr

EH$ OZmda hmdyZ OmVm. [aßVw Zma]m Am[cr _mUwgH$s odgÍ$ eH$V Zmhr. _mÃ _mcH$m¿`m —ÓQ>rZ

Vm eVmV am]Umam EH$ ]°cM Amh. Am[Î`m _wcrgmR>r [mS>m ]Km`cm JmdmJmdr qhS>UmË`m

_mcH$mcm Zma]m¿`m cæmMm odMmagw’m _ZmV V Zmhr. À`m_wi Zma]mcm EH$mH$s OrdZmMm

Hß$Q>mim Amccm Amh. Zma]mZ oZ_m©U H$cc h odÌd ßÃgßÒH•$Vr¿`m AmJ_Zm_wi ZÓQ> hmV OmV.

eVmV H$m_ H$aUmË`m ]°cmßZm gmdcr XUmË`m JmR>ÁmV Q≠>∞∑Q>aM AmJ_Z PmÎ`mZ JmR>ÁmVrc gd©

OZmda odH$cr OmVmV. ZmÂ`m Hw$Ãm ,Mß[r Hw$Ãr _•À y_wIr [S>VmV. H$m|]S>m H$m[cm OmVm, Âh°g

odH$cr OmV. eVmVrc PmS>, _mimdaMm q[[i VmS>cm OmVm. Aem AZH$ JmÓQ>ter AgUmam

Zma]mMm gß]ßY VwQ>cm OmVm. odefV: Q≠>∞∑Q>aM AmJ_Z PmÎ`mda Zma]mM AmoU S≠>m`ÏhaM [Q>V

Zmhr. VÏhm _mcH$ Zma]mcm ÂhUVm, ""h ]K, gmgdV Zgßc Va VwPr dmQ> Ya.'' ([•.140)

À`m_wi Zma]m Ka gmSy>Z OmVm. Ag H$mXß]arM Ame`gyÃ Amh.

"JmVmdim' `m H$mXß]arMm odMma H$cm Va AmZßX `mXdmßZr H$mÎhm[ya-H$mJc [nagamVrc

EH$m IS>JmdmV gmcJS>r ÂhUyZ H$m_ H$aUmË`m _OwamMr ÂhUOM Zma]mgmaª`m gmcJS>Ám¿`m

OrdZmMr H$er [adS> Pmcr mM oMÃU H$cc Amh. Zma]m hm gmcJS>r Agcm Var H•$fr gßÒH•$Vr,

eVr_im, [ew[jr, oZgJ©, _miamZ BÀ`mXr JmVmd˘`mer À`mM oOÏhm˘`mM ZmV hmV. [U

_mcH$m¿`m JmR>ÁmV Q≠>∞∑Q>aM ÒdmJV PmÎ`m_wi Zma]m _Zm[mgyZ Xw:Ir Amh. _mcH$mM AmoU

À`mM, H$Yr S≠>m`ÏhaM [Q>V ZÏhV. CcQ> S≠>m`Ïha gmßJc Vg Zma]mcm H$amd cmJ$. CXmhaUmW©,

"ZmË`m Q≠>∞∑Q>a [yg a', "ZmË`m Q>Ám∑Q>a¿`m Vm|S>mV [mUr dV', "ZmË`m CR>, ZmË`m ]g', "g_Xß S≠>m`Ïha

ÂhUc Vgß H$am`Mß.' ([•. 141) `m_wi Zma]m d°VmJcm hmVm. qH$dm _mcH$mMm AmoU Zma]mMm

H$m_mgmR>r Pmccm gßKf© _mUwgH$scm em Umam Zmhr. CXm. "h ]K, gmgdV Zgßc Va VwPr Vy dmQ>

Ya, Vy ›hmB© C⁄m Xwgam H$mUVar [mUr [mOm` B©c, [a S≠>m`Ïha EH$Xm Jcm Va [w›Zm À`m emaJmdmVZß

ohVß Hw$Ur [m` YwD$Z [mUr fl`mcm Var Uma ›hmB©... AmoU Ëhm`mMß Agßc Va S≠>m`Ïha gmßJc Vgß

Ëhm`mMß, H$a ÂhUcß V H$am`Mß Vm|S> ]ßX R>dm`Mß... CJßM _cm dmicr aIaI ZJß.. H$gß ?'

([•.140)

184

`m gd© JmÓQ>tMm Zma]m odMma H$aVm. _mUgmcm IaßM _mUwgH$s amohcr Zmhr. Hw$Umcmhr

_mUgm]‘c, OZmdam]‘c ‡_ Zmhr. Am[wcH$s Zmhr. À`m_wi BWß amh`mV H$m` AW© Amh. Zma]m

ÂhUVm, "ohVß AmVm H$mU hm` Am_Mß ? OJ`mgmaIß H$m` Ëhm`c` _mPß ? h˛Vß V g_Xß ÏhJmS>cß,

[m>a _mVrcm OmD$Z o_imcß.... ' ([•. 142) `m odMmamZ Zma]m Xya oZKyZ OmVm.

"JmVmdim' _Yrc Zma]m gmcJS>r Agcm Var Vm EH$ ‡m_moUH$ JS>r Amh. [´mUr_mÃmßda

oOdm[mS> ‡_ H$aUmam Amh. Ia Va À`mMr ‡mUrOrdZmer gm_moOH$ ]mßoYcH$s Amh. CXmhaUmW©,

Hw$VË`mß¿`m ^mßS>UmV - VmdS>rV gm[S>ccr Mß[r, ]|Xam¿`m gUmoXder ]°cmßMr KVccr H$miOr,

gm›`m _hmqcΩ`m ]°cmdarc ‡_, aS>Ámdarc _m`m, _hmqcΩ`m ]°cmMr edQ>[ ™V KVccr H$miOr,

Hw$Ãr¿`m o[ÎcmßZm KmVccm XyY^mH$arMm H$mcm BÀ`mXr ‡gßJmVyZ Zma]mM ‡mUrg•ÓQ>rer oOÏhm˘`mM

ZmV hmV h Ò[ÓQ> hmV. Vm OrdZ AmZßXr hm`mgR>r _XV H$aVm. Òd:l m]am]a BVamß¿`m Xw:ImMm

odMma H$aVm. `mMm ‡À`` Hw$VË`mß¿`m ^mßS>UmV gm[S>ccr Mß[r _YyZ Vm. CXmhaUmW©,

"Hw$VË`mßMr ^mßS>Uß Mmcccr EHy$ Amcr. Amaß, hm @ hm hm @ S>ß ÂhUV VgmM _mimZß

oharH$S>ß [iV Jcm. Hw$Varcm Mmar ]mOyßZr [dmamMr Hw$Ãr [mS>V hmVr. CcQ>ß [mcQ>ß H$aV h˛Vr ...

Mß[r T>[miV CR>cr. AßJmda gemJV a∑VmMß qe[U Pmcß h˛Vß. Or^ gwXrH$ a∑Vmicr hwVr ..

[m`mV [m` AS>H$V Vr _m¬`mH$S>ß Amcr oZ [wS>ÁmV D$Z [S>cr, Ord H$mcrdÎ`mJV Pmcm.

S>mg∑`mMm [Q>H$m H$mT>cm oZ [mQ>mcm ^gH$ [S>cß h˛Vß oVWß \$mSy>Z ]mßYcm. ZaS>ß ImcZß \$mS>cß h˛Vß

À cm ]mßYcß.. Hw$Var AmVm Mmcm` cm]r V`ma ›hdVr. VerM CMcyZ CamgßJß Yacr oZ Im[rH$S>ß

KD$Z Amcm. OI_m YwD$Z oQ>∑H$sMm [mcm ]mßYcm.' ([•. 68) ÂhUOM Hw$Ãr-_mßOa, H$m|]S>Ám,

]°c, eir, Jm`, aS>m, H$mgd BÀ`mXr _w∑`m ‡m`mßda Ordm[mS> ‡_ H$aUmam Zma]m Amh. `mCcQ>

Zma]m¿`m _mcH$mMm Òd^md Amh. _mcH$mcm _mUgm]‘c, [ew[jr, PmS>PwS>[ BÀ`mXt]‘c ‡_

Zmhr. AmÒWm Zmhr. CXm. am_y gmZmdS> Am[Î`m _˘`mVrc _mimda AmT>ÁmH$S>rc, ]mßYmdarc

gd© PmS> VmSy>Z Q>mH$Vm. q[[imM PmS> VmS>`mAJmXa Zma]m _mcH$mcm ÂhUVm,

"_mcH$, q[[i H$emcm VmS>Vm ?'

"R>D$Z Var H$m` \$m`Xm ? Zm \$i Zm \y$c.'

"_mimcm MaUmË`m T>mamßÒZr gmdcr h˛Vr. VdT>rM _mimMr em m.'

185

"hß @ @ ! AmVm m _mi Var Hw$R>ß R>dm`Mm hm` ? [mH$ ZmßJÍ$Z [mdgm˘`mV WmS>ß WmS> [rH$

H$am`Mß ¯mßV.' ([•. 132)

Mß–H$mßV ]mßoXdS>H$a `mgßX^m©V ÂhUVmV H$s, ""Zma]mMr hr H$Wm ÂhUO H•$fr gßÒH•$Vr¿`m

[am^dmMr H$Wm Amh.''40

JmVmd˘`mVrc Zma]m Jar], oZÓ[m[, gai _ZmMm gmcJS>r Amh. ogÀ`m‡_mU Am[chr

cæ Ïhmd Aer À`mMr _Zm[mgyZ B¿N>m Amh. [U _mcH$mH$S> cæmM Zmd H$mT>c H$s, "[wT>¿`m

gmcr Vw¬`m cæmMm ]Ky ! _ZmgmaIr [maJr JmdmV ›hmB© aß...' ([•. 15) `mM Vm AmÀ_[arjU

H$aVm H$s, _mcH$mM Am[Î`m ÒdV:¿`m _wcrM cæ H$Í$Z oXc; [U Am[Î`m cæmMm odMma H$cm

Zmhr. Oar JmdmV amOJmar H$aUmË`m [mar AgÎ`m Var [°gm gwQ>cm [mohO Zm ? H$X_m¿`m JßJrZß

XmZ [mamßda [mQ> cmdyZ KVcm AmoU Am[Î`m AßJmV T>mamJV aJ AgyZhr C[`mJ Zmhr. ÂhUyZ

Zma]m ÂhUVm, ""¯m JmdmV _cm Zm Ka Zm Xma. _˘`mVM Ëhmdß cmJUmaß, [mam]mimßMm _mPm gßgma

_mcH$mcm Hw$R>cm Amcm` [admS> cm ? cJrZ PmÎ`mda _mPr ]m`Hy$, [maß _m¬`mOdi ËhmUma.

_r EH$Q>m am]Uma oZ [mMgm _mUgß ImUma, amZmV _midß CaUma ›hmB©. OimU CaUma ›hmB© H$m

eUr CaUma ›hmB© .... _mcH$mcm h [adS>Uma H$gß ? ... eaS>m-ÂhgamßMr o[Îcmdi AmVm BH$m`

Vr, _mPr [maß]miß H$m _mcH$mcm BH$m` Uma hmB©V ? AmVm _r EH$Q>mM ImVm oZ EH$Q>mM

am]Vm VM À`mcm ]aß hm ß... _r H$m_mMm ]°c, _cm AgmM R>dcm [mohO. Va H$gmMr H$m_ß

h˛Vrc, ]°cm¿`m O›_mMß dmQy>iß Pmcß Var Mmcßc.' ([•.24) ÂhUOM Zma]m¿`m Xw:Imcm [mamdma

Zmhr.

JmVmd˘`mVrc Zma]m Ymo_©H$ d•ŒmrMm Amh. CXm. H$m_m¿`m ZmXmV oXdgmH$S> Vm|S> H$Í$Z

[m`m [S>Vm AmoU ÂhUVm, "gyÏ © Zmam`Um, amO H$m` VwPr AmR>dU h˛B©V ›hmB© ]m]m ... oXg CJdcm.

Amdam. d°amUr Kmcm, eU H$mT>m, _mQ>m Kam. Agß H$m` ]m`....' ([•. 79) qH$dm

]|Xam¿`m gUmoXder "hQ>Hy$Z H$m|]S>m ]Kmdm. MmßJcß AgVß... [mS>Ï`m oXer ¿`m[jm

MmßJcß AgVß ... À`m oXer Va _mUgß Hw$Hy$H$m|]S>m h˛S>H$V ohS>À`mV.' ([•. 80)

cIH$ Zm`H$mM Xw:I _wIa H$aVm. À`m¿`mda hmUmam A›`m`, À`mMm gmoeH$[UmM _mßS>Vm.

_mUgmMr ghZe∑Vr oOVH$s AgV oVVH$s À`mMr emH$mßoVH$m AoYH$ Ag ÂhQ>c OmV. `mVyZ

‡oV]’Vm h d°oeÓQ>Á Ò[ÓQ> hmV.

186

"JmVmdim' m H$mXß]arMm mfme°cr¿`m —ÓQ>rZ odMma H$cm Va ]mcr^mfMm dm[a, ÂhUtMm

dm[a, J´m_rU e„XaMZm, gßdmXaMZm, BÀ`mXt_wi d°oeÓQ>Á[yU© dmQ>Vm. CXm. T>maß, ]maS>Ám, [r[,

gm∞g, BÒH$mQ>m, Q≤> m∑Q>a, S≠>m`Ïha B. J´m_rU e„XmMr JXu Amh. H$mhr oR>H$mUr ÂhUtM C[`mOZ d

À`mVrc ^mdmZw d Ï`m[H$ d gImc H$aUma Amh. _˘`mV ZmßJaQ> gwÍ$ AgVmZm ZmßJamMm \$mi

hß]a¿`m _wircm AS>Hy$Z _mS>cm AZ≤ ZmßJamMm Imiß]m Pmcm, VrZ oXdg Mmcccr ZmßJaQ> gß[V

Amcr hmVr. VdT> mV Agß Pmcß VÏhm Zma]m ogVmam_mcm ÂhUVm "hŒmr Jcm AZ≤ e[yQ> AS>H$cr.'

([•. 10) `mVyZ À`mMr H$m_modf`rMr AmT> AmoU _mcH$mMr ^rVr Ò[ÓQ> hmV.

H$mXß]arMr e°cr hr AÀ ßV [naUm_H$maH$ Amh. _mcH$ Am[c cæ Mma dfm©V H$Í$Z XVm

ÂhUmcm [U drg df Pmcr Var cæmMm [Œ`m Zmhr. CcQ> [XaM [°g IM© H$Í$Z ÒdV:¿`m gmodÃrM

(_wcrM) cæ H$Í$Z oXc. À`m—ÓQ>rZ [wT>rc oddMZ Ag Amh -

"[wS>¿`m gmcmV Zma]m, Vw¬`m cJZmMß ]KyZ Q>mHy$.' _r J[M. H$gß ? AmVm _r H$m` gmßJUma

? _ZmgmaIr [maJr JmdmV ›hmB© aß. _cm H$m` ^mH$ar[waVr ]m`Hy$ Pmcr ÂhßO Pmcß.

"Vgß H$gß ? [maJr \°$Zm ]KyZß AmUm`Mr Vwcm.'

"amOJmar _mUgmcm H$m` H$am`Mr XIUr ]m`Hy$ ? ' _r gOmdar ÂhQ>cß Va H$mÎ¯mJV

hmgcm.

"EdT>m KmB©cm D$ ZH$mg ZmÈXdm, Âhmim¿`m Âh°›`mVÎ`m Hw$VË`mJV.'

"›hmB©]m, KmB©cm H$emcm dy ? _r H$m OZmda hm` ? H$m _cm H$iV ›hmB© ?'

... Agß oH$Vr S>md ]mcUß Pmcß, [°Î`m [°Î`mXmß dmQ>cß IaßM Agßrc, [a gJiß hmg`mdmar

›hcß. _mcH$sUrcm oH$Vr S>md AmVZß gmßoJQ>cß. JmdmV amOJmar [mar ^Í$Z CaÎ`m h˛Vm. [°gm gwQ>m`

ZJß ? H$X_m¿`m JßJrZ XmZ [mamßda [mQ> cmdyZ KVcm. Mma [mM gmcmßV XmZ [ma Pmccr. EH$ Zdam

_ccm. Var oVcm Zdm Zdam [mohO h˛Vm. edQ>mcm H$gm Var Agy X ÂhUyZ H$mim Ty>g H$Í$Z KVcm.

ZwgVm Iwafl`m. hmS>mMm gm[im. Var À Zß dfm©V ]m`Hy$Mß [mQ> \w$Jrdcß. _r Vgm hmSy>H$N>m[ ›hmB©.

AßJmV T>mamJV aJ hm`. _cm H$m` dmQ>V Agßc ? H$r AmÂhr]r AßS> ]S>rdccm Im|S>M ! ... ''

([•.15) Ag Zma]m ÂhUVm.

darc oddMZmVyZ Zma]mcm Am[Î`m gßgmamodf`rMr AmT> cmJccr oXgyZ V.

187

"JmVmdim' `m H$mXß]ar¿`m gßX^m©V a. ]m. _ßMaH$a ÂhUVmV, "" H•$frH|$–rV dmÒVd hm

J´m_rU ^mdodÌdmMm Jm^m AÒgc H$cmÀ_H$VZ d ]mcr¿`m c`rZ AmodÓH•$V H$aUmar hr AÏdc

XOm©Mr H$mXß]ar Amh.''41

WmS>∑`mV, "JmVmdim' hr H$mXß]ar ÂhUO EH$mH$s[U, ^`, Hy$aVm, _•À y AmoU H$m_ `m

JmÓQ>tM ‡mWo_H$ [mVirdarc qMVZ H$aUmar H$mXß]ar Amh. AmoU H•$fr gßÒH•$Vrda ßÃ gßÒH•$VrM

Pmcc AmH´$_U d À`m ‡dmhmV Zma]mgmaª`m gd©gm_m›` _Oyam¿`m OrdZmMr Pmccr emH$mßoVH$m

ÂhUOM JmVmdim hm .

`mgßX^m©V Jm. _. Hw$cH$Uu ÂhUVmV, "" "JmVmdim' `m H$mXß]arV Zma]m ¯m eV_OyamßM

^mdodÌd oMoÃV H$c AgyZ Zma]m¿`m Am wÓ`mVrc H$mhr H$mcIßS>mMM oMÃU Amc Amh. odefV:

h oMÃU Zma]m¿`m oZdXZmVyZ Ï`∑V hmV. am_y gmZmdS>¿`m eVmV Zma]m H$m_mcm AmÎ`m[mgyZ V

Q≠>∞∑Q>a AmÎ`mZßVa À`mcm eV gmSy>Z oZKyZ Omd Ag dmQ>[ ™V am_Um¿`m eVmda Zma]m¿`m OrdZmV

O O KS>V, À`m¿`m _ZmV md-^mdZmßM O-O VaßJ CR>VmV À`mM H$WZ ÒdV: Zma]mM H$arV Amh.

J´m_rU OrdZmVrc Ï`∑VtZm ÒdV:M ]mcy XU. hm AcrH$S>rc J´m_rU gmohÀ`mMm EH$ cjUr`

odef Amh.''42

"JmVmdim' `m H$mXß]ar gßX^m©V `m. dm. dS>ÒH$a ÂhUVmV, "" "JmVmdim' _‹ Zma]m d

Q≠>∞∑Q>a S≠>m`Ïha mß¿`m_‹ Om odamY oXgVm. Vm À`mß¿`mda odf_ g_mOÏ`dÒWZ cmXccm AgVm.

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"JmVmdim' _Yrc "gßKf©AmcI' AmH´$_H$ ehar, `mßoÃH$ gßÒH•$VrH$Sy>Z g_•’ J´m_rU gßÒH•$VrMm

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H$mXß]arMm Í$[]ßY AoYH$ AmH$f©H$ Va hmVmM, [aßVw `m gß]ßYoMÃUmVrc AW©J ©V_wi OrdZmM

AmH$cZ EH$m ZdrZ d __© Xr —ÓQ>rZ d AoYH$ g_J´[U H$aVm V.''43

gmamße, `m H$mXß]arVyZ Jmß r ©, Òdl mMm emY, AmÀ_[arjU, ‡oV]’Vm, AmÀ_cm[mMr

oZIi AmT> h gm_moOH$ ]mßoYcH$sM KQ>H$ AmT>iVmV.

188

AmZßX mXd mß¿`m "JmVmdim' m H$mXß]arZßVa am. aß. ]mamS> mß¿`m "[mMmim' (1971)


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hr H$mXß]ar Amh. "[mMmim' hr À`mßMr J´m_rU ]mcr^mfV ocohccr cjUr` H$mXß]ar AgyZ

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[ma]Vr hr H$mXß]arMm H|$–q]Xy AgyZ Vr AS>mUr [U _ZmZ ehmUr, g_ßOg ‡d•ŒmrMr Amh. Vr

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H$m XmZ ZÏhVß, h Am[cß o_gZrda ]gm`M. Amcß-Jcß H$m[S> oedm`M, JmdmV EHw$cVr EH$ Va

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189

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OmUrd [ma]Vrcm Amh. AJXr g_ßOg[U ^mZmcm XwH$mZmV H$m_mcm cmdV AmoU ZdË`mZ [aV

cmVya¿`m oedUH$m_mgmR>r Omd yZ ÂhUyZ _ZYaUr H$aV. _wcmßgmR>r, ZdË`mgmR>r oVMm Ord

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oMoÃV H$ccm Amh.''44

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C[OrodH$m H$aUmË`m Hw$Qw>ß]mMr hmV Agccr dmVmhV `mM oMÃU H$aUmar Amh.''45

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190

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191

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`mcm AoYH$ AW©[yU©Vm [ma]Vr¿`m ^mdZm‡YmZ [’VrZ ‡mflV hmV.''47

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192

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Zm`H$mMr OrdZodf`H$ H$Î[Zm Amh.

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hmV^ma cmdV hmVm. ÒdV:Mm H$Yr odMma H$cm Zmhr. [U h Hw$Ur _mZV Zmhr. CcQ> Vy

Am_¿`mgmR>r H$m` H$cß g ?' ([•. 29) Ag EHy$Z ø`md cmJV. Am[Î`mM KamV Am[U gdm™Mm

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193

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194

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195

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196


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197

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198

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204

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[na_mU ‡mflV H$Í$Z X`mgmR>r cIH$mZ "OQ>m y'¿`m o_WH$mM gyMZ H$c Amh.'' 59

gmamße, `m H$mXß]arVyZ g_mOF$U \$S>`mMr Òdm^modH$ d•Œmr, Jß raVm (‡m_moUH$[Um),

AmXe©dmX, Òdl mMm emY, [nadV©Zmcm gmW, BVamßg_dV kmZ-odkmZm¿`m JßJV ÒdV:cm AoYH$

odew’ H$a`mMr oMaVÈUd•Œmr h gm_moOH$ ]mßoYcH$sM KQ>H$ AmT>iVmV.

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_hŒd[yU© H$mXß]ar Amh. "o]T>ma' ÂhUO o]ËhmS>, amh`mMr OmJm Agm EH$ AW© AgyZ MmßJXd

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Amh.

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VÈU Amh. MmßJXd [mQ>rc `m¿`m H$m∞cOOrdZm[mgyZ H$mXß]arcm ‡maß hmVm d À`mM H$m∞cO

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Ame`gyÃ Amh.

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‡H$ma¿`m Ï`∑Vr-KQ>ZmßZr gm_mdccr Amh. CXmhaUmW©, KamVrc BVa _mUgmßer d ^mdmer

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205

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hr À`mMr gwflV l’m d À`mMr oOoOodfm À`mcm ‡dmhmV dmhˇZ Zdy eH$V Zmhr.'' 60

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À`mß¿`m g_Ò`m, Am[Î`m _wcmßodf`r¿`m H$Î[Zm, MmßJXdMm ^`mZH$ amJ, gmohÀ` jÃmVrc

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BÀ`mXtMm g_mde Amh.

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206

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hmD$Z H$m` \$m`Xm ?' ([•. 227)

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Am_¿`m XmXmgmh]mßMß]r Vw_rM OwidyZ Q>mH$m.' ([•. 247)

MmßJXd [mQ>rc ¡`m _hmod⁄mc`mV ZmH$ar H$aVm, À`mM _hmod⁄mc`mVrc o]Zr gmdZya

207

Zmdm¿`m gwßXa oºÌMZ _wcr¿`m ‡_mV [S>Vm. oV¿`m odf`r H$mhr _mohVr Zmhr. CcQ> oV¿`mda

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oY∑H$mamh© Amh, ÒÃr AerM [mohO H$s oV¿`m H$mhr Var ^mZJS>r Am[mAm[M PmÎ`m AmhV.''

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g_mOgm[j JmÓQ>rMm odMma H$aVm. CXmhaUmW©, qhXy-oI´ÌMZ Y_m©darc ‡_. `m gßX^m©V CŒm_

jragmJa ÂhUVmV,

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Amh Ag À`m¿`m ‹`mZmV V.''61

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Vm Am[Î`m ‡_mcm oZam[ XVm. AmoU Am[Î`m _wcmßMr Om[mgZm H$a`mgmR>r `m gd© JmÓQ>r Xya

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208

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H$mhr gwÍ$ PmÎ`mMß g_mYZ À`mcm hmB©Zm.'

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Vm hmVm[m`mgH$Q> [w›hm oOdßV.'

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amhˇZ [naUm_ H$aV amhVmV V ¯m AÌ_r yV dfm©_wi OmUdVß. Eadr amO h OJV AgVmZm H$iV

Zmhr. EH$m oZU© mV `m gJ˘`m ]mOy Am[Î`m wd`m CßMmdyZ Oa] ]gdVmV. Vm oZU© Am[Î`m

hmVm]mhaMm AgVm. AmVm h gJiß cjmV dyZhr H$m` ? [w›hm VgcßM [wT> AmUIr EH$ df©.

[w›hm [mdgmim, ohdmim AmoU D$Z. À`mV AÌ_r yV hmUma [w›hm Zd Mha, ZÏ`m KQ>Zm, ZÏ`m

B_maVr, Zd aÒV.'' ([•. 354, 355)

darc oddMZmdÍ$Z Ag oXgV H$s, "o]T>ma' _Yrc gd© AZw dmßM gma MmßJXd [mQ>cm¿`m

qMVZmVyZ ‡H$Q> Pmcc Amh.

"o]T>ma' H$mXß]arM erf©H$ A›dW©H$ Amh. "o]T>ma' ÂhUO EH$ AOÒÃ OrdZ[Q> gßW[U

CcJS>V OmUmar H$mXß]ar Amh. VerM Vr _wß]B©gmaª`m _hmZJamVrc ododY KQ>H$mßer H|$o– yV

AgyZ gmohÀ`mVrc amOH$maUmMm, OJ`mMm C^m-AmS>dm N>X Ò[ÓQ> H$aUmar gwaI H$cmH•$Vr Amh.

o]ËhmS> ÂhUO [mR>rda AgcÎ`m ^Q>∑`m _mUgm¿`m Ï`Wm-dXZmßMr H$hmUr AgV. H$maU OmJm

]XcyZ Var gwIg_mYmZ o_ic H$m ? `m Ame[mQ>r ´_ßVr Mmcy AgV. o]ËhmS> EH$Q> H$Yr ZgV

Va V g_mOmer oZJoS>V AgV. H$Yr o]ËhmS> g_mOmda [naUm_ H$aV Va H$Yr g_mOmMm À`m¿`mda

[naUm_ hmVm. À`m—ÓQ>rZ o]ËhmS> hr AIßS> MmcUmar ‡oH´$`m Amh. h odgÍ$Z MmcUma Zmhr.

ÂhUyZ Va Zm`H$ g_mOmMm gdm™JmZ odMma H$aVm.

"o]T>ma' m H$mXß]arVyZ gm_moOH$ CÀH$Q> OmUrd, ‡oVkm, AmXe©dmX, g_mOF$U \$S>`mMr

Òdm^modH$ d•Œmr h gm_moOH$ ]mßoYcH$sM KQ>H$ AmT>iVmV.

^mcMß– Z_mS> mß¿`m "o]T>ma' m H$mXß]arZßVa nXZmZmW _Zmha mß¿`m "am]m' (1976)


oXZmZmW _Zmha mßMr "am]m' hr EH$ _hŒdmMr H$mXß]ar Amh. _‹`_dJu` OrdZmVrc [mßT>a[em

OmoUdmßZm Ò[e© H$aUmar; [aßVw g°oZH$s OrdZmVrc AZßV g_Ò`mßMm dY KUmar hr H$mXß]ar Amh.

"am]m' Mm Zm`H$ oS>H$s AgyZ Vm g°›`mV XmIc hmVm. dJdJ˘`m oR>H$mUr À`mMr ]Xcr

hmV. À`mcm e_m©, [ßoS>V, AoZc ehm, gwYmßew yfUMßX´ BÀ`mXr o_Ã Q>VmV. ZmH$arV ‡_meZ

o_iV. [U g°›`mVrc H$R>ma Ï`dÒWcm, 60 oXdgmß¿`m Q≠>qZJcm oS>H$s d°VmJVm. À`m_wi ZmH$arVyZ

210

]mha [S>`mgmR>r AZH$ _mJm™Mm Adcß] H$aVm. AIa Vm ZmH$arVyZ ]mha [S>Vm. Ag m H$mXß]arM

Ame`gyÃ Amh.

"am]m' `m H$mXß]arM AdcmH$Z H$c Va oXZmZmW _Zmha `mßZr oS>H$s¿`m Ï`p∑VÀdm¿`m

emYm]am]a gm_m›` g_mOÏ`dhmamM AmoU g°oZH$sOrdZmM odÌd ]marH$ ]marH$ V[ercmgh

C H$c Amh. "am]m' `m H$mXß]arVyZ _wª`V: g°oZH$s OrdZ, g°›`mVrc ZroV oZ`_, À`mVrc

X_Z ßÃUm, g°oZH$s OrdZmVrc VmMVm[Um, `mßoÃH$sH$aU, H$R>ma Ï`dÒWm, ÒdmW©, Xmßo^H$[Um,

gßYrgmYy[Um, AoYH$mar O_©ZqgJMm Xamam, X_Z ßÃUV o[Mcc, X_Zmcm odamY H$aUma g°oZH$,

]ßS>mMr ^mfm H$aUmar _mUg, oS>H$sMm o_Ã [nadma, oS>H$s¿`m _ZmVrc ‡_mMr H$Î[Zm AmoU

ZmH$arVrc oZamem BÀ`mXtM ‡^mdr oMÃU Amcc Amh.

"am]m'Vrc oS>H$s hm ‡_i, ‡mßOi AmoU g_ßOg d•ŒmrMm VÈU Amh. À`mcm gd© JmÓQ>tMr

OmUrd Amh. CXm. [mßS>cm g_Ood`mMm H$ccm ‡`ÀZ, Q≠>qZJ_Yrc H$am_Vr BÀ`mXr_YyZ À`mMm

‡À`` Vm. [mßS> hm J∞¡ wEQ> VÈU AgÎ`mZ Am_u_‹ À`mcm AmdS> Zmhr. À`m¿`mH$Sy>Z AZH$

MwH$m hmVmV VÏhm O_©ZqgJ À`m¿`mda amJmdVm. ""gmc, _mXaMmX, „cS>r \y$c ... Am J Am_u

_|, Am_u H$m ]XZm_ H$aZ. Xm`m-]m`m Zhr g_PVm JYm| H$m Am°a H$hV h°, h_Z ]r.E. [mg H$s h°,

∑`m Am_u Z ]wcmdm Om Wm Am[H$m ?' ([•. 13) `m_wi [mßS> JwS>ø`mV S>mH$ Iw[gyZ ÏhamßS>ÁmV

]gVm. VÏhm oS>H$s [mßS>cm ÂhUVm,

"[mßS>, ohÂ_V Zm hmam `ma, Om |J, ^r oXZ Om |J.' ([•. 16) Agm oS>H$sZ [mßS>cm

g_Ood`mMm ‡`ÀZ H$cm. qH$dm Q≠>qZJ_Yrc H$am_VrMm odMma H$cm Va o_ocQ>ar OrdZmMm

Hß$Q>mim AmÎ`mZ AmoU o_ocQ>ar cmB©\$_YyZ [i H$mT>`mgmR>r qeXgmaª`m hgV_wI AgUmË`m

VÈUmZ ^a Xw[mar AmS>]mOycm XJS> [mhˇZ À`mda COdm hmV [mcWm R>dyZ hmVmda YmaXma gwam

AmS>dm Yacm. S>mÏ`m hmVmZ XwgË`m EH$m XJS>mZ À`mZ À`m gwarda Kmd KmVc. ]mQ> VmSy>Z Q>mH$`mMm

‡`ÀZ H$cm. `mM oS>H$s AmÀ_[arjU H$aVm. qeX¿`m `m ‡H$mam]‘c oS>H$s ÂhUVm, "H$m` YmS>g,

oH$Vr ghZe∑Vr ! À`mZ gwar H$er Yacr Agc ? Kmd H$gm KmVcm Agc ? gwar oZgQ>cr Agc,

gQ>H$cr Agc, a∑Vm¿`m oMiH$mßS>Ám CS>mÎ`m AgVrc, dXZm Ag¯ PmÎ`m AgVrc ? EIm⁄m

`mßoÃH$ H$adVrImcr hmV KmcU hr JmÓQ> dJir AmoU Aem‡H$ma ]mQ> VmS>m`Mm [´ ÀZ H$aU

ÂhUO qeXcm H$m` ÂhUm`M ? H$mUV c]c cmdm`M À`mcm ... Vm Xw]im H$S> R>acm hmVm. [U

211

À`mMr ghZe∑Vr, À`mMr B¿N>me∑Vr Xw]ir ZÏhVr. _mUgmßM [mÒQ>mVrc [ÃmgmaI dJdJ˘`m

"[rOZ hmZ' _‹ dmQ>[ H$aVm V Zmhr.' ([•. 24) qH$dm AoZcer cJQ> H$aUmË`m, Ãmg XUmË`m

o[Îc hdmcXmamcm oS>H$sZ MmßJcm YS>m oeH$odcm. darc ‡gßJmVyZ oS>H$s¿`m AßJr g_mOF$U

\$S>`mMr Òdm^modH$ d•Œmr Amh h Ò[ÓQ> hmV.

"am]m'_Yrc oS>H$scm g°›`mVrc aQ>mi AmoU Hß$Q>midm`m OJ`mMm drQ> Amccm AgyZ

A›`m`modÈ’ cT>`mMr d•Œmr À`m¿`m AßJr Amh. CXmhaUmW©, _Oa¿`m ]ßJÎ`mVrc gm_mZ

^a`mMm ‡gßJmVyZ À`mMm ‡À`` Vm.

oS>H$scm hdmcXma oZaßOZmM ]mcmdyZ gmßoJVc, "XIm oS>H$s, CYa AmR> OdmZ IS> h°$&

CZH$m cH$a grY _Oa gZ H$ ]ßJc [a OmAm .... Xa hm J`r Vm __gm] oMÎcm Jr ! _Oagm]

Nw>≈>r Om ah h°. Hw$N> gm_mZ [∞H$ H$aZm hmJm. em`X gm_mZ JmS>r _| cmS> H$aZm hmJm $& OÎXr Mcm !'

VÏhm oS>H$s ghO AmoU gßW ÒdamV ÂhUVm, "Zhr _OaOr, H$m_ _wPg Zht hmJm. oH$gr Am°a H$m

oS>Q>c H$admAm.', "XoI _OaOr, Am∞o\$ga H$m oZOr H$m_ Zm _° H$Íß$Jm, Zm Am°a oH$grg H$admDß$Jm!'

([•.92) `m gd© JmÓQ>tMm oS>H$s Jmßo^`m©Z odMma H$aVm. EH$Xm Am_u_‹ ‡de H$cm H$s Am_uVyZ

]mha [S>U H$R>rU AgV. H$Yr H$Yr Ag dmQ>V, Am wÓ` dm`m OmVß . jUmjUmcm, H$mQ>© _me©c

H$Í$Z ø`md. [U AZH$ JmÓQ>tMm odMma H$amdm cmJVm. Vm ÂhUVm, "N>mQ>Ámem JmÓQ>rda, VmÀH$mocH$

AS>MUtda d°VmJyZ MmcV Zmhr. oedm` ogÏhrc_‹ H$oR>U Amh. Am_u_‹ Xhm-[ßYam df

gpÏh©g H$Î`mda _mUyg EH$X_ oZH$Â_m hmVm. AmVm BW hdmcXma Amh, ]mha OmdyZ H$aUma

H$m`?' ([•. 100) qH$dm

Am_uVrc gpÏh©g ÂhUO H$gaVM AgV. Vm ÂhUVm, "gH$mir CR>m`M, \w$c woZ\$m∞_©

MT>dyZ, ]yQ> M_H$dyZ [aS> J´mDß$S>da hOa Ïhm`M. "gmdYmZ ! c‚Q> ... amB©Q> ... Xm`m... ]m`m,

]m`m... ]m`m, o[N> ... _yS> !' ¯_‹ Mmirg o_oZQ> Kmcdm`Mr. [aV ]a∞H$_‹ `m`M. hm\$ [∞›Q>

]oZ`Z Kmcm`Mm. [r. Q>r. eyO MT>dm`M. ]H$\$mÒQ>. hmVmV \$mdS> dm Iwa[. AH$am dmO[ ™V di

Kmcdm`Mm. _J OdU, Xw[maMr Pm[, JJ [aS, amc H$m∞c, OdU, Pm[. gH$mir CR>m`M, \w$c

woZ\$m∞_© KmcyZ oXdg gß[odU. Oo_Zrda EH$hr V•UmßHw$a Z dmTy> XU. q^VrZm gVV MwZm \$mgU.

gVV PmSy> _marV amhˇZ YwirM H$U Hw$R>M pÒWamdy Z XU hM OUy H$m_ ... ' ([•. 91, 92)

`m gßX^m©V adrß– R>mHy$a "_amR>r H$mXß]ar : g_mOemÒÃr` g_rjm' `m JßWmV ÂhUVmV,

212

""oXZmZmW _Zmha Am[Î`m "am]m' _‹ H$di g°oZH$s OrdZmM oMÃU H$aV Zmhr Va _mUgmM

^mdZmey›` ßÃ H$Í$Z Q>mH$UmË`m Ï`dÒWMr A_mZwfVm AYmaoIV H$aVmV.''62

`mVyZ ‡oVkm hr gßH$Î[ZmM Ò[ÓQ> hmV. _mUgmZ M°V›`[yU© OJU _hŒdmM AgV. À`mZ

ßÃ hmD$ Z . g°oZH$ OrdZ _mUgmcm ßÃM H$aV. hr OrdZodf`H$ OmUrd W g_mOgm[j hmV.

gmar OrdZÏ`dÒWm ßÃdV Amh. g°oZH$s OrdZ hm À`m Ï`dÒWMm EH$ YmJm Amh. `m `mßoÃH$VZ

OrdZ oH$Vr A_mZwf hmV `mM ‡À``H$mar Xe©Z `m H$mXß]arVyZ hmV.

"am]m' _Yrc oS>H$s Am[Î`m H$m_mV ‡m_moUH$ hmVm. H$Yr H$m_MwH$ma[Um, diH$mTy>[Um

À`mZ H$cm Zmhr. CcQ> XwgË`m woZQ>_‹ [mÒQ>tJ o_i`mgmR>r Vm ZdrZ _mJ© emYV AgVm; [U

Am_uVrc ZmH$ar]‘c Vm oZame Amh. oS>H$scm ÒdmVßÕ` hd Amh. CcQ> À`m¿`m dmJ`m_wi

_Oa _mhVm, oZaßOZ hdmcXma `mßZr À`m¿`mH$S> Xwc©j H$c Amh. o_Ã_ßS>itZr À`mcm dmirV

Q>mH$c. Var Vm Am[c _Zm]c oQ>H$od`mMm ‡`ÀZ H$aVm. S>m∞∑Q>agmaIm ^cm _mUyg _mÃ oS>H$scm

oXcmgm XdyZ À`m¿`m AßV_©ZmMm emY K`mgmR>r ‡`ÀZerc Amh. S>m∞∑Q>a oS>H$scm ÂhUVmV,

"e„Xmß¿`m Om˘`m_‹ \$gy ZH$mg oS>H$s. ^amar _maUmË`mcm Oo_Zrda CVamd cmJV. ZÏh, CßM

CßM ^amË`m KVmZm XIrc À`mMr ZOa AÒ_mZmMm dY KV ZgV. Oo_Zrda oIiccr AgV.

oS>H$s ÒdmVßÕ` m e„Xmcm H$mhr AW© Zmhr. hr H$di H$Î[ZVrc AdÒWm Amh. ÒdmVßÕ` H$em[mgyZ,

H$emgmR>r? ÒdmVßÕ`mMm gß]ßY m H$m±H´$sQ> arA∞ocQ>rer Amh oS>H$s. Vwcm ÒdmVßÕ` H$em[mgyZ [mohO

... m g°oZH$s OrdZm[mgyZ Vwcm ÒdmVßÕ` [mohO. hm VwÈßJ, hm ]ßXrdmg, _mUyg EH$Xm mV AS>H$cm

H$s \$gcm, H$m`_Mm \$gcm, _mUyg ¯m A_mZwf ßÃmMm, ¯m A_mZdr [’VrMm [mQ>© hmdyZ amhˇ

eH$Uma Zmhr. ¯m H$memVyZ ]mha [S>`mMr YS>[S> H$Î`moedm` amhmV Zmhr. VwÈßJmVyZ ]mha

[S>`mMr Amem Zmhr. VmM H°$Xr, VmM Oc Amh. BQ≤> BO≤ hrO AmZ _H$s®J.' ([•. 121)

"hm VwÈßJ AIa H$m` Amh a ? ]mha¿`m _mR>Ám VwÈßJmVrc N>mQ>m VwÈßJ. ]mha¿`m OrdZmM

‡oVq]]. ¯m AdmT>Ï` ßÃUMm EH$ Aod^m¡` [mQ>©, ohÒgm. ¯m VwÈßJmVyZ ]mha [S>erc, ÒdV:M

ApÒVÀd [Umcm cmdyZ YS>[S>erc, ¯m Mm°H$Q>rVyZ ]mha oZKerc, h OmIS> \$Hy$Z Xerc, [wT>

H$m` ? Zmhr oS>H$s, dwB© Ama _Z Am∞\$ oaPZ, Am∞\$ a∞eZ∞ocQ>r. q^Vrda S>mH$ Am[Qy>Z ehrX hm`mV

H$m` _Vc] ? dwB© _ÒQ> cZ© Qy> A∞S>mflQ> Ada gÎÏhg. ¯m OrdZmer O_dyZ KU, AdKS> Amh; [U

¯mVyZ gwQ>H$m H$Í$Z KUhr AdKS> Amh. Am[U EIm⁄m [napÒWVrer oH$Vr ‡_mUmV A∞S>m∞flQ> H$ÈZ

KVm V Am[Î`m a∞eZ∞ocQ>rda Adcß]yZ Amh oS>H$s.' ([•. 121, 122)

213

darc oddMZmdÍ$Z Ag dmQ>V H$s, Òdl mMm emY AmoU BVamßM ha[c l ‡mflV H$a`mMr

d•Œmr AmoU AmXe©dmX S>m∞∑Q>amH$S> Amh. À`mM]am]a gmË`m [napÒWVrcm V odMmam¿`m VamOyV

VmcyZ [mhVmV. AmoU m gßKfm©VyZ Am[U ÒdV:cm A∞S>m∞flQ> H$Í$Z KU H$g [Q>Î`mM Amh h gmßJVmV.

hr ‡oV]’Vm cIH$mZ H$mUÀ`m ]mOwgmR>r ochmd`mM V Ò[ÓQ> H$aV. oS>H$sgmaª`m oZamemdmXr

VÈUmcm OJ`mMr C_X XV. ‡aUm XV. ]i XV. À`mgmR>r ‡oV]’Vm ^mdZcm hmV KmcV Zmhr.

Va odMmam¿`m [m`mda hr ‡oV]’Vm C^r Amh. S>m∞∑Q>a oS>H$sgmaª`m oZamemdmXr VÈUmcm g_OyZ

KVmV. AmoU OrdZ OJ`mMr VmH$X XVmV. [aßVw oS>H$scm dmQ>V H$s, `m OJmV H$mUVrhr dÒVy

emÌdV Zmhr. H$mUVmhr odMma, H$Î[Zm, Y_©, gßÒH•$Vr, VŒdkmZ, g_mOÏ`dÒWm emÌdV Zmhr.

OrdZmMr AemÌdVVm hmM EH$ emÌdV oZ`_ Amh. h oS>H$sM OrdZmM VŒdkmZ Amh.

`mgßX^m©V mcMß– Z_mS> "Q>rH$m Òd ßda' m JßWmV ÂhUVmV, "" "am]m'_‹ g°oZH$s OrdZmV

oeaUmË`m AmYwoZH$ _ZmZ À`m OrdZmMr gß[yU© AmßΩcYmoO©Ur Mm°H$Q> V[oecmßMm N>X KdyZ Va

C^r H$crM Amh. [U m MßJrPImZ [ßWmH$S> _mZdOmVrcm ZUmË`m AmYwoZH$ o_ocQ>ar gßÒH•$VrM

Z°oVH$ _yÎ`_m[Zhr H$cc Amh. ZÏ`m Z°oVH$V_wi cIH$mMr H•$Vr AÀ ßV [m`m yV Ag gm_moOH$

CX≤]mYZ oH$Vr H$mÏ`mÀ_ [’VrZ H$aV, `mM "am]m' h CÀH•$ÓQ> CXmhaU Amh.''63

"am]m' `m H$mXß]arMr ^mfme°cr d°oeÓQ>Á[yU© Amh. _amR>r, qhXr, BßJ´Or d Amgm_r

^mfme°crMm Ò[e© H$mXß]arcm Pmcm Amh. À`mX•ÓQ>rZ CÒVmX, ]¿M, H∞$flQ>Z, Am∞S>©a, a_S>, JwS>_moZ™J

]m]yOr, oH$MUr, "XmohZ _yS> .... VO Mc ! ]m Ky_ ... ]m Ky_'([•.96) BÀ`mXr.

"A] Am gcr_ H$ ]¿M, gm_mZ ]mha aIm, Am°a Oam IS> ahm, ∑`m ZhÍ$ [mH©$ _| Ky_ ahm

h ∑`m ?' ([•. 3)

"Hw$N> ]H$m a OdmZ, Hw$N> ]H$m „cS>r \y$c, VwÂhmam Zß]a ]mcm, a±H$ ]mcm, Zm_ ]mcm, H$hm

ga, og∑g Qy> .. œar gÏhZ ... Qy> \$mB©Ïh, oS>H$s [aQ> H$ oc hmOra h°, ga ... ' ([•. 5)

`m gßdmXmVyZ AYmaoIV hmV. Vr o_ocQ>ar OrdZmVrc `mßoÃH$Vm. hr `mßoÃH$Vm _mZdr

OrdZmVrc M°V›` emfyZ KV. `mM ‡À``H$mar Xe©Z `m ^mfVyZ KS>V.

"am]m' ÂhUO g°oZH$s OrdZmMm Hß$Q>mim AmcÎ`m, g°›`mVrc AoYH$mË`mß¿`m dmJUwH$s_wi,

oZ`_mß_wi ÃÒV PmcÎ`m oS>H$sgmaª`m gm_m›` VÈUmMr emH$mßoVH$m Amh.

`m H$mXß]arVyZ AmÀ_[arjU, Jmß r ©, ‡oVkm, Òdl mMm emY, ‡oV]’Vm, AmXe©dmX,

g_mOF$U \$S>`mMr Òdm^modH$d•Œmr h gm_moOH$ ]mßoYcH$sM KQ>H$ AmT>iVmV.

214

oXZmZmW _Zmha mß¿`m "am]m' m H$mXß]arZßVa mcMß– Z_mS> mß¿`m "Oarcm' (1977)


"Oarcm' hr ^mcMß– Z_mS> `mßMr "o]T>ma' ZßVaMr _hŒdmMr H$mXß]ar AgyZ "o]T>ma' `m

H$mXß]arMm [wT>rc ^mJ "Oarcm'_YyZ Amccm Amh. `m H$mXß]arMm Zm`H$ MmßJXd [mQ>rc hm

ImZXemVrc Jm_rU ^mJmV AgUmË`m EH$m _hmod⁄mc`mV BßJOrMm ‡m‹`m[H$ ÂhUyZ ZmH$ar H$aVm. `m

H$mimV MmßJXd [mQ>rc `mcm O AZw d VmV À`mMm d•ŒmmßV ÂhUO "Oarcm' H$mXß]ar hm .

"Oarcm' `m H$mXß]arMm Zm`H$ MmßJXd [mQ>rc ZmH$argmR>r EH$m IS>di diUm¿`m ZÏ`m

JmdmV ‡de H$aVm. VWyZM H$mXß]arcm gwÈdmV hmV. _hmod⁄mc`mV ZmH$ar H$aVmZm Amccm AZw d,

_hmod⁄mc`rZ dmVmdaU, ‡mMm ©-‡m‹`m[H$-od⁄mWu gß]ßY, ‡m‹`m[H$mßM EH$_H$mß-odf`rM

AgUma J°ag_O, À`mß¿`m A‹`m[Zm¿`m H$Î[Zm, e°joUH$ gßÒWmßM amOH$maU, doec]mOrMm

H$ig, ‡_meZgmR>r H$amdr cmJUmar cmMmar, qhXy-_wgc_mZ gßKf©, OmVr[mVrM amOH$maU Aem

AZH$ JmÓQ>tM [naUm_H$maH$ oMÃU "Oarcm' VyZ Amcc Amh.

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215

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BßJ´Or VßM Hw$R>ß À`mcm. _amR>rgw’m V Zmhr.'' ([•. 19, 20)

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gÀ`, BÀ`mXr_‹ ag KdyZ gwgßdmX H$aVmV. `mM MmßJXdcm Zdc dmQ>V. MmßJXd gmohÀ`mVrc

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cmdUma, hM N>m[Uma, ...'' ([•. 14)

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"Oarcm' _Yrc MmßJXd [mQ>rc hm Zm`H$ gai emßV Òd^mdmMm _Zo_imdy VÈU Amh.

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216

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AmXe©dmXr —oÓQ>H$mZ Ò[ÓQ> hmVm. [aßVw H$mgmaMr cmMmar, OmÌ`mMm H$m_MwH$ma[Um, [r. Q>r. M

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H$m `mZß H$mUrM H$mirU ]m`H$m AmUcr ZÏhVr. h EH$ AmÌM ©M hmVß. AmVm gmÎ`mMß Omiß

¡`mÒV od–x[ hmV Mmccß hmVß. À`m H$m `mMr dmT>hr \$maer Pmcr ZÏhVr.' ([•. 154) m ‡gßJmVyZ

MmßJXdcm Am[Î`m Am wÓ`mMr AmiI hmV.

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Amh.''64

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ZÏ`m JmdmV AmÎ`m[mgyZ V Jmd gmS>`m[ ™VMm ^mJ H$mXß]arV Vm. `mH$mimV KS>cÎ`m KQ>Zm-

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217

[°g qefl`mcm Xdy H$c. VÏhm qe[r ÂhUVm, "ZmH$m ZmH$m EdT>Ámem H$m_mM H$m›hr [°e KVß ]r H$m?

AmZ H$m›hr oXD$ ]r Z .' mda MmßJXd ÂhUVm, "N> N>, Ahm YßXm ÂhQ>cm H$s \w$H$Q> H$mhr Hw$UmH$Sy>Z

H$Í$Z KD$ Z , ø`m EdT>.' ([•. 36, 37) Ag ÂhUyZ XmZ AmU qefl`m¿`m _erZda R>dVm. qH$dm

[´m. _mitMm _wcJm (_Yy) AmOmar AgVmZm H$ccr 100 È[`mMr _XV hm MmßJXdMm

_mZdVmdmXr —pÓQ>H$mZ Amh.

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_cm H$mhr cmJm`M ZmhrV. _r C⁄m XVm AmUyZ. VwÂhr [adm oZKm .... _cm chmZ _yc AmOmar

Pmccß, [Sy>Z amohccß AoO]mV [hmdV Zmhr. AmVm oVH$S> Hw$Um¿`m Kar EH$ _yc AmOmamZß [Sy>Z

Amh ¯m H$Î[ZZßhr BH$S> _mPß [mUr [mUr hmVß...' ([•. 52)

darc ‡gßJmVyZ MmßJXd [mQ>cmMr CÀH$Q> gm_nmOH$ OmUrd Ò[ÓQ> hmV.

"Oarcm' _Yrc MmßJXd [mQ>rc ‡m‹`m[H$ Agcm Var Vm Am[Î`m OrdZmV gwIrg_mYmZr

Zmhr. BVa o_Ãmß‡_mU Am[Uhr gßgma H$amdm Ag À`mcm dmQ>V. [U AZH$ AS>MUr VmV. cæmMm

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200) ÂhUO ]wQ>H$ _mÒVamMr BßoXam _wcJr [mhˇZ MmßJXd AßV_w©I hmVm.

""[w›hm V_mem H$Í$Z ø`m`Mr hm°g Zmhr. Or [m¯cr VrM _wcJr Agß Zmhr.. hrZ

218

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([•.199) `m gd© JmÓQ>tM MmßJXdcm Jmß r © Amh.

MmßJXd [mQ>rc gVV ZÏ`m¿`m emYmV Amh. À`mcm ]Xc hdm AgVm. À`m ]Xcmodf`r

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MmßJXd [mQ>rcgmaª`m Zm`H$mMm ]Xc hm ZwgVm ]Xc ZgyZ Vm g•ÓQ>rMH´$mVrc _mZdrOrdZmer

oZJoS>V Amh.

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A›dW©H$ dmQ>V.

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OarcmM Ame`gyÃ Amh.''65

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219

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Mr emH$mp›VH$m.''66

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‡JÎ^, Iy[M ]h˛lwV AmoU Iy[ g_•’ Ï`p∑V_ŒdmMm Amh. ÂhUyZ Oarcm EH$ag dmQ>V Zmhr.''67

gmamße, `m H$mXß]arVyZ CÀH$Q> gm_moOH$ OmUrd, AmÀ_[arjU, AmÀ_cm[mMr oZIi

AmT>, AmXe©dmX, Jmß r © (‡m_moUH$[Um) h gm_moOH$ ]mßoYcH$sM KQ>H$ AmT>iVmV.

^mcMß– Z_mS> mß¿`m "Oarcm' m H$mßX]arZßVa À`mß¿`mM "Pyc' (1979) m H$mXß]arMm

odMma H$aU ‡ÒVwV Amh.

220

^mcMß– Z_mS> `mß¿`m "H$mgcm'ZßVa _wª`V: "o]T>ma', "Oarcm' AmoU "Pyc' `m VrZ

H$mXß]Ë`m gw_ma ]mam dfm™Zr ‡og’ PmÎ`m."Pyc' hr oVgar H$mXß]ar AgyZ oejU jÃmVrc AZmJm|Xr

H$ma^mamda ‡H$me Q>mH$Umar AmoU g_mOm¿`m AßVaßJmMr CH$c H$aUmar hr gwaI H$cmH•$Vr Amh.

"Pyc' m H$mXß]arMm ‡maß Zm_Xd mi AmoU MmßJXd [mQ>rc mß¿`m AMmZH$[U PmcÎ`m

Q>rVyZ hmVm. Zm_Xd ^mi ¡`m H$m∞cO_‹ dfm©[ydu hOa Pmccm Amh. À`mM H$m∞cO_‹ ZÏ`mZ

ZmH$argmR>r oZKmccm MmßJXd [mQ>rc Amh. `mJm`mJ ÂhUyZ XmKhr EH$mM S>„`mVyZ ‡dmg H$aUma

‡dmgr AmhV. [aßVw XmKmß¿`m OrdZodf`H$ odMmamV \$aH$ Amh. [U À`mß¿`m d•ŒmrV ]aM gmÂ`

AgÎ`mZ À`mßMr _°Ãr O_`mg di cmJV Zmhr. hm À`mß¿`m _°ÃrMm YmJm "Pyc'¿`m gwÈdmVr[mgyZ

V AIa[ ™V oQ>Hy$Z Amh. Zm_Xd ^mi Am[Î`m AmB©¿`m AÒWr Z_©Xm ZXrV odgoO©V H$Í$Z

ZmH$ar¿`m Jmdr Mmcccm Amh. Va MmßJXd [mQ>rc ZmH$argmR>r oZKmccm Amh. À`m_wi MmßJXd¿`m

_mZmZ Zm_Xd miM _hŒd H$_r Amh. À`m¿`m d°MmnaH$ yo_H$Mm MmßJXdda H$mhr [naUm_ Pmccm

Zmhr. CcQ> Zm_Xd ^mi[jm [ ©Q>Z ImÀ`mVrc _ohcm AoYH$mar amO darcm AoYH$ _hŒd Amh.

amO dar hr [mÍ$ gmdZya[jm AoVe` dJir AgyZ oVcm B›Q>c∑¿ wAc ]g Amh. oVMr d•Œmr

H$mhr ‡_mUmV MmßJXdgmaIrM AgÎ`mZ À`mß¿`m ^mdOrdZmV C^`[jr ‡m°T>Àd d gm_ßOÒ`

OmUdV. amO dar d MmßJXd [mQ>rc `mß¿`m ^mdOrdZmMr hr JmWm "Pyc' _YyZ H$cmÀ_H$ arVrZ

Amccr Amh. VgM "Pyc' _Yrc oYÎcm, amS>, oM[iyUH$a, m[i, [m[Ê`m, _mham_, JßJmVraH$a

BÀ`mXt¿`m \w$Q>H$i J⁄ [gmË`m¿`m [mÌd© y_rda amO darM hmUma Xe©Z _mR> H$mÏ`mÀ_ Amh.

À`m_wi H$mÏ`mÀ_V¿`m d VŒdqMVZm¿`m CßMr¿`m —ÓQ>rZ "Pyc'Mm edQ> AoVe` cjUr` Amh.

`mcm MmßJXd [mQ>cm¿`m AmOma[UmMr, EH$mH$s[UmMr AmoU Amg_ßVmVrc dmXir [mdgmMr

[mÌd© y_r Amh.

`m H$mXß]arV Zm_Xd ^mi¿`m ZmH$arVrc AZw d AmoU MmßJXd [mQ>cmßMm OrdZodf`H$

—pÓQ>H$mZ Ò[ÓQ> H$cm Amh. "Pyc' _YyZ _wª`V: [wamoUH$ H$m∞cO_Yrc AZH$ ^mZJS>tMm odMma

Vm. CXm. ‡m‹`m[H$m¿`m oeH$od`m¿`m [’Vr, ‡m‹`m[H$-od⁄mWu gß]ßY, ]oeÒV od⁄mWu dJ©,

H$m∞cO_Yrc oZdS>UwH$m, ‡m‹`m[H$mß¿`m o_Q>tJ, od⁄mWu [´m‹`m[H$ [mcH$ `mOZm, ]´m˜U

g_mOmVrc o‡p›g[mc, _mc[mUr dmgßVr ‡H$aU, MmßJXd-amO dar gß]ßY, R>mgam¿`m _wcrM cæ,

_mTw>am_-R>mgamMm C⁄mJ, qhXy ÒÃrMr Hw$Mß]Um, qhXy-_wÒcr_ dmXm]am]a ]´m˜U-]´m˜UVa dmX,

221

]´m˜U, _amR>m, YZJa, _wgc_mZ, JwOamWr AmoU BVa OmVr[mVrVrc _ßS>it¿`m H$am_Vr,

OmVr`dmXmMm H$ig, ZÏ`mZ OmJ•V PmcÎ`m XocV OmoUdm, ]´m˜UdJm©M S>md[M, od⁄m[rR>mVrc

amOH$maU, od⁄m[rR> [arjm, [[a V[mg`mMr [’Vr AmoU ImOJr oejUgßÒWmßodf`rMm odMma

Aem ododY JmÓQ>tda ^mcMß– Z_mS> `mßZr "Pyc' _YyZ ‡H$me Q>mH$cm Amh.

`m H$mXß]arM AdcmH$Z H$c Va Zm_Xd migmaIm _mUyg ]´m˜U-_amR>m, _hma, JwOamVr

`m OmVr`VVyZ [miyZ oZKmccm YZJa g_mOmVrc g_mOemÒÃmMm ‡m‹`m[H$ ÂhUyZ [wamoUH$

H$m∞cO_‹ Vm ZmH$ar H$aVm. [U Vm Am[Î`m ZmH$arV g_mYmZr Zmhr. JmS>rVyZ ‡dmg H$aVmZm

MmßJXd [mQ>cmcm Am[Î`m ZmH$arVrc AZw d gmßJU. "_cm [wamoUH$_‹ EH$ df© Pmcß, AmVm h

Xwgaß, m¿`m AmYr dÎ`mcm EH$ df© - amOrZm_m. À`m¿`m AmYr Acr]mJcm XmZ df - amOrZm_m.

À`m¿`mhr AmYr gmdßVdmS>rcm - oS>go_gc ! ... _cm Hß$Q>mim Vm. VwÂhmcm Va UmaM. Va

Hw$Ry>Z hm YßXm KVcm Agß Pmcß Agc VwÂhmcmhr. _mPßhr Odi[mg VgßM Mmccß . _∞ZO_|Q>er

IQ>H$, o‡p›g[cer ^mßS>Uß, OmVr` amOH$maU, JQ>]mOr, amOrZm_-Hß$Q>mim Amcm`. Xa gwQ>rV hr

YmJYwJ H$s Jmd gmS>mdß cmJVß H$m H$m` ? À`mV _mPß Agß H$s oOW ahm`Mß oVWß Amg[mg Mma

\w$cPmS>ß cmdm`Mr, oIS>H$sVyZ oXgc Agß edΩ`mMß, hmXΩ`mMß ^am^a dmT>Umaß PmS> [mdgm˘`mV

cmdm`Mß. [U Xadfu h gmSy>Z Omdß cmJVß À`m¿`mAm`cm. edJ [aV Mmccm AmÂhr _hmamÓQ≠> a!'

([•.6) Vm [wT> ÂhUVm, "chmZ[Ur _|T>aß MmaUmaß _m¬`mgmaIß N>[›Z o[T>Ám od⁄Mm Ò[e© ZgUmaß

[maJß AmO ‡m‹`m[H$ hmdyZ ÒdVßÃ odMma H$Í$ eH$Vß hr oH$_`m ¯m Jwcm_r XemV cmH$emhr_wi

Pmcr.' ([•. 7) Agm Zm_Xd ZmH$arVrc AZw d H$WZ H$aVm.

`m gß mfUmVyZ ‡oVkm `m KQ>H$mMm ‡À`` Vm. Zm_Xd ^miMr gmar H°$o\$`V À`m¿`m

OrdZodf`H$ OmUrdm ÒdH|$–r ZmhrV hM Ò[ÓQ> H$aV. Vm ÒdV:¿`m CÀH$fm©Mm odMma g_mOm¿`m

gßX^m©V H$aVm. ‡m‹`m[H$ ]ZyZ Am[U g_mOmcm ]m°o’H$, ^mdoZH$, _mZogH$ AmoU VmpŒdH$

—ÓQ>rZ C¿M ÒVamda ZD$ `m ‹ m[mgyZ Am[U [napÒWVr_wi oH$Vr Xya Jcm AmhmV hr Ï`Wm Ï`∑V

H$aUmar hr H°$o\$`V Amh.

`m oddMZmdÍ$Z Ag oXgyZ V H$s, Zm_Xdgmaª`m YZJa g_mOmVrc ‡m‹`m[H$m¿`m

Xw:Imcm AßV Zmhr. `mMm ‡À`` "Pyc' _Yrc ]´m˜U [marZß _wgc_mZ [mam]am]a H$cc cæ

222

([•.11), YZJa g_mOmVrc ÂhUyZ ghZ H$amdm cmJccm A[_mZ BÀ`mXr KQ>Zm-‡gßJmVyZ Vm.

`m gd© JmÓQ>tM Zm_Xdcm Jmß r © Amh.

AaqdX _mUJmßdH$a "o]T>ma V Pyc EH$m ApÒVÀd dXZMm ‡dmg' `m cImV "Pyc' odf`r

ÂhUVmV H$s, ""MmßJXdMr hr H$Wm ¡`mcm "H$di Ï`p∑VH$Wm ÂhUVm B©c' Aem ÒdÍ$[mMr Zmhr.

Z_mS>|¿`m ¯m `m H$mXß]Ë`mß_‹ "Ï`p∑VOrdZm]mha' Agcc gm_moOH$ gßX © AmoU g_Ò`m

H$_mcr¿`m CÀH$Q>VZ AmoU g_agVZ _mßS>cÎ`m AmhV. ¯m H$mXß]Ë`mßM AZw dodÌd Ï`m[H$

Amh. À`mcm amOH$s` gm_moOH$ gßX © AgyZhr AIa V MmßJXd¿`m ˆX`Ï`Wer Imc OmUyZ

o^S>cc Amh. ¯m Ï`WM oMÃU ¡`m Zh_r¿`m gmßH$oVH$[UmV XmIdc OmV, À`m [’VrZ W

Amcc Zmhr. h oMÃU H$aVmZm g_mOmVrc odH•$V JmÓQ>rßM oMÃ AmoU g_mOmer odgßdmX gmYUmam

gya Q>iccm Amh.''68

"Pyc' _Yrc MmßJXd [mQ>rc [wamoUH$ H$m∞cO_‹ BßJ´OrMm ‡m‹`m[H$ ÂhUyZ ‡m_moUH$[U

ZmH$ar H$aVm. AmoU BVamßZm g_OyZ K`mMm ‡`ÀZ H$aVm. À`m_wi MmßJXd [mQ>cmM o‡p›g[c[mgyZ

V ‡m‹`m[H$-od⁄mWudJm©[ ™V MmßJc gß]ßY AmhV. Zm_Xd ^mi|Zr gmßoJVcÎ`m H$m∞cO_Yrc

^mZJS>rM Vm AmÀ_[arjU H$aVm. ]´m˜UmM dM©Òd AgUmË`m [wamoUH$ H$m∞cO_Yrc OmVr`

amOH$maUmMm À`mcm amJ Vm. Var[U BVamßZm (Xe[mßS>, JßJmVraH$a, e|S>, oM[iyUH$a) Vm MmßJcm

gÎcm XVm. CXmhaUmW©, A‹`m[Zm]m]VrV JßJmVraH$agmaª`m chmZem [maH$Q> ‡m‹`m[H$mcm

ÂhUVm, ""]m]m a@ Vy dJm©V JÎ`m JÎ`m \$Q>m\$Q>m hOar KdyZ cJM ^S>m^S>m c∑Ma gwÍ$ H$aVm V

]am]a Zmhr. Amam_mV Ow›`m ]°cmgmaIß Omdß. EH$ XmZ [mamßMr Jß_V H$amdr. AmoU oeH$dm`cm

gwÈdmV ÂhUO aH$mS>©gmaIß \$mS>\$mS> gJiß gmßJV gwQy> Z .. _wcmßMr Hw$dV [mhˇZ gmßJmd....

JßJmVraH$a, gJ˘`m _wcmßH$S> [hmV oeH$dcß [mohO. ÂhUO Am[cm gJ˘`mßer gß]ßY ‡ÒWmo[V

hmVm. BV∑`m Va`m]mßS> [mamßZm MmaMma Vmg OmJ¿`mOmJr oIidyZ R>dUß ÂhUO oZÏdi _ßÃVßÃ Amh.''

([•.63, 65)

MmßJXd [wT> ÂhUVm, ""Am[cr hr o[T>r ZwÒVr odMmamV ]ßS>Ima Amh. AmVm [wT>Mr o[T>r

H•$VrZß ]ßS>Ima oZKmcr Va ]aß hmB©c.'' ([•.65) AmOMr hr oejU [’Vr ÂhUO XemVrc Va`m]mßS>

[mamßZm ohOS> ]°c ]ZdUmar YyV© w∑Vr Amh. _wcmß¿`mda gßÒH$ma ZmhrV H$s ]h˛OZ ohVm` ]h˛OZ

gwIm` oejUmMm _i Zmhr. oejU h A∞naÒQ>mH∞$Q>rH$M [mohO. À`moedm` ÒQ>∞S>S>© hmUma Zmhr.

223

`mVyZ MmßJXd [mQ>rcMm AmXe©dmXr —pÓQ>H$mZ Ò[ÓQ> hmVm. odefV: Òd l mMm emY AmoU BVamßM

ha[c l ‡mflV H$a`mMr d•Œmr MmßJXd [mQ>rcH$S> Amh.

"Pyc'_Yrc MmßJXd [mQ>rc emßV, ‡_i Agcm Var ‡gßJr amJrQ> Amh. CXmhaUmW© H$m∞cO

oZdS>UwH$sZßVa Jm|Yi H$aUmË`m od⁄mœ`m©Mr H$m∞ca YÍ$Z aÒÀ`mda AmT>V ZU, Xe[mßS> gamßZm

‡ogS>|Q>]‘c Om] odMmaU qH$dm g_odMmar \w$cdmXr odMmagaUr¿`m cmH$mßZm EH$Ã AmUU. `m

‡gßJmVyZ gm_moOH$ Ao^gaU AmoU [nadV©Zmcm gmW `m KQ>H$mßMm [´À`` Vm.

MmßJXd [mQ>rc _ycV: ‡m_moUH$, ÒdV:er EH$oZÓR> amhUmam VÈU Amh. JwflV]mB©

H$m_Ï`mHw$i AdÒWV oM«>r [mR>dyZ Kar ]mcodV Var MmßJXd OmV Zmhr. EH$mM hm∞Q>cmV amhˇZ

gw’m amO dar¿`m OdUm¿`m hm∞c_‹ g_mamg_ma Q>m`M Q>miVm. [aßVw amO darMr ]Xcr PmÎ`mda

Vm ^mdZmHw$c hmVm. ÂhUOM À`m¿`m ghdmgmV AmcÎ`m pÒÃ`mß¿`m gß]ßYmV Vm Am[cr Z°oVH$

_yÎ oQ>H$dVm. hm À`m¿`m ZroVgßH$Î[ZmV gßÒH$mamMm ^mJ Amh. `m gd© JmÓQ>tMm Vm AßV_w©I

hmdyZ odMma H$aVm. Am[Î`m ‡m‹`m[H$s Ï`dgm`mda, MmnaÕ`mda qeVmS> CS>Uma ZmhrV `mMr

H$miOr KVm.

MmßJXd [mQ>rc g_ßOgd•ŒmrMm, BVamßZm gm_mdyZ KUmam AmoU [napÒWVrZwÍ$[ dmJUmam

VÈU Amh. \w$cdmXr g_odMmagaUr¿`m _ßS>itZm EH$Ã AmUyZ À`mßM ÂhUU EHy$Z KU, À`mßZm

gÎcm XU hm À`m¿`m Òd^mdmVrc EH$ odef Amh. CXm. Zm_Xd ^mi, _K, e|S> BÀ`mXr

‡m‹`m[H$mß¿`m ]m˜U-]m˜UVadmXmMr MMm© Vm EHy$Z KVm. Zm_Xd mi ÂhUVm, ""]m˜U EVImD$,

Amier AgÎ`mZß eVr O_Zm À`mßZm, V [imcM AmhV. EH$OmV ehamV. [U Vw_¿`m h cjmV

V Zmhr H$s Vw_Mß BWhr oZÏdi emfU hmB©c. Vw_MM JwßS> [wT>mar VwÂhmcm BW AmUyZ Vw_Mm dm[a

H$Í$Z KVmhV, XwgË`m Pm[S>[Q≤Q>ÁmßVyZ dÌ`m]mOr MmcV, C[mg_ma Wmß]V Zmhr. ehamV Vw_¿`m

hmVr da¿`m OmJm H$Yr Uma ZmhrV. _mc_Œmm XwgË`m¿`m Vm„`mV ahmUma.'' ([•. 87)

""]´m˜UmßZr ehaß ]iH$mdcr, BßJ´Or A_XmZrV V gwIdÒVy hmdyZ OJm`cm, oZÏdi ehar

gwIgm t¿`m ]imda ]´m˜U AmO AqO∑` Pmcm Amh. V VwÂhr BW Uma V Vw_¿`m ]m`H$mßZr

^mßS>r Kmgm`cm H$m da¿`m dJm©Mr ?'' ([•. 87)

""EH$ di _amR> gwYmac VaM h e∑` hmB©c. _amR>m O_mV oZXmZ ]h˛odY C[OmVrMr

Amh. BVa OmVr‡_mU ]ßoXÒV Zmhr. Iwcr Amh. odÒV•V Amh. Vm EH$ lo_H$mßMm, eVH$ar-

224

H$m_H$Ë`mßMm dJ©M Amh ÂhQ>cß Var Mmcc. H$mUmcmhr _amR>m ÂhUdyZ KVm Vß [U oH$Vrhr od¤mZ

_hma Pmcm À`mcm ]´m˜U ÂhUdyZ KUß Ae∑` Amh. _amR> gwYmac H$s OmVr JÎ`mM g_Om.

]´m˜U AmoU _hma gwYmÍ$Z H$mhr odef \$aH$ [S>Uma Zmhr.'' ([•.88)

h Zm_Xd ^mi¿`m _ZmVrc OmVr]‘cM Xw:I Amh. qH$dm _K `mßM Xw:Ihr ^mi[jm

dJi Zmhr.

_K ÂhUVmV, ""S>mH$s \w$Q>Î`moedm` OmVr`Vm m XemVcr _mS>Uma Zmhr. Vw_Mm Zdg_mO

H$m∞cZrVcm Vm ‡m‹`m[H$ Hw$cH$Uu _cm ÂhUmcm _mPr OmJm VwÂhmcm ⁄m`cm haH$V Zmhr hm. _r

Vgm _mp∑g©ÒQ>, ZÏ`m odMmamßMm Amh. [U ]m`H$mMß _V Oam ... ! ¯mV Vw_¿`m Am`M ZÏ`m

odMmadmc ! Am_M o‡p›g[c _ßVmVM H$s Zh_r ]´m˜U ÒdV:M hmV[m` AmIS>dyZ [w›hm di

AmÎ`mda S>m∑`mda ]gÀ`mV h _ÀÒ`mdVmam[mgyZ ‡og’ Amh.'' ([•. 87)

`m gd© JmÓQ>tM MmßJXd [mQ>rc AmÀ_[arjU H$aVm. gßÒH•$Vr ÂhQ>c H$s AZH$ ^mZJS>r

AmÎ`m. À`m_wi hr gßÒH•$Vr [wgyZ ZÏ`mZ H$mhrVar gwÍ$ H$aU AmVm e∑` Zmhr. MmßJXd [mQ>rc ÂhUVm,

""AmVm oeÏ`m ⁄m. odamY H$am, Var [aß[am VrM amhUma. ]´m˜U Q>miVm Uma ZmhrV.'' ([•.93)

Aer MmßJXdMr g_mO [nadV©ZmMr ^mfm Amh. ÂhUyZ Vm Am[Î`m ‡m‹`m[H$mßZm

(o_Ã_ßS>itZm) ‡mßOi[UmZ gÎcm X`mMm ‡`ÀZ H$aVm. AmoU Am[Î`m g_mOmM JwU AdJwU,

]´m˜UmßMr dM©Òd JmOod`mMr d•Œmr, BVa g_mOmVrc Zd]´m˜UmßMr emfH$mMr yo_H$m `mda h

^mÓ` odXmaH$ ‡H$me Q>mH$V.

`m gßX^m©V adt– R>mHy$a "gmohÀ` : g_rjm AmoU gßdmX' `m JßWmV ÂhUVmV H$s, ""Zm_Xd

^mi hm _wimVM ]oh_w©I Amh. MmßJXdhr AßV_©ZmM hmXa ghZ hmV ZmhrV, ÂhUyZ ]oh_w©I

hm`mMm ‡`ÀZ H$aVm Amh. À`m_wiM Vm ]amM H$maS>m, XyaMm dmQy> cmJVm hhr Ia. Xwgar JmÓQ>

Zm_Xd ^mi h `m H$mXß]arVrc _hŒdmM [mÃ R>aV AgÎ`mZ MmßJXd Xwc©ojVM amhVm. ÂhUyZM

"Pyc' ÒdVßÃ[U odMmamV KVcr Va MmßJXd S>m `mßV ^aV Zmhr. Zm_Xd ^mi g_mOemÒÃmMm

‡m‹`m[H$ d mdVmc¿`m gm_moOH$ [napÒWVrMm Mm°H$g A‰`mgy AgÎ`mZ MMm© U A[nahm ©M.

gß[yU© H$mXß]ar^a a[ya MMm© AmÎ`m AmhV. m MMm™Mm gya C[hmgmMm, qQ>JcdOm Agcm Var À`m

Jß ra[U H$cÎ`m AmhV. H$maU À`m À`m odf`mßodf`r À`mßMr ‡À H$mMr ÒdVßÃ Aer AmH$cZ

(Readings) AmhV. —pÓQ>H$mU Amh. AÀ ßV AmJ´hmZ V Am[cr _V _mßS>V amhVmV. MmßJXdhr

225

AmVm H$di di Kmcod`mM EH$ gmYZ ÂhUyZ MMm© H$arV Zmhr Va Jß ra[U odMma[yd©H$ Am[cr

_V _mßS>VmZm oXgVm. oejU d BVahr gm_moOH$ jÃmßVrc EHy$UM [S>PS>rMr odÒV•V MMm© gd©

H$mXß]arâ C[hmgmÀ_H$ T>ßJmZ hmV amhV. AgcÎ`m od[naV [napÒWVrV C[hmg H$aUß, qQ>Jc

H$aUß EdT>ßM À`mß¿`m hmVr Amh. H$maU Amh Vr [napÒWVr V ]Xcy eH$V ZmhrV. _Vr JwßJ H$aUmË`m

_yÎ`hrZ dmVmdaUmV _yÎòZÓR> _Zmda hmUmam H$m|S>_mam MMVyZ Ï`∑V hmV amhVm.''69

"Pyc' m H$mXß]arM erf©H$ WmW© dmQ>V. Pyc ÂhUO ]°cm¿`m AßJmda gUmoZo_Œm ([mim)

Q>mH$ccr ZjrXma H$m[S>mMr Pyc. qH$dm ZßXr ]°cm¿`m AßJmda Q>mH$cc PwcrgmaI [mßKÈU. Agm

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darc gd© oddMZmdÍ$Z Am[Umcm Imcrc oZarjU Zm|XdVm VmV.

* J´m_OrdZ oMÃUmV dmÒVdmda OiOirV PmV, H$m°Qw>ßo]H$ ZmÀ`mVrc CÀH$Q> oOÏhm˘`mM

Xe©Z, J´m_OrdZmM AßV_w©I H$aUma oMÃU, gy _ oZarjU, emfH$-emofVmß¿`m ^`mZH$

XarM ‡À``H$mar oMÃU, "Zmhr a' dJm©Mr g_OwVXma[U Xw:Imcm ÒdrH$ma H$a`mMr arV

hr d°oeÓQ> Ò[ÓQ> hmVmV.

* XocV OrdZ oMÃUmVrc gaßOm_emhr¿`m AZwXma —pÓQ>H$mZm_wi KS>UmË`m emH$mßoVH$M

odXmaH$ oMÃU, XocV _w∑Vr V AmÀ_emY `m ‡dmgmM H$cmÀ_H$ Xe©Z d emofVm¿`m

OrdZmMm VQ>ÒW AmodÓH$ma h odef —ΩJmMa hmVmV.

* _hmZJar OrdZoMÃUmMr AmYwoZH$ ÒÃr¿`m À`mJ_` OrdZmM H$cmÀ_H$ Xe©Z, gm_m›`

_mUgm¿`m oZ_©i _mUwgH$sMm AmodÓH$ma, cmH$m[dmXm_wi gßdXZj_ Ï`∑Vrcm ^mJmd

cmJUma Xw:I, g_Vm d ]ßYwVm `m _yÎ`mßM ‡^mdr AYmaIZ, `mßoÃH$V[mgyZ oOdßV[Um

231

O[`mM ‡`ÀZ, gwoeojV ]H$mamMr AßV_w©I H$aUmar [adS> hr d°oeÓQ> Ï`∑V hmVmV.

* ZdZ°oVH$VM ^mZ Ï`∑V H$aUmË`m OrdZoMÃUmV AmYwoZH$ _mZdm¿`m [amÀ_VM ‡^mdr

Xe©Z, l gm¿`m emYmgmR>rMr YS>[S>, C¿M OrdZ_wÎ`mß¿`m ‡mflVrMr Amg, AmO¿`m

gßÒH•$VrMm cImOmIm AO_md`mMm ‡`ÀZ, AmO¿`m ‡ÌZmßer odMmae∑Vr¿`m gmhmÊ`mZ

PwßOUmË`mMr arV hr d°oeÓQ>Á AmodÓH•$V hmVmV.

* ]XcÀ`m ‡dmhr Zd_wÎ`mßMm CX≤Kmf H$aUmË`m `ßÃgßÒH•$VrV AghmÊ` ]ZcÎ`m

OrdZoMÃUmV gm_moOH$ ]mßoYcH$sM Xe©Z KS>V.

* `m gm_moOH$ ]mßoYcH$sM H$m°Qw> ßo]H$ ZmÀ`mVrc ododY [XamßM H$cmÀ_H$ Xe©Z,

g_mOOrdmZmM gy˙_ oZarjU, CÀH$Q> gm_moOH$ OmUrd, g_mOohV°fr _wÎ`mßMm

AmodÓH$ma, g_mOF$U \$S>`mMr Òdm^modH$ d•Œmr, gm_moOH$ Ao^gaU d [nadV©Zmcm

gmW, emofVmß¿`m Xw:ImgßX^m©Vcm Òdm^modH$ oOÏhmim h gm_moOH$ ]mßoYcH$sM KQ>H$

gmjmV hmVmV.

* AmÀ_emY, AmÀ_[arjU, AmÀ_cm[mMr oZIi AmT>, AmXe©dmX d Òdl mMm emY

VgM BVamßM ha[c l ‡mflV H$a`mMr d•Œmr, BVamßg_dV kmZodkmZm¿`m JßJV ÒdV:cm

odew’ H$aUmar oMaVÈUd•Œmr hhr gm_moOH$ ]mßoYcH$sM KQ>H$ AmodÓH•$V hmVmV.

* VgM Jmß r ©, ‡oVkm d ‡oV]’Vm h gm_moOH$ ]mßoYcH$sM KQ>H$ Ï`∑V hmVmV.

* Ao^Ï`∑Vr¿`m AßJmZ `m H$mXß]Ë`mßMr _hmZw mdr`, _amR>>r, qhXr, BßJ´Or ^mfme°crM

H$cmÀ_H$ C[`mOZ, dËhmS>r, H$mH$Ur, gmVmar, d°X^u, _amR>dmS>r J´m_rU ]mcrM VgM

ÂhUr, e„X, dm∑` `mßM ‡^mdr C[`mOZ, AW©[yU© _mo_©H$ erf©H$ hr d°oeÓQ OmUdVmV.

232

gßX © Q>r[m

1. adrß– R>mHy$a - "_amR>r H$mXß]ar : g_mOemÒÃr` g_rjm', ‡W_md•Œmr, [wU 2007. [•.218

dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.

2. _. gw. [mQ>rc - "YJ' (gß[m) ZmJZmW H$mŒmm[Îc - "‡oVÓR>mZ H$mXß]ar g_rjm odefmßH$',

OmZdmar 1981, [•. 40. (1950 V 1975) m H$mcIßS>mVrc _amR>r H$mXß]arMm AmT>mdm.

3. [ßoS>V Q>m[a - "H$mXß]ar gßdmX', ‡W_md•Œmr, [wU 2005, [•. 34

4. aIm OJZmi - "‡mXoeH$ J´m_rU gmohÀ` : g_rjMr g_rjm', ‡W_md•Œmr, ZmJ[ya, 31

_mM© 2007, [•. 81

5. aUoOV XgmB© - "_mPm Jmd', Xwgar Amd•Œmr, [wU, 2004, _c[•ÓR>.

6. Or. [r. _mir - "aUoOV XgmB© : OrdZ AmoU gmohÀ`', ‡W_md•Œmr, H$mÎhm[ya 8 Eo‡c

2001, [•. 96 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.

7. VÃ°d - [•. 06 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.

8. odcmg Imc - "JÎ`m AY©eVH$mVrc _amR>r H$mXß]ar', ‡W_md•Œmr, _wß]B©, Am∞JÒQ> 2002,

[•. 126, 127.

9. _YwH$a _mH$mer - "_mP g_rjm cIZ', [´W_md•Œmr, [•. 107

233

10. VÃ°d, [•. 198, 199.

11. am_Xmg ^Q>H$i - "M°V›`mMß PmS> : ]miyVmB©', gß[m. Jm. Vw. [mQ>rc, "AZwÓQw> - oXdmir

AßH$ 2002', AßH$ - Xwgam-oVgam. gflQ>|]a, Am∞∑Q>m]a, ZmÏh|]a-oS>g|]a 2002, [•.133

12. CfmVmB© amdgmh] qeX - "od^mdar oeÍ$aH$amßM dmL≤>_` : ÒÃrdmXr AmH$cZ', ‡W_md•Œmr,

H$idU (ZmoeH$), 1995, [•. 132

13. (gß[m.) amOZ Jdg - "MmßJXd MVwÓQ> mgß]ßYr', [ohcr Amd•Œmr, lram_[ya 2001, [•.371

14. [ßoS>V Q>m[a - CoZ. [•. 49

15. dmgwXd gmdßV - "CXmhaUmW© H$mgcm (ododYmßJr g_rjm)', [ohcr Amd•Œmr, lram_[ya -

OyZ 1999, [•. 53

16. aIm BZm_Xma-gmZ - "ApÒVÀddmX AmoU _amR>r H$mßX]ar', [ohcr Amd•Œmr, [wU, 2004,

[•.232

17. hna˚Mß– WmamV - "H$mXß]ar odf`r', ‡W_md•Œmr, _wß]B©, 2006, [•. 129

18. ^mcMß– Z_mS> - "Q>rH$m Òd ßda', [ohcr Amd•Œmr, _wß]B©, 2001, [•.283

19. _Zmha VÎhma - "_mUyg', [. Am. 1963, ‡ÒVmdZm, [•. 5

20. `m. dm. dS>ÒH$a - "[amÀ_Vm AmoU _mZdr`Vm `mß¿`m_Yrc emH$mÀ_ gßKf©' , (gß[m.)

AmZßX `mXd - "_hmamÓQ≠> gmohÀ` [oÃH$m' AßH$ - 217. Eo‡c 1981 V OyZ 1981,

[•.25, 26

21. ‡_mX JmamS> - "AmUm^mDß$M H$mXß]ar odÌd' (g_rjm JßW), ‡W_md•Œmr, R>mU-_wß]B©,

2006, [•. 190

22. Co_©cm od wV, "AmUm ^mD$ gmR> `mß¿`m H$mXß]Ë`mVrc ÒÃr oMÃU' (gß[m.) ‡km [dma,

gwa|– Om|Yi, A^` H$mßVm, "[nadV©ZmMm dmQ>gÍ$' AßH$ 20 dm, 16 V 28 , \$]wdmar

2009, [•. 15

23. eßH$a [mQ>rc - "Q>ma\w$cm', Xwgar Amd•Œmr, [wU, 2007, _c[•ÓR>.

24. VÃ°d - ‡ÒVmdZm, [•. 6, 7, 9

25. (gß[m.) ZmJZmW H$mŒmm[Îc, CoZ. [•. 83

234

26. O`lr Zm\$S> - "J´m_rU-‡mXoeH$ H$mXß]ar', (gß[m) B©Ìda ZßX[wa - "gmohÀ` : J´m_rU

AmoU XocV' (S>m∞. _XZ Hw$cH$Uu Jm°ad JßW), [ohcr Amd•Œmr, ZmJ[ya, 2002, [•. 71

27. ^mcMß– Z_mS> - "Q>rH$mÒd ßda', CoZ. [•. 275

28. X. o^. Hw$cH$Uu - "H$mXß]ar : ÒdÍ$[ AmoU g_rjm', ‡W_md•Œmr, [wU - 2003, [•.59

29. Eg. S>r. BZm_Xma - "oeXmar', (gß[m.) od. [w. ^mJdV - gÀ`H$Wm - AßH$ [mMdm - _mM©

1971, [•. 63

30. VÃ°d, [•. 63

31. a. od. Omer, "gyS>' (gß[m.) od. [w. ^mJdV - "gÀ`H$Wm', AßH$ gmVdm, _ 1972,

[•.40

32. ]m]wamd ]mJyc - "gyS>', oVgar Amd•Œmr, _wß]B© - 2000, ‡ÒVmdZm, [•. 6, 7

33. VÃ°d - ‡ÒVmdZm, [•. 7

34. od. eß. Mm°Kwc - "AmÒdmX AmoU AmcI', ‡W_md•Œmr, [wU, 2002, [•. 131

35. JO_c _mir - "gyS>' [arjU, (gß[m.) ZmJZmW H$mŒmm[Îc - "‡oVÓR>mZ - H$mXß]ar g_rjm

odefmßH$', CoZ. [•. 200, 201

36. odcmg Imc, CoZ. [•. 203

37. [´. lr. ZÈaH$a - "_m`_amR>r', XocV gmohÀ` odefmßH$, Am∞JÒQ> 1975, [•. 30

38. Jm. _. Hw$cH$Uu - "gXm H$ËhmS> `mßMr "EH$m g•Ì`mMr S>m`ar', (gß[m.) od. [w. ^mJdV,

"gÀ`H$Wm', AßH$ Mm°Wm, \$]wdmar 1974, [•. 60, 61

39. VÃ°d, [•. 61

40. Mß–H$mßV ]mßoXdS>H$a - "_amR>r H$mXß]ar : qMVZ AmoU g_rjm', [ohcr Amd•Œmr, [wU,

1983, [•. 214

41. adt– R>mHy$a - "_amR>r J´m_rU H$mXß]ar', ‡W_ Amd•Œmr, [wU 1993, [•. 112 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.

42. Jm._. Hw$cH$Uu - "JmVmdim', (gß[m.) Zaha Hw$ÈßXH$a, ‡H$me H$m_VrH$a, "‡oVÓR>mZ'

AßH$ gmVdm, _mM© 1972, [•. 15

235

43. `m. dm. dS>ÒH$a, "gm_moOH$ CÀH´$mßVrMm —ÓQ>mßV "JmVmdim', (gß[mXH$) H$sVu AmZßX mXd

- "AmZßX `mXd `mßMm JmVmdim : gmX AmoU ‡oVgmX', ‡W_md•Œmr 1 OmZ. 1991, [•.

88

44. A. dm. Hw$cH$Uu - "[mMmim', (gß[m.) Zaha Hw$ÈßXH$a, ‡H$me H$m_ÃrH$a, C. oZ. [•. 22

45. O`lr Zm\$S>, CoZ. [•. 73

46. (gß[m.) gwYra agmi - "‡oVÓR>mZ' - _-OyZ-Owc°-Am∞JÒQ> 2003, [•. 79

47. (gß[m.) ZmJZmW H$mŒmm[Îc$, CoZ. [•. 145

48. X. Vm. mgc, "am. aß. ]mamS> mß¿`m H$mXß]Ë`m : ÒdÍ$[ d d°oeÓQ>Á', (gß[m.) adt– qH$]h˛Z

- "‡oVÓR>mZ' - AßH$ 3-4, _-OyZ-Owc°-Am∞JÒQ> 1997, [•. 22

49. ^mcMß– Z_mS>, CoZ. [•. 285

50. ZVmOr [mQ>rc - "gÏ`gmMr gmohpÀ`H$ - AZßV H$X_', (gß[m.) od⁄m _wacrYa Zmi -

"AZßV H$X_ g›_mZmW© Ò_aoUH$m' - 2006, [•.5

51. VÃ°d, [•.

52. H$ed _lm_ - "hoH$H$V AmoU OQ>m y', Mm°Wr Amd•Œmr, _wß]B© - _mM© 2005, [naoeÓQ>,

[•.111

53. eßH$aamd IamV - "XocV dmL≤>_` ‡aUm AmoU ‡d•Œmr', [ohcr Amd•Œmr, 1978, [•. 212

54. `mJ|– _lm_ - "XocV gmohÀ` : CX≤J_ AmoU odH$mg', ‡W_md•Œmr, ZmJ[ya 1988, [•.205

dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.

55. ZßXm _lm_ - "XocV H$mXß]ar : ÒdÍ$[ AmoU g_rjm', [ohcr Amd•Œmr - _wß]B© - 2006,

[•. 134

56. VÃ°d, [•. 135

57. VÃ°d, [•. 137

58. am. J. OmYd - "oZir [hmQ>', [´W_md•Œmr, [wU, 1978, [•. 83

59. `mJ|– _lm_ , CoZ. [•. 206

236

60. (gß[m.) amOZ Jdg, CoZ. [•. 124

61. VÃ°d, [•. 131

62. adt– R>mHy$a, CoZ. [•. 286

63. ^mcMß– Z_mS>, CoZ. [•. 285

64. (gß[m.) amOZ Jdg, CoZ. [•. 165

65. VÃ°d, [•. 173

66. adt– R>mHy$a, CoZ. [•. 135

67. (gß[m.) amOZ Jdg, CoZ. [•. 191

68. AaqdX _mUJmßdH$a - "o]T>ma V Pyc EH$m ApÒVÀd dXZMm ‡dmg', (gß[m.) _. X.

hmVH$UßJcH$a, dgßV dUHw$–. "CJdmB©' AßH$, 5, 6, Eo‡c - _ 1990, [•. 28, 29

69. adrß– R>mHy$a, CoZ. [•. 138

70. (gß[m.) amOZ Jdg, CoZ. [•. 238, 239

71. VÃ°d, [•. 239

72. ‡^mH$a [m‹ - "Om_Xma e°crVrc cjUr` H$mßX]ar', (gß[m.) eßH$a gmaS>m - "oZÓ[U©

d•jmda ^a Xw[mar : gßohVm AmoU g_rjm', ‡W_ Amd•Œmr, OmZdmar 2003, [•. 81, 82

73. `. oX. \$S>H$ - "^mofH$ gßH$VmßMr _wp∑V Midi', (gß[m.) eßH$a gmaS>m, CoZ. [•. 86

74. am. J. OmYd - "XmZ V[mZßVaM qMVZ', (gß[m.) eßH$a gmaS>m, CoZ. [•. 90

75. H$ed _lm_ - "‡moVoZoYH$ gm_moOH$ AßV:gyÃ', (gß[m.) eßH$a gmaS>m, CoZ, [•. 98

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121 ‡H$aUMm°W{ gmR>m{Œmar amR>rH$mXß]arMmodMma...

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